DOE/NASA/3152-78/! NASA CR-135382
William- R. Martini University of Washington
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DOE/NASA/3152-78/! NASA CR-135382
William- R. Martini University of Washington
.., •
-.
_
P.repared
_,_-_'_,'__'_._" _t
for
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Lewis Research Center Under
Grant
i
NSG-3152
_or
U.S, DEPARTMENT OFENERGY Office of Conservation and Solar Applications Division-of Transportation Energy Conservation
•
DOEINA SA13152-7811 .NASACR-i35382
STIRLING ENGINE DESIGN MANUAL
WilliamR. Martini University ofWashington JointCenterfor Graduate Study 100SproutRd. Richland,Washington 99352 April1978 Prepared for National Aeronautics and.Space Administration Lewis. Research Center Cleveland, Ohio44135 UnderGrantNSG-3152 . for U.S,DEPARTMENT OF. ENERGY Office ofConservation andSolar Applications-• Division ofTransportation Energy ConSerVation Washington, D.C... 20545 UnderInteragency Agreement EC-7?-A-31-1011
PREFACE
The author wishes to acknowledgethe aid of the followingpeople who materially assisted the productionof this manual outsideof their regularemployment. They gave informationnot generallyavailableor conferredwith the author at length or reviewedand correctedthe manuscript, or a combinationof the above. They are: W. T. Beale, R. Beiair,E. H. Cooke-Yarborough, D. A. Didion,J. Finegold,T. Finkelstein,F. E..Heffner,L. C..HOffnlan, A. Organ, B. Qvale, C. J. Rallis,G. Rice, P. A. Ribs, A. Ros_, A. SchoCk,J. R. Senft, J. L. Smith, Jr., I. Urieli,and G. Walker.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Figures . ..-,......................... Tables
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viii
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I. Sunlnary..... . .............................. 2 Introduction •
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2.1 WilyShould AnybodyBe InterestedIn-StiflingEngines? ..... 2.2 What Is A StiflingEngine? ........... _ ............. 2.3 Major Types Of StiflingEngines ................ 2.3.1 2.3.2 2,3,3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6
Heat Sources ' .............. _ ...... Solid-GasHeat'Transfer............... Gas Transportand Power Take-Off (Seals-),.......... Power Control .................. , .... Heat Sinking . • . ,-. .... -.... -........... WorkingGas ....................... , ....
2.4 Prese,lt And FutureApplicationAreas ................. 2.4.1 Silent Electr_cPower,, ..................... 2.4.2 ReliableElectricPower .......................... 2.4.3..Motor.. VehiclePower .-• • . . • • • • • ....... . . 2..4.4 Heat PumpingPower ................... 2.4.5 BiomedicalPower ..................... 2.4.6 Central Station Power . . , .............. 2.4.7 Power For Other Uses?. ................. 3. CurrentAutomotiveScale.Engines .................... 3.1'-Philips-FordP_ograms'
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9 9 I0 12 13 14
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14 14_ 15 15 16 17 17 17
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3.1.I The 1-98 Engine (76 e) .................... 3.1.2 -The4-215 Engine (77 k, 77 aq) .............. 3.1.3 The 4-98 Engine (7.7k) .................
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3.2 United StirlingEngines (77 i, 77 j,.77.al, 77 am) ........
18 -li_ 20 20 -26-
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3.2.1 Apl_lication Plan .... . .................... 3 2 2 Engine Design .....................
3.2.2.1 Seals 3.2.2.2 Gas Cooier ...... . ............... 3.2.2..3Gas Heater ....... .......... 3.2.2.4 Buf'ner& Air Prelleater .............. 3.2.2.5 Power Control .......... ......... 3.2.3 Engine-Per.forn_nce ...................
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33 34 34 35 37
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3.3 GeneralMotors Engine ......................... 3.3.1 History . • ' " ' ti.................... 3.3.2 NASA-LewisTes ng ..................... • 3• 3• 3 Eng,ne Measuveuz_nts (7lbd) . .............
26 30
40 " ,
40 42 44
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3,4 FFV Engine ................................ 4. Review Of Engine DesignMethods ...........
44
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¢,I StirlingEngine Cycle Analysis .................
52 .....
52
4.1.1 StirlingCycle, Zero Dead Volume, PerfectRegeneration 4.1.2 StirlingCycle, Zero Dead Volun_e,Imper.fect Regeneration 4.1.3 Otto Cycle, Zero Dead Volume,Perfector Imperfect Regeneration ........ 4.1.4 StiflingCycle_ Variabie'DeadVolume,Perfector i ImperfectRegeneration ............. 4.1.5 CombinedStiflingand Otto Cycle Variable Dead"Volume, Perfector ImperfectRegeneration...... . . .. . . .......... 4.1.6 Conclusionsfroiil Cycle Analysis ..... . .......
54 57
4.2 Eirst Order _sign Methods......................
65 68 72
4.2,1oi Engine Definition . ................. 4.2.1.2 Sample Engine Specifications.............. 4.2.1.3 NumericalAnalysis ................... 4,2,1,4. SchmidtEquations , ................ .....
4,2,2,1..... Engine Definitionand SanipleEngine Specifications.................... 4.2.2.2 NumericalAnalysis ................ 4,2.2,3 SchmidtEquations .............. 4.?..3 ExperienceFactors ..................... 4,2,3,1 EfficiencyExperienceFactors ......... 4.2.3.2 Power ExperienceFactors............ 4.2.4 First Order Design Procedure ............... 4.2.5 Cnnc.lusions on First Order Design Methods.......... 4.3 SecondOrder DesignMethods .............
61
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4.2,]..Piston- DisplacerEngines . . ............
4,2.,2 Dual Piston Engines ..............
60
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4.3.1 CapitalLetter Nomenclaturefor Section4.3 ....... 4.3.2 Basic Power Output .......................
72 75 75 78 82 82 82 85 89, 90 lO0 I00 lOl lOl I02 lOB
4.3.2.1 SchmidtEquations- Sihusoidal- Isothenllal. .
I09
4.3.2.1.I Alpha, Dual Piston Fot_nof Schmidt Equation ............ 4.3.2.!.2 Beta Engine Fo_'mSchmidt Equation . . 4.3.2.1.3 Gamma Engine Form Schmidt Equation
I09 I09 llO
4,3.2.2 Basic Power AssumingSinusoidal,NonIsothen]]al Processes........... 4.3.2.3 Non-Sinusoidal,Isotheriilai ........... 4.3.2,3.1 Rho,_)ic-Beta (PhilipsEngines) . . . 4.3.2.3.2 Crank Drive-AlphaEngine ....... 4.3.2.4 Non-Sinusoldal,Non-lsothe_lal.........
IlO llO Ill I13 ll5
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4.3.3.1
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Loss ...................
_..... _ _,,...... I .] , -
.......
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Screens ................ Slots .................
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120 121 121
4.3.5 Basic Heat Input , .... ....... 4,3,6 Reheat Loss ......................... 4.3.7 ShuttleConduction ....................
121 122 129
4.3.8.1 ConstantArea Conduction........... VariableArea, VariableThermal'Conductivity . , 4.3.8 4,3,8.2 Gas and Solid Conduction .................
134 134 133
4.3.8,4 -RadiationAlong a Cy.linder with Radiation 4.3.8,3 ConductionThroughRegeneratorMatrices .... Shields ..... •...............
138138
4..3.9 PumpingLoss ............................ 4.3.10 TemperatureSwing Loss . .................... 4.3,11 InternalTemperatureSwing Loss ............ 4,3,12 First Round Engine.PerformanceSunm_ary .... ' .... 4.3.13 Heat ExchangerEvaluation.................. _q,
I17 117 120
4.3.3.3 Heaterand Cooler PressureDrop - Interleaving 4.3.3.2 Heater Fins , and Cooler PressureDrop Tubular . . , 4,3,3.4 Heater, o e n Regenerator i d g o . ..
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Regenerator Pressure Drop 4.3.3.1,I 4,3,3,1,2
L=,_
'if': i!r
Fluid Friction
4.3.13.1 TubularHeat Exchangers.............. 4.3,13,2 AnnularGap Heat Exchangers, ......... 4.3.13.3 Isothermalizer Heat Exchangers .......
139 139 140 140 140 140 141 141-
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4.4.1 •BasicDesignMethod .... .............. 4.4.2 Funda_ntal Differential u tions . .......... 4.4,2.1 COntinuityEquation .. , , .......... 4 4 2 2 Momentum Equation 4.4.2.3 Energy Equation ..................... 4 4 2 4 Equationof State
144 144 144 146 146 147
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4..4.3 Comparisonof Third Order Design Methods....... 4.4.3.1 Urieli .................. ...... 4,4,3,2 Schock .................... • . ,. 4.4.3,3 Vanderbrug................... 4.4..3,4Finkelstein ........... 4,4.3,5 Lewis ResearchCenter ( e ............ ...
147 147 148 148 149 150
4.3.14 Iterationto Find EffectiveGas Temperature .......... 4.3....... 14.1 Flow Heat Exchangers ..... . 4.3.14.2 Isotherm_l izer Heat Exchangers ........
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4.3.15 Coi_clusions or_Second Order Design Methods ....... . . . . 4.4 Third Order DesignHethods , ........ ............
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l,,_J.......i:.,-:,_.-_,,:_li.,.-_;'_::.;...t-_,',t_ .... ,.,t .,_ ! ._!_:.._
4.4.4 Conclusionson Third Order Design Methods ............. omparisonOf Theory With Experin_n£..................
5" "5.25.3 _'1 MITThe. Allis°n GPu.3Coollng Engine EngineFnglne.......... ......................... , , , , , ........... _......... ..............
152 153
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7. Sample Design Procedure ......... 167 6. Auxilia.7StirllngEngine Design Problems" .................. .-. ............... 366. 7.1 StirlingEngine Design Form --W. R. Martini,October, 1977..... 168 7.2 Sample Design Calculation.......... , ........... . . . 219 248 8. References ........ . ......................... 9.
Directory
.................................
Api_endix A ............................. •
355 ' " "
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F!GURES 2-I
Common Process for all Heat Engines .....
i.!_ . ..........
S
2-3 Example of Closed Cycle Gas TurbineEn,qine ............. 6 2-4 EssentialCharacterof a Stlrling Engine . , , . , ........ 7 2-5 StiflingEngine DeSign Option Block Diagram ............ 8 2-6 Main Types of StirlingEngine Arrangements ............. lO 2-7 RiniaArrangement ...... , , .................. il 2-8 PhilIps Double-ActingSwashplateEngine .............. li 3-I Philips 1-98 Engine on a Test Bench ................. Ig .......... 2-2 Exampleof Internal Combustion Engine ................. 6 3-2 Cross Section Of a Rhombic Drive Engine .... , ......... i9 3-3a Phllips-Ford2-215 Engine Cross Section .......... , . . . . 21 3-3b. Philips-FOrd2,215 Engine Assembled .................... Zi 3-4 Stirling Engine Fuel Econon_,v ...................... 22 • 3-6 3-5 3-7 3-8
Stiriing Emissions............ The 4-g8 Engine PartialDe,cription....
