Skin Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Body in American Culture

Skin Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Body in American Culture Kimberly Wallace-Sanders, Editor http://www.press.um...

Author: Kimberly Gisele Wallace-Sanders

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Skin Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Body in American Culture Kimberly Wallace-Sanders, Editor http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=10810 The University of Michigan Press, 2002











































































































































































































































































































































Index abolition, 28, 29, 55–56, 76, 101–2, 108, 174, 184 Abrahams, Yvette, 9 Abramovitz, Mimi, 258–59 Abyssinia, 87 Académie des Sciences, 70 actresses, 323, 326, 329; Black, 324, 326, 329–30 Adams, Bluford, 255 Adams, Rachel, 7, 153 AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children), 289 Africa: 52, 83–84, 155, 157, 160–61, 285, 330; Central, 119; description of, 41; life in, 143; North, 50; northern, 87; slavery in, 39, 130; South, 9, 18, 78, 187, 255; southern, 17; sub-Saharan, 24; West, 46, 116, 118 African, 132, 165, 186, 331; beliefs, 266; cultural disorder, 39; Diaspora, 192; inferiority, 103; narratives, 38; pygmies, 155; society, 55; textiles, 133. See also African American(s); African men; African people; African women African American(s), 132, 142, 143, 155, 162–63, 201, 202, 209–10, 235, 302–3, 307, 315, 323, 325, 330; art, 114; artist(s), 7, 235; culture, 226; folktales, 139; history, 110; passing, 206; photographers, 183; sculptor, 108; women, 14, 106, 128, 132, 203–4, 213, 224, 229, 233, 241–48, 250, 252, 254, 289. See also America, Blacks in African men, experience on slave ships, 24

African people, 56–58, 78; animal passions in, 18; association with apes, 21; nature of, 17–18; oppressions of, 22 Africanus, Leo, 50 African women, 56, 58, 140, 144, 220; admiration of, 49; animal passions in, 18; captives, 13; images of, 23, 39; indispensable, 46; men’s gaze upon, 46; as oversexed, 24–25 Agassiz, Louis, 185, 198 Agnew, Jean-Christophe, 240, 255 AIDS (Auto Immune Deficiency Syndrome), 303, 315 Alabama, 292, 294; Mobile, 194; Montgomery, 24, 263, 267; Tuskeegee, 183 Alexander, Elizabeth, 4, 7, 218 Allen, Barbara R., 239–40. See also Quaker Oats Company All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave (Feminist Press), 1, 9 Alonzo, Ana Maria, 303 AMA (American Medical Association), 280 America, 227, 253; Blacks in, 145 (see also African American[s]); North, 24, 206. See also South America; United States American, 193, 214, 248, 305, 308–9; art collectors, 107; art history, 100; circus, 159; cultural consciousness, 6; culture, 242, 247; fear(s), 241, 254; history, 140; Indians, 39, 44–45, 68, 108, 193, 290–91; marketplace, 240; physicians, 263; slavery, 3

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Index American Museum, 265 Amerindian, 6, 41–42, 45–46 Am I Not a Man and a Brother?, 102 fig. 17 Am I Not a Woman and a Sister?, 102 fig. 18 Ammons, Elizabeth, 209 Amos, Emma, 6, 112–15, 122; Creatures of the Night, 113 fig. 24 Amsterdam, 128, 191 anatomy, 67, 70–72, 88, 189 ancestors, 119, 142 anesthesia, 8 Angola, 50, 255 Angelou, Maya, 182, 195 animalism, 25 Ann-Margret, 241 anorexia nervosa, 242–44, 246, 254 Antigua, 54 antislavery, 101–2 apartheid, 255 apes, 21 Appel, Toby, 70–71 Arizona, 289 art, 99, 114, 128–29, 141, 196; African American folk, 114; AfroCuban, 114; of the Black Diaspora, 114; collectors, 107; Haitian, 114; history, 100–101, 109, 143; preColumbian, 114 Asia, 285, 327 Atkins, John, 55 Auguste, Jules-Robert, Les amies, 103–4, 104 fig. 19 Aunt Jemima, 133–37, 134–36 figs. 30–32, 182, 239–41, 244, 254 Axelsen, Diana, 276, 296–97 Baartman, Saartjie (or Bartmann, Sarah), 2, 9, 18–19, 19 figs. 3, 4, 66, 67, 69, 74–82, 84, 86–87, 89–92, 103, 112, 225, 247, 274 Bailey, Thomas, 25 Baillei, Dr. M., 85 Baker, Houston, 216 Baker, Josephine, 110–16, 111 fig. 23, 113 fig. 24, 248 Bakhtin, M. M., 167–68, 209

