Studies in Numismatic Method Presented to Philip Grierson

Studies in Numismatic Method

Philip Grierson

Studies in Numismatic Method presented to PHILIP G RIERSON

edited by

C. N. L. BROOKE, B. H. I. H. STEW AR T, J. G. POLLARD andT. R. VOLK

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge London New York New Rochelle Melbourne Sydney

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521225038 © Cambridge University Press 1983

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1983 This digitally printed version 2008

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 81-15524 ISBN 978-0-521-22503-8 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-09133-6 paperback

Contents

page vii

Acknowledgements

viii ix

Abbreviations

Phi lip Grierson's contribution to numismatics

I

A bibliography of the writings of Phi lip Grierson Introduction Thoughts on the beginnings of coinage

xv xxvi

M. J. PRICE 2

The life of obverse dies in the Hellenistic period

II

OTTO M0RKHOLM

3 Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, first century

BC

to first century

AD

23

T. V. BUTTREY

4 Roman imperial coin types and the formation of public opinion

47

M. H. CRAWFORD

5 Coin hoards and Roman coinage of the third century

AD

R. A. G. CARSON

6 Belgian finds of late fourth-century Roman bronze

75

J. LALLEMAND

7 The re-use of obsolete coins: the case of Roman imperial bronzes revived in the late fifth century

95

CECILE MORRISSON

8 Interpreting the alloy of the Merovingian silver coinage

II3

D. M.METCALF

9 Carolingian gold coins from the Ilanz hoard

12 7

ERNESTO BERNAREGGI 10

The novi denarii and forgery in the ninth century

137

JEAN LAFAURIE II

On the rejection of good coin in Carolingian Europe

147

ST ANISLA W SUCHODOLSKI

12 JElfred the Great's abandonment of the concept of periodic recoinage

153

MICHAEL DOLLEY

13 King or Queen? An eleventh-century pfennig of Duisburg

161

PETER BERGHAUS

14 Personal names on Norman coins of the eleventh century: an hypothesis F. DUM AS

v

171

Contents 15 The Gornoslav hoard, the Emperor Frederick I, and the Monastery of

Bachkovo

179

M. F. HENDY

16 Coinages of Barcelona (1209 to 1222): the documentary evidence

193

T. N. BISSON

17 Finds of English medieval coins in Schleswig-Holstein

205

G.HATZ

18 Privy-marking and the trial of the pyx

225

C. E. BLUNT

19 Judicial documents relating to coin forgery

231

PIERRE P. COCKSHA W

20 Mint organisation in the Burgundian Netherlands in the fifteenth century

239

PETER SPUFFORD

21 Coinage in Andrew Halyburton's Ledger

263

MARION M. ARCHIBALD

22 Imitation in later medieval coinage: the influence of Scottish types abroad

303

IAN STEW ART

23 Barter in fifteenth-century Genoa

327

CARLO M. CIPOLLA

Index

VI

Acknowledgements

The initiative for a volume to celebrate the scholarship of Phi lip Grierson came from Christopher Brooke and Ian Stewart. Our share of the work has been as follows. Day-to-day editorial responsibility was undertaken at the Department of Coins and Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum, by Graham Pollard and T. R. Yolk; and at every stage the four editors have discussed the development of the book. Individually they have been responsible for the brief appreciation (Brooke and Stewart) and the bibliography (Pollard) of the honorand. The editors are grateful to the contributors for their ready collaboration and patient support; to the University Press for undertaking the publication of a demanding volume; and to the Fitzwilliam Museum not only for permission to illustrate from the University's cabinet, but also for aid and support to the editors. The assistance of students in the Department of Coins and Medals and of others, Countess Antonini, Miss K. M. Brayshaw, Mr T. W. Gallant, Miss E. R. Mullett, Miss S. K. L. Parker, Fr!. R. Sturm, and Mrs B. F. Whiting, principally in the drafting of English translations, is willingly acknowledged, as is the secretarial help of Mrs S. N. L. Lorimer and Mrs H. C. Scotney, Fitzwilliam Museum, and the skilful advice of Mrs E. L. Wetton and Miss A. E. M. Johnston, Cambridge University Press. The editors' greatest debt is, however, to Phi lip Grierson himself, not only as the inspiration for the book, but for much practical help and advice. With the contributors, they hope that this volume will be accepted as a small token of gratitude and affection to a great scholar and dear friend. C. N. L. BROOKE

J. G. POLLARD

B. H. I. H. STEW AR T

YU

T. R. YOLK

Abbreviations

A NS-MN BNJ BCEN BIHR BSFN DAN DOP EHR JHS JMP JRS LMN MA NC NCirc NZ RBen RBNS RBPH RIN RN SEER SSAM THS ZjN

American Numismatic Society, Museum Notes British Numismatic Journal Bulletin du Cercle d' Etudes Numismatiques Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research Bulletin de la Societe Franraise de Numismatique Dark Age numismatics (reprints of 29 articles by Phi lip Grierson, 1979. See Bibliography no. 15) Dumbarton Oaks Papers English Historical Review Journal of Hellenic Studies Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde Journal of Roman Studies Late medieval numismatics (reprints of 22 articles by Philip Grierson, 1979. See Bibliography no. 16) Le Moyen Age Numismatic Chronicle Spink's Numismatic Circular Numismatische Zeitschrift Revue Benedictine Revue Beige de Numismatique et de Sigillographie Revue Beige de Philologie et d' His to ire Rivista Italiana di Numismatica Revue Numismatique Slavonic and East European Review Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo, Spoleto Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Zeitschrift fur Numismatik

Vlll

Philip Grierson's contribution to numismatics

In 1960 there appeared in the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient an article entitled 'The monetary reforms ofl\bd AI-Malik: their metrological basis and their financial repercussions' (Bibliography, no. 116). Many years before, Henri Pirenne had propounded his celebrated hypothesis about the history of early medieval trade and civilisation, one of whose central themes and pillars was the survival OC gold coinage in the West until the early ninth century. For Pirenne its disappearance was the last act in the decline and fall of Rome in the West, and its cause the depredations of Islam. Through all the smoke raised by the ensuing debate 'The monetary reforms of'Abd AI-Malik' shines like a gleam of pure flame. It shows that the caliph's reforms caused a shift in the relative value of silver and gold in Islam at exactly the right moment at the turn of the seventh and eighth centuries to explain the flight of silver to the West and of gold to the East, and so resolved the puzzle of the rise of silver currency in western Europe in the century which followed. 'Obviously this cannot be the whole explanation of so complex and far-reaching a phenomenon as the establishment of the silver monometallism that endured for five centuries in western Christendom, but it must have been a major factor in it' (no. 116, 264). Whatever place the caliph ultimately comes to hold in the economic history of the West, the article on his reforms will remain a fundamental contribution to the problem; and who but Philip Grierson could have commanded the range of learning, the mastery of history and numismatics, the confidence and the daring to see the economy of West and East as a whole, and study their relations, without taking to the wings of fantasy which have seduced some other workers in the field? Yet his range is much wider than this. The main centre of his work lies in the coinage of Byzantium and the West, and its historical context, from the fourth to the fifteenth centuries. He has gone further back, into Roman coinage and counterfeiting; he has travelled further afield, into anthropology and the basic nature of money, into economic and chemical analysis. He can show the historians how little they understood of coins, on any showing a fundamental historical source; and he can show the numismatists how little they know of the world from which their coins come. ix

x

PHILIP GRIERSON

Phi lip Grierson is a native of southern Ireland who came to this country first as a schoolboy and a student; originally destined for a medical career, he arrived in Cambridge with a taste for reading history already formed, and immediately transferred his allegiance. In recent years his adventures in metrology and his wide reading in science fiction are the fruit of his early interest in science; but his interests steadily shifted, down to the early 1940s, in directions very much of his own choosing. He has often expressed his warmth of feeling for those who taught or guided him - Z. N. Brooke, C. W. PreviteOrton, and the eminent Belgian scholar, F.-L. Ganshof; but their influence has never been fundamental. 'To my own surprise and everybody else's,' he modestly claims, 'I won the Lightfoot scholarship in 1931' (no. 206) and this embarked him on his first career, as an ecclesiastical historian. His early research lay in the history of Flanders, first its ecclesiastical history - hence papers on the abbots and relics of Ghent and Bruges, on Grimbald of St Bertin, and on early libraries, and his important edition of the annals of St Peter's Ghent and of Saint-Amand (no. I); then its social and economic history too, as appears in his paper on the relations of England and Flanders (nos. 38, 171). On a side-wind, a visit to Russia in 1932 led to an interest which blossomed in his bibliography of recent books on Soviet Russia in 1943 (no. 2). The most decisive shift in interest came soon after; for he made his debut as a numismatist in 1945, first as a modest collector, then, very soon, as a student of coins: 'It took another piece of happen stance to turn them into my major field of research ' - a lecture in Belgium in 1947 on 'the relevance of numismatic evidence for determining the chronology of the transition from antiquity to the middle ages' led rapidly to his appointment (1948) to the Chair of Numismatics in Brussels, a part-time post he held until 1981 (no. 206, pp. 41-42). It is a sobering thought for those of us who have worked a single furrow for two or three decades that in 1948 the paper on the Caliph 'Abd AI-Malik, with the immense range of learning it reveals, was only a dozen years away. Through all these shifts there remained some strong threads of continuity: in his relation to his parents, to whom he was always closely devoted; in his service to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, to which he came as an undergraduate in 1929, of which he has been a Fellow since 1935, and which has been since then, without a break, his home. He has served it as Director of Studies in History, as Librarian, and as President - and over and above all, as a symbol of continuity in the resident fellowship of the College. It is against this background of stabilitas that we view the extension of his research to Byzantium and Islam, of his friendships to Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, Poland, America and elsewhere; and his travels to many parts of Europe and North America - and in imagination, perhaps, to the moon. His services to history have been large, to numismatics unique. In Cambridge he has lectured in medieval history from 1938 till his retirement in 1978; he was University Assistant Lecturer in History 1938-45, Lecturer, 1945-59, Reader in Medieval Numismatics, 1959-71, Professor of Numismatics, 1971-8; and beyond the normal call of duty in teaching and examining and serving his Faculty, he has been, inter alia, a Syndic of the University Library for many years, latterly Chairman of the Syndicate, in which role he presided over the affairs of one of the world's greatest libraries, and both Honorary

An appreciation

Xl

Keeper of Coins and a Syndic of the Fitzwilliam Museum. In the Museum his own collection resides, and for its comfort the University has provided the Grierson Study Room, which will form in future years one of the world's principal centres of numismatic research. In other ways he has fostered the interests of the Museum and supported the growth of its specialist library. Outside Cambridge he has been Professor at Brussels 1948-81, Advisor in Byzantine Numismatics at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., since 1955, Literary Director of the Royal Historical Society, 1945-55, as well as many more temporary or purely honorific appointments: Ford's Lecturer at Oxford, 1956-7, medallist of the Royal Numismatic Society (1958) and the American Numismatic Society (1963), President of the R.N.S., 1961-6, Honorary Vice-President since 1978, member, corresponding or honorary, of the International Numismatic Commission of the Societe Suisse de Numismatique, the Swedish Numismatic Society, the Medieval Academy of America, the American Numismatic Society, the Societe Royale de Numismatique de BeIge, the Istituto Siciliano di Studi Byzantini e Neoellenici; F.S.A. since 1949, Litt.D. since 1971. Finally, he holds honorary doctorates ofGhent (1958) and Leeds (1978); and he is a Corresponding Fellow of the Belgian Academy and a Fellow of the British Academy (1958). Phi lip Grierson is that rare combination, a great collector who is also a great scholar. After he became Advisor to Dumbarton Oaks, he gave up collecting Byzantine coins on his own account, and a large part of his Byzantine collection went there. This apart, he has spent a high proportion of his time and energy over the last thirty-five years in acquiring European and related coins from the fifth to the early sixteenth centuries, with the exception of the British Isles. The collection is probably the most important of its kind in existence today. In range, quality and balance the Grierson Collection is remarkable, and reflects the personal achievement of its collector; these qualities are unthinkable, indeed, save in a scholar's personal collection. One warmly hopes that in due course it will be published; and a catalogue of the Grierson Collection will provide in itself a manual of medieval numismatics, and a contribution to medieval studies of the first rank. It has been said of him, with pardonable exaggeration, that as befits the Life Fellow of a Cambridge College, he rarely allows a year to pass without subscribing his name to thirty-nine articles. In sober truth the number of his articles on numismatic subjects is legion, and in recent years there has been a remarkable swelling in his books. Yet he still contributes articles from time to time of general historical interest, and throughout his teaching career in Cambridge made notable sallies, especially into the theme of medieval Europe and the wider world, looking out far beyond the Caliphate. He is a voracious reader of everything save conventional literature, and something of a polymath, with a good working knowledge of mathematics, statistics, methods of metallurgical analysis, and a range of languages which have enabled him to master the literature of a subject which has generally been pursued on local or national lines. He is uniquely equipped for the task he has undertaken, a thorough-going reappraisal of medieval coinage. As Professor in Brussels, he has been since 1948 concerned not only to provide a

