Sustainable Development And Biofuel Use As a Way Towards the Kyoto Protocol Implementation And Enhanced Complex Utilization of Wood Raw Material And Peat

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 0 6 a e f l l l ~ e ~ ~Hba14 lel l l ~ K O H O M ~ ~ ~KOMllCCAR ~ C K ~ HAJIR

EBPOII~I

Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

Discussion Papers on Sustainable Forest Management NO2

United Nations New York, Geneva, 2005

This is a publication of the UNECE Trade Development and Timber Division project "Capacity building to improve trade finance and investment prospects for the Russian timber sector". This project has been carried out with the support from the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MATRA FuncUProgramme International Nature Management) of the Netherlands.

UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION M3AAHME OPrAHH3AuHH OSbEAHHEHHbIX H A ~ H ~

ISSN: 1020-9697

The views expressed and the designations employed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat nor do they express any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This Publication has been formatted with minor editorial changes, and has been reproduced in the'form in which it was received by the Secretariat. All material may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint (to be sent to the following address: Director, Trade Development and Timber Division, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations, Geneva 10,CH-1211 Switzerland).

MaTepHanbl, COnepXaUHeCH B HaCTOHUeM H3AaHHH, MOXHO C B O ~ O A H OUHTHPOBaTb MJlM IlePeneWTblBaTb, OAHaKO npH 3TOM HYXHO AaBaTb COOTBeTCTBJQO~ee YBeAOMJleHHe, a TaKXe HNIpaBHTb 3K3eMllJlHp H3naHHH, ~0nepXa~Mfi UMTaTY M J l M n e p e n e q a ~ b ~ ~ a eMaTepuan, ~ b ~ i i no cnenymueMy anpecy: Director, Trade Division, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations, Geneva 10, CH- 1211 Switzerland.

Abstract The UNECE publication "Sustainable Development and Certification in the Russian Forest Sector" provides information on the most recent developments in the area of sustainable forest management and certification in the forest industry in the northwestern region of the Russian Federation. Contributions to the publication were made by high-level experts from the federal and regional governmental structures, forest enterprises, research institutes and universities, environmental non-governmental organizations, and international organizations.

Foreword This publication is the first of a series of discussion papers on sustainable forest management published by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The series is a result of the workshops and expert meetings on sustainable development that are taking place in the context of the UNECE Trade Division project "Capacity building to improve trade finance and investment prospects for the Russian timber sector". The focus of this project is on sustainable development of the forest sector at the regional level of the Russian Federation. Since the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, many activities have been launched to improve sustainable forest management. Many of these activities are undertaken in parallel and there is a clear need for coordination and exchange of information. The UNECE project responds to this need and offers a platform for Russian and other experts to exchange information on best practice. The present publication contains the papers that were submitted for discussions held in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, in early 2001. These papers are a valuable contribution to an unbiased discussion on all aspects of the sustainable development of the Russian forest sector. There is a clear need for information on this important subject and by reaching a wider public through our publications I am confident that this series will help to make the Russian forest sector better known.

Brigi ta Schmognerovii Executive Secretary United Nations

Organizers of the Conference

O6b~HHeHHbleHauHH ~ K O H O M W W C K KOMHCCHFl ~FI

m Eeponbl United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

~ ~ ~ B H T ~ neHHHrpa~~K0ii ~ ~ c T B o

o6nac~n Government of the Leningrad Region

C ~ H K T - ~ ~ T ~ P ~ Y ~ ~ C K ~ O C ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I

~ e x ~ o n o r n ~ lyHnBepcnTeT ec~~i PaCTHTenbHblX nOnHMepOB Saint Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers

Government of the Leningrad Region UN Economic Commission for Europe Saint Petersburg State Technologcal University of Plant Polymers Scientific and Technical Council for the subprogramme:

innovative Trade finance techniques;

P timber Port Operations. O C H O B H3HaYeHMe O~ npOeKT npMAaeT TOMY, YT06bi BCH ~ e ~ ~ e n b ~necHoro o c ~ b cewopa 6b1na HanpaBneHa Ha BOnJlO~eHMe B X M 3 H b KOHuenuMM Y C T O ~ ~ Y M B O ~ O Pa3BMTMH.

The main emphasis of the project is to strengthen the sustainable development of the forest sector through all its activities. The project has proved to be a successful instrument for the participating enterprises and forest Institutions in the core area where we work, (that is the Leningrad Oblast and the Arkhangelsk Oblast) in strengthening their work contacts with Forest enterprises and institutions outside the Russian Federation, mainly also because of the long-term context that we can offer.

O ~ ~ B M OTBeT A ~ H Ha BOnpOC, ffOYeMy ~ c T o ~ ~ ~ M B o ~ It is clear why the sustainable development aspect is pa3BMTMe RBnReTCH >KM3HeHHOBaXHbIM J&JlH P O C C M ~ ~ C K O ~ofO vital importance for the Russian Forest sector. In the early 1990s, concern among major neCHOr0 CeKTOpa. B HaY2UIe AeBHHOCTblX rOAOB environmental non-governmental organizations O ~ ~ ~ O Y ~ H H O C T KPYnHblX ~ HenpaBMTenbCTBeHHbiX H ~ I X regarding (inter) governmental efforts to 0praHM3auMh B OTHOUleHMM ( M ~ X ) ~ O C Y A ~ P C T B ~ H(ENGOs) stop deforestation and loss of old-growth forests led a e f i ~ ~ ~HanpaBneHHblX ~fi, Ha npeKpaueHMe B ~ I P Y ~ K MM to the emergence of market-oriented voluntary norepH n e p e c ~ o f i ~ b ~necoB, x npMsena K noHBneHMm certification of forest management quality and A O ~ ~ O B O ~ ~ H O O P~ M~ ~, H T M P O B ~ H H O ~ ~Ha PblHOK, labelling of forest products. It was realised that c e p r ~ @ M ~ a u ~ a~ r e c r ~ a n e c o n o n b 3 o ~ a ~ ~M~ trade could be made to work towards environmental MaPKMPOBKM necH0fi np0,QyKuMM. B O ~ H M K OC03HaHMe ~O conservation if it is based on sustainable managed TOrO, YTO TOPTOBntO M O X H O 3aCTaBMTb p a 6 0 ~ a ~ H ba coxpaHeHMe o ~ p y x a m q e i icpeAbi, ecnM oHa 6 a s ~ p y e ~ c ~ forests, and that certification and labelling could be Ha y c ~ o f i r ~ ynpaBnHeMblx ~o necax, M YTO c e p r w @ ~ ~ a u m tools to influence industry and trade to contribute to sustainable forest management (SFM). M MaPKMPOBKa MOrJlM 6b1 CTaTb TeMM MHCTPYMeHTaMM, H YCTO~YMBO~O KOTOPble, B uenFIX C O A ~ ~ ~ C T B Mpa3BMTMIO neCO~OJlb30BaHMF1, OKa3blB2UIM 6b1 BnMRHMe Ha nPOMblLLlneHHOCTb M Ha TOPrOBJlm.

Sustainable developnzent and biufiel use as a way to~wrcls the Kyoto protocol iinplementatiotz and enhanc.ed c ~ o t r ~ p l e ~ ~ utilization yf wood raw material arld peat

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Particularly in Europe, Buyers' Groups have IIOHBM~ OM C OC ~ ~~H, HBO E ~ p o n e ,rpynnb1 no~yna~enefi, which insist on certification as a proof of HacTamamqMe Ha ocyuecmnewiu c e p ~ ~ @ ~ ~ a q ~emerged, u, well managed sources for their supplies. Since KOTOPYK) OHM PaCCMaTPMBaIOT KaK AOKa3aTenbCTBO 1993, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has xopouro ynpasnReMbrx MCTOYHMKOB n o c ~ a ~ n ~ e MM ~oii npoAyKqaa. C 1993 roAa n m m n e c ~ o f Ii I o n e r ~ ~ e n b c ~ ~ f i provided the only label that is currently well established in the marketplace; but this is changing C O B ~ T 3aHMMUICH o n p e ~ e n e ~ ~ o f Mi ~ P K M P O B K O ~ ~ because of the emergence of the Pan-European npOAyKuMM, KOTOPaR ~ e f i Y anpOzIHO ~ YKOpeHMnaCb Ha Forest Certification (PEFC) as well as national PbIHKe, OAHaKO CMTYalJMR M3MeHReTCH BCneACTBMe schemes in many countries. The field is still BO3HMKHOBeHMR KaK I I ~ H - E B ~ o I I ~ ~CXeMbI ~ c K onec~0fi ~~ evolving and it is uncertain which schemes will cep~kiq>ki~alJMki (PEFC), TaK M Pa3nMYHbIX HaqMOHaJIbHbIX survive and what their relationships will be. cxeM. 3 ~ o6nac~b a Bce ewe ~ ~ ~ B M B ~ ~M T H Ce RHGHO, , KaKMe CXeMbI c ~ ~ T M ~ M K BbIXWBYT, ~ I & ~ M M KaKOBO 6 y ~ y T MX COOTHOUIeHMe. P o c c a f i c ~ anecHafi ~ npoAyKqm 6 y ~ uer p~a n Bce 6onee BaXHyK) POnb Ha Me~YHapOAHOMPbIHKe, R H ~ M ~ ~ ~ X H O YTO Ha P O C C M ~ ~ C K M neCa ~ MeXAyHapOAHOe c o o 6 w e c ~ ~ o 6 y ~ 06pauaTb e ~ AWe 6onee npMCTaJlbHOe BHMMaHMe. IIO~TOMY BBOA HOBO^> ~ P O A Y K ~ MTaKme M AonmeH 6 y ~ e ~ OCyueCTBnXTbCR C MaKCMMUIbHbIM YYeTOM ee BnMRHMR Ha oKpyxamwym cpeAy.

Russian forest products will play an increasingly role on the international market and inevitably the attention of the international community will be focused even stronger on the Russian Forests. For that reason the introduction of "new" products will also have to be developed with the utmost consideration of environmental consequences.

, important

As you know, one of these new developments as a result of our close cooperation in the "Timber Project" is the sustainable use of biomass in the Leningrad Oblast. Biomass is largely defined as organic matter available on a renewable basis, including forest residues, wood and wood waste. B PaMKaX KMOTCKHA nPOTOKOn (1997 r.) KOHB~HUHM OOH no M3MeHeHMtO KnMMaTa (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) coAepmi-r KOnMYeCTBeHHbIe 06R3aTenb~TBa AJlR npOMbIurJleHH0pa3BMTblX CTpaH OTPaHMYMTb MnM CHM3MTb B ~ I ~ P O C naPHMKOBblX Ta30B.

~ I

The Kyoto Protocol (1997) to the UN framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) contains legally binding, quantified commitments for industrialized countsies to limit or reduce Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to the Kyoto Protocol, the industrialized countries have to reduce their emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels within the commitment period, 2008-2012. Fos the European Union, the Protocol stipulates an 8% reduction in GHG emission; for the Russian Federation this is 0%.

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Sustainable developpnretzt and bio@rl use as a way towards the Kyoto protoc~olirliplerllerztationarld enhanced c'or~~plex utilizatiorz o,f wood raw rnaterial and peat

European countries can achieve the reduction of COz emission by using sustainable and nonpolluting energies to replace current fuels. Fossil fuel can be replaced by biomass, including forest residues, wood and wood waste. The technology required for this purpose already exists in Europe.

The Russian Federation, and notably the Arkhangelsk Oblast and Leningrad Oblast have large quantities of biomass in their forests. At present, there is no coordinated approach to developing the potential of this resource of sustainable energy, but the project is contributing to such a coordinated approach. Bearing in mind that the Russian Federation can, in principle, cover all required demands for woody biomass in Western Europe, it is clear that the Forest sector can play an important role in this aspect of climate policymaking, provided the sustainable development aspect is placed at the centre of the discussion. In conclusion I would like to emphasize the need to clearly identify our areas of cooperation and to outline the follow-up this conference. Today's conference will be followed by a "Forum on Sustainable Forest Management" on 17 and 18 September in Rotterdam, Netherlands. On 10 and 11 December we will evaluate the progress that has been made in our cooperation and decide on our workplan for next year. We have to date achieved good and practical results; our cooperation has taken the sustainable use of Russian biomass to a practical level. Much more needs to be done, however, and I would therefore invite you to focus on a practical plan of work for the next 6 months. In doing so, we will keep the momentum that we have built and our project will remain an important instrument for international cooperation, for the benefit of the Russian forests and all those who defend Russia's interest. Thank you.

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Sustainable development and biojuel use a.v a way towards the Kyoto protocol itnplementatiorz arzd erlkarzced cwrrp1t.s utilizatiotl of wood raw material arrd peal

I.N. Grigoriev Vice-Governor of the Leningrad Region

3HEPl?ETM?IECKHE J I E H ~ I H ~ P ~OFJIACTM CKO~~

l W 0 EJIEMbI

ENERGY PROBLEMS OF THE LENINGRAD REGION Dear Participants and Guests, My cordial congratulations on the opening of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Recent global events, and the attention the world community is giving to the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol demonstrate once again the key role the Fuel-and-Power Complex has been playing in the world economy. The Fuel-and-Power Complex forms the basis of the Regional industry and is of great importance not only for Russia's North-West but also for the whole of Russia. For example, the specific weight of industrial products of the Fuel-and-Power Complex is as much as 40% of the total volume of regional production. The Leningrad Region produces 4% of the electric power and 8% of the petroleum products produced in Russia. Gas supply should be singed out as the basis of the Regional Fuel-and-Power Complex infrastructure. The contribution of gas to total fuel consumption is about 60% and we are planning to increase it further in the Regional fuel balance structure. Enterprises at the federal level, such as the Leningrad Atomic Power Plant, the Kirishinefteorgsynthes, the Slantzy Mill and the Leningradslanetz Mines, have been operating for a long time on the territory of the Leningrad Region. The Baltic pipeline system, a petroleum refining mill, oil-loading and coal-loading terminals are being constructed here. Further provision has been made for the construction of new power lines, gas lines, and petroleum product pipelines on the territory of the Region. These will deliver fuel resources not only to Russia's North-West but also to Western European countries, contributing to their steady progress.

Sustaitzable development and biojkel use as a way toward.^ the Kyoto protocol inzplemetztation and etzharzced coruplr-Y utilization of wood raw material and peat

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The Conference focuses primary attention on one Ha ~ ~ O B O A H M H OaM ~M K O H @ ~ ~ ~ H K~ M PaCCMOTpeHMIO M most important aspect, one line of work, which is BbIAWIeH OAMH M 3 aCneKTOB, OAHO, H 0 OYeHb BaXHOe related to increasing efficiency of the use of fuel HanpaBneHkie pa60Tb1 H 0 IIOBbIIIIeHHW ~ @ @ ~ K T W B H O C T I ? resources. This is linked to optimization of fuel MCllOnb30BaHWH TOnnMBHO-3HepTeTHSeCKMX PeCypCOB, balance structure, namely, with the extended use of CBH3aHHOe C o ~ T H M M ~ CTPYKTyPbI ~ ~ M ~ ~ TOllnMBHOrO local fuels (wood residue and peat) at heat Gana~ca,a MMeHHO, C UIMPOKMM IIpMMeHeHMeM MeCTHbIX generating enterprises of the Leningrad Region. BMAOB TOnnMBa (OTXOAOB ApeBeCMHbI M TOP@^) Ha ~ e n n o n p o w s ~ o ~ l i q anpeAnpmTarrx x JTe~a~rpa~c~oii 06nac-r~. nepex0~1l K O C H O B H O ~ ~WCTH AOwIaAa, H ~ O ~ X O ~ M M O OTMeTMTb, qTO B Gnlwcaiirueii nepCneKTMBb1 npeACTOMT nomrrremie qeH Ha ra3 (K 2003r. B 2,5 pma, a K 2005r. e q e B 1,4 pa3a). Y A ~ ~ H H OMC eCTT ~~06bIWi ymH, COKpaqeHMe npOM3BOACTBa MiUyTa, BBMAY y m y 6 n e ~ ~ x BbICOKMMM UeHbI Ha 3TM nepepa60TKM H ~ @ T M COXpaHMT , BMAM Tonnma Anrr J I e ~ a ~ r p a g c ~oo6i n i ac~~.

While coming to the main part of the paper, it is necessary to note that we can expect a certain increase in prices for gas in the immediate future (2.5 times - by 2002 and a further increase by the factor of 1.4 - by 2005). Because of remoteness of the coalming areas and reduced fuel oil production (because of extended oil refining), the prices for these fuels remain high in the Leningrad Region.

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Because of this, orientation of the municipal power industry and of boilerhouses of industrial enterprises to local biofuel grades such as lump and milled peat, unmerchantable chips as well as forest residue and woodworking waste, sawdust, bark from the available clumps with a storage life of no more than 5 years would be most appropriate for the Region.

0 rnop@e, o6yue d a ~ ~ b z e . B n e ~ k i ~ r p a ~ c ~o6nac~u ofi MMeeTCH OKOnO 2300 TOP@HHMX M ~ C T O P O W ~ H M o6uefi ~~ nnouaAm 6onee 10000 KB. KM. 3anacb1 TO~nMBHOrO TOP@^ COCTaBJIH~T OKOnO 1,3 MnpA. TOHH. Cb1pbe~aHT O P @ R H ~ H6a3a O ~ ~ ~ C cnoco6aa 06e~neWiTb ~ O T ~ ~ ~ H O CB T KOMMYHUIbHOM ~~ITOBOM TOP@HOM Tonnme M ~ o p @ Ha e 500 ne-r npM exeronHoM n o ~ p e 6 n e ~AO m 2-X MnH. TOHH.

Now about peat (general information). There are about 2,300 peat beds whose total area exceeds 10,000 sq. km. Fuel peat reserves are as much as 1.3 billion tons. The Regional peat raw material base could meet the demand for municipal-consumer peat fuel and for peat over a period of 500 years at their annual consumption of up to 2 million tons.

O P~ @ R H ~ I X PeCypCOB o 6 n a c ~nOKa3bIBaeT, ~ rT0 A H ~ I TM OHM B COCTOHHMW 3HaqMTeJlbHO YMeHbWUTb HanPRXeHHOCTb TOI1JlMBHOrO 6 a n a ~ c aB KOMMYHmbHO~~ITOBOM CeKTOpe. O C H O B HIlpeMMyueCTBO O~ TOP@RHO~O TOnnMBa nepen KaMeHHbIM YrneM - CpaBHMTeJlbHO HM3KaH K O MeCTaM CT~ er0 C ~ ~ ~ C T O M M ~O~CHT ~~ J, I U X ~ H H n0Tpe6JleHMH, BbICOKMe 3KOnOTMYeCKMe C B O ~ C THM B3~KO :e conepxawie sonbr M cepbl.