Baldwin, W. O., M.D., 270–71, 275 Ballet Theatre, 189 Baltimore, 159, 288 Bangladesh, 290, 292 Barbados, 37 Barbot, John, 53 Barker-Benfield, Graham, Horrors of the Half-Known Life, 281, 298, 300 Barnum, P. T., 156, 158, 160, 162–63, 178, 265, 266 Bartmann, Sarah. See Baartman, Saartjie Bass, Maudelle, 189–91 Battell, Andrew, “Strange Adventures,” 50, 51 Beale, Frances, 132 Bearden, Romare, 221–22 Beavers, Louise, 246–47 Bening, Annette, 329 Benois, Marie-Guilhelmine, Portrait d’une négresse, 15–16, 16 fig. 2 Benzoni, Girolamo, History of the New World, 42–44, 61 Berger, James, 180–81 Berger, John, 143 Berlin, 159 Bernhard, Sandra, 201 Berzon, Judith, 203 bestiality, 17, 49, 55, 165 biomythography, 219, 227 Bird, Calvin, 159 Black actresses. See actresses, Black Black artists, 132–33, 148 Black Arts Movement, 133 Black Atlantic, 119 Black body, 1, 15. See also under Black female; Black men; Black women Black Brood Mares, 288 Black church, 26 Black community, 25 Black Diaspora, 116 blackface, 201, 203–5, 208, 212 Black female, 310; appetite(s), 8, 241–42, 246, 250; body or bodies, 1, 6, 9, 19, 26, 103, 105, 113, 114, 118, 120, 122, 182–84, 191, 194, 247, 309–10, 312; construction of,

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Index 16; difference, 275; embodiment, 4; form, 6; nudes or nudity, 100, 325, 328; presence, 122; reproduction, 118; sexuality, 8, 13, 14, 22, 116, 273–74, 309, 311, 313–16, 318; theorists, 307; token, 27 Black feminist(s), 13, 301, 302, 307–9, 312, 314, 316, 323 Black fetuses, 249 Black film, 323, 328, 332–33 Black men, 3, 25, 233, 327; bodies of, 27 blackness, 7, 38 Black patriarchy, 252 The Black Photographer’s Annual, 192 Black Power, 242, 251 Black sexuality, 21. See also Black women, sexuality of; sexuality Black studies, 2 “Black Venus,” 112 Black womanhood, 38; depictions of, 26; “devaluation of,” 24; European discourse on, 38; representations of, 214; strength and triumph of, 29 Black women, 2–4, 9, 23, 45, 105, 189, 193, 197, 218, 226, 228, 230, 241, 243, 258, 274, 306, 310, 313, 315, 323–28, 330, 332; abuse of, 253; academics, 310; attitudes about, 23; bodies, 4, 8, 18, 99; bodies in history, 5; bodies in literature, 5; bodies in visual culture, 5; de-feminization of, 23; failed to censure, 25; have endured, 32; health of, 251, 254; invisibility of, 16; as photographic subjects, 7, 182–83; preoccupation with body image, 8; scholars, 13; sexual exploitation of, 24; sexuality, 17, 316–17; victims of sexual abuse, 30; writers, 7 Bly, Nellie, Oprah, 256 bodies: African women’s, 48; slave women’s, 3; women’s, 212, 330. See also Black body; female, body Bogle, Donald, 125, 246, 258–59 Bonaparte, Napoléon, 72, 87 Boose, Lynda, 37

Bordo, Susan, 5, 10, 242–43, 246, 257 Bork, Robert, 255 Boston, 205 Botocudo Indian, 77 Bravo, Manuel Alvarez, Espejo Negro (Black Mirror), 191 Brazil, 44, 77, 290, 330 breasts, 15, 30, 45, 48, 55–58, 68, 75, 105–6, 118, 171, 186, 189, 224, 227, 251–52, 330 Breedlove, Pecola (character), 169, 243 Brent, Linda (character), 31, 235 Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme, 242, 253 Brooklyn Museum of Art, 329 Brooks, Peter, 13 Brown, Elsa Barkley, 2 Brown, John, 208 Browne, Sir Thomas, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, 37 Browning, Tod, 168 Brumberg, Joan Jacobs, 242–43, 258 Bucher, Bernadette, 45, 61, 68 Buchser, Frank, 106–8, 111; Black Girl in a Stream, 107 fig. 21 Buddhism, 211 Buick, Kristen, 109, 125 bulimia, 242–44, 246, 254 Burne-Jones, Edward, 145 Bushmen/Bushwomen, 17, 67, 69, 76, 83, 84, 86–88, 91, 274 Butler, Judith, 306 California, 189 Canada, 205, 213 Canary Islands, 86 cannibalism, 42, 45, 50, 52–53, 60, 68, 158 Cape Colony, 17–18 Cape of Good Hope, 69, 76, 83 Cape Verde, 37, 56, 330 Carby, Hazel, 4, 10, 14, 32, 217, 317–18 Caribbean, 44, 105, 185, 220, 327 Carlingford, Lord, 208, 213 Carmel, Calif., 190–91 Carnegie Museum (Pittsburgh), 119

