SQL The Complete Reference

31,ç 4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE çç 4HIRDç%DITION

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31,ç 4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE ç 4HIRDç%DITION 0AUL7EINBERG *AMES'ROFF !NDREW/PPEL

.EW9ORK#HICAGO3AN&RANCISCO ,ISBON,ONDON-ADRID-EXICO#ITY -ILAN.EW$ELHI3AN*UAN 3EOUL3INGAPORE3YDNEY4ORONTO

Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-159256-7 MHID: 0-07-159256-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-159255-0, MHID: 0-07-159255-5. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at [email protected]. Information has been obtained by McGraw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, McGraw-Hill, or others, McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.

!BOUTõTHEõ!UTHORS *AMES2'ROFFIS#%/OF0"WORKS WHOSEHOSTEDCOLLABORATIONSOFTWAREHELPSTEAMSOFPEOPLE WORKTOGETHERMOREEFFECTIVELYANDEFFICIENTLY%ARLIER 'ROFFWAS#%/OF4IMES4EN THELEADING PROVIDEROFIN MEMORY31,DATABASES(ELED4IMES4ENFROMITSEARLYDAYSTHROUGHEIGHTYEARSOF GROWTHANDASUCCESSFULACQUISITIONBY/RACLEIN WHEREHESERVEDASASENIORVICEPRESIDENT AND/RACLE4IMES4ENBECAME/RACLESFLAGSHIPREAL TIMEDATABASEPRODUCT'ROFFWASTHE COFOUNDER WITH0AUL7EINBERG OF.ETWORK)NNOVATIONS#ORPORATION ADEVELOPEROF31, BASED NETWORKINGSOFTWARE ANDCOAUTHORWITHHIMOF5NDERSTANDING5.)8!#ONCEPTUAL'UIDEASWELL ASTHISBOOK'ROFFHASALSOHELDSENIORDIVISIONMANAGEMENTANDMARKETINGPOSITIONSAT!PPLE #OMPUTERAND(EWLETT 0ACKARD(EHOLDSA"3IN-ATHEMATICSFROMTHE-ASSACHUSETTS)NSTITUTE OF4ECHNOLOGYANDAN-"!FROM(ARVARD5NIVERSITY 0AUL.7EINBERGISASENIORVICEPRESIDENTAT3!0 WHEREHERUNSCORE-$--ASTER$ATA -ANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT0RIORTOWORKINGAT3!0 7EINBERGWASPRESIDENTOF!I )NC WHICH WASACQUIREDBY3!0INFORITSENTERPRISEWIDEPLATFORMFORPRODUCTCONTENTMANAGEMENTAND CATALOGPUBLISHING7EINBERGWASTHECOFOUNDER WITH*AMES'ROFF OF.ETWORK)NNOVATIONS #ORPORATION APIONEERINCLIENTSERVERDATABASEACCESSTHATWASACQUIREDBY!PPLE#OMPUTERIN  ANDCOAUTHORWITHHIMOF5NDERSTANDING5.)8 !#ONCEPTUAL'UIDEASWELLASTHISBOOK(EHASALSOHELDSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTANDMARKETING POSITIONSAT"ELL,ABORATORIES (EWLETT 0ACKARD AND0LEXUS#OMPUTERS)N HECOLLABORATED ON4HE3IMPLE3OLUTIONTO2UBIKS#UBE THENUMBER ONEBEST SELLINGBOOKOFTHATYEAR WITHOVER MILLIONCOPIESSOLD(EHOLDSA"3FROMTHE5NIVERSITYOF-ICHIGANANDAN-3FROM3TANFORD 5NIVERSITY BOTHIN#OMPUTER3CIENCE !NDREW*!NDY /PPELISLEADDATAMODELERAT"LUE3HIELDOF#ALIFORNIA)NADDITION HEHAS SERVEDASAPART TIMEINSTRUCTORINDATABASETECHNOLOGYWITHTHE5NIVERSITYOF#ALIFORNIAAT "ERKELEY %XTENSIONFORMORETHANYEARS!NDYHASDESIGNEDANDIMPLEMENTEDHUNDREDSOF DATABASESFORAWIDERANGEOFAPPLICATIONS INCLUDINGHEATHCARE BANKING INSURANCE APPAREL MANUFACTURING TELECOMMUNICATIONS WIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONS ANDHUMANRESOURCES(EISTHE AUTHOROF$ATABASES$EMYSTIFIED 31,$EMYSTIFIED AND$ATABASES!"EGINNERS'UIDEANDISCOAUTHOR OF31,!"EGINNERS'UIDE(EHOLDSA"!IN#OMPUTER3CIENCEFROM4RANSYLVANIA5NIVERSITY ,EXINGTON +9 

!BOUTõTHEõ4ECHNICALõ%DITOR !ARON$AVENPORTHASBEENWORKINGWITH31, BASED2$"-3TECHNOLOGIESFOROVERTENYEARS(E ISCURRENTLYAPRINCIPALAT,#34ECHNOLOGIES )NC A3ACRAMENTOAND3AN&RANCISCO"AY!REA DATABASECONSULTINGFIRMSPECIALIZINGINPERFORMANCETUNING APPLICATIONDEVELOPMENT AND DATABASEARCHITECTURE0RIORTOJOINING,#3 !ARONHADTENURESAT9AHOO
'AP)NC AND"LUE3HIELD OF#ALIFORNIA

