Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America

III

'fR~ SIXTIES

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fRESS

h~) 1Rt NSE ~~r~

·Of Al.TfR1l~T1VE

ME1>lh

IN AlitRICh

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Smoking Typewriters

SMOKING TYPEWRITERS

The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America

John McMillian

OXFORD

UNIVERSITY PRESS

OTIORD

UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press, Jnc , publishes works (hat further Oxford l; nlversiry"s objectIve of excellence

10 research, scholarship. and education. Oxford

New York

Cape Town DO( es Salaam Hong Kong Kara(hi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico Ciry Nairobi :Sew Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronro Auckland

With offices in Argentina Ausrria Braz.i! Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guaremala Hungary lcaly Japan Poland Porrugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thaitand Turkey Ukraine Viecnam

Copyrighr marked a turn in the history ofSDS's print culture, Whereas SDS had once relied on printed dialogues as a way ofshoring up its identity as a democratic organization, by the mid'I96os its character and temperament were no longer in question, The new challenge for the national office was simply to keep tabs on SDS as it outgrew its cosseted childhood to become an established force in the organized Left. Nevertheless, Neu' Left Notes still bore more than a passing resemblance to its predecessor. Edited at first by Shero, it featured on its masthead the old Economic Research and Action Project slogan, "Let the People Decide," in its masthead, and, as SDS historian Kirkpatrick Sale quipped, "In terms of how the paper presented itself that is exactly how it was edited, Almost any scrap of news, any letter, any essay or comment that came into the paper found its way into print. "!OO In this way, SDS was living up to its democratic promise. The group never quite had a fixed identity-its own members sometimes described it as amoeba-like, as an "organislil as well as an organization"jOI-but in its early years, the social processes that guided SDS's printed communications con­ tributed to its reputation as an accessible, egalitarian New Left organization. True, this spirit was present at SDS's founding, when fifty-nine of its charter members contributed to the redrafting of Tom Hayden's Port Huron State­ ment. Not only was the manifesto written collectively; its supple-minded authors also conceived of it as a "living document," subject to future deliber­ ations by SDS's membership, But it was only later, in response to specific exigencies, that SDS fashioned a culture of print that granted liberal access to its records, in which letters were freely circulated, editors deferred to writers, and newsletters were regarded not as official organs but as running dialogues to which everyone was welcome to contribute, Of course, this ethos carried its own built-in biases; just as not everyone had the force of personality or "mystique" that was required to be an SDS "Ol'R FOt:NDER, THE MIMEOGRAPH MACHINE"

29

leader, not everyone in the New Left had the wherewithal to capably express themselves in print. Nevertheless, by the mid-I96os, SDS was known on the Left as a group that "passed the charisma around."lOc Its print culture is part of the reason why. Soon, underground newspapers would begin playing a very similar role, affording a basis for community among activists and avant-gardists, and helping to democratize the youth rebellion. With this in mind, the notion that the New Left was founded not by any individual, nor even by any group of persons, but rather by SDS's mimeograph machine, is so rich a metaphor that if it hadn't already been suggested, one would almost feel compelled to invent it.

30

I

SMOKlNG TYPEW'RlTERS

2 А

Hundred Blooming Papers

Cu/ture and Community in the 79605 Underground Рге55

METAPHORS, OF COURSE, are supposed [о Ье revealing, and when raclical journalist Walt Crowley observed tl1at Ьу the summer of 1966, underground newssheets were "popping ир ... like mushrooms after а spring rain," he was по doubc aiming [о convey his enthusiasm for the undergrol1nd press. l Sim­ ilarly, Time magazine revealed someching аЬош ics scandpoinr when ic сот­ menred оп precisely the same phenomenon in July I966, only ic had che papers "popping ир like weeds."2 Either way, ic's clear chac Ьу che mid-196os, che climace for youch-oriented, antiestablishment newspapers had guickly Ьесоте fertile. Although these papers varied widely in terms of cheir quality, size, and style, together chey documenred rhe New Lefr's eff!orescence and subjected defenders of the established culture to unprecedenred levels of scrutiny and ridicule. Along with the new gravitas in rock and roll, the rising tide of campus-based activism, and the outre counretcultutal scyle, under­ ground newspapers began conrributing mighcily со the New Left's sense chat it stood ас the heart of а new society. Ап examination of che early histories of three of the New "prototyp­ ical" newspapers-the Los Ange/es Free Pre.rs, East Lansing, Michigan's, The Paper, and the Rag, from Austin, Texas (established in 1964, 1965, and 1966, respectively)---.reveals some of the ways that they emboldened activisrs and clissenrers in their own communities, Each of these tabloids grew ош of rel­ atively isolated regional subcultures, and chey originally presenced chemselves

,

as (ormmmit)' ne\vspapers, almшg to defend local avant-gardists, provide forums for пеighЬогlюоd activists, and irritate campus administrators ог munici раl officials. Ironically, their provincialism was the main source ot' their influence and prestige. As SDS officer Jeff Shero remarked, the "early under­ ground papers were уегу powerful because tlley \vere generally started locally and dealt а lot with \vhat people knew, that electrified people.'" Вш their bloom was brief; after playing а vital role Ьу strengt11ening the accivist тоуе­ menrs in theirown backyards, тапу underground newspapers Ьесате mошh­ pieces [ог militanr New Leftisrs and third-world геvоlшiопагiеs, and in гщп lost mucll of their distinctive 'осаl flavor. Having hitched rheir fortunes to the national youth rebellion, they could пос survive its collapse, and Ьу the early I970$ the narion's underground newspapers melted away with аВ the sound and fщу of а fading Во\уег. The metaphor is deliberate; as goes ап апсiепс Chinese ргоуегЬ, ас the peak of а blossom's Ьеашу сотб ап intimation of the beginning of its decline. lJNDERGROUND )OURNALISTS of the 1960s sometimes dre\v self-serving comparisons bet\veen themselves and tl1eir earliest forebears, the ратрЫе­ teers of the American Revolution. Pamphlets had сl1е virtue of flexibility­ George Orwell опсе quipped that they need only Ье "topical, polemical, and shorr"'-and сЬе Port Ншоп Statement, тапу тоге New Left рат­ pl1lets found tl1eir way into print. Вщ they were usually written Ьу individ­ uals гасl1ег than groups, and they were пос al\vays the preferred literary form among young people aiming (о build а movement based оп cooperarion and democratic partici pation. Another comparison сап Ье drawn between the underground press and the very first types of dissident newspapers in American history--tl1e labor­ movement weeklies сl1ас appeared during сЬе market геvоlшiоп and гЬе cel­ ebrated abolitionist papers of the апсеЬеllит period. As media historian Roger Sпеitmаttег suggests, pioneering organs like Philadelphia's Лfесhаniсs Free Press, New York's \'(Torking Лfаn:r Advocate, and Boston's Liberator аН faced obstacles that radical papers of the I960s grappled \vith, including severe financial hardship and unvamisl1ed hostility from сЬе mаiпsпеаm press. ТЬе underground newspapers also generally regarded their papers as ап ореп forum, as l1ad tl1eir radical ancestors. "Having themselves Ьееп denied access to mainstream papers," Streitmatter writes, "rhe earliesr dissidепс editors were committed со publishing пос only tl1eir own ideas Ьш also those of their readers-including ideas in direct conflict \vith tl1eir own. "6 In сЬе early twentieth сепсuгу, the counrry's mosr widely read radical newspaper was Арреа/ [о Reason, а Kansas-based socialisr organ сl1ас ас опе

32

I

SMOKI:-JG TYPE""[{HERS

point boasted оЕ its

а

paid circulation

massive "salesman army"

оЕ over

750,000, thanks largely

оЕ volunteers

(о

the

еffопs

who doggedly peddled the paper

in public meeting places, parks, and оп street corners-the same types оЕ places where hippies and activists later hawked their underground newspa­ pers.- Meanwhile, ош ofNew York City's Greenwich Village сате the Малеs, а

sophisticated monthly journal edited

styles and sensibilities

оЕ

Ьу Мах

Eastman tl1at advertised the

the pre-World War 1 avant-garde.~

The journalistic guerillas

оЕ

the 1960s, however, had more direct inflll­

ences than the tradesmen and abolitionists оЕ the nineteenth centllry, or the lyrical left оЕ the early twentieth century. First, there were those outspoken thinkers and writers who directly challenged American culture and vallles in the 1950S and early 1960s: beat-generation scribes, trenchant social critics like С. Wright Mills and Paul Goodman, satirical novelists likeJoseph Heller and Kurt Vonnegut J [., dramatists like Lorraine Hansberry and Leroi J ones (later Amiri Baraka), and writer-activists like James Baldwin, each

оЕ

prodllced work that rested lIneasily alongside poplllar characterizations Eisenhower era as

опе оЕ

whom оЕ the

tranguility, optimism, and innocence.

Existential literature also сате into voglle in the late 1950S and early 1960s, as disaffected youths wrestled witl1 shallowness, boredom, competi­ tion, the struggle for meaning and purpose, and other cOnllndfllms оЕ mod­ еrn liviпg Ч

In 1953 maverick journalist 1. F. Stone lallnched 1. F Stone's Weekly, his own muckraking newsletter. Instead оЕ attending press briefings

or cllltivating high-powered sources, Stone meticulously scoured pllblic doc­ lIments in order оЕ

(о

lIncover official hypocrisy, mendacity, and variollS abllSes

the public trust, all hidden in plain sight. The next year, Irving Howe and

Le\vis Coser began

рuЫishiпgDiшnt, а guапегlу

journal popular with New

York intellectllals that aimed to combat what the editors called "the bleak atmosphere оЕ conformism that pervades the political and intellectuallife оЕ the United States."11I Meanwhile, the artists and writers who put together the satirical comic book Лlаd formed

а

kind

оЕ "alternative

New York intellectllal 11 circle" that presaged the 1960s cOllnterclllture. Вш more than апу other publications, lower Manhattan's Village Voice and Paul Krassner's satirical magazine, the Realist, helped to pioneer the kind

оЕ

offbeat and sllbversive approaches that youthful journalists оЕ the 1960s mimicked and amplified. The Voice

сате

first. FOllnded

Ьу

Ed Fancher, Dan

Wol( and Norman Mailer in 1955, the liberal weekly sold for five cents and \vas at first only available downtown. Few would have predicted its SlICCesS; Fancher was the only опе оЕ the three who had ever dabbled in journalism, Ьш ап

he'd never

соте

close to managing or publishing

а

newspaper. Wolf was

lInaccomplished forty-one-year-old, known throughout Greenwich Village л HL'-';DRED BLOOMI'o;C; РлРЕRS

33

as а brilliant conversac!onalisc, Ьш clearly lacking lП marketable 5kills. And though Mailer was famous for writing ТЬе Naked аml (Ье Dead in 1948, his two subsequent novels were poorly reviewed fIОР5, hi5 second marriage was fIoundering, and hi5 per50nality was becoming increasingly erratic fгom hi5 overconslImption of alcohol, marijllana, ЬагЫtшаtеs, and amphetamines. According со VШаgе VQice h15(Orian Kevin McAuliffe, попе of сЬе сЬгее had а clear idea "of what сЬе hell сЬеу were doing ог what сЬеу were getting сЬет­ 5elves 1псо,,': 2 ТЬеу аН agreed, however, that сЬе Voia would Ье а uTiter's раре,-. That is, сЬеу wOllld simply pllblish the best material they received, with minima! editorial oversight ог 1пtегfегепсе. 1 ; Wo!f "was а brilliant ed­ itor Ьесапsе Ье didn't edit," а friend recalled. "Еуегу writer was crazy аЬош him."14 According со Wo!f, сЬе paper's аmаtешish qlla!ity refIected its mis­ siоп. "ТЬе \lillage \loi(e was originally conceived as а liviпg, Ьгеаthiпg ассетрс со demolish сЬе notion сЬас опе needs to Ье а professional to accomplish something in а he!d as ршрогtеdlу technical as jошпаlism. Iс was а philo­ sophical position."lj ТЬе

Voice's news coverage sometimes what could Ье fоuпd iп сЬе press, bllt its "back of the book" pages-which fеаtшеd сЬеасег, Ыт, and book reviews-attracted nllmerollS talented writers who turned the рарег into ап acknowledged [огсе .Iб То some who were sепsitivе to сЬе clll­ щгаl narrowness of сЬе Cold War ега, it was like таппа [гот Ьеауеп. Опе reader later described it as а "gоdsепd .. а weekly hint that there existed а геаl place ... [иН of people who wOllldn't thiпk 1 was а Commie weirdo еуегу time 1 opened ту mouth."l" Also noteworthy was сЬе "letters" section, which drew [гот сЬе Village's reservoir of well-educated, colorfully орiпiопаtеd l1аышеs. Ву сЬе paper's third питЬег, McAllliffe writes, НА whole пеw па­ dition had Ьееп born-the ViIlage Voice letter colllmn as community sоuпdiпg board, as exchange of dialoglle апd dialectic with its \vriters, as а repository [ог гапdоm outrageous opinion."IH Finally, Mailer's darkly comic weekly col­ uтпs-full of parenthetical asides, personal digгеssiопs, and vituperative attacks оп his readers-gave сЬе рарег ап edgy qllality сЬас distingllished it [гот previolls Village week!ies. 19 Mailer stayed опlу аЬош fош топths ас сЬе Voice, however, before storming off, ostensibly becallse of several sреlliпg and tуреsеttiпg errors in his colllmns; in fact, сЬе геаl callse of his dерагшге was his different vision of what сЬе Voice ShOllld Ьесоте. Althollgh сЬе Voice in its early years had тапу qllalities that under­ grollnd newspapers later replicated-a light editorial hапd, ап interest in the сu!tшаl fringes, and а close гарроп with its readers-both сетрега­ тепtаllу and politically, it was always а liberal рарег гасЬег сЬап а radical Ьис пеуег ап опе, а home to some eccentric thinkers and top-notch suЬшЬап

34

I

SMOкr~G TYPEWRJТERS

outpost for subversives. Mailer, оп the o(her hand, sald Ье wanted ш "reach ап audienee in whieh по newspaper Ьаа yet Ьееп incerested. In опе of 1115 last VfJice eolumns, he professed (hat "after years of (Ье most intense pessi­ mism," Ье felt "(Ье runrs, the elues, the whispers of а new time eoming." Aeeordingly, he \уапсеа со align rumself with "the deStfllctive, the liberaring, the erearive nil1ilism of Hip, the franrie seare11 for potenr Change {rhat} тау break il1to the ореп."21 lп short, Mailer wrote, 'They wish rrus newspaper со Ье more eonservative, more Sqllare-I \vish it со Ье more Hip. Ас rhe ot11er extreme from the Voice's hidebound liL)eralism was Krassner's Realist, ап irreverent lштог magazine that fashioned itself as а kind of adlllt alrernarive to Л!аd. For someone who would later Ье inducted into the Соuпtегculшге НаН of Fame (at the СаппаЫs Сир festival in Amsterdam in 200r) Кгаssпег's Ьаеkgгоuпd was unusual. А viоliп prodigy, he Ьееате at the age of six (Ье уоuпgеst еопееп arrist ever to play Сашеgiе НаН. Whеп Ье tirst srarred ргiпtiпg сЬе Rea/iJt iп I958, he was twепtу-siх years оЫ, still living \vith his parents, and still а viгgiп-аlthоugh as Ье роiпts out in Ы;; autobiograp11y, Ьу гhеп he' d ae(luired епопgh experienee \у! th сЬе fогmпlагiеs of "heavy реttiпg" to write а very funny sex тапuаl for teenagers-it was ealled Cui!t u'itlJlJIit Sex.c-I Novelisr Кеп Kesey опее said of Krassner, "{Не} doesn't imbibe. Not IП alcohol, eaffeine, ог пiеогiпе апу\vау. Kor have 1 еvеп kпоwп rum to рор ап aspirin, drop а downer, or plop-plop ап Alka-Seltzer. "1) Вш like Ы;; friend and fellow comedian Lеппу Вгиее, Krassner had а реп­ chant for Ыtiпg political hпmor. С (' His goal with сЬе Rea!ist, 11е said, \vas со "combine entertainment with (Ье First Amendment," thereby helping to break the "shaekles" that eonscrained humorisrs dшiпg сЬе Cold War. Маа­ ison Ауепие рitеhтеп, геligiопs zealots, white supremaeists, апd MeCarthy­ ites \уеге frequenc targers of Krassner's wicked humor, Ьш rus tasre for the аЬsшd теаl1t that people оп bfJth sides of ап issue were ofren made to seem гidiепlоus. Around the time of the СпЬап Missile Crisis, Кга5sпег [ап а саг­ шоп оп the cover of the Rea/iJt that рiеtшеd а gогgеопs ппdе woman lуiпg seductively before two unattractive теп; the woman was dгаwп со represenr сЬе globe (with lопgiшdiпа! and lагiгпdiпаlliпеs across Ьег rouпd buttocks) \vhile the теп were stand-in5 for the United States апа the Soviet Union; as сЬе American gestures roward rhe Russian, Ье tells her, "lt'5 Ыs tпш now апd сЬеп те "2Н Another rime Кгаssпег simulraneous!y offended prudish conservatives and doctrinaire leftists Ьу princing а 5rar-spangled poster bearing сЬе unlikely s!ogan: "Fuck Communism."29 ТЬе Rea!ist fеашгеd inrerviews witl1 people who were popular атопg dis­ affected уошhs, in wЫеЬ Kras5ner ппfаiliпglу broached concroversial or taboo topics. lс а150 сап fake interviews апd imaginary dialogues bet\veen л Hl

NDl(ED fН.oOMI~G РЛРI'RS

35

Еатоиs

people that were sometimes hard to recognize as satire-the idea being to prompt readers into reexamining what passes for "normal" in every­ day life.\O Humorous commentary оп а wide range оЕ current еvешs and controversies likewise helped def1ne the magazine. And as the parameters goveming what was acceptable humor loosened in rhe middle and late I960s, rhe Realist continued со press beyond them, sometimes with flagrantly оЕЕеп­ sive and crlldely sexist material.\l Although some radicals later complained that Krassner's "satirizing everything" approach "lacked the commirment and advocacy" that the underground press movement required, the magazine grew in popularity through most оЕ the 1960s, and ас опе point its sllbscrib­ ership reached 100,000. Вщ its inflllence extended еуеп beyond its own readership, Еог Ьу then counrless underground press writers had already set оЕЕ оп their own аdvепturеs, looking to explode pieties, conf01.1nd ехресса­ rions, and knock over sacred cows. Мапу years later, when People magazine гап а flattering profile idешifyiпg Кгаssпег as the "father оЕ rhe underground press," he replied, "1 demand а blood rest."" Iт CA:-J ВЕ TEMPTl:-JG со regard аН оЕ this social criticism and arristic Еегтеnr as а kind оЕ nebulous intellecrual phenomenon, as if the sentiments and vallles that nourished the llndergrollnd press simply drifted оуег сЬе landscape in ап ethereal mist. In fact, тапу оЕ the ideas that gave rise ro New Left journalism had ап important material context-they were generated in шЬап spaces. Iconoclastic thinkers, subversive hllmorists, and cllltural cгitics in the back pages оЕ сЬе Village Voice lived and fОllпd rheir aнdience in оЕЕЬеас neighbor­ hoods where like-minded people clllstered together. Iп New York City, Green­ wich Village was the magnet Еог romantics, politicos, artists, and freelance intellecruals (although low rents in the East Village wOllld 50ОП ехегс а Рllll оЕ their own).'4 San Francisco's hip district was in North ВеасЬ; in Los Angele5, it was Venice. "Other ciries," Rlls5ell Jacoby writes, "boasted small, some­ times tiny and ephemeral, bohemian sections сЬас 5erved as way stations for YOllng iшеllесruаls."\) ОЕсеп, these settlements-later called "hip zones" (or, in а тоге extreme formlllation, "liberated terrirories")36-sprang llр alongside college campllses, which СОllЫ also Ье welcoming епviroпmешs Еог brighr and CuriOllS young people who weren't necessarily stlldents. Their infrastruc­ tllres were nothing тоге than places where people соиЫ hang Ollt and mingle with опе another-pllblic areas like parks ог qlladrangles, ог commercial estabIishment5, sllch as bookstores, taverns, mllsic halls, and соЕЕее shops. Мапу оЕ сЬе New Left's leading writers апа activisrs had their f1rst inklings that society was heading toward а period оЕ increased emotional and iшеllес­ tual vitality through their exposure to these hip zones. Several years ЬеЕоге Ье з6

1

SMOKING

TYPcWRIТERS

11elped со drafi: rhe Роп Ншоп Sraremenr, Dick Flacks recalled rhar he spent considerable time reading and lingering ас ап independent booksrore in Апп АгЬог, Micl1igan, which specialized iп highbrow paperbacks (а new phenom­ епоп iп rl1e 1950s) and seemed far removed from the beer-swilling, sропs­ loving fraternity cultше that prevailed оп campus. 'S "People of ош cu!tша! суре would always Ье there," Flacks said. "1 felt that the атоипс of talk iп the Ьоhеmiап world аЬОllС the hypocrisy of Аmегiсап life соuldп't just go ОП witlюш rhere Ьеiпg some ехргеssiоп of this, besides juSt talk, or sitting around iп coffee houses. 1 соuldп't figure ош what it ,vould Ье, Ьш 1 Ьеgап ro change ту fееliпgs that norhing \vould сhапgе in rhe Lпitеd States."'~ Jim O'Brien, ап SDS activist ас the Uпivегsitу of Wisсопsiп who Ьесате iпvоlvеd \vith several radical рubliсаtiопs, поtеd thar before his сатрш wit­ Пе5sеd апу activism, tl1ere was "а сhапgе in lifestyle апd mood of а critical mass of srudешs" thar banded rogerher in а three- ос fош-Ыосk агеа along Mifflin Street-a veritable "сепtег of попсопfогmist youth сultше.'ЧU \'Qhile visiting New York City from the Midwesr in 1965, Radical America founder Раи! Buhle encountered several small, quirky srorefronts оп St, Mark's Place сЬас sold political buttons and were "in some vaglle way forегuппегs of {the] соuщегсulгurе .. , jUSt liпlе glimpses of somerhing.";1 Вш it wasn't just that tl1ese шр zones exposed fшurе uпdегgrouпd press writers (о пе\у ideas ог social styles; as they increased in пumЬег and visi­ bility in the 1960s, (Ьеу also provided the main imperus {ог the underground press itsel[ They supplied ап audience rhat allo\ved сЬе papers со grow and Ношi5h, and (о сЬе ехгещ сЬас rhese communiries reHecred а new mood апd а ne\v tonality among уоuпg people-who were unfulfilled Ьу mainstream American life, lщt Ьу their political commitments and the promise of а greater personal freedom-they gave the underground press something го write аЬош. А glance ас the early histories of three of the "original" under­ ground newspapers-the LOJ AngeleJ Free Press, East Lапsiпg's Рареу, and Aus­ tiП'5 Rag-illustrates the mшuаllу dерепdепt relationships they had with rheir local commllnities. Iп each instance, а nascent lеft-wiпg or avant-garde соmmuпitу provided сЬе гаtiопаlе for а [оса! radical рарес. In гшп, the рарег accelerated the growth and clevelopment of the community that birthed it. FОU!':ПЕП ВУ

ART KC~КIN in 1964, the Los Angeles Free Рrел (often called the Fr~ep) i5 widely considered to Ье the уошh movement's firsr underground newspaper. Certainly it wa5 among rhe most StJCcessful. Whereas mosr underground rags were of rhe "here today and gone tomorrow" variery, rhe Freep гап steadily and remained sоlvещ until August 1969, when Kunkin unwisely published the names, addresses, and home telephone numbers of л HC:-'OH~O BLOOMI:--;G PAPICRS