T M

It follows from analysis of the regional peat reserves that they are capable of significantly weakening the fuel balance tension in the municipal-consumer sector. The main advantages of peat fuel over coal are its comparatively low cost, proximity to the places of consumption, and high environmental properties such as low ash and sulphur content. Peat extraction was initiated in the Region in 1798 at the Alexander-Nevsky Monastery and there for the first time it was used as fuel.

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In pre-war years several large water-power stations and power-and-heating plants such as water-power stations No.5 (111 thousand kW), No.8 (310 thousand kW), the power-and-heating plant No.15 as well as a number of municipal boilerhouses had operated on peat. In 1960 the contribution of peat to the Regional fuel balance was as much as 24.3%; 23 peat enterprises of design capacity of about one million tons a year had been functioning. Early in the 1970s, annual peat output had been as high as 2.0-2.3 million tons. Subsequently, with increasing volumes of coal mining, petroleum and gas production, the position of peat as fuel had been falling unfairly in the fuel balance structure, giving way to the energy resources mentioned above. Presently the peat share is 1.7 - 2% in the Regional fuel balance structure.

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Today, because of the deficit in these energy resources and the increase in their prices, the role of peat as a municipal fuel is increasing again. Especially as in the last years, in addition to the usual fuel peat grades (lump and milled peat), so called "composite fuel" is coming into industrial production (this is a mixture of peat with oil refining products, shale waste, saw dust, etc.). Calorific power of this fuel is in the range of 4,000 to 6,000 kcallkg, and its price is half that of coal.

There are 14 peat enterprises in the Region now. In recent years peat output varied through the range from 60 thousand tons to 200 thousand tons. It is planned to store up about 170 thousand tons of fuel TH. B 2001 rOAy 3annaHUpOBaHO 3arOTOBMTb OKOJIO 170 peat in 2001 to meet the demand of municipal TblC. T H TOnnkiBHOrO TOP@ flax 0 6 e c n e r e ~ w ~ I I o T ~ ~ ~ H o c TKOMMYHaJIbHblX ~ ~ ~ KOTenbHblX M KMPOBCKO~~boilerhouse and the Kirovskaya Water Power TP3C-8. Station No. 8. ~ ~ ~ B M T ~ ~ ~ 0C6 Tn a B cO~

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The Government of the Leningrad Region makes all possible efforts to support the peat enterprises. Since 1995 advancies in fuel peat extraction have been made. The annual amount of financing has increased from 2,890 thousand Rubles in 1995 to 9,000 thousand in 2001. On the instructions of the Government of the Region, the Institute of Peat (NIITP) has worked out a scheme for developing peat-based industries in the Region for the period up to 20 10.

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Sustainable development arid biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol irnplenzentation and enhanced c o ~ n p k v utilization c$, wood raw rnaterial and peat

The Government has developed a programme for reconstructing municipal boilerhouses. The programme aims at the maximum use of local biofuel (fuel peat, wood residue), allowing a decrease in consumption of coal delivered from remote areas. The first boilerhouse is be reconstructed in the MO Luzhsky District in 2001. HaYMHaH C 2002 rOAa 6 y ~ e OCyIIJeCTBnRTbCH ~ Since 2002 Federal Programme "Energy-Efficient m e n e p a n b ~ a ~ nporpaMMa " 3 ~ e p r o s @ @ e ~ ~ u ~Economy" ~a~ will be implemented. The subsection of ~KOHOMMK~". ~ o , Q P ~ ~ A ~ J ~ 3 o~ M0 f i nPOrpaMMb1 this Programme "Efficient Energy Supply to " ~ @ @ ~ K T M B H3~eproo6ecnere~ue O~ PerMOHOB Ha OCHOBe Regions on the Basis of the Use of Local Fuels and MCnOnb30BaHMH MeCTHblX BBAOB TOI-InMBa W while Applying Nontraditional Power Engineering H ~ T P ~ ~ M ~ M O3HePXTMKM H H O ~ ~ Ha 2002-2005 M A 0 2010 for the Period from 2002 to 2005 and until 2010" rofla" - npeflyCMaTpMBaeTCH pa3BMTMe ~ 0 6 6 1 ~ ~provides for the increase in annual fuel peat output TOnJlMBHOrO TOP@^ H 0 fleHMHrpa~cK0fi 06nac~1.1A 0 up to one million tons in the Leningrad Region. To OAHOrO MMnnMOHa TOHH B rOA, AnH YerO B TOP@RHYI€I achieve this volume, about 620 million Rubles will OTpaCnb o 6 n a c ~6 ~y ~ M e H~BeCTMpOBaHO OKOnO 620 MnH. be invested into the peat industry, including 260 py6nefi, B TOM wcne ~3 @ e ~ e p a n b ~ o6r m o g x e ~ a- 260 million from the federal budget. MnH. py6nefi. Apesec~bzeomodbl. n o AaHHbIM KOMMTeTa I T 0 neCOITpOMbIllrneHHOMy KOMllneKCy MMeeTCH OKOllO 6 MnH. nn0THbIX B rOn H ~ B O C T ~ ~ ~ O B ApeBeCMHbI, ~ H H O ~ ~ B TOM 'IMCne ApeBeCHbIX OTXOnOB 6onee 3 M~H.~JI.M'). TO~~K flpeBeCHblMH O BMAaMM ~ M o T o ~ ~ BM TB ~ Y. , OTXOAaMM, MOrYT 6b1~b 06e~neYe~bl KOTenbHble C o6qefi Telln0~0fiMOqHOCTbkO 6onee 900 MBT,C PaCCTOHHMeM AOCTaBKM He 6onee 50 KM.

Wood residue According to the data of the Committee of the Forest-Industrial Complex, there are about 6 million solid m3 of unclaimed wood a year including more than 3 million solid m3 of wood residue available. Boilerhouses of a total thermal capacity of 900 MW with delivery distances of no more than 50 km can be provided solely with wood fuel including wood residue. Much work was under way in the Region towards the conversion of boilerhouses to biofuel burning. For example, three coal-based boilerhouses were converted to wood fuels in the settlements of Pashozero, Eremina Gora of the Tikhvin District and in the village of Vinnitzy of the Podporozhsky District. Similar works are being performed at three boilerhouses situated in the Priozersk District. The conversion of these boilerhouses to biofuel has resulted in an annual saving of 39.8 million Rubles. It can be seen from the above list that these energy-saving measures are not being implemented sufficiently intensively. This is due to the lack of the following services and offers in the Region with a satisfactory price quality ratio:

Ycmotjweoe pa3sumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Guontonrrusa - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u nOBblUleHUI0 KOMnJZKCHOCmU UCtZO3lb30BUHUS dpesecuHb1 U mop$@

Sustainable developnzent and biofuel use as a way toward the Kyoto protocol inzplementation and enhanced conzplex utilization of wood raw material and peat

Chipping of unclaimed wood, forest and woodworking residues as well as bark from the dumps with a storage life of no more than 5 years. Delivery of chips, sawdust, bark, lump and milled peat to boilerhouses with special trucks having tipping bodies of the volumes 30-100 m3. Manufacture in the Leningrad Region and delivery of the following modern equipment: ~ B T O M ~ T M ~ M P O B ~ HIlO HAaYM O ~ ~ pa3nWYHbIX c~ecefiBnaxsoro 6wo~onnkisa(uenb~,onanoK, KOPb1, Top(Pa) CO CKJlaAa TOnnMBa KOTeJlbHbIX A 0 IlpeATOnKOB KOTIIOB.

P for automated feeding of different wet

yHBBepCaJlbHbIX IlpeATOnKOB M TOnOYHblX YCTPO~~CTB, AnH CXMTaHMH KaK B CYlIJeCTByIOUMX, TaK W BHOBb YCTaHaBnMBaeMbIX KOTnaX OTO~BTenbHbIXKOTenbHbIX, MeCTHOI'O BIIaXHOTO 6wo~onnkisapa3nnwbrx BHAOB M HX c~ecefi,C KIIA He MeHee 85%.

P for universal primary furnaces and furnaces

AJlH

biofuel mixtures (chips, sawdust, bark, peat) from a fuel storeroom of a boilerhouse to primary furnaces of boilers. for burning of the local wet biofuel grades and their mixtures both in the existing and in newly installed boilers of no less than 85% efficiency. The lack of necessary amounts of special-purpose investments for organizing large-scale conversion of boilerhouses to biofuel and introduction of energy-saving processes. The conversion of boilerhouses to biofuel burning could yield an annual economic effect of more than 700 million rubles due to difference in fuel prices, increased boiler efficiency and reduced losses in heating systems.

T ~M KMeH)TCR - 103 Ma3YTHble KOTenbHble, BCerO KOTAOB 45 1, B TOM wcne M O ~ H O C TAO MO 0,5: MBT-80WT;0,5-1 MBT-151 LLIT; 1-2,5 MBT-8 2 ~6onee ~ ; 2,5 MBT-138 WT. 198 YrOJlbHblX KOTeJlbHblX, BCerO KOTIIOB- 783, B TOM wcne MOqHOCTbm: AO 0,5 MBT--461 WT; OT O , ~ - ~ M B T 2 2 7 ~OT~ 1-2,5 ; MBT-2 5 ~ 16onee ~ ; 2,5 MBT-70 WT.

For example, there are 103 fuel oil boilerhouses where 451 boilers are installed including 80 boilers of the capacity less than 0.5 MW, 151 boilers of the capacity in the range of 0.5 to 1 MW, 82 - in the range of 1 to 2.5 MW, and 138 boilers of the capacity more than 2.5 MW. There exist also 198 coal boilerhouses with 783 boilers including 461 boilers of the capacity less than 0.5 MW, 227 boilers of the capacity in the range of 0.5 to 1 MW, 25 boilers - in the range of 1 - 2.5 MW, and 70 boilers of the capacity of more than 2.5 MW.

Y c ~ ~ o t j ; w spassumue oe u ucnonb306a~ue o'uo~lzonlru6u- nynrb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u n06blUleHUK)KOhUUEKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306UHUII dpesecu~blU ??lop&

Cpea~Mk ~ ~ C Y ~ kT H C ~pO IK OKynaeMOCTM, npM OAHOBPeMeHHOM eXerOAHOM nepeBOAe (H0 M O ~ H O C T M 50% Ma3YTHbIX M 50% Y T O ~ ~ H KOTenbHbIX ~IX) Ha ~ M O T O ~ ~ M B -2,2 O rOAa. O A H O B P ~ M ~3T0 H Hn03BOnMT O n0nyY MTb M PRA AOnOnHMTenbHbIX IIOJlOXMTenbHbIX a a ~ ~ o p Bo uenoM s no o6nac~w:

Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol intplementation and enhanced cotnplrx utilization of wood raw material and peat

When converting the boilerhouses to biofuel burning simultaneously and every year (as to their capacity - 50% of fuel oil boilerhouses and 50% of coal ones), the average period of recoupment is estimated to be 2.2 years. This would result in a number of complementary positive factors in the whole Region: Better environmental situation.

Delivery of unified equipment to boilerhouses made by Regional enterprises on the basis of up-to-date Russian and foreign developments. Reduction in thermal power rates by factors of 1.7-1.9 after return of investment and expiration of a period of recoupment owing to reduced fuel consumption for thermal power generation as well as lesser losses in heating systems. Creation of new jobs in the Leningrad Region in connection with: re-equipment of transportation;

vehicles

for

biofuel

collection and removal of wood residue, unmerchantable wood cutting and chipping, peat extraction, biofuel delivery to boilerhouses; manufacture of constructions;

equipment,

spares,

conversion of boilerhouses to biofuel burning and reconstruction of heating systems; designing, mounting and adjustment of equipment in the boilerhouses converted to biofuel burning and simultaneous implementation energy-saving measures. To meet the Regional targets of biofuel use more rapidly, it would be advisable to set up an investment-industrial joint venture. This would allow accumulation of large financial, material and organizing potential within the frameworks of this company as well as guaranteeing investment return and "revolving" use.

Sustairzable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protoc.ol inzplementation and nlhanc.ed c.orrlyles utilizatior~of wood raw rnatrr-id and peat

Ycmoiiwsoe pa3sumue u ucnonb30sa~ue o'uomomusa - nymb K peanmayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u n06bllUeHUH)KOMRfleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306aHUX d p e s e c ~ ~ Ub mop& l

Prior to the expiration of the period of recoupment of the boilerhouse reconstruction, the investment will be returned at the cost of:

P difference in prices for fuel purchasing before and after the reconstruction;

>

the monetary resources obtained from heat energy consumers. The part of receipts due to differences in the cost of heat energy supply before and after the reconstruction is directed to investment return or "revolving" use.

In conclusion, I want to express my firm belief that all aspects of this problem will be reflected in the reports that follow. I am fully confident that this International Conference on Sustainable Development and Biofuel Use as a Way towards Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and Enhanced Complex Utilization of Wood Raw Material and Fuel Peat will become a milestone in the convelsion of heat generating entepises to local fuels not only in the Leningmd Region but in Russia's North-West as well. It will allow the development of an energysaving st~ategyin the regions, will contribute to progress and dynamic development of the municipal power industry and to the establishment of the heat energy tariffs, which will be feasible for domestic budgets of population. The conference will initiate the creation of international cooperation and integration in this field, p m i t a significant decrease in harmful atmosphesic emissions, in the creation of favourable environmental conditions in the Region and will contributeto improved ecological environment in the world.

Ycmoiivusoe pcusumue u ucnonb3o~a~ue Guomonnusa - nymb K peantc3ayuu Kuomctzozo npomoKona U n06bllUeHUIO KOM~JeKCHOCmMUCnOJlb308~H~ dpe8ecU~blU mop&

M.A. ,@AOB

Sustainable developnzent and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol inzpletnentatiotz and enhanced contplrx utilization cf, wood raw rnaterial and peat

MA. Dedov Chairman, Committee for Forest-Industrial Complex of the Government of the Leningrad Region

Some aspects of wood residue utilization while solving the problems of complex use of forest resources in the Leningrad Region Dear Ladies and Gentlemen! n03~0nbTeBbIpa3MTb npM3HaTenbHOCTb MHHqHaTOpaM M o p r a ~ m a ~ o p a~ ~o ~ a e p e ~ q 3a n a npeAocTaaneHHym BO3MOXHOCTb YWCTBOBaTb B 3TOM MePOllPMRTliIM7 KoTopoe nsaTcR ~ a x ~ osexofi f i B npoqecce opra~maqwa KOMnneKCHOrO MCllOnb30BaHMH ApeBeCMHbI H TOP@^.

Allow me to express my thanks to the sponsors and organizers of the Conference for the opportunity to take part in this event, which will be an important milestone in the process of implementation of the comprehensive use of wood and peat. In the first part of my paper I would like to dwell very briefly on characterisation of the Forestry Complex of the Leningrad Region.

Ha TeppMTOpkiH 06nac-TM @ ~ H K L [ R O H W P ~ O ~K T OnO 200 KPYnHblX M CpeAHMX neCO3arOTOBMTenbHbIX M ~epeaoo6pa6a~b1saro~q~x n p e ~ n p u ~ ~B~ iTOM i , wcne npeanpMHTMII: no X M M M K O - M ~ X ~ H M Z ~ ~ CnKeOp~e~p a 6 0 ~ ~ e ApeBeCMHbI. Hau6onbruee KOnMWCTBO npenlIpM~Tlifi ~ ~ H H T O B caepe n e c o 3 a r o ~ o ~ ~ kKi . ~ Knpamno TO ~e6onbrukfe (AO 100 q e n o s e ~ ) no wcneHHocTw C ~ ~ O bIe H H CTPYKTyPbl, ocyqec~snam~ipie neCO3arOTOBMTenbHbIe pa60~b1. n0cne PaCnaAa ~ ~ C O ~ ~ ~ O T O B MOTpaCnM, T ~ ~ ~ H KOTOpaH O ~ ~ ~a~6onee aKTMBH0 npOMCXOAMna B HaYaJle 90-X rOAOB, B O ~ ~ ~ C T M nOHBMnOCb MHOrO MenKMX 3aTOTOBMTenbHbIX CTPYKTYP, 6 p ~ r aKOTOPbIe ~, @ O P M M P O B ~ J I H C no ~ TeppMTOpMaJIbHOMy npM3HaKy M He OKa3bIBaJIH KaKOrO n ~ 6 0Cepbe3HOrO BnMHHHH Ha 3KOHOMHKy o 6 n a c ~ C ~ .TeqeHMeM BpeMeHM M O C O ~ ~ H H nocne O Toro KaK 6b1na y 3 a ~ o ~ enepenara ~a yracTKoB necHoro + o ~ ~B Aonrocpowym a apeeAy, B o 6 n a c ~CTaflM ~ CO3AaBaTbCH 6onee KpynHbIe, TeXHMYeCKM OCHaqeHHbIe CTPYKTYPbI, pa60~aloqkie Ha ~ ~ O C T O ~ I H H O ~ ~ OCHOBe M OCYU&2CTBJIRfOqMe He TOnbKO Ce30HHYm 3arOTOBKy, H 0 M BeAyil(Me BeCb KOMnneKC p a 6 o ~no JIeCOBOCCTaHOBneHMfO, CTPOMTeJIbCTBY TeXHOnOrMYeCKMX M ~ ~ C O X O ~ H ~ C T B ~ H AOPOr, H ~ I X OCY~eCTBnHfO~Me ~ p a ~ c n o p ~ ~ bn re ep e s o 3 ~ ~M Bce 6onee r a q e n e p e p a 6 a ~ b l ~ a m sqa~reo ~ o s n e ~ ~ApeBecmy. ym

There are about 200 large- and middle-size logging and woodworking enterprises on the territory of the Leningrad Region including those for chemicomechanical processing of wood. The majority of them are dealing with logging. These are as a rule small structures (as to the number of staff) which perform seasonal logging works. Upon disintegration of the logging industry that was going on most actively in the nineties, many small logging structures and teams have appeared in the Region. They have been formed on a territorial basis and have affected the regional economy in no way. Over time, and especially once a long lease of forest blocks has been legitimated, larger structures equipped with machinery and appliances were coming into being. They were working on a firm basis and making not only periodic harvesting but also a whole complex of works in connection with reforestation, construction of haulage and hay roads as well as transporting timber and more frequently processing the harvested wood.