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#ONTENTSçATçAç'LANCE õ

0ARTõ)õ !Nõ/VERVIEWõOFõ31,



 )NTRODUCTION 





 !1UICK4OUROF31, 





 31,IN0ERSPECTIVE 





 2ELATIONAL$ATABASES 



õ 0ARTõ))õ 2ETRIEVINGõ$ATA

 31,"ASICS 





 3IMPLE1UERIES 





 -ULTITABLE1UERIES*OINS  



 3UMMARY1UERIES  



 3UBQUERIESAND1UERY%XPRESSIONS  

õ 0ARTõ)))õ 5PDATINGõ$ATA

 $ATABASE5PDATES  



 $ATA)NTEGRITY  



 4RANSACTION0ROCESSING  

õ 0ARTõ)6õ $ATABASEõ3TRUCTURE

 #REATINGA$ATABASE  



 6IEWS  



 31,3ECURITY  



 4HE3YSTEM#ATALOG  

VII

VIIIç õ

31,ç4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE

0ARTõ6õ 0ROGRAMMINGõWITHõ31,



 %MBEDDED31,  



 $YNAMIC31,  



 31,!0)S  

õ 0ARTõ6)õ 31,õ4ODAYõANDõ4OMORROW

 $ATABASE0ROCESSINGAND3TORED0ROCEDURAL31,  



 31,AND$ATA7AREHOUSING  



 31,AND!PPLICATION3ERVERS  



 31,.ETWORKINGAND$ISTRIBUTED$ATABASES  



 31,AND/BJECTS  



 31,AND8-,  



 3PECIALTY$ATABASES  



 4HE&UTUREOF31,  

õ 0ARTõ6))õ !PPENDIXES

! 4HE3AMPLE$ATABASE  



" $"-36ENDOR0ROlLES  



# 31,3YNTAX2EFERENCE  



)NDEX  

#ONTENTSç

#ONTENTS !CKNOWLEDGMENTS  XXIII )NTRODUCTION  XXV

õ

0ARTõ)õ !Nõ/VERVIEWõOFõ31,



 )NTRODUCTION  4HE31,,ANGUAGE  4HE2OLEOF31,  31,3UCCESS&ACTORS  6ENDOR)NDEPENDENCE  0ORTABILITY!CROSS#OMPUTER3YSTEMS  /FlCIAL31,3TANDARDS  %ARLY)"-#OMMITMENT  -ICROSOFT3UPPORT  2ELATIONAL&OUNDATION  (IGH ,EVEL %NGLISH ,IKE3TRUCTURE  )NTERACTIVE !D(OC1UERIES  0ROGRAMMATIC$ATABASE!CCESS  -ULTIPLE6IEWSOF$ATA  #OMPLETE$ATABASE,ANGUAGE  $YNAMIC$ATA$ElNITION  #LIENT3ERVER!RCHITECTURE  %NTERPRISE!PPLICATION3UPPORT  %XTENSIBILITYAND/BJECT4ECHNOLOGY  )NTERNET$ATABASE!CCESS  *AVA)NTEGRATION*$"#  /PEN3OURCE3UPPORT  )NDUSTRY)NFRASTRUCTURE 

                      



 !1UICK4OUROF31,  !3IMPLE$ATABASE  2ETRIEVING$ATA  3UMMARIZING$ATA  !DDING$ATATOTHE$ATABASE  $ELETING$ATA  5PDATINGTHE$ATABASE  0ROTECTING$ATA  #REATINGA$ATABASE  3UMMARY 

         

IX

IX

Xç

31,ç4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE



 31,IN0ERSPECTIVE  31,ANDTHE%VOLUTIONOF$ATABASE-ANAGEMENT  !"RIEF(ISTORYOF31,  4HE%ARLY9EARS  %ARLY2ELATIONAL0RODUCTS  )"-0RODUCTS  #OMMERCIAL!CCEPTANCE  31,3TANDARDS  4HE!.3))3/3TANDARDS  /THER%ARLY31,3TANDARDS  /$"#ANDTHE31,!CCESS'ROUP  *$"#AND!PPLICATION3ERVERS  31,AND0ORTABILITY  31,AND.ETWORKING  #ENTRALIZED!RCHITECTURE  &ILE3ERVER!RCHITECTURE  #LIENT3ERVER!RCHITECTURE  -ULTITIER!RCHITECTURE  4HE0ROLIFERATIONOF31,  31,ON-AINFRAMES  31,ON-INICOMPUTERS  31,ON5.)8 "ASED3YSTEMS  31,ON0ERSONAL#OMPUTERS  31,AND4RANSACTION0ROCESSING  31,AND7ORKGROUP$ATABASES  31, $ATA7AREHOUSING AND"USINESS)NTELLIGENCE  31,AND)NTERNET!PPLICATIONS  3UMMARY 

                           



 2ELATIONAL$ATABASES  %ARLY$ATA-ODELS  &ILE-ANAGEMENT3YSTEMS  (IERARCHICAL$ATABASES  .ETWORK$ATABASES  4HE2ELATIONAL$ATA-ODEL  4HE3AMPLE$ATABASE  4ABLES  0RIMARY+EYS  2ELATIONSHIPS  &OREIGN+EYS  #ODDS2ULESFOR2ELATIONAL$ATABASES  3UMMARY 

            

#ONTENTSç

õ 0ARTõ))õ 2ETRIEVINGõ$ATA

 31,"ASICS  3TATEMENTS  .AMES  4ABLE.AMES  #OLUMN.AMES  $ATA4YPES  #ONSTANTS  .UMERIC#ONSTANTS  3TRING#ONSTANTS  $ATEAND4IME#ONSTANTS  3YMBOLIC#ONSTANTS  %XPRESSIONS  "UILT )N&UNCTIONS  -ISSING$ATA.5,,6ALUES  3UMMARY 

              



 3IMPLE1UERIES  4HE3%,%#43TATEMENT  4HE3%,%#4#LAUSE  4HE&2/-#LAUSE  1UERY2ESULTS  3IMPLE1UERIES  #ALCULATED#OLUMNS  3ELECTING!LL#OLUMNS3%,%#4  $UPLICATE2OWS$)34).#4  2OW3ELECTION7(%2%#LAUSE  3EARCH#ONDITIONS  4HE#OMPARISON4EST       4HE2ANGE4EST"%47%%.  4HE3ET-EMBERSHIP4EST).  4HE0ATTERN-ATCHING4EST,)+%  4HE.ULL6ALUE4EST)3.5,,  #OMPOUND3EARCH#ONDITIONS!.$ /2 AND./4  3ORTING1UERY2ESULTS/2$%2"9#LAUSE  2ULESFOR3INGLE 4ABLE1UERY0ROCESSING  #OMBINING1UERY2ESULTS5.)/.  5NIONSAND$UPLICATE2OWS  5NIONSAND3ORTING  -ULTIPLE5.)/.S  3UMMARY 

                       

XI

XIIç

31,ç4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE



 -ULTITABLE1UERIES*OINS  !4WO 4ABLE1UERY%XAMPLE  3IMPLE*OINS%QUI *OINS  0ARENT#HILD1UERIES  !N!LTERNATIVE7AYTO3PECIFY*OINS  *OINSWITH2OW3ELECTION#RITERIA  -ULTIPLE-ATCHING#OLUMNS  .ATURAL*OINS  1UERIESWITH4HREEOR-ORE4ABLES  /THER%QUI *OINS  .ON %QUI *OINS  31,#ONSIDERATIONSFOR-ULTITABLE1UERIES  1UALIlED#OLUMN.AMES  !LL #OLUMN3ELECTIONS  3ELF *OINS  4ABLE!LIASES  -ULTITABLE1UERY0ERFORMANCE  4HE3TRUCTUREOFA*OIN  4ABLE-ULTIPLICATION  2ULESFOR-ULTITABLE1UERY0ROCESSING  /UTER*OINS  ,EFTAND2IGHT/UTER*OINS  /LDER/UTER*OIN.OTATION  *OINSANDTHE31,3TANDARD  )NNER*OINSIN3TANDARD31,  /UTER*OINSIN3TANDARD31,  #ROSS*OINSIN3TANDARD31,  -ULTITABLE*OINSIN3TANDARD31,  3UMMARY 