37

eighty undercover narcotics agents employed Ьу сЬе state оС California as а "pllblic service аIШОllпсеmеnt." ТЬе predictable legal wrangling [Ьас enslled sепг сЬе Fr'ee Pms into а tailspin, ыlr at its peak it was [Ье leading radical paper 1П сЬе city сЬас some felt had сЬе liveliest undergrollnd newspaper trade in сЬе соuпtгуУ In 1967 а Neu' YOl'ker jошпаlist wепt so Саг as со саН it "the ne\vspaper оС сЬе New Left. ТЬе following уеаг, а West Coast record ехесшivе WllO did bнsiness with Кuпkiп suggested сЬе Руеер was berrer сЬаг­ acterized as а 'OЬarely above-gГОllпd" newspaper. 4, Ву the decade's end it boasted пеагlу 100,000 paid subscribers and а readership said to Ье тоге than dOllble that ПllтЬегУ lпitiаllу, thOllgh, the Рm: Руен appealed mostly со L.A.'s шр cognoscenti, and its survival was Саг Сгот certain. It won its wider readership Ьу simllltaneoнsly сhаmрiопiпg the lоса! movement's artistic prOdllctions (mainly rock music), filling gaps iп local news coverage, and allying itself with уошhs who made claims оп contested public space. "А great рагс ОС [its} sllccess," а 'оса! scenesrer remembered, "сате Сгот сЬе presence ОС long-haired teenagers everywhere оп the Sunset Strip. ",­ Dшiпg сЬе Sixties, Kllnkin was а [аге суре: half-Marxist, l1alf-hippie. А writer [ог Esqllire magazine опсе described l1im as "stocky, with а \vorkman's thick-fingered hands, and ... horn-rimmed glasses. Тl1е overall impression Ье makes is сЬас of а dedicated, strong-willed, slightly harried German music professor.'·'~ Воrn in New York City in Т928, where Ье attended сl1е presti­ gious Вгопх 11igh Scl1001 of Science, Ье 'асег worked as а machinist and Ьесате а devoted Trorskyite, joining the Sосiаliя Workers Рапу and тап­ aging its newspaper, сl1е A1ilitant. Не was al50 а тетЬег оС rhe Congress of Racial Equality, al1d he occasiol1ally wrote Сог two other small labor papers, Nешs and Letters and COr/·esponderzce. Вш his first experiel1ce with а locally ori­ ented l1ewssheet сате аСсег he moved со L05 Angeles, \vhere I1е started writing Сог сЬе Mexical1 American Еай 1~.A. А!таnас il1 сЬе early 19605. "Рог the first time in ту Не, I was writing аЬош garbage colleetion and аН kinds of commllniry problems," 11е recalled. 49 As appealing as СЫ5 work seemed, Kunkin was also аtпасгеd to rl1e srreer life in Venice, а neighborhood rhar was said со have anricipared San Francisco's "Sllmmer оС Love" Ьу almost а decade, thanks in раге со Lawrence Lipron's The Но!у Barbarians, а poplllar gllide со rhe 'оса! Ьеас scene rhat was pllblished in 1959.50 In addition со his prinr jошпаlism, Kllnkin also reglllarly delivered radio commentaries {ог KPFK, а beloved commllniry radio scarion ГllП Ьу сl1е Pacif1ca FOllndarion, wшсh broadcasr eclecric programming and lefc-wing viewpoints throughour rhe region. Since сЬе station sшvivеd оп financial supporr [гот locallisreners, Kllnkin was well аtшпеd ro rhe climare ОС opin­ ion among Sourhern California's liberal popularion. (larer оп, опе of rhe з8

SMOKI'iG

ТПЕWRIТЕRS

"major arguments" Ье used ro аспасс invesrors со сЬе Free Руен drew анеп­ cion со rhe Еасс сЬас "KPFK managec! ro рау ics bills while broadcascing programs оЕ li((le тоге rhan 'underground' inreresc.,,),j Meanwhile, Kunkin Ьесате а fruscraced reader оЕ СЬе Vi//age Voice. Alchough Ье admired ics inves­ rigacive journalism and culшгаl commenrary, as а refugee from сЬе 01d Left, he loathed its reflexive support of liberal Democra(s. То his mind, this made it ап "Establishmen(" рарег-Ьш it а150 convinced him оЕ сЬе need for а radical altemative. 52 Orhers agreed. Lionel Rolfe, а Los Angeles \vrirer who has documenred сЬе area's bohemian scenes, recalls freguently garhering wirh friends ас сЬе Xanadu coffeehouse in сЬе early 19605 "ю complain аЬоис how badly а new newspaper was needed."'j "ТЬе difference between Kunkin and everyone else ас [Ье Xanadu," Rolfe adds, "was rhar Kunkin асшаllу wenr ош and srarred сЬе paper the rest of и$ just talked аЬош."jj ТЬе

\vas simply а $tripped-down, radicalized version of [Ье ~!olce, geared toward Sошhеrn Califomians, which Kunkin launched witЬ just а few hundred dollars that he rounded ир Еroт friends (in contrast to rhe S50,000 that Мааег supposedly рш ир Еог the Voice).j) "1 wanted а paper rhat would draw юgеthег а11 сЬе diverse еlетешs in rhe community, сЬас \vould Ье пос only political, Ьис cultшаl as well," Kunkin lа(ег remarked. "1 had Ьееп hanging around the coffee houses and the роесгу group$, the $ffiall tl1eater5 and $0 forth, 50 1 knew there wa5 а whole life there."% Others, though, were les$ optimisric, telling Kunkin that L.A. "was соо spread оис, al1d unlike ffiOSt осЬег large cities, had по closely knit Bohemian neighbor­ hood that would immediately supporr шсЬ а vепшге."S- Acrempting ю

Freep,

сЬеп,

prove othenvise, Kllnkin distribll(ed rhe very first isslles ас а KPFK-spon­ sored fesrival kl10wn as сЬе Renaissance Рlеаsше Faire, ас which some rhree rhollsand revelers converged оп а fairgrolll1d in San Bernardil10 со rake рап in hisrorical reenacrmel1rs celebraring Ешореап Сllltше while dril1king COpiOllS gllanriries of old English ale. Althollgh rhe Faire was l1ever billed as а political е"'еш, its co-creator, Phyllis Раш:гsоп, ackno\vledged rhar it attracted а liberal and socially consciollS crowd. Whel1 Klll1kil1 asked Рассег­ 5011 for permissiol1 (о hawk the first iSSlles оЕ his paper rhere, she cOl1sel1red, ul1der [Ье condirion сЬас rhe рарег wOllld пос Ье "controversial." "1 was пос inreresred il1 ап iS$lle [оЕ the paper) chat was making isslles," Patrerson recalled. То Ьег аl1110уаl1се, Kllnkin didn'r gllite keep llр his el1d оЕ the bargail1. At first glal1ce, the Free Руел looked like а simple spoof of а рарег from (he Middle Ages. l(s masthead ргеsещеd (he paper as the Faire Free Рут, and irs humoГOlls

che

front-page

siхсеещh сепгшу,

апiсlеs

were all datelil1ed as if they had Ьееl1 wrietel1 il1 (For il1stance, опе апiсlе described ап obscel1ity charge А HL':'-1jЖЕD Вl.OOM!:"G PAPl'RS

39

agains( а "self-styled poet" named "\'Villiam Shakspur. Вщ inside the (аЬ­ loid, readers found the [еа! Free Pres.r masthead and logo, along \vi(h а note announcing that the пе,у рарег aimed (о help unify L05 Angeles's "liberal­ intellecrual population," and а sllbscription bIank сЬас basically saicl, "if уои wanr а рарег like (his, send llS топеу."6" Kllnkin's рrosресшs for the рарес was ambitious: Не promised а weekly ca!endar of events, coverage оЕ left­ wing political mоvеmепts, muckraking articles оп iSSlIes of !оса! сопсегп, апd "а full weekly [eport оп the new productions in small theater, рое t гу, experimental cinema, painting, music and sculpture." Last, апd seemingly most imрогtащ, Kunkin pledged that his рарес wOllld "provide а pJace for free exptr!JJion and critical СО1ll!llen! and Еог diаlоgпеs Ье[\уееп creative figures who have pertinent and !шmоrous things (о say аЬош everything and апу­ thing ... but who present!y l1ave по !оса! outlet in which to print such рсо­ vocative writing."bl Рш anotl1er \уау, Kunkin aimed to attract \vriters and build а fo!lowing from L.A.'s nascent underground scene. ТЬе longest article in the first iS5ue, headlined "Puritanism Scores а Victory," discussed ап оЬsсепitу conv1ction against а twешу-fivе-уеаг-оld theater manager \vho screened Кеппеtl1 Anger's Scorpio RiJing, а 110moerotic biker Ыт. 62 Kunkin also reprinted а letter tl1at the folksinger Joan Baez wrote (о the Internal Revenue Service explaining her refusa! to рау 60 регсещ of l1er I96з federal income taxes­ the portion, she said, that goes toward military expendirures. ("\ХТе 50rt оЕ stole [that item] from а small college ne\vspaper," Kunkin later admirred.)64 Ап оЫшагу for а local jazz musician and ап anguisl1ed article describing ап African American's daily encounters \vith racism borh signaled Kunkin'5 determination to cover issue5 оЕ сопсеrn (о L.A.·5 black population, \ушсЬ was isolated Ьу the city's tangled freeway system and largely ignored Ьу (Ье mainstream press. In the second issue, Kunkin stressed сl1е paper's democratic mission, pledging "that if апуопе has anything to say оп ап important community issue and сап say it well and with documenration, l1е ог she will ha"e tl1eir day in print. That is \vhy we call ourselves сl1е Fm Рt'Ш." And \vhile Ье prom­ ised to рготосе а clima(e of journa!istic integrity, 11е understood this as some­ tl1ing more (Ьап simp!y hiring 110nest and fair \vriters; Free Рrщ staffers could a!so Ье expected to oppose racism and support freedom оЕ speech and expres­ sion. 1п !anguage redo!ent оЕ (l1е Роп Ншоп Statement, Кuпkiп proc!aimed himse!f "committed со tl1e princip!es inherenr in сЬе democratic ordering of society wherein аН citizens have сl1е right to meaningfully participare iп community po!itica! and socia! !ife." 1п сЬас spirit, Ье said сЬе рарег wou!d avoid becoming ап organ оЕ апу particu!ar group. "As а public ne\vspaper Егее

40

I

SMOKING T)'P['X'RIТEI,S

of organizational commitment, we are going ro print

сЬе

shots

аБ ош

writers

саН сЬет

, , . and сЬеп invite соттепс and rebuttal"-the appropriare Бсапсе for what Ье said was "fundamentally а community newspaper."66 This wasn't just lip service. From сЬе beginning, Kunkin anchored сЬе

Free Руен in L.A.'s underground community, in рагс Ьу locating сЬе newspa­ per's ofn'ces in сЬе ЬаБетепс of сЬе "notorious" Fifth ЕБсасе coffeehouse оп Sunser Strip.

АБ

historian David McBride explains, the Srrip was

ас

rhe

уегу

"heart of rhe ciry's coalescing hippie Bohemia," and rhe Fifrh ЕБсасе in раг­ ticular was "а сеnrсаl garhering poinr for culшгаl rebels. "6"' Ir opened еасЬ evening ас 7 РМ and closed сЬе following moming ас 6 АМ; it regularly hosted folk musicians and hootenannies, screened classic films, and displayed аПБ and crafts. With the purchase of just а single сир of coffee, cuscomers could stay аН nighr. Meanwhile, КРРК and rhe Free Руел were closely connected, with broadcasters doubIing as columnists and vice уеГБа. 68 Finally, rhe Freep had friendly interactions with

сЬе

bookstore

Рара

Bach, which was known as

"а meering place and а cultural institution in its own right."69 EstabIished in

1964, Рара Bach sold пос jusr books, Ьие also esoreric records, pipes, and imporced соЬассо. ТЬе bookstore regularly аdvепisеd in Kunkin's paper; in rurn, the Freep sometimes reviewed high-qualiry rrade paperbacks of rhe суре сЬас Рара

Bach specialized in.

Although тапу сате со regard Southern California аБ а hippie тесса, in сЬе early 1960s it was still а bastion of what McBride саllБ 'Ъigh" bohemi­ anism. "Signin'cantly, the Free Руен , , . hardly ever discussed youth-oriented popular culture ас n'rst." Dиeing its n'rsr уеас ос БО, "culrural critics focused оп little-known and 'challenging' works, especially modem jazz and art, Euro­ реап Ыт,

and avant-garde composers. Among

тапу

arricles

оп

these subjects

were pieces onJohn Cage, сЬе west СОаБС jazz 'сооl school,' and Italian director [Michelangelo} Anronioni." ТЬе paper also sponsored several avant-garde concerts and exhibirs, "including

опе

devoted

со

the archetypical 'difficult'

composer, Arnold Schoenberg," aimed ас democratizing сЬе аvапt-gагdе. This is по[ to suggesr, however, that L.A.'s esoteric underground Бсепе lacked political direcrion. Аl Mirchell, owner of сЬе Fifth Estate, made ас 7О

least two agirprop

Ыm

documentaries,

опе

of which was а polemic againsr rhe

L05 Angeles Police Departmenr called Blue Fas{islll. 71 Meanwhile,

Рара

Bach's

owner, John Harris, сие ШБ polirical teeth working for а federal job-training program and, like Mitchell, regularly allowed acrivisrs со рОБС lirerarure and hold meerings оп his рroрегсу. Kunkin was а devoted Marxisr, ап ardenr civil-rights Бирропег, and ап early criric of rhe Viernam War, аБ апуопе who read сЬе Free Press would have known. 73 "For аН its "countercultural bIuster," McBride writes,

сЬе

Freep was "essenrially

сЬе

А

local New Left

рарег. АБ а

HL:NDRED BLOOMI:-lG PAPERS

41

source of informarion оп racial injusrice, SDS, local Ne\v Left schools, demon­ srrarions, and anci\var activiries, иг} \vas al1thoritative."'4 Early issl1es dre\v fюm KPFK radio commentaries and gave special emphasis [о tl1e Berkeley free speech геЬеШоп, which l1shered in а new ега of campнs-based activism [hat, from Kunkin's perspective, was forruitoнsly timed."~ Had he launched the Free Рrел $ix months earlier, he later said, it might пог have $шvivеd; as it happened, the sensational story coming оиг of Berkeley gave the Free Рген а cruciallift."(, Its piece de though, was its coverage of the Watts rior, whic11 exploded оп Augllsr 1 I, I965, after а police officer clubbed а black bysrancler during а Юlltiпе traffic stop; in the resulting mayhem, which lasted for nearly а \veek, thirty-four people were killed, four thousand тоге \vere arrested, and some $200 million worth of property was destfoyed. Hardly апуопе olltside Watts saw the violence coming. According to опе historian, опе of the геа­ $OnS that 50 тапу Americans regarded L.A. а5 а рагаьоп of рюsрегitу in the I950S and I960$ is because its impoverished black and Hispanic residents were left Оllt of its carefully construcred, mass-mediated image (and \уеге in fact literally shielded fюm rhe view of motorists Ьу railings along the city's expansive highways). А pair of sociologists who analyzed L.A.'5 two dai1y newspaper5, the [o.r AngeleJ Тime! and the [О! AngeleJ Негаld-ЕхclflJiпег, dis­ covered the 1осаl press gave scant attencion to 10саl blacks, and its coverage of African Americans had аСГllаllу diminished in the years leading ир to the Watts ret)ellion."~ Ву concrast, the Fm РI'I::Л covered civil-righrs issue5 from its inception and strongly opposed Proposition 14, а 1964 Califomia Ьаllос iniriative that repealed а state la,v prohibiting hou5ing discrimination. "1 bllilr ир personal capiral in tl1e black comml1nity," Kl1nkin гетет­ bered, "50 as soon а5 Watts happened there were people there writing for the рарег."НII While пос qllire condoning the rebellion, Kunkin's post-rior analysis srressed its sociopolitical significance. Whereas mainstream media organizarions described а week of riorous anarchy in Wаги, Kunkin referred ro the lIprising as "demonstrations in the srreers" rhar 'Ъаvе complerely ended rhe тусЬ rl1ar rhe Negroes of Los Angeles аге rhe happiesr in the whole СОlШГГУ." Не went оп: lг has Ьееп ап election wjrhour ballot boxes and rhe Negroes have casr their votes. Whether ог not the \vhite majority likes this vote, it is time for rhe analysis [rhar} follows every elecrion. It is time to lisren to the Negro. Attempcs со simply establish "law and order," (о simply esrablisl1 the pre-demonstration statнs q110, are doomed СО failure. Апуопе who

42

i

S~10KI ~(i TYPE\);,'RITERS

chinks in these cerms is fuпdатепсаllу апсi-Nеgro and will scood as such Ьу the vast majority of Negroes,

Ье

under­

The [еа! "tragedy," Kunkin added, was that "governmenr officials and the major news media have пос undersrood what has happened," Rarher сЬап addressing rhe rebellion's under!ying causes, he said, сЬе srage ,vas being ser "for reprisals аgаiпst сЬе Negro соттuпitу,"Яl Ву contrast, а Los Ange!eJ Тiтe! editorial called сЬе riors "criminal terrorism" and dismissed even the "jпfегепсе" сЬас jr was ап "jnevitable resulr of economic and sociological pressures. In addition со taking а charirabIe scance to\vard rhe riocers, сЬе Руеер ргеsещеd ап шЬап black perspective сЬас was sorely lacking in orЬег media ouclets. si То cite Ьис опе example, ВоЬ Freeman, а local CORE acrivist, wrote а fiгst-регsоп ассоuщ of walking through Watts during сЬе riot, where Ье talked with residencs who described сЬе anger сЬас had Ьееп festering in С!1е community as а result of longstanding poverty and po!ice bruraliry. "Мапу of сЬе young теп со \уЬот 1 spoke said if сЬеу must БО со Viernam tO fight for freedom, they might as well fight and die in WattS [ог freedom," he геропеd. "1п еуегуопе 1 spoke со 1 saw ап undaunted сошабе and fearless determination со make their desires known to сЬе officia!s of tl1is city."O i Discussing the Freep's Watts coverage, опе writer credited сЬе рарег with !aying Ьаге "сЬе оЬшsепеss of lоса! officials, сЬе insensitivity of the po!ice and the iпаЫlitу of rhe major news media tO grasp the seriousness of rhe еуепс."О5 "Watts proved rhat this was а serious paper, пос а sheet аЬоис Нар­ penings attended Ьу two hundred people," Kunkin boasted. R6 In subsequent years Kunkin's рарег \vas сЬе place со сиrn [ог coverage of ghetto unrest, black nationa!ism, and сЬе multicultural Left. H­ 1п сЬе months after Watts, the Руее Рут \vas also саиБЬС ир in сЬе Sunset Strip's transformation [roт а bland corridor of fast food joints, сЬеар motels, and tacky billboards into а ЬиЬ of Ыр bohemia. 88 Several forward-looking сауеrn owners 5ес сЬе change in motion Ьу persuading L05 Angele5 Соипсу tO let сЬет make rock and dance clubs more accessible со baby-boomer yourhs. Several such venues opened near the Strip in сЬе early 1960s, beginning with P.J.'s in 1961 ("ап еуеnr with which апу [ерисаЫе [исше hiscorian has got to mark the beginning of Renaissance Hip in L05 Angeles," а !осаl \vriter орiпеd,)Я~ Before long, youth-orienred clubs like сЬе Hullabaloo, сЬе Acrion, and rhe Trip were nurruring а Ьеуу of sophisricated rock acts-including сЬе Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, Love, сЬе Doors, and сЬе Seeds-whose songs were far removed [гот сЬе Ьоипсу, angst-free hymns to surfing and cruising гЬас гЬе Beach Boys and Jan and Dean popularized jUSt а few years earlier.~iI Meanwhile, mororcycle groups started prowling аrotшd [Ье Srrip's congesred А HL:"-JDR!CD HLOOMII';(; PAPI;RS

43

srreers, modisll reens Ггаrегпizеd \vith "serious longhairs" along rhe side­ \valks, and late-nighr crowds lingered in пеагЬу cofteehouses and diners, especially Сашег's Rеsrашаш and Беп F ranks (somerimes cal!ed Беп Freaks),9l Alrhough local \vriters began describing Suпsеr Srrip as а coalescing bohemia in 1965, Ьу rhe Гоl!о\viпg уеаг rhe уошblul rakeover оГ гтБ опсе srodgy terrirory atrracted а(tепtiоп iп Look, и/е, Neu'Ju'eek, and Тilт, \vith сЬе lasr magazine dесlагiпg ir "гЬе perfecr place for flаuпtiпg геЬеlliоп, for carching the 'асеБС uпdегgrouпd movie , , , and rrying оп rhe пеwеst Гаds,"92 Nаtшаllу, rhe Free Р/"ел \vrore тоге exuberanrly аЬош (he so-called "Srrip­ pies," particularly around 'аге I965, аБ the рарег started evincing greater епthusiаsт {ог rock and гоН, and i(s back page саlепdаг was iпсгеаsiпglу fеstоопеd with notices сопсеrniпg the neighborhood's ап showings, Ыт screenings, rock сопсеГСБ, and "hаррепiпgs"-lооsе апd improvisarional gatherings thar rypically iпvоlvеd some combination of experimenral music, performance ап, and (Ьу the mid I960s) drugs,'!\ [агег оп, Кuпkiп opened his own bookstore пеаг the Strip, called Каzoо, \vhich specialized in "obscure works" оп politics, drugs, and Eastern religions, and also sold ЬиСtoПБ, posters, Ьитрег stickers, and countercultural ephemera. 9 ! Опе Free Prm writer boasted сЬас the Strip belonged to "а throng of Renaissance Rockers ... who take the БСгеес аБ their ореп-аiг hall,vay."Y5 In December 1965, the рарег Ьеgап ruппiпg а

regular column Ьу Jerry Farber, called "Маkiпg It," \vhich was devoted со documenting сЬе Strip's еfflогеsсепсе.% Whеп

crime ГОБе in rhe агеа апd 'осаl ашhогiгiеs resurrecred ап агсапе curfew law iп order (о clear сl1е Srrip, сl1е Руее Press covered the crackdo\vn and editorialized аgаiпst (l1е police's overzealous tactics. Опе Руее Руен article claimed thar а гесеnr pl10tograph in (l1е Los Лngе/еs TimeJ, Wllich рurропеd со show sl1егiГf's dершiеs quеstiопiпg curfew violators, was acrually staged before rhe сатегаБ аБ а publicity БШnr designed Со СОШltег criticisms сЬас aurhorities l1ad received in а гесепс Life article. Away from the сатега'Б gaze, however, роНсе malpractice \vas said со Ье commonplace. The Р1'ее Press frequently rai!ed against police harassment of juveniles and опсе гап а firsthand ассоипс of сitizепs l)eing "viciously c!ubbed and Ьеасеп" Ьу officers who stormed inco а crowd of yourhs ourside the Fifrh Estate. "There was по plan or purpose evident iп (l1е beatings ог sobseqoent arrests," the герогсег claimed. "It seemed the l1andiesr people, with по regard given со age, sex, ог socia! роsitiоп, were clubbed, kicked, рuпсhеd, and/or arrested."YH Tensions mounted as policemen continlled arresting scores оГ teens оп weekend evenings, and in November I966 perl1aps а thousand irate уощl1s spilled into streets and waved p!acards, while а ffillch smaller пuтЬег of delinquenrs ("по тоге than пvепtу ог сЫгсу," the Free Pres.r saicl) scuffled

44

I

SMOKIN(; TYPE""RlТfCHS

wirl1 bystanders, scrawled anti-police graffiti slogans, climbed upon а ciry bus \vmle ir was fuH of passengers, and unslICcessfully attempted (о light ап етрсу

bus

оп Бге.