Ycmoikusoe pa3sumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Guomomusa - nymb K peantwayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u n06blUleHUH)KOMflWKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306UHUII dpe6ecu~blU mop&

Sustaitzable developpnzent and Diofiel use as a way rowcrrd.~ the Kyoto protocol irrzpler~~entatiorl and erd~arlcmicwnrp1c.s utilization ofnwod raw material and peat

In 1999 alone, the felling volume on the territory of YXe B 1999 rOAy Ha TePPMTOPHM 06na~~1.1 6b1no s a r o ~ o s n e ~ApeBecmbI o 6onee qeM 1990 roAy. 0 6 ~ e ~ the Region was as much as 6 million 730 thousand 3aTOTOBKM COCTaBMn 6 ~nH.730TbIC. K Y ~ . M ~ T PBOMB ~. C T ~ cubic meters, which is more than in 1990. At the same time, it should be noted that certain reserves C TeM, CJIeAyeT OTMeTMTb, YTO pe3epBbI MMeI-OTCR,TaK KaK are available because an annual felling that is A O ~ Y C T R M ~no I ~ JIeCOBOACTBeHHbIM ~ HOPMaM eXCero~Hb1fi allowable according to the forestry regulations in o 6 ~ nOnb30BaHMX e ~ COCTaBJIXeT 12.3 MnH. ~ y 6MeTPOB. . force is equal to 12.3 million cubic meters. The mechanical processing of wood is progsessing rather intensively in the Region. During the year 2000 regional enterprises have processed more than 600 thousand cubic meters of sawlog. Besides private small-sized rural stock gangs were estimated to process about 200 thousand cubic meters of sawlog in the last year. However, the products these enterprises manufactured were of poor quality. The Pulp and Paper Industry exhibits the most dynamic development. It is represented by ten mills of varying capacity which manufacture different ranges of products. The Pulp and Paper Industry is the leading industry of the Forest-Industrial Complex not only in the Leningrad Region but also in Russia. In 2000 the contribution of pulp output of the Leningrad Region to the whole output of pulp in Russia was 9% and as to a share of regional output of paper and board, it was 10.3%. B oTpacnM npononxaer A o ~ ~ ~ ~ p y mnonoxewie qee One of the largest pulp and paper mills in Russia, 3aHMMaTb OAHO M 3 KpynHefiLUMx ~ e n n k O n 0 3 ~ 0 - 6 y ~ a X ~ b l ~the OAO Svetogorsk Mill, continues to be a leader OAO " C ~ e ~ o r o p c ~ " , of the industry. Its share in regional pulp, paper and n p e ~ n p a a ~ ~ fPocc~w i n p o u 3 ~ 0 ~ 1 ~76% e e uennmnom, 60% 6 y ~ a rM ~23% board output comprises respectively 76%, 60% and KapToHa J I e ~ ~ ~ r p a ~o c6 ~ n ao ci ~i ~ . 23%.

The significant growth in output at the level of 60% was achieved at the Saint Petersburg Board and Polygraphic Mill, the largest in the North-Western Region board mill. Output of products at the OAO Syassky Pulp and Paper Mill and the Vyborgskaya Cellulose Mill continues to grow. The ZAO Assi Doman Packaging increased 2.3 times its output of board. According to the available data, in a pesiod from 1998 till 2000 there was a growth in output of pulp by 71.1%, paper by 51.5% and board 2.5 times at enterprises of the Leningrad Region. Three enterprises in the Region process pulpwood. Their total capacity is above 2 million cubic meters.

Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced cotnplrx utilization of wood raw material and peat

Ycrnoiiwsoe pmsumue u ucnonbsosa~ue Guomonnusa - nymb K peanzuayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u nOBblUlt?HUIOKOMnJleKCHOCmU UCnOnb306UHUII d p e e e ~ ~ U~mop&l bl

According to 2000 statistics, enterprises of the regional Forest-Industrial Complex occupy the second place as to their total output of products ranking only below the Fuel Industry. They manufactured the products to the amount of 12.7 billion rubles, which is equal to 23% of the total industrial output of the Leningrad Region (in terms of value). The Forest-Industrial Complex occupies also the second place as to growth rates of volume of production (12.4% in 2000 compared to 1999) ranking below the Food Industry whose growth was due to putting into operation new enterprises. Large- and middle-size enterprises provided the prevailing share of the output growth where it was as high as 23.2%. In the current year the growth rates of volume of production are also within 23% as compared to a similar period last year. Despite this optimistic picture on the whole, one cannot but say about the intricate economic situation arisen by the end of the last year at logging and woodworlung enterprises. The whole complex of unfavourable factors such as:

P increased railway tariffs;

P OqeHb nnoxoe COOTHOLLIeHMe EBPO-nonnap;

>

increased cost of electric power, combustible materials and lubricants;

>

stumpage excited in the Region by federal services; very bad EuroIDollar relationship; customs duties, etc;.

H Y W npmenu ~ H ~ Y M T ~ ~ ~ rpynny npeAKPM3MCHOMy COCTOHHMW.

n p e ~ n p m ~ ~ Kf i

caused the fact that a large group of enterprises was brought into a pre-crisis.

Mepbr IlpeAnpMHMMaeMbIe MeHeAXMeHTOM n p e ~ n p c l ~ ~ ~ f i The measures taken by management of the enterprise are primarily directed towards reduction B nepBytO oqepeab HanpaBnem Ha coKpaueHMe in product cost and undoubtedly towards complete C ~ ~ ~ C T O M M O CnpOAyK4MM TM M 6e3 COMHeHMR Ha IlOnHOe, 100% MCnOnb30BaHMe M peaJlM3auMW He TOnbKO B C ~ G 100% use and sale of not only finished products but T O T O B O ~nPOAYKuMM, ~ H 0 TaKXe M OTXOAOB HPOM3BOACTBa. also industrial waste. In strict market economy H~XOAF C~ B ~ XeCTKMX YCJlOBMHX PbIHOYHblX OTHOUI~HME conditions, it is not enough to talk about H Y X H O He TOnbKO AYMaTb M rOBOPMTb 0 KOMnneKCHOM comprehensive use of forest resources, one must MCnOnb30BaHMM neCHblX PeCypCOB, H 0 M Ha Acne also act. KOMnneKCHO MX MCnOnb30BaTb.

Ycmoijrlu60epassumue u ucnonb306a~ue 6uomonnusa - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u n06bllUeHUK)KOMnJleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb306aHUX dpe6ecU~blU mop&

Sustainable developnzent and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol irnplernentationand enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material andpeat

While operating with the concept of complex use of forest resources and touching upon only one of its aspects such as utilization of wood residue, one must be aware that Russia's Power Complex is an integral part of the global power market. Russia occupies one of the leading positions in the world in exports of petroleum and petroleum products as well as taking the first place in interstate trade by pipeline natural gas. The promising global energy situation on the whole gives every reason to forecast a maintaining as a minimum or most likely a rise in export demand for Russia's energy resources while taking into account Russia's entering the energy markets of the Atlantic and Pacific Region. Petroleum and natural gas will continue to be the basic exported energy resources. The world energy market will most probably take the path where demand for the Russian energy resources will increase.

B CooTBeTCTBMM CO o~ > p e 6 n e ~ anoe 2 10 T ~ I C I I Y~3 OCMHM B wl), a Tame PaCCMaTPMBaIOTCR B03MOXHOCTM CTpOMTenbCTBa HOBbIX M O ~ H O C T ~-~ 3 a ~ 0 ~ no a ~ P O M ~ B O A C T B Y 6ene~oii uennmno3b1 Ha OAO < < C B ~ T O ~ O( n~oC~Kp > e 6>n e ~ a450 e TbIC. M3 OCBHbI B ~ o A ) . Ecnw 3TM nPOM3BOACTBa ~ Y A Y TnOCTpOeHb1 I3 Bb16nyT Ha nJIaHMpyeMyl0 MOUHOCTb, H ~ B O C T ~ ~ ~ O B 0~ 6H aHe ~~ I ApeBeCkiHbI 6 y ~ eCOKpaueH, ~ HO, TeM He MeHee, ~ e ~ o c ~ p e 6nonHocTbm o~a~ a B cnyrae HaAnemauero @ U H ~ H C M P O B ~ H MPRY ~ O K yXOAa B CpeAHeBO3paCTHbIX M npMcnesamuMx necax B uemx nonyYeHMa MaKCAMWlbHOrO 3KOHOMMYeCKOTO M 3KOJIOTMYeCKOrO 3 @ @ e ~npM ~ a p y 6 ~ a x mamoro nonbso~a~nrr,o 6 a e ~ H ~ B O C T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ ApeBeCMHbI H H O ~ ~ MOXeT 3HaYMTeJIbHO yBenHWiTbCR M n p o 6 n e ~ aKOMnJleKCHOrO MCnOnb3OBaHMR B L U B ~ ~ IpeWIM3auMH IM 3TOr0 CbIPbR OCTaHeTCR. KCT~TM, H M ~ K O T O B ~ P H O ApeBeCkiHbI ~~ OT p y 6 o ~ yXOAa Ha KOTenbHbIe RBnReTCR MCTOYHMKOM @ M H ~ H C M P O B ~ H M R p y 6 0 ~yxona.

~

The Syassky Pulp and Paper Mill, a consumer of aspen wood, uses 42 thousand cubic meters of aspen raw material a year. Two mills which have just been constructed are scheduled for putting into operation. They are as follows: OAO Lesplitinvest, a medium-density fiberboard mill (raw material consumption up to 400 thousand m' a year); ZAO Rassvet, a particle board mill (raw material consumption - 450 thousand m' of aspen wood a year). If these mills reach a design output, the unclaimed volume of wood will be reduced but not, however, in full measure. In the case of proper financing of cleaning cuttings in middle-aged and ripening stands for reaching maximum economic and environmental effects while performing principal felling operations, the unclaimed volume of wood can rise significantly and the problem of the complex use of raw material will remain. It should be noted that in Sweden the use of low-grade wood of cleaning cutting in boiler-houses is a source for financing these cuttings.

Apesecw~a OTHOCMTCR K H M ~ K O K W ~ O P M ~ ~BHMA ~ aIM M Wood is a low-calorie fuel. Effective heat content Tonnma. ~ ~ ~ ~ K T MTennoconepmaHue B H O ~ ApeeecwHbI of wood of natural moisture is 8.5 GJ/t or 2.4 ~ C T ~ C T B ~ HBnWHOCTM H O ~ ~ - 8.5 ~ & K /M TnM 2.4 M B T ~ T . MWhIt. If we have 6 million cubic meters of wood O ~ H ~eCnM K O BCe-TaKM B3RTb 6 MMnnMOHOB K Y ~ O M ~ T P O B ,this is equal to 4,800,000 tons of wood of natural TO 3T0 4,800 000 TOHH ApeBeCMHbI ~ C T ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ ~moisture. This amount of wood is sufficient for a BnaXHOCTM. T a ~ o r oKOnMYeCTBa ApeBeCMHbI AOCTaTOYHO boilerhouse of capacity 1315 MW with a direct AJIH 0 6 e c n e s e ~ ~TOnnMBOM n ~0TeJlbH0fi C llpOueCCOM burning process to be provided with fuel. This HpRMOrO CXMraHMR MOuHOCTbm 1315 MBT. 4800 000 amount of wood is approximately the equivalent of TOHH ApeBeCMHbl - 3TO nPMMePHO 1,5 MnH. TOHH YIlTIR M nM 1.5 million tons of coal or 1 million tons of fuel oil. 1 MnH TOHH Ma3yTa. XOYy nOAYepKHyTb, YTO 3T0 I want to emphasize that this is a potential. nOTeH4MaJlbHble B03MOXHOCTM. Prospects for the use of wood residue in the heatand-power industry of the Leningrad Region are very high. Realization of a programme for their sound use is determined by a number of factors. As to ecology, here this means reducing greenhouse gas and particulate emissions, solution of the problem of wood residue utilization. In the economic and social sectors, this suggests the following: decreased financial appropriations for purchasing traditional energy carriers, maintenance of budgetary funds within the Region, higher

Yctnoiiwsoe pa3sumue u ucnonbsosa~ue 6uomonnusa - nymb K peanu3ayuu I(uomc~ozonpomortona u nosb1~4e~uto Ko.mneKcHocmu U C ~ O ~ ~ ~ O B dpetzecu~bl ~ H U I Z U mop$a

Sustainable development and biqfiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol it?zplenzentatiunand enharzcud c o q ~ l e x utilization of wood raw rnaterial and peat

employment level, creation of new jobs and nOBbIUleHMe YPOBHR 3aHHTOCTM, CO3AaHMe HOBbIX p a 6 o ~ ~ x MecT M yBenmeme n o ~ y n a ~ e n a ~ o f i increase in buying power of population, higher potential for mastering of new products in the C ~ O C O ~ H O C T M HaCeneHRH, B03MOXHOCTM OCBOeHMII machine industry, expansion of existing enterprises BblnyCKa HOBbIX BMAOB nPOAYKuMM B MaUIMHOCTPOeHkiM, and construction of new ones such as greenhouse M CTpOMTenbCTBO HOBbIX PaCuIMpeHMe MMeIOuMXCH and drying systems at sawmills, rise in an export nPOM3BOACTB, TaKMX KaK IlapHMKOBbIe X O ~ R ~ ~ C Tl.I B ~ potential of the Forest-Industrial Complex, creation CYUlMJIbHbIe X O ~ H ~ ~ CHa T BJleCOnMJIbHbIX ~ IlpeAnpMHTkiIIX, of the conditions which would allow to eliminate IlOBbIUleHMeM 3KCnOPTHOTO nOTeHuMaA nnK, CO3AaHMe seasonal work in forests, higher productivity and ycn0~Mfi AJIH MCMIOYeHMH Ce30HHOCTM p a 6 0 ~B JIeCy, quality of forests, creation of facilities for electric nOBbl WeHMIO nPOAYKTMBHOCTM M KaSeCTBa neCOB, generation at the sites which are suitable for O ~ R ~ ~ C T B M~ H H O ~power ~ IlOBbILUeHMiO ~ ~ H T ~ ~ W ~ H~ ~OCCO TX M location of production capacities, weaker J ~ ~ c o ~ ~ o M ~ I U ~AeHTeJlbHOCTM, J I ~ H H O ~ ~ C03AaHMK) O ~ % ~ K T O B dependence of a demand level on the foreign npo~3~om ~ ce ~~ ~~ ap o s ~ Be MecTax, p r ~ ~ YAO~H~IX market of certain forest-based products. p a 3 ~ e t q e ~ ~ nPOM3BOACTBeHHblX ~ MOUJHOCT~~~, o c n a 6 n e ~ ~3aB eMCMMOCTM OT CnpOCa Ha BHelIlHeM PbIHKe onpeAeneHHbrx BMAOB neconponyKuMM. Wood fuel is not a competitor to such traditional energy sources as for example coal. If the Kyoto Protocol mechanism is put into effect a system of trade in quotas will be introduced. In this case development of the large Russia' S coal-based power industry will require buying quotas and the small power industry based on wood residue will be able to help significantly in this matter. It is no coincidence that a concept of "concerted implementation" exists in connection with the Kyoto Protocol, that is, when a developed country wishes to earn the quotas it can carry out environmentally safe energy projects in other countries and it takes the quotas caused by operation of the installations built in the course of implementation of these projects. This mechanism is not yet worked through but it should be kept in mind. Are there any examples of wide use of wood E C TAM ~ nPMMePbl UlMPOKOrO MCnOJlb30BaHMH ApeBeCHbIX residue in municipal facilities and in industry? Yes, OTXOAOB B KOMMyHUIbHOM X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B M~ ~ ~ O M ~ I U ~ J ~ ~Aa. HHO TO C TU MB ?~ ~ M- HH ~ C O M H ~ H H ~ I ~ ~there are. This is Sweden which is undoubtedly a JlMAep B MCnOnb30BaHMM ~ W O T O ~ ~ M LBU~B. ~ A C K ~ H leader in the use of biofuel. The Swedish energy 3 ~ e p r e ~ ~ M~ 3e ~co~n ao ~r ~ r e cnonMTMKa ~a~ HanpaBneHa and environmental policy is directed towards creation of conditions for the efficient use of O Ha CO3,QaHMe ycJl0~MfiAJlH ~ @ @ ~ K T M B H O TMCnOnb30BaHMH energy, reduction in its cost along with decrease in 3~epni1.1, yAemeBneHMe ee C ~ ~ ~ C T O M M O C T MnpM OAHOBpeMeHHOM COKpaueHMM ~ e 6 J I a r o n p ~ H ~ ~ b l x unfavorable environmental impacts. In 1997 in Sweden a complex energy program has been B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ CH TaB OKPYXaIOUYK) M ~ ~ CpeAy. B 1997 rOAy B initiated. It was oriented to development of ~ B ~ U M HaYUIOCb M OCyueCTBneHMe K O M I - I J ~ ~ K C H O ~ ~ nPOrpaMMb1 B O ~ J - I ~ C T M3~epreTMYec~ofinOJlMTMKM, processes based on biofuel. As early as 1991, a part KOTOpaH OpMeHTMpOBaHa Ha pa3BMTMe T ~ X H O ~ O H~a M ~ ~ of usual taxes has been changed in the country by a tax on carbon dioxide emissions and, for the use of OCHOBe ~ M O T O ~Ewe ~ M BB 1991 ~ . rOAy B CTPaHe YaCTb certain fuels, a tax on sulphur emissions has also O ~ ~ I Y H H ~ ~I JXI O ~ O 6b1na B 3 a ~ e ~ He ~~ ~a O ~HaO ~b16pocb1 M been imposed. More recently, a tax on emissions of ABYOKMCM YmepOAa, a 3a COOTBeTCTBytO~Me BMAbl TOnJlMBa 6b1n BBeAeH HaJIOr . C nitrogen oxides has also been imposed. H ~ C K O ~nO3AHee ~ K O 6b1n BBeAeH HUIOr Ha B ~ I ~ P O C o ~ ~ c ea3o~a. ii

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B HacToxwee BpeMrr B L U ~ e q m70% ~ e n n o ~ o3~ep1-MM fi Bb1pa6a~b1Bae~CR TennOCTaH~MRMM Ha ApeBeCHbIX oTxoAax. B HaceneHHoM nyHKTe H o p p ~ e n a ~p ra 6 o ~ a e ~ KOTenbHaR MOuHOCTbIO 375 MeraBaTT, MX KOTOPbIX 250 M 3 ApeBeCHOrO TOnnMBa, B TOM YMCne M 3 Bb1pa6aTbl~aeT~R CTPOMTenbHbIX H ~ ~ I T O B ~ApeBeCHblX ~ X OTXOAOB ~ B ~ o I I ~ ~ ~ c KCTpaH. M x 3 ~ 0 ,KOHeYHO, OYeHb 60nb~uoe X O ~ X ~ ~ COTABH OO . B ~ ~ MHa ~ HCKnaAaX HO 3 ~ 0 f iK~TenbH~fi 6b1BaeT A 0 180 TbICR9 K Y ~ O M B T P O B B BMAe KpyrnOrO neCa M qenbI.