Xll

PHILIP GRIERSON

general introduction to numismatics, but to study and teach the general implications of coinage for the historian, and the methods of the subject. These fields of enquiry have blossomed in a series of lectures, opening with his inaugural at Brussels, in three numismatic bibliographies, and in two general books, both showing a panorama ofiarge areas of the history of coinage from different viewpoints. In his Presidential Addresses to the R.N.S. (nos. 131, 142, 145, 155, 161) and in his Stenton Lecture at Reading (no. 19) the study of weights and measures was set on a new foundation, and many earlier doctrines weighed in his balance and found wanting. The Presidentials also contain some of his contributions to general numismatic theory, on hoards and finds and coin wear; and he has written elsewhere on the manufacture of coins, and entered joyfully into the arguments on the output of mints. His work on metrology and metallurgical analysis is fundamental. It is not only in technical studies of measures that he has made fundamental contributions to economic history: his papers on the nature of commerce in the Dark Ages and the social function of money in early Anglo-Saxon England have set all students of these themes on new paths (nos. 108, 119); the basic structure of Byzantine political history has benefited from his study of the tombs and obits of the emperors (no. 132); a characteristic contribution to a recent Settimana at Spoleto surveys the symbolism of charters as well as coins nell'alto medioevo (no. 199); he has opened a new world in a study of the effects of fresh supplies of bullion on European coinage and economy in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries (no. 177). In recent years there has been a major impetus to the study of Byzantine numismatics for which he has been largely responsible. Three of the five volumes of the Dumbarton Oaks Catalogue, published or projected, are his alone, and he has had a major part in the others. He has written on many corners of Byzantine numismatic history, and a substantial handbook on Byzantine coinage has just been published. His main interest in Western coinage has been in the early Middle Ages. Among his most important publications are a series of articles on the coinage of Charlemagne and the gold solidi of Louis the Pious, on the St Martin's Hoard from Canterbury, the Albertini Tablets, and on gold in China, on Anglo-Saxon shillings, on the mancus; he is at present working on a general book on early medieval coins. His contributions to the later medieval period have been more scattered, yet often of great importance. Thus in two papers, on Pegolotti's book of exchange rates (no. 99) and on coins in the Cely Papers (no. 168), he has clarified vital documentary evidence for the international circulation and value of money. Even the Venetian gold ducat has won prestige from his pen. The full sweep of the subject is brilliantly illuminated in his Monnaies du moyen age (no. 13). Equally characteristic of the man are his history of his College in the Victoria History of Cambridgeshire (no. 107), and his memoirs of Z. N. Brooke and H. T. Deas in the Caian (nos. 41, 180), personal testimony to his more parochial friendships and the warmth of his loyalties. For if one had to list briefly his most striking qualities, one might easily say - simplicity and warmth. There is some paradox in this, for great men are never wholly simple. Grierson's friends and colleagues have often delighted in his minor foibles, in his occasional brusqueness or joyous outbursts of candour, in his occasional admission

An appreciation

Xlll

to harmless vanity. Yet at a deeper level the candour is an expression of exceptional integrity - he never resents criticism, and he will listen with equal attention to young and old, research student and professor - and in personal dealings constantly softened by a mellowing sensitivity and warmth; he is a man of many friends. No doubt the scholarly achievement of the last thirty years involved an immense concentration of effort, and economical use of time; all this has meant a restriction on his social life; yet it is hard for his friends to discern. In earlier days his rooms were one of the main social centres of the College, where undergraduates of all disciplines gathered to listen to his records and to read his books; in more recent years they have often met him on the squash court, and even his colleagues incapable of squash can bear witness to the stream of exhausted young Caians who have shown that his vigour in the squash court remained unabated into his seventies. For many of his friends, two settings are especially associated with him: in Hall and Combination Room at Caius, where he was President from 1966 to 1976, giving freely of his time and gifts in looking after his own and his colleagues' guests; and as speaker and participant in numerous meetings oflearned societies and international conferences. He has greatly enjoyed and benefited from his contact with scholars from many lands. He is a generous host, and enjoys entertaining and being entertained; yet this is characteristically united with a strong puritan streak which makes him spartan and austere when on his own, and censorious of other men's extravagance. The financing of his great collection is a mystery beyond the comprehension of economics; suffice it to say that he is very strict in his standards of academic and commercial probity; but equally addicted to the doctrine that money should work as hard as he does - he never likes modern coins to lie idle, or medieval ones uncommented. He is as much at home in an aeroplane as in his modest suite of rooms in College; and this helps to explain how he has come to buy coins in so many foreign sale rooms, how many friends he has among the curators and the conoscenti of the world, how often his friends who cross his path are delighted to find traces in distant parts of his reputation for generosity and learning. His modesty and enthusiasm have greatly helped him to advance his subject. His approach is concrete, and he is sceptical of large generalisations: 'It is the same way in which a scholar who is also a yachtsman may know that particular voyages ascribed to earlier sailors ... could never have been undertaken, either because they were beyond the sailing capacity of such ships as then existed or would have been rendered impossible by prevailing winds or currents whose existence is not apparent from modern maps. Inspired guesses induced by this rather concrete approach have given me as much pleasure as anything else in my studies ... ' - and he went on to cite his observation that the number of small gold pieces in the Sutton Hoo ship treasure, 37 coins and 3 blanks, equalled exactly the number of the forty oarsmen needed to row the boat and so may have been designed to provide a passage for each to the underworld (no. 206, 47; see nos. 176, 187). Thus he sometimes takes more pride in his minor brilliancies than in his major works; and it is this combination of modesty and enthusiasm which helps to explain how deeply conversations with younger numismatists - especially those who have been in Cambridge in his teaching years - have fructified the work of a younger generation, many of whom are contributors to this volume.

XIV

PHILIP GRIERSON

Thus, indirectly, he has made important contributions to British numismatics and to Britain he has 'dedicated a scatter of his articles and studies; and the Syl/oge of early British and Anglo-Saxon coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum (no. 8), which set the pattern for the British Academy's Syl/oge project, is one of his most remarkable achievements. For the rest, he has left Britain to his colleagues; but among the numismatists of Continental Europe, of the east and west, he is a unique phenomenon. Numismatists in other fields have equalled his technical contributions to one series; but no one has shown equal mastery of the monetary, economic, historical and technical aspects of the subject combined in a single view. Nor is it easy to think of anyone who has had such a wide and perceptive grasp of the whole subject outside his specialist period. His small Numismatics (no. 12) has an admirable, concise survey of non-European coinage; he has a good working knowledge of Greek, Roman, Islamic and modern European and world-wide coinage, His comparative knowledge is without rival, and this extra perspective infuses all his work. It is the combination of collector, numismatist and historian which explains the special character of his achievement. This book reflects the width of his interests, and is drawn from a small selection of his many friends; it concentrates on aspects of numismatic method, which has been one of his most characteristic concerns. In it we try to express, in the currency appropriate to friends and disciples, our homage. Note: This brief study is based on personal knowledge and is a small token of a deep admiration and affection. We are also indebted to notes provided by Philip Grierson himself, to the interview with him printed in The Caian, 1978, 33-55 (no. 206: the quotations on xi, xii, xv, above are from The Caian nos. 34,41-42,47), and to the help of several colleagues and friends, especially 1. G. Pollard and T. R. Yolk. Quotations from his own work are cited by the number in the Bibliography in bold type.

Bibliography

xv

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WRITINGS OF PHILlP GRIERSON

This bibliography ignores reviews and a few ephemeral publications, and has the materials arranged in three groups, of books, pamphlets, and articles. The order is that of the printed date of publication. The place of publication for books is London unless otherwise indicated. The periodicals which are cited on three or more occasions are shown with abbreviated titles.

BOOKS

I937 I Les annales de Saint-Pierre de Gand et de Saint-Amand (Commission royale d'histoire de Belgique), Brussels I943 2

Books on Soviet Russia, 1917-1942. A bibliography and a guide to reading, London (reprinted, Twickenham, I969)

I95 2 3 F. L. Ganshof, Feudalism, translated by Philip Grierson, Foreword by Sir F. M. Stenton, F.B.A., London (2nd edition, New York I96I) 4 C. W. Previte-Orton, The shorter Cambridge medieval history, edited by Philip Grierson, 2 vols., Cambridge I954 5 Coins and medals. A select bibliography (Historical Association, Helps for Students of History 56) 6 Herbert E. Ives, The Venetian gold ducat and its imitations, edited and annotated by Philip Grierson (Numismatic Notes and Monographs I28), New York (published I955) I95 6 7 Studies in Italian medieval history presented to Miss E. M. Jamison, edited by Philip Grierson and John Ward Perkins (Papers of the British School at Rome XXIV) I95 8 8 Sylloge of coins of the British Isles. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, Part i. Ancient British and Anglo-Saxon coins I9 66 9 Bibliographie numismatique (Cercle d'Etudes Numismatiques, Travaux rr), Brussels (see also no. 17) I9 68 IO

Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks and in the Whittemore Collection, vol. rr, Parts i and ii, Phocas to Theodosius Ill, 602-717, Washington, D.C.

xvi

PHILIP GRIERSON

1973 II

Catalogue 0/ the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks and in the Whittemore Collection, vol. Ill, Parts i and ii, Leo III to Nicephorus Ill, 717-1081, Washington, D.C.

1975 12

Numismatics

1976 13 Monnaies du moyen age, Fribourg (also German edition, Munzen des Mittelalters) 14 Monnaies et monnayage. Introduction a la numismatique, edition francaise par Cecile Morrisson, Paris (a translation of Numismatics, 1975) 1979 15 Dark Age numismatics. Reprints of 29 articles with 13 pp. of addenda and corrigenda. The reprinted materials are marked in this bibliography by DAN followed by a roman number for the particular section of the book. 16 Late medieval numismatics (I Ith-16th centuries). Reprints of 22 articles The reprinted materials are indicated in this bibliography as LMN followed by a roman number for the particular section of the book. 17 Bibliographie numismatique, 2nd edition (Cercle d'Etudes Numismatiques, Travaux IX), Brussels PAMPHLETS

195 1 18 Numismatics and history (Historical Association, General Series, G.19) 197 2 19 English linear measures, an essay in origins (The University of Reading, The Stenton Lecture, 1971), Reading 1973 20

Byzantine coinage, Exhibition at Dumbarton Oaks (anonymous pamphlet of 16 pp.), Washington, D.C.