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Index carnival, 167–68 Carpenter, Edward, 212 Catlett, Elizabeth, 196 Cavanagh, Denis, Dr., 282 Chauncey, George, 217 Chernin, Kim, 242–45 Chicago, 239, 293 Chicago, Judy, 27–30, 129, 147; The Dinner Party, 27–28, 28 fig. 9, 35 childbirth, 30, 52–53, 56, 206, 266 Chinese, 74, 114 Christian, Barbara, 241 Christianity, 52, 105, 211, 329–30 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 255 Cincinnati, 160, 168 Civil Rights Movement, 133 Civil War, 279 Clark, Kenneth, 101, 143 Clarke, Cheryl, 311, 315 Cohen, Ed, 254 Collège de France, 70 Collins, Jane, 187 Collins, Janet, 196 Collins, Lisa Gail, 3, 6, 99, 196 Collins, Patricia Hill, 241, 311 colonialism, 16, 78, 88 Colorado, 289 Colored American Magazine, 205, 209 Columbus (sailor), 40–41, 278 Commission of Science and the Arts, 72 Coney Island, 78 Conger, Amy, 190 Congo-Angola, 116, 120 contraceptives, 285, 293. See also Depo-Provera; LoEstrin; Norplant Cook, James W., 157 Cooper, Anna J., 27 Corea, Gena, 249 corporeal: existence, 5; reality, 5–6 Covarrubias, Miguel, 191, 199 Cox, Renée, 196, 329–30; Yo Mama’s Last Supper, 329 “crack babies,” 242, 248, 254 Craft, Ellen, 204 Craft, William, Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom, 204

Crawford, Joe, 192 crazure, 220–21 Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 308, 309 Crossing Delancey, 247 “culture of dissemblance,” 17, 112 Cuvier, Georges Leopold, 18, 20, 66–67, 69–76, 79–95, 225, 274 daguerreotypes, 185, 198 Dahomey, 54–55 Dandridge, Dorothy, 326 Darwin, Charles, 185, 249 Davidson, Bruce, East 100th Street, 183, 197 Davis, Angela, 241, 254–56 Davis, Bridgett, 8, 323 Dearborn, Mary, 204 de Blainville, Henri, 70, 75, 79–82, 90 de Botton, Jean Isy, Portrait of Josephine Baker, 111–12, 111 fig. 23 de Bry, Theodor, 45, 46 fig. 10, 47, 47–49 figs. 11–13, 53–55 figs. 14–16, 57, 61, 68 de Calize, Capt. Pedro, 43 DeCarava, Roy, 192, 199; The Sweet Flypaper of Life, 183 Deep South, 32 dehumanization, 18 de Lauretis, Teresa, 272, 302, 303–5, 312–13 Delilah, 247, 257 de Marees, Pieter, 51–52, 63 DeMille, Agnes, 189 Denver (character), 7, 153, 154, 167–69, 171–72 Depo-Provera, 291 deviance, 3, 7, 24, 40 de Wailley, Leon, 19 fig. 4 Dexatrim, 243 discrazure, 220–21 dissection, 72 Doane, Mary Ann, 270 domesticity, 23, 28 Donaldson, Jeff, 137; Aunt Jemima (and the Pillsbury Dough Boy) ’64, 133, 134 fig. 30

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Index Dorcas (character), 176 Douglass, Frederick, 27 duCille, Ann, 1–2, 310 Dumont, John, 27 Duncan, Carol, 143 Dunham, Katherine, 195 Dutch, 51, 66–67, 69, 76, 79, 91 Ebony, 4, 258 Eden, Richard, 40, 47 Egypt, 72, 74, 76, 88, 285, 290 eighteenth century, 53, 63, 70, 81, 307 Eliza (character), 204 Ellis, Havelock, 212 Elphick, Richard, 68–69 Emancipation Proclamation, 108 England, 37–38, 45, 52, 56, 58, 76–77, 79, 185, 206, 208 Erickson, Peter, 37, 58 Eskimos, 77, 91 Esquire, 194 Essence, 245 Ethiopia, 40 ethno-romantic fixations, 193 Euro-American, 77, 88, 187, 191, 235; cultural readings, 69; imagination, 13, 16; representations of Black female sexuality, 14; photographers, 183; thinking, 26 Europe, 42, 66, 279, 327, 330; Western, 100 European, 68, 74, 78, 85, 90, 103, 109, 140, 147, 148, 184–85, 193, 248, 256, 307; art, 14; art history, 100; artists, 103; civility, 45; conquerors, 13; domination, 74; expansionism, 38, 42; femininity, 43; identity, 42, 56; national identities, 39; national rivalries, 42; nations, 44; norms, 42; obsession, 19; social order, 39; women, 21, 69, 86, 279; writers, 58 Europeans, 17, 21, 41 Faculté des Sciences, 70 Farrington, Lisa E., 7, 128 Fausto-Sterling, Anne, 2, 6