Sustainable developnzerzt atzd biojuel use as a way rowanis the Kyoto protocol irrlplernentationatzd enhatzced c.orryde.~ utilization of wood raw rrzater-ial and peat

Presently 70% of heat energy is being generated in Sweden by thermal power stations which operate with wood residue. There is a boilerhouse of 375 MW power in the settlement of Norrcheping, with 250 MW being generated on the basis of wood fuel including construction and domestic wood waste of European countries. Of course, this is a very large facility. Up to 180 thousand cubic meters of wood raw material such as round wood and chips can be stores simultaneously at storehouses of this boilerhouse. The boilerhouse which operates in the settlement of Jonchoping has the capacity 80 MW as to heat energy and 20 MW as to electric energy. In December 2000 the heat-and-power plant has been put into operation in the town of Eskilstuna. Its total capacity is equal to 137.8 MW including 37.8 MW of electric energy and 100 MW of heat energy. Its electric generator is unique; it generates voltage 136 kV. There are hundreds of boilerhouses in the country which operate with chips from logging residue and lumber waste as well as with bark and wood pellets. What is available in the Leningrad Region?

B C nOMOubF0 CTEM nOCTaBneHb1 KOTenbHbIe B JIMCMHOWith the assistance of CTEM, boilerhouses are O M T O C H ~ H C Kpa60Ha. O~O B Kopnyce M K ~ ~ C H 60py installed in Lisino-Corpus and in Krasny Bor of the Tkixsu~e OCy~eCTBJIReTCH ronnaH~CKM6 npOeKT no Tosnensky District. A Dutch project is being can-ied YCTaHOBKe KoTenbHofi An2 XKX, H 0 KOTenbHaR 6 y ~ e ~ out in Tikhvin; here a boilerhouse for public O ~ C ~ ~ X H B ~ T nPOMb1lllneHHbIM ~ C H npeanpMRTMeM. B utilities is being installed. However, it will be nocenKe I I e ~ p o ~ c ~ o el l p ~ o 3 e p c ~ o r o p a 6 o ~ a serviced by an industrial enterprise. A number of ~ no YCTaHOBKe OCy~eCTBnReTCR A ~ T C K M ~npOeKT regional enterprises of the Forest-Industrial KoTenbHofi. Ha pRAe IlpeflnpMR~MfiJIHK o 6 n a c ~T ~a m e Complex also have the boilerhouses, which operate MMetOTCR KOTenbHble, p a 6 o ~ a m ~ H ~ae ApeBeCHbIX with wood residue (chips). These are the oTxoAax (uene): POLIJMHCKM~~ AOM, @MPO-0, hop^ Roschinsky Dom, Firo-0, Nord Timber, the T M M ~B~O, ~ O C O B C K necxo3, M ~ ~ ~ ~ M C M H C K Mnecxo3~ Volosovsky Leskhoz, the Lisinsky LeskhozTeXHMKYM ( ~ ~ O M ~ B O A C T nnO~anKa B ~ H H ~ R B rOpOAe Secondary Technical School (its production site is T o c ~ o )l.l p ~ o 6 p e n oKoTnoarperaT Ha uene npennpmTMe in the town of Tosno). The Elite1 Les enterprise has 3 n ~ ~ enec. n H p e n n p ~ n ~ l r ea e n a ~ ycTaHosMno TPM puschased a boiler unit. The Delak enterprise has IlpeATOnKa MHOCTPaHHOrO nPOM3BOACTBa K KOTnaM installed three primary furnaces of foreign OTeYeCTBeHHOrO npOM3BOACTBa. K o H ~ manufacture for home-made boi less. The Lemo p a 6 o ~ y no PeKOHCTPYKuMW K O T ~ J I ~ H O B~ ~ HOC. Concern is performing the work on reconstructing noc. Kpa~~003epHoe lIp~o3epc~o1-op a i i o ~ a M boilerhouses in the settlement of Kranoozesnoe of ~ ~ ~ H ~ K ~ O~ TB~ HO H C K O Tpaiio~a. O E C T ~M APYrMe the Priozersk District and in the settlement of O ~ L ~ Kpa6oramuue T~I, Ha 6wo~onnkise. Shpankovo of the Gatchina District. These are other installations operating with biofuel. There is a reasonable question - What we must do? We can replace the energy sources such as coal, petroleum products and natural gas by biofuel.

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Sustainable developtnent and biqhel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implemenlalion and enhanced conzplex utilization of wood raw material and peat

It is known that there are three ways for solving the problems of the Russian Power Industry: powersaving, upgrading and reconstruction of the existing enterprises and construction of new ones. Power-saving is the subject-matter of another workshop. As to upgrading and reconstruction, on 27 June the meeting of the Working Group will be held. The Group members are representatives of Committees of the Government of the Leningrad Region, of research and public organizations. The Group will begin to work out a programme for the comprehensive use of wood raw material in the Leningrad Region. The programme will be assumed to contain also the section "Heat and Electric Power Generation at Boilerhouses of Regional Public Utilities and Industrial Enterprises". %CTMSHO MOXHO PaCCSHTbIBaTb Ha C3KOHOMJIeHHbIe JIefi CpeACTBa OT 3aMeHbI TPaMuMOHHbIX 3 ~ e p r 0 ~ 0 ~ H ~ eHa uerry. 0cTUIbHYI-O WCTb CpeACTB HaAO MCKaTb B ~ O C C M ~ ~ C K HMX MHOCTPaHHbIX G ~ H K ~3X KO,nOTMYeCKMX @0HflaX,3aMHTepeCOBaHHbIX B TO# AeRTenbHOCTM.

Any upgrading and reconstruction requires funds. One can count partly on the funds saved owing to replacing the traditional energy sources by chips. The remainder of funds should be looked for in Russian and foreign banks, environmental foundations interested in this activity. Guarantees given for investors are as follows: the stable socio-political and economic situation in Russia and in the Leningrad Region in particular, the availability of laws of the Russian Federation and of its subjects, which protect and encourage investment activities especially where the environment is concerned.

E. L. Akim Professor, Head of Department Saint Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers, Member of the UN FAO Advisory Committee on Paper and Wood Products International and regional aspects of biofuel uses

International and Regional Aspects of Biofuel Uses Dear Colleagues, 3a nocneAHMe MecHqbl np06ne~b1 mo6anb~oro M B CMny M3MeHeHMR KnMMaTa, ~ ~ T M @ M K ~ M~ MBCTynneHMII KMOTCKO~O npoToKona, ~ c n o n b s o ~ a ~ w6 rnro ~ o n n ~ sMa ApyrMX B O ~ O ~ H O B ~ R ~ M ~MCTOYHMKOB I X 3HePrMM OKa3aSIMCb B UeHTpe BHMMaHMR BCerO MMPOBOrO

In the last months, the problems of global climate change, of the Kyoto Protocol ratification and coming into force, of the use of biofuel and other renewable energy sources (RES) proved to be the focus of attention of the world community. These

Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way toward.\ the Kyoto protocol implementation arld enhanced cornples utilization of wood raw material and year

problems were the points at issue at the European meetings of George Bush, the President of the U.S.A., with the Heads of EU countries and with Vladirnir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation. Late in April of 2001 in Rome, the 42ndSession of the UN FAO Advisory Committee on Paper and Wood Products (ACPWP) has taken place. This Committee is the only UN structure that fulfils analytical functions in the field of development of the world's Forestry Complex.

The meeting of the International Forum of Forest and Paper Associations was held prior to the ACPWP meeting. Along with the problems of certification in the Forestry Complex, the problems of interdependencies between global climate change, forestry, forest-based products, and, in particular, biofuel have been among the key points under discussion at these meetings. At this Conference in Saint Petersburg we have an excellent opportunity to discuss both international aspects of the problem and the specific steps which are being taken in the North-Western Federal Area towards the practical use of biofuel. E s p o n e g c ~ ~Cf iO K )npmnn ~ perrrewe Y A B O M T ~K 2010 r. The European Union decided to double the use of M ~ I X 3HePTMM MCnOJlb30BaHMe B O ~ O ~ H O B ~ R ~ MCTOLIHMKOB RES for electric power generation and to treble the AnII npOM3BOACTBa 3JIeKTP03HePTMM M B TPM pa3a use of biofuel by 2010. This can cause significant B pe3ynb~a~e yeenMrwn n o ~ p e 6 n e ~ a6uo~onnMsa. e structural changes in wood uses in West Europe, PeYb MAeT 0 CTOnb CyueCTBeHHOM M3MeHeHMM CTPYKTYPbI which give serious concern to forest-based MCnOnb30BaHMR ApeBeCMHbI B 3anaAHofi Espone, LIT0 3TO associations. Under these conditions forests of BbI3bIBaeT Cepbe3HOe ~ ~ C I I O K O ~ C T B O~ c c o ~ M ~ ~ M G ,Russia and, first of all, of its North-West can and npeAcTasnmaqMx MHTepecbr o~pacneii MHAYCTPMM, must be the focus of attention not only of the 6a3~pyrn1q~xcrrHa MCnOnb30BaHMM ApeBeCMHbI. B 3TMX European Forest Industry but of the whole ycnoBwrrx m e m o neca POCCMM M, npexAe Bcero, ee European economy as well. The trivial truth that CeBep0-3ana&3, MOrYT M AOJlXHbI OKa3aTbCH B UeHTpe Russia possesses almost a fourth of the world's BHMMaHMH He TOJIbKO e ~ p o n e f i c ~ onecH0fi ii MHAYCTPMM, forest reserves takes on a new meaning and H 0 M B C ~ G3KOHOMMKM E~ponbl. T ~ M B M ~ J M IC ~TH MH~a,R development of the Russia's Forestry Complex. YTO B POCCMM COCPeAOTOYeHa YeTBePTb MMPOBblX 3anaCOB especially, of in-depth mechanical and chemical neca, n p ~ o 6 p e ~ a eHoBoe ~ ~ B Y L I ~ H M ~M , P ~ ~ B M T M ~ wood processing becomes an international rather poccMtic~oro necHoro KoMnneKca, npexAe Bcero, than a national target. nepepa60~~~ m y 6 0 ~ 0 f i~ e x a ~ ~ q e c M~ oxM~Mrec~oii ii H ~ ~ M o H ~ U I ~ Ha O ~ ~ , ApeBeCMHbI, CTaHOBMTCR He M ~ X A ~ H ~ ~ O 3AaH~ Oa ~~ ~e i .

Sustainable development and biofitel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced conzpleJx utilization of wood raw rnaterial and peat

International cooperation and global climate change - the Kyoto Protocol and UN FAO activities. CXMra~kieOrPOMHbIX KOJIMYeCTB KaMeHHOrO ymX, H ~ @ T H , Burning of huge amounts of coal, petroleum, natural gas (i.e. of fossil fuels) gives rise to K ~b16pocyB ra3a ( ~ . e McKonaeMoro . ~ o n n ~ s npmoAm a) atmospheric emissions of large amounts of ~ T M O C @ ~ P Y OrPOMHbIX KOnMYeCTB TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX IIaPHMKOBbIX Ta30B. ~ T MT a b 1 BbI3bIBaIOT M3MeHeHMR so-called greenhouse gases (GHG). These gases KnMMaTa Ha ~ceifi nnaaeTe, YTO MoxeT npmecm K cause climate change over the whole Planet. The H ~ O ~ P ~ T H M 3KOnOTWIeCKMM ~IM lTOCneACTBM5IM. B TO Xe latter can lead to irreversible consequences. At the BpeMR HpM lTpOM3BOACTBe 3HeprMM M 3 ~ M O M ~ C C ~ I same time, when generating energy on the basis of 06pa3y101~~wfic~ npu TOM yrne~ucnbrfira3 He O T H O C ~ R biomass burning, the resulting carbon dioxide is K IlapHkiKOBbIM Ta3aM, T.K. 6 ~ 0 ~ a c cMa IIPOAyKTbI ee irrelevant to GHG as biomass and products of its CrOpaHMR PaCCMaTPPiBaIOTCR KaK YaCTb lIpMp0,QHOrO burning are considered to be a part of the natural K ~ P ~ O H O B O ~qkircna. O ~IH~IM CnOBaMkI, M 6110~acca He carbon cycle. In other words, biomass is not PaCCMaTpMBaeTCR KaK 3MMTTep (HCTOYHUK B b ~ ~ e n e ~ u s ~ ) considered to be a carbon dioxide emitter. yrneKmnoro rasa. B n e ~ a 6 p e1997 r. B KPIOTO6b1n HpMHXT ~ ~ O T O K0O ~ r n 0 6 a J l b ~ 0 M3MeHeHMH ~ KnMMaTa. B COOTBeTCTBMM C 3TMM nPOTOKOnOM nOAnMCaBHIMe er0 CTPaHbI AOJTXHbI 06e~neYkl~b CHMXeHMe no CpaBHeHPiIO C YpOBHeM 1990 r. ~ 6 1 6 ~ 0B ~~ T0 M~ O C @ ~ napHMKOBbIX ~ Y ra30B. B e n ~ w i ~ a CHWXeHMH anR pa3HbIX CTpaH HpMHRTa pa3JIPIYHofi. am Bcex ~ ~ ~ B M cTpaH T ~ I X l l p o ~ o ~ onpeAycMaTpasaeT n Ha nepaoa c 2008 no 2012 rr. noHMxeHMe B ~ I ~ ~ O C O B ra3OB, O ~ Y C ~ O B ~ M B ~ I O L L ( M X ~ ~ P H M K O B 3@@eKT, ~ I ~ ~ B CpenHeM Ha 5,2% (no CpaBHeHMIo C YPOBHeM 1990 F). Y ~ o B ~ CHM HXe~HMH M3MeHHeTCH C 8% - AnH CTpaH 6 0 n b r u ~ ~ c T ~ CTpaH a Esponeiic~oro C 0 ~ 3 a M M B o c ~ o ~ ~Eeponb~; oii a0 7% - ,QnHC U A , UeH~pLlJlb~ofi 6% - AnH O OH MM M Ka~aabI.B TO x e BPeMH AJlR POCCMH, HOBO^^ 3ena~aPIM ~~OTOKOA yKpaPI~b1 M npeayCMaTpMBaeT COXpaHeHMe B ~ I ~ ~ O CHOa YpOBHe B 1990 F, a AJIH HeKOTOPblX CTpaH, - HanpMMep, A B C T ~ ~PIM M H C ~ ~ H A M-M OrOBapMBaeT B 0 3 M O X H O C T b AaXe YBeJIMreHMH sb16poco~.B MIoHe 1998 rOAa rOCyAapCTBaWIeHbI EC npMllrnM K CornarneHMm 06 O ~ ~ ~ M ~ H M T ~ ~ AOneBOM HpMHqMne anR AOCTMXeHMH CYMMaPHOrO 8% HAoB CHMXeHMR. T ~ K&JIH , H M A ~ ~ J ~ ~ npeAyCMaTpMBaeTCH CHMXeHMe Ha 6%, rep~aHl4l.rM A a ~ mHa 21%, &?JIbrMM Ha 75%.

In December of 1997 the Protocol on global climate change was signed in Kyoto. According to the Protocol, the signatory countries have to provide reductions in atmospheric GHG emissions as compared to the level of 1990. As far as all industrialized countries are concerned, the Protocol makes provision for them to reduce their GHG emissions by 5.2% on average (as compared to the level of 1990) during 2008-20 12. The reduction varies from 8% for the EU Member States and for the majority of Central and East European countries, to 7% - for the U.S.A., 6% - for Japan and Canada. The Protocol simultaneously specifies the emissions to be kept at the level of 1990 in a number of countries such as Russia, the Ukraine, and New Zealand but for some countries (for example, Australia and Iceland) a reservation is even made for potential increase in their GHG emissions. To achieve the total 8% reduction, in ~June H O 1998 M the UN Member States have come to the agreement based on the principle of shared responsibility. For example, the provision is made for the reduction by 6% for the Netherlands, by 21% - for Germany and Denmark, and by 7.5% for Belgium. Carrying out of the measures against global climate change, ratification of the Kyoto Protocol are the subject of protracted multistage talks at the international level. The new US Administration took a decision about leaving the Kyoto Protocol. However, West European countries declared that the Protocol would be ratified without regard to this event. In June 2001, in the course of George Bush's stay in Western Europe, the Kyoto Protocol

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Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

challenges were among the most important aspects of the talks. It was noticed in the course of Parliament's hearings at the State Duma in rnid-June of 2001 that the Kyoto Protocol ratification was the most important global target. However, doors should be open for possible USA adherence to this process.

MRpo~b1eneca - s a x s ~ e i i m ~@ i i a ~ ~ npeAoTspaueHm op m06a.JIbH0~0A3MeHeHMH KnWMaTa, TaK KaK MMeHHO B HWX nOrnOuaeTCR OCHOBHaR YaCTb YmeKMCnOTbI. ~ O ~ T O M Y 3TM BOnPOCbI 6bIn1.1 IIpeAMeTOM O ~ C Y W ~ H M I I Ha 3aCeAaHMRX KOHCYJI~T~TMBHO~O KOMMT~T~ @ A 0 OOH H 0 6 y ~ a r Me ApeBeCHbIM np0AyKTaM ( C ~ H - b 0 n 0Ep2i3kinM5I, , anpenb 1999 r, Po~opya,H O B ~3Re n a ~ ~anpenb ~ x , 2000 r, PMM, anpenb 2001 . Ha 3TMX 3aCeAaHMHX PaCCMaTpMBUICR pHA aCIIeKTOB, HeIIOCpeACTBeHHO C B I I ~ ~ H H ~ CI Xpemmaqaefi KMOTCKO~O I l p o ~ o ~ o n aB neCHOM KOMnJIeKCe M, B YaCTHOCTM, B uennton03HO6yMaIKH0fi IIPOMbIUlneHHOCTM.

World forests play a key role in preventing global climate change as it is they which absorb the main portion of carbon dioxide. That is why these issues were discussed at sessions of the UN FAO Advisory Committee on Paper and Wood Products (Sao Paulo, Brazil, April 1999, Rotorua, New Zealand, April 2000, Rome, April 2001). At the sessions a number of aspects was considered which have a direct bearing on the Kyoto Protocol implementation in the Forestry Complex and in the Pulp and Paper Industry, in particular. The Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) issued a special Environmental Report devoted to Kyoto Protocol implementation in the pulp and paper sector. In 2000 CEPI coordinated a joint brochure on climate change entitled "Meeting the Challenge of Global Climate Change" in which the American, Canadian, European, Japanese and New Zealand paper associations set out their views and messages.