1977 21

22

The origins o/money (The University of London, The Creighton Lecture in History, 1970). Translated into Danish by J. Sten Jensen as 'Pengevae senets oprindelse' in separately paginated supplements to Montsamlernyt, 8 iirgang, 7-10, 1977, with illustrations. The lecture has been reprinted, with a few corrections, in Research in economic anthropology I, ed. G. Dalton, Greenwich, Conn. 1978, 1-35 Les monnaies, Typologie des sources du moyen age occidental XXI, Turnhout

xvii

Bibliography ARTICLES

1934 23 Rostagnus of Aries and the pallium, EHR XLIX, 74-83 24 Hugues de Saint-Bertin: etait-il archichapelain de Charles le Chauve?, MA3

XLIV,

241-251

1935 25 Eudes ler eveque de Beauvais, MA3

XLV,

161-198

193 6 26 A visit of Earl Harold to Flanders in 1056, EHR LI, 90-97 27 The early abbots of St Peter's of Ghent, RBen XLVIII, 129-146 1937 28 The early abbots of St Bavo's of Ghent, RBen XLIX, 29-61 29 The translation of the relics of St Donatian to Bruges, RBen

XLIX,

170-190

1938 30 La maison d'Evrard de Frioul et les origines du comte de Flandre, Revue du Nordxxlv, 241-266 1939

3 I The identity of the unnamed fiscs in the' Brevium exempla ad describendas res ecciesiasticas et fiscales', RBPH XVIII, 437-461 32 L'Origine des Comtes d'Amiens, Valois et Vexin, MA3 X-XLIX (continuous), 81-125 33 The translation of the relics of St Amalberga to St Peter's of Ghent, RBen, LI, 292-315 1940 34 35 36 37

Les livres de l'Abbe Seiwold de Bath, RBen LII, 96-rr6 La bibliotheque de St Vaast d'Arras au xn e siecie, RBen LII, 117-140 Abbot Fulco and the date of the 'Gesta abbatum Fontanellensium', EHR Grimbald of St Bertin, EHR LV, 529-561

LV,

275-284

1941 38 The relations between England and Flanders before the Norman conquest, THS4 XXIII, 71 - I 12 (see no. I71) 39 Election and inheritance in early Germanic kingship, The Cambridge Historical Journal VII, 1-22 194 6 40 Books and pamphlets on Russia, 1942-45, SEER XXIV, 133-147 41 Z. N. Brooke: a memoir, The Caian LI, 95-105 42 An abbreviated version of no. 41, printed in The Cambridge Review January 1947), 196- 1 98

XLVIII,

no. 1659 (18

1947 43 Books and pamphlets on Russia, 1946-47 (sic, in error for 1945-46), SEER xxv (1946-:-7), 508-5 1 7

xviii

PHILIP GRIERSON

44 Bibliography of Professor C. W. Previte-Orton, Litt.D., F.B.A., The Cambridge Historical Journal IX (1947---9), 118-119 45 Errata attribuzione alla zecca di Mileto, Numismatica XIII, 119 1948 46 The present position of medieval studies in England, BIHR XXIII (1946-8), 101-106 47 Books and pamphlets on Russia, 1947, SEER XXVI (1947-8), 512-518 48 Earlier medieval history, 500-1200, Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature XXXII (Publications of the year 1946), 12-16 49 Earlier medieval history, 500- I 200, Annual Bulletin ofHistorical Literature XXXIII (Publications of the year 1947), 11-16 50 Ein unediertes 'Kopfchen' von Arnold 11. von Randerath (1290-1331), Hamburger Beitriige zur Numismatik I-ii (1947-8), 68-69 51 La collezione numismatica del Museo Civico di Pavia, Bollettino della Societa Pavese di Storia Patria N.S. 11,111-114 52 Three unpublished coins of Zeno, NC" VIII, 223-226 1949 53 Earlier medieval history, 500- I 200, Annual Bulletin ofHistorical Literature XXXIV (Publications of the year 1948), 13-19 54 Books and pamphlets on Russia, 1948, SEER XXVII (1948-9), 556-562 1950 55 56 57 58 59 60

La numismatique et l'histoire, Revue de rUniversite de Bruxelles N.S. 11, 23 1-248 Books and pamphlets on Russia, 1949, SEER XXVIII (1949-50), 486-492 Dated solidi of Maurice, Phocas and Heraclius, NC" X, 49-70 The consular coinage of 'Heraclius' and the revolt against Phocas of 608-610, NC" A barbarous North African solidus of the late seventh century, NC6 X, 301-305 A follis of Nicephorus Bryennius (?), NC" X, 305-311

X,

71-93

195 1 61 62 63 64 65 66

Oboli di Muse', EHR LXVI, 75-81 (LMN vii) Books and pamphlets on Russia, 1950, SEER XXIX (1950-1), 550-557 Un denier d'Henri 11 d'Allemagne frappe it Dinant, RBNS XCVII, 117-119 The gold solidus of Louis the Pious and its imitations, JMP XXXVIII, 1-41 (DAN xxii) The Isaurian coins of Heraclius, NC" XI, 56-67 (with C. Brooke) Round halfpennies of Henry I, BNJ XXVI, 286-289

195 2 67 The dating of the Sutton Hoo coins, Antiquity XXVI, 83-86 68 The coronation of Charlemagne and the coinage of Pope Leo Ill, RBPH XXX, 825-833 (DAN xx) 69 Pegged Venetian coin dies; their place in the history of die adjustment, NC" XII, 99-105 1953 70 Report on medieval numismatics from 1930 to 1952, Congres International de Numismatique (Paris, 6-11 July 1953), I: Rapports, Paris, 55-101

Bibliography

XiX

71 The Canterbury (St Martin's) hoard of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon coin-ornaments, BNJ XXVII, 39-51 (DAN vi) 72 La trouvaille monetaire d'Ilanz, Gazette Numismatique Suisse IV, 46--48 (DAN xvi) 73 Visigothic metrology, NC6 XIII, 74-87 (DAN xii) 74 A new Anglo-Saxon solidus, NCS XIII, 88-91 (DAN vii) 75 A new Isaurian coin of Heraclius, NCS XIII, 145-146 76 A Byzantine hoard from North Africa, NC6 XIII, 146--148 77 A stray from the Crondall Hoard, NC6 XIII, 148-149 78 Deux fausses monnaies venitiennes du moyen age, Gazette Numismatique Suisse IV, 86-90 1954 79 Cronologia delle riforme monetarie di Carlo Magno, RIN LVI, 65-79 (DAN xvii) 80 Carolingian Europe and the Arabs: the myth of the mancus, RBPH XXXII, 1059-1074 (DAN iii) 81 Nomisma, tetarteron et dinar: un plaidoyer pour Nicephore Phocas, RBNS c, 75-84 82 The debasement of the bezant in the eleventh century, Byzantinische Zeitschrift XLVII, 379-394 83 Zum Ursprung der karolingischen Goldpriigung in Nordwest-Europa, Hamburger Beitriige zur Numismatik 11.8 (1952-4), 199-206 (DAN xxi) 84 A rare Crusader bezant with the Christ us vincit legend, ANS-MN VI, 169-178 (LMN ix) 85 Le sou d'or d'Uzes, MA4 IX-LX (continuous), 293-309 (DAN xxiv) 86 Problemi monetari dell'alto medioevo, Bollettino della Societa Pavese di Storia PatriaLv, 67-82 (DAN i) 1955 87 The thirty pieces of silver and coins of Rhodes, NCirc LXIII, 422 88 Una ceca bizantina en Espafia, Numario Hispanico IV, 305-314 89 The Kyrenia girdle of Byzantine medallions and solidi, NCS XV, 55-70 195 6 90 The Roman law of counterfeiting, in Essays in Roman coinage presented to Harold Mattingly (ed. R. A. G. Carson, C. H. V. Sutherland), Oxford, 240-261 9 I A note on the stamping of coins and other objects, in A history of technology 11 (ed. C. Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, and T. I. Williams), Oxford, 485-492 92 The Salernitan coinage of Gisulf 11 (1052-77) and Robert Guiscard (1077-85), in Studies in Italian medieval history presented to Miss E. M. Jamison (ed. P. Grierson and J. Ward Perkins), Papers of the British School at Rome XXIV, 37-59 (LMN ii) 93 The silver coinage of the Lombards, Archivio storico lombard0 8 VI, 130-140 (DAN xiv) 94 I grossi 'senatoriali' di Roma, 1253-1363, I. Dal 1253 al 1282, RIN LVIII 36--69 1957 95 On some fol1es of Heraclius and the location of George of Pisidia's ITYAAI, Seaby's Coin and Medal Bulletin, 98 96 Mint output in the tenth century, EHR2 IX (1956--7), 462-466 97 The debasement of the nomisma in the XI century, Congres International de Numismatique (Paris, 6-1 I July 1953),11: Actes, Paris, 297-298 (a summary of no. 82) 98 La moneta veneziana nell'economia mediterranea del Trecento e Quattrocento, in La civilta veneziana del Quattrocento (Fondazione Cini), Florence, 75-97 (LMN xii)

xx

PHI LIP GRIERSON

99 The coin list of Pegolotti, in Studi in onore di Armando Sapori I, Milan, 483-492 (LMN xi) 100 (with A. H. M. lones and l. A. Crook), The authenticity of the Testamentum S. Remigii, RBPH xxxv, 356-373 101 The dates of the' Livre des Mestiers' and its derivatives, RBPH xxxv, 778-783 (LMN xiv) 102 La monetazione salernitana di Gisulfo 11 (1052-1077) e di Roberto il Guiscardo (1077-1085), Bollettino del Circolo Numismatico Napoletano XLII, 9-44 (translation of no. 92) 103 Halfpennies and third-pennies of King Alfred, BNJ XXVIII (1955-7), 477-493 104 The Eagle Crown: a gold coin of the minority of lames V of Scotland, BNJ XXVIII (1955-7), 65 6- 658 195 8 105 The Roman tombs at Vasa. Appendix 11: The coins, in Report of Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1940-1948, 61-67 106 Some modern forgeries of Carolingian coins, in Centennial publication of the Amtrican Numismatic Society (ed. H. Ingholt), New York, 303-315 (DAN xxviii) 1959 107 GonviIle and Caius College, in A history of Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely III (Victoria History of the Counties of England), 356-362 108 Commerce in the Dark Ages: a critique of the evidence, THS5 IX, 123-140. This work was summarised, without the notes, in The Pirenne thesis: analysis, criticism and revision (ed. A. F. Havighurst), Lexington, Mass. 1969,90-96 and again slightly revised in the 3rd edition, Lexington, Mass. 1975, 146-159. The article was reprinted in full in Studies in economic anthropology (ed. G. Dalton) (Anthropological Studies VII), Washington, D.e. 1971,74-93, and DAN ii 109 Ercole d'Este and Leonardo da Vinci's equestrian statue of Francesco Sforza, Italian Studies XIV, 40/48 (LMN xvii) IIO The Tablettes Albertini and the value of the solidus in the fifth and sixth centuries AD, JRS XLIX, 73-80 (DAN iv) I I I The' Patrimonium Petri in illis partibus' and the pseudo-imperial coinage in Frankish Gaul, RBNS CV, 95-II I II2 Matasuntha or Mastinas: a reattribution, NC6 XIX 119-130 I 13 Solidi of Phocas and Heraclius: the chronological framework, NC6 XIX, 13 1-154 114 Venray 1957, JMP XLVI, 102 19 60 115 Comments on 'Two unpublished Byzantine coins', The Numismatist, LXXIII, 147-149 II6 The monetary reforms of 'Abd al-Malik: their metrological basis and their financial repercussions, Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 111,241-264 (DAN xv) I 17 Una moneta d'argento inedita di Teoderico il Grande, Numismatica N .S. I, I 13- I 15 (DAN v) 19 61 118 Monete bizantine in Italia dal VII all'XI secolo, Moneta e scambi nelralto medioevo (Spoleto, 1-27 April 1960). SSAM VIII, 35-55; discussione, 123-163 119 La fonction sociale de la monnaie en Angleterre aux VIIe-VIIle siecles, SSAM VIII, 341-362 (discussione 363-385) (DAN xi)