                            



 3UMMARY1UERIES  #OLUMN&UNCTIONS  #OMPUTINGA#OLUMN4OTAL35-  #OMPUTINGA#OLUMN!VERAGE!6'  &INDING%XTREME6ALUES-).AND-!8  #OUNTING$ATA6ALUES#/5.4  #OLUMN&UNCTIONSINTHE3ELECT,IST  .5,,6ALUESAND#OLUMN&UNCTIONS  $UPLICATE2OW%LIMINATION$)34).#4  'ROUPED1UERIES'2/50"9#LAUSE  -ULTIPLE'ROUPING#OLUMNS  2ESTRICTIONSON'ROUPED1UERIES  .5,,6ALUESIN'ROUPING#OLUMNS 

            

#ONTENTSç



'ROUP3EARCH#ONDITIONS(!6).'#LAUSE  2ESTRICTIONSON'ROUP3EARCH#ONDITIONS  .5,,6ALUESAND'ROUP3EARCH#ONDITIONS  (!6).'7ITHOUT'2/50"9  3UMMARY 

    

 3UBQUERIESAND1UERY%XPRESSIONS  5SING3UBQUERIES  7HAT)SA3UBQUERY  3UBQUERIESINTHE7(%2%#LAUSE  /UTER2EFERENCES  3UBQUERY3EARCH#ONDITIONS  4HE3UBQUERY#OMPARISON4EST       4HE3ET-EMBERSHIP4EST).  4HE%XISTENCE4EST%8)343  1UANTIlED4ESTS!.9AND!,,  3UBQUERIESAND*OINS  .ESTED3UBQUERIES  #ORRELATED3UBQUERIES  3UBQUERIESINTHE(!6).'#LAUSE  3UBQUERY3UMMARY  !DVANCED1UERIES  3CALAR 6ALUED%XPRESSIONS  2OW 6ALUED%XPRESSIONS  4ABLE 6ALUED%XPRESSIONS  1UERY%XPRESSIONS  31,1UERIES!&INAL3UMMARY 

                    

õ 0ARTõ)))õ 5PDATINGõ$ATA

 $ATABASE5PDATES  !DDING$ATATOTHE$ATABASE  4HE3INGLE 2OW).3%243TATEMENT  4HE-ULTIROW).3%243TATEMENT  "ULK,OAD5TILITIES  $ELETING$ATAFROMTHE$ATABASE  4HE$%,%4%3TATEMENT  $ELETING!LL2OWS  $%,%4%WITH3UBQUERY  -ODIFYING$ATAINTHE$ATABASE  4HE50$!4%3TATEMENT  5PDATING!LL2OWS  50$!4%WITH3UBQUERY  3UMMARY 

             

XIII

XIVç

31,ç4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE



 $ATA)NTEGRITY  7HAT)S$ATA)NTEGRITY  2EQUIRED$ATA  3IMPLE6ALIDITY#HECKING  #OLUMN#HECK#ONSTRAINTS  $OMAINS  %NTITY)NTEGRITY  /THER5NIQUENESS#ONSTRAINTS  5NIQUENESSAND.5,,6ALUES  2EFERENTIAL)NTEGRITY  2EFERENTIAL)NTEGRITY0ROBLEMS  $ELETEAND5PDATE2ULES  #ASCADED$ELETESAND5PDATES  2EFERENTIAL#YCLES  &OREIGN+EYSAND.5,,6ALUES  !DVANCED#ONSTRAINT#APABILITIES  !SSERTIONS  31,#ONSTRAINT4YPES  $EFERRED#ONSTRAINT#HECKING  "USINESS2ULES  7HAT)SA4RIGGER  4RIGGERSAND2EFERENTIAL)NTEGRITY  4RIGGER!DVANTAGESAND$ISADVANTAGES  4RIGGERSANDTHE31,3TANDARD  3UMMARY 

                        



 4RANSACTION0ROCESSING  7HAT)SA4RANSACTION  4HE!.3))3/31,4RANSACTION-ODEL  4HE34!2442!.3!#4)/.AND3%442!.3!#4)/.3TATEMENTS  4HE3!6%0/).4AND2%,%!3%3!6%0/).43TATEMENTS  4HE#/--)4AND2/,,"!#+3TATEMENTS  4RANSACTIONS"EHINDTHE3CENES  4RANSACTIONSAND-ULTIUSER0ROCESSING  4HE,OST5PDATE0ROBLEM  4HE5NCOMMITTED$ATA0ROBLEM  4HE)NCONSISTENT$ATA0ROBLEM  4HE0HANTOM)NSERT0ROBLEM  #ONCURRENT4RANSACTIONS  ,OCKING  ,OCKING,EVELS  3HAREDAND%XCLUSIVE,OCKS  $EADLOCKS  !DVANCED,OCKING4ECHNIQUES 

                 

#ONTENTSç

6ERSIONING  6ERSIONINGIN/PERATION  6ERSIONING!DVANTAGESAND$ISADVANTAGES  3UMMARY 

   

õ 0ARTõ)6õ $ATABASEõ3TRUCTURE

 #REATINGA$ATABASE  4HE$ATA$ElNITION,ANGUAGE  #REATINGA$ATABASE  4ABLE$ElNITIONS  #REATINGA4ABLE#2%!4%4!",%  2EMOVINGA4ABLE$2/04!",%  #HANGINGA4ABLE$ElNITION!,4%24!",%  #ONSTRAINT$ElNITIONS  !SSERTIONS  $OMAINS  !LIASESAND3YNONYMS#2%!4%$2/0!,)!3  )NDEXES#2%!4%$2/0).$%8  -ANAGING/THER$ATABASE/BJECTS  $ATABASE3TRUCTURE  3INGLE $ATABASE!RCHITECTURE  -ULTIDATABASE!RCHITECTURE  -ULTILOCATION!RCHITECTURE  $ATABASESON-ULTIPLE3ERVERS  $ATABASE3TRUCTUREANDTHE!.3))3/3TANDARD  #ATALOGS  3CHEMAS  3UMMARY 

                     



 6IEW  7HAT)SA6IEW  (OWTHE$"-3(ANDLES6IEWS  !DVANTAGESOF6IEWS  $ISADVANTAGESOF6IEWS  #REATINGA6IEW#2%!4%6)%7  (ORIZONTAL6IEWS  6ERTICAL6IEWS  2OW#OLUMN3UBSET6IEWS  'ROUPED6IEWS  *OINED6IEWS  5PDATINGA6IEW  6IEW5PDATESANDTHE!.3))3/3TANDARD  6IEW5PDATESIN#OMMERCIAL31,0RODUCTS  #HECKING6IEW5PDATES#(%#+/04)/. 