The Pulp and Paper Industry is an energy-intensive and, simultaneously, energy-efficient industry. The weight of energy in its cost structure can be as high as 25% of the manufacturing costs. This was an invariable major incentive and permanent driving force to improve energy efficiency. Between 1990 and 1997 specific CO2 emissions from the pulp and paper production processes decreased by 17%.

One most important energy-saving factor is the process of heat and power co-generation (CHP). For example, the combined heat and power plants operated by pulp and paper mills produced roughly one third of the total electricity needed for the papermaking process in 1999. CHP technology has

Ycnzoihsoe pa36umue u ucnonb3osa~ue o'uonzomu6a - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u nomuieHuw KoMmecHocmu ucnonb30sa~u11 d p e ~ e c u ~ Ub lmop$a

Sustainable developnzent and biqfuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol inzpler~tentationand enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

allowed savings of some 35% of the energy that would be used to produce the same amount of electricity by conventional boilers (an estimated saving of 9 Mt fossil CO2). This amounts to savings of about 0.25 kg CO2 per kWh of electricity.

The second important factor is the increased use of B T O P ~ I M B ~ X H ~ ~ ~ U I M MITyTeM HBnHeTCX POCT MCnOnb30BaHMII ~ M o T o ~ J I M B~ ~~. ~ ~ I ~ J ' I o ~ H o - ~ biofuel. ~ M ~ xThe H ~Pulp F I and Paper Industry is one of the OAHMM M3 ~ p y l l ~ e f i u ~ ~ x largest producers and consumers of green energy: OTpaCnb RBnReTCR no~pe6~~enefi3~eprw~, n p o ~ 3 ~ o ~ ~ r e n e fMi almost 50% of the thermal energy consumed by the r e ~ e p ~ p y e ~3a o f c.ieT i 3KcnnyaTaum B O ~ O ~ H O B J - I R ~ M ~ I X industry is based on biofuels whose emissions are carbon dioxide neutral. MCTOYHMKOB CblPbR: nOYTM50% n o ~ p e 6 n ~ e ~OTpaCnbK) ofi ~ e n n o ~ osf i~ e p r ~6wa 3 u p y e ~ cHa ~ npoqeccax cropaHm ~ I 3TMX npOUeCCOB ~ M O T O ~ npM ~ M 3TOM B ~ , B ~ I ~ P O COT HefiTpUIb~b1B OTHOIIIeHMM AMOKCMAa YmepOAa. The third most important factor is the increased use of recovered paper in the papermaking processes. Besides providing a balanced use of the industry's raw material, recycling of used paper is a key element of the industry's carbon cycle since it prevents considerable emissions of methane from landfilling of used paper. This positive impact can further be improved by increased recycling of used paper providing of course that this recycling as a part of paper life-cycle remains technically and economically viable.

One more promising line in the use of biofuel is energy recovery through combustion of both used paper and the paper that cannot be recycled. CO2 emissions from one ton of used paper incineration for energy recovery (550 kg C0da.d.t.) are close to the fossil-CO2 emissions generated when producing one ton of paper (643 kg C0,Ia.d.t.).

Ycmoiiwsoe pa3sumue u ucnonbsosa~ue nporno~ona ZO u Guomomusa - nymb ~ p e a n u a ~ uKuU O ~ C K O no6brueHum KoMmeKcHocmu ucnonb3osa~uxdpesecu~bzu mop&

Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

Wood and paper products have rather long-term service life - from several decades for wood structures in house-building to several years for the majority of books. This provides an expanding reservoir of carbon removed from the atmosphere. Today the role that forests play in balancing society's need for wood-based products and protecting our environment by absorbing CO2 is being recognized more and more. NCIIOnb3YIOT Te YaCTM AepeBbeB, ApyrMX KOTOPbIe HeB03MOXHO yno~pe6MTb B npOMbIUIneHHbIX npOIJeCCaX, TaKMX KaK CTPOLITenbCTBO MnW nPOM3BOACTBO ~ e 6 e na~Tame , ApeBeCHbIe OTXOAbI M OTXOAbI JIeCOnMJIbHbIX 3aBOAOB. ~ Y M ~ X H M K BH OCHOBHOM

Papermakers use mainly the parts of trees which are unusable in other industrial processes such as construction or furniture making, as well as wood residues and sawmill waste.

The European Commission's White Paper and biofuel challenges

B 1998199 r0AaX

6b1no npOBeAeH0 COBMeCTHOe accneAosaHae B O ~ M O X H ~ I X nocnegc~safi p e a n w s a q ~ ~ B aBTopmeTHoM AoKnaAe p e ~ o ~ e ~ ~ a rcoAepxaLqMxcg lai?, Esponefic~ofi KOMLICCMM, 03arnaBJIeHHOM: "3~eprMH Gy~y~qero: B O ~ O ~ H O B J ' LICTOYHLIKM I H ~ M ~ I ~~ H ~ ~ T ABM " . TOM AoKnaAe CTaBmcR s a ~ a ~ Y AaB O M T ~ K 2010 rosy MCllOJIb30BaHMe B O ~ O ~ H O B J I H ~ M ~ WCTOYHMKOB IX 3HepTMM, AOBeAH MX y~enbHb1fiBeC A 0 12%.

In 1988199 the joint study has been carried out for revealing possible impacts of implementing the recommendations of the European Commission White Paper entitled: "Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy". It is proposed in the White Paper to double the contribution of renewable energy sources to gross EU energy production to 12% by 2010.

B COBM~CTHOM M3yYeHMI.I IIOJIMTMKM EC B 0 6 n a c ~ ~ The following organizations contributed to this joint ~0306~0~JlfleM0fi 3HePrMki YZIaCTBOBaJIM: E B P O ~ ~ ~ ~ C study: K ~ Hthe European Commission - DG Enterprise, KOMMCCMH, re~ep2lJIb~blfiAMpeKTOpaT H 0 OTpaCJIM, the Confederation of European Paper Industries K O H @ A ~ ~ ~~ W Y MRW H O ~IlPOMbIUlneHHOCTM ~ EBponb~ (CEPI), the European Confederation of (CEPI), KoH(#EA~~~uM ~ eRp e ~ o o 6 p a 6 a ~ b 1 ~ a m ~ q e iWoodworking i Industries (CEI-Bois), the French ~p0MbMIneHHOCTM E~ponb1 (Cei-Bo~s), Q ~ ~ H Q ~ ~ c K o ~ Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, the MMHMCT~PCTBO CeJlbCKOI'O X O ~ H ~ ~ C MT BP~~ I ~ O J I O B C T B ~ , Netherlands' Agency for Energy and the H w ~ e p n a ~ ~ cA ~ ~o ~e H T C T no B O 3~ep1-MMM oxpaHe Environment (Novem). o~pyxamuei?cpeAbr (NOVEM). The study has demonstrated that implementation of the White Paper policy could have significant impacts on the forest-based industries' wood procurement situation. To meet the EC targets, wood supplies should be increased by more than 40%. Other significant impacts on these industries such as increased wood imports from the EU non-members and reduced productivity in the whole sector would be likely to appear.

Ycmo1hu6oe pa3sumue u ucnonb306a~ue Guomomusa - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomotcona U nOBbIUICHUt0 KOMWleKCHOCmU UCnOJlb308L2HUJl d p e 6 e c ~ ~ bU Imop&

POCCMII,0 6 n a ~ a m u a a n0YTM reTBepTbE0 MLlPOBbIX 3anaCOB ApeBeCMHbI, MMeeT PeanbHbIe B03MOXHOCTI.I AnFI . Ha Cy4eCTBeHHOrO 3KCnOpTa ~ M O M ~ C C ~ I H~CMOTPR n p o ~ 3 o r r r e ~ r u3a ~ inocneAHwe i roAbI C Y U ~ C T B ~ H HcnaA ~I~~ B neCOnPOMbIUIneHHOM KOMnneKCe, HaYMHaII C 1998 1999 rr. M O X H O rOBOPMTb 0 er0 PeWIbHOM BO3pOweHMH.

Sustainable development and biojiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced compkx utilization of wood raw material and peat

Possessing about a quarter of the global wood reserves, Russia has real opportunities for significant exports of biomass. Despite considerable economic recession in the Forest - Industrial Complex, since 1988-1999 one can speak about its real recovery. The role of the North-Westem Federal Area in cooperation of its Regions and Republics in the field of biomass use and export.

3Ha~MTenbHaH YaCTb neCHbIX PeCypCOB P o c c u ~ The North-Western Federal Area possesses a pacnonomeHa B C e s e p o - 3 a n a ~ ~CDeAepanb~o~ o~ oKpyre. considerable portion of Russia's forest reserves. Its P a c q e ~ ~necoceKa a~ no C e s e p o - 3 a n a n ~ o ~ yperuoHy annual cut is equal to 82.9 million m3 including COCTaBnHeT 82,9 MnH.M3, B TOM YMCne n0 nMCTBeHHOMY 32.14 million m3 falling on deciduous forests. XO~IIECTBY- 32,14 MnH.M3. @ ~ K T R ~ ~ B C1999 K M r. no According to the data of logging enterprises, there AaHHblM neCXO3OB ~ b l p y 6 n e ~36,5 0 MnH.M3 MnM 44% OT were 36.5 million m3 of timber felled in 1999 or p a c r e ~ ~ o fnecocew, i B TOM w c n e no nMcTBeHHoMy 44% of the annual cut including 10.8 million m3 of X O ~ H ~ ~ C T B COOTBeTCTBeHHO Y 10,8 MnH.M3. Ha~6onee hardwood species. The annual cut was being nonHo pacqeTHaA necoceKa ocBansanacb B p e c n y 6 n ~ ~ e mastered most efficiently in the Republic of Kapenm. B TO x e s p e m B p e c n y 6 n ~ ~ eKOMM Karelia. At the same time, there are large reserves coxpaHmoTcH 6onbrrr~ep e s e p ~ b-~ pacqeTHalr necoceKa in the Republic of Komi where only 30% of the MCllOnb3OB2UlaCb nMWb Ha 30%. (K1.C. K O M ~ ~ AOwIaA OB, annual cut are utilized (Yu.S. Komarov, P ~ Y P ~ presentation ~). Ha MHBeCTMuMOHHOM @ O P Y M ~B C ~ H K T - ~ ~ T ~TOT at the Saint Petersburg Investment nOTeHlJMWI HBnHeTCH O C H O B O ~AnII ~ pa3pa60~~M IlpOeKTOB Forum). This potential is a basis for working out U I M P O K O M ~ C L L I T ~ ~ H O T OMClTOnb30BaHMFI 61.10~onn~sa projects on large-scale biofuel utilization HenOCpeflCTBeHHO B PerMOHaX M 3KCnOPTa ~ M O M ~ C CB ~ I immediate in the regions and on biomass exports to 3 a n a n ~ y wEspony. West Europe. The Russia's Pulp and Paper Industry as well as the Forestry Complex as a whole became export-oriented. Today more than three fourths of the manufactured market pulp and approximately a half of paper and board made in Russia are exported. A ~ a n ~ s ~ perMoHanbHym py~ c n e u ~ @ l . i ~npennpw~~wfi y neconpoMbrruneHHoro KoMnneKca Ce~epo-3ana~~o1-o PerMOHa, MOXHO OTMeTMTb, q T O OHa BbIrOAHO OTnHYaeTCR OT CMTYauMM B APYrMX @e~ep2UlbHb1~ OKpyraX. B OTnMqMe OT JIeCOnPOMblUIneHHblX KOMnneKCOB 60n ~ L L I M H c T B ~ c y 6 x e ~ ~ o s@e~epalJMM M ApyrMX (DeflepWIbHblxOKPYTOB, CeBep0-3ana~HblfiOKpyr MMeeT B HaCTORuee BpeMH BCe YCnOBMH An54 6blcTpor0 M HeOp,QNHapHOrO pa3BMTHII lJenJllo.JI03~0-6y~a~~0fi npoMblwneHHocTM, B UenoM necHoro KoMnneKca M, B qaCTHOCTM, ~ M O ~ H ~ P T ~ T M K M .

While analyzing regional features of Forestry Complex enterprises in the North-Western Region, one can note that they differ advantageously from those of other Federal Areas. Presently, the North-Western Federal Area has all necessary conditions for rapid and unconventional development of the Pulp and Paper Industry, of the Forestry Complex as a whole and of bioenergetics, in particular.

Sustainable developnzent and bi~fueluse as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

Ycmoikusoe pa3sumue u ucnonb3osa~ue Guomonnusa - nymb ~peanu3ayuuKuomc~ozonpomo~onau ~ O ~ ~ ~ U L KoMnneKcHocmu ~ H U K ) ucnonb306a~u~ dpesecu~blu mop@

These features incorporate a number of factors: A rich stumpage base with proper age and species stand composition;

A unique geographical position because of immediate proximity to ports and to major consumers of forest- and paper-based products both on the domestic and on the foreign markets of North and West Europe; The availability of large production capacities on the territory of the Federal Area, which provide extended wood processing as well as the whole process cycle, from logging enterprises to woodworking, furniture, and pulp and paper mills. Thus, the Area has a good chance to make a short-term transition from untreated timber exports to exports of science-intensive products while widening simultaneously a biofuel raw material base; The transport infrastructure including automobile, railway, sea and river transport and construction of a number of new ports in the Leningrad Region; Favourable investment policy (of the Government of the Leningrad Region and of a number of other subjects) towards creating conditions for development of Forestry Complex enterprises, for more extended wood processing immediately in the region of trees growing, higher economic and social efficiency of utilization of forest resources; H m w i k i e ~ KpynHOrO HayYHOrO nOTeHUM2LJIa - B P ~ ~ M O H ~ CKOHueHTpMpOBaHbI OCHOBHble YHMBePCMTeTbl M HayYHbIe MHCTMTYTbI neCHOrO KoMnneKca - CIl6 TTY PIl, J I e c o ~ e x ~ ~ r e c ~ a ~ A K ~ A ~ MAJITY, M H , BHMME M ~ p .

High scientific potential - main universities and research institutes bearing on the Forestry Complex are concentrated in the Region: SPb STUPP, the SPb Forest Technical Academy, the Arkhangelsk Forest Technical University, VNIIB, etc. However, there exist a number of negative factors in today's activities of the Forest-Industrial Complex. They are as follows: Large specific weight of untreated timber in the structure of exports of forest-based products results in considerable losses - both direct financial and social, for the Region becomes depleted of a lot of jobs. Besides, such a

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Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol irnplementation and enhanced cornplex utilization qf wood raw rnaterial and peat

structure of forest-based exports makes Russian exporters dependent on a situation in the foreign markets, which have selective unstable demand for untreated and treated timber; reorpa@m3 ~ c n o p Kpyrnoro ~a neca oTnmaeTclr TeM, YTO OKOnO 30% 3KCIIOpTa IIPMXOAWTCR Ha M CBbIUIe 10% Ha u ~ e u M I o KOTOPbIe (DEIHIIIIHAEIIO, @~KTMY~CKW HBnHeTCII OCHOBHbIM KOHKYPeHTOM AJlR P O C C H ~ ~ C K 3KCllOPTePOB ~~X KaK 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ ~ oTaK fi, M He06pa60TaHH0fi ApeBeCMHbI. TO AenaeT ~ O C C W ~ ~ C K M X3KCIIOpTepOB yH3BkiMbIMki CO CTOPOHbI CKaHAMHaBCKkiX KOHKYPeHTOB;

Geography of round wood export differs in that Finland accounts for 30% of these exports and Sweden - for more than 10%. Actually, these countries are the main competitors of Russian exporters of both processed and unprocessed wood. This makes the Russian exporters vulnerable to Nordic competitors; Equipment obsolescence and wear and tear at the majority of large forestry enterprises reduces competitiveness of their products;

Poor development of forest certification H ~ A O C T ~ T O ~pa3BkiTkie HO~ CMCTeM nec~ofi systems as well as of certification of enterprises cep~a@u~aqss, a Tame cep~a@u~aqas npe~npMHTkifi Ha COOTBeTCTBWe CHCTeMaM as to their conformity with the IS0 9000 and I S 0 14000 series of International Standards MeX,QyHapOAHbIXCTaHAapTOB Cepkiki kZCO 9000 W MC0 14000, CHkDKaeT ee K O H K ~ ~ ~ H T O C I I O C O ~ H O C T ~reduces the competitiveness of their products, npoAyKqm, O C O ~ ~ H H O Ha 3~onorasec~a especially on the environmetally sensitive YYBCTBATenbHbIX PbIHKaX. market S. The most important factors offering prospects for stable operation of the Forest-Industrial Complex enterprises are unconditional compliance with sustainable forest management and as a consequence, development of forest certification as well as extended mechanical and chemical processing of wood. The processing, coupled with production and use of biofuel, would allow due solving of global climate change problems and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.

Thus, construction of new enterprises and stage-by-stage environmental and economic reconstruction of the existing ones, their certification as to conformity with the I S 0 9000 and I S 0 14000 series of International Standards along with extended use of wood raw material resources while increasing share of hardwood species and biofuel are the most important today's targets of the Forest-Industrial Complex of the North-Western Region.

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Sustaiizable developnzent and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol inzplementation and enhatwed cwnples utilization cf wood raw marerial atzd peat

Real steps towards biofuel North-Western Region

use

in

the

The use of biofuel has considerably increased in the Region in recent years, especially, in its pulp and paper mills; a number of projects are in progress.

T ~ KCTpOMTeJIbCTBO , Ha OAO < < C B ~ T O ~ OKOpbeBOrO ~CK>> ~ r.) KOTJIa (YCK HaMeYeH Ha C ~ H T I I ~ P 2001 ~ ~ O ~ ~ B O ~ ~ M T ~ J -150 I ~ TOHH H O C napa T ~ I ~B .rat peruaeT He TOnbKO CerOAHRLLIHI-OIO n p o 6 n e ~ y yTMnM3auMM nepCneKTMBb1 ApeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB, H 0 I? 06e~Ile9M~aeT ~ KOM~MH~T~. MClTOnb30BaHMR ~ M o T o ~ J I M BHa

For example, construction of the bark boiler of the capacity 150 t. steamlhour at the Svetogorsk Mill (the target date for putting it into operation is September 2001) not only solves today's problem of wood residue utilization but also creates prospects for further use of biofuel at the Mill. Presently, in the settlement of Elizavetin ka, the Lemo Concern proceeds to construction of a major lumber enterprise. The use of the enterprise residues both for manufacturing pulp and paper products and as biofuel will make the use of wood more extended and will increase its in-depth processing in the immediate region of tree growing.

A number of municipal boilerhouses are in successful operation with the use of biofuel (in Lisino, etc.).