Bibliography

xxi

120 Coinage and money in the Byzantine Empire, 498-c. 1090, SSAM VIII, 411-453 121 Sterling, in Anglo-Saxon coins. Studies presented to F. M. Stenton on the occasion of his 80th birthday, 17 May 1960 (ed. R. H. M. Dolley), 266-283 (LMN vi) 122 Notes on the fineness of the Byzantine solidus, Byzantinische Zeitschrift UV, 91-97 123 Coins monetaires et officines a l'epoque du Bas-Empire, Gazette Numismatique Suisse XI (1961-2), 1-7 124 The date of the Dumbarton Oaks Epiphany medallion, DOP XV, 221-224 19 62 125 Tetarteron or counterfeit? A note on Mr Uzman's coin, NCirc LXX, 53 126 Die alterations and imperial beards: a note on the early solidi of Constans 11 and Justinian 11, NCirc LXX, 159-160 127 Kiurike I or Kiurike 11 of Lori-Armenia? A note on attributions, ANS-MN X, 107-112 128 A tremissis of the Suevic King Audeca (584-5), Estudos de Castelo Branco, VI, 7-12 (DAN xiii). Translated into Portuguese by L. Pinto Garcia as 'Urn tremissis do rei suevo Audeca (584-5)', Moeda III-ii 19n 27-33 129 An unrecognised florin of Charles the Bad, Count of Evreux and King of Navarre, RN6 IV, 18 7- 192 130 (with R. J. H. Jenkins), The date of Constantine VII's coronation, Byzantion XXXII, 153- I 58 131 Numismatics and the historian (Presidential Address, Royal Numismatic Society), NC7 11, i-xiv (LMN xviii) 132 The tombs and obits of the Byzantine emperors (537-1042), DOP XVI, 1-60, with an additional note by Cyril Mango and Ihor Sevcenko, 61-63 19 6 3 Mint output in the time of Offa, NCirc LXXI, 114-115 (DAN xxv) Carat-grains and grains in 16th century assaying, NCirc LXXI, 139 Some aspects of the coinage of Offa, NCirc LXXI, 223-225 (DAN xxvi) La cronologia della monetazione consolare di Eraclio, Numismatica, N.S. IV, 99-102. The authenticity of the York 'thrymsas', BNJ XXXI, 8-10 (DAN viii) The miliaresion of Leo Ill, NCirc LXXI, 247 A misattributed miliaresion of Basil 11, Recueil des travaux de rlnstitut tf Etudes Byzantines VIII, Melanges G. Ostrogorsky I, Belgrade, I I 1-116 140 La date des monnaies d'or de Louis le Pieux, MAt XVIII (continuous, LXIX) 67-74 (DANxxiii) 141 A new triens of Reccared (586-601) of the mint of Calapa, NC7 Ill, 81-82 142 Coin wear and the frequency table (Presidential Address, Royal Numismatic Society), NC7 Ill, i-xvi (LMN xix) 133 134 135 136 137 138 139

19 64 143 Les foyers de culture en Angleterre au haut moyen age, in Centri e vie di irradiazione della civilta nell'alto medioevo (Spoleto, 18-23 April 1963), SSAM XI 279-285 144 A coin of the Emperor Phocas with the effigy of Maurice, NC7 IV, 247-250 145 Weight and coinage (Presidential Address, Royal Numismatic Society), NC7 IV, iii-xvii (LMN xx) 146 The origins of the English sovereign and the symbolism of the closed crown, BNJ XXXIII, 118-134

xxii

PHILIP GRIERSON

19 65 147 Trace elements in Byzantine copper coins of the 6th and 7th centuries, in Dona Numismatica Waiter Hiivernick zum 23. Januar 1965 dargebracht, Hamburg, 29-35 148 HENRICVS IMP or ALBRICVS PRINCIPS. A note on the supposed denaro of Pope Leo IX (1049-54) and Henry Ill, Numismatiska Meddelanden xxx, 51-56 (DAN xxix) 149 Le gillat ou carlin de Naples-Provence: le rayonnement de son type monetaire, in Centenaire de la Societe Frans:aise de Numismatique, 1865-1965 (catalogue de l'exposition a I'Hotel de la Monnaie, Paris 1965) Paris, 43-56 (LMN xiii) 150 The Great King, Charlemagne and the Carolingian achievement, in The Dark Ages (ed. D. Talbot Rice), 169-298 151 Coinage and currency (The declining Roman Empire 11), The Listener LXXIV, 656--659 152 A supposed Byzantine coin-die, NCirc LXXIII, 232 153 Money and coinage under Charlemagne, in Karl der Grosse: Lebenswerk und Nachleben (ed. W. Braunfels), I. Personlichkeit und Geschichte (ed. H. Beumann), Diisseldorf, 501 -536 (DAN xviii) 154 Two Byzantine coin hoards of the 7th and 8th centuries at Dumbarton Oaks, DOP XIX, 207-228 155 The interpretation of coin finds, I (Presidential Address, Royal Numismatic Society), Ne' v, i-xiii (LMN xxi) 156 The copper coinage of Leo III (717-41) and Constantine V (720--75); Ne' v, 183-196 19 66 157 From solidus to hyperperon: the names of Byzantine gold coins, NCirc LXXIV, 123-124 158 (with M. Thompson), The monogram of Charlemagne in Greek A NS-MN XII, 125-127 (DAN xix) 159 Byzantine gold bullae, with a catalogue of those at Dumbarton Oaks, DOP XX, 239-253 160 Harald Hardrada and Byzantine coin types in Denmark, Byzantinische Forschungen I, 124- I 38 (LMNv) 161 The interpretation of coin finds, 2 (Presidential Address, Royal Numismatic Society), Ne' VI, i-xv (LMN xxii) 162 Entries in Chambers's Encyclopedia I, Amsterdam, History; Antwerp, History; Artevelde, Jacob van; Artevelde, Philip van; Artois, History. 11, Belgium, History, The Middle Ages; Brabant; Bruges, History; Brussels, History; Burgundy. Ill, Charles the Bold. IV, Dauphine. v, Emden, History; Flanders, History; Franche-Comte. VI, Ghent, History; Groningen, History; Hainault, History. VII, Holland, History. VIII, John (Jean sans Peur); Liege, History; Limburg, History; Luxembourg, History (medieval). IX, Namur, History; Netherlands, History (medieval). X, Philip, the Bold; Philip, the Good. XI, Provence, History. XIV, Utrecht, History 19 67 163 The volume of Anglo-Saxon coinage, Economic History Review 2 XX, 153-160 (DAN xxvii) 164 The gold and silver coinage of Basil 11, ANS-MN XIII, 167-187 165 Byzantine numismatics, in A survey of numismatic research, 1960--1965 11: Medieval and oriental numismatics (ed. K. Skaare, G. C. Miles), Copenhagen (International Numismatic Commission), 52-62

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xxiii

166 The monetary reforms of Anastasius and their economic consequences, in The patterns of monetary development in Phoenicia and Palestine in antiquity (ed. A. Kindler) (International Numismatic Convention, Jerusalem, 27-31 December 1963), Jerusalem, 183-301 167 Anomalous pentanummia of Justin I, NCirc LXXV, 234 168 Coinage in the Cely Papers, in Miscellanea mediaevalia in memoriam Jan Frederik Niermeyer, Groningen, 379-407 (LMN xv) 169 Byzantine coins as source material (Main Paper x), in Proceedings of the XIlIth International Congress ofByzantine Studies (Oxford, 5- IQ Septembefl966)(ed. J. M. Hussey, D. Obolensky, S. Runciman), Oxford, 317-333 170 Victor Tourneur (obituary notice), Compte-rendu de la Commission Internationale de Numismatique XIV, 27-28 1968 171 The relations between England and Flanders before the Norman conquest, Essays in medieval history selectedfrom the Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (ed. R. W. Southern), 61-92 (a revised and abbreviated version of no. 38) 172 A follis of Leo III from officina r, NCirc LXXVI, 260 173 Variations in die-output, NCirc LXXVI, 298-299 174 Un gros tournois de Borculo, BCEN v, 106-108 1969- 197 0 175 Entries in Encyclopedia Americana. x, Einhard. XII, Fritigern; Gaiseric. XIV, Heruli; Huns. XVII, Lothair; Lothair I (Frankish Emperor); Lotharingia; Louis 11, King of the Western Franks; Louis Ill, King of the Western Franks; Louis IV, King of France; Louis V, King of France; Louis I, Frankish Emperor; Louis 11, Frankish Emperor; Louis Ill, Frankish Emperor; Louis, King of the East Franks; Louis (younger) King of the East Franks; Louis (the child) King of the East Franks 176 The purpose of the Sutton Hoo coins, Antiquity XLIV, 14-18 (DAN ix) 197 1 177 The monetary pattern of sixteenth century coinage (The Prothero Lecture, 1970), THS· 45-60 (LMN xvi) 178 Nummi scyphati. The story of a misunderstanding, NC7 XI, 253-260

XXI,

197 2 179 Numismatic commentary (pp. 235-236) on T. Padfield, Analysis of Byzantine copper coins by X-ray methods, Methods of chemical and metallurgical investigation of ancient coinage (ed. E. T. Hall and D. M. Metcalf) (R.N.S. Special Publication no. VIII) 180 (with G. T. Griffith), H. T. Deas (obituary notice) The Caian, 54-57 181 La cronologia della monetazione salernitana nel secolo XI, RIN LXXIV, 153-165 (LMN iii) 182 The origins of the grosso and of gold coinage in Italy, Numismaticky Sbornik XII (1971-2), 33-44 (discussion 44-48) (LMN x) 183 Notes on early Tudor coinage, BNJ XLI (published 1974), 80--94. I. King Henry VII's dandyprats. 2. Erasmus's lead tokens. 3. The proclamation of 5 July 1504 and its implications. 4. The origin of the portrait groats. 5. The' gold pence' of the proclamation of 1505

xxiv

PHILIP GRIERSON

1973 184 Byzantine numismatics, in A survey of numismatic research 1966-1971, 11. Medieval and oriental numismatics (ed. 1. Yvon, H. W. Mitchell Brown), New York (International Numismatic Commission), 3-21 1974 185 La lettre R au revers de folles de Justinien 11, BCEN XI, 30--32 186 Muslim coins in thirteenth-century England, in Near Eastern numismatics, iconography, epigraphy and history. Studies in honor of George C. Miles (ed. D. K. Kouymjian), Beirut, 387-391 (LMN viii) 187 The Sutton Hoo coins again, Antiquity XLVIII, 139-140 (DAN x) 188 A new early follis type of Leo III (718), Ne' XIV (published 1975), 75-77 189 (with W. A. Oddy), Le titre du tari sicilien du milieu du XIe siecle it 1278, RN'l XVI (published 1975) 12 3- 134 190 A new Audulfus Frisia triens, JMP LX/LXI 1973-74 (published 1977), 153-156 1975 191 The European heritage, in Ancient cosmologies (ed. Carmen Blacker and Michael Loewe), 225-258 192 The monograms on late sixth-century pentanummia of Antioch, NCirc LXXXIII, 5 193 The date and fineness of Byzantine' neatly-clipped' tracha, NCirc LXXXIII 58 194 La date des 'baudekins' de Marguerite de Constantinople, BCEN XII, 7-8 195 Une trouvaille imaginaire: le tresor de Cuenca, BSFN XXX, 810--812 197 6 196 Nicephorus Bryennius or Nicephorus Basilacius? NCirc LXXXIV, 2-3 197 Heraclius's half-follis, Class 4: an anomalous type, NCirc LXXXIV, 51 198 Numismatics, in Medieval studies: an introduction (ed. J. M. Powell), Syracuse, N.Y., 103-150 (LMNi) 199 Symbolism in early medieval charters and coins, in Simboli e simbologia nell'alto medioevo (Spoleto, 3-9 April 1975), SSAM XXIII 2, 601-630 (discussione, 631-640) 200 La signification de De Clementia et les formules semblables sur les monnaies medievales, BSFN XXXI,2-4 1977 201 La monetazione amalfitana nei secoli XI e XII, in Amalfi nel medioevo, Atti del convegno internazionale (Salerno, 14-16 June 1973), 215-243 (LMN iv) 202 A pattern nomisma of Basil 11 (976-1025), NCirc LXXXV, 97 203 Un denier carolingien de Saint-Bavon de Gand, BCEN XIV, 59-61 1978 204 Un denier de l'empereur Arnoul frappe it Milan en mars 896, BSFN XXXIII, 286-289 205 John Caius' Library, in Biographical history ofGonville and Caius College VII (ed. M. 1. Prichard and J. B. Skemp), Cambridge, 509-525 206 Some memories, The Caian, November 1978, 33-55