              

XV

XVIç

31,ç4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE

$ROPPINGA6IEW$2/06)%7   -ATERIALIZED6IEWS   3UMMARY  

 31,3ECURITY  31,3ECURITY#ONCEPTS  5SER )DS  3ECURITY/BJECTS  0RIVILEGES  6IEWSAND31,3ECURITY  'RANTING0RIVILEGES'2!.4  #OLUMN0RIVILEGES  0ASSING0RIVILEGES'2!.4/04)/.  2EVOKING0RIVILEGES2%6/+%  2%6/+%ANDTHE'2!.4/04)/.  2%6/+%ANDTHE!.3))3/3TANDARD  2OLE "ASED3ECURITY  3UMMARY 

             



 4HE3YSTEM#ATALOG  7HAT)STHE3YSTEM#ATALOG  4HE#ATALOGAND1UERY4OOLS  4HE#ATALOGANDTHE!.3))3/3TANDARD  #ATALOG#ONTENTS  4ABLE)NFORMATION  #OLUMN)NFORMATION  6IEW)NFORMATION  2EMARKS  2ELATIONSHIP)NFORMATION  5SER)NFORMATION  0RIVILEGES)NFORMATION  4HE31,)NFORMATION3CHEMA  /THER#ATALOG)NFORMATION  3UMMARY 

              

õ

0ARTõ6õ 0ROGRAMMINGõWITHõ31,  %MBEDDED31,  0ROGRAMMATIC31,4ECHNIQUES  $"-33TATEMENT0ROCESSING  %MBEDDED31,#ONCEPTS  $EVELOPINGAN%MBEDDED31,0ROGRAM  2UNNINGAN%MBEDDED31,0ROGRAM 

     

#ONTENTSç

3IMPLE%MBEDDED31,3TATEMENTS  $ECLARING4ABLES  %RROR(ANDLING  5SING(OST6ARIABLES  $ATA2ETRIEVALIN%MBEDDED31,  3INGLE 2OW1UERIES  -ULTIROW1UERIES  #URSOR "ASED$ELETESAND5PDATES  #URSORSAND4RANSACTION0ROCESSING  3UMMARY 

         



 $YNAMIC31,  ,IMITATIONSOF3TATIC31,  $YNAMIC31,#ONCEPTS  $YNAMIC3TATEMENT%XECUTION%8%#54%)--%$)!4%  4WO 3TEP$YNAMIC%XECUTION  4HE02%0!2%3TATEMENT  4HE%8%#54%3TATEMENT  $YNAMIC1UERIES  4HE$%3#2)"%3TATEMENT  4HE$%#,!2%#523/23TATEMENT  4HE$YNAMIC/0%.3TATEMENT  4HE$YNAMIC&%4#(3TATEMENT  4HE$YNAMIC#,/3%3TATEMENT  $YNAMIC31,$IALECTS  $YNAMIC31,IN/RACLE  $YNAMIC31,ANDTHE31,3TANDARD  "ASIC$YNAMIC31,3TATEMENTS  4HE3TANDARD31,$!  4HE31,3TANDARDAND$YNAMIC31,1UERIES  3UMMARY 

                   



 31,!0)S  !0)#ONCEPTS  4HEDBLIB!0)31,3ERVER  "ASIC31,3ERVER4ECHNIQUES  31,3ERVER1UERIES  0OSITIONED5PDATES  $YNAMIC1UERIES  /$"#ANDTHE31,#,)3TANDARD  4HE#ALL ,EVEL)NTERFACE3TANDARDIZATION  #,)3TRUCTURES  #,)3TATEMENT0ROCESSING  #,)%RRORSAND$IAGNOSTIC)NFORMATION  #,)!TTRIBUTES  #,))NFORMATION#ALLS 

             

XVII

XVIIIç

31,ç4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE

4HE/$"#!0)  4HE3TRUCTUREOF/$"#  /$"#AND$"-3)NDEPENDENCE  /$"##ATALOG&UNCTIONS  %XTENDED/$"##APABILITIES  4HE/RACLE#ALL)NTERFACE/#)  /#)(ANDLES  /RACLE3ERVER#ONNECTION  3TATEMENT%XECUTION  1UERY2ESULTS0ROCESSING  $ESCRIPTOR(ANDLING  4RANSACTION-ANAGEMENT  *AVA$ATABASE#ONNECTIVITY*$"#  *$"#(ISTORYAND6ERSIONS  *$"#)MPLEMENTATIONSAND$RIVER4YPES  4HE*$"#!0)  3UMMARY 

                

õ 0ARTõ6)õ 31,õ4ODAYõANDõ4OMORROW

 $ATABASE0ROCESSINGAND3TORED0ROCEDURAL31,  0ROCEDURAL31,#ONCEPTS  !"ASIC%XAMPLE  5SING3TORED0ROCEDURES  #REATINGA3TORED0ROCEDURE  #ALLINGA3TORED0ROCEDURE  3TORED0ROCEDURE6ARIABLES  3TATEMENT"LOCKS  &UNCTIONS  2ETURNING6ALUESVIA0ARAMETERS  #ONDITIONAL%XECUTION  2EPEATED%XECUTION  /THER&LOW OF #ONTROL#ONSTRUCTS  #URSOR "ASED2EPETITION  (ANDLING%RROR#ONDITIONS  !DVANTAGESOF3TORED0ROCEDURES  3TORED0ROCEDURE0ERFORMANCE  3YSTEM $ElNED3TORED0ROCEDURES  %XTERNAL3TORED0ROCEDURES  4RIGGERS  !DVANTAGESAND$ISADVANTAGESOF4RIGGERS  4RIGGERSIN4RANSACT 31,  4RIGGERSIN)NFORMIX30,  4RIGGERSIN/RACLE0,31,  /THER4RIGGER#ONSIDERATIONS 

                        

#ONTENTSç

3TORED0ROCEDURES &UNCTIONS 4RIGGERS ANDTHE31,3TANDARD  4HE31,03-3TORED0ROCEDURES3TANDARD  4HE31,03-4RIGGERS3TANDARD  3UMMARY 

   



 31,AND$ATA7AREHOUSING  $ATA7AREHOUSING#ONCEPTS  #OMPONENTSOFA$ATA7AREHOUSE  4HE%VOLUTIONOF$ATA7AREHOUSING  $ATABASE!RCHITECTUREFOR7AREHOUSING  &ACT#UBES  3TAR3CHEMAS  -ULTILEVEL$IMENSIONS  31,%XTENSIONSFOR$ATA7AREHOUSING  7AREHOUSE0ERFORMANCE  ,OAD0ERFORMANCE  1UERY0ERFORMANCE  3UMMARY 

            