... _ ...... , ---...........
Engine PerformanceMap for the Ford ........... Pino Packagingof the Ford 4-98 Engine in4-g8 a lg76 t ,
Rear Wheel Drive . -68"Eng ,n; 3-g Packaging ofthe Ford in'a
23 .27 28
.....
29 3u 3'I 32 . 33 _. 34
V4X35 Engine Air-Fuel ...... , . .... , . 36 Temperatureand Contro 1 .............. .......... 37 Cold StartingSequencefor the United Stiriing ............. 35 Speed and PressureResponsefor the united.S:tirli_g V4X35 Engine .... ............. ....... 39 3-20 Cross Sectionof Double-ActingV8 PlSO"Engine ........... Oeveloping140 KW at 2400 rpm ................ 40 3-17 3-i6 3-19
3-24 3-25 3-26 3-27 3-2B
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41
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41
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Measured GroundSpecificFuel Power Unit for Consumptionfor )learSilentOperation the GPU-3"Eng ine ' ..... : .... 43 42 Measured Engine Horsepowerfor the GPU-3 . ..-..... • . . . 43 Schematicof Single CylinderStirling Ehgine'with Rhombic Drive ................. 48 Schematicof WorkingSpace • : : : : : : : : : : : 49 SchematicShowing Dlm_nslonsNeedecLforCalculating Heat Conductlon ........... . • . • 50 ..........
3-23
PerformanceResults PlSO V4 Engine Module for with PlSO AuxillarleS'o.'f V4 Module _.... 1SO Engine ShowingPresent DeveioI_me.nt Status (UnitedStirling)........... The General Motors GPU-3-2 StirlingElectric
3-29 Schematic Showing Arrangement of'Regener;tor'Cooier Unit Around Cylinder .................... , ......... '.
viii
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FrontWheel Drive.. , . ... , ...... . . .......... 3-i0 united StirllngAppllcationPlan . . ............... 3-11.... United Stirling P-150Engine in a Truck .............. 3-12 Conceptfor United StiflingProductionEngines ............ 3-13 The Urdted StirlingRod Seal ....................... 3-14 United Stirling InvoluteHeate'r............... .... 3-15 United StirlingBurner and Air Preheater
3-21 3,22
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List of Figures Page 2 3-30 4-1 4-2 4-3
Rhombtc Drive Scllen_ttc , . , , , , . , . , , , ......... Theo_ttcal SttPltng: Ericsson at_dOtto Cycles ......... rt_eorettcel Cycles , , ...... , ............ Simple 5ttrll_9 Engle_ewtttl Annular" Gap Re,qenerator i .......
4-4 •_-5
Effect. of Regenerator EFt'ect_veness on Eff!¢tency ........ 59 EffeCt of Dead Volu_mzo_ worl< per Cycle fat _ Isothermal Spaces ai_d Constaf_t Average Pressu_e ....... Comparison of Adiabatic ae_dIsothermal Hot end'Cold ..... _'......_4 Gas Spaces fop 33_, Dead Voluz_. , ........ 71 Pt_ton Displacer Et_gtz_eN_en_lOtu_e_ ............... 73 Phasing9of Displacer and Powe_'Plstow .............. )_ Flow Otogra_ fo_' Wbrk h_tegr_l Analysis , , , , , , , , ,, , , , 77 I)ual Ptston Engt_e NOi_._cia_,',',_and Assumpttohs fo_' Sa e cse , , ,- .......... o ..... Work D_ag_am t'otDual Plsto_)Sample Cas_.. ,., , , , ,% Engine ExperienceFactor No_nclatu_ ................. 91 IndlcatedEfficlencles .................. 91 O_IculatedIndicatedEfficlehclesi'oC"Optimized-. Phfllps1-98 Engi_w_s................ 9:1
4-6
44 5,t 55 5tl
........
4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-II 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-I_ 4-17
GeneralizedRhon_HcDrive at Zero a_Idat Maxt_,,u_ VIILX...... II_ One EIe_i_Lof RinlaArrang_w_nt,, Stlrlln9Englnu Craz_kL1ri ve .... 114 4-1_ _1_ through an infinite Ra,,don,ly St;cke;t ._love;,-ScC'een Matrix, Flow FrictionCliaracterlstlcs, ............ 11,_ 4-19 Gas Flow InsideC1t"cular Tubes with Abrubt ConteactionEntrances .................. . , , , I;TO 4-;]0 Reheat Loss .......................... , , , . 4-_I Gas Fiow Througl_ an l.,._fi_ite Rando_lyStackedWoven$creet_HaLfix, Heat Transfer CharacteHstlcs ........... I.?_; 4-22 $1_uttleConduction . , , ............... 130 4-,3 Tl_et_w11 Coliductlvltl S Of 1'b ble C _itructlon MaterlalsforStirlin)! Engines ................. 4- ;24 Co_ n , _ -Wa1 1 Condu_"_m .......... " i_putatioof Tapered (yll_de_" t_ 4.,_r. l'hi_'d Order'Do.slgnMethods ........ . ...............
I,_ 1-37 14_i
4..;_U
1,1,'._
UP|eli El_gtne Hodol ................. s-1......He t .put Wo 'kO tput
ForAlitso. nD'- TA:
Stlrlin9Ei_giz_e ........ , ....... , ...........15!, InternalEt'i'Iclency Lkltafor Allison PD-I_7A St|l'l-Jng I!Itui_iP , . . 1._i_6 L1imenslo_less Cold Work, Wa_i_Work, and P;_,ssm'_) Ratio {16'_ I(;I rVT " , ,-_, .............................. 5.-.4 .Dlmei_slontess Cold Work, Wa_ W_'k, _d Press_,re Ratio rV1 , l.t_l........................ I{',1 5-2 5-3
5-5
Dh_}_isl_mless Cold Work_ Wai_;W_'k_ ai_dPressure Ra-t!OJ'Vl " 0,9; ...........................
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_. Comparison of Pressure Drop Losses .................
7-1 ......Mass Flow Approximation
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228
3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4
TABLES Major Innovationsin the 4-215 Engine .................. 22 Other Test Results ............... 23 Phase I FunctionalStatus vs. Objectives ....... , .......... Major T_chnlcaiProblemsEncountered .............. " 25
3-5 3-6
PrOblems EncounteredYet To Be Resolved PerformanceTargets for United Stifling r d c p
G
G
£
C
........ ine ......
25 29
3-8 3-7 4-1
Test Points for GPU-3 .......... 47_._ GPU-3-2 Dimensions .andParameters.. ............. 45 Effect ofEngine Adiabatic Spaces'on a Di;crete .Stir]ing Cycle with Dead-Volume .............. 69 ........ 4-2 IndicatedEfficienciesof a i-68'Rhombic'Drive PhllIps Engine ....... 92 4-3 B_ake (Shaft)Efficienclesfor a l'-g8-1_homblc Dr(ve ...... PhlllpsEngine Optlmized-forEach OperatingPoint , , 94 4-4 _ MaximumBrake Efficlenciesfor VariousStirling Engines . . [ _.i .95 4-5 Maximum Brake Efficienciesfor Three Stirling Engines . . . 96 ' 4-6 MaximumNet Brake Efficienciesfor VariousStirlingEnGines.... 98 4-7 4-8 4-g 4-I0 4-11
5-2
viscosit_f WorkingGases. mass/cm sRc a.t_PAV.G = TO.MPa ..... Heat Capacitiesfor Workingg Gases, j/g_K ......... Flow.Diagramfor Work Integral.Analysis............. Coefficientfor Shuttle Heat ConductionEquation ....... . . TypicalTemperatureWave Length,LT, at Room TemperatureCondition .................. ... Breakdownof Losses and Pffwers. for the Allison'Model PD-67A Enginew_th I18_ Phase..Angle............. • Summaryof RioS's Data (69 ar) ...................
5-3 5-4 5-5
PressureDrop ......................... LERC GPU ModelLoss Predictions , , ..... , Coinputed Performafice i_orGPU,3 Test Points
5-1
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(Martirii, 2nd Order) ......... P n ....... Engine CalculationsUsing An Analytical/_proximat(o of the EffectiveMass Flow Rate (A) and a Numerical ApproxiniatiOn (N) ............... 8-I. StiflingEngine ReferencesOrganized'byYear'of Publication ................. 8-2 PersonalAuthor index to Refer_.hces ............... 8-3:.._CorporateAuthor Index .................. , ....
164
B-4....Paper Classlfication of StlrlingEngine References " Su"j" b ec" t ...... 8-5 NumbersRelatedto Each StirlingEngine
326
X
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ll9 125 127 131
5-6
Classification.......................................
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165 24g 313 323
329
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l. SUM_IARY
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hlterestin tileapplicatlo,of Stiflingem.lit_es to serve a varietyof pokier produclnqneeds has i.creasedconsldevably ' • over the past severalyears, lhis interesthas been gev_eratcd principallyby the potentialsfor hi,:th efficie.cy and low emissionsofferedby the Stirlingengine coupledwith its i.herev_t quietnessand capabilityto ope-rate with a varietyof fuels or using a variety of heat;sources.
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The DOE Office of Conserw_tio.,Divisionof Tra,_sportation Ener_v Co_servation, has establisheda nut,_erof broad programsaiti_ed at reducinghigh_Yay vehicle
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fuelsuch consumption. The DOE StirlingEngine High,my Programis one peo.qram.This program is directedat the Vehlc!eSystems develop_}_nt of the Stirlin9 engi.e as a possiblealte_ative to the spark-ignitionengine. Project _lallagetl_tlt responsibilityfor this ptR_",_.!_...._.L,_, .... x.,,. .
_
...._;,.,
..... i". '_,'__.-_'_
,I speed rpm,
ti!,.
. Starter engaged
Heatertube temperature.
,ooo '1ooo
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250
: l;t•"
500
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20
30
40
50
60
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Figure 3-16.
Cold Start'ng
Sequence for the United Stifling
V4X35 Engine.