Bibliography

xxv

1979 207 Notes sobre les primeres amonedacions reials a Barcelona: els termes 'Bruneti', 'Bossonaya' i el Chronicon Barcinonensi, ID Symposium Numismatico de Barcelona (27-28 February) IT, 278- 28 7 208 Letter on 'The Moving Mint', NCirc LXXXVII 248 209 'Coniazione per dispetto' nell'Italia medievale, Quaderni Ticinesi di Numismatica e Antichita Classiche VIII, 345-358 1980 210 Byzantium and the Christian Levant, 717-1453, Coins. An illustrated survey 650 BC to the present day (ed. M. J. Price), 13cmbourg), ChamdeUll

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94

J. LALLEMAND

KEY TO ILLUSTRATIONS

(All Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, except for fig. 7) Gratian, Aries mint, LRBC 11, no. 548 (FM: Searle gift). Theodosius I, Constantinople mint, LRBC 11, no. 2169 (FM: Burkitt loan). Gratian, Trier mint, LRBC 11, no. 141 (FM: Trinity College loan). Gratian, Antioch mint, LRBC 11, no. 2668 (FM: Trinity College loan). Gratian, Lyons mint, LRBC 11, no. 377 (FM: General Collection). Theodosius I, Trier mint, LRBC 11, no. 149 (FM: Searle gift). Magnus Maximus, Lyons mint, LRBC 11, no. 380 (FM: General Collection). Magnus Maximus, Aries mint, LRBC 11, no. 556 (British Museum). Magnus Maximus, Aries mint, LRBC 11, no. 386 (FM: General Collection). Flavius Victor, Aquileia mint, LRBC 11, no. 1004 (FM: Searle gift). Theodosius I, Aquileia mint, LBRC 11, no. 1092 (FM: Trinity College loan). I I Arcadius, Cyzicus mint, LRBC 11, no. 2575 (FM: Bunn gift). 12 Arcadius, Antioch mint, LRBC 11, no. 2791 (FM: General Collection). 13 Theodosius I, Siscia mint, LRBC 11, no. 1580 (FM: Searle gift). 14 Valentinian 11, Cyzicus mint, LRBC 11, no. 2568 (FM: Trinity College loan). I

2 3 4 5a 5b 6 7 8 9 10

7

The re-use of obsolete coins: .the case of Roman imperial bronzes revived in the late fifth century* CECILE MORRISSON

The occasion for the present study was provided some years ago by Philip Grierson's generosity in letting me retain for examination 23 'countermarked' Roman coins from his collection, and in showing me a preliminary study for his forthcoming book on Dark Age coinage. No proper catalogue of these specimens is given here since it will form part of the projected publication of the Cambridge late antique and medieval series. To this already significant core I have added material from a number of other public and private collections; the total of I 13 specimens should offer a fairly representative sample of the series. 1 We are not dealing here with' countermarked' coins in the usual sense of the word, since the LXXXIII and XLII figures which they bear were not punched or stamped with a single instrument, but seem to have been cut or incised individually with several chisel strokes. That several strokes were needed can best be seen on some coins where, for instance, the horizontal bar of the L stretches too far back (fig. I; pI. 9, no. 3) or joins too high (fig. 2, pI. 9, no. 4) or when the two bars of the L are struck at such an acute angle as to form a kind of V (fig. 3; pI. 9, no. 5). A variety of different tools seems to have been used: close inspection of the 102 coins I have been able to examine either directly or from casts and photographs does not reveal any identical strokes. In a few cases they are deeper, wider and neater than others (e.g. pI. 9, nos. 6-7), while at the other end of the scale on some specimens they are mere scratches (pI. 9, no. 3 and pI. 10, no. 9), with intermediate fields of all kinds being found. The mark is usually in the obverse field, deliberately avoiding any defacement to the imperial bust and, generally, in front of it. When the bust is facing right, the mark is in the right field, in most cases placed outwards and reading upwards (fig. 4, e.g. pI. 9, no. 8). Conversely, when the bust is to the left (30 cases), the mark is almost invariably in the left field (27 cases) and placed outwards and reading downwards (fig. 5; pI. 9, no. 3) (24 cases). Very rarely the figures were incised on the reverse: for the instances known to me, no straightforward explanation comes to mind. Fear of damaging the imperial portrait through lack of space might have been the reason for a specimen in Berlin (pI.

95

CECILE MORRISSON

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\

\ K XI 14

Engraved figures on Roman imperial bronzes 10, no. 12); but this does not apply to one of the other examples (pI. 10, no. 10). On two coins in Vienna the figures are scratched as the reverse as well as the obverse (pI. 10, no. I I), presumably the engraver's carelessness. Neither can the reason be a desire to imitate late Vandal or Ostrogothic senatorial bronzes since the countermarked figures are not placed in the exergue. However, given that the choice of the obverse field was apparently the rule, there must be some reason for it: could it have been a desire to associate the new bronze values with the portrait of rulers which symbolised the most prosperous era of the Roman Empire? Minor abnormalities also occur in obverse incisions: these may be placed downwards and inwardly in front of a bust facing right (fig. 6; e.g. pI. 9, no. 5 and pI. 10, no. 13) or upwards and outwardly behind a bust to the left (fig. 7; three specimens in Berlin, not illustrated). On a few examples where the figures are inverted (fig. 8, pI. 10, no. 9; fig. 9, pI. 10, nos. 14 and 16; fig. 10, pI. 10, no. 17) the incisions show other signs of

The re-use of obsolete coins

97

carelessness: in the first case, the figures are mere scratches; in the second, the L seems to have been cut twice and the bars do not join; in the last, the strokes, though neater, partly overlap the imperial bust. Such negligent marks are characteristic of a more important group on which apparently' regular' marks slightly deface the bust of the emperor (e.g., pI. 9, no. 3; pI. 10, no. 18; pI. II, nos. 19-20) on which, more especially, poor cutting either defaces the portrait, or distorts the XLII figure, or both. Such is the case of the specimen in Berlin, where the graffito on the portrait cannot be clearly made out. One has the impression of several unsuccessful attempts to form the figure XLII. On a coin of Severus Alexander seen recently at Baldwin's a defective mark (fig. I I, pI. II, no. 21) (for XLII) is reminiscent of fig. 12 on a specimen in Paris (BN 1972/1269), and figs. 13 and 14 on specimens in Berlin (pI. II, nos. 22-3). Most of these irregular incisions were probably the result of special circumstances: that the burin or graving tool did not cut deeply or accurately enough into the metal, or that it slipped. Possibly this was due to engraving cold and, therefore, harder coins, whereas, as FriedUinder suggested for the more finely incised series, 'the pieces were certainly softened by fire in order to be able to engrave more easily the deep and crude strokes '.2 At all events, such irregularities and crude workmanship seem to point to the markings being done by private persons, at least in the case of these anomalous countermarks. 3 For the more finely incised countermarks, the role of some official authority cannot be excluded: their vertical alignment in relation to the imperial bust may be the result of some official instruction. But there is no clear-cut difference between them and the majority of the countermarked coins, and the question must be left open. Tentatively, I would suggest that an official practice of marking and re-issuing older bronzes was followed with varying success by private individuals as and when they came into possession of similar pieces. How did such coins, dating back four or five centuries, happen to be on hand? It has been suggested that the bulk of them might have come from a hoard unearthed shortly before they were countermarked. Neither the chronological pattern of the coins (see below, Table 9) nor their state of preservation confirms this hypothesis. The overwhelming preponderance of Flavian bronzes (87 specimens, i.e. 77 %) may simply reflect their part in the circulating medium, while the paucity of those produced from the Antonine and Severan periods (8 and 4 specimens respectively) might reflect a gradual driving out of the as by the antoninianus. It is, however, difficult to imagine asses and sestertii circulating continuously for more than three centuries, when the last hoards still to contain a few of them are no later than the mid fourth century.4 A long list could be compiled of examples of ancient coins, whether countermarked or not, that circulated in later periods or otherwise out of context as a result of carestia monetae, or simply because they corresponded roughly to a current denomination: 5 in the Byzantine series, for example, one finds a dupondius of Domitian (81--96) restruck as afollis of Cons tans 11 (641-68) or tetrarchic 'radiati' from the beginning of the fourth century re-used as blanks in the second half of the seventh century.6 One can imagine, therefore, that chance finds of old coins led to their being brought back into circulation after being marked with their current value.

CECILE MORRlSSON

A

The marking was certainly intended to indicate the value in nummi at which the coins were presumably acceptable to the public. There are two values only: LXXXIII and XLII.7 As Phi lip Grierson clearly established twenty years ago, these curious figures are the closest one can get to simple fractions of the si/iqua: 83 instead of 835, 42 instead of 41i, that is a sixth and a twelfth, respectively, of a silver coin of 500 nummi, itself the 24th part of a gold solidus of 12,000 nummi. 8 The figure 83 is known only on a few countermarked sestertii of Galba and Vespasian;9 whereas the 42 mark is well known from Vandalic autonomous folies. The form of the incised XLII itself is clearly akin to the figure on the folies with the horizontal bar of the L prolonged to the right and the II formed of two small letters above it (fig. 4), a form particularly common in inscriptions from North Africa.!o This affinity caused Friedlander, later followed by Wroth in BMC, to assign the series to the Vandals, a common-sense attribution which has never since been queried.!1 Their similarity is also evident in their metrology: with their diameter of c. 26 mm, the countermarked coins correspond closely to the early Vandalic issue of folies, of the Standing Carthage/NXLII types, whereas their average weight of 8.67 g. lies rather within the range of the later Vandalic issue, with Standing Warrior/Horse's head (average weight for 18 specimens of 9.57 g. against 11.39 g. for 18 specimens of the Standing Carthage issue). However, since accuracy in weight was not crucial to ancient bronze coinage, it is not a very reliable criterion and I would rather argue from the similarity of module to place the countermarked asses with the NXLII issue.12 Standard opinion is that the countermarking occurred before the issue of the autonomous folies of Carthage;13 but it does not seem to me reasonable to suppose that old coins could have been marked with values for which there was as yet no contemporary coin.14 Another difficulty arises from the provenance of the countermarked coins. Supposing the marking took place in Vandal territory, one would expect finds in North Africa. In fact, relatively few instances of African provenance are known. These include the LXXXIII piece from the Carthage museum,15 a XLII as of Galba in the Bardo museum, Tunis, and three XLII specimens, one Divus Augustus and two ,£ of Vespasian, bought in Tunisia by the late E. Leuthold. 16 On the contrary, many more have been found in Italy: to the 45 specimens from the Dressel Collection, acquired in Rome over a long period, can be added the LXXXIII dupondius of Titus from Rome and formerly in the Kircher Museum (?now in the Museo Nazionale Romano),17 another LXXXIII coin