 31,AND!PPLICATION3ERVERS  31,AND7EB3ITES%ARLY)MPLEMENTATIONS  !PPLICATION3ERVERSAND4HREE 4IER7EB3ITE!RCHITECTURES  $ATABASE!CCESSFROM!PPLICATION3ERVERS  %*"4YPES  3ESSION"EAN$ATABASE!CCESS  %NTITY"EAN$ATABASE!CCESS  %*"%NHANCEMENTS  %*"%NHANCEMENTS  /PEN3OURCE!PPLICATION$EVELOPMENT  !PPLICATION3ERVER#ACHING  3UMMARY 

           



 31,.ETWORKINGAND$ISTRIBUTED$ATABASES  4HE#HALLENGEOF$ISTRIBUTED$ATA-ANAGEMENT  $ISTRIBUTING$ATA0RACTICAL!PPROACHES  2EMOTE$ATABASE!CCESS  2EMOTE$ATA4RANSPARENCY  4ABLE%XTRACTS  4ABLE2EPLICATION  5PDATEABLE2EPLICAS  2EPLICATION4RADE /FFS  4YPICAL2EPLICATION!RCHITECTURES  $ISTRIBUTED$ATABASE!CCESS  2EMOTE2EQUESTS  2EMOTE4RANSACTIONS  $ISTRIBUTED4RANSACTIONS  $ISTRIBUTED2EQUESTS 

              

XIX

XXç

31,ç4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE

4HE4WO 0HASE#OMMIT0ROTOCOL  .ETWORK!PPLICATIONSAND$ATABASE!RCHITECTURE  #LIENT3ERVER!PPLICATIONSAND$ATABASE!RCHITECTURE  #LIENT3ERVER!PPLICATIONSWITH3TORED0ROCEDURES  %NTERPRISE!PPLICATIONSAND$ATA#ACHING  (IGH 6OLUME)NTERNET$ATA-ANAGEMENT  3UMMARY 

      



 31,AND/BJECTS  /BJECT /RIENTED$ATABASES  /BJECT /RIENTED$ATABASE#HARACTERISTICS  0ROSAND#ONSOF/BJECT /RIENTED$ATABASES  /BJECTSANDTHE$ATABASE-ARKET  /BJECT 2ELATIONAL$ATABASES  ,ARGE/BJECT3UPPORT  ,/"SINTHE2ELATIONAL-ODEL  3PECIALIZED,/"0ROCESSING  !BSTRACT3TRUCTURED $ATA4YPES  $ElNING!BSTRACT$ATA4YPES  -ANIPULATING!BSTRACT$ATA4YPES  )NHERITANCE  4ABLE)NHERITANCE)MPLEMENTING/BJECT#LASSES  3ETS !RRAYS AND#OLLECTIONS  $ElNING#OLLECTIONS  1UERYING#OLLECTION$ATA  -ANIPULATING#OLLECTION$ATA  #OLLECTIONSAND3TORED0ROCEDURES  5SER $ElNED$ATA4YPES  -ETHODSAND3TORED0ROCEDURES  /BJECT3UPPORTINTHE31,3TANDARD  3UMMARY 

                      



 31,AND8-,  7HAT)S8-,  8-,"ASICS  8-,FOR$ATA  8-,AND31,  %LEMENTSVS!TTRIBUTES  5SING8-,WITH$ATABASES  8-,/UTPUT  8-,)NPUT  8-,$ATA%XCHANGE  8-,3TORAGEAND)NTEGRATION 

          

#ONTENTSç

8-,AND-ETADATA  $OCUMENT4YPE$ElNITIONS$4$S  8-,3CHEMA  8-,AND1UERIES  81UERY#ONCEPTS  1UERY0ROCESSINGIN81UERY  8-,$ATABASES  3UMMARY 

       



 3PECIALTY$ATABASES  6ERY,OW,ATENCYAND)N -EMORY$ATABASES  !NATOMYOFAN)N -EMORY$ATABASE  )N -EMORY$ATABASE)MPLEMENTATIONS  #ACHINGWITH)N -EMORY$ATABASES  #OMPLEX%VENT 0ROCESSINGAND3TREAM$ATABASES  #ONTINUOUS1UERIESIN3TREAM$ATABASES  3TREAM$ATABASE)MPLEMENTATIONS  3TREAM$ATABASE#OMPONENTS  %MBEDDED$ATABASES  %MBEDDED$ATABASE#HARACTERISTICS  %MBEDDED$ATABASE)MPLEMENTATIONS  -OBILE$ATABASES  -OBILE$ATABASE2OLES  -OBILE$ATABASE)MPLEMENTATIONS  3UMMARY 

               



 4HE&UTUREOF31,  $ATABASE-ARKET4RENDS  %NTERPRISE$ATABASE-ARKET-ATURITY  -ARKET$IVERSITYAND3EGMENTATION  0ACKAGED%NTERPRISE!PPLICATIONS  3OFTWARE AS A 3ERVICE3AA3  (ARDWARE0ERFORMANCE'AINS  $ATABASE3ERVER!PPLIANCES  31,3TANDARDIZATION  31,INTHE.EXT$ECADE  $ISTRIBUTED$ATABASES  -ASSIVE$ATA7AREHOUSINGFOR"USINESS/PTIMIZATION  5LTRAHIGH 0ERFORMANCE$ATABASES  )NTERNETAND.ETWORK3ERVICES)NTEGRATION  %MBEDDED$ATABASES  /BJECT)NTEGRATION  #LOUD "ASEDAND(ORIZONTALLY3CALABLE$ATABASES  3UMMARY 

                 

XXI

XXIIç

31,ç4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE

õ 0ARTõ6))õ !PPENDIXES

! 4HE3AMPLE$ATABASE  



" $"-36ENDOR0ROlLES  



# 31,3YNTAX2EFERENCE  $ATA$ElNITION3TATEMENTS  !CCESS#ONTROL3TATEMENTS  "ASIC$ATA-ANIPULATION3TATEMENTS  4RANSACTION 0ROCESSING3TATEMENTS  #URSOR "ASED3TATEMENTS  1UERY%XPRESSIONS  3EARCH#ONDITIONS  %XPRESSIONS  3TATEMENT%LEMENTS  3IMPLE%LEMENTS 



          

)NDEX  

)NTRODUCTIONç

!CKNOWLEDGMENTS

3

PECIALTHANKSTO!NDY/PPEL OURNEWCOAUTHORFORTHISTHIRDEDITIONOF31,4HE #OMPLETE2EFERENCE(ISIMPRESSIVEHIGH LEVELMASTERYOFTHESUBJECTMATTERCOUPLED WITHHISMETICULOUSATTENTIONTODETAILMADETHISABETTERBOOK ANDWEAREFORTUNATE TOHAVEHADHISINVOLVEMENT ˆ*IMAND0AUL