Promising charcoal technologies are developed at the Forest Technical Academy and at the Polycor Company. A charcoal mill has been put into operation in Priozersk, and several more plants are being constructed. Apyrofi n p m e p KacaeTcR A p x a ~ r e n b c ~ o foi 6 n a c ~ ~ . PeiUIbHb1~ BK.JIaAOM B YBeJIMYeHMM MCnOnb30BaHMR ~ H O T O I ~ J I M B ~RBnReTCR HpOBeAeHHaR B KOHue 2000 r PeKOHCTPYKUMH M MOAePHM3auMR KOPbeBOrO KOTJIa Ero npOki3BO~MTenbHOCTb ApxaHrenbc~oro K . nosbrmeHa c 30 ~o 65 T napa B yac. Koren 6 y n e ~ YTMJlM3MPOBaTb B TOA 280 TbIC. T. KOPbl M APYrMX Y 90 ~H TbIC. M T~ / r o ~ ) . ApeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB ( Y B ~ ~ M Ha

Another example refers to the Arkhangelsk Region. A practical contribution to the extended use of biofuel is the reconstruction and upgrading of a bark boiler at the Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill. Its capacity has been raised from 30 to 65 t. steamlh. The boiler will utilize 280 thousand tons of bark and other wood residue a year (the increase is equal to 90 thousand tons a year). However, this is only a small share of the available biofuel reserves.

n o AaHHblM, nPMBeAeHHbIM A ~ ~ K C ~ H] ; YA~ ~~ TOO BM~ IHMa @0pyMe no ~ M O T O ~ ~ H BP ~o T T ~ ~ A@e~pUIb ~M, 2000 r., MMen 2,2 Mnpn. cnenoro n e p e c ~ o i i ~ o r neca o Ha KOPHIO, 06na~arr p a c r e r ~ o i i necoce~oti Ancl ~ ~ o M ~ ~ L L I J I ~ H3aTOTOBKM H o ~ 23 MnH. M3 B rOA, Apxa~renbcKaR06nac~b@ K T M Y ~ C K M 3WOTOBMna B 1999

According to the data Mr. A.Bulatov presented at the Biofuel Forum in Rotterdam in February of 2000, while possessing 2.2 billion m' of old-growth stumpage with allowable cut of 23 million m' for industrial-purpose logging, the Arkhangelsk Region has actually harvested only 8.5 million m' of wood

Ycmokweoe pmsumue u ucnonmosarrue Guomomusa - nymb K pemu3ayuu Kuornc~ozonpornoKona u noebiuerrum KoMmeKcrrocmu ucnonb30sarr~1dpesecurrbr u rnop@a

r nulub 8,5 MnH.

Sustainable development and biojkel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol itnplernentationand enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

ApeBeCHHbI. COOTB~TCTB~HHO, B MnpA. IlnOTHbIX M3 KOPb1, WenbI U onanoK. Ilpa ysenarema o 6 a e ~ a~ ~ ~ O T O BAO O K10 MnH. M3 KOnHYeCTBO OTXOAOB O ~ P ~ ~ Y W U I ( X C HTOnbKO OT A ~ ~ ~ B O O ~ ~ COCTaBHT ~ ~ O T K2,5 H - 3 MJIH. M3/r. K ~ o M ~ TOTO, B 06nac~H B OTBlUIaX HaXOAElTCH 14 MIIH. T r a ~ p o n m ~ onaraaaa. ro

in 1999. There are correspondingly as much as 2.2 million solid m' of bark, chips and sawdust appearing in this connection in the Region. When increasing annual logging up to 10 million m3, the amounts of waste resulting from woodworlung operations only will range from 2.5 to 3 million m3 per year. In addition, there are 14 million tons of hydrolysis lignin in the Region.

PM 3TOM AnR 06ecnese~ax 1300 HHAHBMHyaJIbHbIX KOTeJIbHbIX B 06na~Tb eXerOAH0 BB03HT 990 TbIC. T. KaMeHHOrO ymH, 250 TbIC. T TOllOYHOrO Ma3yTa, 60 TbIC. T AH3enbHOrO TOnJIkiBa.

To provide 1300 individual boiler-rooms with fuels, 990 thousand tons of coal, 250 thousand tons of furnace fuel oil and 60 thousand tons of diesel fuel are delivered to the Reional annually.

B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ ~kiCllOJlb30BaHMH 6ao~onnasa HelTOCpeACTBeHHO B PerHOHaX npOH3paCTaHHH IIpH ocyWecTsneHas m y 6 0 ~ o f i ~ e x a ~ a r e c ~ o Gana X M M E I S ~ C K O ~ ~ llepepa60T~Pl ApeBeCllHbI AOnXHbI C YreTOM BCWO ~~0r006pa3aH OUeHHBaTbCR 3KOnO~A'IeCKHX I? 3KOHOMIIYeCKIIX n p o 6 n e ~ , KOTOPbIe npI4 3TOM B03HMKaIOT. Oco6oro PaCCMOTpeHElH 3aCnyXMBaeT BOnpOC 3KCnOpTa ~ H O M ~ CB C YaCTHOCTII, ~I, kiCllOnb3OBaHaH ApeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB AnH npOM3BOACTBa nPMrOAHbIX AJIH TPaHCllOPTMPOBKM M 3KCIIOpTa, B ~ I C O K O K ~ J I O ~BRAOB M~~H ~HoToII~MB~. ~IX

The opportunities for using biofuel in the immediate region of tree growing in connection with in-depth mechanical and chemical processing of wood must be evaluated with due regard to the whole variety of environmental and economic consequences. The questions of biomass export and of the use of wood residue in production of exportable and transportable high-calorie biofuels deserve special consideration.

M'

O ~ J I ~ C T06pa3ye~cH H 2,2

Analysis of these problems and of efficient ways for solving them is one most important aspect of scientific support to any large-scale projects in the field of biofuel.

Scientific problems of the biofuel uses There comes a time when we should go from individual pilot projects on biofuel use to working out a strategy of large-scale production and efficient use of biofuel as the most important type of renewable energy sources. Working out and implementing the strategy is possible only if scientific support to the programme is provided. Let's dwell on the most significant aspects of this programme. They could be divided into a number of directions:

9 biofuel logistics, direct and indirect export of biofuel;

9 intensification of forestry;

Ycmoiiwsoe pa3sumue u ucnonb306a~ue 6uomonnu6a - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuomc~ozonpomoKona u n06bllUeHUIO KOMnJleKCHOCmU UCnOnb306ClHUEI dpe6ec~HblU mop&

Sustainable developnzent and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implenzentationand enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

higher efficiency of wood utilization on the whole; genitic engineering; increased efficiency of wood burning, creation of a sized series of high efficient boiler units of a new generation applying, in particular, the principle of biofuel gasification and vortical burning of gasified products; 11p06neMb1 C03AaHMR

HOBbIX T ~ ~ H c ~ o ~ T ~ ~ ~ J I ~ H ~ I creation x of new transportable BMAOB ~ H o T o ~ J I M B - ~B WICTHOCTM, K O M ~ 0 3 M ~ H O H H b I X example, energy-purpose MaTepManOB ~ H ~ P ~ ~ T H ~ ~ c KHa3HaYeHIISI O ~ O (energy-pellets, etc.). ( 3 ~ e p r o n ~ n n eM~ ~b 1p . ) .

biofuels, for composites

While considering biofuel problems, it is advisable to always keep in mind that presently the use of wood as a biofuel is the least efficient method of wood utilization. Wood is an excellent structural material; its life-cycle complies well with the idea of sustainable development. Because of this, wood must above all be converted into different wooden structures, for example, constructive and others. The part of wood that cannot be used as a structural material, must find its application as a raw material for the pulp and paper industry through, for example, pulpchips. And finally, the last part of wood that cannot be used as a structural material and as a raw material for manufacturing pulp and paper refers to biofuel.

Several important results follow from these general principles: l.

On~PiMWlb~bIft YpOBeHb MCnOnb3OBaHMH JleCOCeLIHbIX OTXOAOB M M ~ K C M M U I ~ YPOBeHb H ~ I ~ ~ MCnOnb30BaHMR ApeBeCHblX OTXOAOB ~ e p e ~ 0 0 6 p a 6 a ~ b 1 ~ a mM~ M x ~ e n n m n o 3 ~ 0 - 6 y ~ a x ~ b n1 xp e ~ n p m ~ ~ t i3aga~1a . ~ I nOnHOrO MCnOnb30BaHMH ~ c e f i ~ M O M ~ C CAepeBa T.K. o ioHa i, npeAcTasnReTccr B npMHUMne ~ e n p a ~ ~ n b ~ MOXeT IlpMBeCTM K MCTOUeHMlO IlOqBeHHOTO CnOR M HapyWeHMI-0 6 u o p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~~. O ~ T O M Y AnR ~ a m o f KaTeropmi i necos AonxHbI 6 b 1 ~ ob n p e ~ e n e ~ ~ OnTMMWlbHbIe YPOBHM MCnOnb30BaHMR JIeCOCeYHbIX OTXOAOB, 0 6 e c n e r ~ s a m u ~ ~ e n o ~ q e p x a ~ ~ e nOYBeHHOrO CnOH.

The optimum use of forest residues and the maximum use of wood residue from woodworking and pulp and paper mills. The target of the full use of the totality of tree biomass is fundamentally untrue as this could lead to soil depletion and biodiversity disbalancing. Because of this, optimum levels for the use of forest residue ensuring maintenance of soil layer should be determined for every forest category.

Sustainable developr7zent and biofitel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization o f wood raw material and peat

Yctnoiku6oe pa36umue u ucnonb306a~ue 6uomonrlusu - nymb K peanu3ayuu Kuornc~ozonpomoKona u nO6blUleHUK3 KOhlWleKCHOCmU UCnORb306aHUX dpe6ecu~blU mop&l

The principle of successive use of wood. Structural wood can be considered as a "carbon reservoir" of the largest operating longevity (in the range from 40 to 60 years). However, after this period, the used wood can be reused as biofuel. A similar situation takes place also for forest-based products of medium and small operating longevity. The used wood and the used convertibles are essential components of municipal and industrial solid waste and can be considered as the most important resource for biofuel.

Standardization and certiJication while dealing with biofiel. The problem of biofuel becomes one of the major international problems and standardization and certification in this field not only are of extraordinary importance but also represent one of the basic points of international trade in biofuel. A K T M B HHayYHble ~I~ pa60Tb1 B 06nac~k-i reHH0fi MHxeHepMM B necHoM KoMnneKce noKa ewe HanpaBneHbI, B OCHOBHOM, Ha n o m m e m e MHTeHCMBHOCTM POCTa AepeBbeB, M3MeHeHMe CooTHomeHm nMrHCiHa M qennmnom, yBenMzieHMe COAepXaHMR B APeBeCMHe BbICOKOnPOYHbIX BOnOKOH ( ~ H W I O T M Y HTaK ~ I X Ha3bIBaeMbIM M ~ M )~ . H M T ~ ~ ~ H BOnOKHaM B K ~ ~ H O BAO~~ ~~ B ~ C ~MP H K ~ M O T O ~ ~ M BM Y O X H O OXMAaTb M IIORBneHMR TaKMX ti KaK yBenweHMe ~ a n p a s n e B~r~e i~ ~ oMHxeHepm, COAepXaHMH B APeBeCMHe KOMnOHeHTOB, C ~ ~ O C O ~ H ~ I X TeXHOnOrMYeCKM npMeMneM0 IIpeBpauaTbCR B >KMAKOe TOWlMBO, CO3AaHMe 6wo~onn~~a ~ o B ~ I L U ~ H HK O~ O ~ ~P M ~ ~ H O CMT T.A. M

O

Active research into genetic engineering in the Forestry Complex is still aimed mainly at more intensive growth of trees, at changing the lignin: cellulose ratio, at increasing content of high-strength fiber in wood (similar to so-called "pulling" fiber of abnormal wood). As applied to biofuel, the lines in genetic engineering are expected to appear such as increasing content of the wood components, which are convertible into liquid fuel by technologically acceptable techniques, creation of biofuel of higher calorific value, etc.

Energy-purpose cellulose composites. Although wood is a natural composite by itself, its residues, both primary and secondary, can be used in the production of new energy-purpose composites. These materials can also contain alternative components, for example, peat, particular fractions of petroleum or petroleum refining products, etc.

Sustainable development and biojkel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

6. Solid jkel gasijkation and production of liquid fuel on this basis. In the former USSR the Hydrolysis Industry was an independent industrial sector. Presently, alcoholic additives to motor fuels are successfully used in a number of countries (for example, in Brazil). However, the scientific potential of this technology is not completely realized today. 7. Fundamental research of biofuel burning processes, increasing efficiency of boilers are, along with new energy-saving processes, quite independent research lines. l l e p ~ o ea3 sTax ~ a n p a ~ n e ~CaBi Hi ~ ~ HcO n p o 6 n e ~ a ~ ~ The first line is directly related to sustainable forest management. While Russia' S annual cut is about yc~ofiwsoro n e c o n o n b 3 0 s a ~ ~ ~IIpa . pacse~~oi? 540 million cubic meters, logging volume has never BeCOCeKe B POCCBHnOpHAKa 540 MnH. K Y ~ O M ~ T P O B 3arOTOBKa ApeBeCMHbI HMKOrAa He llpeBbILIIaJla 300-350 been more than 300-350 million cubic meters. As a MnH. K Y ~ O M ~ T P B. BOpe3ynbTaTe 3KOHOMAYeCKOrO CnaAa result of the economic recession of the nineties, 90-X I'OAOB o 6 x e ~3arOTOBKB APeBeCMHbI CHM3MnCH B logging dropped to 82 million m3 in 1997 and to 75 1997 a0 82 MAH. K Y ~ O M ~ T PBO 1998 B , - A 0 75 MnH. million m3 in 1998. In 2000 it approximated 100 K Y ~ O M ~ T aP BO2000 B , rOAy OKOnO 100 MnH. K Y ~ O M ~ T P O B .million m'. Thus, no more than 15% of the T ~ K H06pa30~, M MCllOJTb30BaHMe ~ ~ c ~ ~ neCOCeKM T H o E He allowable cut is really being used at present. Russia npeBb1ruae.r B HacToHuee BpeMx 15%. POCCMH He TonbKo not only possesses a quarter of the world's forest o 6 n a ~ a eYeTBepTbm ~ M M P O B ~ I X 3anac0~ neca, HO M resources but in addition, it is located r e o r p a @ u ~ epacnonoxer-la c~~ B C ~ B ~ ~ nonymapkiu, HOM B geographically in the Northern Hemisphere, where KOTOPOM ~ O T P ~ ~ ~ H ~ T OCHOBHOe C R KOnMYeCTBO the greater part of fossil fuel is consumed (West McKonaeMoro Tonnwsa ( C T ~ ~ 3anag~oii H~I Esponb~, European countries, U.S.A., Japan). So, Russian CLLIA, IIno~kia). JIeca POCCMM w p a m oYeHb 60nbLuyI-0 forests play a vital part in maintaining atmospheric POnb B IlOAAepXaHMM ~ C T O ~ Y M B O C T M ~ T M O C @ M ~ ~3T0 I. sustainability. This is one most important factor of - OAMH A 3 B ~ X H ~ ~ ~ U I MaCneKTOB X UHT~HCM$UK~~MM intensifying forest management in Russia. ~ ~ C O ~ O ~ ~ ~B OPOCCMII. B ~ H M H

B HaCTOHqee BpeMH MHTeHCUBHOCTb POCTa ApeBeCMHbI B

Currently the intensity of tree growth in Russian forests is 1.5 m3 per hectare per year for coniferous p o c c ~ ~ c ~ w x n e c a x c o c ~ a ~ nc ~r e ~ ~ 0~ a p1 a, 5~ r A -nH OA X B O ~ ~ H ~nOpOA IX A 0 2,5-3,o - AnH nMCTBeHHbIX nOpOfl, T.e. species and 2.5 - 3.0 m3 - for leaf species that is B HeCKOnbKO pa3 MeHbLue, W M B C K ~ H A M H ~ B M considerably M smaller than in Nordic countries under aHaJlOrMYHblX KnMMaTMYeCKMX YCnOBMHX. K ~ M3BeCTH0, K B similar climatic conditions. As we know, in recent nOCneAHMe AeCHTMneTMH B MMpe yAenHnOCb AOCTaTOqHO decades considerable attention has been focused 6onbrrroe BHMMaHMe PaCUIMPeHMIo HnaHTaqMfi - B worldwide on developing tree plantations, in WCTHOCTM, n n a ~ ~ a q ~YCKOpeHHOrO fi POCTa. 16blnM particular, the healthy growth plantations. AOCTHrHYTbl @ ~ H T ~ c T M ~ ~ c K M ~ pe3ynbTaTbl no Extraordinary results have been achieved in ~OBblLueHIIK, MHTeHCMBHOCTM POCTa ApeBeCMHbl. T ~ K , increasing intensity of tree growth. For example, the cpenHm ~ P O A ~ K T M B H O CCOCHH T~ B Gpas~nmicocTaBncleT average productivity of pine in Brazil is 28.5 m' per 28,5 Ky60MeTpa C reKTapa B rO& a 3BKaJlMnTa - 37 hectare per year and of eucalyptus - 37 m' per KY~OM~TPOBC reKTapa B rOA. Ha HeKOTOPblX hectare per year. On certain experimental 3KCnepMMeHTaJlbHblX YWCTKaX B Epa3MnMM ~ O ~ O B O ~ plantations in Brazil, the annual increment of npMpOCT 3BKaJlIInTa AOCTMf 119 ~y60~eTpoBfra B rO& eucalyptus was as much as 119 m' per hectare per O A H ~ KaHaJlM3 O 3TMX AaHHblX nOKa3bIBaeT, YTO OHM year. However, analysis of these figures shows they OTHOCHTCH, B nepByIo OYepeAb, K K)XHOMY nonyLuapMIo. are primarily applicable to the Southern

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Sustainable developtnetlt and biojiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol itnpletnentation and etzhatzced conlplex utilization of wood raw tnaterial atzd peat

P ~ ~ B MnJIa~TauM6 TM~ YCKOpeHHOrO POCTa B ~ X H O M Hemisphere. The development of healthy growth nonywapww n o 3 ~ o n ~ B e cTpaTermecKoM ~ nnaHe p e w a n plantations in the Southern Hemisphere makes it possible, at least strategically, to solve the problem npo6ne~br y c - r o f i ~ ~ ~ o r on e c o n o n b 3 o ~ a ~ ~M~ o 6 e c n e ~ e ~ ~M~M P O B O ~ ~ I & ~ I J - I K ) ~ o ~ H o - ~ ~of M sustainable ~ H o ~ ~ forest management and thereby to nPOMblUIneHHOCTM BOnOKHMCTbIM CblPbeM Ha AnMTenbHYK) guarantee long-term supplies of fibrous raw nepcneKTmy. material to the world's pulp and paper industry. In the context of global climate change, increasing productivity of Russian forests and the more efficient use of their wood in manufacturing both pulp and paper products and biomass is of no lesser importance than the development of healthy growth plantations in Latin America or in the Asian-Pacific Region. The reduction in logging is not only a Russian problem. In a sense, this is the problem of climate change all over the Northern Hemisphere. Intensity of tree growth in Russian forests could really be doubled, and this would have the major favourable impacts preventing climate change in the Northern Hemisphere. However, implementation of such a programme would require major investment (many billions of dollars) into the Russian Forest-Industrial Complex, proper attention from the world's financial institutions, and political and economic stability in Russia. Uenecoo6pa3~0 el4e pa3 OCTaHOBMTbCH Ha OHHOM acneKTe KMOTCKOI-o npo-rolcona. C nos~uMiirno6anb~oro M npeAorBpaweHm 6 a n a ~ c a yrneKMcnoro rasa > ~ a ~ 6 o n e ~ene~006pa3~blM e Kpyrnoro neca, a mnHercH He 3 ~ c n o p r ~3 POCCMM r n y 6 o ~ an~e p e p a 6 0 ~ ~ApeBeCMHbI a MaKCMMaJIbHO 6 n ~ 3 ~ 0 K MeCTY ee HpOM3paCTaHMH. B 3TOM CnyYae pe3KO COKpaU&3loTCHTpaHCnOpTHble 3aTpaTbl M PaCXOA 3HePrMM Ha TpaHCnOpTMpOBKy ApeBeCMHbI, a Tame c 6 n ~ x a m ~ c ~ MecTa nornoueHwcr M BblaeneHm yrneKMcnoro rasa - nec M 3aBOA. TO nPMBOAMT K u e n e c o o 6 p a 3 ~ o c ~ ~ 3 ~ o n o r ~ r e c ~ ooueHKM fi CTPYKTYP~I nemoro 3~cnopra POCCMMM MHTeHCMBHOrO pa3BMTMH B POCCMM M u e n n ~ n 0 3 ~ 0 - 6 y ~ a ~ ~ o fnPOMbILIIneHHOCTM i n p e ~ n p m ~ u t i no ~ e x a ~ w ~ e c ~ onepepa60r~e fi ApeBeCMHbI.