The re-use of obsolete coins

99

acquired in Padua and given to the Berlin cabinet,18 and an as of Vespasian for Titus with XLII in the Livorno Museum which may be a local find. 19 From Montelibretti, in the Sabine hills to the east of Rome, come three of the specimens now in the Grierson Collection. 20 In the same collection, a dupondius of Vespasian with XLII is said to have been found in or near Bergamo.2l The 17 specimens in the Museo Nazionale Romano have been found mostly in the Tiber and an as ofTiberius came up in excavations carried out in Velleia. 22 Thus 72 specimens from Italy far outweigh the five coming from Africa. Provenance does not, therefore, appear to support the Vandalic origin of the countermarked coins. If the evidence of provenance points to Italy, it is to show only that the coins were circulating there; it is no proof that their marking took place there. Despite the few finds in Africa, the affinity of the countermarked coins with the Vandalic monetary system is too close to be easily disposed of. However, to account for the use of LXXXIII and XLII marked coins in Italy, two facts must be borne in mind: first, the values, though not represented in the monetary system of the Ostrogoths, could be quite as useful to them as XL. The former represented fractions of the siliqua of 500 nummi, whereas the latter represented only a fraction of a solidus of 12,000 nummi (atoth) without bearing a simple relation to the siliqua. An example of parallel circulation of coins with values quite close one to the other occurs at the end of Justinian's reign when the mint of Ravenna struck silver coins with PK (= 120) and PKE (= 125) (figs. C and D), the former being

c

D

a mUltiple of the follis of 40 nummi and the latter a neat fraction of the siliqua. 23 It could well be the case that the XLII bronzes began to circulate in Italy precisely when the PKE silver coins, each equivalent to three of its countermarked bronzes were being struck; or, conversely, that the silver coins were deliberately issued as a multiple of the former. Whichever was the correct order, the phenomenon would be evidence for a unified monetary system in the western Mediterranean following Justinian's conquests. Other instances bear witness to the arrival of 'Vandalic' or African currency in Italian circulation in the 540s.24 The interchange of coins between Italy and Africa was not reciprocal but rather a one-way traffic to the north, a most natural trend owing to the difference between a relatively peaceful and prosperous Africa and an Italy now devastated by the Gothic war. In conclusion, the following sequence may be proposed: (1) the striking at Carthage (c. 494-6)25 of heavy copper coins of XLII nummi; (2) to supplement this rather meagre issue, the countermarking, partly by an official authority but partly by private persons, of such older coins of corresponding size as happened to be to hand;26

100

CECILE MORRISSON

(3) following Justinian's conquest of Africa, the use of countermarked coins spread to Italy, to which troops had been transferred and where war conditions hindered minting and made official low-value currency scarce. Thus, the countermarked coins may be considered to have constituted a token coinage, or emergency money, in two senses: in the first, as a response to the limited size of the Vandalic issues of autonomous folies, and in the second, by their re-use in Italy under war conditions.

Table 9. Chronological distribution of countermarked bronzes· Augustus (27 BC-AD 14) Tiberius (14-37) Caligula (37-41) Claudius (41-54) Nero (54-68) Unidentified lulio-Claudians Total of lulio-Claudian issues Galba (68---9) Vespasian (69-79) Vespasian for Titus Titus (79-81) Domitian (8 1---96) Unidentified Flavians (Titus or Domitian) Total of Flavian issues Nerva (96--8) Trajan (98- II 6) Hadrian (I I7-38) Ae1ius (136--8) Antoninus Pius (138-61) Marcus Aure1ius (161-80) Commodus (180-92) Total of Antonine issues Septimius Severus (I93-2II) Caracalla (2 II - I7) Macrinus (2I7) Elagabalus (218-22) Severus Alexander (222-35) Gordian III (238-44) Gordian III for Salonina Total of post-Antonine issues TOTAL

2 (3?)

5 5 14 5 50 12 2 12 6 87

3 2

8

2

4 II3

• For sources see n. I below and sale catalouges listed among 'Printed Sources', IQ3 below. The photographs and casts are filed at the Centre d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance (CNRS-Com~ge de France), Paris.

The re-use of obsolete coins Table

10.

Analysis of reverse types/legends

Adventi aug Macedoniae Aequitas Aeternitas Annona Con cordia augusti Consecratio Eagle on globe Emperor in quadriga Emperor on horseback Felicitas publica Fides Fortuna, Moneta, or Virtus lovi conservatori ludaea capta luno regina Libertas publica Mars Vltor Pannonia Pax augusti Providentia aug Roma aeterna Sacrificial implements

I

15

3

2

2

I

4 (3 sestertii) I

6 (2 sestertii) 2

4 3 2

SC

4

Spes Temple of Jupiter Victoria (navalis or augusti) Virtus Two unidentified standing figures Unidentified standing figure Unidentified or uncertain types Illegible types TOTAL

101

12 I

16 2 2

3 17 113

PRINTED SOURCES

J. Friedliinder, 'Vandalische Miinzen', Berliner Blotter fur Munz-, Siegel- und Wappenkunde III 1866,283-284 (alluding to two coins with XLII in Berlin); 'Die Erwerbungen des Konigl. Miinzkabinets vom I. Jan. 1877 bis 31. Miirz 1878', ZjN VI 1879, 1-26 (referring to eight XLII asses and one LXXXIII piece). E. Dressel, 'Monete romane contrassegnate dai Vandali', Bullettino delf lstituto di Correspondenza Archeologica 1879, 126--128 (commenting on 27 coins from his collection either found or bought in or near Rome). A. Engel, 'Notes sur quelques contremarques antiques', RNJ 17 coins with XLII in the Visconti Collection).

V

1887,382-401 at 395-396 (noting

102

CECILE MORRISSON

G. Elmer, 'Neuentdeckte senatorischen Pragungen unter den Gothen in Rom', Mitteilungen der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien XVI 1927/1936,214 (describing one XLII coin of Vespasian in Vienna and another unmarked coin of the same emperor, E. suggests that they were imitations struck by Theodahad). K. Elsner, 'Nachtrag zu G. Elmer Neuentdeckte ... ', in the same volume of the Mitteilungen, 244 (describing a XLII coin of Titus from Estergom in Hungary previously noted by M. von Bahrfeldt in 'Contremarken auf Romischen/Kupferrniinzen der ersten Kaiserzeit', Bliitter fur Munzfreunde LXI 1926, 395-396; and a XLII coin of Vespasian in the author's own collection). K. Regling, 'Nachtrag zu G. Elmer Neuentdeckte . .. ', in the same volume of the Mitteilungen, 249 (commenting on the whole series, R. stresses the mainly Italian origin of the coins and the predominance of Flavian bronzes with the reverse type of Victoria imitated by Theodahad). J. P. Derriman, 'Vandal coins from Carthage', Numismatic Review II-ii 1944, II (referring to a sestertius ofVespasian with LXXXIII acquired as a duplicate from the Musee Lavigerie, Carthage). E. Leuthold, 'Bemerkungen zu Elmers Gotenmiinzen', Mitteilungen der Oesterreichischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft X 1957, 17-19 (reverting to the attribution of the countermarking to the Vandals and alluding to a number of specimens found in Tunis and the surrounding area). F. Panvini-Rosati, 'Contributo numismatico alla conoscenza di Velleia antica', Atti del III Convegno di Studi Veleiati, Piacenza .. . 1967 (Pubblicazioni della Facolta di Giurisprudenza [della Universita di Milano]: Studi di diritto romano VIII), Milan 1967,303-318 (among 3,200 coins found at Velleia some 400 may be identified with fair precision from the excavation journals and other sources; they stretch from the first century BC to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. P-R. cites a recently found XLII as of the Julio-Claudians, probably of Tiberius, and mentions 17 countermarked coins in the collection of the Museo Nazionale Romano.)

SALE CATALOGUES

(This list does not pretend to completeness; references to H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum. I. Augustus to Vitellius. London 1923; 11. Vespasian to Domitian. London 1930, hereafter BMCRE.) London. Christie's, 30 May 1949 (Earl Fitzwilliam), lot 488: dupondius ofVespasian (as BMCRE 112, no. 527) with XLII (now in the Fitzwilliam Museum as CM. 19-1949).

II,

Milan. Ars et Nummus (G. Nascia), list nos. 7/8 1960, lot 193: dupondius ofVespasian (as BMCRE II, 132, no. 612) with XLII; found at Bergamo (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). Munich. K. Kress, catalogue 117,26 January 1961, lot 846: as ofVespasian for Titus (reverse as BMCRE II, 143, no. 644, legionary eagle between two standards) with XLII (present whereabouts unknown). Munich. K. Kress, catalogue 121,4 December 1961, lot 630: as ofVespasian (reverse type, Spes) with XLII (present whereabouts unknown). New York. A. G. Malloy, 28 March 1973, lot 552: dupondius of Vespasian (types of BMCRE II, 128, no. 591) with XLII (present whereabouts unknown).

The re-use of obsolete coins

103

New York. H. M. F. Schulman, 27 October 1969 (T. O. Mabbott), lot 5133: dupondius for Divus Augustus (types not described) with XLII (present whereabouts unknown, but see Gibbs specimen below); lot 5134: as ofVespasian (types not described) with XLII (present whereabouts unknown). New York. H. M. F. Schulman, 6 April 1971 (H. D. Gibbs), lot 648 (illustrated as no. 642): as of Tiberius for Divus Augustus (as BMCRE I, 141, no. 146) with XLII (present whereabouts unknown).

NOTES

• A first version of this paper was presented at the joint meeting of the Royal Numismatic Society, the Societe Fran9aise de Numismatique, and the British Numismatic Society held in London on 8 and 9 October 1976 (BSFN XXXI 1976, 120). I should like to thank here all those who on that occasion showed interest in the subject and who were responsible for many helpful suggestions, namely Prof. M. Clover, Dr W. Hahn, Dr J. P. C. Kent, R. A. Merson, Dr B. H. I. H. Stewart, and T. R. Volk, as well as Phi lip Grierson for points communicated to me by letter. They are not responsible for my errors nor do they necessarily agree with my conclusions. The largest holdings are those of the Staatliche Museen in Berlin (61 specimens, of which 51 are from the Dressel Collection), the Fitzwilliam Museum (26 specimens, all but 3 of them in the Grierson Collection and one of them a sestertius) and the Museo Nazionale in Rome (17 specimens). The American Numismatic Society in New York has 6 asses (most of them Fla vi an issues), the British Museum 3 specimens, of which 2 are sestertii, the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris 3 specimens. Single coins have been seen in the trade or noted from sale catalogues and other publications; these are listed among the printed sources given above at 103. For information on coins in their collections I wish to express my thanks to Dr H.-D. Schultz (Berlin), Dr W. E. Metcalf (ANS), Dr J. P. C. Kent (British Museum), T. R. Yolk (Fitzwilliam Museum), T. R. Volk (Fitzwilliam Museum), DrW. Hahn(Institut fiir Numismatik, Vienna) and Dr Enrico Leuthold. Lack of time prevented me from studying the coins in Rome. 2 J. Friedliinder, 'Die Erwerbungen des Konigl. Miinzkabinets vom 1. Jan. 1877 bis 31. Miirz 1878', ZjN VI 1879, 1-26 at 22: 'gewiss wurden die Stiicke durch Feuer erweicht urn die tiefen groben Striche leichter einschneiden zu konnen'. MetallurI

gical analysis might perhaps confirm this hypothesis. 3 Considering the formation and date of the Berlin material and the provenance of some of Philip Grierson's coins (see n. 20 below), we can probably exclude the possibility that these are genuine Roman imperial bronzes countermarked in the 19th or 20th centuries. But forgeries of the countermarked series are not completely unknown; in 1975 I saw a very crude cast forgery in a small antique shop at Sion, Switzerland. 4 For example, two hoards buried in central France during the first half of the 4th century: Osmery I, a mixed deposit of sestertii and antoniniani, and Osmery 11, bronzes from Diocletian to 3 10 but including an as of Claudius. See P. Bastien, A. Cothenet, Tresors monetaires du Cher, Numismatique Roinaine VIII, Wetteren 1974, 24- 25. 5 In his 'Vandalische M iinzen " Berliner Blaller fur Munz-, Siegel- und WappenkundeIII 1866, 283-284at 284,J. Friedliinder cites Roman denarii found in 10th and Ilthcentury German hoards, Spanish countermarks of the 17th century on bronzes of Domitian (81-96) and Theodosius I (379-95), a silver coin of Syracuse countermarked 12 D by the British forces occupying