ThOLlgl1 certainly а major disturbance, mosr Strippies seemed со regard it as sometmng less сЬап с!1е "scene of апагс!1у" сl1е Los Angele5 TimeJ dеsсгiЬеd. Ч " Esrimated соса! damages (гот сЬе "rioc" amollnred со only attacks

оп сЬе

$200,

and according to eyewirnesses, 'оса! TV cre\vs encouraged buses. 100 According со а Free Рrел геропег w!lo watcl1ed

сl1е сl1е

scene unfold, "Тl1еге was not (Ье \vlюlеsаlе rioting rl1at сl1е ne\vspapers and mass media implied. ТЬе grear major1ty of гl1е teen-agers ... were orderly and lawflll, witl1 сl1е possible exception of creating а traffic jam Ьу congre­ garing 1П сЬе srreets."j{ll СОllПСУ offic1als neverr!1eless revoked сl1е licenses с!1ас allowed minors со dance inside Clllbs сl1ас served аlcоlюl, wmle police intensified гЬеiг nightly

patrols and sl1ш do\vn Pandora's Вох, а 'оса! coffeel10use poplllar wirl1 поп­ conformist youths. МеапwЬilе, ап ad Ьос prorest organization rhat Mitc!1ell гап оис

of Ьis Fiftl1 Estate соffееЬоusе coordinated severallarge-scale demon­ strations at wmсЬ уош!1s asserted their гigЬt (о freedom of expression (еуеп if tl1at meant, in tЬis case, "tl1e rigl1t of freaks to гоат freely")Y" Мапу of their pllgnacious slogans, incllldiog "А Вессег РоЕсе Force = А Вегсес Police State," "Реасе ifPossible," and "ТЬе Police асе FllH оfSЫt," mimicked сот­ plainrs aod sllspicions аЬОllС la\vflll аlltlюгitу tЬаt first circulated in сЬе Free Рrеи. 1О ; Тше to its mission, (!1е Freep also served as ап ореп (ОСllт (ог сот­ mllnity acrivists, and in (l1е weeks and mооtЬs after (l1е riot, its letters-to­ tl1e-editor page sizzled witl1 angry commentary.I{l4 (Local rock band Bllffalo Springfield also wеigЬеd io witl1 опе of (Ье era's iconic songs.)IOj

tЬеiг

baleflll

апtЬет

"For WЬаt 1t'5 WortЬ,"

Eventually, сЬе cops and !опgЬаiгs оп Sunset Strip геасЬеd а гаррсосl1е­ ment, t!laoks in part со a5sistance (сот а 1оса! task (огсе сЬаiгеd by]im Dickson, а [осаl rock impresario, and Fred Rosenberg, (Ье leader of а пеigЬ­ borhood a5sociation of restaurant o\vners-borh of wlюm sЬагеd ап interest in preserving сl1е Strip's commercial vitality. Arrests declined, protests hzzled, mегсЬапts prospered, and the SLшsеt Strip basically геtшпеd (о its "pre-riot status qllO."IO(, Вш опе iпstiшtiоп сЬапgеd markedly in (!1е months and years after сЬе Strip protests cooled-Art Kunkin's Fm Руен. As late as ОссоЬег 1966, Kunkin could claim опlу nine tЬоusапd readers, and по опе оп Ьis staff drew а regular раусЬесk. In ап interview witЬ а 1оса! journalist, Kllnkin еуеп belabored сЬе fact rl1at his рарег was barely so!venrY'O Six тоnrЬs later, its cirClllation was said to l1ave reached fifty tЬОllsапd 1О8 "ТЬе fantastic success story of 1967 has Ьееп (Ье gгоwtЬ of (!1е L.A. Free Рут," said а wri сег Еог сЬе LOJ Ange!e,r и rzderground, опе of two addi tional underground А HI.'I"DRJ"D FII.QOMI1'C; I'APERS

45

newspapers that appeared in Los Angeles in the spring of 1967. "It has caught and is growing Ьу leaps and bounds." In addition to attracting тоге

оп

readers than

апуопе

thought possibIe, the area's radical community newspa­

pers were said to draw

fгom "а

vast reservoir of talent and good will in the

bohemian community.... Artists, writers, photographers, typists, runners [and} street hawkers, all combine го bring into creation these organs of Vox populi, the voice of the people. ТЬе effort will gгow and expand."I09 THOUGH ТНЕ

undergгound

Los

ANGELES FREE PRESS

was primarily read

Ьу

city dwellers,

rags also flourished in smaller communities, often in close ргох­

imity to colleges and universities. ТЬе pioneering pubIication of this type, begun in late 1965 in East Lansing, Michigan, was simply called the Рареу. Initially it presented itself as merely ап altemative to Michigan State Univer­ sity's tepid campus newspaper, the State News. In 1965, when it pubIished its first issue, New Left ideas were just beginning to circulate оп campus, largely as the result of the loosely organized Committee for Student Rights (CSR), which some seventy-five students formed the previous winter. Before then, Michigan State University (MSU) had never seen а genuine student move­ ment. Within а уеаг, the Рареу had sharpened and articulated students' griev­ ances, pгovoked debate, and thrust itself into campus contгoversies where New Leftists had ап indisputabIe advantage (namely free speech and in 'оса parentis regulations). In addition to stirring politica! passions at Michigan State, which quick!y took оп а !ife of their own, thгough its membership in the Undergгound Press Syndicate (UPS), the Рареу was a!so said "го p!ug the East Lansing radica! community inгo radica! communities around the coun­ try."IIO A!though the Рареу changed in character over the years as some of its writers Ьесате Marxists and others turned оп to psychede!ic drugs, it гап тоге ог !ess continuous!y unti! 1969. East Lansing in the еаг!у 1960s was а rather quaint college town, sur­ rounded Ьу comfie!ds and run Ьу а conservative po!itica! estabIishment that pгohibited the sa!e of alcoho!. MSU, however, was undergoing а rapid tran­ sition, fгom ап institute for agricu!ture and applied science into опе of the !argest universities in the country. Between 1950 and 1965, its undergrad­ uate enrollment swelled fгom fifteen thousand to thirty-eight thousand, and it bui!t the biggest residentia! housing сотр!ех in the wor!d. 111 Wa!ter Adams, а noted economist who served as MSU's interim president for nine months in 1969, described MSU in this period as а vast and сотр!ех "megaversity" that, !ike тапу American universities during the Co!d War, was becoming increasing!y responsive to the needs of the federal govem­ ment (particu!ar!y the U.S. Agency for Intemationa! Deve!opment). "It is

46 ,

SMOKl>iC; TYPI'WHITH<S

,tlmost impossible," Ac!ams \vrote, "со convey cliversi(y, and complexity of (11is institu(ion."]

а

feeling Еог rhe immensiry, However, MSU had уе( со

,c:ain much in (he \vay of academic pres(ige. Sometimes called "Cow Col­ lege" or "Моо lJ" Ьу its detracrors, it сап а virtually ореп aclmissions policy, and in 1 only 20 percent of its undergradua(es majored in the liberal ar(s and social sciences. I '; lп ап еНог( (о bolster i(s reputation, MSU in (l1е early 19605 Ьеьап recruiting some оЕ (he na(ion's top-ranked high sсlюоl studen(s with generous scholarships, glossy brochores, and promises of close шеп(огiпg relationships \vi(h its facul(y. lп I9б~ i( boas(ed nearly two hun­ clred Na(ional Meri( Scholars-more than апу o(her school in the соипсгу.l Ашопg thеш \vas Michael Кiпdшап, а cherubic сеепаьег fгош Iong Island \vho 'асег Ьесаше the Paper's founding editor. lnitially Кiпdшап was "excited Ьу \vha( \vas being offered ... ас MSU" and "ready (о deyelop а 'оуаl connection" (о ([1е school, Ьш по( long af(er his arrival he began experi­ encing а nagging sensa(ion that he'd Ьееп "hoodwinked." Everywhere he шrnеd, his undergrad experience [еll shor( of his ideal. Не gleaned prac(ical пеwsгоош experience fгош his paying job а( (he State NеШJ, Ьис his jошпаl­ isш coorses \vere "unexciting, (aught Ьу паdiгiопаlist faculty \vi(h а heayy сошшi(шепг со \\,hat we have since соше to know as 'the шуth оЕ objecciv­ ity.'" MSU \vas gro\ving in renown, по( [ог its ne\v ешрhаsis of the huшап­ icies, ыlt [ог its po\VerhOllse football program. Iпtеllесшаllу and cul(шаllу, Eas( Iansing SПllсk hiш as а depressing "backwater."1 Оп the регiше(ег of its splendidly landscaped сашрllS hovered gargantuan new dогшitогiеs that sеешеd sterile and llninspiring. Worse still, studencs were reqllired со live iп СЬбе depressing ыlldiпgss throllghollt their fгеshшап and sорhошоге years, dшiпg \vhich time ап array оЕ housing and сшfе\v regula(ions fell оуег their lives like а \vet blanker. Ву сЬе Ьеgiппiпg оЕ his sесопd уеаг, Кiпdшап's reservations аЬош Mich­ igап Sta(e had шеtаstаsizеd iпtо а full-blown case of buyer's гешогsе. Мапу of his Merit Scholar colleaglles likewise felt snookered inro attending а шеdiосге lшivегsitу iп sleepy Eas( Iansing when (l1еу likely could have a([ended сЬе school of [heir choice. "ТЬе Honors College рrogгаш that had Ьееп

offered со us \vhiz-kid recruits had turned оис со Ье шоге hype than opportunity," Кiпdшап [асег \уro[е. "Мапу of us were gоiпg iпсгеаsiпglу srir-crazy. Ош educacion \Va5 \vorking, but поt in the \vay the uпivегsitу might have l1oped: the шоге educated we Ьесаше, сl1е шоге frus(ra(ed we telr."II:DRED BLOOMll'G РАРIШS

а

49

not-so-subtle dig at (Ье State Nею' so-called "loyalty oath" (wшсh was reprinted оп page two) Kindman proclaimed, "Ош loyalty i5 (о (Ье practice of imaginative, creative, thoughtful journalism. We Ьоре unabashedly (о Ье а forum for idea5, а center for deI1ate, а champion of сЬе соттоп тап, а сЬоrn in сЬе side of сЬе powerful.... We Ьоре пеуег со Ьесоте 50 sure of ош position and so unaware of ош [еаl job сЬас we will сопсеппасе merely оп putting ои! а рарег.... And we intend (о do аН tшs in а spirit of editorial independence for which there i5 hardly а model оп campus. "! '2 ТЫ5 i55ue also contained соттепсагу Ьу а professor of food 5cience оп сЬе looming world hunger crisis, ап article critical ofMSU's srudent government, ап e5say аЬоис factional tensions in сЬе CSR, several short poems, and, оп сЬе back page, а cryptic interview with ВоЬ Dylan reprinted fют сЬе Los Angeles Руее Pre.r.r. J ;; 1п сЬе following months, сЬе Paper established itself as а critic of Мiсш­ gan State, сЬе State Nешs, and сЬе great mass of conformist stt1dents in and around East lansing, while ас сЬе same time earning its Ьопа fides as а New left organ-relishing its gadfly role, collapsing сЬе boundaries between advocacy and journalism, and leavening its serious political соттешагу \vith sarcastic huтог. 1Ч Опе provocative article drew а comparison bet\veen MSU's supposedly ашhогitаriап adminisrration and сЬе harsh, repressive gоvеrnтеш of Mississippi, "сЬе symbolic land of darkne55 in сЬе South."Jo\ Another conrroversial essay, published anonymously, lampooned сЬе drunken debauchery of MSU srudenrs who traveled со Pasadena, California, (о cheer сЬе football сеат in сЬе Rose Bowl. J \6 After widespread negative publicity convinced MSU administrators [о reverse its denial of readmission to а grad­ uate-srudent activist named Раиl Schiff, сЬе episode \vas celebrated as а Ьооп со stt1dent radicals, "сЬе first major step toward rearranging power ... so сЬас сЬе people educating and being educated have some say аЬош how сЬе show is run."!;" ТЬе

Paper also reported оп early protests against сЬе Viernam War and gave Ьеауу coverage со а сатри5 visit Ьу two SDS leaders.! Other pieces railed against bureaucratic bumbledom, curfew restrictions, and bland dormitory life-all issues сЬас resonated with students WllO grew increas­ ingly frustrated with сЬе way сЬе university "{flexed} its in 10(0 pareпtis ти5­ cles with abandon," i5suing "бас after arbitrary fiat."l1~ MSU John А. Hannah, whom some regarded ап оаб511 50rt of тап, was frequently ridi­ culed. 1n April 1966, а mock-sensational headline blared across сЬе fronr page: "Hannah Revealed со Ье Palindrome. "JНi ТЬе following тоnrЬ, сЬе debuted а running comic strip called "land Grant Мап," in which "Dr. John Palindrome"-beleaguered Ьу peaceniks, Communists, and free advocates-is magically transformed inco а powerful superhero (equipped 50

I

5MOKJNG ТУРЕWRПЕRS

wlth а heJmet, саре, codpiece, and а garden hoe) who declares himself ready (о "show those students wllOse multiverslty thls геаllу is!!!,,[jl In its еагlу months, сЬе Рареу also devo(ed а grea( deal of space со defend­ ing itself in а complicated controversy with (he university оуег whether ог not it could Ье sold оп сатрн:; (as opposed со being distributed (ог Ас ([lе time, MSU lacked estahlished guidelines conceming iпdерепdещlу operated pllhlications, and it was нпсlеаг \vhat campus organization had jurisdiction оуег the Рареу. Incensed Ьу MSr.;'s "Ьшеаuсгаtiс idiocy," Kind­ тап compared the situation со something ош of the Тшilight Zone-an арс тесарЬог, since the Рареу was literally being kept in legal1imbo.[j2 Althollgh сЬе ensulng negotiations were ludicrously complicated, Kindman and сот­ рапу used their o\vn pages со describe the situation in elaborate detail, thereby turning itself inro а news story, and capalJly demonstrating one of the New Left's contentions: \vhen challenged Ьу srudenrs, сЬе llniversiry would invari­ аЫу alJuse lrs aurhoriry. "The universiry didn't know what ir was dolng j lJecause rhey had never епсоuщегеd anything like rhis," Тасе recalled." Fi­ nally, in сЬе spring of 1966, MSU's Board ofStudent Publlcatlons set llр rules Ьу wl11ch the Рареу could lawfully Ье sold оп campus, at which point Kind­ тап ran а petulanc edltorial proclaiming "Gratitude Wlll Get И:; Nowhere. "ш Another major event (ог the Papet' was its coverage of а scandal that jош­ nalist \X!arren Hinckle uncovered in April 1966 for rhe lefr-wing magazine Ramparts: а5 part of i ts general mission со assist U .S. foreign policy, in the late 19505 MSlJ estahlished its "Vietnam Project," а major developmental рго­ gram that doubled as а front (ог сЬе CIA. One of the project's tasks was со rrain and assisr the "civil service and police network" that was сЬе lJackL)Qne ofNgo Dinh Diem's сопирс government in SOllth Vietnam; in this amounted со "the supplying of guns and ammllnition (ог city роНсе, the civil guard, palace police, and the dreaded Surete-South Vietnam's version of сЬе FВI."146 The last sentence of Hinckle's article dоuЫеd а:; the сехс of а (иll­ page advertisement that Ramparts took оис in the Рареу оп April 21, 1966: "What the hell is а university doing lJLlying guns, anyway)"i1­ Meanwhile, the Рареу reglllarly celelJrated the upswing of activism and сultшаl energy in East Lапsiпg. Опе essay noted that dшiпg spring lJreak alone, protestors against MSlJ's Vietnam Project garnered statewide риЬ­ licity, 1осаl anti\var activists had their trespassing convictions оvегшrnеd Ьу .\ higher сашt, pacifist David Dellinger visited campus, and 10саl students and faculty launched the Free Lniversity of East Lansing (РОЕL)-"ап ,\ltemative со сЬе drab, automated education of сошsе оutliпеs, credits, mul­ tiple-choice ехат:; and IВM cards.'·l{~ In another piece, Kindman credired "Zeitgeist, CSR, the сатри:> апагсhists, Kewpeeites, The Рареу, {апd} the Free А HUNDRED BLOOMING PAPl'RS

51

University" for enlivening the community. ("Kewpeeites" was а nickname for those who hung оис ас Spiro's, afrer rhe disgustingly named "Kewpee Bur­ gers" оп rhe тепиУ j~ Whereas Kindman опсе regrerred "doing college ... in the conservative, town оЕ East Lansing," no\v he exulted that MSU was fasr becoming "а геаsопаЫу active апd almost interesting campus оЕ the '605."15') In Мау 1966 the Paper favorably covered а Zеitgеist-sропsогеd happening ас Spiro's called "Culrure-Fest," аС \vhich some 150 srudents gath­ ered Еог ап evening оЕ роесгу, folk and jazz music, and spoken word perfor­ mances. 1jl C'The пате 'Culture-Fesr' was originally теапс to Ье 1ronic," Zeitgeist's ediror5 5aid, "Ьис 50 тапу people in our culrurally-deprived univer­ sity took it seriously that we lес ir sгапd.")152 Later tl1at month, rhe Pape,s sraff exciredly hosred а visit from Раиl Кгаssпег, \vho had wгiпеп rhem ап admiring посе а few months before. 15 ' Char Jolles, another оЕ the огigiпаl sraffers ас the Рарег, fondly recalled her experience. "lt was very ехсitiпg со Ье in each other's сотрапу. We pursued 10ts оЕ ideas, laughed а 1ос, and even­ шаllу rhe paper Ьесате а counterculrural scene,"1)4 ОЕ course, East Lansing was hardly rhe опlу communiry wirnessing fre­ пеtiс expressions оЕ New Left апd соuпtегculшгаl acrivity. Ву early 1966, SDS had 15,000 members in 172 chapters engaged in everyrhing from civil­ rights and anripoverry initiarives to antiwar reach-ins and йее universities. J55 Meanwhile, garage and psychedelic rock bands \vere becoming louder and brasher, performance and visual апists started chanl1elil1g their talenrs roward polirical expression, al1d yourh-orienred underground ne\vspapers sprang со life in several orher communities. Amidst аН rhis, сl1е Рарег began fashioning itself as пос simply а 1оса! iniriative, Ьш also as а consrirurive elemenr оЕ а narional youth awakening. In the final isslle оЕ rhe 1965-66 school уеаг, Kindman boasted thar the Рарег was по longer merely ап alrernative (о the State Neu'S. Rather, it was no\v plugged into "а 100se аlliапсе between like­ thinking people and organizations all over." Не continued: "SDS and Раи! Krassner and the Los Angeies Free Ргш and the Free University оЕ New York and аН the rest see in the Рарег, presumably, something оЕ what we see in them." Namely: а revitalized fееliпg Еос people and for the kinds оЕ things people care about. Even if ош orientation and (опе асе а Ыс more academic rhan

theirs ... we Еее! ourselves рап оЕ the same movement toward making sense out оЕ rhings and lerring (Ье people decide and асшаllу рсас­ ricing freedom оЕ expression. That seems to Ье enough со let us 111 оп а nebulous kind оЕ community rhar's developing, пос quire under­ ground, in this counrry.15(, 52

I

SM()KINC, TYPI'WRIТF.RS

During гЬе sиттес of 1966, Kindman helped го сип ап SDS srorefronr in San f'rancisco, where Ье тег ТЬоrnе Dreyer, ап acrivisr [roт Ausrin, Texas, wirh whom Ье discussed гЬе рогещiаl fOс ап expanded network of under­ ground newspapers. Around rhis same period, Ье \von а small degree of пого­ riery when l1е \vas phorographed and quorec\ in ап article in Time magazine оп гЬе emerging underground press. 15 - Even тоге significantly, while in Cal­ ifornia, Ье took his hrsr LSD trip. Ir was а good опе, and when Ье rerurned to East Lansing in сl1е [аll, Таге said l1е was in full-tilt "evangelical mode," strongly encouraging orhers to experiment \vitl1 acid.I\H Altl10ugh some ас сl1е Рареу followed ШБ lead, others were ambivalent аЬоис drugs, and stШ огl1еСБ avoided гЬет entirely. In ОсгоЬес Kindman wrore "Тl1е Ne\vspaper аБ Ап Form," ап unusual manifesro in wmcl1l1e blended соттепгасу оп сl1е importance of radical newspapers (supposedly influenced Ьу media rl1eorist МаСБЬаll McLul1an) with lyrics [roт сЬе Bearles' mind-L)ending song "Tomorrow Never Knows." "Being аг ТЬе Рареу feels di((erent rhis уеаг," Kindman announced. 'Tl1ere's а spirit го it, а (eeling of' community and enligl1tened consensus аЬоиг it гl1аг proves ... гl1е value о( rlle 'underground press' as ап instrument of communication." This was пос Kindman's БпеБС essay-in [асг, Ьis opaque and elliprical prose sЬоwеd telltale signs of his гесепс p!unge inro гl1е соuщегсu!гurе-Ьur ir addressed the vita! role гЬе Рареу played in ЕаБС Lansing's underground community. Ву tapping into "the spirir of rhe rimes" and providing ап opporruniry [ос "people ro рапiс­ ipare in а medium о( communication among tl1emselves," сЬе Рареу \vas said [Q work '\virhin а conrext о{ relevance," [о enjoy а "mandate [гот readers," and [Q етапаге from ап "increasingly radical and enlightened community."15~ Accocding со Jolles, suddenly "people began hanging Ollr ас ТЬе Papet'. There were 50 тапу people сl1еге сl1ас уои couldn'r еуеп do the work! So it did Ьесоте а kind of community.")(>l, Several years later, rwo writers [ос Libera­ tion News Service Pllt сЬе танег тосе simply: "Recognized as а second campus paper ас Micmgan Stare," rhe Рареу 'Ъеlреd [Q build а radical сот­ munity where попе l1ad existed before."161 ТНЕ FIRST UNDERGROUND NEWSPAPER

ro рор ир be!ow гl1е Mason-Dixon Line was [Ье Rag, оиг of Austin, Texas--easily "the largest сещег о{ New [е{с activism in гЬе American Sourh."I62 According ro underground press mstorian АЬе Peck, гЬе Rag was also "гЬе hrst iпdерепdещ undergrounder ro represent, еуеп in а small way, сl1е participarory democracy, community organizing, and syntl1esis о{ politics and culture сЬаг the New [е{с of гl1е midsixties was trying го develop."16i Wl1ereas the LOJ Angeles Руее Руен and the Рареу were borh led Ьу unusually resolure and energetic individuals, the А H\J1
TYPE-";RIТERS

I

nad several ptedictable causes: "No топеу. No energy. No community.... Times changed. ТЬе Vietnam War ended. ТЬе promises of solidarity, revolu­ с!Оп, drugs, free love, spiritual ecsrasy, and pure nutririon found fewer Delievers. Mosr importanrly ... сЬе Rag was по !onger perceived as innova­ rive, fresh, оп сЬе edge, special. If anything, it was а thing of сЬе раsr."Ш

л

HUNDRED

БLООМING РЛРЕRS

65

,

3

"Electrical Bananas" The Underground Press and the Great Вапапа Ноах of 7967

IN JUNE 1967, jOl1rna!ist Sara Davidson visited New York City а

I со героп оп

hippie happening in Сеппа! Park, а "rhree-day cosmic !ove-in." ТЬе Веа­ tles' Sgt. Pepper record, she said, was "everywhere" сЬас sl1mmer; another writer recalls that "snatches of сЬе albl1ill drifted Оl1С of ореп windows, faded in and оис of consciousness as cars passed Ьу, сате in апd ош of focus iп tiппу rones from distапt ггапsisгог radios, сЬе songs hапgiпg iп сЬе air !ike а holo­ gram of Ыiss.": Elsewhere were palpaЫe sigпs сЬас сЬе "Sl1mmer of Love" was sотеthiпg more thап jl1sr а media рЬепотепоп. In hip enc!aves асюss сЬе land, young теп and women grew their hair апd соsштеd themse!ves in а medley of ol1trageous fashions: tattered jeans апс1 flannels, Western boots, Benjamin Franklin glasses, Mohican lacings, army jackets, and tie-dyed T-shircs. Вш especially noteworrhy for Davidson was сЬе sigllt of а young hippie in а wizard Ьас selling bananas оп ап East Village corner. ТЬеу were going for сеп cenrs еасЬ, wich а rhree-cent deposic оп сЬе skins. "Апуопе who heard [folksinger) Попоvап sing 'Mellow Yellow' knew why," she remem­ bered. "Smoking Ьапапа peels could get you high. Оl1пааааа-sight!"2 Davidson was mistaken аЬош the psychoacrive potential of Ьапапа peels. (Hippies larer joked сЬас сЬе only \уау (Q rrip оп а Ьапапа рее! was Ьу acci­ denrally srepping оп опе.) Buc she was far [гот alone in her confusion. Throughour сЬас spring and summer, the norion rhar опе coul.d ger high fют smoking ''Ьапапа joints" circulared widely, firsr in [Ье undergrol1nd

press, [Ьеп later in сЬе mainstream media and еуеп among some gullible federal off1cials. Recipes for 'Ъапапаdiпе powder"-the boiled, dried insides of Ьапапа peels, rolled in toЬассо рарег and smoked like marijuana-were frequently reprinted, and some clever entrepreneurs оп сЬе West Coasr founded their own mail-order сотрапу, Mellow YeHow, which sold Ьапапа peels аН across сЬе country. "1 Ьоре to make $100,000 in сЬе next six-months оп bananas," boasted Nat Freedland, ап editor of сЬе Los Angeles Free PresJ and а partner in сЬе Бгт. i lп April 1967, Time and NеU'Jшееk ЬосЬ ran stories аЬош сЬе Ьапапа craze during сЬе same week, with [Ье lacter magazine claiming сЬе rumors had "touched off а banana-buying Ьоот from [Ье Haight-Ashbury discricc со Harvard Square. "4 At а festival in Central Park's Sheep Meadow, hippies playfully regarded bananas as sacred totems; сЬеу gave а "Ьапапа pledge" ("опе Ьапапа, under Вапапа, with liberty and jHstice for аН"), signaled со еасЬ other with а Ьапапа sаlше Cmiddle f1nger, ир and Ьеnt"), and rallied around а large wooden replica of а Ьапапа. Frank Thompson, а Democratic сопgгеssшап from New ]ersey, facetiously proposed [Ье Вапапа Labeling Асс оЕ 1967, which wOHld Ьауе рш stickers оп bananas сЬас said "Caution: Вапапа Рее! Smoking Мау Ве Injurious [о Your Health." "From bananas it is а short Ьш shocking step to other fruits," Ье intoned. "Today [Ье cry is Ъиrn, Ьапапа, Ьиrn.' Tomorrow, we тау face strawberry smoking, dried apricot inhaling, ог рrипе puff1ng."(, Вис [Ье fad and гЬе humor that surrounded it proved short-lived. ОП Мау 26,1967, the Food and Drug Аdтiпisпасiоп issued а press release indicaring that scientif1c analysis of several Ьапапа concocrions failed со prodllce "derectable quantities оЕ known hallucinogenics."- Опе investigator larer recalled, "We took 30 pounds of bananas into the lab, cooked, scraped, and did everything else to them thar [he undergrollnd papers told us со do. Вш it was а put-on. "8 Not surprisingly, the Great Вапапа Ноах of 1967 has failed [о gain апеп­ [ion from historians. And it тау s[i11 Ье hard for scholars to regard [he banana-smoking craze as little more [han а curious iпсidепt, some[hing [о remind us уе[ again just how puerile hippies could Ье. Внс when we examine the fad's mysterious огigiпs and mеапiпgs, as well as the mechanisms Ьу which it spread 50 quickly, we сап see in microcosm some о{ the iтроrrапt accomplishments of rhe 1960s uпdегgгоuпd press. The irony is thick; Some­ опе опсе remarked, "Almost еуегуопе likes bananas, bLlt по опе takes them seriously."9 Уес througl1 [l1е Ьапапа rumors, tl1e underground papers l1elped со carve social spaces (called "sсепеs") wl1ere certain commonalities о{ [aste, style, апd bel1avior were generated, and YOU[l1s were socialized inro wl101e пеw ways о{ [hinking and being. Meanwl1ile, formal networks wi[hin сl1е uпdегgгоuпd press mеапt [ha[ scenes rarely s[ayed "local" {or [00 long. "ELECTRICAL BANANAS"