female: body, 14, 258, 280, 293, 301; “castration,” 292; disorders, 278 feminism, 1, 242, 244 feminist(s), 250; Art Movement, 128; Black (see Black feminists); historian of science, 16; theory, 6, 14; white, 26, 242, 302, 306, 311 Ferrell, Carolyn, 245, 257 “fetal alcohol syndrome,” 242, 248 fetish, 193 Filipino, 189 fistula. See vesico-vaginal fistula Fitzgerald, William C., 158 Florida, 289; plantation of, 202; Timucuas of, 45 Flourens, P., 70, 73 Foucault, Michel, 207, 243 Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth, 266 Fraiman, Susan, 255 France, 185, 279 Free-Soil Movement, 206 French, 67, 72, 79, 103, 104, 105, 111, 112, 147, 193, 225, 242 French Museum of Natural History, 66, 70 French Revolution, 70–71, 91 Freud, Sigmund, 270, 313–14 Fusco, Coco, 196 Gage, Frances D., 28, 34 Gambia, 57, 77 Gambia River, 49 Gambrell, Alice, 255 Gauguin, Paul, 19, 22 fig. 8 gender, 5, 60, 63, 67, 73, 77, 89, 132, 162, 203–4, 211, 213, 219, 242, 302 General Motors Corporation, 249–50 genitalia, 18, 67, 78, 82–84, 91, 148, 185, 225, 274, 297, 299 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne, 72, 74–75, 76, 80, 87 Ghana, 54 Gibbes, Robert W., 185–86 Gibbons, Cedric, 191 Giddings, Paula, 317 Gilman, Sander, 21, 31–33, 78–79, 85, 148, 225, 273, 296–97

343

Index Ginotti, Giacomo, Abolition of Slavery, 105–6, 106 fig. 20, 108 Giovanni, Nikki, 4 Giuliani, Rudolph, 329–30 Goldstein, Laurence, 2–3, 10 Gomez, Jewelle, 311 Gone with the Wind, 324 Goude, Jean-Paul, Jungle Fever, 183, 193–94 Great Chain of Being, 73 Greece, 100 Greenblatt, Stephen, 41, 43, 60 Gregory, Dick, 251, 253 Gregory, Joy, 196 Grenada, 228 Grier, Pam, 326 Grimké, Angelina Weld, 124, 303; “Grass Fingers,” 117–18 Guiana, Empire of, 44 Guinea, 47, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 62–63 Guitar (character), 174 Guy-Sheftall, Beverly, 6, 13, 31 gynecology, 8, 24, 263, 264, 270, 275, 277, 280–82, 294 Hagemeyer, Johann, 189, 191 Haig, David, 249 Hakluyt, Richard, Principall Navigations, 45, 47–48, 50, 57, 62 Hall, Stuart, 43, 302 Halttunen, Karen, 177 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 31 Hammond, Karla, 218 Hammonds, Evelynn, 8, 14, 16, 31, 32, 301 Haraway, Donna, 69, 316 Hariot, Thomas, 46 fig. 10, 55 fig. 16 Harlem, 129, 143, 176, 183, 192, 227 Harlem Renaissance, 133, 303 Harper, Phillip Brian, 302 Harris, Michael D., 125 Harris, Nell, 162 Harris, Seale, M.D., 265, 273, 276–78, 297–98 Hart, Scott, 157, 159 Harvard University, 185, 249 Henderson, Mae, 2, 313 Hester, Lawrence L., 282

Heth, Joice, 160, 265, 274 Higginbotham, Evelyn, 302, 306–7, 317 Higgins, Chester, 183, 192–93 Hine, Darlene Clark, 2, 109–10, 297, 308, 317 Hispaniola, 41 Historia Naturalis, 39 Holder, Maryse, 144 Holiday, Billie, 112–13 homocentric, 73, 88 homophobia, 305–6, 312 homosexuality, 207, 209, 210, 304, 311, 313, 316 Honour, Hugh, 15, 32–33, 101, 105, 111 hooks, bell, 1–2, 5, 10, 132, 241, 245, 310, 316 Hopkins, Pauline E., 7, 201, 205–14, 217; Winona, 7, 205–9, 212–14, 216 Horton, Lester, 189 Hottentots, 17–18, 66–69, 74, 76, 78, 79, 274 Hottentot Venus, 18–21, 19–21 figs. 3–7, 66, 79, 112, 225, 247, 274. See also Baartman, Saartjie Howells, William Dean, An Imperative Duty, 26 Hughes, Langston, 183 Hull, Gloria T., 9, 303, 305 hymenotomy, 280 hypersexuality, 15, 23 iconography, 1, 40, 222, 240 identity construction, 219 Igorots, 155 Indonesia, 290 Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 145 Ireland, 76 ischial symphysis, 86 Italian Renaissance, 100 Jackson, Bill, 161 Jacobs, Harriet, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, 31, 204–5, 235 JanMohamed, 306, 309 Jardin du Roi, 18, 76, 79–80, 84