300 C, the starter is engaged. According to Figure 3-16, after 12 seconds .... of heating-up, the starter is engaged for about 2 seconds. The engine now runs at idle speed and a driver would,havebeen able.to drive away, After and the engine can deliver-fullpower. This start represents20 C ambient temperature. Tests at--32 C have been made with a slight increasein cranking timeadditional30 due to hlghersecondsthe hydrodynamiclosses inthe drive, mechanlSm."(77 i), level and heater temperature has-reachedits normal The bUrner System must supply heat rapidlyas is seen, but it also must not overheat the working gas heater. A contr.OlSystem todo this is shown irLFigure 3-17,. An explanationfrom reference77 i iS given below. .-
=
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With varying demand for heat in the working cycle of the engine,the air/fuelflow is controlledin such a Way that heater _emperatureis kept constant. Thus the air/i_uel control is indirectlygovernedby the po_er control, in addition the air/fuelratio is controlledwith regard to emissions. Figure 3-17 shows a system,where a Bosch K-Jetronicunit is used. The temperatureof the heater tube is measured by a therm(_cOuple i. The signal of the thermOcoup!eis amplli_ied and convertedin the electroniccontrol unit 2 to a signal cm_i.rolling the positionof the air throttle3, Thus the rightamount of air is deliveredtO the combustervia the burner air blower 4, In a slightlymodified Bosch K-JetronIcunl_. a sensorplate 6 instaliedi_sidea conical air
141 ,i:iI :._
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2
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i _err_x:_ 2 3 4 5
E_ct_hiC corit_ uhit Air throttle Burrer air bk'w_r _el tank
K-_tronicunit
6 _ 7 8 9 10 1i 12
p_te
F_I _Jter ,_iaf _I_ Ru_er _fferential pressure_ Pressure teguiati_ _
Figure 3-i7. Tempei_ature and Air-Fuel Control. ii i
....................... I_
........
3.2.2.5 P_r
passageprovidesa positionindicationof air _ow Pate. The fuel from the tank 5 passes an electric pump 7 and a filter 8. The rue1 pressure is heid Constant by a relief valve 9_ The positionof the sensor plate controlsvia a plunger10 the amount by which a fuel meteringport is opened. The differehtialpressureacross the meteringport is maintainedat a ConStantValue by a valve 11 So that the fuel flow tO the atomizerdepends upon the amouhtthu port is opened Only. The air/fuel ratio dependsupon the hydrauiic counterpressurecontrolled.bya pressureregulating__ valve 12. AdjustmentOf the ratioover the load range can be achievedby a-mOdificationof the shape of _e conical a_r passage...........
.-
Control
Power controlof theengine is now done by changingthe averagegas pressurein the engine. This is the same way Philipsdoes it althoughUnited Stlrlinghad used dead Volume controlon their engin_ they put into a Pinto for Ford. United Stirlinguses one hydrogengas compressoroperatingas an auxiiiaw, and Philipsuses two pistonson each of the four power pistons as part of an internalgas compressor. Othe_ise the processis ve_ similar. Quotingagain from reference77 i: 37
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Figure 3-18. •
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Ul
Simplified "
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Hydrogen Storagevessel H_fogen compressor_ Control valv_ Comp_'eSsor short, circUiting valve •
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Diagram of the Power Control System... F ................
_'
1..........................
I..... r............
A sin_plified diagram of ti_epower controlsystem is shown in Figure 3-18. Main parts Oi_ the system are hydrogen. storagevessel.,hydrogencompressor,controlvalve block and a servo-system(not shown) which contrOlSthe position of the control valve. To increasepower, the controlvalve slide in Figure 3-18 is moved to the right, Thereby hydrogenflows from the high pressurestorageVessel via the Controlvalve to a timed supply system built into the engine. Thi_ timed supply system mainly supplieshydrogen into the cylinderswhen the cycle pressure is near its maximum value. A gas flow into the cylinderswithout the timed supply SyStem results in an undesirabletorque drop during ...... increaseof pressure. To decreasepower the slide is moved to the left. During the first part of the movement dumpingof hydrogen f_om the engine via the compressorto the storagevessel --
'i
". ,, .I '_' . i', :; I
lowers the power output, At the second part _hort cir.... cuitingof hydrogenbetweenthe cylindersis added, thus giving a quick decrease ol_ power, . , The link betweenacceleratorpedal and controlvalve is a servosystemwhich for differentacceleratorlevels moves the controlvalve slide in such a way that an engine pressurecorrespondingto desiredpower output will be reachedand maintained. Low Idling speed is maintainedby controlof appropriateworking pressure,using a speed sensor and the short circuitingvalve. The hydrogencomp_sson._s.an.o_.-i-i_ree, single
I: ":.
..... ;_I:_ :::::] ..;_. _ i,. .: " ," _ "'. " *} .:
"'I " _ -:I. . I :]_,._ -
•_38-, [
........
!
......
Engine
Engine sl_eed rp_
j i ,,! .
pri_ssu_e
.. C!
uar
3000
'
-i
I
_
150
•/ i
2SO0 Engtne pressure ......
2000
Engihe speed
100
.................... 1500
Max I I
1000
I
'",' ;' i
AcCelerator ___-,R-ositioh -
.i
...... .......
50
500 0
._0.5
1,p
1.5
lO
T}me sec
' F.igure..3_19, .Speed and pressureRespOns.e,..for the United Stlrlin_V4X35 .Engine._. •
stage,dOuble-actlngcompressorwith piston rings acting as suctionvalves. The displacementis lO cubic cm and the pressureratio is i:i0. To unload the Compressorduring increaseoi_ power and steady state conditions,the suctionand pressure _ideS Of the compressorare connectedto each other by a compressorshort Ci.rCuitlng valve.
To lllust, rate how.rapidly this power controlsystem operated,...the V4X35 engine,equippedwith all auxiliaries,was disengagedfrom the dynamometerand speed increaseand pressuret'espOnse were measured, Figure 3-19 Show_ Speed and pres)ure Increase-versustime for the free runningV4X35 engine when the acceleratoriS suddenlydepressed.. (Note: A slight short circuitingeffect is maintalned at low idling, DepressingLhe acceleratorwill close the short circuitin.q valve and start engine accelerationbefore pressure increases,see Figure 3-1g,) The tests show that the powercontrol system acts fast and accurately_ NO torquedrop could be measured and the lag time betweenacceleratorde_reSslohand valve responsewas short." (from77 I)
39
,_.
}_'
, :" •. :_:_:i I
Figure 3-20. Cross Sectionof DOuble-ActingV8 Pi50 Engine Developing150 KW .. :. at 2400 rpm.... . , 3.2.3 Engine Performance Finall_some performancemeasurementshave been publishedfor the PiSOV4 engine which is also Sometimescalled the P75 engine since it is half the PISOV8 engine. Figure 3-20 shows a cross sectionof this engine and Figure 3-21 shows this engine with its auxiliariesattached, Figure3-22 Shows the measured and calculatedpower output and efficiencyfor two _ifferentmean pressurelevels. Note that the calculatedand measured values agree closely. The maximumefficiencyis 32%-at 70 Ccoolingwater. * If the ambient temperature is 30 C then a 0,8 m2 area radiatorwould be needed (77 i). If it is used as a marine engine,efficiencyincreasesto 36% at 20 c coolingwater.
""
3.3 GeneralMotOrsEngine
_!.
3.3,1 _Histor_
t_: _'_; ,,. ;:: '*'
GeneralMotors starteda cooperativeeffort with N.V. Phiiips in 1958. In 1965, GM was able tO state that "The AllisonDivision,the Eieotro-Motive DivisiOnand the ResearchLaboratorieshave operatedfull-size,modern, practicalStlrlingengines for a total of 6500 ho_r_," (65 t). Eventt_ally, about 3],000 hours of operatingtime were acCumulated(74 bc). The last
I./.
paper from GM (69 f) talked abouta 4 cylinder inline Rinia type engine and reportedOn the initialswashplatedrive te_ts. About this time the GM program
I.,L
was be revivedafter reportedly, of $13 million_ fromcancellednever GM. From aboutto 1960 to about 1966 an GM expenditure, Researchconducteda programfor the
_"
U.S. Army to produce a silent electricpower source. This Ground Power.Unit_ (GPU)developmentwent•throughthree differentmodels. 40
IW_______---
• I
....
',f,
:_>1
-L
Figure 3-21. PI50 V4 Engine Mod_ulewith Auxiliari_e..s_. ......
:
pO'fll_.R kW _'7, EFFECTIVE EFFICIENCY
3o.'/
__. ....._'-
To-I
__
7_PJI _o -I- 2o
_--_' "
E_FICI_NCv _.
,.
./ /...
.]
.....
COOLING WATER TEMPERATURE 70 C
":,
/"'-
PO'WER
",
•
ALUES _
,o,k_:,1_'_...).
Vt/l'l of illCl'ellleilt_.¢lll / VCI2. _::Cold --. Cold live live volunle VO.ltllllO at at: begillning t'_lltt 01: iilc'.l'elllellt., CII13 Vll = lotal dead vol time, on1_ =: VItll + VRD t. VCD VII =. VHI.X + Vtlll VIII] = Itot dead volullle, c'ln,_ VltDX = [xti'a hot dead voltlllle besides that. ill qas heater, VItL = Maxinlunl hoi, liw volume till 3 "
_
i
Phase angleof between pressure and mass flow at cnl hot lhickness wir'e inscreens of regenePator, El"fecti ve enterill_,l _las te.lllpei'atu.re to) gas heater, Effective regenerator tenlperature, K (1HM - lt'l_l)/lil(l't4M,_Ttil_1) Gas t:t_,lllpet:_at.ureat inlet, hot end, of rettellel'atol', Gas temperature at outlet: cold end of reqenerator VCI.X +-VCI_ Cold dead volunle, till ;t Extl'a cold dead vol,illle besides , that-ill gas. cooler, blaXillltllll cold live voltlllle, Clll_ Cold live volulllt) at a l)artit:tildr allt.lle. P14I., till 3
.
ql-
VItLX :-" Itot live voluille ,It; a particular angle Pill VI4il = ttol live vcllUilie .,
I. RhombicDrive -Beta Engine (Philips) 2. Crank Drive - Alpha Engine (UnitedStirling). .................
L.__.
..
•-i,i
,_
t'i
i' q
I
Iii
!., Md_) " IR
Tt'
!
Calcul,_te
the, n_an pre.,L,_ure by:
i_'
,I'll I :.._bO_, '
•
tPH1 .:.I0 i lhe desired
bltR) to llt, et the..s_peci!"i_d
..P.A\:'.t]..J._..,!iYg...L b,_'.
Mt_! ,, I'AVG i"i,? The pi'essill'es tort>cot are
ill
t:he
dt?t(!t'llll
(,_-70
ell_lilte,
ill?d
PiT,
,It.
e,tcll
Pill
to
cause
the
s i_ocifiod
PAVtl
to
bL _
b_:
_,tPAVG_ PC .---.' \-_'M" _
t4-71
".,
VT is plotted a_3ainst Pt,. lhis I_'ol'K cul'vo is illie_ll'atod iltiniol'ic,II]._. '_o obt_lin tt_e i_oi'k Otltptlt. .1..5"t. stl_,uld be added to the calculated _oltllllO to make tip _.'or tile el'l'Ol': involved in usin9 only 12 points for intogratio!_ {see S_,ction 4..-'_. l'ltll'iil_
tile
the calculation ilt,tss distribution
aSStlPllill_l
_t qorlstJ,
of the basic power, it is also import,tnt of gas betl_eell the...hot sl,,aces., regenerator
llt
pt'eSStll't
_ _ttll'illtl
e.ach
illst_itlt
of
tilt',
c vc'.le,
..,
to calcul,_te ,tlld cold spaces
•
ll'ofll
,
'!