)TSANHONORTOJOINSUCHANACCOMPLISHEDTEAMOFAUTHORSFORTHISEDITIONOF31,4HE #OMPLETE2EFERENCE-YTHANKSFORTHEEXCELLENTSUPPORTOFTHEENTIRE-C'RAW (ILLTEAMFOR THEIRTIRELESSSUPPORTINTHISEFFORT)NPARTICULAR)WISHTOTHANKTECHNICALEDITOR!ARON $AVENPORTANDCOPYEDITOR*AN*UEFORTHEIRPERSISTENCEANDATTENTIONTODETAIL WHICH CONTRIBUTEDSOMUCHTOTHEOVERALLQUALITYOFTHISBOOK ˆ!NDY

XXIII

XXIII

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)NTRODUCTION

3

1,4HE#OMPLETE2EFERENCE 4HIRD%DITIONPROVIDESACOMPREHENSIVE IN DEPTH TREATMENTOFTHE31,LANGUAGEFORBOTHTECHNICALANDNONTECHNICALUSERS PROGRAMMERS DATAPROCESSINGPROFESSIONALS ANDMANAGERSWHOWANTTOUNDERSTAND THEIMPACTOF31,INTODAYSCOMPUTERINDUSTRY4HISBOOKOFFERSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK FORUNDERSTANDINGANDUSING31, DESCRIBESTHEHISTORYOF31,AND31,STANDARDS AND EXPLAINSTHEROLEOF31,INVARIOUSCOMPUTERINDUSTRYSEGMENTS FROMENTERPRISEDATA PROCESSINGTODATAWAREHOUSINGTOWEBSITEARCHITECTURES4HISNEWEDITIONCONTAINSNEW CHAPTERSSPECIALLYFOCUSEDONTHEROLEOF31,INAPPLICATIONSERVERARCHITECTURES ANDTHE INTEGRATIONOF31,WITH8-,ANDOTHEROBJECT BASEDTECHNOLOGIES 4HISBOOKWILLSHOWYOU STEP BY STEP HOWTOUSE31,FEATURES WITHMANYILLUSTRATIONS ANDREALISTICEXAMPLESTOCLARIFY31,CONCEPTS4HEBOOKALSOCOMPARES31,PRODUCTSFROM LEADING$"-3VENDORSˆDESCRIBINGTHEIRADVANTAGES BENEFITS ANDTRADE OFFSˆTOHELP YOUSELECTTHERIGHTPRODUCTFORYOURAPPLICATION-OSTOFTHEEXAMPLESINTHISBOOKARE BASEDONTHESAMPLEDATABASEDESCRIBEDIN!PPENDIX!4HESAMPLEDATABASECONTAINS DATATHATSUPPORTSASIMPLEORDER PROCESSINGAPPLICATIONFORASMALLDISTRIBUTIONCOMPANY !PPENDIX!ALSOCONTAINSINSTRUCTIONSFORDOWNLOADINGTHE31,STATEMENTSREQUIREDTO CREATEANDPOPULATETHESAMPLEDATABASETABLESINA$"-3OFYOUCHOICE SUCHAS/RACLE 31,3ERVER -Y31, AND$"4HISALLOWSYOUTOTRYTHEEXAMPLESINTHEBOOKYOURSELF ANDGAINACTUALEXPERIENCEWRITINGANDRUNNING31,STATEMENTS )NSOMEOFTHECHAPTERS THESUBJECTMATTERISEXPLOREDATTWODIFFERENTLEVELSˆA FUNDAMENTALDESCRIPTIONOFTHETOPIC ANDANADVANCEDDISCUSSIONINTENDEDFORCOMPUTER PROFESSIONALSWHONEEDTOUNDERSTANDSOMEOFTHEINTERNALSBEHIND31,4HEMORE ADVANCEDINFORMATIONISCOVEREDINSECTIONSMARKEDWITHANASTERISK 9OUDONOTNEED TOREADTHESESECTIONSTOOBTAINANUNDERSTANDINGOFWHAT31,ISANDWHATITDOES

XXV

XXVIç

31,ç4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE

(OWõ4HISõ"OOKõ)Sõ/RGANIZED 4HEBOOKISDIVIDEDINTOSIXPARTSTHATCOVERVARIOUSASPECTSOFTHE31,LANGUAGE s 0ART) h!N/VERVIEWOF31, vPROVIDESANINTRODUCTIONTO31,ANDAMARKET PERSPECTIVEOFITSROLEASADATABASELANGUAGE)TSFOURCHAPTERSDESCRIBETHEHISTORY OF31, THEEVOLUTIONOF31,STANDARDS ANDHOW31,RELATESTOTHERELATIONALDATA MODELANDTOEARLIERDATABASETECHNOLOGIES0ART)ALSOCONTAINSAQUICKTOUROF31, THATBRIEFLYILLUSTRATESITSMOSTIMPORTANTFEATURESANDPROVIDESYOUWITHAN OVERVIEWOFTHEENTIRELANGUAGEEARLYINTHEBOOK s 0ART)) h2ETRIEVING$ATA vDESCRIBESTHEFEATURESOF31,THATALLOWYOUTOPERFORM DATABASEQUERIES4HEFIRSTCHAPTERINTHISPARTDESCRIBESTHEBASICSTRUCTUREOFTHE 31,LANGUAGE4HENEXTFOURCHAPTERSSTARTWITHTHESIMPLEST31,QUERIESAND PROGRESSIVELYBUILDTOMORECOMPLEXQUERIES INCLUDINGMULTITABLEQUERIES SUMMARYQUERIES ANDQUERIESTHATUSESUBQUERIES s 0ART))) h5PDATING$ATA vSHOWSHOWYOUCANUSE31,TOADDNEWDATATOA DATABASE DELETEDATAFROMADATABASE ANDMODIFYEXISTINGDATABASEDATA)TALSO DESCRIBESTHEDATABASEINTEGRITYISSUESTHATARISEWHENDATAISUPDATED ANDHOW 31,ADDRESSESTHESEISSUES4HELASTOFTHETHREECHAPTERSINTHISPARTDISCUSSESTHE 31,TRANSACTIONCONCEPTAND31,SUPPORTFORMULTIUSERTRANSACTIONPROCESSING s 0ART)6 h$ATABASE3TRUCTURE vDEALSWITHCREATINGANDADMINISTERINGA31, BASED DATABASE)TSFOURCHAPTERSTELLYOUHOWTOCREATETHETABLES VIEWS ANDINDEXESTHAT FORMTHESTRUCTUREOFARELATIONALDATABASE)TALSODESCRIBESTHE31,SECURITYSCHEME THATPREVENTSUNAUTHORIZEDACCESSTODATA ANDTHE31,SYSTEMCATALOGTHAT DESCRIBESTHESTRUCTUREOFADATABASE4HISPARTALSODISCUSSESTHESIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEDATABASESTRUCTURESSUPPORTEDBYVARIOUS31, BASED$"-3 PRODUCTS s 0ART6 h0ROGRAMMINGWITH31, vDESCRIBESHOWAPPLICATIONPROGRAMSUSE31,FOR DATABASEACCESS)TDISCUSSESTHEEMBEDDED31,SPECIFIEDBYTHE!.3)STANDARDAND USEDBY)"- /RACLE )NGRES )NFORMIX ANDMANYOTHER31, BASED$"-3PRODUCTS )TALSODESCRIBESTHEDYNAMIC31,INTERFACETHATISUSEDTOBUILDGENERAL PURPOSE DATABASETABLES SUCHASREPORTWRITERSANDDATABASEBROWSINGPROGRAMS&INALLY THISPARTDESCRIBESTHEPOPULAR31,!0)S INCLUDING/$"# THE)3/ STANDARD#ALL ,EVEL)NTERFACE AND*$"# THESTANDARDCALL LEVELINTERFACEFOR*AVA ASWELLAS PROPRIETARYCALL LEVELINTERFACESSUCHAS/RACLES/#)!0) s 0ART6) h31,4ODAYAND4OMORROW vEXAMINESTHEUSEOF31,INSEVERALOFTODAYS hHOTTESTvAPPLICATIONAREAS ANDTHECURRENTSTATEOF31, BASED$"-3PRODUCTS4WO CHAPTERSDESCRIBETHEUSEOF31,STOREDPROCEDURESANDTRIGGERSFORONLINE TRANSACTIONPROCESSING ANDTHECONTRASTINGUSEOF31,FORDATAWAREHOUSING&OUR ADDITIONALCHAPTERSDESCRIBE31, BASEDDISTRIBUTEDDATABASES THEINFLUENCEOF OBJECTTECHNOLOGIESON31, SPECIALTYDATABASES ANDTHEINTEGRATIONOF31,WITH 8-,TECHNOLOGIES&INALLY THELASTCHAPTEREXPLORESTHEFUTUREOF31,ANDSOMEOF THEMOSTIMPORTANTTRENDSIN31, BASEDDATAMANAGEMENT