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Index Jewell, K. Sue, 241, 256 Jezebel, 3, 23, 105, 133, 140, 194, 222 Jim (character), 222 Jobson, Richard, 48–50, 57, 62 Johns, Tracy Camilla, 329 Johnson, Charles, 3–4, 10 Johnson, Virginia E., 83 Johnson, William Henry, 77, 265 Jones, Kellie, 196 Jordan, June, 10, 244 Jordan, Winthrop, 17, 21–22, 33, 63 Kaffirs (or Kafirs), 17, 83, 187 Kaiser, Irwin H., M.D., 281 Kamoinge Workshop, 192 Kandinsky, Wassily, 147 Kansas, 205–6 Kapsalis, Terri, 8, 263 keloids, 293 Kempadoo, Roshini, 196 Keyston Electronics, 230 Khoikhoi, 17, 69 King James, 50 Kirby, Percival, 78 Koreck, Maria Teresa, 303 Kozloff, Joyce, 129 Kristeva, Julia, 254, 255–56 Lanker, Brian, 183, 195, 199 Larsen, Nella, Passing, 209, 215, 256, 303, 317 Las Casas, Bartholomew de, 44 Latin America, 285, 302 Latinos, 302 Latour, Bruno, 70, 71 Laveau, Marie, 119 Leach, Gerald, 249 lecherousness, 17 Lecons d’anatomie comparée, 73 le Jeune, Nicolas Huet, 19 fig. 3 Leopard Child, 265 Lerner, Gerda, 222 lesbian(s), 7, 218, 221, 254, 301–6, 311–15 The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (Abelove, Barale, and Halperin), 302 Leuenberger, Hans, Eve Noire, 183

Lew, Herman, 328 Lewin, Roger, 69 Lewis, Mary Edmonia, 108; Forever Free, 108–9, 108 fig. 22 The Life and Times of Sara Baartman: The Hottentot Venus (Masek), 9 Ligon, Richard, 37–39, 43, 56–59, 62, 65 Lindfors, Bernth, 66, 78–79 Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 73 The Littlest Rebel, 201 Living Skeleton, 77 Livingston, Jennie, 201 LoEstrin, 287 fig. 44 Lok, John, 46–48, 62 London, 18, 37, 76, 78–79, 225 Long, Edward, 39, 56, 64 Lopez, Yolanda, 137 Lorde, Audre, 4, 8, 144, 218–36, 255, 303, 305, 311–12; A Burst of Light: Living with Cancer, 218, 232–33; The Cancer Journals, 218–20, 224–27, 230–32, 235–36; Sister Outsider, 144, 218, 305; Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, 218–24, 226–31, 233, 235–36, 317 Lott, Eric, 161, 255 Louvre (Paris), 16 Lyon, Janet, 255 Lutz, Catherine, 187 Mabry, Marcus, 255 Malcolm X, 226 mammy, figure of, 3, 105, 133–34, 136, 145, 194, 222, 244, 246, 324 Mandeville, Sir John, Travels, 40, 59 Manet, Édouard, Olympia, 14, 15 fig. 1, 104 Manhattan, 176 Martin, Emily, 30 Martyr, Peter, 47, 62 Masters, William, and Virginia Johnson, Human Sexual Response, 83 matriarchy, 133, 182, 248 Maudingo people, 49–50 Maxwell, Warren, 207–14 McDaniel, Hattie, 247, 258, 324 McDougall, Harold, 192–93

345

Index McDowell, Deborah, 2, 209, 241, 255, 303, 305 McPherson, James Alan, “The Story of a Scar,” 233 medical, 271, 282, 294; attitudes, 263; discipline, 264; establishment, 266, 280; history, 281; innovation, 264, 281, 290; institutions, 291; precedent, 264; stories, 270; students, 266 Medical University of South Carolina, 251 Mexico, 231 Middle Passage, 24, 116, 221, 226, 236 Middleton, George, 161 Milan, 332 Millais, John Everett, 145 minkisi, 119–20 misogyny, 210, 282 Mississippi, University of, 25 Missouri, 205 Modleski, Tania, 247, 255, Modotti, Tina, 190 Mohammedanism, 211 Moir, Chassar J., M.D., 263, 294–95 Mongolians, 74, 87 Morgan, Jennifer L., 6, 37 morphology, 70 Morrison, Toni, 307; Beloved, 7, 153–54, 156, 158, 160, 163, 166–77, 180; The Bluest Eye, 169, 180, 243; Jazz, 175–76, 180; Paradise, 169; Playing in the Dark, 89–90; Rac(e)- ing Justice, En-gendering Power, 9; Song of Solomon, 153, 170, 174, 180; Sula, 169 Morton, Patricia, 133 motherhood, 3, 23, 63, 141, 147, 170, 248, 253 Moynihan, Daniel, 244, 251, 258 Muhammad, Elijah, How to Eat to Live, 251–52 mummy or mummies, 72, 88, 114 Münster, Sebastian, A Treatyse of the Newe India, 40–41, 59 Museé de l’Homme (Paris), 67