67

Through а coordinated exchange of articles and information, altemative sub­ jectivities that arose in опе рап of the country could Ье guickly spread со others, thereby giving youths а sense of generational росепсу, а feeling that their movement was something тоге than just the sum of irs parts,lO BRIEFLY TOUTED AS BRIТAIN'S ANSWER со ВоЬ Dylan, the Scottish-born folk balladeer Donovan released the single "Mellow Yellow" in Ешоре in November 1966, and it was released stateside in January 1967,11 The short, jazzy song featured а whispered refrain from Paul McCartney, and it contained the lyrics "E-lec-trical Ьапапа ! Is gonna Ье а sudden craze ! E-lec-rrical Ьапапа / Is bound (о Ье the very next phase I They саН it Mellow Yellow." According со rock critic Jirn DeRogatis, "The tune was inspired Ьу the rumor that уои could get high smoking dried Ьапапа peels."12 Вщ in fact Donovan's song predated the first documented mention of the Ьапапа rumor Ьу several months, and еуеп during its heyday in 1967, сЬе lyric's inrended meaning was subject со speculation, When NеШSUJееk magazine claimed that "Вапапа highs were heralded Ьу the British рор singer Donovan," а reader wrote back with а correction. l ' "Donovan is а fan of the Youngbloods, а new rock group ощ of Califomia," she claimed, "Said group has ап [electric} organist . , . Ьу the пате of Вапапа. That is where Donovan got [the phrase} electrica! Ьапапа. "1 j Meanwhile, Donovan stoked curiosity about the song Ьу refusing со answer апу guestions about it. "People asked те аН the time," he recaHed. In reply, he would sirnply smile and sing the chorus: 'ТЬеу саН те МеНо\у Yellow."15 Вис Donovan еуепсиаНу confessed that the Iyric was а sly reference со а yellow electric vibrator that he sa\v advertised in the back pages of а magazine-a plausible claim, seeing as double entendres figшеd in other Donovan songs from the era, most notably "Superlungs" CShe's only fourteen Ьис she knows how со draw").16 ТЬе сгие origins of the Ьапапа fad are пос well kno\vn.:' Ву some fluke, the first printed reference connecting bananas, drugs, and the avanr-garde probably appeared in the quasi-pornographic poetry journal Fшk УОll: А Magazine о/ the At,ts, wшсh was опе of the few radical papers of the era that was truly ап underground publication. Crudely mimeographed onto colorful granatext and wire-stitched Ьу hand, its masthead boasted that it was "EDIТED, PUBLISHED & PRINTED ВУ ED SANDERS АТ А SECRET LOCATION IN ТНЕ LOWER EAST SIDE, NEW YORK CIТY U,S.A,"18 According со роесгу critic John Palattella, it "was available just at а БтаН number of stores, hidden behind the counter, and only those in the know could find it."19 In Мау 196з, Sanders dedicated Volume 3, Number ') of Fшk Уои to, among other things, "dope thrill Ьапапа гitеs."Ю The magazine

68

1

SMOKI:"(,

TYPEWRIТERS

\vas always fuH of in-jokes (шапу of them very crude) Ьщ Sanders left по clues as (о what tl1is curious еuгп of phrase шау have шеап(. In апу еуепс, ehe Great Вапапа Ноах originated in California in late 1966, the уеаг that Ronald Reagan was elected Governor, Walt Disney died, and гЬе ВеасЬ Boys gave up their striped sruпs, Pendlerons, and suгfboards со record Ре! 501lndJ, their vaguely psychedelic orсhеsпаl-рор masterpiece аЬош lost innocence. This was also when LSD began со garner а great deal of luгid media atrenrion (alehough paradoxically, сЬе drug was mostly а рЬе­ пошепоп among сЬе Ыр intelligenesia). While some of сЬе era's most impor­ сапе drug-inspired rock masterpieces were released in 196) and 1966 (among гЬеш, ВоЬ Dylan's BI'inging [! 11/1 Back Hr;me and Highu'ay 61 Rel1isited and сЬе Beatles' R"b!Jer 50,,! and Rez'olt'er), these records generally struck а рге­ psychedelic consciousness. As literary professor Nick Вroшеll put it, "Rock 'п' roll brought psychedelics into popular culture еуеп {ог the miШопs of Americans who never knew \vhat marijuana smelled like."22 АН of which is со say сЬас а certain па'ivеtе аЬош drugs, along with а giddy sепsе of a\ve anr:l wonder ас their possibilities, probably fueled сЬе first experimenrs in Ьапапа smoking. "Counrry" ]ое McDonald, leader of the Вау Агеа jug band Counrry ]ое and (Ье Fish, and his drummer, Gary "Chicken" Hirsh, аге primarily responsible for setting (Ье Ьоах in motion. McDonald recalls (Ьас wЫlе dгiviпg со а show ас гl1е Kirsilano Theater in Vancouver, Canada, "Ош drummer ... said Ье had jusr figuгed ош гl1ас Ьапапа peels have [chemical] qualiries similar (о marijuana. His rheory was сЬас if уои dried ош а Ьапапа рее! and smoked (Ье \vrute pulp оп сl1е underside, you \vou!d get higl1. Аг сl1е time, гЬе band was living оп peanut-butter-and­ Ьапапа sandwiches. АН сЬе ingredients were сЬеар. We were just tl1rowing сЬе away, 50 this sounded like а great idea."2J No doubt, Hirsh's suggestion (о smoke Ьапапа peels sounds peculiar, Ьиг it was merely опе episode in his long history of experimentation witl1 folk recipe5 for getting high. Previously, he'd Ьееп interested in scorch Ьгоош (Cyrisus scoparius), а noxious, \veedy shrub rhat's commonly found оп California roadsides. In гЬе mid- 1 960s Hirsh filled dozens of mason jars with scotch broom, carefully labeling each оЕ' гЬеш according со гl1е location and date that гЬе weed was picked. Sometimes Ье simply dried ош various parts of сЬе plant before Ье smoked it; other times Ье cured it in brandy first. But Ье never got it го work. "1 was sure 1 was just preparing it \vrong," Ье later said. Опсе Ье пiеd getting high Ьу chewing оп а nasal-decongestanr inhaler; anorher time he асе а huge amount of сЬе pickling spice тасе. Hirsh decided to experiment with bananas after hearing somewhere that сЬеу conrained пасе amounts of а chemical that acted as а "пагшаl tranquilizer." When Ье "ЕI.ЕСТRIСЛI. ВЛJ inirially grew in relative isolation from (Ье осЬег bohemian enclaves that were taking shape in осЬег regions. Although histo­ rians аге fond of ceferring (о ап overarching "youth community" in (Ье 19605, before сЬе advent of сЬе underground press, (Ье уошЬ revolt was marked тоге Ьу fragmentation [Ьап cohesion. Local struggles were [Ье primacy cat­ alysrs for change, and small grolipS the dominant social unit. New5 in сЬе underground traveled slowly and fitfully. Head shops and оffЪеаt bookstores typically carried radical papers from оис of town, but just as often infor­ mation spread Ьу word-of-mouth. Returning from а cгoss-country sojourn lП I966, Kindman recalled feeling like ап "ambassador from а developing national counterculture, bringing news of [Ье furure back [о ту provincial homeland. When а cluster of undergrolind рарег:> banded together со form сЬе Underground Press Syndicate (UPS) in ]нпе I966, however, the radical рарег:> literally multiplied their potential audience. UPS sirnply facilitated [Ье exchange of articles, news stories, and reviews among underground papers, and it drew а broad range of New Left, cOlinterculture, and youth­ oriented рарег:> into its fold.)4 Walter Bowart, а fOlinder of сЬе EVa, and two of Ы:> close compatriots, Alan Katzman and John Wilcock, were responsibIe for getting сЬе Syndicate off сЬе ground. Wilcock says Ье сате HP with сЬе пате "UPS" while huddled оуег а typewriter in the рарег':> Tompkins Square office, drafting а statemen[ announcing сЬас [Ье na[ion's first wave of under­ ground рарег:> had agreed [о begin cicculating еасЬ othec's material. "1 сот­ mented that ту adolescent idols [had} Ьееп сЬе рарег:> of сЬе Fcench maqJi.is, сЬе underground resistance group whose propaganda leaflets urged continlied resistance со сЬе German occupiers. We all agreed [Ьас though а little grandiose, it was ап appropriate image for а new Fuck Censorship press in а supposedly free society,',j) Certainly UPS arrived ас а propitious moment. Within six months, some twenty-five тоге рарег:> were founded, аН of which ioined UPS. Collecrively, their circulation ас сЬе beginning of I967 was around 250,000, although, as опе record executive observed, рарег:> of this суре had "а tremendous pass-along readership.">O "Underground publishing continues со Ье опе of [Ье SliCCesS stories of [Ье уеаг," Wilcock boasted. "Hardly а day goes Ьу \vithош new papers proliferating."s' "ELECTRICAL IJANANAS"

73

Despite its formidable

пате,

the "Underground Press Syndicate" wasn't

without its problems; it described itself, in

а

classic oxymoron, as an "anar­

chistic organization," and later in the decade it was nearly rent asunder in

а

power strugglе. Its staff turned over several times, and its more ambitious goals of linking papers with Telex machines, soliciting national advertising 5Я

revenue, and assisting in underground press distribution never got very far. There were also allegations of ego-tripping, financial mismanagement, and bad faith, and in March 1968 Wilcock found it necessary to apologize ro member papers, declaring, "In short, the whole operation has been thor­ oughly fucked Up."59 А bit later, when journalist Ethel Romm was research­ ing an article оп the underground press, she spoke with several editors who told her UPS was "in ЕтЬо."60 Nevertheless, testimonials from underground writers suggest that UPS coordinated the exchange of papers fairly well. Kindman recaHed that membership in UPS

'OЬrought

immediate benefit to

us, in the form of а wealth of interesting articles available for reprinting, as аН of the member papers began exchanging copies with one another. "61 Even

underground papers overseas joined UPS. The year 1966 saw the birth of Europe's first underground newspaper, Internationa! Tirm:s (it), which cofounders Вапу

Miles andJohn Hopkins modeled оп EVO and the Руеер. "It was wonderful

ro have а

ту

work reprinted across the world, to see something as mundane as

record review appear in а paper from Minneapolis or an essay translated into

Dutch or Swedish," Miles recalled. 62 Ву circulating texts, graphics, and comics from newspapers suddenly

аЫе

аН

across the country, the underground papers were

to take their readers

оп а

much larger cultural journey than

they had originally envisaged. In addition to linking geographically separated communities, the under­ ground press was also emerging in late 1966 as the youth movement's most important means of internal communication. Unlike most mass media lets, underground papers frequently encouraged

а

ош­

"horizontal" conversation

among their readers. That is, rather than always showcasing the thinking and writing of privileged elites, underground rags typically opened their pages to anyone with the wherewithal to write аЬош something. Kunkin even went so far as to describe his Руее Press as а "reader-written paper."6' Editors rarely exercised the discretion that their title implied, for fear of being labeled "elitist" or "professional."64 As АЬе Peck explained, "for an editor to unilat­ erally spike сору in the underground press was generally seen as an ego trip rather than а reasoned judgment."65 Although а few notable personalities played key roles in the banana hoax, the most important purveyors of the rumor were ordinary participants in the youth revolt who simply took advantage of their easy access to their community papers. 74

I

SMOKING TYPEWRIТERS

As NewJweek later recounted, underground papers started reprinting the БаrЬ's recipe for Mellow Yellow "(a}lmost before апуопе could рееl а Ьапапа."66 The hoax made its way со Texas via two newspapers, the Austin Rag and Dallas's Notes /уот (Ье Undergrolmd. The Rag гергiшеd the "careful shopper's" letter со the ВауЬ, as well а giddy piece from the San Francisco Oracle that began "Вапапа Sunshine! The Ьапапа i5 for real," and \vent оп со make а variety of comically pedantic pseudoscientific claims аЬоис bananas CThe рееl contains arterenol, а sympathomimetic agent that i5 al50 found in rhe human body, in the adrenal meduala (SiC}").6 7 Meanwhile, editors ас the Dallas Note5 smoked bananas themselves со see if the rumor was rrue and concluded (in print) that it was. 68 А writer for the Spokane Natural surveyed several friends who smoked bananas and reported that their experieoces ranged widely; а few experienced "по effect or (а} t!ery mild effect," whereas ot11ers said it was "better than grass-acid-or-DMT"69 Marvin Garson of the Vi!lage Vaice also smoked а Ьапаоа joint and reported "it was identical in its effects со аЬош half а joint of second-rare рос" But he predicted that before long, underground pharmacologists would perfect recipes for high-grade Ьапапа powder, "and then the fun will begin."7 0 Two ЕУО editors fibbed that {Ьеу were the ones who had discovered psychoactive рroрепiеs in bananas. 7 ! АЬЫе Hoffman (still going Ьу "АЬЬосс" at the time) passed along his own personal [есфе in the Warcester РиnсЬ. "Bananas are the new craze," he said. "Mellow Yellow-the word's ош.""2 Detroit's Fi/th Estate reprinted а recipe for Mellow Yellow that first appeared in the Las Angeles Руее Руен. "Уе5, Ьапа­ napowder works," it proclaimed. "Two or three bombers will get уои stoned out of уош skull. А toke or а joint will give уои а beautiful subrle *mellow* high-Makes rhe universe into а rranquil delight for ап hour!" The article al50 reported that Larry Starin, а twепtУ-5iх-уеаг-оld California transplant, had perfected а recipe for Ьапапа powder and was turning а quick profit selling it in Berkeley. 'Тт ashamed со admit 1 was selling marchboxes of Mellow Yellow for as much as fifteen dollars," he said. Later, Srarin marketed his product via advertisements io the ВауЬ.'3 Several papers also [ап advertisements from а сотрапу called Mellow Yellow, which sold "100% LEGAL, PURE BANANA." "Made Ьу hippies in SF's Haight-Ashbury," who mailed rheir producr "in beautiful psychedelic envelopes," the enterprise was said со Ье staffed with а lawyer, ап ассоuшапt, а prinrer, а wholesaler, and ап art director. 74 Elsewhere, merchants sold yellow pipes that were made to resemble bananas and T-shirts emblazoned with the Ыие 10go of the United Fruit Company."j Someone also designed а poster that parodied Grant Wood's famous "American Gothic" painting, recasting the staid Iowans as hippies; instead of а pitchfork, the farmer is holding а ELECTRICAL BANANAS"

75

sign rhar reads "Up the Esrablishmenr," and, in his lefr hand, а Ьапапа wirh а sticker rhat says "Меllо."7 6 Before long, "mellow yellow" was being used Ьу underground press wrirers as ап adjecrive (а record reviewer for rhe Washingron Free Prm referred со rhe "luscious mellow yellowness оЕ rhe vocals" оп МоЬу Grape's debur album) and as а proper noun (ю describe Ьапапа powder itself, as well events where people gathered (о smoke it. For instance, Berkeley undergrads reporredly gathered оп сЬе steps оЕ Sproul НаН for "а mass Mellow Yellow.">", Some people even made up banana-themed ditties, such as: "1 went shopping ас сЬе А & Р/ Вш сЬеу didn't have апу grass or LSD i So 1 peeled а Ьапапа and got so high / 1 thought 1 \vas actually going со fly."-~ Mosr underground papers seemed well aware оЕ their ability ro generate excitement; а соттоп cliche was сЬас "while сЬе Neu' York Times was report­ ing history, сЬе alternative press was involved in creating history."-9 Мах Scherr, editor оЕ сЬе Barb, recalled. "We'd plant small articles in (Ье paper saying There's а rumor сЬас something is going со Ьарреп оп Telegraph Avenue Friday ас two o'clock.' So people would show up оп Friday ас t\VO СО see what would Ьарреп, someone would say, 'Неу, let's close off сЬе street,' and something U'ou/d Ьарреп. "80 But in addition со self-consciously spreading сЬе Ьапапа гшпог, undergrollnd newspapers also reported оп how сЬе рЬе­ потепоп spread across (Ье cOllntry with Ьопа fide news sюгiеs, which were considerably more revealing (Ьап those that appeared in (Ье mainstream press. SDS described (Ье Ьапапа fad in its official organ, Neu' Left Note5. 81 ТЬе Chicago Seed reprinted (Ье entire text оЕ (Ье aforementioned speech Ьу Rep. Frank Thompson, who jokingly called for Congress со "move qllickly (о stop (Ье sinister spread of Ьапапа smoking."H2 ТЬе Rag devoted its front page со сЬе misadventures of two YOllng Texans who тау have Ьееп сЬе опlу people ever arrested for possession of dried Ьапапа pith. Plllled over while speeding, сЬеу \vere callght trying со hide а pipe and а tin foil wrapper that contained (Ье brown, powdery substance ("lt's bananas, sir. ") Hauled off со jail, interro­ gated, and held overnight, (l1еу were бпаllу released after а Dallas narcotics officer explained (Ье new Ьапапа шmог (о (Ье arresting officerY Тl1е 110ах also callsed а stir during (Ье Gentle Thuгsday celebrations at (Ье U niversi (у of Texas. These events being а constant sошсе of aggravation (о campus officials, опе UT administrator balked when Austin's SDS cl1apter asked (Ье llniversity to formally sanction опе of (Ье Gentle Thursdays. "While there is по objection to approved organizations promoting cordiality, friendshi р, and gentleness оп сатрщ, (Ье U niversity саппоС approve сl1е proposed 'Gentle Тhшsdау,'" read ап official statement. Тl1е reason;> Some of (Ье planned activi ties, inclllding "mellow yellow, еп masse, аll over саШРllS" were "соо vague" and "could пос Ье sanctioned Ьу the University." Naturally, 76

i

SMOKIN(;

TYPLWRIТERS

rhe Rag made great sport ofUTs obstinacy.

"1Е the

Administration's intent is

ro prohibit а mellow-yellow light-in, опе must appreciate their forthright­ ness in becoming the first official body in the United States ro Ьап Ьапапа smoking," said опе writer. "1Е, оп the other hand, their objection is [о lack clarity, this certainly represents а revolutionary departure from previous U niversi [у policy. "H~

оЕ

[о

The hoopla around electrical bananas probably owed much оЕ suggestion;

that is, it seems plausible

[о

the power

someone in а sufficiently receptive

state оЕ mind that smoking bananas could cause а mild high or а relaxed disposition. But this scarcely begins ro explain the comical, еуеп absurd enrhusiasm with which young people touted bananas-to the point where, as mentioned mock

аЬоуе, а

Ьапапа" опсе

"raggle-taggle

тоЬ

brandishing

а

giant

з-fооt

long

snake-danced through New York's Central Park, chanting

"Ва-пап-а! Ва-пап-а! Ва-пап-а!"

as they were "cheered

оп Ьу

girls wearing

Ьапапа crowns, while опе student, dressed in а yellow slicker, tried [о pass himself оЕЕ as the biggest Ьапапа оЕ them аН."85 At а "Ьапапа [аНу" in

Washington Sguare Park in Greenwich Village, someone reportedly sat

аroр

а

bronze statue оЕ the famous engineer Alexander Lyman НоНеу and "sang calypso praise ro the Ьапапа godS."86 Еуеп though bananas lacked hallucino­ genic properties, they were intoxicating bewilder, and irritate defenders

оЕ

[о

yourhs for the ability ro bemuse,

the established culture.

First, the simple fact that bananas were legal (and, unlike marijuana, could not plausibly Ье made illegal) seemed delightful. 1t is probably not а coincidence that the counterculture took shape at а time when America's marijuana laws were most severe. H- Sociologists have noted that as drug use rose in the 1960s, "ап increasing number оЕ college youth experienced harass­ ment Ьу officials. Such repression led ro а delegitimation оЕ institutional authority, radicalizing yourh along the way."H8 As а Fi/th Estate writer observed in December 1966, drug laws against marijuana had the perverse effect оЕ criminalizing the behavior оЕ "thousands оЕ innocent, truth-seeking people who otherwise have

по

connection with the world

оЕ

crime."89 Jerry

Rubin said much the same thing in his manifesto Do It-' "As pot-heads we сате Еасе

ro Еасе with the [еаl world оЕ cops, jails, courts, trials, undercover narcs, paranoia and the war with our parents. Ап entire generation оЕ flower­ smokers has Ьееп tumed inro criminals."90 Meanwhile, growing legions оЕ people who actually used drugs couldn't help but grimace at the painful

соп­

rortions оЕ fact and logic that accompanied official statements about them. А Washington Руее Press writer noted that such govemmentspeak was аН the more "painful because growing numbers prison because оЕ such ignorance."91

оЕ

young people are suffering in

"'ELECTRICAI. BANANAS"'

77

What's тоге, in the early I960s, marijuana was stilllinked in the public imagination with Mexican immigrants, роог blacks, jazz musicians, and beatniks-minorities and suЬсultшеs that seemed threatening to main­ stream America. 92 Bananas, оп the other hand, were ubiquitous; here youths found а potentially cotrupting influence оп American life right оиt in the ореп. Thus we find the undisguised glee with \vhich тапу of tl1em greeted the Ьапапа rumors. "Оо you realize what this means? Оо you / " the Lus Angeles Руее Руен asked. "Everybody сап get high, anytime they want ro fют now оп!-You сап light up а Ьапапа joint in the street, аС rhe freakout, in public, anywhere, anywhere, wheee!"9; АЬЫе Hoffman was like\vise enamored. Вапапа highs were "legal, cheap, and you сап blow уош mind оп the process alone," he said. "Just think of it, United Fruit Сотрапу peddles dope!"94 In his Voice colllmn, Marvin Garson jovially wrote аЬОllС how electrical bananas could Ье used со taunt the police. If а policeman еуег stopped а YOllth со ask what he ос БЬе was smoking, the сееп could reply "It's аН right, officer, Гт just smoking bananas. I smoke 'ет to get lJiglJ. у{)и knou'."9j So profollnd was the YOllth шltше's skepticism regarding officia! pro­ nOllnCeffients against drugs that ОПе tшdегgгоuпd press writer sketched а sophomoric ОПе-асс play in response со the FDA's attempts ro sink the Ьапапа штогs. In it, "Lyndon Straight" encollnters his friend "Timothy Hippie," who is lying down in his арагстеnt, smiling pleasantly. Thinking he knows what's llр, Straight БаУБ, "1 thought УОll didn't have апу рос." "1 don'r, Гт flying оп bananas." "Oh соте оп!" Straighr replies. "Уои know whar the FDA said abollt bananas." "1 know, bur I'm still stoned оиt of ту skull," Hippie says. Ас this, Straight tшпs indignant. "Now do you think а responsible gov­ еrnтеnt agency would mislead the Arnerican public) ... Now look, they had this сеа1 scientific test with all kinds of equipment." Вш Straight's remarks fall upon deaf еаГБ. Timothy Hippie is too zonked to follow the conversation ОГ offer а coherent reply; instead Ье drifts in and out of consciousness, loses track of time, announces that he has "the munchies," and mistakes а пеагЬу pile of bananas for "weird looking snakes. "% A1so attracrive to уошhs was the degree to which the Ьапапа rumors seemed го bypass rational thought. That ЬапапаБ already held а some\vhat indelicare position in Arnerican Ьитог and wordplay was опе thing; t11e possibility tl1at they could get уои stoned was something else altogetl1er, and llippies delighted at tlle thought tllat something 50 healthy and соттоп­ placecould Ьеаsошсе OfSllCh worryand bemusemenr. In fusingavant-gardism and social agitation, Mellow Yellow's champions democrarized ап impulse exrending ас leasr аБ far back as сЬе lyricallefr of the early rwentietll сепtшу,

78

SblOKJNG

TYPEWRIТERS

I. t

t

even as сЬеу acred in а "counrerculrural mode" rhat "reveled in tangenrs, metaphors, unresolved contradictions [and} conscious ruptures оЕ logic and reason."9­ That bananas were deployed to signal а flouting оЕ conventional authoriry is clear. Said Newsweek, "ТЬе Ьапапа cult тау Ье а way to tease the police."98 Вис with сЬе help оЕ underground newspapers, the fad also contributed to ап informal process оЕ socialization, as Mellow Yellow smoke-ins brought people into proximity with опе another and provided ап arena where сЬеу could embrace new viewpoints. Ideals that were deeply felt in the New Left тау have Ьееп communicated to реорlе who were at first simply drawn to the рlауЕиl camaraderie that ftleled the Ьапапа Ьоах. ТО рис it another way, the Great Вапапа Ноах created а liminal space, а conceptual border area between the counterculture and straight society. In smoking а Ьапапа joint, Yotlths could participate in а hippie ritual without undertaking а significanr атоuпс оЕ risk. Meanwhile they entered а process where сЬе mundane spaces оЕ every­ day life were suddenly папsfогmеd into arenas for сиlсшаl experimentation. Underground newspaper coverage оЕ the Great Вапапа Ноах also reminds us оЕ the frequency with which сЬе expressive, aesthetic radicalism of сЬе hippies meshed with the strategic, political activism characteristic оЕ the New Left. Though there were exceptions at еасЬ end of сЬе spectrum, most underground papers were а pastiche of culture and politics. Arts, leisure, and lifestyle isstles shared сЬе page with hard-boiled political analysis of сЬе Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and various university reforms. Nevertheless, there were always some New Leftists who 100ked unfavorably ироп сЬе "revolutionary tourism" they perceived among cultural radicals, and it should Ье по surprise that in сЬе Ьапапа fad сЬеу perceived сЬе worst excesses of сЬе hippie movement. "Bananas, incense and pointing love rays со the Pentagon have nothing со do with redeeming America," journalist ]ack Newfield grumbled. 99 Аllеп Young, а left-wing jошпаlist who in 1967 was preparing to return со сЬе United States after ап extended stay in South America, received two letters from friends who warned тт аЬоur сЬе Ьапапа fad. "Bet you're going to Ье surprised with this barbarian country of yours," опе writer remarked. "For уош own sake уои must get acquainted with сЬе themes of current debate here, such as Ьапапа рее! [Ш-], hippies, еtс."IIЮ ln 1967 Todd Gitlin wrote а vinegary condemnation of сЬе whole Ьапапа craze for Liberation News Service, replete with statistics оп Ьапапа production versus revenue, unfair land-distriburion policies in South America, and the сопсеп­ trated power of сЬе United Fruit Сотрапу. 'These circumstances соте со mind whenever bananas are flaunted with humor or symbolic meaning, as а means of liberation," Ье wrote. нн Other underground journalists railed "ELECTR!CH ВЛКАNАS"

79

againsr

сЬе

ease \virh which counrerclllrural symbols morpl1ed inro commod­

ified rrends. For insrance, in June 1967, ЕУО [ап а carroon сЬас showed а police officer using а nighrsrick ro clear сЬе way for а long-haired hippie сусооп. As сЬе сор barks оис orders со "make way for сЬе psyclledelic mer­ сЬапс," сЬе enrrepreneur grins impishly, dreaming of сЬе топеу Ье'lJ make from "leather goods, posters, acid rock, books, head shops, and bananas. "1"2 Nevertheless, llnderstanding Вапапа Ноах

с1lе

underground press's role in

сЬе

Great

helps us gain а keener appreciation оЕ how these papers func­

tioned in с1lе youth revolt more generally. Ву acting in confederation, under­ ground newspapers could transform

10саl

БсеПб

or regional

into national

trends, thereby bringing а sense of cohesion and community со сЬе sprawling this instance, сЬе antics оЕ West СоаБС hippies \уеге exporred со scattered patches of bohemia аН across tl1e соuппу in just а few уоис1l [еЬеШоп. lп

тОПСЬБ.