104

CECILE MORRISSON

Sicily at the beginning of the 19th century. He adds that late Roman, Byzantine, and Artuqid coins were still circulating in Asia Minor in his time. Even in 19th-century France many Roman coins were presented when the currency was called in for recoinage under Napoleon Ill, and during this century an 'obol' of Hadrian was to be found 'current in the Western Sudan in 1916'. I am grateful to R. A. Merson for drawing these last examples to my attention, see in part his 'A curious aspect of monetary history - the use of Roman coins in later ages', Seaby's Coin and Medal Bulletin no. 680 1975, 115-117. H. A. Cahn has published a Roman denarius of Nerva (96--8) with the graffito XXI carefully incised by the bust, apparently to adjust it to the XXI antoniniani struck two centuries later from Aurelian to the time of Diocletian (' Miszellen zur antiken Numismatik', Revue Suisse de Numismatique XXI 1944, 43-63 at 57-58). A completely worn coin, possibly a tessera, with a circular XXIII graffito was found in the Roman amphitheatre at Padua in 1881 (G. Gorini, 'Ritrovamenti monetali a Padova', Bollettino del Museo Civico di Padova LIX 1970, 3-7 I at 29, no. 70, with pI. I, no. 8: I owe this reference to T. R. Yolk). X. Barral i Altet has recently studied a series of late Roman, Suevic, and Visigothic gold coins found in Spain which bear curious graffiti making up XX, L, V, 11 and other less easily deciphered marks in 'Monnaies sueves contremarquees a la pointe', Melanges de numismatique d'archeologie et d'histoire offerts cl Jean Lafaurie (ed. P. Bastien, F. Dumas, H. Huvelin, e. Morrisson), Paris 1980, 167-169. 6 Annual Report of the American Numismatic Society for ... 1979, 17, fig. 14 (Jollis of Heraclius on a coin of Hadrianeia (?) for Hadrian); R. Spahr, Le monete siciliane dai Bizantini a Carlo I tf Angio, Ziirich/Graz 1976, pI. Ill, no. 118 ter.; [So Bendall], of Leontius', 'Three overstrikes NCirc LXXIX 1971, 7 (three half.jolles overstruck on two' radiati' of Constantine I and one of Maximian I); S. Bendall, 'Constans 11 on Constantine 1', NCirc

1975, 338; P. Grierson, Heraclius Constantine to Theodosius III (641-7/7). Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks collection (ed. A. R. Bellinger, P. Grierson), II-ii, Washington, D.e. 1968, 629, no. 8b.3 (jollis of Tiberius III overstruck on coin of the First or Second Tetrarchy). I have not seen e. Hale, 'A 7th century 40 nummia piece struck on a 4th century imperial Roman centenionalis', North American Journal of Numismatics VII 1968, 196--108. Also found overstruck on Roman imperial issues are anonymousfulus of the reformed Umayyad coinage with the type of a pious invocation (post 77 AH = post 698/9 AD): L. Ilisch, 'Dieunmayyadischen ... Kupfermiinzen von Hims', Milnstersche Numismatische Zeitung x-iii 1980, 25, for specimens in the author's own collection and for one, bought in Tiflis by General de Bartholomaei, struck on a 'radiatus' of Maximian I (see also J. de Bartholomaei, 'Quatrieme lettre ... sur des monnaies orientales inedites' RBNS4 11 1864, 289-359 at 327-3 28 ). 7 Marks of value apparently different from these on some coins in the Grierson Collection can be otherwise explained: XL on two examples is due to the III strokes taking very faintly (pI. 11, nos 24 and 25); XIX on another specimen is similarly an example of defective marking of XLII (pI. I I, no. 26). An instance of XX cannot be doubted but should probably be explained as an engraver's mistake, since a true XX mark could have been intended to adjust the coin only to the Ostrogothic half.jollis with XX in the reverse exergue, a coin whose size is too small to have served as the prototype (pI. I I, no. 27). 8 P. Grierson, 'The Tablettes Albertini and the value of the solidus in the fifth and sixth centuries AD', JRS XLIX 1959, 73-80 at 78 (reprinted in Dark Age numismatics as article iv). 9 I know of eight (or ten) specimens: one in the Grierson Collection at the Fitzwilliam Museum (pI. 9, no. I), three in the British Museum (e.g., pI. 9, no. 2), and in Berlin. Another was acquired as a 'duplicate' from the Carthage museum during the last war by LXXXIII

The re-use of obsolete coins T. O. Mabbott (J. P. Derriman, 'Vandal coins from Carthage', Numismatic Review ll-ii 1944, I I): I have not been able to trace its present whereabouts. A coin of Titus found at Rome in 1876 was formerly in the Kircher Museum (E. Dressel, 'Monete romane contrassegnate dai Vandali', Bullettino dell'Istituto di Correspondenza Archeologica 1879, 126- I 28 at 128); it is presumably among the specimens now in the collection of the Museo Nazionale in Rome. The mean weight of the eight coins I have been able to check is 22.16 g., with a standard deviation of 5.02; their mean diameter is 30 mm. 10 For example, see L. Poinssot, 'Trois inscriptions chretiennes de Tubernoc', Memoires de la Societe Nationale des Antiquaires de France 8 VIII 1934,66-74 at 68. Although well documented in Africa, this form is not unique to the province as Prof. N. Duval has pointed out to me. Too much weight should not, therefore, be laid on this in seeking the origin of the marks. The prolonged horizontal bar of the L is characteristic of the letter when used as a numeral: J. Mallon, Paleographie romaine, Madrid 1952, 12 4- 12 5. 11 Friedliinder, n. 2 above; W. Wroth, Catalogue of the coins of the Vandals, Ostrogoths and Lombards ... in the British Museum, London 191 I. 12 That the diameter is the most important feature in such cases of the re-use of obsolete coins is proved by the following evidence about Roman bronzes current in Algeria in the 1840s: 'A Tebessa ... des monnaies imperiales romaines de bronze, circulaient en assez grand nombre et etaient echangees concurremment avec les monnaies turques ... Le grand bronzeequivalaiUl I ou 2 centimes suivant le module' (R. Troussel, Recueil des notes et memoires de la societe Archeol. de Constantine LXV-LXVI 1942-8, 145)· 13 Wroth, n. II above, 3-4, 6-7; Grierson, n. 8 above, 77-78; D. M. Metcalf, The origins of the Anastasian monetary reform, Amsterdam 1969,9. 14 This argument does not dispose of the LXXXIII mark, as this has no equivalent on

15 16

I7 18 19

20

105

a struck coin. It must have arisen from the existing value relationship between the dupondius, with which the as was then confused owing to the 0 bscuring, through the passage of time, of the former's distinctive orichalcum colour, and the sestertius. With dupondii (and asses) passing for 42, it was natural that the sestertius should be valued at double. The reason why the larger coin was rated at 83 and not at 84, as Friedliinder believed (see n. 2 above), is that 42 was a rounding-up of 4Ii and, as was normal, this was compensated for by rounding-down the next value (83 for 83i), thus together making exactly 125 nummi. See n. 9 above. See E. Leuthold, 'Bemerkungen zu Elmers Gotenmiinzen', Mitteilungen der Oesterreichische Numismatische Gesellschaft 2 X 1957, I7-19 at 19. I am grateful to Dr E. Leuthold Jr for the three coins' identification (references to H. Cohen, Description historique des monnaies frappees sous I' empire romain 2 , Paris/London 1880-1892): Augustus C. 226; Vespasian C. 453; Vespasian C. 606. In the same article Leuthold refers to 'einige Dupondii von Titus'. These shared the provenance of the earlier coins but were not acquired as being too worn. No details of these coins have survived. I myself have looked in vain for specimens both in Tunisian museums and in private collections formed in Tunisia. See n. 9 above. Friedliinder, n. 2 above, 22. I am grateful to T. R. Yolk for providing casts of this coin (Livorno 0227, pI. I I, no. 28). The collection of the Museo Civico 'as a whole is believed to have derived from local finds (i.e. the Tuscan littoral), though the admixture of some material from N. Africa cannot be ruled out'. They are from a hoard found in 1954, which according to an unpublished report by the late Dr R. Chierici contained imperial bronzes from the third to fifth centuries, together with bronzes of the Eastern Empire (Zeno, Basiliscus, Anastasius, Justinian), the Ostrogoths, and the Vandals (mainly anonymous nummi). This report is cited by F. M. Clover at n. 24 of an as yet

106

2I

22

23 24

CEC1LE MORR1SSON

unpublished article, 'Relations between North Africa and Italy A.D. 476-500: some numismatic evidence', due to appear in Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt (ed. H. Temporini, etc.), Berlin/New York. Mr Clover was kind enough to communicate his text to me in advance of publication. See 102 above, Printed Sources: 'Sale Catalogues': Milan; the coin is among the additional Grierson pieces referred to in no. I above. F. Panvini-Rosati, 'Contributo numismatico alia conoscenza di Velleia antica', Alii del III Convegno di Studi Veleiati (Pubblicazioni della Facolta di Giurisprudenza [della Universita di MilanoJ Studi di diritto romano VIII), Milan 1967, 303-318 at 30 6-3°7. See Grierson, n. 8 above. In the Castro dei Volsci (province of Frosinone) hoard, deposited after 541, Vandalic and Byzantine bronzes from Carthage form the second largest group after the mass of coins struck in Italy, see L. Cesano, 'Della moneta enea corrente in Italia nell'ultima eta imperiale e sotto i re ostrogoti', RIN XXVI 1913, 511-556 at 511-525. The same is true of a recent find of fifth- to sixth-century minimi at Massafra near Taranto (E. Travaglini, Thesaurus Massafrensis, Brindisi 1977). On the other

hand, Ostrogothic and other Italian coins are quite rare in N. African finds or collections. 25 C. Morrisson, 'Les origines du monnayage vandale', Actes du VIII'· Congres lnternationaldeNumismatique,New York/ Washington 1973, Paris/Bale 1976, 461-472. 26 Size was certainly the crucial element in re-issuing the coins. Too much emphasis should not be placed on their types. The relatively high incidence of Victoria reverses among the coins held at Berlin led Regling to link them with the folies of Theodahad (rev. VICTORIA PRINCIPIS) (fig. E), supposing that the latter had been inspired by the countermarked Victoria asses. From a survey of all the available material, however, the predominance of the Victoria type among the countermarked asses is less clear (see Table 10 above), so that Regling's conclusion is unsafe. Coins with types of Aequitas and of Spes constitute distinct groups, each nearly equal in number to the Victoria type (15 and 12 coins respectively against 16 with Victoria). Although I have not been able to compare this distribution of types with the pattern of first- to third-century issues, I would suppose that the types of the countermarked coins were roughly in line with those of the original issues.

E

KEY TO ILLUSTRA TIONS

Text figures A Anonymous Vandal issue, 42 nummi, as Wroth, n. I I above, p. 6, nos. 3-7 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). B Anonymous Vandal issue, 21 nummi, as Wroth, n. I I above, p. 6, no. 8 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection).