)NTRODUCTIONç

#ONVENTIONSõ5SEDõINõ4HISõ"OOK 31,4HE#OMPLETE2EFERENCE 4HIRD%DITIONDESCRIBESTHE31,FEATURESANDFUNCTIONSAVAILABLE INTHEMOSTPOPULAR31, BASED$"-3PRODUCTSANDTHOSEDESCRIBEDINTHE!.3))3/31, STANDARDS7HENEVERPOSSIBLE THE31,STATEMENTSYNTAXDESCRIBEDINTHISBOOKANDUSEDINTHE EXAMPLESAPPLIESTOALLDIALECTSOF31,7HENTHEDIALECTSDIFFER THEDIFFERENCESAREPOINTEDOUT INTHETEXT ANDTHEEXAMPLESFOLLOWTHEMOSTCOMMONPRACTICE)NTHESECASES YOUMAYHAVE TOMODIFYTHE31,STATEMENTSINTHEEXAMPLESSLIGHTLYTOSUITYOURPARTICULARBRANDOF$"-3 4HROUGHOUTTHEBOOK TECHNICALTERMSAPPEARINITALICSTHEFIRSTTIMETHEYAREUSEDAND DEFINED31,LANGUAGEELEMENTS INCLUDING31,KEYWORDS TABLEANDCOLUMNNAMES AND SAMPLE31,STATEMENTS APPEARINAN500%2#!3%-/./30!#%FONT31,!0)FUNCTION NAMESAPPEARINALOWERCASEMONOSPACEFONT0ROGRAMLISTINGSALSOAPPEARIN MONOSPACEFONTANDUSETHENORMALCASECONVENTIONSFORTHEPARTICULARPROGRAMMING LANGUAGEUPPERCASEFOR#/"/,AND&/242!. LOWERCASEFOR#AND*AVA .OTETHAT THESECONVENTIONSAREUSEDSOLELYTOIMPROVEREADABILITYMOST31,IMPLEMENTATIONSWILL ACCEPTEITHERUPPERCASEORLOWERCASESTATEMENTS-ANYOFTHE31,EXAMPLESINCLUDEQUERY RESULTS WHICHAPPEARIMMEDIATELYFOLLOWINGTHE31,STATEMENT ASTHEYWOULDINAN INTERACTIVE31,SESSION)NSOMECASES LONGQUERYRESULTSARETRUNCATEDAFTERAFEWROWS THISISINDICATEDBYAVERTICALELLIPSISx FOLLOWINGTHELASTROWOFQUERYRESULTS

7HYõ4HISõ"OOKõ)SõFORõ9OU 31,4HE#OMPLETE2EFERENCE 4HIRD%DITIONISTHERIGHTBOOKFORANYONEWHOWANTSTO UNDERSTANDANDLEARN31, INCLUDINGDATABASEUSERS DATAPROCESSINGPROFESSIONALSAND ARCHITECTS PROGRAMMERS STUDENTS ANDMANAGERS)TDESCRIBESˆINSIMPLE UNDERSTANDABLE LANGUAGELIBERALLYILLUSTRATEDWITHFIGURESANDEXAMPLESˆWHAT31,IS WHYITISIMPORTANT ANDHOWYOUUSEIT4HISBOOKISNOTSPECIFICTOONEPARTICULARBRANDORDIALECTOF31, 2ATHER ITDESCRIBESTHESTANDARD CENTRALCOREOFTHE31,LANGUAGEANDTHENGOESONTO DESCRIBETHEDIFFERENCESAMONGTHEMOSTPOPULAR31,PRODUCTS INCLUDING/RACLE -ICROSOFT 31,3ERVER )"-S$"5NIVERSAL$ATABASEAND)NFORMIX 3YBASE AND-Y31,)TALSO EXPLAINSTHEIMPORTANCEOF31, BASEDSTANDARDS SUCHAS/$"#AND*$"# ANDTHE!.3) )3/STANDARDSFOR31,AND31, RELATEDTECHNOLOGIES4HISTHIRDEDITIONCONTAINSNEW CHAPTERSANDSECTIONSTHATCOVERTHELATEST31,INNOVATIONS INTHEAREASOFOBJECT RELATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES 8-, ANDAPPLICATIONSERVERARCHITECTURES )FYOUARENEWTO31, THISBOOKOFFERSCOMPREHENSIVE STEP BY STEPTREATMENTOFTHE LANGUAGE BUILDINGFROMSIMPLEQUERIESTOMOREADVANCEDCONCEPTS4HESTRUCTUREOFTHE BOOKWILLALLOWYOUTOQUICKLYSTARTUSING31, BUTTHEBOOKWILLCONTINUETOBEVALUABLEAS YOUBEGINTOUSETHEMORECOMPLEXFEATURESOFTHELANGUAGE9OUCANCREATETHESAMPLE DATABASEUSINGAN31,SCRIPTAVAILABLEONTHE-C'RAW (ILLWEBSITESEE!PPENDIX! AND USEITTOTRYOUTTHEEXAMPLESANDBUILDYOUR31,SKILLS )FYOUAREADATAPROCESSINGPROFESSIONAL ARCHITECT ORMANAGER THISBOOKWILLGIVE YOUAPERSPECTIVEONTHEIMPACTTHAT31,ISHAVINGACROSSTHEINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRYˆFROMPERSONALCOMPUTERSTOMAINFRAMESTODATAWAREHOUSINGTO)NTERNETWEB SITESAND)NTERNET BASEDDISTRIBUTEDAPPLICATIONS4HEEARLYCHAPTERSDESCRIBETHEHISTORY OF31, ITSROLEINTHEMARKET ANDITSEVOLUTIONFROMEARLIERDATABASETECHNOLOGIES,ATER CHAPTERSDESCRIBETHEFUTUREOF31,ANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWDATABASETECHNOLOGIES SUCHASDISTRIBUTEDDATABASES OBJECT ORIENTEDEXTENSIONSTO31, BUSINESSINTELLIGENCE DATABASES ANDDATABASE8-,INTEGRATION