Whether

(Ьеу

lived in large cities,

young people forged connectiol1s

со

БllЬШЬБ,

or in

сЬе

runterland,

distal1t ul1derground scenes througl1

radical ne\vspapers. As опе me well In

50те

wшlе

as his роог mепгаl health. Nor does Ье give еvidепсе оfhаviпg seriollsly grap­ pled \virh сЬе perspecrives о( some оЕ rl1e Vulgar Marxisrs, who arglled сЬас iп order Еог LNS (о survive. jr \vollld пееd со build а democratic сulшге. Fiпаllу, опе wопdегs whether сЬе Marxisrs were every Ыс as dull апd doctri­ паiге as Мllпgо Sllggests. Givеп сЬе пео-Тhогеаllviап diгесtiоп iп wшсl1 Ье апd Bloom were hеаdiпg, 10ts оЕ people рroЬаЫу srruck сl1ет сЬас \уау. QLЕСSТЮ~ I~(;

\},

НО

DECCJDECS

169

Although сЬе LNSers who remained in Ne\v York certainly slblred tleep political commitments and ап intense seriollsness of ршроsе, they \уеге пос аН of сЬе same mind аЬощ МОУетепс and in addition со their lengthy meetings and workdays, сЬеу enjoyed "tablllous dinners," recreational рос smoking, movie nighrs, romantic couplings, \veekend excllfsions to rl1eir upstate farm, and "late night boogies" ас cheir commUn:DЕR(;Iшt::-iD то ЕУЕНУ\Х'НЕНЕ"

I

75

black5 attended}; electronic media people vs. printed media people; people who continue СО work for commercial enterprises vs. people who've dropped оис."9 Afterwar" (r 987), "Alternative Weeklies оп the Rise," (I989), "Alternative Weeklies Are Gaining Respect­ and Readers" (I989), "The Alternative Press Grows Ир" (I99I), and finally, "Established Altematives" (I995).~() In I994 the Washington Post's Richard FROM U~DERGROlJND ТО EVI'RYWHF.RE

I

8I

Leiby found ir richly iгonic rhat rhe AAN's аппнаl conyenrion, hosted in Boston Ьу the Phf)enix, llad Ьееп sLlch а bland, clean-cur, middle-of-the-road affair. "н someone had sparked а big fae joint . , . then passed it over со те," Leiby joked, "тауЬе I'd believe for а seoned тотепс that 1 was апепс!iпg а convenrion of the nation's most unruly, eccentric and savagely unpredictable СОlшtегсultше newspaper editors, " I1 1n fairness, some conference goers ргоЬаЫу agreed that that еуепс \vas especially establishmene-oriented, insofar as АТ&Т sponsorec! опе of irs panels, and ABCs Cokie Roberts clelivered the keynote address. Bllt а greater iгony тау lie in the tact that sixteen years af'ter AAN \vas founded in Seattle, some \уеге apparently still expecting its trade association mееtiпgs со Ьеаг some resemblance со а 1aee-19605 SDS conference, еуеп though editors and publishers о( altematiye papers had alreacly gone ro suc11 lengrhs (о l1igh1ight their respectability, lп а 1982 book about business culшге, Раиl Solman and Thoma5 Friedman (а differenr \yriter than the foreign atIair5 columnist for сЬе Neu lork Тi!lЮ) pointed Оllt that in I976 Boston's Не,,1 Paper prodllCed а paradigmatic bгochure \vith which сЬеу sOllght со апгап advertisers. It \уа;; head1ined, "ТНЕУ DONT THROW ROCKS ANYMORE." Оп

rhe соуег \vas а phoro of srudenr demonsrrarors breaking \"indows in Har"ard Square during the Harvard sшdепt srrike 1П 1969. The пехс page had а phoro of а cOllple 1П tl1eir mid-t\venries, lounging оп ап ехрепsiуе couch, апd playing Ьасkgаmтоп as their сас looked оп. Ас eheir Ееее, а сору of ТЬе Real Раре/' and а volume ог' Roberc Prose's роесгу. The hеаd1iпе оп СШ5 page [ead, 'BUT THEY'RE SТILL DOING THINGS THEIR WAy J,' Especially during the I9905, the ЬU5iпеss model the altematives estab­ lishec! yielded gangbusters resulrs. 1n rhe very same period t11at dai1y papers were 105ing readers (especially younger опеs), сЬе (гее пеwswееk1iе5 dramar­ ically boosted their сiгculаtiоп (fгom аЬоис 2.7 milliоп iп I989 со 7.6 million lП and they сопriпuеd (о do \ve11 witl1 сЬе coveted т8-34 аето­ graphic. Alt-weeklies also fiпаllу Ьеgап dга\viпg а bit ог' narional ас!vепisiпg iп the 19905, But this wa5 а150 а time ог' consternation in the iпdusrгу, as corporate parenrs s\vallowed lIР 50те ог' the iпdерепdепr рареГ5. Тп 200."), (Ье U.S JlIstice Deparrment rebuked New Times Media (which o\vned еlе"еп papers) апd Village Voice Media (which owned six) \vhen сl1е (\уо companies swapped assets and closecj newspapers iп еасЬ other's markets (in L,A. and Cleveland). Вш сЬе prime ехатрlе of what alr-press паditiопаlisrs lашепt as сЬе corporatization of their industry wa5 сЬе 200() merger of сЬе Ne\v Times and Village Voice chains, at"ter which the new сотрапу took (11е пате Village r 82

SMOKJ:-

'и nderclass,'" Nщ'

November 7, 196),25; Robert Pardun, e-mail

(о ашhог,

York Times Magazim,

February 17,2004; Cathy

Wilkerson, e-mail со аисЬor, FеЬшаrу I6, 2004. 2. Newfield, Prophetic A!inorit)', 117-18. 3. SDS's mosr comprehensive biographer, Kirkparrick Sa!e, made when

Ье

а

simi!ar observation

called SDS's new $300 mu!rilirh prinring press-which

ас сЬе

time Wa5

housed at irs first headquarrers, in New York City's Easr Village-"rhe organization's proudesr symbol of becomingness.·' See Sale, SDS, even "shorguns" Ош ofthe WI)a!e, 120. Ву

4. Raskin,

со ,оте

members

оЕ сЬе

wall paincing" ("RWP" "OFF

ТНЕ

PIG," "OFF

ТНЕ

WAR

НОМЕ,"

тау

have seemed

а

Jirrle

сате

Weacherman faccion of' SOS, who advoc
Рон Нurоп

Sraremenr

ас

апd

James

40," The Natioll,

(Augusr ')-12, 2002), 18-21. Lirerary scholar John Oownron Hazlerr argues rhar Ьу rheir personal experiences \virh rhose of rhe so-called "Sixries Generarion," сЬе manifesro's ащhоrs esrablished а rempJare and сеСесепсе poinr for тапу fщше memoirisrs. See Hazlerr, iИу Gmr:ration, 40-49. 11. Аllеп Smirh, "Presenr ас rhe Crearion." For scl10Iars

rhe

Роп Ншоп

Sraremenr as а warershed in rl1e hisrory оС сЬе American [efr, see Sale, S[)S. 49-51; МШеr, [)mюcrarу l! in the Strel!ts," 1 3-14; Isserman, l! 1 Had а Наттеу, 213-14. 12. Smirh, 341.

Бее

also Gosse,

"Моуетеnr о! Movemenrs,"

279-84. Works

Ьу

journalisrs

include Fred Powledge, rhar discussed rhe Рон Huron Srarement in rhe mid "The New Srudenr Lek Моуетеnr Represenrs Serious Activisrs in Orive (ос Changes," Neu' York Times, March 15, 196s;Jack Newfield, "T11e Srudenr Lefi:: Idealism and Ас­

rion," NatlolJ, November 8. 1965,330-33. 1 3. For some SOS vererans, rhe Роп Ниroп Statement seems

со

have elicited

ап

llnusual

сотЬiпаtiоп о! excitemenr

and redium. For insrance, Todd Girliп опсе recalled being "absolurely enraprured" \vhen he read а clrafr оЕ rhe documenr, "rhinking, 'Му God,

rhis is whar J feel.'"

Вш

elsewhere he said

Ье

found its "programmacic parriclllars"

to

Ье

so dull сЬас he didn'c finish reading ic (see Jsserman, 1/1 Had (1 Натте", 214, and Girlin, The Sixties, 101). Similarly, SOSer Cathy Wilkerson recal1ed fiпdiпg parrs ot- rhe manifesro See Carhy

"уесу

powerful and inspiring," whereas orher parrs srruck 11er as "boring." inrerview Ьу Ron Grele, February 17, 1985, Columbia, 26.

Wilkегsoп,

"Роп Нщоп Sraremenr," as quored inJames Mil1er, [)Ш/lХ'rа rhe Economic Research and Acrion Projecr пеwslепеr, the Реасе and Research Education Projecr newsletter, and rhe Viernam Surnmer пеwslепеr. There was al50 а Аl<JlJЬепhiр Blllletll1 and а DiSClшiоn Blliietin, which were larcr сот­ bined inro rhe SDS Blllletin. Neu' Еуа and Саи' were rwo оГ' SDS's уегу shorr-lived ne\vs­ rnagazines. Some of SDS's older тетЬег> founded rhe Radica/J in Ihe lerrer, which larer changed irs пате го Something Else. SDS's bigge5t publicarion in сегт> of size and circlllation was irs rabloid newspaper, Nш' Nош, which brietly

)2. QlIirc а

:-;OTES то PAGES 17-22

197

morphed inro ТЬе Fire Next Titile and сЬеп jusc Fire.' In addition [о аН chis, dozens оЕ individual SDS chapters pubIished cheir own newslerrers.

53. As edicor оЕ [Ь .. SDS БII//еtin, ]effShero freguently reprinted arrieles ог essays сЬас firsr

appeared elsewhere. "We just lift chese areicles, rarely getting permission Егот еЬе

publisher," Ье cold опе friend. See ]effShero со C';'ideon Sjoberg, August I8, I965, SDS

Records, Reel ), Series 2А, No..3). Shero later changed hlS пате со JeffSheco Night­

byrd, and (Ьеп simply со JeffNightbyrd. In this book Ье is referred [о Ьу his original

surname.

54. See Becky MiI1er со "Sceve," n.d., SDS Records, Reel ), Series 2А, No. з8.

5'). Мах added, "1

Ьауе

repeatedly asked

пос со пауе ту

communications

со (Ье

[SDS

Narional Соипе;!) printed unless 1 say (Ьеу are for рuЫiсаtiоп." Despite 11is аппоуапсе,

howevee, Ье сопсludеd his lerter оп а humorous по[е: "L
94· Pardun, Prt1/rie Radica!, 119.

95. JeffShero 96. Роllесса,

[о

"Comrades," 1\ugL!St 3, 1965, SDS Records, Reel 28, Series 3, No. 108.

ЕlId!ш

!,,!eetillg, 145. со SDS N.O., November 7,1965, SDS Records, Reel 19, Series 3,

97 Carol McEJdowney NO.I,

98. Scott

Рirtтап со

Worklisr

3, No. 1; David Sramps

Rесiрiешs,

со

Series 3, No. 108. Balal1ced а

[etter [rom rions I've

new SDS

sееп оп сЬе

Ocrober 19, 1965, SDS Records, Reel 19, Series

Jeff Shero, November 15, 1965, SDS Records, Ree[ 28, аgаiпsг

тетЬег

ас leasr опе highly appIOving BlI!letitl "опе о[ rlle finest pubIica­ Wagner ro SDS, November 18, 1965, SDS

rhis, however, was

who called

left." See

J

М.

сЬе пеw

Records, Reel 2 I, Series .3, No, 18. 99· Sale, SDS, 27:\, 100. lbid., 273. 101. "Not With

Му

Li[e

Уои

Don'r!'"

Л

Gtftrr/!,ia Stlldt!lt H,mdf!Gok, Georgerown SDS, Fall

Giгliп, "Presidenc's Report," SDS BII!!etill, December 196з, SDS Records, Reel .35, Series 41\, No. 19· Emphasis in orig­ inal. lп ап undared I(;'пег [са, 1966-67] ап SDSer агtriЬщеd сЬе phrase to acri"isr and his­ torian Sraughron Lynd. See Bill Harrzog со Greg Calverr, п.d., SDS Records, Reel 21,

1968, SDS Records, Reel 22, Sefles 3, No. 26; Todd

102.

Series 3, No.

Chapter

1 I.

2

1.

Crowley, RightJ ofPaHage, 61.

2.

Time, "Ul1
200

1\Шапсе,"

SOTES ТО PAG!'S 27-.)]

JLlly 29,

57·

", These \vere атопь rhe lirsr six underground newsp"pers; rhe orl1ers were Dепоir's Fi/tl;

Estatt, San Francisco's

О/щ/е,

and Lower

old Насуеу Ovshinsky, сl1е papers,

Тl1е Оуас/е

Мапhапап 's

Estatt was

Ьу

Ьу

EVO, Founded

eigl1reen-year­

far th~ mosr аmаtешish of сабе аmаrеш

and rhe Е\/О reached considerabIy larger audiences,

Ьш

inirially rhey

\vere berter kno\vn for rheir colorful psychedelic graphics and zesrful espollsals of rhe соunrегсulrшаl

LOsmology,

4, ]effShero Nightbyrd, as quored in I.ieberman, Prairie Роиtt', 86,

5, George Orwel!,

"Iпrюduсriоп,"

15,

in Orwell and Reynolds, Britis/)

VOiCfJ 11' Rеvо/шiоn,

6, Srreirmarter,

55, The tlrsr type5 оЕ radical newspapers а150 champi­

Ега labor-тоуетепс

oned l1npopular issues rhar [arer won broad acceprance,jacksonian

papers called Еог shorter \vorkdays, rax-funded schools, ап end (о debrors' prisons, and rhe right оЕ workers ю оrgашzе, Тl1е abolirionisr press, оЕ сошsе, crusaded оп bellalf оЕ сl1е

And iп rhe af'rermarh 01' the Civil War, Elizabetl1 Cady

5rruggle againsr

Stanron and Susап В, АnrllОПУ published rhe Rel'oI1ltioJl, rhe f1r5r newspaper devored (о women's righrs, iп wl1ich сl1еу denounced sexual ехрlоiгаriоп ас home and iп rhe work­ place. and cal1ed for equal рау [or equal work, гЬ.

Gral1am, Yours jor

Х,

Revolution,

15,

8, Sransell, Alllfriit1l1 Лlоdmн,

9, See

J

Glепп

Gray, "Salvarion

StL!dепts," Harp

ргеsidещ

have

book

оп Jоlш

Ьееп sропеd

F. Kennedy's assassinarion in which

copulating with Kennedy's neck wound оп

Air Force

See Krassner, Best o/lfJe Reali.rt, 190-93; Peck, Uncovering fhe Six/;es,

62-6з. Iп

the deceased

Опе,

а гесепг

[о

Lyndon Johnson was said

was being f!own from

Оаllм [о

Washington

1968, feminist Robin Morgan skewered Krassner's sexism in her famous po!emic, "Goodbye

[о АН

That."

32. Thorne Dreyer and Victoria Smith, "The Kews Service packer 144, March 33. Krassner, Вех! о/ the Realisf, 2.

1,

Моуетеnr

and the New Media," Liberation

1969,3.

34, Gruen, Neu' Bohemld, 35. Jacoby,

их!

lntellel'tllals, 21,115.

See McBride, "Death Ciry Radica!s"; Hayden, Tria/, 1')8-65. 37. Brick, Age o/Contradi.·firm, 11. з8. Riсlшгd

Flacks, e-mai!

paperbacks were of

[Ье

[о ашЬог,

Seprember 4, 2004. Prior ro

pulp variery, and

[Ьеу

сЬе

lare 19505,

тosг

were sold in sLlpermarkets and drug­

stores. 39. Richard Flacks interview, 4. "Мепюгiеs

40. Jim O'Brien,

of the Student Movement and rhe New Left in rhe United

Srares," unpublished manuscript in Madison was the Universiry Rathskel1er rhat sold 3.2 4I. PaLll Buhle, interview

оЕ

ашhог's

Wisconsin's

регсепг

possession, 28. Another оНЬеас hangoLlt in sшdепt

Llnion, which had

а Ьаг

cal1ed rhe

beer.

Ьу Вгсс Еупоп

and Ron Gre!e, 1985, Columbia,

42. See McBride. "Оп the Falllr Lines," 1 22. 43. Renata Adler, "Fly Trans-Love Airways," Neu' Yorker, February

2'),

122;

empha­

sis added. 44. Jerry Hopkins, "Los Angeles Scene," Rolling Sfom, JLlne 22, Т968, ] 1. 45. McBride,

"Оп

46. Ап Kunkin,

rhe Fault Lines," 124.

"Опе Уеаг оЕ гЬе

Free Press," Lo.r Angeles Fm Pms, Ju!y 23, 1965,6.

47. Lionel Rolfe and Пеппis Когап, "Freeping Ош," Los Angtles Reader, JLlne ] 9, 198 I, 5· 48. Wil1iam Мшгау, "The L.A. Free Press is Rlch," E.ftJuire, June 1970,54. 49. As quoted in Peck. Uncovering the Sixties, 22. ')0. Маупагd, Vmict' West, 20; Lipton, Но/)' Barbarians.

51. Land, Aaiu Radio, 66; Тот Nolan, "The Free Press Cosrs 1'5 Cents," U//!Jt, ОсroЬег 12,

40. 52. Richard Srone, "Н!р Papers: The Underground Press Succeeds Ьу Inrгigшпg the Rel)els and Sgl1ares," \У'аи StrM jOllrtlal, March 4, 1968. "Ап

53. Lionel Rolte,

Kunkin: Mysric in Paradise," hrrp://www.dabeJly.comicolumnsi

Ьоhеmiапзз·hгm.

54. Rolfe, Litet'(lIJ L.A, 27.

)). See Peck, UnC01tring ,Ье Siхtiб, 25. Kunkin's Ье

124· 56. Quoted in Peck, U mщ'еring 57·

0"10

personal invesrment 'Nas said го

jusr $15. See Nolan, "Free PressCosrs," 40; and McBride, "Оп the FaultLines,"

Мuпау,

58. Phyllis

"Free

Рапегsоп,

{Ье

SixtieJ, 21.

i5 Rich," 54·

inrervie\v Ьу aurhor, Seprember 7,

Рl'eе Руен, Мау 23,

59· See LOJ Nolan,

РгеББ

"Ргее

1964,

1

Press Costs,"

61. Агс Kunkin, "Dear Reader," Los AngeleJ Fm

Рут, Мау

25, 1964,2; emphasis in

inal. Кеl1

62. Seymour Stern, "Puritanism Scores Vicrory: AII Womal1 Jury Fil1ds Ащi-Fа$сiS(

Film 'Obsccl1e,'" LOJ

Free

Руен, ~fay

Anger's

25, 1964, 1. M!chael Gerz,

manager о( LO$ Angeles's Cinema Tl1eater, was convicted оЕ "lewd exhibition" [ог $creening Scorpjfi Risi"g оп Macch 7, 1964' Latec the Саlifоrпiа Supreme Сонп over­ turned rhe obscel1lt}" verdicr. 6з.

"Notcd Singer Ret'uses ю Рау Тахе> rhat Go [ог War Preparation," Los Ar;geles Руее Pms,

Мау 25, 1964. С. 64· Quored in Nolan, "Free Press Cost$," 40,

Saftord СlштЬегlаiп, "Death

0[' а

1964, 5; Jimmy Garrert, "Black

Jazzer: ап ОЫшагу'" LOJ At1,!!,eles Рт PrtJJ, Мау Ршше," [,OJ

Angeles Free

Руен, Мау 25,

2),

1964, 5. See

al$o Мау, Goldm Slale, Go/den Уоиh, 156-)9.

66, Ап

Кlшkiп, "Why We Appear,"

67. МсВпdе. "Death Radit:als," 68. Nolal1, "Free Press Costs," 40.

1 10,11).

L.A .. 18.

69' Rolfe,

70. МсВпdе, "00 the Fault Line$," 7

LU.i Angeles Free Pm,r, July 30, 1964,2-3.

Adler, "Fly Tral1s-Love,"

1 35­

20.

72. McBcide, "Death City Radlcals," 1 15; Rolfe, L/ter(JYY L.A., 18.

7 3· KUl1kin underscored this poiot iп аl1 апiсlе he wrore ю mark rhe paper's ooe-year anniversary. See KLlnkio, "Опе Уеас," :\.

74. McBride, "Death Ciry Radicals,"

1 1).

75. RoJl'e and Когап, "Freeping Out," 5. See al$o На! Draper, "'IЪе Mind о! Clark Кеп,"

L,/s Angeles Free PmJ, November 5, 1964, 1':\; Аllцеlеs

Free

Рпн, December 11,

Behind the Student

Рюtеsг,"

Напу J Coffey, "Berkeley Report," [AS

1964, 3; Macio Savio, "Savio

LOJ

from Berkeley," LOJ

011 Рсее

F"ee Руеи, )al1uary 1, Руее Рут, January 1 1965,3.

Speech: Issl1e$ Веа

Rechnitz,

1' quorcd in Murray, "Free Press " Rich," 56. 87· McBride. "Оп сЬе Faнlr LiBes," з6. 88, Dшiпg Holly\vood's golden аье, оЕ сошsе, fancy restaurants and Ьоuriчuеs lined the sпееt, Ьш Ьу сЬе 'асе 1950S сЬеу had ]osr their ]uster, See Adler, "Рlу Trans-Love," 1 17. See also, DomeBic Priore, Riot 011 Stmset Strip: Rock '71' RolI's [ди Stand in Hollyu'ood (London: JаwЬопе, 2007), 89' Mike Fessier, Jr., "Sunset Boulevard's New Bohemia,"

IДJ

1965), 34' 90. McBride, "Оп сЬе Faulr LiBes," 206-8. 91. Adler, "Fly Trans-Love," 1 18;Jerry Farber, "Big Mike

ас Веп

Ange/cs Magazine (December

FraBk's," Los Ange!es Fr.e

Рут, Jапнагу

7, 1966,6. А writer [or LOJ Лng
таага,

and

сгаnЬепу, Ьпr соаау.

escape

,,1п

[шт

whar гоlе we srudenrs аге \villing со aSSllme [n rhe campus sociery conrrasr со [Ье 'beamiks' of сЬе 19505, ш(!ау's 'rebels' по !onger aim со Ьпr со ггаП5fогm ,С

sociery,

Ьеггег оnе," Lo,~o.",

into

Сnivегшу

Srudenr Proresr Fi!es (r 965-7 1), Michit:an Srate

Sllmmer

Arcllives

апcJ

1,

Hisrorical

Collecrions, Conrad Hall, Easr Lansing, Michigan. 124. Kindman,

"Му

Ociyssey," 37!,

12), See Michae! Kindman, "W!lY КincJП1аn,

126. КiпdП1аn, Srop

"SchifT Са,е "Му

Wоггуiпg

127, Kindman,

"Му

"Му

не,

206

Кiпdmап,

Кеер ощ Соо!," РареУ,

Ьу

17,

"Zeirgiesc: or,

Michae! ц,

Но\\' \\(/е

1965'

Learned ro

Apri! 7, 1966,2

aurhor, March 4, 200).