Museé d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 19, 70 Muslim, 290 Naked Acts, 323–24, 326, 330–31, 333 National Black Women’s Health Project, 289 National Geographic Society, 185, 187, 188, 198 Nation of Islam, 251 Native American(s), 45, 68, 108, 290–91, 302 Native American Women’s Health Education Resource Center, 290, 299 Naylor, Gloria, 245, 257 Nealy, John, 27 “Negro beast,” 3 Negroes, 50, 57, 66, 72–74, 81–82, 86–87, 92, 160, 167, 204, 206, 210, 275, 279 Negrophobia, 26 Nelson, Jill, 317 New Jersey, 161 New Orleans, 265 New World, 23, 38, 46, 68, 116, 140 New York, 27–28, 107, 128, 158, 229, 265–66, 278–79, 292, 294, 329–30; Kingston, 28 Niger, 120 nineteenth century, 13–14, 68, 69, 77–78, 83, 85, 88–89, 92, 100, 103, 105, 108–9, 119, 162, 203, 209, 222, 254, 268–70, 273–75, 278, 282, 296–97, 307; biologists of, 67; Black women, 30; during the, 15; early years of, 17; racist science, 89; scientist/explorer, 69; studies, 6, 66 nkisi nkondi, 119–20 Norplant, 282–94, 283–84 figs. 41–42, 286 fig. 43, 298–300 North Carolina, 289 nudity, 2, 100–101, 107, 112, 130, 143–45, 186–87, 198, 325–26, 329 Oceano, 190 O’Grady, Lorraine, 14, 31–33, 301, 306, 323

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Index Ohio, 175, 289; Akron, 29 Ojanuga, Durrenda, 277 Ommer, Uwe, Black Ladies, 183 Omolade, Barbara, 10, 13–14, 31 Omosupe, Ekua, 305 Orbach, Susie, 245, 247 “otherness,” 15, 310 Outram, Dorinda, 88 ovariotomy, 279, 282 Overstreet, Joe, The New Jemima, 133–35, 135 fig. 31, 137

Primus, Pearl, 189 promiscuity, 24, 26 Prud’hon, Pierre-Paul, 145 Purchas, Samuel, 50, 63 Purvis, A., 292 pygmies, 155

Pacteau, Francette, 193–94 paleontology, 70 Paris, 18–20, 76, 80, 110, 225, 279 Paris Is Burning (Livingston), 201 Patton, Phil, 255 Paul D. (character), 7, 153, 154–56, 161, 163–65, 168, 170–71, 175–76 Peace, Sula (character), 169 pelvis, 263, 265–66, 269, 275, 280 Penn, Irving, Worlds in a Small Room, 183 Penthouse Magazine, 326 perspectives: early European, 6; theoretical, on art, 6 Philadelphia, 325 Philippines, 155 photography, 182–86, 189–94, 196 photojournalist, 195 phrenology, 82, 92, 185 physiognomy, 39, 41, 46, 82, 185, 273 Pieterse, Jan Nederveen, 33 Pilate (character), 170 Pindell, Howardena, 235–36 Pinks, Allen (character), 207–8, 211–14 plantations, 23–25, 56–57 “playing the lady,” 268 Pollitt, Katha, 249 polygamy, 54 polygeny, 75 Poovey, Mary, 250, 254–55 Portuguese, 44 Posey, Willi, 143 post-Reconstruction period, 145 Powers, Retha, 245

Quaker Oats Company, 239–40, 255–56 Queen Anne, 37 Queen Latifah, 247 queer theory, 8, 254, 301–2, 304–5, 311, 315–18 race, 5, 72–73, 75 racial, 182, 205, 209; bigotry, 163; boundaries, 162; characteristics, 273; difference, 14; divisions, 175; hierarchies, 203; identity, 83; ideology, 37; inferiority, 185; mythologizing, 21 racism, 263, 264, 273, 282, 302, 305, 310; converged, 3; direct, 229; gendering of, 58; legacy of, 176; liberation from, 32; rabid, 21 Radiah, 194 Ralegh, Sir Walter, 39, 44, 61 Raloff, Janet, 254 Ralph, Sheryl Lee, 324 Reagan, Ronald, 255 Relf case, 292 Renoir, Jean, 147 reproduction, 276, 282–85, 287–90, 292–93, 298, 300; capacity, 268; duties of, 267; freedom of, 250; labor, 46, 268; organs of, 81, 252, 268, 271, 277; technologies of, 8, 264 Rich, Adrienne, 229, 305 Rijksmuseum, 128 Ringgold, Faith, 7–8, 128–32, 137–51; Fight: To Save Your Life, 141 fig. 34; The Flag Is Bleeding, 128–29, 129 fig. 28; Slave Rape series, 7, 128, 130–31, 131 fig. 29, 137, 138 fig. 33, 139–42, 146 fig. 35, 147 Rivera, Diego, Dancer in Repose, 189