{
]
the
i_el'l'oc'(
!l,lS t_.qtl,tt i on:
I
i
rL.t.'H ] P(VRm r'(V_ L) " in .... in t}ot I<e._le II01'_t to space space
the
first
and third
of
the I_las,., fl.o_' ttli'_ilqh •
these
in It_ c o ] d
fi',tctions
"
j
space.
('.lit, ri_.qellel'atot',
" , AIj, I
"
.i
,Ire evaluat_d hoa(ei'
and are u_;e,d to COl!lptltO
atl:e_
t ..
use a bed of lead spheres. In tile absence of oata, Gorring (61 n) gives the following duc_ion through, a square array of unifor,lly sized cylinders.
formula
fur
con-
KMX = i
I
-:
. i .
(4-120.\! [t--':_ (KM/KG)-] +
Tile heat 4-112.
i I
1
loss
tilrough
i
:
screens
is
then determined
using
an equation
Sometimes the regenerator...is made.from slots in which metal foils tinuously from hot to cold ends. The conductivity of the matri× KMX = _+
'
tile
Tl_en tl_e heat like 4-112. 4.3.8.4
loss
like
run conin ti_is case is:
KM-C-TH F) GR %--T-HF
tl_rough
thematrix
(4-120a is
ti_en determined
Radiati___oiTAlon____q a C__vli_der _ji__tl__ Radiation
using
an equation
Si_ields
Ti_e engine displacers or tile--hot cap for a dual piston machine is usually hollow. Heat transport across this gas space is by gas conduction and by radiation. Radiation heat transport follows tile standard for,lula:
,
i ., _.i 'i
QR = (EA)(FE)(FN)(,,/4)(DID):'(SIG)(iTHM)" - (TCM)') The area factor,. FA, is usually determined by.a graph computed by Hottel (McAdams, Heat lransmission, 3rd Ed., p. 69). For tl_e case of two discs separated by non-conducting but reradiating walls his curve is correlated by tilesimple furmula:
,(
i i
t
FA = 0.50....+ 0.20 Equation
is good for
values
(4-122
of DID/LD fYoill 0 2 to 7.-
For (DID/LD)
0 _
rise :
:i,!
FA _ DID LD
,:
!i _.
,I-122
(oio)
In i"0-
(4-121
I<missivlty factor,-FE, the cold end. Thus:
(4-123 is the product
of tile
emissivity
at. the hot
end and at:
!
(4- 24
(EH)(EC) }
Tl_e i_ot and cold
I ,q4
emissivities
can be obta+ned
from any standard
text
on heat
:1.
--=
r
i: _-
:
I
'
L
:l
transfer. Ibis elnissiva-ly depends upon t.h¢_._urface. finish, tim lt,mperatute __arid the: material. It is not easy to know what. the emissivity in ,_ part.ivular vase i S,
•
,.
I f tlle sivity
end ssi vi t.y of the radi a t.i on slli el ds i s i n_::wmedi at.e between of the hot and cold surfaces, then..from the number of radial
FN _ 1/(1
.7
4.3.9 i,
tlle emi s-. ion shield_,
+ NRS)
(4-]25
eu!! j j_n_LLos _
NRS, the radiationsl_ield factor, FN,. is calculated approximately. A displacer or a hot cap has a radial gap between the [D of the engine
'
cylinder
is pressuri--,'ed and-depressurized, gas flows into and out of this gap. Since the closed end of-the qap is col_i ....extra heat must be added to the qas as it comes back from this gap, Leo (70 ac)gives the formula:
!
"!
I I -___J
I_ f_i _,
,
QPU = 2_-_CY and the OD of ....
In computing
i z,. "I :i!_:; !... _...,,"., ?.. is,: _:.'_
the
reheat
loss
(see Section
4.3.6)
it. was _ssumed that
the
regenerator matrix temperature oscillates during the cycle a negligible alnount. In some cases the temperature oscillation of the matrix will not be negligible. The temperature swing loss is this additional heat tha-t nlust be added by the drop in flow.o.f
ii
)__PIqAX- PMIN) __Hbl - TCM)IGR), .I ._. i _;
I _,
be in the literatul'e.
to
"....
Uriel i
engine was chosen because and fluid flow correlation,.; is built aild Souttl Africa.
is
design illethod,
of
operatitl_l at Tile intention
lh'teli
ease in for tubes
progranlnling, and because heat t.ransfer are well knowll. Also an engine like this
the I,illiversity is to obtain
of Wit.watersral_dill Jotl,lllnesbtir{!, experilllt, ntal confirination of this
t'OllVel'ts ttle above parti,ll
equatitms
to a
.equations by converting all the tiiiw-2-variable, lllen lie
differe_i" iT,
-
+ VCD
(
-cos
+
.
+
- RC cos (PHI + ALPH) - LCR+ RC
_.
i;
sin (PHI))2
- _
"'
) sin
:_i
(PHI + _.)
:"_.
+
-
."'".z.
_,,,,_
sin (PH,I+ _)
cos (PHI +
) -
2 }
_:_
+
VT : VH + VC + VRD : VH + VC +
'_ L;_ ,,_ ii,
t
p : _
1
VH " VRD . _/C = T"H T.. _.___
1 VH
+
+
i
VC
q 183
-i
,
qql T T_ITI ;
,
o
,.,
.
,
.q
,.
--._+,
• ill
1)#-iI
_ ........
i VH, VC, VT and.P are calculated
for PHI = O, 30, 60, .
. . 360o
and entered on the next page.
,
PM:
P
,
12
PM =
PHI : 30 Note: Do Not Add in P at PHI = 0
. k
,
M(R) :
PAV____GG : ( PM -(
PC : P p Calculate :
G = p
I: ;
J/K
( )
J
PC and enter on next page,
PC is integrated
,_
,_
vs VT using the trapezoidal
rule
as explained
!
i
in previous
section. 12
i
Lm
BP : NU (I 045)
)
i
.:.,i
>__ DELW I
= (1.045)
:
watts
Effective flow rates and effective fractions of the cycle tinles these flows are assumedto occur in are computedusin,qthe method qiven in 7,4.
7.6
Rhombic Oroi.ve.Beta with adiabatic
hot ana cold
i
1
spaces. i
:
CalculateVCLX and VHLX-asin 7.4.
I i
VT = VCLX+ VCD+ VRD+ VHD+ VHLX : VCLX +
I + VHLX I
: VCLX +
1H,1
+ VHLX
i
F _
.... i ,_(,
i
I
l.nlerVCLX,
VHLX and VF I'oi" PIll
= II, i_0, ......
3600 on
m'xl l_aqe.
'
'
iI
:
VHD
VRD
VCD _
+ ......
K1 = '-Tii + -i%- _ TC
_.
[
-
cm31K
.............. _.,q_a}_.. h_xdrog_qeT! _L helium E
For X = 1 first '4
calculate
IH (check
O. 286
air
.0.400
O. 286
I) .......
it" VHL.I > VHLI2 [_]
if
VHLS < VHLI2
[__
i
I000:
'_
log F = 0.015 - 0.125 log (RE)
DELP =
F(G)2LR 2(I07)(RH)(RHOM)
DELP= ( )( (2 x I07)(
,i
I
For analytical j
)2( )(
) )
MPa
=
!
Schmidt Analysis
WPR :.(DELP)(VHL)(2)(NU) : 2(
_i
!i
.
=
)(
)(
)
i
watts
ii
,
i,
,!
!
"
I
! _
_
,..,
.......
31 I _
L
i
'i
For numerical
Schmidt analysis
WPR-- (DELP)(WRS)(2)(FCT) ....... _I.-TOM-) _ ( 8.1.2
)(
Slot
or Annulii
)2(
) =
Regener.ator
RH = GR/2 = I
). : 2 MU, RHOM,and.WRScalculate._in
_ "
watts
G = A]_SF :
.
.=
cm 8,1,l. ....
g/sec cm2
I
I
_
RE
"
4( -- 4(RH)G MU ............ : ...... (
)(
) =
)
,
!: if
RE < 2000
24 F--.- RE - (
If RE • 2000
24
log F = -1.34 - 0.20-.. log(RE)
)'.:
:_ i
_ z
WPR : F(G12L(VHL)(NU): 10"(RH) (RHOM)
lO7(.
)(
)
i
i
WPR:
watts
i
liI i
8.2 ,;
Gas Heater-.Windage "i
8.2.1 TubularHeater fo_ Hydrogen:
.....
,
MU = lO-6188.73 +.• O.2(THM - 293)+ O.ll8 (PAVG)1 i
=
i
i
192
g/cm.-sec
i ! ' r.... [ t .... T-l-r-T-, i
i!
t
,
I
i
for Ilelium: .i
•
"
I
Mll,-I0"{i_196.1.1+ 0,464(IIIM- ?,_,13) - 0.09,,'(PAVG)
: .!
_
'i:,w
!
9/t'111-SPq .......................
.I
t
,{
,
for
i_
MU _ lO'b{
i
MLI_:
'i
Air:
,. NW = .
I 181.94
tt,,
He
2.0',:
4.00-
4. 0.536(TIIM
- 2q.l) + 1 ..... _"_ (PAVGli'.I
_,
9/cm" sec air 29
RHOM = O.1202.bIW(PAVG)/(THM)
o.l,.c._( I'or analylical
Schmidi
)(
)/ (
)
................
9! cm"
analysis
!
WHS:, (VIIL)(NLI)(3)(RHOM)_:_
3(
)(
)(
)
,, '
_ l
:i
I
_ For numevica!
5chmidt
_-lsec
analysis
]
I
i
(.from. 7.4)
WItS -
tl/SoC
,. ,%
AC_= (NTtt)(DIH)2rnI4 ......
:_
=
(
)(
)-'" ,_!4 =
.___cm'
{
! ',
G .=-WHSIAC= C (
t:
=
.............. qlcilfsec - "
L
._?I_t)_ L tt
.
i
If
r'm
i
RE =
_
blti
=
RE _ 2000,
_)_L
---(""
.)
"-) .....
F _ 16/RF. = 16!(
) _
l f RF " 2000, 1o{1 F :_ .1.3.4.-...O..i.'O 109 (Rt /
¢
"
il 5
i
,,_
j
I,l._
.
i Ill !
1
F I _' __
i' I
I •
_
WPH::
'
_ i¸
watts
l-_r1_ume_.ic,_1-Schlui dt al}alys is
-:i
_Ez._, :_-:-U-I)-LG-L_(-L-H-).-I-OZ-{_D.LL_ _HOM) ',' ............. )__ _-.:,,( .............. )I.........___)_!_L_ 107( ;: i
)(
'
Mr_
)
,
DELP(WHS)2( FCIH) WPII....... _A_Tr, f..........
t 4
....