Odys5ey,"

,П3. А

Dcтil)',

[о

Sшtе NшCf, FеЬГШlfУ

'Berke!ey, '" Statr NeUI, Ocrobtr

Odyssey," .'172,

paper, rhe "srarring

CSR,"

Odyssey," 372; Michae! and

128. Larry Tare, inrerview 129. Kindman,

"т ;п

Мау Ве А Sесопd

wrirer tor rhe Universiry ofMic!1igan's campus news·

like\vise norecJ rhar

quesrion policies ' . , as

сЬеу

Ьу

srarreci

rhe [о

tэJ! о!'

MSU scudencs were

quesrion policies here [ar rhe U ni~

versiry ofMiclliganJ ago,"). Russe!! Gaines, "MSU-Painflll Po!irical Маtнгiпg," MiclJigall Dail)', November 20, 196), The issue was frameci wirh аn epigram {'roт Wa!r \Xlhirman's "Song оЕ Myselt": "1 roо аш nor а bir [ашеа-I toо ат llnrranslarabIe, i 1 sOllnd ту barbaric yawp оуег rhe roots

l"OTES

то РА(;Е,

47-4:О(, Рт Pms, 7. Quored in Edward Р. Morgan, ТЬе '6os Experience, 206. 61. Kindman,

(о John

"Му

64. Langer, "Nores for Nexr

6'). Peck, Uncovering

(Ье

Тlmе," 1 1 3.

Sixtie.r, 1.37.

66. Nш'SU'ееk, "Mellow Ye11ow," April 1967,93. 67. "Pick Уош Luad: Вапапа or Toad)" МагсЬ 27,1967,4.

68. ТЬе

(Ье Undergrolmd(Dallas), МассЬ 29,1967. Herballsc [pseud.], "Things (Lеда\) со Smoke and Get You

" Spokane Natural,

Jtlne 26, lCJ67. 6. 70. Marvin Gar50n, "Eleccrical Banana-Very Now Craze," Village Voice, March 16, 1967, 5. 7

Капе';, ассоиnr оЕ

rheir "discovery" sounds

тоге сЬап а !1СС!",

implausible. "EVO edicor

AJlen Кагzmап and Walrer Воwап were siгсiпg аrouпd оп ап idle аЕсеrnооп pemsing а

01 {Ье i'v1agiciam, а гhеп-рорulаг раеап СО (Ье joys of LSD. Disсоvегiпg chat acid worked irs magic Ьу а росепt сгапiаl flLlid called seratonin [ic does

сору оЕ Mummg

сЬас

пос], сЬеу

wondered aluud and lП concerc whether апу пагшаl stlЬsсапсеs сопrаiпеd selfsame fluid. ТЬеу chotlghc гЬеу found jusc сЬе substance [iп Ьапапаs]." Капе

goes

оп со

Ноах

explain сЬас bananas асе "аcrиа11у rich (п serotin, arch!rects believed." Капе, "Вапапа Appeal," 60.

поt

serafonitl, as

гЬе Вапапа

72. АЬЬосс НоЕЕтап, "Наlluсiпасiопs from сЬе Real World," Wonmer РШIСЬ, June 1967, r 2.

7}. Fiftb EJtate, "Looks Like Mellow Yellow," April 1 5-.~0, 1967,6. 7 + Oracle, МассЬ 1967, 5; Berkeley В"уЬ, "MeJlow Yellow Makes Fil1e Fellow," МассЬ 24, 1967, .~. Ас leasc rwo осЬес сотрапiеs aJso sold Ьапапа powder chrough Bizarre Bazaar, in Hollywood, and сЬе Eleccrical Вапапа Со., (п Seattle.

сЬе таl1­

75. Time, "Тгiррiпg оп Вапапа Peels," АрсН 7,1967,52. These (сет;, are оп display ас сЬе Inrernational Вапапа Club Мшеит (п Аltаdепа, California. 76. ш Yanker, Руор Ау!, 225. 77· Warhington Free Рrш, "МоЬу Grape," 3, 1967, 15; Fiftb Ertate, "Looks Like Mellow YelJow," April 15-30, 1967,6. 78. IN Neu' York, "Undergrollnd Uргisiпg," П.р., fragmenr, PSC, Вох 2. Writer Sol Wеiп­ sсеiп-поr normally associaced with rl1e соuпrегсulruге-реппеd lyrics со апщЬес Ьапапа sопg сЬас арреагес! in сЬе "Leccers" secrion of Р/ауЬ"у mаgаziпе (со [Ье шпе of сЬе C!1iqtlica jingle): {'т а Chiquita Вапапа and Гуе соте со say: Bananas аге ехсiгiпg (п а Ьгапd-пеw way

NOТES ТО РлGЕS

73-76

215

Ьапапаs со

Use

Оп, lюw

So smoke Тnас

Уо"

Ш),н--,",

gec

gceat it опе

eirner

\vicn

уош

поw ог

larer

and

wil1 boch end HP

[п сЬе

ГII gLшгаnrее

naked ai! ai! ai!

Р/а)Ьо)',ОссоЬег

79. АЬе Peck, foreword

(Q

[Ье

\Vacnsberger,

11. Undergrollnd, xix. See also Feigelson,

Umkrgrfilmd Rel'o!lItion, 126. 80. А> quoted iп Armstrong, Trumpel 10 Arms, 46. 81. Neu Le/t Notes,

"Нumап

82. Fгапk Thompson, 8з. ]eff

Be-In Covers Meadow, Baffles Cops," Aprillo, 1967, 1.

CЬicago

Seed,

П.р.

Snero, "Dallas Police ]ai! Вапапа Users," Rag, Магсn 27, 1967, 1. Lеgепсl Ьа> ir

,nас СШ>

еуе

arric!e callgh, rhe

гесоmmепdеd

ir

84·

l'\'oteJ," 65. Dеппis Firzgerald,

85·

Тilm, "Тгiррiпg оп Вапапа

86. Fragmenr

Nогmап

"Тnе

поtmпg," пе

mагijнапа

а

оЕ

class

"па>

tl1e

а150

Andrew

PSC,

В\IS'

Оо

Вох 2.

94.

Ноffmап, Вш о/ Abhie

95·

Gагsоп,

"Elecrrica!

96. Вill Bl\lm,

is

tшпiпg ап

DесешЬег

enrire

YearJ' \Va".', 1 53. 1, (Lешаг

1

is botl1

а

mаГJjllапа.")

а Тгепd,"

Рт Руен,

July

2!,

5.

Hoffmcm,

Вапапа,"

"ТЬе Вапапа

6.

12.

5; empnasis in original.

Gap," \'(.'tlJfIingtun Free

Рms,]tше

10,

10.

Вгаuпstеiп, "Нisro[jсiziпg гnе Аmегiсап СОllпгегculruге iп Вгаllпsrеiп

\lпdегsсогеd

Cl",an

1,

Social Base,"

епtОгсеmеnr

9.'\' FijiIJ Estale, "Looks Like Mello\v Уеllо\у," Apri! 15-30,

апd

]НПС

,11e wisdom of an,i­

"HarassecJ Grass." Washington

92. Schlosser, "U-S. BLlCks

19705,"

1.

11.' 100.

Вluш,

97. Рс,ег

1967,

echoed rhis poinr as well: "Not tor

in11erenr inj\lstiCe,

Ser." Fiflh EJlate,

he

and Dallas

Laws," Neu York Tillm,

'Х7а!!

Арап {гот апу

СО,

Mankoff and Flacks,

Корkiпd

рsеlldопуm апd ап аЬЬгеviагiоп srапdiпg {or

90. RнЫп,

April

Вшпs

, 52.

оп МагijLшпа

Trend

аm\lSJПg ,Ьас

it so

pre-elire kids againsr esrabIished autnorj,y."

89. Lemar, "Narco

91. Bill

fО\lпd

И-Т,"

\iuice), АргН 6,

O.S. BllCk5

jошпаlisг

wrote,

la'vs.

at

Peels," April 7,

2003· 88. Klarch, Generation Dit'ided, 156. See 54-67. Left-wing

Mailer, wno

\!i!/ltge VQlce. See Lovell, "Stoney

"Gешlt Тhшsdау Ваппеd

(рroЬаЫу сЬе

87. Eric Schlosser,

of

Ье гергiпrеd iп гnе

and

Ооу!е.

jU5r rhis poinr:

Сш УО\lпg Меп

13. Neu' Lett !'10т'

''Теlеvisiоп

ассоtш,

of гnе

of

гпе

Сеп,гаl

апd

Park Ве-Iп

news cre\vs wirh their (ameras, barreries, cabIes

... appeared especially

rurпеd оп Ьу

tne

Вапапа

Deity and

irs parading followcrs. See Nell' LeJi !'Ioles. "НLlmап Be-In СОУСГ' Meadow, Baffles Cops," Aprillo, 1967, 1. 98. Nell'Jli'eek, "Mellow Yellow," April 10, 1967,93. 99. ]ack Newfield, "Опе Cheer (ог сЬе Hippies," Natiun, ]l1пе со Аllеп УОllпg, Мау

WSHS.

216

:"ОТЕ, ТО РЛGЕS 76-79

26, 1967, Аllеп

Вох 2,

101, Todd Gitlin, "Children of сЬе Middle-Class," Rag, ОесетЬе! I9, I967, Gitlin !асег described rhis essay as "moralisric" and "very puritanical." Todd Girlin, interview with Brer Еупоп, September 16, 1978, СНР, 18. Elsewhere, Girlin cold а humorous story of how Ье опсе Ье sporced а wornan who was dancing in а Chicago park whi!e wearing а Chiquira sricker оп Ьег fore!1ead. Wl1en l1е "sourly" quizzed l1er аЬош сЬе political есопоту оС Latin America, sl1e l1arrumpl1ed, "ОЬ, don'c Ье 50 hung up оп Unired Fruir l " See Girlin, ТЬе Sixties, 2I2. 102. Spain Rodriguez, сапооп, Ещг \/i!!age Other, June ), I967, 2.

I03, Ресес Вап, "Bohemian Newspapers Spread Across Country," Neu York

Тimes,

Augusr

1,

I04. Оопоуап Leitch, e-mai! (о aurl1or,July 7, 2003.

I05 McDonald, "Вапапа Affair."

Chapter 4 I. Kornblurh, "No Fire Exir," 94-95. 2. Brienes, Comm//nif)' and OrganizatlOn, 52-53. 3. See Kewfield, РуорЬetlс м inorit)', 186; Breines, Com1llunity and Or,ganizatiiJl1, 89-90. Newfield attribures сЬе phrase "go-it-a]oneism" со 1rving Howe, сЬе founding editor оЕ DiJSmt rnagazine. Breines cites Todd Girlin as а prominent New Lefrist who called Еаг activists со wark wirhin existing insriturians. 4. Harvey Stone, "Papers and Po!itics," n.d" Соmщtiопs Recards,

Вох 1,

WSHS.

5. Of course, ir is impossible to determine precise!y how тапу people read various LNS articles during Its fourreen-year history. LNS rypically overesrimated irs readership Ьу combining сЬе circulations оС аН сЬе publicarions сЬас subscribed со сЬе service and assuming сЬас underground newspapers passed through severa! hands, lп 1968, сЬеу i5sued а press release boasting сЬас tl1e "estimated Arnerican readership and listening audience of LNS member puыcationss is now over 5,000,000." See LNS, "What is Liberarion News Service'" n.d., МВР, Вах 8, Folder 44. Around this same cime, t11Ough, Bloom confessed, "1 don't think оЕ ours as а mass audience of wharever [Г is 6, Peter

we spin off," See Marshal1 Bloom со Jirn Aronson, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 24. Women Of сЬе Revo!ution, " Neu' rork Tiтes, February

ВаЬсох, "Меес сЬе

1969· 7. Jоl1О Burks,

"ТЬе

Underground Press:

А

Special Report," Rolfing Stone, Ocrober 4,

I969,22. 8. See "Prospecrus--The New Media Projecr," November 25, I967, МВР, Вох 8, Fo!der ,)2; Аllеп Young, '·PIJ.rt Reporrer Defec[s ro Руее Рrеп," WashingtQn Рт Pms, ОесетЬег 31,1967,7

9, Quoted in Kavasky, Машr ofOpillion, 270.

10. Ray Mungo, "T11e Мауетепс and 1[5 Media," Rad1"a/s 111 [Ье ProfeS.l10nS Neu;s/шеr,Jапu2-3. lп speaking af ап acrive "Resisrance," МНПБО was ref'erring ro а narional organizarion Ьу сЬас пате, [о which Ье belonged. 11. Leamer, Paper Rеl.Jоlи10nагiеs, 46. I2. Davld Eisenhower, "1п Метогу ofCarnpus Acrivisrn," ""еи' rork Tiтes, April I973. Though severa! сотmепrаroгs recoi!ed {гот Eisenhower's suggesrion сЬаг Bloom's alienation in сЬе lаге 1960s was related ro сЬе caun(erculture's shortcamings and ary

апridrаfr

NOТES ТО PA(,ES 80-8)

217

failures, попе оЕ rhem cof][radicred his сhагасгегizагiоп оЕ B!oom's герurагiоп ог рег­ sooa!iry. See Roberr S. Nагhап, aod Howard В!ит, "Some Orher Memories ofMarshall Bloom," Neu' York Times, Мау 19, 197з;]udith СоЬнrn, letter го the edicor, Neu York Times, Мау 30, 1973; АlIео Youog, "Marshall Bloom: Brorher," Pag Rйg 5, Summer 1973,6-7, repriored in Wachsberger, Voim /r01ll thl: Und

srage, called Columbia's administrators "racists," and sham. See

Сох,

Cri.ris а!

СО/lIтЫа,

63-74.

131. See Rudd, "СоlитЫа: Notes," 290-312. ТЬе phrase "policics оЕ confroncation" belongs to Jeremy Varon; see Varon, Bri'lgi,/g См!

[Ье

War Ноте, 26.

КаЬп, Вап/е /оу Moming.ride HeighfS, 76-77. 1 33. Specifically, сЬе handbiH said сЬас those who opposed "Columbia's unjusr p01icies" should пос Ье disciplined. and that six studencs who had Ьееп p]aced оп discip]inary probation for leading an indoor demonstration сЬе previous топсЬ should receive а public hearing, "with ЕиН rights оЕ due process." Curiollsly, although SDS and SAS jointly organized the rally, сЬе gymnasium was пос тепtюпеd. See Сох, Crisis аг

132. See

Davidson, "New Radica1s," 323-24. See al50

Со/итЫа, 100.

134. These were their main demands, anyhow. drop criminal charges against sпuсtiоп

5ire, withdraw

againsr six сЬе

IDA

135. See

Сох,

sшdепt

сЬе

ТЬеу

a1so called for the administrarion

scudent who had just been arrested at

а Ьап оп

indoor demonsrrations, and re5cind

leaders who had organized an

lIпащlюгizеd

сЬе

сЬе

со

gym соп­

probations

demonstration against

а

monrh earl1er. Cri.ris а! Со/итЫа, 99-142.

1з6. Sreve Diamond, e-mail to allthor,June 12,2005·

137. In addicion со LNS, writers from а new newspaper, сЬе Rat. provided derailed coverage of сЬе April uprising. According со Peck, "СоluтЫа made. . [сЬе] Rttt сЬе under­ ground press's horresr publication." The cover of its Мау issue picrured а Nazi helmet covering Low Library's granice dome, under сЬе banner, "Hei] Colllffibia." Inside, readers could find "!iberaced documenrs" from Grayson Kirk's оН}се, which revealed some оЕ Coll1ffibia's bllsiness partnerships. See Peck, ИnсО'!'еring гЬе Sixties, 1з8.

93-94 ЕсЬе! Grodzins Romm,

"Уоu

Go

ИпdегgroLшd

for 'Inside'

Rероп,"

Editor & PubIi.rher,

Мау

11, 1968,12. 139. Steve Diamond ее аl., "Columbia:

ТЬе

Revolurion 1.> Now," Liberarion News Service

packet 70, April 30, 1968, 1. 140, Avorn,

Ир

Again.rt {Ье 111,47·

141. See Kahn, Btttt!(:/or i'vICJrrJing.ride HeightJ, 145· 142. Diamond I4 3·

Ву

ес аl.,

conrrasr,

сЬе

"Revolution is Now," 1,4.

N/!U' York

TlТlle.r геропеd сЬас тапу

SDSers were "deeply rroubled over

their relarionship со сЬе Negro sшdепrs and Harlem residencs who ejected them [rom Hamilton На!!." Опе sшdепt seemed disшгЬеd because Ье failed со measure ир со сЬе

224

"OTES то PAGES

('4-r07

blacks' high radica1 standard. "We jusr didn'r "50те

of the bJacks wer
writer

Ьу

ignored (I,e injuries inf!icted

police

178. Titr( and Jones, Т1х Trust, 440. 179. Mungo incervie\v. 180. Marshall BJoom 181

[Q

Оап

МВР, Бох

Bernscein, n.d.,

8, I'older 23.

Gicl1n, Т1Je SixtifJ, 309.

со зшhог,

182. Diamond, e-mail 18з. Qllo(ed iп Jоlш

JlIne 12, 2005.

Leo, "Po]itic5

КО\У

(he FocllS

оС

(he

Uпdегgrollпd

Press," N [, the vasr

growth оЕ (he UпdегgГОlшd Рге55. UпdегgЮllпd means оЕ mass сотmllпiсаtiоп llcilized

[Q

a\'old suppression

Ьу

(his age, bu( lts vo!ume l> and

legal (I1е

ашhоritу

andior a[[ribution 15

apparcnr Ireedom and case

s]anderolls and ]ibelous sca(ements, and what арреаг со esrab!ishmenc

рюраgапdа

Since (11e CIA was

по(

по(

new

wl1ich

СО

Ы(I1,

almosr rreasonolls anci­

[Q

circulate 15 difficll![

со

[о ,ру оп

American ci(izens,

тапу

is allo\ved

sllpposed

Ье

,п

rarionalize. of" irs SL1ggesrions

for saboraging rhe lInderground press were likely passed off (() (he FBI. See Anglls .\facKenzie, "Sabo(aging che Dissidenr Press,"

СО/lImЫа

jOilrtlalislll ReI'iel

(1967-71), Rare Books and

I, Folder 6. са. "иттег

1969,8.

dift-erenr

fгom

ош,"

he said, "we rea1ly

rhe undergrotlnd papers. TI1eir

was ugly, [and] rhey [espoused] radical sandbox pol­

look like rhem, sOllnd like them,

аllСЬОГ,

irs сотрапу headguar­

it happened, Sinclair's piece ecstatically

ог Ье

like them." Jann

June 25, 2009.

Atkio, "Over-rhe-Collnrer Culrure," 191.

ехсеllепr

а

Sinclair should wrire

Wenner dispured rhe characrerizarion, "When we srarred

irics. We didn'r want

in

menrioned Columbia Records. See Rat,

Press Syndicate," John Wikock

34. Walr Crowley, "RPM," Helix (Seartle) 8, исег,

А.>

пеуес

а[

Jоhп

UPS papers, calling

Manuscriprs Library, Columbia Universiry, .~5.

сеll,

busr

srores, and а sir-iп

changing irs policy.

uoderground press,

"Undergгound

siпiпg

cash in оп rhe РГОСБС СL1lшrе was widely ridi­

insread of rhese approaches, [hey agreed rhar

full-page essay rhar would

jail

"Вис ТЬе Мап сап'с

hippies

сЬе

various responses, including rhe systemaric "liberaring"

(read: srealing) of Columbia's records [ers.

оЕ forlorn

group

and LPs, alongside

Опе оЕ ту

former studenrs wrore

ап

honors rhesis rhar addressed Rolling Stone's шlrurаl politics. See Ages, "Gather

No Moss." 3 7·

ТЬе

SQlIfh End had previollsly Ьееп known as гЬе Collegian, lIotil ir was соттапЬу black-power тilirашs, who began carrying the fronr page то[[о: "Опе Class-Conscious Worker is Wопh 100 Sшdепts." See Georgakas and Surkin, Derroit. deered

Do Mind Dyil1g, 54-55, 59, 57· з8. Don DeMaio, "Saurh End Sropped,"

39.

Ресег

Distant Drummer,JlIly 17, I969, 5· Rabbit [Forcade], "UPS Odyssey," Rebirth (Vol. I, No. 5), n.d.,).

4::1. Demaio,

"Sошh

End Sropped," 14; Raf, "Undergrouod Press Conference + r.p.ill.,

July 24-Augusr 7, I9 69, 7; Berketey Trlbe, "U.P.S. and Downs," July 25-31, I969, 14­ 4I. Liberarion News Service, "Media СопЕегепсе Raided Ьу Shorgun-Toting Pigs," Libera­ rion News Service packet 179,JlIly 19, 1969, I7· 42. Marc Fisher, "Vo;ce of rhe Cabal: ВОЬ Fass and rhe Slow Fade of

СОllпrегшlrurаl

Radio," Neu' Yorker, December 4, 2006, 58-65. 43· Rabbit [Farcade], 3, 44· "Undergrollnd Press Syndicate," undared pamph1er,JWP, "Мапhаtrап

45. See Wilcock, 46. Wilcock,

"МапЬассап

Вох

Memaries"; Goldman, "Living and

3, Folder 7·

Dуiпg,"

4-I2.

Memaries."

47. A.JWeberman, interview wirh aurhar,June 28, :2008. 48. Weiner, "Agenr

оЕ Chaos,"

49· Forcade, "Wrire

Оп!"

4 I.

5,

50. See Haines, "G.I. Resisrance." 5 1. See Rips, again.rf ,Ье Undеrgrшmd Press, 82, 52. Rips, Campaign againsf ,Ье Undergrollnd Руел, 45. Та some, rhe PEN Cenrer's findings did

пог соте

lotеlligепсе,

теш

as

а

grear shock. In 1975 and

headed

Ьу Fгапk

[he Senare Select Commirtee

Church (D-ID), revealed

тапу

of гЬе

гасс;с.> сЬе

оп

govern­

used in its апетрс со dеsпоу New Lefr and civil righrs organizarions. Ir docu-

NOTES ТО PAGES 122-125

229

menred numerous insrances

,п

which inrelligence-communiry operarives overlookecl or

violarecl exi5ting laws, and concluded rhat the cirizens engaged ,п lawful forms of Лmепdтепr guагапгее о( реасеаЫу

and

ю

t-reedom

оЕ

speech

апd

"harassment of ю

rhe righr of' rhe

perition rl1e gоvеrnmепr for redress

го Sшdу GоvеП1mепtаl Орегаriопs

mirree

gоп'rnmепts

,ппосеnr

txpre5sJOn did serious injury го rhe Fir5r о{ grievances.·· Sепаtе

with Resptcr to

assemble

Select

Сот­

Iпtеlligеп(е Лсriviгiеs.

ln­

(
гаgs-uпdегgГОllпd

of

oooks al\vays shared rhe 57. Qlloted 58. Ран!

sзmе distгjЬшiоп

ne\\'spapers апс! llnderground (omic

nerworks

ашJ

readersl1ips.

iп Лгmstгопg, ТrШIl!'еt {О АпllJ. 85.

Бuhlе,

"Komix

Коuпrегтеdiа," Ln'iаth.t!I,]lllу/ЛllgllSГ.

I969, 1,,-17.

59. Jаmб Leed, "LJпdегgГOlшd Comics," DrJlid РУ," Рут, Ko\'tffiber 12-I9, I968, 60. G. Mason, '·Sick. Sick Comics," Na(iollC1! lшid Are Thriving оп Campuses and in Ciries асюss Narion," Nt:u' York Times, Apri! 5, 1970. 116. ,'v");ti F,'oJl1 tl'e "J'\otes Бusrеd Foг Selling Ar Srone Маll," Augusr 1-14, 19('7, 1. 117. Rat, "Mississippi Undergrollnd!)" November 1-14,1968,2. 106.

118, Tillles-РiсаУilJ1' 122. Hail1es, "SoJdiers Agail1sr rhe War

,п

Vietnam:

ТЬе

Story of А Ь(JIлgrОU11d, " in Wachs­

berger, ed., Voi.'\ Ryan was апesгеJ along witll six otl1er wоmеп iп March cгisis in Selma, Alabama. \Xlhite HOLlse го z!emanJ ti::Jeral iпtеrvепriоп in the civil

:--iОП:S ТО PAGIOS Ч5- I -Р

235

While incarceraced

ас

Washingcon, DCs, Women's House of Decencion, Ryan alleged

сЬас

she had Ьееп severely Ьеасеп Ьу guards, denied medical ссеастепс, and kepr in solirary сопбпетепс. See Margie Scamberg, "Sheila Ryan Веасеп Ьу Prison Guard,"

Washington Free Press, November 23,1967,4; Sheila Ryan, "Sheila's Srarement," Wash­ ington Рт Рут, November 23,1967.4,8. 34. Sheila Ryan, incerview Ьу author, July 21,2003. 35. See Mungo, Fатою Long Ако, 101-4; "LNS edicors BUSTED again," Liberarion News Service packer 65, April 10, 1968,30.

з6. Аllеп Young inrerview.

37. ТЬоrnе Dreyer and Viccoria Smirh, "ТЬе Movemenc and the New Media," Liberarion News Service packer 144, March 1, 1969, 19.

з8. Ray Mungo roJol1n Wikock, April !О, !968,JWP.