It is worthwhile to consider here one more aspect of the Kyoto Protocol. In the context of the global carbon dioxide balance and prevention of the "greenhouse effect", it makes more sense to process wood as close as possible to the place where it is grown rather than to export roundwood from Russia. In this case, transport costs and power consumed to transport the timber are sharply reduced. Besides, the place where carbon dioxide is emitted - a processing plant - approaches as near as possible to the place where these emissions can be absorbed - to a forest. This points to the advisability of making environmental estimation of Russian timber exports structure along with intensive development of the Russia's pulp and paper industry and of the mills where wood is subject to mechanical processing.

C ~ O ~ M U M Gp e a n ~ 3 a w i ~ ~ O T C K O ~ O npoToKona ~ e n e ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~.rtsnHeTcH bl~ He npocro yBenMreHMe 061,e~a 3arOTOBKM B POCCMMApeBeCMHbl, H 0 M IIOBblLLIeHMe r n y 6 ~ ~ ee b l n e p e p a 6 0 ~HenOCpeflCTBeHHO ~~ B Pe~MOHaXnpOM3paCTaHMH. flpM 3TOM, COOTBeTCTBeHHO,

In the context of Kyoto Protocol implementation it is advisable not only to increase felling volume in Russia but also to achieve better wood processing in the places where it is grown. In so doing, we obtain increasing wood residue output at the woodworking

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Sustainable development and bic!fuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol irlzplerlzerztatiorl and enhanced cornp1r.r utilization uf wood raw material and peat

and pulp and paper mills. Besides, in the context of sustainable forest management, industrial wood and pulpwood logging must be accompanied by firewood logging and logging waste utilization. All the above measures extend considerably the biofuel raw material base both when it is utilized directly in the region and when it is exported. However, the most transportable biofuels such as briquetted energy-pellets and charcoal are to be exported.

~ P O M ~ B O A C T B OkiCIIOnb30BaHMe , ki 3KCnOpT ~ P M K ~ T M P O B ~ H H ~ I XkinM rpaHynMpOBaHHbIX ApeBeCHbIX OTXOAOB onpaBAaH TonbKo B cnyrae, ecnu n e p e p a 6 o ~ ~ e IlOABepramTCR M3MenbYeHHbIe ApeBeCHbIe OTXOAbI (o~MJIKM,ApeBeCHaR MyKa M T.D.).O A H ~ KYYMTbIBaR, O, YTO Ha ~epe~oo6pa6a~brsam~qkix npeAnpMHTMRX @ o ~ M M ~ ~ ~ T6onbwoe c R KOJIMYeCTBO TaKMX OTXO,QOB, 3TO HanpasneHue ~ e n e c o o 6 p a 3 ~ o p e a n m o ~ b r ~ a ~ npM b M ~ X ~ H H Y ~ ~ C K n eO p~e~p a 6 0 ~ ~ e ApeBeCkiHbI. C e ~ e p 0 3 a n a ~ ~ b 1 GPerMOH HBnReTCR OCHOBHbIM 3KCnOPTePOM J I ~ c H o G npOAyKL&iM. K ~ K yXe OTMeYaJOCb BbILIIe, C n o s ~ i ~ ~ wKMOTCKO~O n p o ~ o ~ o n a ~ a ~ 6 o n e e ~ e n e c o o 6 p a 3 ~OCyHJeCTBnRTb 0 MaKCMMUbHO my60~ytO B~JIM~M MeCTa ee n e p e p a 6 o ~ ~ y ApeBeCkiHbI npOM3paCTaHMR. ~ O ~ T O M YCTPYKTYPHaR nepe~~p06Ka necHoro KoMnneKca peruoHa npMseAeT K YBenmeHMtO O ~ % ~ M O B IlOTeHsMUbHOrO CblPbR AnR TaKOrO HanpaBneHm. B J I e ~ ~ ~ r p a A co~6oni ia c ~ ~ Hanpmep, , B HaCTO5Iqee BpeMR OCy~eCTBnReTCRllMn0~~blfi npOeKT no ~ P M K ~ T M P O B ~ H MApeBeCHblX K) OTXOHOB.

Only when any disintegrated wood residue (sawdust, wood powder, etc.) undergo processing, would production, utilization and exports of briquetted and granulated wood residue be worthwhile. However, taking into account that woodworking enterprises produce these waste types in large quantities, there is a good reason to develop this line of export in conjunction with the mechanical processing of wood. The North-Western Region is the major exporter of forest products. As noted above, in the context of the Kyoto Protocol it is most advisable to process wood most intensively close to where it is growing. Because of this, a change in the regional Forest Complex structure would result in increasing amounts of potential raw material suitable for this line of export. A pilot project on wood residue briquetting is presently being carried out in the Leningrad Region. Wood residue may be briquetted both without binding agents and with wood chemical convertibles (black liquor, tall oil, lignosulfonates, etc.) as well as with petroleum refining products to be used as binding agents. The creation and use of such composites for energy-generating purposes could be one of the most important directions in the general programme. The current prices for natural gas on the Russian domestic market are known to differ approximately ten times from those on world markets and from export prices for Russian gas. Because of this, a significant increase in the prices for gas on the Russian market is being planned in a short time (they will be approximately doubled during a year)

Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced (:o~nplex utilization of wood raw rnaterial and peat

PbIHKe

CPaBHRIOTCH C MHPOBbIMEI. Y~enk19e~kle BHYTPMPOCCP~~CKEIX IJeH Ha ra3 CYIlJeCTBeHHO MeHIIeT KOHK~~~HTOC~OCO~HO ~~~oToIUIMB~, CT~ Pi yXe B Gnamaiiruee BpeMH MOXHO 6 y ~ pea.JIbH0 e ~ rOBOPHTb 0 TOM, 9 T O ApeBeCMHa CTaHeT BHOnHe KOHKYPeHTHbIM BHAOM Tonnma B C e ~ e p o - 3 a n a ~ perMoHe ~ o ~ Poccm.

and will soon be at the world level of prices. The increase in domestic prices for gas fuel results in considerable changes in biofuel competitive capacity and just in a short time wood will be quite a competitive type of fuel in the North-Western Region of Russia.

IIPMBOAMBUM~~CH Ha C ~ H K T - I ~ T ~ ~ ~ ~ The ~ ~ forecast C K O of M development of the Russia's Energy ~ K O H O M E I Y ~ C K O M@ 0 p y ~ e HIO OH^ 2000 r.) npOrHO3 Sector presented at the Saint Petersburg Economic ~ ~ ~ B M T M H mepreTwrecKoro cemopa Poccww Forum (June 2000) provides for an eight- to IX npeAycMaTpPisaeT npa ~ J - I ~ ~ O I I ~ I - I R T H ~ycnomxx twenty-fold increase in the utilization of y ~ e n ~ 9 e ~ ~RCIIOJlb30BaHMH e HeTPaAMqHOHHbIX unconventional renewable energy resources under B O ~ O ~ H O B ~ X ~3HeprOpeCYPCOB M~IX B 8-20 pa3. O A H ~ K MO favourable conditions. However, in our opinion, 3TM YPOBHM, no HaIIIeMy MHeHMIo, He OTBeWIoT pea.JIbH0 these figures are inadequate to the biofuel potential, CyIlJeCTByIoueMy llOTeH~AaJIy6 a o ~ o n n w ~Ba Poccww Pi, which is really available in Russia, and especially in perlloae. ~o~ n p e w e Bcero, B ee C e ~ e p o - 3 a n a ~ its North-Westem Region.

In this connection it makes sense to analyze global data as to the use of wood as a fuel. Presently, wood fuel figures prominently in the energy balances not only of developing countries but also of developed, with 59% of the wood harvested worldwide being used as a fuel. Wood accounts for more than 7% of the global energy balance. This percentage is significantly lower in developed countries (about 2% - in U.S.A., 3% - in Canada) in comparison with a developing part of the world (15%). In the last years, because of the target of preventing global climate change, the trend is evident towards a drastic increase in a biofuel share in the total energy balance. For example, in Sweden the biofuel share approaches 8% and it is planned to be doubled or tripled in the next years. As to Russia, here the use of wood as a fuel is basically in conformity with the Russian mentality and its historical traditions. However, conversion of the existing boilerhouses to wood fuels involves a bulk of organizing, technical, economic, including financial, problems. Bce ~ T npo6ne~b1, M TeM He MeHee, BnonHe pa3perumb1 M, KaK nOKa3bIBaeT OnbIT m~eL@lIl, ApeBeCHOe TOnJIMBO MOXeT YCneUHO MCnOnb30BaTbCH KaK Ha CpaBHMTenbHO B rOA KPYnHbIX 3JleKTPOCTaHUMHX, nepepa6a~b1~aK)~Ilx CBbILLIe 1 MnH. K Y ~ O M ~ T P O BApeBeCMHbI, TaK M B MLiAeHbKMX nOnHOCTbK) aBTOMaTM3MPOBaHHbIX nOCenKOBbIX KOTenbHbIX, 0 6 e c n e . 1 ~ ~ a m u ~TennOM x HeCKOJIbKO AeCHTKOB AOMOB.

Nevertheless, all these problems are quite tractable. Referring to the Swedish experience, we can conclude that wood fuel can be successfully used both at comparatively large electric power stations and at the small fully automated settlement boilerhouses, which provide several tens of houses with heat.

Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

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B s u ~ ~ e f i m 3KOHOMkIWXKkIM i~ aCneKTOM HporpaMM corcpameakie TpaHcnopTHbIx B ,TOM w c n e s a ~ p a~a~ nepesan~y~ P Y ~ O B , sa~pa~ fi OnTPiManbHoe c o r e ~ a ~~~ ~~ Oe T O B K~ Ee In o ~ oApesecMHbI, ~ Z U I ~ HnCpOoB~, ~ ~ApesecwHbI. ofi I I B ~ R ~ T C I I MaKcwMa.JIbHoe

The most important economic aspects of the Programmes suggest a maximum reduction in transport costs including transhipment costs and optimum combination of industrial wood, pulpwood and firewood to be logged.

no-BWAUMOM~, qenecoo6pm~o conoc~a~neakie It would seem to be expedient well to compare pa3nHrHbrx BapMaHToB KaK perMoHanbHoro different options of both regional biofuel uses and ~ ~ C ~ I O ~ ~ ~ O Gkio~onnki~a, B ~ H H R TaK ki 3 ~ c n o p ~ ca biofuel exports not only in terms of volume or nepecreToM He TonbKo Ha eAkiHEiUb1 o 6 a e ~ akinU MaccbI, weight units but also in terms of Gigacalories of the HO W C nepecreToM Ha r ~ a n ~ p a ~ c n o p ~ u p y e ~ o f i transported biomass or products of its processing. ~ U O M ~ C Cm ~ I npoAyIcToB ee n e p e p a 6 o ~ ~K ~ pt .o ~ e~ o r o , Besides, account must be taken of expenses for H~O~XOAMMO yrliTbIsaTb s a ~ p a ~ bHa r npenoTapamesse preventing any negative transportation impacts on I I OKpyxammym cpeny the environment. oTpasaTenbHoro B O ~ A ~ ~ C T B UHa npU TpaHCnOpTkipOBKe.

B O ~ M O ~ IBapEianTbI CH~I~ IILlnOTHbIX IIpOeICTOB

EI

~ T ~ I InporpaMMbI ~ I

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Options and milestones of the Programme and Pilot Projects Implementation of a number of pilot projects on the basis of the available production equipment and transport flows can be thought to be expedient. For example, conversion to wood chips (as an alternative fuel) of a number of boiler-houses located in rural districts can be made during a rather short time with small capital costs providing any centralized system of fuel chip preparation and transportation is established. It seems to be advisable for pilot projects on biofuel exports to be oriented to Scandinavian countries and to the Netherlands. For example, the pilot project of charcoal export from Russia and the pilot project of briquetted or granulated biomass export from Russia can be suggested for Russian biofuel utilization at the electric power stations, which are currently available in the Netherlands. The first stage of all pilot project options must incorporate a preliminary feasibility study of biomass production costs while calculating possible prices ruling both at a port of shipment and at a port of discharge or within an electric power station site. The main task of the second stage is an analysis of actual costs for every stage of biofuel production and transportation. The most important task of the third stage is an analysis of costs in the case of expanding exports and determination of reasonable prices for biofuel when implementing the large-scale project, i.e. when proceeding from pilot and pilot-industrial scales to the industrial one.

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Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

The problem of replacing black coal with biofuel is one of the most important aspects of the Kyoto Protocol implementation. Today there is a room for development of the versions of a Complex Programme at the Federal level for any Federal Area and for Regions as well as for realization of the pilot projects aimed at solving of this problem with comparatively small expenses. With the most use of the scientific potential of Saint Petersburg and Arkhangelsk Universities and while basing on elements of the appropriate industrial plants, which are currently available in Russia, in Scandinavian countries and in the Netherlands, one can develop experimental process lines for biofuel preparation, processing, transportation, and burning during a short time. Owing to the use of the available elements, capital costs will be considerably cut. Production costs including the costs of scientific support to the project will be much less than the capital costs of creating any new process lines. Besides, this way of resolving the problem allows the minimizing of risks due to construction of new industrial plants. Taking into account the great international importance of the Programme in solving the global climate change challenges, it is advisable to consider variants of financial support to the Programme from funds not only of the Governments of the countries concerned but also of the European Union. Having support from the Administration of the North-Western Federal Area, of the Governments of the Leningrad and Arkhangelsk Regions, it is appropriate to make a proposal for the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technologies of the Russian Federation to insert such the project into the sub-programme "Complex Use of Wood Raw Material" of the Federal special-purpose scientific and technical programme "R & D in priority lines of progress of civilian-purpose science and engineering".

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Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towardr the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

I would like to dwell particularly on the points of interaction with the UN Economic Commission for Europe. The International Scientific and Practical Conferences, which was held in the frameworks of the Project aimed at development of the Russia's Forest Sector (1999 - 2001, Saint Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Rotterdam), allowed to analyze the state and prospects for the works in the field of biofuel both in Russia and in Europe. The Conferences can be considered to consititute a very important step in information support to the progress of this direction. C~~OAHRIIIHIIX KoH@epeHuElR 3HaMeHyeT IIepeXOA OT nMnOTHbIX IIpOeKTOB no HCnOnb30BaHHIo GP~oToIIJIHB~K pa3pa60~~e H peanasa~sa p e r ~ o ~ a n b ~ o cTpaTermi ii KOMnneKCHOI'O MClIOnb30BaHWR neCHbIX PeCYpCOB W peWIH3auWH IIpkiHJ&illOB KAOTCKO~O IIpOTOKOna no npeAOTBpaIIQ3HWIo rno6anb~oro H3MeHeHMX KJIWMaTa. Ta~arr CTpaTerHX BMWYaeT pa3pa60~~yKOHqenUHH 3 ~ c n o p ~ ~a H O M ~ C C ~3 ~ I C e ~ e p o - 3 a n a ~ ~ operWoHa ro Poccafic~oii CDe~epaLwW H co3ga~kie cacTemI kiCIIOnb30BaHEIH ~ M O T O M M B ~B ~ ~ ~ H M H ~ P ~ 06nac~ki A C K O ~ ~ Ha 6a3e ~JIo'-IHo-MoAYJI~Ho~o PXAa ~ H W @ M ~ H ~ O B ~ H H ~ I X KOTenbHbIX C OnTHManbHbIM HCnOnb30BaHWeM KOMnOHeHTOB. ~ P W HMllOPTHbIX W pocc~fic~1.1~ pa3pa60~~e H pCZUIH3a~WW3 ~ 0 f iCTpaTeruu 6 y ~ y.ITeH e ~ KaK 3apy6em~b1fiOllbIT WCnOJIb30BaHWII 6ao~omasa,TaK EI n p a ~ ~ a s e c ~ a onbn ii ero acnonbso~a~asr B Cesepo~ ~ ~ I ~ PerMOHe. A H o M

Today's Conference marks the transition from pilot projects on biofuel use to working out and implementation of a regional strategy for the complex use of forest resources and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol provisions concerning prevention of global climate change. This Strategy suggests working out of the ideas of biomass exports from the North-Western Region of the Russian Federation and creation of the system for using biofuel in the Leningrad Region on the basis of a block-and-modular set of unified boilerhouses with optimized use of imported and domestic components. While working out and realizing this strategy, both the foreign practice of biofuel use and that of the North-Westem Region will be taken into consideration. In the Leningrad Region and in the North-Western Federal Area the problems of sustainable forest management can and must be solved with regard to the prospects for the large-scale use of biofuel.