_
,
':'- ............
p
war ts ,_
,_._._ AnnularGap Heater
i Find MU,.RHOM and WHS in 8,2 1........... AC : _(DCY)(GH) = _(
G_ - WHS -A_-. RE = LL_.__ NU
)(
)=
cm"
_q/see cm" -
-
.--_T. ,-.._ :
•
•i!
,i
:_
If RE < 2000, F _ 241RE = 24/(
)=
I
i'i
•_
If RE.,
2000,
log F = -1.34
- 0.20 lo9 (RE)
•',i ,,
2F.(,G_L_T___ !NU_]_ WPH...... ] _-(GH) (RHOM)"
:
'i
,_
WPH= ;l_..]_L_
.)._L[........ __]1
]_L.___,
=
watts
i
1
1
_i2./-- ! .... I I--i "i--___ :_--_.... ___,_.._x___'--_
,
....... iL
,......... .--
I(_5
I
,'_.3 Gas Cooler Windage 'J,3.1 TubularCooler for Hydrogen:
t
MU ;_10-6 18tI,73+ O,2(TCN-.293)+ O,II_(PAVG)}
: i ,
glct_sec
for Heliurn:
.............
........
MU = lO"6 1196.14 + O,464(TCN- 293) - O.093(PAVG)_
++
I000:
_
!i i t
log F
0.015
: DELP
0.125 lo9 (RE)
(LR)
: :i
'"_
i
2(10')(RH)iRHOM)
DELP : 3.._3..__3.5 )={"_}262 )2(2,261)_
-_;
-_
= 0.0172
MPa
For numepical Schnlidt analysis (2xlOT)(2"42xlO-3) _81xlO "4) (p.EI.P!(WRS)_L2) II_C!Zr]_ .. WPR ....
]
(RH-O-bI-) --
= (0.0!72_.)(
7.482
)__2_0.320
(a.,,u x Io- "1
1=
93
watts
8.2
Gas Heater Windage 8.2.1
Tubular Heater
1
for Hydrogen:
Mu: I0"6{ 88.73 + 0.2(THM - 293)_ ,mIIS"(PAVG)} : i
:
978
2. O68
.
2, 26 x 10-4 " g/cm.sec
! J
il 1
_
i_::
He
MW: 4.00 29 RHOM: 0.1202 MW(PAVG)/(THM) : 0.1202(
' _ i
r
air-
Eor numerical
WHS= Schmidt.analysis
2.02 )( 2.068)/(
978._): :
5.13 x 10-4
g/cm3
6.425 g/sec -(from 7.4)
i' !,
AC : (NTH)(DIH.)2 _/4 : ( 40
2,87
:
RE - (DIH)G : (.302..)(.2,239)
MU
)(
.302 )2 _/4 :
2. 239 =
2,.87' cm2
g/cm2, sec
2991
(2.26 x 10-4)
If RE< 2000. F : 16/RE : 16/(
) =
_/ If RE > 2000, IO£LF = -1.34 - 0.20 log (RE) 9.22 x lO"3
:
2991
For numericalSchm_dt analysis )(_).. DELP-= ..2.(F _ 2 (LH) I_(DIH) (RHOM)
!I
., P ,i
2.239 )212423 )
= 2(9.22xi0" ,. " : 0,00145 MPa 107(0..302 X5.13xlO"4) ..........................................
i
'4 232 -
I
F-
I
i
' l
'
'
h
• " i
:
8.3
!
DELP(WHS)2 (FCTH) -..... RHOM
WPH
I
:
(0..00145)(6.425 (5.13
Gas Cooler
I
'
_,
)2._( 0.325 x 10-4 )
_ =
11.77
watts
Windage
.!
.i
8,3.1
Tubular
Cooler
1
_:
MU = I0 -6
88.73
+ 0,2(TCM - 293) + O,II8(P_AVG)
;
295 =
8.94
x lO'5g/cm
MW
2. 068
sec
4,00, 29 He a_r
!,
_
RHOM = O.1202(MW)(PAVG)/TCM = 0.1202( 2.02
',I(2.068)/( 295
) : 1.70xlO"3.g/cm3
_
ii For numerical Schmidt analysis (from 7.4) ,--
_
WCS :
i
8. 538
h
g/sec
i
I'
:
AC : (NTC)(DIC)2 T:
,I
Ii....
G..-= .WCS ._ - 8.538 2.5---T -T =
IQ
RE =-(DiC)G
'_!
" MU
#
:!
=
(
312 )(0 •102 .... )2 _- =
3.348
(0.102 )( 3,348 ) (8,94xi0.5) :
li_ RE < 2000, F.. = 16/RE°.=16/(
g/sec cm2
3820
2.55
cm2 _
.-,
.........
J =
L_
_ T_
_::(
:
..
If RE > 2000, log F.: -1.34 - 0.20-1og(RE) 8.78xi0=3
3820
233
_,
J
,
1
i
____LLL " i
: I
! . i
'__'T
L_:I
For numerical
Schmidt analysis ....
;_;', i!
DELP.= 2(.F)(G) ) : 2_7___88xI0-3)( 3.348 )2( 4.4-7 ) I07(DIC)(RHOM) _OT( 0.102 )(l,70xlO-_ .
b
i _'
= 5.075xi0 -4
'l{{
MPa
WPC-- DELP(WcS)2!FcTC)
' '._ :,,:l !q
RHOM
'_i
:_!
= (5.075xi0"4)(_
ii
8.538)2(. . . 0_..3]_4_.. ) =
1.60
watts
(1._7o × io-3>
.... :_i
8.4
Fluid FrictionLoss Summary
!i
J
.,
Gas Heater,
I_H
WPH-=
12....
watts
Regenerator,WPR : ..... 93 Gas Cooler,WPC =
watts
2
watts.....
!
L
'
Total..,
WP =
I07 ......
wa-tts
::
_
)
9 i
Mechanical
Friction
Loss
MFL :
" based upon experimental
measurement
or 0.2 (2461.)
:
492
watts
I0. Basic Heat Input BHI -
BP 1
=
tC
i 2461
=
3550
watts
300 78...-
_, ,
II. Reheat Loss l l.1 ....
J
!
MFL : 0,2 BP : i
!.i
Constafit
Volume Assumption
(Equation
4-97)
FCT =-
0.32
(usuallyI/3) (from 7.4)
WRS =
7.482
g/sec (from 8.1)
I
[
[
!
'_
|
"
' I'
I :
,
"
['
._
W
'
7'"
CV =
10.4,2....
for
TR =
570
K (.see Table 4-8)
CP =
14.55
for
TR =
570
K (see
AHT =
21382
cm2 (.from 8.1)
'_
G=
0.3262
g/cm2 sec
PR =
0.753
for TR =
RE =
21.97
Table 4-8)
(from 8.1) 570
°K(see Table 4-9)
(ffrom8.I)
;_._
;:'-i
2
_.!
lOg!Gt _H
(PR
: -0.13 - 0.412 log (RE)
7' i
t,
•._ :;_i
H ) 14.55)"
log (_.3262)(
(0.753)
w/cm2
= -0.13
-0.412
_ ! .........
H = .. 1.190
,_
NTUV: __ = (7. 482 )(10.42).. H_(_AHT) _ 1.190)( 21.382 ) :
I'--" i
QRH : (FC.,T) (WRS)(CV)(THM . TCM) NTU + 2
K
: ( 0.32 )(7 482 )( 10.42)( '
,_ .... 12.
= ....
Shuttle
log (21.97)
103.76
978
326.4
-
295
)
2 326.4 + 2
w-_ tts-
Conduction .....
12.1 HighPressure Engine (EquAtion4-110) KG =
,
28.06 x lO"4
w/cm K at TR =
570
K (From Table 4-9)
LTI =
0.152
cmI @ NU = ,. 25
_. HZ (From Table 4-11)
LT2 :
0.152
cml
_-NO)
0.19 0.19
w/cm K I From Figure 4-23 w/cm K I
Kl = K2 =
(LT _
235
LB-='I
+2
KG [LTI LT_T2 _ 11GR._-'KT + K2/
LB.-=..... 0.!.29 !
= / 1 + LB \
_
ISD)2(KG)(THM _.TCM)(DCY)
I
) (-__ _ _3.06s _ (28.06xlo'4)(07s 29s)_7.010 \l + ( 1.029)2] (0.'C)25-)(4.359 )
i I
:
449
watts
---
13. Static Heat Conduction. 13,1 Gas ConductionInside Displaceror Hot Cap DID = DCY - 2(GR) - 2(WTI) =
6.604
cm
(Directfrom engine dimensions) ,
AHT :4
!
_ (6.604 )2 : (DID)2 : T
................
34.25
cm2
..-
I I
"
KG : 28.06xi0 "4
w/cm. C from 12
QC - KG (AHT)(THM- TCM)_ (28.06xi0"4),(34.25)( 978- 295 (LD] '_ (-4.359) =
15
watts.
13.2 RadiationInside Displaceror Hot Cap DiD : 6.604 : LD "z[T3Tg-
1.515
If: DID DID 0 < _ < 0.2 then FA - LD
I
23G
)
-------
I
'
!
!
I
I
_
d
_
o
!
"
i,',
' _;:' _,
i
DID 0.2 < -_-_ < 7 then
FA - 0,50 + 0.20 In
FA ,, 0.583
"
If:
t
i !
DID L---D > 7 then FA = l
i i ' _
FE = (EH)(EC):.( 0.6 )-(0.5 ): 1 FN :T-T,_-:
i
AHT =
1 1+ 2
34.25
.. j0.3___
_ I/3 cm 2 (from 13.1)
l
, ,.,
QR = (FA)(FE)(FN)(AHT)(5,67
_
: (0.583)( 0.3 )( I13 )(34.25 )5.67 x 10-12
(( 978 )4-
i :. i :, 13.3 _!:
i .,i .i
'
!_ I!
x 10"12 ) ((THM) 4 _'- (TCM)4)
=
10
Displacer
Cylinder
( 295
71, pg.
85,
1927.
Z. Vet Dt. Ing.,
DI5.
!
: I 253
:
i t
i
!,
--
,
t
I
I
I
_
f
I
h .....j........!............. _............ i ............ ;............. (........... ! ......................
)
1
'_' _ {"
1928 a..
Nusselt, Vol.
W,, "Der Beharrungszu_tand 72, pg. 1052, 1928. DI5.
im Winderhitzer,".Z,
Ver,
1929 a
Hausen, H., "Uber die Theorie des Warmeaustausches in Regeneratoren," .Z. Angew Math. Mech., Vol. 9, pp. 173200, June,.1929. DI5. *
Dt, Inq,
+ , i
• ,I
H
:, I •_ _._
_,._: "-' i' i
1929 b
'"
Schumann,T. E. W., "Heat Transfer to a Liquid Flowing Througha Porous Prism,"J. Franklin Inst.,Vol.... 208, pp. 405-416,1929. DI5.
ii ._ 1929 c !_:...I
Hausen,H., "Warmeaustauch in Regeneratoren,"Z. Ver. Dt. Ing., Vol. 73, pg. 432, 1929. DI5.