The re-use of obsolete coins

10 7

C Justinian I, Ravenna mint, 120 noummia (Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale: C. Morrisson, Catalogue des monnaies byzantines I (Paris 1970), 117, no. 4/Rv / lR/15). D Justinian I, Ravenna mint, 125 noummia (Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale: Morrison, Catalogue I, 117, no. 4/RV /lR/12). E Theodahad, JoWs, as Wroth, n. 11 above, 75, no. 19 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). Plate 9 (All coins are asses unless otherwise noted.) I Vespasian for Titus (AD 72/3), rev. Judaea cap ta, sestertius, 26.37 g., cp. BMCRE 11, 117, no. 543 var. (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection, illustrated by Metcalf, n. 13 above, pI. i, no. 4). 2 Vespasian for Titus (72/3), rev. Judaea cap ta, sestertius, 23.75 g., as BMCRE 11, 116, no. 536 (British Museum: Pearce gift 1934-3-4-2). 3 Titus or Domitian for Gennanicus (80/1 or 82), rev. type as BMCREII, 288, nos. 293-5 (Titus) and BMCREII, 416, no. 51 I (Domitian), 10.02 g. (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 4 Vespasian for Domitian (73), rev. Spes, 10.63 g., as BMCREn, 158, no. 688 (Berlin: Dressel Collection). 5 Domitian, rev. Fides, 8.60 g., types of BMCREII, 377, no. 364 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 6 Hadrian for Ae1ius (137), rev. Pannonia, 13.22 g., as BMCREm, 547, no. 1936 (Berlin: Dressel Collection). 7 Vespasian (71), rev. Eagle on globe, dupondius, 9.06 g., as BMCREII, 132, no. 612 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection, found in Bergamo). 8 Domitian, rev. Aeternitas, 8.59 g., rev. type generally as BMCRE 11, 266, no. 208 (Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale). Plate 10 9 Commodus, rev. Annona, sestertius, 20.55 g., rev. type as BMCREIV, pI. ciii, no. 3 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 10 Titus or Domitian for Germanicus (80/1 or 82), illegible epigraphic rev. as no. 3, 8.65 g. (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). I I Vespasian for Titus (72), rev. Spes, 9.30 g., as BMCRE 11, 142, no. 642 (Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum no. 191218). 12 Vespasian (76), rev. Spes, 10.80 g., BMCRE 11, 16g, no. 726 (Berlin: Dressel Collection). 13 Commodus for Marcus Aurelius, rev. Consecratio, 8.88 g., rev. as BMCRE IV, 764, no. 405 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 14 Antoninus Pi us for Faustina I (after 141), rev. Aeternitas, 8.40 g., rev. ? as BMCRE IV, 249, no. 1558 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 15 Marcus Aurelius for Commodus (179/80), rev. Virtus, dupondius, 13.14 g., as BMCREIV, 683, no. 1724 (Berlin: Dresse1 Collection). 16 Vespasian (?73 or 74), rev. Victoria navalis, 10.76 g., rev. as BMCRE 11, 152, no. 666 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 17 Claudius (41-54), illegible rev. (? Minerva), 10.75 g. (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 18 Vespasian, rev. Victoria (?navalis/augusti), 10-49 g., rev. type generally as no. 16 (Berlin: Dressel Collection).

108

ClklLE MORRISSON

Plate I I 19 Vespasian for Titus (77/8), rev. Spes, IO-47 g., as BMCRE II, I75, no. 11 (Berlin: Dressel Collection). 20 Vespasian for Domitian (73), rev. Domitian on horseback, IO.83 g., BMCRE II, 158, no. 689 var. (Berlin: general collection). 21 Severus Alexander, rev. Providentia aug., generally as BMCREvI, 201, no. 883 (formerly stock of A. H. Baldwin & Sons Ltd, London). 22 Hadrian (II9-38), rev.? Felicitas aug., 10.68 g., as BMCRE rn, 481, no. 1589 (Berlin: Dressel Collection). 23 Vespasian (77/8), rev. Victoria august., 10.12 g., as BMCRE II, 174, no. 740 (Berlin: general collection 1918/471). 24 Vespasian for Titus (?72), rev. Pax august., I 1.40 g., rev. as BMCRE II, 155, no .• (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 25 Vespasian (?7I), rev. Eagle on globe, 9.35 g., rev. type as BMCRE II, 132, no. 612 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 26 Nero (66), rev. Temple of Janus, 8.73 g., rev. generally as BMCRE 1,244, no. 230 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 27 Titus (80/1), rev. Aeternitas, 7.98 g., as BMCRE II, 265, no. 206 (Fitzwilliam Museum: Grierson Collection). 28 Vespasian for Titus (73 or 74), rev. Victoria navalis, 9.75 g., rev. generally as BMCRE II, 156, no. 677 (Livorno: Museo Civico).

The re-use of obsolete coins

10 9

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CECILE MORRISSON

110

10

9

13

14

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The re-use of obsolete coins

III

19

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25

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27

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I I

8 Interpreting the alloy of the Merovingian silver coinage D. M. METCALF

The silver deniers which were the currency of Merovingian Gaul from c. 670 until Pepin's reform in the mid-eighth century have been studied with devoted thoroughness by Lafaurie. He has been at pains to make it clear that our understanding of the series is restricted by the extreme incompleteness and patchiness of the evidence. l The available coins, which nearly all come from a handful of hoards, evidently represent only a tiny proportion of the dies originally used at more than fifty mints. The survival rate seems to be distinctly lower than in the contemporary Anglo-Saxon series. One aspect of the Merovingian silver coinage which has not yet been explored is its alloy. These few pages, dedicated with deep respect and gratitude to Philip Grierson, who supervised my first steps in numismatic research at Cambridge twenty years ago, provide some information to fill the lacuna. 2 Professor Grierson generously made his own collection available for chemical analysis, and the results from a selection of one hundred specimens are presented below (Table I I). Since few numismatists, probably, will realise how scarce Merovingian silver coins are - far more so than Merovingian gold - I may add that the Ashmolean Museum has only two comparable pieces. Professor Hall kindly allowed the use of the 'Isoprobe', an X-ray fluorescence focussing spectrometer in the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, at Oxford. Limitations of space preclude a detailed account of the instrument, the sample preparation, or the standards used for calibration. They have been described elsewhere. 3 The same methods were used as for the analysis of a series of Anglo-Saxon pennies, the so-called' sceattas', in order to ensure comparability between the two sets of results.4 Analysis on an abraded section on the edge of the coin should in theory discount surface effects, such as corrosion or surface enrichment, and should measure the unaltered alloy; in practice, however, it is a delicate and sometimes perhaps an impossible task, within the limitations of acceptable aesthetic damage, to obtain even an approximately correct result from these tiny coins, particularly when they are debased. The positioning of the coin so that the X-ray beam strikes the exact centre-line of the edge can be critical. The patinated surface often differs markedly in alloy from the interior, so that the silver percentage may be either much higher or much lower.

113

114

D.M.METCALF

Whereas the Anglo-Saxon 'sceatta' coinage reached its full flowering of design in a secondary phase, beginning c. 730, during which there was rapid and severe debasement, there is relatively little evidence of debasement in Gau\. This may be partly because few of the late coins have survived, and few are included in the selection analysed. Most of the Merovingian deniers (other than those of Marseilles) contain c. 93-94 %'silver' - that is, silver including the traces of gold, bismuth, and lead, of which the mint workers would have been unaware and which they would have weighed as silver. The fineness corresponds closely with sterling, which reflects a traditional and practical degree of alloy to give just the necessary hardness to the metal. Two coins associated with the Savonnieres hoard (nos. 5 and 7 below), for which Lafaurie5 has suggested 740-5 as the date of concealment, are fully up to this standard of fineness, in spite of their relatively late date. The coins of Marseilles are known to us chiefly from the Nice-Cimiez hoard, 6 for which a date of deposit of 741 has been suggested. The varieties attributed to the Patrice of Provence Ansedert or Austrebert (nos. 47-50), and which have generally been dated to the end of the seventh century, fall in the range 85-90% 'silver'. Those of Nemfidius (nos. 51-70), which are almost certainly from the turn of the century, seem to fall, according to type, either in the same range or in a lower range (c. 65-75%). Most of the specimens analysed were repositioned several times in the spectrometer, turned this way and that, and re-measured after successive c1eanings of the edge. The results were sometimes different by as much as 10% or even 20%, because of the severe difficulties of overcoming the problems of surface depletion or enrichment. In interpreting the results, which are as reliable as care could make them, common sense is nevertheless an important ingredient. The Nice-Cimiez hoard, moreover, awaits a thorough numismatic study. That said, it seems almost certain that the coinage of Marseilles was being debased some twenty years or more before there was any decline at other mints. Lafaurie has tentatively suggested successive reductions in weight standard with 24-shilling and 25-shilling standards represented in Nice-Cimiez. If weights are plotted against silver contents, the available analyses offer only very limited evidence in support of two standards. Of the debased coins other than those from Provence, nos. 12 and 94 point towards Paris and its region as being active in minting at a date (presumably) towards the middle of the eighth century. It may be that the striking of denarii dwindled away elsewhere, and that the expedient of debasement was not adopted. In Frisia, the secondary so-called 'porcupines' are appreciably debased; and the 'interlace' coins of Maastricht decline from an originally very acceptable standard (no. 34) to an eventual 35% silver.7 The Frisian pattern thus seems to have been closer to the English. Tin is a quite regular constituent in the alloy of the coins, commonly in a ratio of as much as one to eight in relation to copper. In the debased coins of Marseilles, however, the total tin content rarely exceeds about 2 %. A more lavish use of tin, as found in the Anglo-Saxon 'sceattas' of the secondary phase, is rare in Gaul. Measurable amounts of zinc showed up in half-a-dozen of the coins which are characteristic of the Civitas

The alloy of M erovingian silver coinage

115

Biturigum, the region of Bourges (nos. 14- 19). They hint at the exploitation of some local source of calamine in the Massif Central. 8 There are no very obvious patterns in the gold traces, and none for bismuth. 9 It should be said, however, that X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is not the most suitable method of measuring trace elements. Reliable comparisons between the trace elements in the later Merovingian deniers, in those of Pepin's reform, and in Offa's pence remain a desideratum.lO

THE ANALYSES

Abbreviations: B A. de Belfort, Description generale des monnaies merovingiennes par ordre alphaberique des ateliers I-V, Paris 1892-1895. Bais M. Prou, S. Bougenot, Catalogue des deniers merovingiens de la trouvaille de Bais, Paris 1908 (reprinted from RN4 XI 1907, 184-228; 362-396; 481-514). BMC A-S c. F. Keary, R. S. Poole, A catalogue of English coins in the British Museum, Anglo-Saxon series I, London 1887. M-F A. Chabouillet, Catalogue raisonne de la collection de deniers merovingiens des viie & viiie siecies de la trouvaille de Cimiez donnee au Cabinet des Medailles de la Bibliotheque Nationale par M' Arnold Morel-Fatio, Paris 1890. N Nohanent: see n. I below. P M. Prou, Les monnaies merovingiennes, Catalogue des monnaies franc;aises de la Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris 1896. Pia. Plassac: see n. I below. St-P Saint-Pierre-Ies-Etieux: see n. I below. S Savonnieres: see n. 5 below.

Il6

D.M.METCALF

12

Table

I I.

Civitas

Mint, etc.

I LYON 2 CHALON 3 CHALON 4 CHALON 5 TOURS 6 TOURS 7 CHARTRES 8 PARIS 9 PARIS 10 PARIS I l PARIS 12 PARIS 13 BoURGES 14 BoURGES 15 BoURGES 16 BoURGES 17 BoURGES 18 BOURGES 19 BOURGES 20 BOURGES

Lyon Chalon Chalon Chalon Tours Uncertain Chateaudun Paris Paris Paris Paris Paris ? Gournay Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain

3

4

5

13

14

15

Analyses of Merovingian silver coins

Moneyer, etc.

lnportunus

Bibliography P nos. 99- 101 BI, no. 1278 BI, no. 1260 = N no. 6 =Sno.13 Bais no. 289 S 7 I ; pI. viii B BIll, nos. 3414ff. ? = BIll, no. 3534 Bm, no. 3542 ? = BIll, no. 3540 =St·p no. 40 Cr. St·p no. 46 (?) Cr. Pia. no. 56 Cr. SI-P no. 37 ? = Pia. no. 72

P. no. 2255; see commentary at St-P p. 16