The prospects for development of the Forestry-Industrial Complex of the Leningrad Region and of the North-Westem Federal Area prove to be coupled with the use of biofuel and with its exports. The efficient use of biofuel and the appropriate scientific support allow environmental problems of the Region and of the Federal Area to be also solved. The UNECE support favourable investment climate in the Region create reliable prospects for development of the Forestry Sector, the Power Industry, municipal economy, etc.

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Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

In the last 2-3 years, the Russian Pulp and Paper Industry was demonstrating its recovery. Operation of many pulp and paper mills is rather stable, there is a progressive growth in their output and the industry is being truly restructured. The output of pulp and paper products has reached much as 70-80% of the level of 1988-89, i.e. of its peak.

However, for these years the global output of paper and board was progressively increasing and as a result, for the last 10-15 years, Russia's Pulp and Paper Industry has slid from fourth position to seventeenth. Russia's share in the global output of paper and board has fallen from 5.2% to 1.6%. ho6ana3aq~~ ~ ~ ~ J - I ~ I O ~ O ~ H O - ~Globalization ~ M W H O ~of~ the Pulp and Paper Industry nPOMbIIUJIeHHOCTM CTWla PeaJIbHOCTbIO. O A H ~ K O became a new reality. However, we still can't speak rOBOPATb 0 U ~ ~ ~ P O K O M ~ C I U T ~ M ~H HB ~eC IT X MuMRX B about large-scale investments into the Russia's ~ O C C M ~ ~ C1~enn10~103~0-6y~am~ym K ~ I ~ npOMbILLIJIeHHOCTb Pulp and Paper Industry. A positive experience of HpMMep nOKa cue He npMXOAMTCR. ~0n0~M~eJIbHbIfi the International Paper Company points to the fact KoMnaHMM International Paper n o ~ a m s a e ~ that such a way is advisable. ~ e n e ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 TaKOrO ~ 0 ~ ~ bV H . C~~OAH ~ MIoIT o ~ J I P ~ B o CTaHOBHTCR ~ 0 f i O ~ J I ~ C T ~ BK ) , K O T O P O ~ ~ OTKPbIBaIOTCR IIpMH~MnHaJIbHO HOBbIe nepCneKTMBb1 AnR Me~HapOAHOrO COTpyAHMYeCTBa. E~poneiicKaR nporpaMMa pacruMpeHwrr M C ~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ H M R BOC~POM3BO~MMbIX MCTOYHMKOB 3HePrUM ~ a ~ 6 0 n e e ~ ~ @ K T U B H OMOXeT 6b1~b peUIM3OBaHa TOnbKO Ha 6a3e p o c c ~ i i c ~ o rnecHoro o KoMnneKca. Pesb, npeme Bcero, MAeT 0 PeKOHCTpyKUMM M PaCWMpeHMM Ha TeppMTOpMM C e ~ e p o 3 a n a ~ ~ Qenepanb~oro oro O ~ p y r anpe~npm~crii no rny6o~ofiX M M M Y ~ C K OM~M~ ~ x ~ H M ~ ~ cnKe po e~p~a 6 o ~ ~ e ApeBeCMHbI npM OAHOBPeMeHHOM nPOB3BOACTBe ~ M o T o ~ J I R B C~ er0 nPRMbIM M nM KOCBeHHbIM 3KCnOPTOM.

Today biofuel becomes the area where radically new prospects are being opened up for international cooperation. The European Programme of extended use of renewable energy sources can best be carried out only on the basis of Russia's Forestry Complex. Here we are above all dealing with reconstruction and expansion of the enterprises for chemical and mechanical wood processing on the territory of the North-Westem Area and with simultaneous production of biofuel followed by its direct and indirect export. The Proposals of Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, to create the "EU - Russia" common economic space opens radically new horizons for realizing strategic programmes in biofuel. Together with the UN Economic Commission for Europe and the Government of the Leningrad Region, the SPb STUPP Department of Pulp and Composites Technology and its Laboratory of Information Technologies in the Forestry Complex are working out such the strategic programme and are ready for its implementation, scientific and staff support.

Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towar& the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

We invite all participants of the Conference to join their efforts in the field of biofuel.

A.A. Benin General Director of ZAO

Electric power - 20 (3.22%).

KOTeJIbHbIX . ~ H M H I ' ~ ~ A c K oMost ~ ~ boiler houses in Leningrad Region and Saint Petersburg City were built between the 50s and 70s, 06nac.r~M Ca~KT-IIeTep6ypraCTpORnaCb B 50-70 TOAbI, KorAa He cywecmosarro cneuaanbaoro 3 ~ e p r e ~ k i r e c ~ o r o with specialized fuel equipment lacking and engineering designs ignoring fuel efficiency. I~~ O ~ O ~ Y A O BOpHeHTkipOBaHHOrO ~HHX, Ha K O H K P ~ T H ~BMA Consequently, almost all boiler houses built during TOIIJIHBa, BCneACTBMe qer0 TeXHOnOrMreCKMe CXeMbI He that period feature excessive unit fuel consumption, C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ . J I H PasMOHaJIbHOMy HCnOnb30BaHHH, 3 ~ e p r e ~ a r e c ~ onoTeHqtIana ro Tonnasa. B c n e ~ c ~ s ~ e low efficiency (with current international standards between 92 and 94%, minor coal boiler houses 3TOr0 IIpaKTHreCKH BCe n0CTpOeHHbIe B Te rOAbI average between 62 and 64%), and inadequate KOTenbHbIe XaPaKTePM3YtOTCII llOBbIUleHHbIM YAenbHbIM automatic combustion control and monitoring. PaCXOAOM TOnJMBa, HM3KEIM mfl ( T ~ Knpki , COBPeMeHHOM 3 a p y 6 e X ~ 0 ~YpOBHe 92-94%, c p e ~ ~ k i f i AnH H ~ ~ O J I ~ L L IKOTenbHbIX, HX p a 6 0 ~ a m w ~Hax yrne - 62-65%), a Tame HeCOBepIUeHHbIMH CpeACTBaMH aBTOMaTWrIeCKOr0 ynpasneHm a KoHTpong HaA npoUeccoM ropeam. ~ O A ~ B J I I I E ~ X X ( ~ RrIaCTb

Km

Therefore more reliable, sustained and efficient heat supply requires reconstruction - of many urban and regional boiler houses, above all those using coal. Obviously, this is also true about most areas in the country. Within the reconstruction process, conversion of available coal- and black-air boiler houses to fuel wood would be beneficial both technically and economically. LEMO Concern specialized staff conducted feasibility studies to optimize fuel selection for boiler houses in Leningrad Region, using the following criteria: 1. Economy (by cost price per l Gcal heat)

2. Recoupment

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Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

Evaluation involved comparison of alternative boiler fuel types with the same end effects. To correlate the alternatives, we used unified heat-, electric power and water supply tariffs, wages, depreciation- and repair costs.

Evident differences in staff schedule, energy consumption or required investment are governed by specific features of boiler operation with different fuel types.

1. Economy Evaluation involved comparison of cost prices for 1 Gcal heat produced by a boiler plant of 3.6 Mw t heat capacity (3.1 Gcal), using:

> > > >

coal; blackoil; natural gas; fuel wood (fiiewood chips).

The values were derived from typical operating data (fuel prices etc.) for boiler houses in Leningrad Region. Ergoeconomic characteristics of different fuel types analyzed are cross-tabulated in Fig. 2 (each point derived from unit-weight or unit-volume price for fuel by fuel efficiency). As seen from this diagram, wood chips are inferior to natural gas alone in this respect.

Ergoeconomic characteristic for specific boiler fuel types

0.012 T--

- - r - - - r - -

-1-

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Series1

0.006

0.002

0.002

ras

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Yronb

gas

Masyr

50

chips

coal

black oil

Sustainable developtnent and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and pent

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Basic input values: Fuel efficiency:

> >

black oil - 10000 KcaVkg coal (average) - 5000 kcaVkg

P natural gas - 8000 kcal/m3

>

chips*' - 2440 kcallkg

Fuel costs (according to Regional Government data as per 15.02.2001):

P black oil - 2850 rbI/ton

>

yronb - 750-924 py6.1~(B pacseTe npHHaT c p e n ~ ~ i i II0Ka3aTenb)

>

coal- 750-924 rbilton (average value used)

>

natural gas - 458 rbV 1000 m3 chips*' - 181 rbU m3 area or 304 rbllton

*l with 40% humidity

Costs of chips are derived from the selling price offered by Lsino U01 (fuel chips producer) and effective carrier's tariffs (assuming a 75 km distance). Boiler house efficiency (average for each specific fuel type, depending on appropriate boiler specifications):

>

yronb - 75%

>

coal -.75%

P black oil -. 85% P natural gas - 90% P chips - 78%. Capital boiler construction costs Estimates start from the costs of a turnkey boiler construction project with specified capacity, using firewood chips. Findings from expert examination for other fuel types indicate:

P comparable capital costs for gas- and chips boiler houses similar in other respects;

P capital construction costs of a similar black-oil boiler house amounting to 80% of those for a chips boiler;

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Sustainable development and biufiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protorol implementation and enhanced w m p k x utilization qf wood raw rnaterial and peat

>

capital construction costs of a coal boiler house comprising between 150 and 180% of those for a chips boiler house.

The resulting cost price estimates for l Gcal heat with different fuel types, for a 3.6 MW t (3.1 Gcal) capacity boiler house in Leningrad Region are:

> >

with coal - $14.9 with black oil - $15.6

P with natural gas - $6.34

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with chips - $10.02

The findings clearly demonstrate that using wood chips as a substitute for black oil and coal in Leningrad Region is both economically advisable and feasible. Obviously, findings for Leningrad Region would be true for other (at least forested) areas in Russia. In terms of cost price for 1 Gcal heat produced, chips are inferior to natural gas alone. In addition, two more points are noteworthy:

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cost price estimates for unit heat produced by gas boiler house assumed the distance between the boiler house and available gas main equaling zero; cost price estimates ignored the tendency for increased domestic gas prices, as specified by Russia's fuel and energy complex (TEK) strategy.

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According to expert opinion, the costs of 1 m direct gas main to boiler house amount (as per 15.02.2001) to 3000 rbi (or $105.3 at the current rate of 28.5 rbl). Our analysis of the relationship between the cost price for 1 Gcal heat produced by a gas boiler house and the boiler houselgas main distance indicates that gas is more efficient than chips only within the distance of 6.4 km. A ~ ,

Sustainable development and biofuel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol implementation and enhanced contplex utilization of wood raw material and peat

The TEK strategy for Russia involves significant rise in domestic prices for natural gas: between $27 and $3011000 m3 by 2005, with a maximum approximation to worldwide prices by 20 10. POCTC ~ ~ ~ C T O A M O C T1H ~ K ~ Tenna, J I ~ b r p a 6 a ~ ~ ~ a e ~ o rHigher o cost prices per 1 Gcal heat produced by a ra30~0fi K O T ~ J I ~ H OC~ YreTOM ~ BpeMeHHbIX M3Me~eHMii gas boiler, accounting for temporal changes in BHYTPeHHMX e H Ha T a 3 6b1n PaCCYMTaH AnR nRTM domestic gas prices, were estimated for five gas ra30~0G K0TeJIbH0fi BapMaHTOB paCnOnOXeHMX boiler locations with respect to available gas main O T H O C M T ~ ~ ~ HcOy ~ e c ~ ~ y 1 o ~ 1 ~rea1 3 -00n p 0 ~ 0 ~ a- Ha at a distance of 0, 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 km. PaCCTORHMU 0, 1,2, 3 11 4 KM. C n e ~ y OTMeTMTb, e~ YTO npM paCnOnOXeHM11 ~0~enbHofi B H ~ ~ O C ~ ~ A C T B ~ H 6nw30c~a H O ~ ~ OT ra30np0BOAa7 C ~ ~ ~ C T O H M O C1 T~ ~ K U HpM MCnOnb30BaHMM ra3a AOCTMrHeT YPOBHR C ~ ~ ~ C T O M M O C T M 1 rKaJ'l npki MCIIOJIb30BaHHH UenbI K 2008 rOAy; np11 paCCTORH11tl OT ra3onpoBoAa, paBHoM l KM,TO n p o a 3 0 f i ~ eB~2007 roAy, 2 KM - K K O H L I ~2006 rona, 3 KM - B cepenme 2005 M 4000 KM - B 2004 rOAy. ~ O C K O J ~ KB ~ ceJlbcK0fi MeCTHOCTM npki CTpOMTenbCTBe ra30~0fi ~0~enbH0fi O ~ ~ I ~ Hnpki OXOAMTCR 40% C T ~ ~ H J I ~p Ha 6O0 ~ b~1A O ~ H T ~ C HI Ie Y A U O C b .

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Basic parameters Rated heating capacity, MW Inlet design pressure, Mpa

P a c s e ~ ~ Aasneme oe Ha BXOAe B KOTen, Mlla

Inlet water temperature, "C Outlet water temperature, "C Hydraulic resistance MPa, no less

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Boiler water consumption under basic condition,t/h Efficiency (gross), coal-fired,%, no less Design mass of unit, kg

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Overall dimensions: width,& depth,& height,mm 12000/4800115000 BTKC-2,7129

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Endnotes l M e n e x o ~M.C. 3 ~ a u e ~ k kii e kicnonbsosa~kieneca KaK c o c ~ a ~ ~sacTki o f i o ~ p y x a m u e icpeAbI. i M.: 1977, c.7.

IMelekhov, I.S. (1977) The Role and the Use of Forest as Integral Part of Environment. Moscow, p.7 (in Russian)

2 Dajoz R. (1975) Precis D'Ecologie. Translation 2 Aaxo P. O C H O B3~~I 0 n o r ~ kHep. i . c 4 p a ~ q. M.: from French. - Moscow, Progress. (in Russian). IIporpecc, 1975. Whittaker R.H. (1980) Communities and Ecosystems. Y k i n e ~ e pP. C O O ~ ~ ~a ~CKTOBC ~ H C TCOKP. ~ M ~ nep. I. Translation from English - Moscow, Progress (in c awn.- MXIporpecc, 1980 Russian). Olson, J.S., J.A. Watts and L.J. Allison (1983). Olson, J.S., J.A. Watts and L.J. Allison (1983). Carbon in life vegetation of Major world ecosystems Carbon in life vegetation of Major world ecosystems // Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Environ. Science l/ Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Environ. Science Div. Public. No. ORNL-5862 Div. Public. No. ORNL-5862. O ~ ~ H K M3KOJIOrki9eCKEIX ki COqMaJIbHOAn Estimation of Ecological and socio-economical 3KOHOMWIeCKMX lI0~JIe~~TBkifi ki3MeHeHMII MkiMaTa. sequences of climate change. Intergovernmental M e x n p a s u ~ e n b c ~ s e ~rpynna ~a~ sKcnepToB no Group on Potential Impacts on Climate Change ki3MeHeHMm MHMaTa. A o w r a ~Pa6orefi rpynnbI 11 (1990) Report from the Working Group I1 to IPCC. MT3HK. - Cll6.: rkiJQ30MeTe0ki3~aT, 1992 (H3~aHkie WMO-UNEP. Ha aHm. I I ~ ~ -I aK m ~ ~ l990 b r.). Reimers, N.F. (1990) Nature Management: Glossary. P e f i ~ e p c H.H. H p u p o ~ o n o n b 3 o ~ a ~ Cnosapb~e: CnpaBOqHkiK. - M.: Mb~cnb,1990. - Moscow, Mysl (in Russian). H c a e ~A.C., K o p o ~ uT.H., ~ Cyxkix BM. a ~ p . Isaev, A.S., G.N.Korovin, V.I.Sukhikh et al. (1995) 3~0norkisec~kie npo6ne~br nornoweam Ecological problems of carbon sequestration by reforestation and afforestation in Russia: Analytical yr.JIeKkiCJIOr0ra3a IIOCpeACTBOM JIeCOBOCCTaHOBneHUH ki JIeCOPa3BeAeHHX B POCCUM: A~aJIkiT~~ecKkifi 0 6 3 0 ~ . Overview. - Moscow, Center for Ecological Policy (in Russian). - M.: & H T ~ ~ K O J I O ~ H Y ~ nO.JIkiTMKki, CKO~~ 1995. Stadnitsky G.V. and A.I.Rodionov (1995) Ecology. CTaAHkiqKkifi r.B., POAMOHOB A.H. 3~0JI0rki.r~: Yre6. Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg (in - Cll6: XHMUII, 1995. noco6ue Ans BYSOB. Jerma Catrinus J. and Mohan Munasinghe (1998). Russian). Climate Change Policy: Facts, Issues and Analyses. Carbon Storage in Forests and Peatlands of Russia Cambridge Univ. Press (1996) USDA Forest Service, NE Research Station (GTR NE-244) and V.N.Sukac hev Insiti tute of Forests, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences. Jerma Catrinus J. and Mohan Munasinghe (1998). Climate Change Policy: Facts, Issues and Analyses. Cambridge Univ. Press 3 . l h c a p e a ~ oA.H. n p o 6 n e ~ b rnecosocc-raaosneam B CBI13M C B03MOXHOCTbKl ~ o ~ ~ J I ~ H M3MeHeHMII o T o KnMMaTa l/ Te3kicb1 AoKnanoB Ha I11 Bcepocc~fic~ofi aay~.-~ex~ a .o a 4 e p ." O x p a ~ anecablx ~ K O C M C T ~ UM pa~UOHa.JIbHOe MCnOnb30BaHMe npkfpo,q~b~x pecypco~"( M ~ I T M 18-19.10.1994). ~M, T.

3Pisarenk0, A.I. (1994) Problems of Reforestation due to Global Climate Change // Abstracts of the Third All-Russian Conference "Forest Ecosystems Protection and Proper Use on Natural Resources (Mytishchi 18-19 October 1994). Volume1 (in Russian)

4 . c ~Y. ~ m e ~ P. ep

4 See Whittaker

5 CM.Olson, J.S., J.A.Watts and L.J. Allison

5 See Olson et a1

6 CM.M c a e ~A.C., Kopos~iar.H., C y x ~ xB.M. U np.

6 See Isaev et al.

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7 State of the World's Forests (1997) FAO of the United Nations

Sustainable development and biofiel use as a way towards the Kyoto protocol impleme'ntationand enhanced complex utilization of wood raw material and peat

7 State of the World's Forests (1997) FAO of the United Nations

8 Russia: Forest Policy During Transition (1997) The 8 Poccm. JIec~axnonmma B nepexo~~brji nepllon. Peruo~anb~bre MccnenosaHm B C ~ M H P H6Oa~ ~O ~ -a . International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington, D.C. B~.IMHIToH, ~ I J O H1997 ~