C'i
_,"i 1930 a _%...; !
Furnas,C. C,, "HeatTransferfrom a Gas.Stream to a Bed of Broken Sol.ids- I," IndustrialEn,g.Chemistry,Vol. 22, pg. 26, 1930. DI5.
J
'; "i "
:! "I i FI i _ii -) ,_ ,-I
1931 a
Malone, J. F. J., "A New Prime Mover,"The.Engineer,July 24, 1931, pp. 97-I01 DI8. * • --
1931 b
Hausen,H., "Naherungsverfahren zur Berechnungdes Warmeaustausches in Regeneratoren,"(An ApproximateMethod of Dimensioning RegenerativeHeat-Exchangers) Z Angew. Math. Mech., Vol II pp. 105-114, April, 1931. DI5.
1932a
Furnas,C., "Heat Transferfrom a Gas Stream to Bed of Broken Solids,"Bulletin,U.S. Bureau of Mines, No. 361, 1932. DI5.*
i:"i
1932 b
Smith, H. F., "Heat Engine,"UnitedStates Patent 1,879,563, Sept. Z7, 1932. B3, B6, B8.* "
_!_I
1934 a
Schumann,T. E. W. and Voss, V., "Heat Flow ThroughGranulated • Material,"Fue.____l, Vol. 13, pp 249-256,. ]934. D15._*
•
t937 a
Lee, R., "Heat Engine,"Hnit.ed _tates.Patent____ 2,067,453, Jan. 12, 1937. B3... *
1938 a
Boestad,G., "Die Warme_,.,.;rtragung im LjungstromLuftw_rmer," Feuerungstecknik, Vol 26, pg. 282, 1938. DI5....
1938 b
Bush, V., "Apparatus for Transferring Heat,"• United Patent 2,127,286,August 16, 1938. B5, C3. *
,:.,; _i,i
i, iv
;,!
.... ,
_,_ :
i
•i 254
I_
--,,,
__J
States
._
'I
_;.
;
_ _
._
_.:_.... __ .... j.
L
,I..
;±
___ ._ :__J:
-.-J ..... ..... ____.
3
_.J,.._.
1:1- .... |-__
,.
i
I
I
I! i_.,. ..... !
II
I
1939 a
' ....
I
,
I
i
'
'
Bush, V., "Apparatus for Compressing Gases," Ujllt,?d-Stai:e__P:_tc3_t 2,157,229, May 1939. C5. *
,_W _'
_' _ _,
1940 a -Saunders, O. and Ford, H., "Heat Transfer iv] the Flow of Gas Through a Bed of Solid Particles," J. Iron .Steel Inst., No. I, pg. 291, 1940. DI5.
_'_._ ".ii i_.i I i_. ..._ ,_I
1942 a
Hausen H., "Vervollstandigte Berechnung des Warmeaustauches in k_.generatoren," Z• ......Ver. Dt. Ing. Beiheft Verfahrenstechnik, No. 2, pg. 31,. 1942. DI5.
1942 b
Smith, H. F., "Refrigerating Apparatus," 2,272,925,Feb.I0, 1942..C3 *
194_ a
Martinelli, R. C., Boelter, L. M. K., Winberge, E. B. and_ Yakahi, S., "Heat Transfer to a Fluid Flowing Periodically at Low Frequenciesin a Vertical Tube," Trans. #,mer.Soc. Mech. E_rs., No, 65, pg. 789-798, 1943. DI4, a15•
1943 b
PhilipsCo• , "Improvemeni_s _n or Relating to Hot-Gas Engines, BritishPatent 697.,157, Aug. 25, 1943. D8. *
1946 a
Rinia, H and du Pre, F. K. '!AirEngines " PhilipsTechnical Review,Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 129-136,1946• B5, B6, B-8,D3, D6.*
1946"b
Johnson, 0.,
1946 c
Monthly, pp. 101-106, January, 1946. CI, * Philips Co., "Improvements in or Relating to Hot-Gas Engines," British .Patent 630,429, Oct. 13, 1946. DI4. * ......
United States Patent
i.,"_,
i i_.:_ _,_i _;r:i
I J
I.
i
:_'_'i
.... ? i::.. i _ I
.... _,,i'"_: ,i •
"Civilization,
to John Ericsson,
Debtor,"
II
The Scientific
l
_'I !
1946 d
Rinia, H., "New Possibilities for the Air-Engine," Philip..s GloeilampenfabriekenPaper No 1684, 1946 or Proceedings,Koninkli.jke Nederlandsche Akademie van We.ten.s.chaj_en,pg. 150-155, .Feb. 1946, (pubi_s-hed i.n_EngtLsh).A!, C2, C3, D2. *
1947 a
Tipler,W., "A Simple Theory of the Heat Regenerator," Technical Report No. ICT/14, Shell Petroleum Co. Ltd., 1947-. Dl5.
1947 b
-de Brey, H., Rinia, H., and van Weenen, F. L., "Fundamentals for the Development of the Phi_ips Air _Engine," TechnicalReview,Vol. 9, No,-4, 1947. B5, D5, DI3, DI5. *
1947 c
van Weenen, F, L., "The Constructionof the PhilipsAir Engine," PhilipsTechnicalReview,Vol. 9, No..5, ....
i
._
•
'.
i
pp. 125-134, 1947.---B3, 'B4, B5_,-B6, B8.
|
*
I •
L
'
1947 d
"Caloric Engine," _r., 376, October 1947.
1947 e
"Phil ips Air-Engine,"
A0.--
Vol.
The Engineer,
37, No. 493, pp. 372-
Vol
184, No. 4794
574, December19,_]947. AO. December12, 1947,_549'-550{ and No 4795,.pp.572-
I I
-........ ]
'.'z
1948 a
L "_
1948 b
Hahnemann,H,, "ApproximateCalculationof Thermal Ratios in Heat-ExchangersIncludingHeat Conductionin the. Direction of Flow," National Gas Turbine Establishment Memorandum36.,1948. 'D_4,DI6',DI'7.
1948 c
lliffe,C. E., "ThermalAnalysis of the Contra-FlowRegenerative-. Heat-Exchanger," Proc. Instn.Mech. Engrs.,Vol, 159, pp. 363-372,1948._DlS. *
.i { _' i
de Brey, H., Rinia, H., and van Weenen, R. L., "Fundamentals for the Developmentof the PhilipsAir,Engine,"Philips TechnicalReview,Vol. 9, I_p.97-I04,1948. AO.
1948 d .-Saunders,O.A., and Smoleniec,S., "Heat Regenerators," Proc. Int. Con9. of App.l.Mech., V_I. 3, pp....... 91-I05, 194_.- DI5. .-
1948 f
Wuolijoki,J..R., "Kuumailmakoneen " Teknil!inen Renessanssi, Aikakausleptie,Vol. 38, No. 9, pp. 241-246 Sept. 1948
1948 g
Bohr, E.: "Den ModernaVarmluftsmotorn," TekniskTidskrift, No, 18, pp. 595-599,.1948.AO.
1948 h
"Inventorof Hot-AirEngine and Engine-Dr.iven Air Pump " " .The. Engineer,Vol. 186, No. 4829, pp. 168-i69,August 13, 1948. AO. '....
1948 i
"Prime Movers in 1947,"The En_i.neer, Vol. 185, Nos. 4798, Jan. c_,_948, pp. 44-46; 4799, Jan, 16, 1948, _p. 71-72; 4800, Jan. 23, 1948, pg. 95. AO.
1948 j
PhilipsCo., "Improvementsin or Relatingto Closed Cycle
.
1948. D6. * Hot-GasEngines,_" BritishPatent 606,758,August 19,....
i 1
i !
1948 e..... T_ipler, W., "An ElectricalAnalogueto the Heat Regenerator," Proc. In.t., Cong. of AppI. Mech., Vol. 3, pp. 196-210,1948, DI5.
i' I
i
I
1948 k
Phil",ps Co., "Improvements in.or Relatingto Hot-Gas Reciprocating Engines,"British Patent605,992, August 4, 1948.
B5.
*
'.
!i ii
1
Ii
_i _, J
I
i
1949 a
Bush, V., Patent
1949 b
"Old Hot-Air
_
i
"Thermal Apparatus. for Compressinq 2_461_032, Feb. 8, 1949. B2, *.
Gases,"
,
United
i
:
States
i
-.
April
194g.
The Engineer,
B6,:-BI].
_
Vol.
187-, No. 4862, pp.
365-366,
_ ....
1949 c
van Heeckeren, W. J., "Hot-Air Engine Actua.ted Apparatus," United States Patent 2,484,392, B5_ B6, B8, C3. "_
1949 d
Philips Co., Engines,"
1949 e
Philips Co., "Improvements in Systems Compri.sing a Hot-Gas Reciprocating Engine," British Patent 623,090, May 12, 1949. D8. *
_i "
I,
En.qine,"
Refri.qerating Oct. II, 1949.
"Improvements in or Relating toHot-Gas British Patent 632,669, Nov. 28, 1949.
" ],:
Reciprocating DI4, DI5 ......*
i
' ..
II
I
" I "i_i " ... . "'_
1949 f 1949 g
•'
Philips Co., Improvements in or Relating Engines," British Patent 618,266, Feb. Philips Co., "Improvements.in orRelating Engines," British Patent 617,850, Feb.
to Hot-Gas Reciprocating 18, 1949• D15. * _.. to Hot-Gas Reciprocating__11, 1949. DI5. *
1949 h
Philips'Co,,."Improvements in or Relating to Hot-Gas Engines," British Patent 619,277, March .7,1949 Dl4, *
1949 i
Phi_lipsCo., "Improvements in or Relating to Cylinder Heads for Hot-Gas,Engines," British Patent 615,260, Jan. 4, 1949• DI4. *
,_ .......... 1949 j
1950 a
1950 b i 1950 c
Phi]ips Co., '"Improvements British Patent 630,428,
in or Relating to Hot-Gas Engines," Oct. 13, 1949. DI4. *
Locke, G. L., "Heat-Transfer and Flow-Friction Characteristics of , Porous Solids," Dept.._ of Mech Engr • , Stanford Univer._ity,U.S.A.,. Technical Report No. I0, 1950. DI5. * Philips Co., "!mprovements in or Relating to Hot-Gas Reciprocating Engines_"_Brltish Patent 637,719, May 24, 1950. DI4, D8. *
i i _
-_
'
Philips Co., "Improvements in or Relating to Heat-Exchanging Apparatus," British Patent 635,691, April 12, 1950. Dl4, Dl5, Dl6.... *
1950 d • Philips Co., "Improvements in or Relating to Hot-Gas Engines," British Patent 645,934, Nov. 15, 1.950• DI4, DI5, DI6. *-}
1950 e i
Pakula, A.,. "Kylmailmakoneet Teknilline.n_Aillali_uslept_, March 25, 1950. AO.