39. George Cavalletto, interview Ьу author, July 28, 2003· 40. Mungo interview.

4!. Cavalletto interview.

42. Аllеп Young со Marshall Bloom, n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 37. 43. Wasserman, "Joys of Liberation News Service," 55. Steve Diamond similarly claimed сЬас "several cadres of polirical leftists" in LNS had launched а "scealth campaign со cake over the news service." See Steve Diamond, "Magical Mystery Тош: А Sixties Memoir Еос Twenty-somechings ofToday," unpubJished manllscripc in author's possession. 44. Саvаllепо interview. 45. Thorne Dreyeret al., "Dear Friends," LNS-NY packer 100, Allgusr 19, 1968, 2. 46. Ryan interview.

47· Mungo, Famous Long Ago, 154·

48, Marshall Бlооm со Raymond Mungo, n.d.,

МВР, Бох

8, Folder 23.

49. Mllngo interview. 50. Mungo, Fатою Long Ако, 155. These labels are used freguent!y in Mungo's memoir. Although he теапс сl1ет го Ье caken humorously, rhe New York group (plus YOllng) understandabIy did пос like being called "Vulgar Marxis[s," especially given Mungo's self-serving decision со cal! [he Wasl1ington crowd (pllls Diamond) rhe "Virtuous Caucus." lп writing cl1is chapter, 1 inirially rried со avoid using these tenden[ious labels, before бпаllу concluding [11аг rl1is was all Ьш impossibIe. Technically, i[ \vould Ье inaccurate со say гЬе scl1ism was ber\veen rhe "New York group" and сЬе "Wash­ ington group," because the alliances weren'[ srricrly geographica!; nor would ir Ье fair [о speak о! сЬе "В100т facrion" versllS rhe "Yollng, Cavallerto, and Ryan" fac[ion, since rhere were others in each group who played decisive roles, and besides, по опе in [he New York group wащеd со elevate апу of rl1eir питЬес to leadersl1ip stашs. Fi­ паllу, regardless of whether ос пос these rerms асе appropriate, we're sшсk wirh them. lп ту ГбеагсЬ for tl1is сЬарсег, 1 iшеrviеwеd nine former LNS members, and every опе of [hem used, or made reference to, rhe terms "ViГШОtlS Саисш" and rhe "Vulgar

Marxists." Accordingly, l've accepred [!1е labels as we!l, Ьис оп!у [ос che sake оЕ sim­ plicity, 1 don't теап ro endorse the loaded connorarions rhat Mungo intended, and occasionally П! refer simply to "the Caucus" and "гЬе Marxisrs," without rhe modi­ fying adjecrives, 51. Mllngo,FamousLongAgo, 154-55.

2з6

NOTES

ТО

PAGES 147-151

52. Wasserman, "Joys ofLiberation News Service," 55. Support (ог Mungo and Wasser­ man's characterization of (Ье conBiC( сате in сЬе [ост of а letter сЬас LNS received from edirors оЕ сЬе highly regarded San Francisco ExpreJJ-ТimeJ, in whicll сЬеу regis­ rered their disарроiпrтепt over сЬе dereriorating guality of [есепС mailings. Whereas rhe West Coast рарег had опсе Ьееп pleased wirh the "hard political news and engaging panoramas" сЬас originally filled LNS news rhey sensed rhat around rhe rime (Ьас LNS moved со New York, it started distriburing "ponderous prose deco­ rared wirh marginal cultural bIurbs," "It seems ro

ш," гЬеу

said, "that ас leasr some 01'

уои

are assuming сЬас serious sruff Ьа, го арреаг gray and docrrinaire lП order го Ье 'correcr.'" Quoted in "Newspapers as Cartle Feed," LNS-Mass packer 100, August 16,

1968, ). 53, Although (Ье 1:\ew York facrion admitted сЬас а couple of LNSers had managed ro inscrr "simplisric" and rheroric-heavy srories iпrо гЬе mailillgs, they гЬаг ГЬбе' disparches weren'r representarive of гЬе Ideology ог illrenrions, If гЬе чuаlitу о! гесепс

mailings had suffered,

Ьееп

forced ro expend 50 "Оеаг Friellds," 4,

(Ьеу

said,

тисЬ епеГБУ

сЬас

was ollly because both L1:\S factions had

rrying ro resolve their dispute, SeeDreyer ес al.,

54, Огеуег interview, 55. Ryan interview. Саvаllепо iпrеrvlеw,

57. УоиПБ inrerview,

)8. Ryan inrerview,

59, Mungo, Famo1iS L011g Agu, 156. Ву ту esrimarion, гЬе Vulgar Marxisrs had roughly

thiпееп

member5, rhe Virruous Саиси> аЬоис five. Ir is impossible со Ье more precise this because еасЬ group challenged rhe of rhose in сЬе orller сатр, For insrance, сЬе Viгшоus Саиси, claimed гЬас the Vulgar Marxisr facrion was packed wirh

аЬощ

neophyre5, whereas the Vlllgar Marxisrs poinred ощ rhar Mungo would soon Ье leaving LNS, Wasserman had only worked in гЬе narional office for five week5, and orhers in their сатр only worked part-rime, Also, УоиПБ objects ro Virruous Саиш, а> а Washingron-based group, since

гЬе

МиПБО'> Ье

charaeterlzarion of leels rhat l,y mid-I968,

LNS had уегу few holdovers from \'Vashingron, ос. Besides, in addirion ro DJamond, leasr опе orher New Yorker sided wirh Вl(юm-а woman named Насс;е Нутап,

ас

60, АlIеп Young ro George Сауаllепо, July Ч,

МВР, Вох

8, Folder

61, AI50 durшg гт, period, ап anarchisr sггееr-figllriпg gang, lIр Against гЬе Wall, МогЬ­ erfucker, prowled the Lower Easr Side, peddling cryprlC poetry and angry agirprop, while гЬе city's ractical pollCe force rehearsed maneuvers designed (о рш down insur­ recrionists, and rhe РВ} srepped ир irs campaign (о infilrrate and desrroy сЬе New Lefr. According

го

sociologisr David Cunningham, rhe Columbia uprising "provided

гЬе

imрешs

for гЬе esrabIishment ofCOINTELPRO-Nеw Lefr оп Мау 9,1968.. , . ТЬе srared purpose of rhe program . , . was ro 'еХР05е, disшрг and otllerwise пешrаlizе гЬе acrivities оЕ {гЬе New Lefr) and persons connected wirh ir." Some suspect rhar Ьу rhis poinr, сЬе FВI тау have already had informants wогkшg in LNS. "Ву 1 " Angus McKenzie alleges, "гl1е FBI had assigned гЬгее informanrs (о репепасе гl1е ne\vs ser­ vice, while nine orher iпfогшапгs regularly reporred оп it from гЬе ollrside... , ТЬе FBI also artempred to discredir and break ир rhe news service rhrough vatious СOlшrеrinrеl­ acrivities," See Cunningham, There's Happening Нете, 50; Angus

NOTES

то РАС;Е>

t

52

237

MacKenzie,

"SаЬшаgшg

the Dissident Press,"

ш

Rips,

СЛllр,tign agamJf '!Н иnаа­

grblmd Рrш, I60, FаJlЮIIJ

62. Mungo, 6~,

Ago, I56.

Wasserman, ")ОУ' ofI.iberation News Serv;ce," Dreyer ег al., "Dear Friends," 4.

65, Diamond, "Magical Mystery Е,mlOlIJ

66. Mungo,

Тош.

Long Ago, [88,

67. Gitlin, Не SixtieJ, 186, ,отс

68. Alrhough

had suggesred that LNS 11ad much со gain Ьу

connecrion wirl1 SDS, Mungo \vгites thar ick

jошпаlist

Sюпе, "wlю

rold us

and everybody else if' \ус didn't want ical group." ,оте

I968

Мrшgо

го

ю

make the

пог

Bloom го

in LNS claimed that Bloom

пе>у,

оЕ SDS

setvice

mощhрiесе оЕ ап

end HP the

says that neirher he

ап шstirutiопаl

ended up heeding rhe cOl!nsel of тауег­ esrablished

\уеге еуег тетЬег,

oi SI)S,

rhe organization, and in his

роliг­ Ьш

in

uпfш­

ished memoir, Bloom menrions having friendly relations \vith тапу оЕ SDS's narional officers, See Mungo, Е,unоllS Long Ago, ,,1; Dteyer et al" "Dear Friends,

:,,; Bloom,

"NEWS SERVICE IS DEAD," МВР, Бох 8, FokJer 46 со

69, Mllngo

"Dear Friends," I.iberation Ne\vs Service packer

UJ"аеi'~riJШlа I'iИГif1лп,'r

70. LNS

to

Micrufi/JJJ Coff
DiJJidmt, 66, 70,

iшегУiе\v.

78, Mungo

talor, ro!а а

were

identical story. Не recalled laboriol!S "Sunday nighr mecrings rhat

а раеап to

\v!lerher

ог пог

Gary Vаlепzа, \vho \vorked brietJy ас Вloomingron, lпdiапа's 5рес­ rhe SDS 'participatory

they ha

certainly cacir net\vorks and !eadersllip cjearly

еуегуопе',

,i"m•• rr;lГV

еуег соппiЬucе 1 haye, аге по longer inreresred уегу much in making топеу ог srarring Ьию­ nesses. Of сошsе

тапу аге. Вщ

when 1 say young 1 теап rhac rhose

оЕ ту

age,

тапу

of rhe mosr ralenred and mosr energeric, аге excired and stJmulared Ьу ocher kinds of challenges, Ьу their efforrs to make rhe world Ьепег. , , . We musr learn со respecr differences." Marshall Bloom со "family," n,d" МВР, Вох 8, Folder 23. Лпогhег rime, rhough, Bloorn senr а bIisrering seyen-page lепег со his farher, railing againsr his sup­ рогс Еог сЬе Viernam War and concluding: "То haye опе', own family оп the side of ignorance and besrialiry is тorе rhan 1 сап Ьеаг." Macshall Bloom со "Dad," n.d., МВР, Вох 2, Folder 17. I59. Marshall Bloom ю "Мот and Dad," ОссоЬег 21,1969, МВР, Вох 2, Folder 19, 160. Marshall Шоот, "Lasr \1(!Ш and Tesramenr," Noyember 1, I969, МВР, Вох 1,

Foldec 6. 16 I. Jack Newfield, reyiew of Fатою Long Лgо:

Му Life and Hard Till1eJ U'ifh Liberatio!l N(u's Sen'ice, Ьу Raymond Mungo, Neu' York Times, June 28, I970' 162. Young inrerview; Касуа Taylor, "Karya/Nina's Reminiscence5 of Liberarion News Ser­ Yice," unpubIi5hed manuscripr in aurhor's possession.

I6з. "What is Liberarion News SerYice)" n.d., МВР, Вох 8, Folder 44.

242

NOTES ТО РЛGЕS

167-170



164. Peck, Unarvering гЬе Sixties, 54; Felcon, Аfind/шkеrs, 178-8з. Incidencally, сЬе Vir· шои> Санш, al50 was пос сЬе only undergrollnd media group (о engage in polarizing high jinks. The following monrh, in New York Ciry. аЬон( twenty hippies stormed into rhe live broadcast of \VDNTs Neu'J/ront program, which was supposed со feature а

discussion of гЬе lIndergrollnd media, and hijacked the show сог аЬонг Ысееп mi· онг ас rhe aboveground media and childishly saying "fuck" into rhe microphones. Seven of che intruders were arresred. See Nщ'su'ееk, "Nores from Undec· nlltes,

ground," ]uly 1968, 165. Seenore84· 166. In ]anuary 1970, ап aH-wоmап grollp а( сЬе Rat, led Ьу]апе Аlреп, won rhe righr го produee а speeial "Women " Isslle" of the newspaper. PlIbJished (Ье following month (wirh assisrance Егот ,оте LNS women), irs cenrerpiece was Robin Мог­ gan's classic feminisr пасг, "Goodbye го АН Thar." "Rat mllst Ье taken оуег регта­ nenrly Ьу women-or Rat mllsr Ье desrroyed," Morgan arglled. ТЬе уепотон, arricle denounced гЬе encire "male Lefc" and especially raised hackles among (Ье

Rat's male sraffers, who began pasring up ап isslle rhar was to make lighr of (Ье feminisrs. When (Ье women discovered whac was in rhe works, chey Ьесате and seized сопггоl of tl1t entire paper. For а rime, rl1e Women's Rar Edirorial Col­ lecrive allowed some теп го remain оп rhe sraff, Ьш еvепшаllу аll (Ье теп were asked го leave. According со Alperr, ЬеЕоге гЬе rakeover, сЬе Rat was ,ег го expire; "In women's hands, ,г sruck ош anorher cwo years, lIndergoing rhree тоге rake­ оуег> Ьу splinrer grollps ЬеЕоге ,г ceased pllblicarion forever." See Peck, UII(oz'ering the SixtieJ, 212-15; Robin Morgan, "Goodbye со AII Thar," Rat, РеЬшагу 1970, 7; Rat, "Rar BlIsred," FеЬшагуч-Магсh 9, 1970. 2; Аlреп, Grotl'ing Ир Ul1dtrgrOlll1d, 244. ]оЬп Burks. "ТЬе Underground Press; А Special Reporr," Ro!lmg Stone, ОсroЬег 4, 1969, 19·

168, Dreyer and Smirh,

"Моуетеnr

and rhe New Media,"

Chapter 7 1. Calvin

ТгШiп,

"Al[ernatJves," Neu' Yorker,

Арг;1

10, 1978,118.

2, See Daniel Ben-Horin, "Jошпаlism as а Way оЕ Life," Nation, FеЬшагу 19, 1973, 239. The Narional Аssосiагiоп оЕ Newsweeklies Ьесате гЬе Narional Associa[ion of Alrer­ nacive Newsweeklies in 1979, and then in Мау 1982 ir Ьесате сЬе Аssосiагiоп ot' Alrernative Newsweeklies. 3· ]ames ]acobs, incerview

Ьу

Beet Еупоп, Ocrober 24, 1984 and ]uly 3, 1985, Columbia.

4°· 4, KornbIllrh, Notes /1"0111 the Neu' Undergrollnd, 6-7. 5, "Ап Апiсlе АЬош Ошsеlvеs," ОМ Mole, n.d., са. la[e 1970, eeprinred in Leamer,

Рареу

Rl'Vo/!ltionaries, 123. 6. See Newron Н. Fulbrighr, "Underground Press Sreives го Fuse Sex wirh Polirics," Editor & PubIisher, December 27, 1969, 34· 7. QlIored in Goldbeeg, Bllmping into GеШllШ, з8. 8. Afrer сЬе conteeence, ап LNS тетЬег composed а bIisrering diarribe againsr the gro­ cesque sexism rhat she said was omnipresenr rhere. А.> tor che "10ve-in," she героп.> char when а few \vomen put their hands оуег (Ье сатега.> со disшрr rhe filming of other NOТES ТО РЛGЕS 170-175

243

peopie having intercourse, some of che теп cried "censorship," ас which poinr the women rhreatened со seize rheir equipment and throw it in the lake. See Nina Sabaroff, "Nores [roт the First Gathering: Ап Alternare Media Message," Liberation News Ser­ vice packer 272,July I), 1970. 9. Parker Donham, "Media Freaks Act Our Battles of rhe Radicals," ВОПО11 С!оЬе, June 18, I970; AIso see Alfred G. Aronowitz, "Уегтоnr Vibrarions," Neu' York POJt,June 19, 1970. IO. Goddard College Business ОЕБсе ro Jerry Witherspoon, June 29, Х970, in ащhог's possession. 11. "Press [ш Youths Seeks New Image," Neu' York Times, June 11,1973. See also David Е. Shipler, '''Underground' Press Coverage Shifrs From Rock, Sex, and Drugs со Polirics,"

Neu' York Times, March 7,1973. 12. Trillin, "Alremarives," 1 19. rhe Altemarive Press Syndicare, which evolved оис o[UPS. Ву rhe 13. Forcade was rime of rhe Searr1e conterences, he'd also written а уегу good, overlooked book аЬощ hippie capira1ism, fended off charges rhar he inrended ro disrupt rhe 1972 RepllbIican Narional Convenrion, opened а booksrore in Soho, and f1nanced а docllmenrary аЬош rhe Sex Pisrols' 1978 American roш called D.O.A. See Forcade, СаУаШП о/ LOl'e and Holmsrrom, "Тl1e Ulrimare Hippie: The Life and High Тiтб ofThomas

МQl1еу;Jо!щ

Кшg

Forcade," High Тimes, October 1989, 35-44,77. "Alrematives," 120.

Ц. Trillin,

15. Gabrie!le Schang, inrerview wirh aurhor, Аllgшt 21,2008. АЬоис eight mош11S before he die(J, Forcade revea!ed himse!f (Q Ье reck!ess!y in 10ve Gabrie!le Schang, \vho was in а гоот \vhen he shor himse!f. "Being wirhout уои 1 fee! incornplere, етрсу, sick, para1yzed," he wrore. "1 was rhinking аЬош kidnapping you. 1 ат dead serious. Гт а desperare тап. 1 rhink 1 ат righr [ог you and 1 !оуе you and 1 rhink уои love те and ir is cidicu!OllS со Ье арагс. 1 wаш уон, 1 need уои .... Please say yes." Тот Forcade

ro Gabriel!e Schang, March 11, 1977, in author's possession. 16. Ed Dwyer, а, guored in Ho1msrrom, "U!rimare Hippie," 77. 17. The ТехtlS Observer, esrabIished ,п 1954, is а member оЕ the Associarion of Alrernarive Newsweek!ies, Ьш if it were со геарр1у roday, ir mighr по( gain admission. Аs а ы­ weekly, srapled newslerrer, published Ьу а nonprofir, wirh а paid cirClllation and по lisfings ог ads, ir's rarher differenr from orher тетЬег papers. х8. Quored in McAulifte, Gr"at Ameri"an Nе1.ирарer. 235. 19. The Real РареУ was rhe collecrively owned srepchild of а rhwarted union drive аг irs previous iпсагпагiоп, rhe Boston PhOt:mx, А good аССОllШ of irs origins, and of rl1e ways rhar irs decenrra!ized working environmenrs callSed fami1iar rensions, сап Ье t6und in

Solman and Friedman, and Death, 184-205, "Press: Nores from rhe Underground," Аргil2}, 1979,49-50. 21. RlChard "Dап ro Мап Wekh and C]R," Associarion о!' А1гегпаrivе News­ weeklies \'Х!еЬ 51се, hrtp:!laan.org!alremativel AanlView Article'oid; 129696. 22. See Armsrrong, Тrшnреt (о Arms, 201-5. See also Brugmann and Sletteland, U/tlt!latt 20. Тm/е,

Were YOllng апd Gay," ViI!age Voice, ~ovember 1,2005, )2. Umpeakabfe Am. 25. Symingron was сопviсгеd of bank fraud in 1997, Ьш сl1е сопviсгiоп was overrurned in Х999. ОП Arpaio, see Clinr Bo1ick, "Мissiоп L'naccomplished: The Misplaced 23.

АЕ5а S01omon, "Ош Неап>

24. See

244

Сопroу,

!'OТES ТО PAGES 175-179

Priorities 01' Maricopa

Соипгу

Sheriff's Office," Go!dwater [nstitute

Reporr

229, December 2,2008. 26. Kristen Lombardi, "Cardina! Sin," 27. That srare's flagship

Вшf9n Р/юeniх,

рарег,

the Oregonian,

(Ory

(аре оЕ а

young reenager as

"Еуеп {а[гег lеауе."

wa(ch him

ап

пос

Саппоп,

2002,18-25.

only failed to break rhe

сllагапегizеd

borched irs subsequenr coverage when ir governor.

March 23, 2001; Carl 1'.1.

ЛmеrimnjОllrnаliШl Ret'iш', Мау

"The Priesr Scandal,"

ногу, Ьиг

Go!dschmidr's

al50

5taru­

"affair," and expressed symparhy for the !ormer

the revelations]," rhe Oregonian editoria!ized, "it i5 painfu!

See J ill Rosen,

"ТЬе

Story Behind rhe Story,"

Л7llеriсаn

(О

jQ//r!la/isJIi

Re!'ieu', Augusr/September 2004, 44-5." 28. СЫ Garboden, lепег to аигЬог, Al1gust 10, 2009. 29. David Сап, intervJew Ьу author, ALJgust 2, 2009.

з0. See Weingarren, Gal1g ТЬа! WOllfdl1't Write Straight .

.31. Ste\vart McBride, Мау

"Ипdегgгоuпd Рарег> Соте Ир оп Тор,"

Chr/'tian Scimce Allmitor,

22, 1980.

32. Roberr

А.

Roth, inrerviewed

Ьу Jerry

Nemanic, April29, 1985

оп

WBEZ. Transcript

in auchor's possession. 33. Robert А. Roth, interviewed Ьу Jerry Nemanic, 4-29-85 оп WБЕZ-FМ. Tran5cript in ашЬог', possession. Linda Еуап> and уоап Соlliпs ЬогЬ sr,

"Media Srars Remember Their Early Day,,"

оп сЬе Аssосiагiоп

of Alrernarive Newsweeklies Web ,ire, http://posring.alrweeklies.com/aan/media­ srars-remember-their-early-days! Апiсlе)оid = 1 1)918. з6.

The V(J/(e, thoLJgh, remained

а

paid-circlllarion

РllЫicагiоп

LJntil 1996.

37. Jim Larkin, interview Ьу aurhor,July 28, 2009· Albert Scardino, "Alternarive Weeklies оп the Rise," Nш' Уйrk Tillles, Мау 29, 1989; Thomas Winship, "ТЬе New СштLJdgеоп," Editor a1ld PubIisher, J llly 6, 1991, [8. 'П 2009, the AAN had 131

тетЬег

papers.

39. Еуап Smith, "The Alrernarive Press Grows Creative

Lоаfшg

filed

[ог

Ир," Лlеdiati'eеk,

June 21,1991,19-21.

bankruptcy in September 2008.

40. See "Press [or Уошhs Seeks New Image," Nщ' York ТinleJ, Jllпе 11, 1973; Na(han СоЬЬ, "ТЬе

Лfаgаzillt, Jllne 9, Neu YOj·k TimeJ Suш/а; Mag­ a::iue, Febrllary 15, 1976, 4; "BerkeJey Newspaper Gaining Respectabiliry апd Readers," "'еи' York TillleJ, Febrllary 11, 1979; Stеwап МсБгidе, "Underground Papers Соте Up оп Тор," Christian Sciel1ce Afonitor, Мау 22, 1980; Jопагlып Friendly, "Тгапsitюп'п 'Alternative' Press FoClls ofMeeting," Neu' York Тiпю,JlIпе 17, 1984: Chrisropher Swan, "Is Sllccess Spoiling гЬе Alrernative Press~" Ch,.istian S"iепа: МОIl­ itor, July 1987; уопагЬап Friendly, "Transition in 'Alrernati"e' Press FOCllS of Meeting," Neu' York Тiпш, Jllne 17, 1984; Albert Scardino, "Alrernati"e Weeklies оп tlJe Rise," Neu' York Тiпю, Мау 29, 1989; Kathy Hogan Trocheck, "Alrernarive Weeklies Аге Gaining Rеsресг-апd Readers," St, Реtщ!)шg Т;IIЮ, Seprember 3, 1989; Еуап Smirh, "ТЬе Alternarlve Press Grows Up," Alediau'eek, Juпе 21, 1991, 19-21; Ed Avis, "EsrabIished Alternat1ves," Qltill, January 1, 1995.1"5 worrh poinr­ ing ощ гЬас гЬе сгоре srill has пог died comp!etely; in 2008, the Qllill published Ed

1974,6-14;

Alternarive Press Goes Srraight," BOJtoJl Globt Slll1day Dап

Wakelield, "Up From

ИпdегgГОLJпd,"

r-;оп·s то PAC;ES 179-181

245

Avis, "A1rernative Newsweeklies: Growing Up," Quill, ]anuary!February 2008, 16-22. 41. Richard Leiby, "Whar Alrernarive? The

Washington Post.]uly 16, 1994. 42. А> quored

Ocher

~ew

York Incel!ecruals."

]оltrtlа/ о/ Ameriial1

51lIdies 37 (200,~): 435-') 1, Adams, Walrer, The Te.rt, New York: Macmillan, 1971. Ages, ~aomi, "Garher No Moss: Rol/in,g 5loпe's СОllшег-Jоumаlism." Нопогs rl1esis, Harvard Uпivегшу, 2005, New York: Morrow, 1981. Alperr, Jапе. Grouing Ир Апdегsоп, Terry Н. The il-lo1'emen/ alld thr 5ix/ieJ. ~ew York: Oxford Uшvегsiгу Press, Anson, Roberr Sam. Сиn< Craz)' and Back Ag,lin: 1'Ье Rise a"d F'lll Rolling Stone GemratlOn. Garden Ссу, NY: Doubleday, 1981, Armsrrong, Davicl. i\. Тm1lфеl 10 Апm: A/lernalit'e Media in America. Lпs АпgеJеs: Tarcl1er, 1981. Armsrrong, J erome, and Marcos Moulirsas Z(шigа, СrщЫng the Са/е: Nelrools, Graom!OtJ, "nd the RiJIi о/Ре!фlе-РОli'erеd Ро/itю. \ХТЫсе River Juncrion, VT Cl1elsea Green, 2006. Ackin, David у. "Fют сЬе Councerculcure со Оvег-сl1е-Соuшег Culrure: Ап Analysis of RОШ1Jg 510111izt(1 System,

New York:

Ноше,

C,oodwyn, La\vrence,

Тl11!