347

Index Roanoke, 154 Roberts, Dorothy, 251, 253 Rodman, Dennis, 201 Rogers, David L., Dr., 265 Rose, Tricia, 247 Roth, Moira, 137, 139 Rouse, Terrie, 235–36 Roxy (character), 204–5 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 185 Royal Society of Medicine of London, 85 Rushdy, Ashraf H. A., 177 Russian, 147 Saar, Alison, 6, 114–20, 122; Crossroads, 116–17, 117 fig. 26; Se j’etais blanc (If I Were White), 114–15, 115 fig. 25 Saar, Betye, 114, 129, 134, 136–37; The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, 134, 136 fig. 32 Sable Venus, 191 Salt ’N’ Pepa, 247 San Francisco, 190 San people, 17 Sapphire (character), 3 Saunders, Gill, 101, 143, 148 “savage grace,” 112 savagery, 17, 42, 44, 45, 51–53, 56, 58, 163–64, 175 savages, 17, 66, 68–70, 72, 78, 82–84, 90, 155, 157, 165 Saxon, A. H., 295 Schapiro, Miriam, 129, 147, 149 Schoolteacher (character), 163–65, 174 Scurlock, Addison, 183 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 166 Seneca Indians, 205–7 Sethe (character), 7, 153, 154, 163–67, 169–75 seventeenth century, 32, 46, 52, 58, 60, 63, 101 sexism, 32 sexual: abuse, 76, 140, 246, 327–28, 332; aggression, 90, 107; anatomy, 75; appetite, 81, 324; behavior, 24,

40; desire, 51; discourse, 79; domination, 144; duties, 267; exploitation, 24; identity, 232, 323, 325; innuendo, 79; liaisons, 56; modest, 90; orientation, 212; power, 326; promiscuity, 140; spectacle, 143; terror, 214; violence, 7, 102 sexuality, 7, 58, 67, 77–79, 100, 103, 113, 207, 209, 214, 222–23, 225, 235, 247, 249, 275, 290, 302–20, 323, 325; African female, 13; Black female, 8, 51; Black women’s, 17, 110, 235; feminist scholarship on, 8, 101; women’s, 101 sexualized, 170, 224, 324 She’s Gotta Have It (Lee), 329 Sierra Leone, 51 silence, 306–10, 315–16; full of, 8; politics of, 17, 308, 316 Simpson, Lorna, 196 Sims, James Marion, 8, 24, 263–73, 275–84, 288–89, 293, 296, 299 Siskind, Aaron, 183 sixteenth century, 42, 45–46, 68, 86, 144 skeleton, 66, 72, 86–88 skull, 72–74, 86 slave(s), 43, 50, 76, 103, 155, 160, 162, 166, 167, 186, 206, 210, 240, 253, 263–64, 267–69, 273, 275–78, 281–84, 288–89, 294; catcher(s), 143, 145, 172; ex-, 160, 166–68; renegade, 222; ships, 24; trade, 6, 39, 53–56; women, 8, 24, 30, 274 slavery, 7, 14, 23, 27, 57, 102, 107–8, 140, 157, 165, 173, 182 Sligh, Clarissa, 196 Slim-Fast, 243 Smith, Barbara, 2, 9, 302, 311 Smith, Beuford, 192 Smith, Toukie, 194 Smith, Valerie, 313 Snelgrave, William, New Account of Some Parts of Guinea and the Slavetrade, 54 Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 185 Société Philomatique de Paris, 80–81

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Index sodomy, 79, 207, 210, 216 Sollors, Werner, 203 Somerville, Siobhan, 201 South Africa. See under Africa South America, 185, 327 South Carolina, 159, 185, 289 Southern African Film Festival, 331 Spaniards, 43 Spanish, 86; atrocity, 44; colonial expansion, 43; depravity, 44; generosity, 41; immorality, 42 Spectrum Gallery, 128 speculum, 264, 269–71, 270 fig. 40, 275, 278, 293–94 Spelman College, 9, 330–31 Spillers, Hortense, 13–14, 31, 39, 103, 241, 253, 307, 309, 311, 313 St. Louis, 110 steatopygia, 17, 78–79, 81, 83, 86, 225, 274 stereotypes, 4, 14, 16–17, 25, 130, 132, 133, 137, 140, 145, 148, 155–56, 163–64, 191–92, 196, 255–56, 273, 307, 308, 325, 329, 333 Stadholder of Holland, 71 Stahl, John, 247 Stamp Paid (character), 163–64, 174 Stepan, Nancy, 75 Sterling, Philip, 139 Stone, Sharon, 329 “story quilts,” 128, 130 Stout, Renée, 6, 114, 119–22, 125; Fetish #2, 120–21, 121 fig. 27 Stowe, Harriet Beecher: PalmettoLeaves, 202–4; Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 204 Strasser, Susan, 240 Strong, George Templeton, 158–59, 162 “strong Black woman,” image of, 4, 7 Superwoman, 133, 137 Supreme Court, 255 Swiss, 106 tablier, 17 A Tale of Negro Life in the South and Southwest, 205