U U dessa Kchitysvaiheessa," V.ol. 40, No. 6, pP. 123-127,
257
i
..............
!
I
_
i
'
i
i
:
_
"4
iI .
,
_ii'. __,i '_,i
1951 a
1951 b i ;1 ,I
;_ ;,i'. •{
Davis, S. J., and S.ingham, J. R., "Experiments on a Small Thermal Regenerator,"GeneralDiscussionon Heat Transfer,Inst. of-Mech. En_r_=., London, pp. 434-435, 1951. DI5. Hougen, J. 0., and Piret, E. L.,."Effective-Thermal Conductivity of GranularSolids through.whichGases are Flowing,"Chem. Engng. _, Vol• 47, pp. 295-303, 1951. DI5.
1-951c
Schultz, B. H,, "Regenerators with Longitudinal Heat Conduction," GeneralDiscussionon Heat Transfer,Inst.of Mech. Engr..,London,...... Ig51. Dl5.
1951d
Denton, W. H., "The Heat Transfer and Flow Resistance for Fluid Flow through Randomly.Packed Spheres," The Inst. of Me.c.h..Engr., London,pp. 370-373,1951. DI5.
/.i '_
1951 e
Gamson,B. W., " Heat and Mass Transfer,FluidSolid Systems," Chem. Engng. Prog., Vol. 47, No l, pp. 19-28, Jan. 1951. DI5.
•i, F _,
1951 f
Dros, A. A., "Combination Comprising a Hot-Gas Engine and a Piston MachineDriven Thereby,"United States Patent 2,558,48]4 June 2.6, 1951. B3, B4, B'6, BS, C3. *
1951 g
Philips Co., "Improvements in and Relating to Thermal Regener.ators " BritishPatent 657,472,Sept.•19, 1951, DI4. * -
"I _I
1951 h
Philips Co., "Improvementsin or Relatingto Multi-CylinderPiston Machines,"BritishPatent.656,252,Aug. 15, 1951. Dg. *
_i I!: !'i! i!
1951 i
PhilipsCo., "Improvementsin or Relatingt_ Hot-GasReciprocating Enginesand ReciprocatingRefrigeratorsOperatingAccordingto the ReversedHot,GasEngine Principle,"BritishPatent 656,250, Aug. 15, 195.1• D9. *
1951 j
Philips Co., "Improvements in and Relating British Patent 648,742, Jan. I0, 1951.
1951 k
" British Patent PhilipsCo•, "Improvementsin Hot-GasEngines_ 654,625,June 27, 1951 DI4. *
•, ! ,, * :i
"i
t_
'i
.!
,j ;!
_'
to. Hot-Gas Engines," DI3. *
1951 1
Philips Co•, "In_Drovements in or Relatingto Hot-Gas Reciprocating Engines, Including Refrigerating Engines.Operating on .the Reversed Hot-Gas Principle,"British Patent 654,936, July 4, 1951. B3. *
1951 m
PhilipsCo., "Improvementsin or Relatingto ReciprocatingEngines," British Patent 654,940, July 4, 1951. Dg. *
i!
L
_
, ----'-_951 _! _I '
n
1951-o
Philips Co.., "Improvements i_ or Relating to Hot-Gas Reciprocating Engines,"BritishPatent 655,565,July 25, 1951. D8, * PhilipsCo., "Improvementsin ReciprocatingHot-GasEngines, British Patent 657,743,Sept. 26, 1951 DI4. *
_:
i
• ;
2sB
k..
! _,i i
'
I j ,
1951 p
Pliilips Co., "Inlprovenlents in or Relating to the Control of Hot-Gas_ Reciprocating Engines," Britisl_ Patent 655,935, Aug. 8, 1951.
1951 q
DIe, D8. Saunders, O. *A., _nd Smoleniec, S., "Heat Transfer in Regenerators," .l[ist. of Mecll. Enqrs. and ASM_, General Discussion on Heat Transfer, Sept. 1951. DI5,
1952 a
Coppage, J., "Heat-Transfer and Flow-Friction Characteristics of Porous. Media," Thesis, Stanford University_, U.S.A., 1952. DI5.
1952 b
Finkelstein,T "Theoryof Air Cycles with Special Reference to the Stirling-Cycle, " Ph.D, Thesis, Universityof London,
:_:i ,
1952 c
.du Pre, F. K., "Hot-GasEngine or Refr.iger.ator," United States Patent 2,590,519,March 25, 1952. BI, B8, C3, DI5. *
_,_:_ _:
1952 d
Koopmans A. "Hot-Gas Reciprocating Engine," United States Patent 2,618,923, November 25, 1952. B3, B6, B8, DI4,
_,_,,i
1952 e
Yendall, E. F., "A Novel Refrigerating Machine," Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Volume 2, 1952. C3. *
1952 f
Dros, A. A., and Koopmans, A., "Multitude Heater for Hot-Gas ReciprocatingEngines,"United States Patent 2,621,474, December16, 1952 B3, B6, B_.," 'DI4. *
1952 g
Yzer, J. A. L., "CylinderHead for Hot-Gas Reciprocating.. Engines," United States Patent 2,616,250, November 4, 1952. B3, B6, B8, C3._ *
1952 h
van Heeckeren,W. J., "Hot-GasMotorwith Mea_s for Controlling the Heat Supply Therefor,"U_ited States Patent 2,583,311, January22, .1952. D8, DI4. *
: : .....
1952 i
de Brey, H., "Hot-GasReciprocatingEngine of the Kind ComprisingOne or More Closed Cycles,"United States Patent 2,616,249,November4, 1952. Dl6. *
.......
1952 j
PhilipsCo., "Improvementsin or Relatingto Reciprocating Apparatus,"British Patent 684,394,December17, 1952. Dg. *
1952 k
PhilipsCo., "ImprovementsRelatihg to Hot-Gas..Reciprocating Enginesand RefrigeratingEnginesOperatingon the Reversed Hot-Gas ReciprocatingEngine Cycle,"BritishPatent 665,989, February6, 1952. DI4, DI6..... * ...........
t ,, , ._, '/i, "t
I
_._-'i ,,._..!,; _,_ °'.:'i
: _-_ _.,j _"
_,{i ,_, ::_ . i ,' i
_"_ #: ::
259
m
1952 I-
Philips Co., "Improvements in or Relating to Hot-Gas Reciprocating Engines, and Refrigerating Engines Operating on the Reversed Hot-Gas Engine Principle," British Patent 684,600, December 24, ]952. DI4. *-
1952 m
PhilipsCo., "Improvementsin or Relatingto Hot-Gas ReciprocatingEngines,"BritishPatent 675_,].61, July 9, 1952. Dl4, Dl5. *
1952 n
PhilipsCo., "Improvementsin RefrigeratingSystems,British Patent 680,241,October8, 1952. C3, DIO. *
i
_!
,_
:_ 1952 o
PhilipsCo., "Improvementsin or_Relatingto Hot-Gas Engines or.EnginesOperatingon the ReverseHot-Gas Engine Principle,"British Patent,666,313,February13, 1952. Dl4, *
1952 p
PhilipsCo., "Improvements. in or Relatingto Hot-Gas Engines," BritishPatentk668,061,March 12, 1952. Dl6. *
1952 q
PhilipsCo., "Improvements.inor Relatingto Hot-GasEngines," British Patent 669,891,April 9, 1952. D8. *
_
.
'
1952 r .......... PhilipsCo. , "Improvementsin or Relatingto Hot-Gas Engines," British Patent665,735, January30_1952. D8. * 1952 s
PhilipsCo., "Improvementsin or Relatingto Refrigeration MachinesOperatingon the ReversedHot-Gas Engine Principle,"British Patent668,621, March 19, 1952. B5, C2. *
1953 a
Coppage, J. E., and London,A. L., "The Periodic-FlowRegenerator--. A Sunimary of Design Theory,"Trans. Am. Soc, Mech. En_rs., Vol. 75, pp. 779-787,1953. DI5. *
1953 b
DenhamiF. R., "A Study of the ReciprocatingHot-Air Engine," Ph..D., Thesis, Durham Universi.ty, 1953. D2.
1953 c
Finkelstein,T., "Self-ActingCoolingCycles,"D.I.C. Thesis, ImperialColle_e_London,1953. C3. ...
1953 d
PhilipsCo., "Improvementsin Hot-Gas-Engines," British Patent 691,781,May 20, 1953. Dl4. *
1953 e
Schultz,B. H., ."Approximate Formulaein the Theory of Thermal Regenerators,_!' _pl. Scient. Res. A., Vol. 3, pp. 165-173, 1953. Dl5.
260
,
i
I t
L
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1973 x .....Jaspers, H. A•, and Du Pre, F. K., "Stirlinq Engine Design Studies of an Llnderwater Power System and a-Total Enerqy System," IECEC Record No. 739035, pp. 588-593, ].__.73.: A7, C6. * 1973 y
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I,_73 ,It
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1975 ac Creuthamel,M. S., and Shelpuk,B., "RegenerativeGas CycleAir ConditioningUsing Solar Energy,"AdvancedTechnology• Laboratories, No..ATL-CR-Z5.-.IO, August, 1975. A4, BI, C3,..D3,Dl4, DIS, DI6. * 1975ad •
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1975 ag Martini,W. R., "The Free-Displacer, Free-PistonStirlingEngine -PotentialEnergy Conserver,!' IECEC Record, No. 759149,pp._9951002,=.1975.D3. *,
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1975 al Finkelstein,T., "computer. Analysis_ofStirling Engines,"Advances in CryggenicEngineering,Vol. 20, pp. 269-282,1975 or._.IECEC Record
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1975 am Bjerklie_J.W., Cairns,E. J , Tobias,C. W., and Wilson, D. G.,. "AlternativePower Sourcesfor Low EmissionAutomobiles," Automotive-.Eng., Vol. 83, No. lO,_Oct.,1975, or SAE Paper 750929,
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1975 ao Carrett, K., "Stirling Engine is a Hot Contender for Car Powerplants," Engineer, Vol. 240, No. 6.S08, March, 1975. AI, A2, A6, B3, B6, BS, Cl, D8, DI8. *
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1975 ap Mortinler, J., "Low Cost, Long Life (Stirling)Sngine May be Ideal for the Third World," Enginee.r, Vol. 240, No. 6208, March, 1975. B2, B5, B6, B8. * 1975--aqWilson, S. S., "PossibleDevelopmentsin Transportation," Aspectsof Energy Convers.,Proc. of a.Summer School,LincolnColl.,?bx-ford _, E-_i., JT_TyTT.4T25, _1975,.c1.