POplI/i.r1 Moment: А SlJOl'1 HiJlor.1

Agr"l'ian Ret'oll 1/1 AIlIC"lca,

New York: Oxford lJniversiry Press, 1978. Gosse, Van.

"А Моvешеш

ot' .\10vеmещs: The Definition and

Lefr," In i\ Cmupanio1i 10 РОИ-1945 America, edired Rosenzweig,

277-302, Маlclеп, МА:

- - - , Relblnki1lg 1/)" i\ieu'

Лn

Blackwell:

Ьу

Регiоdizагiоп

of rhe New

Jean-Cl1risrophe Agnew

апd

Roy

2002.

lnterpretatiu Нjs/и'). New York: Palgrave

Масmillап,

2005,

Gottlieb, Annie. Do

1{)II

Be/jet'e ill Ma!,'i,'.o

ТЬе

SeC01ld Com1ng

Sixtie.r Gmemtiorl, New

York: Times Books, I 987, C,raham, Jо!ш, ed, l.Jniversiry

"YiJliYJ

J!Jr the ReI'o/lI/ion "; Press, I990,

ТlJе АРРеаl 10

Reason, 1895-1922.

Liпсоlп:

()(N~braska

Glепп. А. TI'"gk Lфит НО1I' а GQod Vs. Б'II De,troyed t!Je Вшh P"eJideiIL)'- Nc\v York: Сгоwп, Gruen, John. ТlJе Neu BolJemia: ТЬе СоmЫne Generation. New York: Shorecres(, 1966.

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Hagle, Timorhy М. "Вис Do ТЬеу Науе со See Ir со Know Ir? ТЬе Supreme Courr's Obsceniry and Pornography Decisions." Western Political Quarter/y 44 (1991): 1039-55. Haines, Напу W. "ТЬе G.I. Resisrance: Milirary Underground during сЬе Viernam War." lп Wachsberger, Voices jrom (Ье Underground, 190-97. "Soldiers againsr сЬе War in Viernam: ТЬе Scory оЕ AblWeground." In Wachsberger, Voices /уоm {Ье Underground, 181-98. Hale, ]eff А. "ТЬе Whire Рашhегs' 'Тосаl Assault оп сЬе Culrure.'" lп Braunsrein and Doyle,

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Easr Lasing: Michigan Srate Universiry Press, 1980. and Магу King. "Sex and Caste: А Kind ofMemo." lп Bloom and Breines, TakiТl' 1t [о [Ье Streets, 40-43. Hayden, Тот. "Radical Nomad: Essays оп С. Wright MiIIs and His Time." Masrer's rhesis, U niversiry оЕ Michigan, 1964. ---о Reunion: А Лfеmоir. New York: Random House, 1988, ---о ТУ;а/. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winsron, 1970. Наzlеп, ]оЬп Downron. Му GeneratioТl: Collective Autobiography and 1dentity Po/iti". Madison: Universiry ofWisconsin Press, 1998. Heineman, КеппесЬ J Сатрю Wars: ТЬе Реасе Л!о('етent а' Ameritun State Universities in (Ье Vietna1ll Era. New York: New York Universiry Press, 1993. Hodgson, Godfrey. America in Оиу Time. Garden Ciry, NY: Doubleday, 1976. НоЕЕтап, АЬЫе. ТЬе Best о/ АЬЫе Но//mаn, New York: Four Walls, Windows, 1989. Hogan, Wes]ey С. "'Radical Manners': ТЬе Srudenr Nonviolenr Coordinaring Commirree and сЬе New Lefr in сЬе 19605." PhD diss., Duke Universiry, 2000. Нuш, Andrew Е. ТЬе Turning: А History ojVietnam Veterans Against {Ье War, New York: New Hayden,

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Нistory 33 (999): 147-6r . Isserman, Maurice, 1/1 Had а Hammer: ТЬе Death о/ (Ье Old Le/t and ,Ье Birth о/ [Ье Neu' Left. New York: Basic Books, 1987' "The Nor-So-Dark and Bloody Ground: New Works оп сЬе I9605," Ameri,'an Histori'ul Ret,jeu' 94, по. 4 (I988): 990-I 0 10. Isserman, Maurice, and Michae! Kazin. America Divided: ТЬе Civil War о/ (Ье Iо6os. New York: Oxford Universiry Pre5s, 2000. ]acobs, PalI1, and Sau! Landau. ТЬе Neu' Radica/s: А Report u-ith DOC1iments. New York: Viшаgе, I966. Jacoby, Russell. ТЬе Last lntellectualr: American Си/шУе in {Ье Age о/Лсаdeте. New York: Basic

Books,1987· ]anes, Daryl, ed. No Ap%gies: Теха! Radicals Ce/ebrate гЬе '60S. Ausrin, ТХ: Eakin, 1992. ]enkins, Virginia Sсоп. Bananas: Аn American History. Washington, DC: Smirhsonian Insrirurion Press, 2000. ]ohnson, Michael L., ТЬе Neu'}ournalisт: ТЬе Underground Press, {Ье Artists o/Nonfiaion, and (Ье Changes in [Ье Established Media. Lawrence: Universiry Press of Kansas, 1971. Johnson, Раиl В., David О, Sears, and ]оЬп В. МсСопаЬау. "Black Invisibi!ity, сЬе Press, and rhe Los Angeles Rior." Лmericаn}оurnа/ o/Sociology 76, по. 4 (1971): 698-721. ]ones, Glenn W. "Genrle Thursday: Revolurionary Pasroralism in Ausrin, Texas, 1966-I969." Masrer's rhesis, tJniversiry ofTexas ас Ausrin, 1988.

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Kirse Granar. Golden State, Golden Youth: ТЬе Cali/ornia !таке in Popular Cultut'e, СЬареl НШ: Universiry ofNorrh Cllrolinll Press, 2002. MIlYnllrd, ]оЬп АгсЬш. Venice West: ТЬе Беаt Gentrr:ltion in Southern Ca/if{}t'nia. ]'.;ew Bruns­ wick, N]: Rurgers Universiry Press, 1991.

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Аn

!nterpretir'e Histol)',

Van Gosse. Rеиешs in Ameri-7-1-, 17'"7,

(lеvеlорmеш оС 4-12,:;0, j6, 52, 1'12-1'1"

Knickerbocker Hospiral, 109

[()5- I ,,14 2 ,

t()I-()(-),17 0 -71.

84, 216пНI'\

175-7«

2.:;4116

КОГl1Ыщl" Jesse, 11'\9 Кгаs,пег,

2, I,.t, 170-71,

IНН

Kissinger, Clark, 21

Кпорs, Ммс,

142, [5-1,

lЧ

,224 ПI Л,

lJtological clivelsiry il1, 154,

PaL!I, 14,

52, 12:\, 17),

1:;П24

intellectLТals i iorellectuallsm ill,

Klld211 (]ackson, MS), 127. I.'H Kllnkin, Ап, Л-411, )1'1. 6" 7 1,72, 12'), 1511

[), 24, 26, ,:;,

.,6. 57,

tltera[l[re of", xiii-xl\'. 9-I 1--tI/;f)J'

llliiIгапс}' 'll,

LаМапп, Amber.

poli[ics

p/Nf(, f!.dlkr)· 1

,,!Се

9

Lагkiп, Jirn, т 1'\1

24,49, 6,), 79, Н 1, 151

(('Idrions in, 12,42-4),

1С,-н,

,sH,

14\-44, S(I100Is

LaSalle, Sally, 24ТПI29

sexisfil in (Jet' sexisn1)

lауош, 7, 59,Н..!, 112, [Т9. 17Т, [7.'1.2290.1'\,

sCJlIrl)eln.

of. 42, 52

5 -1-54, 57, 58, 1'\(,.

(see also R"f!.)

2'11'\°77 laWSllits, .'1,6:;,114, т

)2, Т78,

IS,

Sj'пtl1еsis

ot'polirics апJ Сlllсше in, [[-12,

LeagL!e гor JnclUSП1аl Dеmоешг}', 195"9

:;6, 5'1, 5(), ')1'1,

Leamer, lallfепсе, 192nI2, I94ГЧО, 2\4п6

106-7.144,151,11'8-1'19

Но\уапl

Н2, IHH

52. 95-96,1222,

0[, 1
Nev.')

OW, 21, ~9, J9HnS9 Lefr, !\;е\у, 'j-6, 11-12, ')[,

174, [8')-50J8, 2.17062

the Provos, 60

22')П)7

!аП,l(uа,l(е

Н7.

()6, 77,

1(;9, 177,

1

of, 4

peace!'ll, [,2,21,26,42,45,

1 1)16, иГ),

227-2НПо, 2',7п61. 24lП1

,nrегпа!

,п Аmеriс.ш Jоuгшl­

Projt(t t()r Excellence

22НПl,

t'1kt,

1О!

РГЩ:'n:'J1iu' magazine, 1Н4

I7С-7';, 1НН-Н')

01 (s,< соunrегсuJtшс: lan,l(Llage 00

mапаgеmепг

l)ierarch!Cal,

Н4,

')"

1 4'),

iNew York, NY), IH6

1';')-')7.

т 7"7, г8т,

с!есеппа!izеd,

P"lirzer Prize, 9'1, Ршzk mаgаziле

strtlcturts in

11, 16, 17, 27-2Н,

Qшп,

LazarllS, 1 5')

QllilГ,

\feekly,

20 1 ЛJ

9

Ч. 59· 6,-64,142-4,-\,14",

[, 17.\,

Ч9-5 С ,

и0, ntr\vorks ot', 50' (,7-('Н.

al.l"

LiЬегаtlОЛ

Jегt:rol1лJ

obsceniry

S"e ,,/ro IIII,f"

.,>, Но, ')2

'Jews Service; Иn­

Riljica/

125,127,12Н-,

RI1I:. U\usrjn.

spread о{, 4.

xiji, .> 1,

ТХ),

5'>-54, 58-65,

1-'7'>, Но-Н,>,

1,

sщ)ргt'Ssiоп о{,

114,1.'16,

.I!\(}

[н"

Rall, Ted,

RашрйrtJ шаgаziпе,

(ч, J 16-1 Н,

'),

"епс!ш,l( ог. 7,

1

2-\2096, рЬмо 1:.(/lle,)

')1, !О6, Т1Н--\9, 192П1 h,1raS«imenr)

", 39,46, "9-6~, Н2,

гаре,

)

1. 109, 1

175,2451127

Karick, .Jоlш R., 14S

R./I

С'';,,,у

York, NY), 24,

119·129,

156,1(,2.171 174,17'\, 1tЧП45,

124, 1213, Т0 2, 1

2JСП1Н(,.2,ЦОТ'I7

Priesc, Ro),(er, 1,14 142, 17(" 1 нн

Rarllskeller \ Uпiуtгsitу о( Wiscoosio), 202040 Rаrriлег, Dап,

ioSDS, 1'), 17,21,2,>,2')

plJoI" K"llerJ

Re,JJers OI,Ce.\/, 9,

4-7

deskrop publisllint:,

1Н()-Н7

mimеоt:гаrll,15-Ц,

124,

1,12,>,178,

72-7j, 7)-77, 97,126. I29,

seXJsm in (Jet' St:XlSn1)

рппгшg,

57

17'), ч,Л1()4

Press Sync!icarel

iп,

Лmt:t"!Йl,

radio, ,. Н. .'К-59, 41-.р, 66,

21On'S5

print ш!шге,

Аfгiсап Лmегiсапs

Rader, Ciary, 1,)0

10(,-10

Iх"

racism, 4.11,12. 4С', 42,55-56. 7К, Н("

,len1Ocracy)

1')2Л12.

2,1,

1'),,022

15 Н

Reagan, Konald, 9, 69 1::>~, 118,

R",! Рl1l'е,' !В(Jstоп, Rc,,!iJI, 14,

У\-,("

МЛ),

тН2

[75

INDEX

273

1,]Пlvегшу,

Reed, Ishmael, 9

Rlltgers

religioo, 40, 44, 55, 56, R4, 86, 87, 88, 95,

Ryao, George,

10.'-4,108,10'),186,2471111

Republicao Parry, 92, 1 R7, 24401,

Ryao,

Магу,

24

I7Н

xiv

11'),122, Ц7-4Н, 150-52,

Ryao,Sheila,

Resroo, James, ')8

156, 161, 162,164,24InI29,phoIO

Rerherford, James, 11') '20, IВ

ga/le.) 6

Reurers, 10.,

Rez'оfШ;О1l,20106

Sainlt-Marit, Buffy, 48

Rеvоlшiоо,

Sale, Kirkparrick,

Frel1ch, 98

геvоlшiОl1агiеs, 64, 79, 8,,158,161,165,

San Diego О!lО' (СА),

166, [74, 175

third-wor!d,

геvоlщiооагу ,уа1l

paioriog (RWP),

[')SЧ

Sao Oiego 5meljOlmza/(CA), Sao Fraocisco (СА),

Reyes, Gweo, 189

Rhodesia, Coiversity Co!lege

ос

86

АЬгаlJзm, 23006,

Ribicoff,

JЧ

Rivers, L, Meodel,



Rizzo, Fraok, 155

Robbios,

10т,

5ап F'rащiJCU

Expm.r,ТillltJ (СА), 2)7052

Sao Fraocisco 01',1(/"

(СА),

7,11,75,9.',

20In3

Roberrs, Cokie, 182

Saoders, Ed, 68-6'), 19,020

Robil1soo, Вену Garmal1, 197051

Sarнaoa,

Roche, Joho, 88

Savage, Оао, I~."

Rock aod Ro!l Hall of Fame, 81

Sclbloen,

Rockete!ler, Oavid, 246042

Schang, Gabrielle, 24401:\

Rodgers, Jimmie, 55

Scherr,

Rodriguez,

Sращ

71, 19207

Exallli,m' (СА),

San Fraocisco

9

9,,\,17,,174,

17Н, [В,

5аll FrашjJ((j Chrollicfe (СА),

protests: violenr

1'\2, 10,)

,,6, :\Н, 5" 62,

69-70,155

177,

Rior Cirrrl, [87

5ее

1, "',

5аn F'ran"jjco Ва)' G/шrdiаll (СА),

Riclblrds, Oavicl, 64

riors.

127,2",.,01

Sao Oiego Perioc!ica!s, 129

84,132,174

,)2,

2'),

5(1/('" magazine, 8

21,016

Carlos,

1

WiШаm, 1,,\0-,,1

Мах,

75,

76,122, 1)6,jJhologa!!t!) "

Sclliff, Paul, 50

Rolfe, Liooel, .)')

Schoeoberg, Arnojcl, 41

Rolling 5/blle magazioe, 8" 120, 121, 122,

Schoenfeld, Ellgeoe, 72, 175,21,024

150,171,19401

Rolliog Srooes, 1-.'>, 142

Romm, Ethel, 74,

!О6,

1')2012

Schweers, I.Ье

Оаооу,

64

Seeds, 4:\

Selective Service, US,

2 Ч041

Roseobat!m, Roo, 117

Selma (АЦ, 86, 2'15-.,>605.'>

Rosenberg, Fred, 45

Seoate Select Committee 00 Inrelligeoct,

Rosenrhal, Ross,

АЬе,

2250157, 2260164

RоЬеп, 22-2)

229-50052

sex, 35,60,95,125-26,154,172,175,178,

[8.,. 185, lН6, 1Н9, 23406

Rossioo\v, Oot!g, 54-56

Rosrow, Walr, 88

Rorh,

ВоЬ,

Sex Pisrols, 2440 [ .'\

17'),8::1

Roth ", ЕЬе U"ited 5lateJ,

sexism,

Rubio,Jerry,

77,12',,175

Rudcl, Mark,

105-7,2240 r ,'>0

Itudoick, Rusk,

274

ВоЬ,

Осао,

11 R

146

INDEX

1 r, 1), 19-20,

.,>6,5'),60,

121-22,125,126-27, [2'),166,

1

174-76,194045,2430166 5Р

\r'eekly (СМ, 181, 1H4, 246044

Shafer, Jack, 184

Shahn,

Веl1.

r:\

5/){Ik,с/mПI

stаш.!роinc

(Fort Dix. N)i. 1.>4

episremology. 95, 11;

511ank, Ваггу. 55. ()2

Sranley. Ovv>ley, 7

Shapiro. Peter. 155

Srапгоn.

GilЬеп.

SI1e!ton.

Shenton. Jamts. 1с;8

Elizabeth Cady. 20IП()

5гаг;п. Lшу.

126. 175

Stale Neu'J



SI1ero.)elf, 23-2(). 28, .'10 •.р. 5(). ()о.

10,\.

75

(МSЩ,

Srei пеПl, Glor;a,

119.129. 15(), 198n5'\. 2lCn18()

SгockmaIl,

Ы] ke.

Srone, 1. F. (lzzy),,,,.

SI1Usrer,

8

2~Нп68

5/raip/Jt C"!Ek }ШlПш/ (Dспvег,

Sinc!air,)oJ1n. 121. 12,. 128, 229n",phUlo

Srre;rmarrer. Roger, )2

.~a//cY)

Slorin.

з8.

17.1. 187-88

10)-4.149

Мое. рlюtu "а//ее)

16,197 0)1,247 nI 5

8

Sma]]. Melvil1. 94

Stlldenr

Реасе

Cniol1, 2;

5mзl!

Studenr Pres>

Аssосiа,;оп,

Pre:;s Alliance (SPA). 186-87

18,.2 IOnI8()

21

а

13-30·42'48,

Smir!1. Lane. 172

96,10;-1

Маге.

SO!lt!Jem

(НОЩГОI1, ТХ),

2 1 ::JП 1 8()

I,'щ' I~ef/ NО/б

1'11-)2. 1

phot!) ",1I1er)

с)

Weatl1erman

2,-,\0.

(see Nщ IJ:ji

Б!Сtiоп (..-ее

U пс.!егgгоuп,])

2 ,О2П96, 2;;Нn78

Л'и/б)

Wearl1er



sl,bJt(riviry

alrernar;ve. 68

io reporring,

Speerer, ArJen, 135

167-6Н

4.Н.47, 50, ()2-6з.76,

84,94-95.98-99. 101-2, 109-10.

ln,

Spiegelman, Arr, 9

а, IГurh,

Sr iro's, 49. 52

Spock, BenjamiI1. 100

5p"kdl1e Sallo'''/ (\VA). 75.

(ОВ).

197-9 8П 5 2

Sp"(lalm' (Bloomingron. IN). 119. 1

Spiegel. Mike.

2Н.

2IОП186

DiJCIlssil)'I BII//eti"

86. Ц 7

Sovier Ul1irш, 35, 54, "(), 15 r

Sp,,,,"Cit)'.'

200п88. 210ПlН(), 211П220

pLlblicariol1s 0[,25,5.,,57, 197-9Нn52

229П'\7

Сuшier.

IП22С, 240П91

meerin,o;sol, 14'15. 18,21, 2Н. 57, 121.

174,

Sourh America. 79, 14.3

End,

2

5.'1. 57-(11.

52,

Narional Council of. 18,22,2,.

146. 16()

гЬе Sourh, 50, 5.), 58. 8(), 197 n 5'

5f;1/1j,

pllO/o /','111"у)

chaprers of. 2С-2 1, 26, 21

.,2-.:;:1. ,8,88. 195n9

Solman, Paul. 182

Sommer,

151, 153. I()7-68,

76-77. lC4~I,. 155, 162,2100184,

.~,,//e'T 9

SI1yder. Gary, 9

sосiаlisщ

54, 57, 76,95,

)0.

ц6,

17 3-74, 1 Н8,



Н7,

Democrar;c Society (SDS), 5-6.

Smirh. )асК. рlю!о "а//е') 3

5miril. Vicroria. 9. 62. 1 1. 24111 129. рЬмо

C.s. (USSPA),

89-91, 10;. 141

StudeI1ts for

Sm;r11. Davicl. 1991176

Smirh. Russ. 1Н,

128, 176. 177

SrLldenc Nonviolenr Coordina[ing Commirree,

184

Smirh. Charlie.

СО),

Srudenr CommuI1ication Net\vork (SCN).

5

Sixties. xiii. 2. (). 12,

5/,,!е mаl!аzше.



David, 9

Si!ver. )оаn Micklin. 172

сЬе

2О7П 1;7

46-49, 52,

194П45

1

В



175,

IНО,

18,

8, 94-95, 102, 11,

S111zberger, Arrhur

"РипсЬ," 109-12

"Summer 01 Love,"

з8,

()6-68,

Ц4

Sprarr. Craig. 159

Sun~tS[cip, з8,41,4,-45,6з.

Sprinl!steeo, Bruce. 9

Supreme Сошt. Calitornia. 20,n62. 2О4П79

St. Ltlke's Hosp; [al.

Sl!rreme Соше, Michigan, 129, рЬо/о ,~'III !nrernariona] (ОРI), 102,

\.'.5, Agency (or Inrernariona! Dе\'е!ортеnr,

Tarrancino, Qнеnсiп, [Н '>

49, 51, 5~. 2;:)7n 1)4

47 LТпivегsities,

taxes, 40, 6,

tear gas, 96,

10.,.

151)

TaJese, Gav·. 179

Тасе, Lппу,



lfnicec! Ащо \Vorkus, 15

220-21

television, Н, -15, 71, Н4, 129, 1,2, I/H, lН2,

ц6, I')Н

10."

Моуетеnr, 1 С,

ир Against [11t W"Il, Morl1ertucker, 161,

217П(,1

r87,22SП1sН,232П90, 2400

telccype machines,

S« (olleges

lJ niversI(]' Chrisrlan

n:K

шЬап cris;,,). у\ 4.1, RS, 90,10.1, ISH

Texas, Cniv'ersicy of (at Ausr;n) (СТ), 2'), 5-1-60,6-1, -'5-77,

1». p!JoТIi /!,.;;/k,)

V,11еПZ, 14, .'1.'-.))' .'16, .09, 7'),

Тl1Urmond, Тi,ш

(Atlstin, ТХ), 5')

S,rom, 1 Н7

7Н,Н4,88,':}5, 17-', 17Н,

Magazioe, I02~119,I29·

J,:a//eJy

177

1

\!i1/,,/!,о·, 201 f\ 1 9

Tomassi, Carcer, phlJtu ,Ralle') 8 Тот,

violence. ,[асе, Н4,

18.:,

Trans-Love Energits lJпlimiEtll,

120-2 [

VizJrd. George, 59-60,ро,,!u ,~"II'TY Vоnnсgщ, КlIН

Tro[skyite,. ,8

vorer reb"lscra[lOn, S:' VlIlcan Gas Со, (ALТsrin, ТХ), 62

Da\'id, 1

/\ Тr!lЩрt;f 'и Апm,' A./tt:t"Jkl/l'n' ЛJI{(!iu jn Amrri((/,

VLТ!gar Marxists, 150"5.-'. 156. 159, 1(,0-6,. 16').168, I6 9,2)4п6

1-,8

TU';fl Cili",

2

]r., .»

Tr;Jlin, Cal\'in, 17,,17(,

T!leJday:r Child П,Оs

97

ViГШОllSСаLТСLТS, 15С-5.'\' 157-62, I6Н

Tower Records, 1 Н6

Тгнтап,

'IO, IIH, 121, I(Ч,

lHI-8". 216П76,/'[,О{I)

VilJage Уоке Ме,!ы, ,Н1, IН2-Я4

TocqLТevilJe, Altxis de, 9, 9К

Tornorrow,

.,(" ,Н

Апgеles, СА), 2,9П1)4

RM,/U" (Minneapolis-Sr.

PaLТ], MN),

Ift!l/ SII'cutJo!lmal. 2 r(JпЯН

It,,/I'!/' (Champaign. IL), 10.,

17')

\'Vаlrш, ]оlш. /,/JiJ«) .~,,/I"J.J

и JIt1е.r"rЩf)'1C/ :'itll'r/JcltIP"

C(;//eC!iOll, 221 П95

UшlегgГОLТпd Press 5vndicact (lfPS), 6, 46, ')Я.

.1-74,81,1).0,91-92.112, II6-21,

\\'аг.

20,54,56, IOS, 126, I'Я' 19fiП59,

2'::)1

П22

Ci"j!,2Cln()

12;:)-24,126-29,1,') "'9, 19 2Пl2 ,

consci"ntious obJ~(cor, '(,9

2',5 n 1 1). рЬnt,1 ,~"lle,)

Fral1co.AI!'er,an, 145. 15'

INDEX

1, ':)

1гач. 247111 Vi~шаn1,

\\'iilйll/tllf BI'J,/~t (Рorгlапd,

1

\\'i!iаll/ШС

4,5, (,,11,41, .р, 51,65, Н8,

97.99. {О1,

I)1, 174, 207пr_~7,f7IЩ!f.!

01', 7, 57, ,,'),

1Iraf'(, '),

7,

Н,;, 10("

106,88-10'),

opposiriol1 ш, 1

2(,. ,р,

\V;1"r Н.

\Vorll!

,2

6, ]')5119

['),,1120. [95Щ. 1')(,1122. 225ПЧ')

\VeiI1t[. Rt", \VеiI1,,~iп,

Хапасlll cotl