XXVII

XXVIIIç

31,ç4HEç#OMPLETEç2EFERENCE

)FYOUAREAPROGRAMMER THISBOOKOFFERSAVERYCOMPLETETREATMENTOFPROGRAMMINGWITH 31,5NLIKETHEREFERENCEMANUALSOFMANY$"-3PRODUCTS ITOFFERSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK FOR31,PROGRAMMING EXPLAININGTHEWHYASWELLASTHEHOWOFDEVELOPINGA31, BASED APPLICATION)TCONTRASTSTHE31,PROGRAMMINGINTERFACESOFFEREDBYALLOFTHELEADING31, PRODUCTS INCLUDINGEMBEDDED31, DYNAMIC31, /$"# *$"# ANDPROPRIETARY!0)S SUCHASTHE/RACLE#ALL)NTERFACE4HEDESCRIPTIONANDCOMPARISONOFPROGRAMMINGTECHNIQUES PROVIDESAPERSPECTIVENOTFOUNDINANYOTHERBOOK )FYOUARESELECTINGA$"-3PRODUCT THISBOOKOFFERSACOMPARISONOFTHE31,FEATURES ADVANTAGES ANDBENEFITSOFFEREDBYTHEVARIOUS$"-3VENDORS4HEDIFFERENCESBETWEEN THELEADING$"-3PRODUCTSAREEXPLAINED NOTONLYINTECHNICALTERMS BUTALSOINTERMS OFTHEIRIMPACTONAPPLICATIONSANDTHEIREVOLVINGCOMPETITIVEPOSITIONINTHEMARKETPLACE 4HEhSAMPLEDATABASEvCANBEUSEDTOTRYTHESEFEATURESINAPROTOTYPEOFYOUROWN APPLICATION )NSHORT BOTHTECHNICALANDNONTECHNICALUSERSCANBENEFITFROMTHISBOOK)TISTHEMOST COMPREHENSIVESOURCEOFINFORMATIONAVAILABLEABOUTTHE31,LANGUAGE 31,FEATURESAND BENEFITS POPULAR31, BASEDPRODUCTS THEHISTORYOF31, ANDTHEIMPACTOF31,ONTHE FUTUREDIRECTIONOFTHEINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYINDUSTRY

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HE31,LANGUAGEANDRELATIONALDATABASESYSTEMSBASEDONITCONSTITUTEONEOFTHE MOSTIMPORTANTFOUNDATIONTECHNOLOGIESINTHECOMPUTERINDUSTRY/VERTHELASTTHREE DECADES 31,HASGROWNFROMITSFIRSTCOMMERCIALUSEINTOACOMPUTERPRODUCTAND SERVICESMARKETSEGMENTWORTHTENSOFBILLIONSOFDOLLARSPERYEAR AND31,STANDSTODAYAS THESTANDARDCOMPUTERDATABASELANGUAGE(UNDREDSOFDATABASEPRODUCTSNOWSUPPORT 31, RUNNINGONCOMPUTERSYSTEMSFROMMAINFRAMESTOPERSONALCOMPUTERS!31, BASED DATABASEMAYEVENBEEMBEDDEDINYOURMOBILEPHONEOR0$! ORINTHEENTERTAINMENT SYSTEMOFYOURCAR!NOFFICIALINTERNATIONAL31,STANDARDHASBEENADOPTEDANDEXPANDED SEVERALTIMES%VERYMAJORENTERPRISESOFTWAREPRODUCTRELIESON31,FORITSDATAMANAGEMENT AND31,ISATTHECOREOFTHEFLAGSHIPDATABASEPRODUCTSFROM-ICROSOFT /RACLE AND)"- THREEOFTHELARGESTSOFTWARECOMPANIESINTHEWORLD31,ISALSOATTHEHEARTOFOPEN SOURCE DATABASEPRODUCTSSUCHAS-Y31,AND0OSTGRESTHATAREHELPINGTOFUELTHEPOPULARITYOF ,INUXANDTHEOPENSOURCEMOVEMENT&ROMITSOBSCUREBEGINNINGSASAN)"-RESEARCHPROJECT 31,HASGROWNTOBECOMEBOTHANIMPORTANTPIECEOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDAPOWERFUL MARKETFORCE 7HAT EXACTLY IS31,7HYISITIMPORTANT7HATCANITDO ANDHOWDOESITWORK)F 31,ISREALLYASTANDARD WHYDOWEHAVESOMANYDIFFERENTVERSIONSANDDIALECTS(OWDO POPULAR31,PRODUCTSLIKE31,3ERVER /RACLE -Y31, 3YBASE AND$"COMPARE(OW DOES31,RELATETO-ICROSOFTSTANDARDSSUCHAS/$"#AND.%4(OWDOES*$"#LINK31, TOTHEWORLDOF*AVAANDOBJECTTECHNOLOGY7HATROLEDOESITPLAYINTHE3ERVICE /RIENTED !RCHITECTURE3/! ANDWEBSERVICESBEINGEMBRACEDBYENTERPRISE)4ORGANIZATIONS$OES 31,REALLYSCALEFROMMAINFRAMESTOHANDHELDDEVICES(ASITREALLYDELIVEREDTHE PERFORMANCENEEDEDFORHIGH VOLUMETRANSACTIONPROCESSING(OWWILL31,IMPACTTHE WAYYOUUSECOMPUTERS ANDHOWCANYOUGETTHEMOSTOUTOFTHISIMPORTANTDATA MANAGEMENTTOOL4HISBOOKANSWERSTHOSEQUESTIONSBYGIVINGYOUACOMPLETEPERSPECTIVE ANDASOLIDWORKINGKNOWLEDGEOF31,



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#ALCULATETHETOTALORDERSFOREACHCUSTOMEROFEACHSALESPERSON

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