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1975 au Andrus, S., Faeser,R. J., Moise, J., Hoffman, L. C., and Rudnicki,M.E., "Development and Evaluation of a Stirling Powered Cardiac Assist System," Aeroj_et Liquid Rocket Co., Annual Rept. No. NOI-HV-3-2930, May, 1974-June,1975. A3, B2, B7, C4. ".: 1975 av Biryukov,V. I.,.and Sergeev,P. V., "Synthesisof.Three-Parameter ,,. ...... Mechanismsof the RhombicDrive of a Stirling Engine,"Izv Vyssh _-i Uchevn Zaved Mashinost% No. II, pp. 70-76, 1975.. B6, B_
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1975 aw Shah, R. K ° ' "A Correlationfor LongitudinalHeat ConductionEffects in Periodic-FlowHeatExchangers,"Journalof Engineeringfor _Power,pp. 453-454,July, 1975. OlS. _ 1975 ax Mott, W. E., "NuclearPower for the ArtificialHeart," Biomater. Med Dev Artif, Organs,Vol 3, No. 2, pp. 181-191,197_. A3, C4._-1975 ay .
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1975 az Carlqvist,S. G., Lia, T., and Lundholm,G, S. K., "Stirl_ing Engines: Their PotentialUse in CommercialVehiclesand Their Impact on Fuel Utilization,"Inst....Mech. En_., Paper C4/75, pp. 35-46, 1975. Dl. * 1975-ha Smith, L., Sandquist,G., O.Isen,D. B., Arnett, G., Gentry,S., and Kolff,W. J., "Power Requirementsfor the-A.E.C.., ArtificialHeart," Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. O.r_ans, Vol. XXl,.pp.540-544, 1975,_A3, B2, C4. *
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1976 q
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_'i" ..... _:_
19_7 c
Goldberg, L. F., Rallis, C. J., Bell, A. J., and tlrieli,I., "Some Experimental Results on Laboratory Model Fluidyne Enqines," IECEC R.ecord779255,-pp..... I_"" _533 B2___BS__I_'6, BS, C4 _ E3 • * _ _._I.--I • , 1977.
_;" ..
1977 d
!.1_.',
.
Llrieli,I., F_allis,C. J., and Berchowitz, P. M., "Computer Simulation of Stifling Cycle Machines," IECEC Record 77_)252,pp. 1512:1521, 1977. D4, DIC'..*
!:_
lq7l e
Rallis, C. ,I.,Urieli, I., and I_erchowitz,D. M., "A New I'ortedCon_tani Volume IJxternalIleatSupplivRe!leileratiw, Cvclo," IIC[C Record ' It.1, I,._. If?. * 71o;'.56, pp, 15./.l-l!Lt, ' , 1 i
I
i, 7"
i¸
TABLE8,2 P'I
-t
PERSONALAUTHORINDEXTO REFERENCES
'L i
) .
i
Abell, T. W. D., 69 ai
Baumgardner,A. R., 73 al
.._
Agarwal, P. D., 69 j..
Bayley,F. J., 61 a, 61 g, 65 s
;
.,;: .i
, i
Agbi,
iii! _._
Babtunde,
71 k, 73 u, 73 ag
Bazinet,
G. D., 71 az,
72 k.
'
Alexander,J, E., a 77 x Alm, C..B.S._73 Amann, C. A., 74 ah
Beale, William 71 aq, 72.x,T., 72 69 ad,h, 7369 b,ac,.71 73t, g, 75 n, 75 s ,. .......
_._ .i
Ambrosio, A., 66. b
Bell,
),i ._
Ammamchyan, R. G,, 76 ab Andersen,N. E., 74 ab, 76.w
Bender, R. J., 70 n Bennett,.A.,76 as, 76 ay, 77 x
:
Anderson,G. A., 1897a
Benson_ G. M,, 73 p,.77 a, 77 u
),
!! '_.
Anderson, Lars, 13 a Andrejewski, d., 74 al
Ber_chowitz, 77 bq
: _ !,
tF,i
Andrus, "
S.,
72 k, 73 at,
74 au, 75 au,
76 aq
Andrew J.,
Biermann, Bifano,
_ il,
77 c
DavidM.,
77 d, 77 e, 77 g,
U. K. P.,.75_f____ N. J.
,
75.ab
1 !
Anzelius,A., 26 a.
Biryukov,-VnI., 75 av
1
•i_
Arend, P. C., 64 k
Bjerklie,
,
!._
Arkharov,A. M., 73 au
Bla._r,.C.R.,76 as
_ "i
Arnett, G., 75 ba Artiles,A. A., 77 ar
Blankenship,CharlesP., 77 p Bledsoe, J. A., 77 aj
.... _:i
Asselman,G...,A. A ,.72ah, 73 aj, 76 f, Blinov, I G , 74 ak 77 bb Bloem, A. T., 57 h
,'i :,i
Auxer, W. L., 77 w.. Ayres, Robert V., 73 af
Bloemer, J...W.,65u Boelter, L. M. K., 43 a
."
Baas, H. B., 63...r
Boestad,._G., 38 a
Babcock,
Bohr,
E., 48 g J
J.. W., 72_v, 75 am
!
:i
G. H.,
1.885 a
._ ._ I,
i,
Bahnke, G. D , 64 a
Bolt
A., 68 b
''
Bahr, D. W., 72 ag
Boltz,
_-i! _; ._, _i
Bakhnev,V. G., 75 ak Bakker.,L P , 76.as
Bondarenko,L. S..,73 au Bornhorst,W. J., 71 b
:!._ '_
_ _,'.
Balas,Charles, Jr.,_Z5ay, 77 ax
Boser, 0., 77y
, .: |
_
Barker;J. J., 65 r
Bougard,J..,75.an, 75 bc
i i._
C. L., 74 ai
L
t
I
r t..... 7"
: r 1:i I ._iI ,,' ;
t
{
,
I r
,:_r
_
l
I,
l
[ r
}
i j
1
!
'
t
'-_"-
I
' 'r ......
F
,
'"
:-'I
,
•
i
:
'\
_;_
Bourne,
}, i
I
O.,
1878 b
Breazeale,
W. I.,
Coppage, J. E.,
74 k,
74 f,
74 ad,
52 a, 53 a, 56 a
Crandall,
S.'H.,
56 c
Creswick,
F. A.,
57 a, 62 m, 65 a, 68 o
E. S.,. 75 g E.,
68 e, 68 h, 68 j,
69 ak, 70 r-, 71 ay,
J. A.,
69 i, 72 al
Crouthamel,
M..S.,
Damsz, G..., 67 e Daniels, A., 65 v,
77 q
Burn,
K. S.,
76 ax
71 I,
Bush,
J..F..,
74 aa
74 w, 75 m
Bush, Vannevar, 69 aq, Byer,
R. L.,
Cairelli,
70 s 76 ak
El.ton J.,
..
Carlqvist,
:
Carney,
i
Carriker,
I,
Cayley, Cella,
38 b, 38 c, 39 a, 49.a,
James E,,
Cairns,
77 ab,
75 am
S. G., 75 az H. C.,
69 ak
W., 76 aq G., AI,
Chaddock,
1807 m.._ 77 b
D. H.,
77av
I.
B.,
Darling,
G. B.,
Datring,
R.,
...
72 af,
75 ac ,y:
66 I,
71 p, 73 ae,
Danilov,
67 e,
73 ap,
'
69 1
Davis,
Stephen
R.,
51 a, 71 q, 72 r,
77 q
Day, .Frederick
D.,
H., a
Delabar,
77 ac
47b,.48
O.
a, 52 i
G.., 1869 a
de Lange,
Challis,
F. F.,
61 h
den Haan, Jose J. W., 58 i
Chelton,
D. G.,
64 k
Denham, F. R.,
53 b
Denton,
51 d
Leendert,
W. H.,
56 f,
Clapham, , 77 Churchill-, E S. W.,aw61_n
de Steese, J. 67 G., a 74 o Socio, L.,
Codegone-, C., 55 f Claudet, G., 72 ae Colem.]n,_S. J., 71 b
Didion, Davi.d,..77 ad de Wilde de Ligny, J. H., Dineen,, John J., 65 m
Combes, Par M.,
1853 a
.q4 Collins,
77 bh
F. M.,
"
71 t
68 o
68 a
:
.
E. S.,
N, P.,
_--
73 ar
Davoud, J. G.,
de Brey,
74 b,
59 a
John G., 63 h, 63 p
73 ao,
71 h,
72 ae
Daunt,
n^h_,., 77ag
.i
Cheaney,
Chironis,
if-"
....................
74-j,
70 e,
Bucherl,
\
'
74 g, 74 h, 74 i, 75 I, 75 y, 77 t
67 i,
Cornelius, W., 72 ag Cowans, K. W., 68 w
Burke,
_!
65 y
E. H.,
Breen, B. P., 72 ag _.. Brogan, John J., 73 ak, 74 an
69 af,
i "
Cooke-Yarbo_ough,
Bourne, R. J., 77 bg Brainard, D. S., 60 s
Buck, Keith
........
..............
Doering,-R ......D...,.._68x
57 i
.I i
:_
71 e ................
I
,: :
l"lonkin,
'_'_::I ',_
DoOd.V, R. [I., 75 a Dresser, 11. [ 60 b
_]i
Dros,.A.A.,
,,
:
_...,I
" i i '
_)iLi: _ i
'
,_i i
[
'
+.i :-I i _. ,! " %!
Sunpower is an out-growth of Professor WilliamT. Beale s work at Ohio University on free-piston. Stirling engines. Sunpower is working with MTI of Latham, New York on a DOE sponsored 2KW(e) space power plant using a free-displacer., free-power piston Stirling engine driving a . linear" alternator, Sunpower has also built a free-piston engine "For NASA-Lewis.
;_! • ,i '_
A new small solar-electric engine designed by Sunpower is being tested. The target for this system is overall conversion efficiency from solar energy to usable electric power approximately twice as high as that of a silicon solar cell using concentrated sunlight,
,._
Sunpower currently employs 12 people working on Stirling engines.
' ' _-._. ,
I
i
.,
!-
Trans Computer Associates Dr. T. Finkelstein, President P.O. Box 643 Beverly Hills, California 90213
,
I ,i
Dr. Finkelstein has worked on Stirling engines for a number of companies. He is now an i.ndependentconsultant and has his 3rd order computer code available for use. He conducts a short course on Stirling engines every _ year at UCLA. He is the authority on the history o.fStirling engines.
_+
"
United Stirling (Sweden) AB &_Co. Fack 201 I0 Malm_ I, Sweden
.]
Contact:
Bengt Hallare, corporate Planning and Marketing
United Stirling's program is well described in Section 3.2 oi_this manual. Brieflyjthey have designed a 40, a 75 and a 150 KW engine to be used in__ :,
3_3
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