Taussig, Michael, 175, 176 Tennessee, 289 Temple, Shirley, 201 terrorism, 32 Terry, Jennifer, 5 Tezcatlipoca, Lord of the Smoking Mirror, 191 Thailand, 290 thangka (or thanga) painting, 128–30 Thirteenth Amendment, 105 Thompson, Becky, 246 Thompson, Robert Farris, 114, 116, 119, 120, 128 Thompson, W. C., 157, 159 Tibet, 128 Tierra del Fuego, 45, 49 fig. 13 Titus, Frances W., 28 Topsy (character), 3 Towrson, William, 47, 48, 62 Trace, Joe (character), 176 Trumbach, Randolf, 79 Truth, Sojourner, 27–30, 28 fig. 9, 31, 35; “Ar’n’t I a Woman,” 29; Narrative, 28 Tucker, Sophie, 201 Tutu, Bishop Desmond, 331 Twain, Mark, Pudd’nhead Wilson, 204 twentieth century, 66, 69, 76–77, 83, 100, 183, 191, 211, 310 “Uncle” Remus (character), 222 Underground Railroad, 206 UNESCO, 331 United Nations, 331 United States, 13, 100, 106, 110, 182, 185–86, 213, 291–92, 307, 315, 327, 330 Updike, John, 2, 35 U.S. Camera, 190 “uterine guillotine,” 280 vagina, 30, 263, 264, 266–67, 269–76, 280, 283, 287, 288, 293–95, 299 Vance, Carol, 309 VanDerZee, James, 183–84, 197; Nude by the Fireplace, 184 fig. 36 Van Vechten, Carl, 189

349

Index Venezuela, 42 vesico-vaginal fistulas, 263–64, 266–69, 273–75, 283, 287–88, 295, 299 Vespucci, Amerigo, 40–42, 68, 80 Victorian society, 23 Vietnamese, 193 Violet (character), 176 Virginia, 163, 175; Algonkians of, 45 visual mediums, 6 Voudou, 119 Walker, Alice, 245; The Color Purple, 314; “Giving the Party,” 239; In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens, 140–42; Meridian, 257; “One Child of One’s Own,” 30, 35 Walker, Joe, 192 Walker, Maxine, 196 Wall, Cheryl, 2 Wallace, Michelle, 313–14 Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly, 1, 216 Walvin, James, 77 Washington, D.C., 106, 108, 183, 229–30, 252, 332 Washington, George, 160, 265 Washington State, 289 Watney, Simon, 315 Weem, Carrie Mae, 196 Western, 213, 290, 301; civilization, 110; culture, 184; medical, 271, 277; rationality, 175 Western Art Research Project, 100 West Indian, 104–5, 231 Weston, Edward, 189–90, 198; Maudelle on Dunes, 190 West Virginia, 106 White, Deborah Gray, 23, 241, 268, 295 White, Evelyn C., 295, 298 White Eagle (character), 205–6 white supremacy, 1, 39 Wiggins, Cynthia, 196 Wild African Savage, 154, 161, 163–64, 168–69, 174–76 “wild art,” 139

Wild Men of Borneo, 157, 158 Williams, Carla, 182 Williams, Patricia, 252, 310 Williams, Vanessa, 325–26 Williamson, Judith, 196, 255 Willis, Deborah, 196 Wilson, Charis, 190 Wilson, Judith, 100, 122 Winfrey, Oprah, 154, 240–41, 256, 326, 327 Witt, Doris, 239 womanhood: Black, 15; white, 15, 268 Woman’s Hospital (New York), 265, 278–81, 294 women: 103; African, 6, 51; Amerindian, 6, 41–42; of color, 277, 291–92; Ethiopian tribal, 39; European, 66, 86; Finnish, 292; Garamante, 47; Indian, 42, 44; Native American, 39, 44, 193, 290; Negro, 86; North American, 291, 304; Puerto Rican, 230, 291–92, 325; South African, 66; southern white, 25; strength of, 4; Ubangi, 155; white, 275, 283, 313 Women Make Movies (film festival), 332 women’s rights, 29 Women’s studies, 2 World Bank Project, 292 World War I, 101 Xhosa people, 17 X-ray crystals, 225, 230–32 X-ray machines, 230 Yoruba, 116 Zealy, Joseph T., 185–86; Delia, 186 fig. 38; Drana, 186 fig. 37 Zimbabwe, 331 “Zip the What-is-it,” 77, 91, 265 Zulu Bride and Bridegroom (National Geographic), 187, 188 fig. 39 Zulu tribe, 161, 187, 188 fig. 39

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