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WM~~ Z185454483493, R858435250840 l'IM.41001151993307 fifiK 22.63 r 49 YllK 524 (023) • • M. SETI: rrOHCK BHE3EMHO...

Author: Гиндилис Л.М.

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WM~~

Z185454483493, R858435250840

l'IM.41001151993307

fifiK 22.63 r 49 YllK 524 (023) •

•

M. SETI: rrOHCK BHE3EMHOro PA3YMA. M.: I-hu-no epH3HKo-MaTeMaTwlecKoH JIHTepa'lypbI, 2004, 648 c.ThH,lJ;HJIHC IT.

ISBN 5-94052-068-X. Hay'lHo-nonyJlJlpHoc H3JIO)KCHHC 0 1l0HCKC IlHC3CMHoro pa3yMa, PaCCKa3blBaCTOI 0 MCTI 204 2.1.4. 3BC3JlHaJI CHcrCMa - ranaKTHKa 217 2.1. 5. Jlpyl"HC l-anaKTHKH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

OrJlallJICHHC

4 2.1.6. MCTaraTIaKTHKa

238

2.2. 31l0JlIOUHJI BCCJICHHOH • . • . • . . . • • . • . . . . . . . • . . • • • • • . . • . • • • 240 2.2.1. BCCJICHHaJl paclIIHpncTcn . . . • • . . . • . . • . • . . • . • . . • . . . • • . . 241 2.2.2. [Opjl'laJl BCCJlCHHaJl . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • • . . • . • . • . • • . . . • • • 259 2.2.3. nCpIlH'IHblH HMllYJlbC . . . . • . . • . • • • • . • . . . • • . . • . . . . . . . . 270 2.2.4. 06pa30naHHc crpYK'lypbl BCCJleHHoH . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . 281 2.2.5. EYJtYll{CC BCCJlCHHOH . . • . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 2.3. ECCllPC.D.CJlbHbIH KOCMOC . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . • . • • . . . • . . ••••. 289

rJ1ABA 3. qeJIOBeK H

BCeJIeHHaJI

3.1. llIKaJla MaclUTa60n H lllKaJIa BpcMeHH . . • . • • • • • . • . . . . . • • • . • . . • 298 3.2. CHcTcMa «[Cjl» . . • • : • . • • • • • • • • • . . • • . . . . . . • . . . . • • • . . . • . . 299 3.3. BCCJlCHHaJl KaK 06HTilCMaJi CHCTCMa . . • . • • . • • . . • • . . • • • . • . • • . . 307 3.4. Kro 3a)~aCT ¢H3H'ICCKHC nocronHHI,lc? • . • . • . • . • . • • . . . • • • . . . . . 312 3.5. AlnponHhlH npHH1lHU • . • . • • • • • . . • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • . . • • . • . . • 317 3.5.1. C'raHOBJICHHC aH'lporJHoro llpHH1lHlla • . • . . • • • • • • • . • • • • • . 317 3.5.2. AHCaM6Jlb MHpon. l..ho 06MICHJICT H 'Icm HC o61,nCHjICT aH'rpollHblH lIpHHUHll . . . • • • • • . • . • • • • • • . • . • . . • . . . . . • 319 3.5.3. Hc 3aMClllaH JIH 'ICJIOBCK B npocK'l'HpOnaHHH BCCJICHHOH ... ? .. 321 3.5.4. >IBJlJICTCJJ JlH ilH'IPOllHbIH llpHHUHn ilH'lporIOl{CH'IpH'ICCKHM? .. 324

rJIABA 4. MHO)KeCTBeHHOCTL o6HTaeMLIx MHpOB 4.1. 0'1' ilHTH'IHOCTH )l,O HillllHX ).J,HCH . . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • . . . . . 330 4.2. )!(H3Hb II KOCMOCC • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • . • . • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • . . 347 4.2.1. l..ITO TaKOC )l(H3Hb? . • . • • • • • . . • . • • • . . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 347 4.2.2. 3CMHaJI )l(H3Hb . • • . • . . • • . • • • • . . • . • • • • . • . . • • . • . • • • • . 351 4.2.3. npOHCXO)J()~CHHC )l(H3HH Ha 3CMJIC • . • . • • . . • • • • • . . • • • • • . 364 4.2.4. XHMHJI H ¢H3HKa '1y)I(OH )l(H3HH • • . • • • • • • • . • . . . . . • . • . . . 377 4.2.5. )!(H3Hb Ha IUlaHCTax H B MC)I(3BC3){HOH CpC.D.C • . • • . • • • . . • • • • 387 4.3. CKOJll.KO IlHIlHJlH3aUHH 110 BCCJICHHOH? . • . • • . • • . • • . ••••••••• .402 4.3.1. OPMYJJa llpcHKa . • • • . • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • . . • • . • • • . . . . • .405 4.3.2. OllcHKa ¢aKTOpoB, BXOJVJll{HX B ¢OPMYJlY llpcHKa . • • . . . . • .409 4.3.3. BpCWI )l(H3HH KOMMYHHKaTHBHblX UHIlHJIH3aUHH (JVIHTCJlbHOCTb KOMMYHHKaTHIlHOH ¢a3bl) • • • • • • • . • • . • • • . 430 4.3.4. 060611{CHHC ¢OPMYJlbl llpcHKa. CraTHCTH'ICCKHH 1I0JlXon .•• .435 4.4. YHHKaJlbHa JIH Hallla IlHBHJlH3allHn? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • • . • • • • .442 4.5. AH'rpOrIHblH I1pHH1Um H MHO)l(CCTBCHHOCTb 06HTilCMblX MHpOIl ••• .451

rJIABA 5.

3Bomon:HJI KOCMH'IeCKHX n:HBHJIH3an:HH

5.1. l..ho TaKOC KOCMH'ICCKaJI 1{HIIHJlH3aHHjJ . • • • . • • . • • • . . • • • • . . • • • .455 5.2. «llCHb C'JpaUlHoro cyna» HJIH 'ICMY Y'IHT 3CMHOH OnblT • • • • • • . . . . .464 5.2.1. 3KClloHcHTa H cc clloilcrBil • • . • • . • . • • . . . . • • • • • • . . • . . . . 465 5.2.2. Pa311HTHc 3HcprcTHKH Ha 3CMJIC • . • . • • • . • . • • • • • • . • . • . . . 468

I

OmaBJICHHC

5

5.2.3. POCT HapOJ~OHaCCJICHHJl . • • . • . . • . . • . . • . . . . • . • • • . . • • • . . 469 5.2.4. K'ICMy UpHBO)l)IT MaTCMaTH'ICCKHC MOHCJIH . . . . . . . • . . . • • . .480 5.3. 3KCUaHCHJl B KOCMOC? . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . • . . • . . . • • . . .483 5.3.1. TCXHH'ICCK,UI 3KCI1aHCHJI • . • . . • . . • . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . .483 5.3.2. YlH¢opMaUHoHHaJl 3KcnaHCHJl B J~PYrHC MaKpoMHpJ,J . . • . . . .493 5.4. AJII,rCpHaTHBHl>lH nyn . • • . • • . • . • • • • • . • • . • • . . • . • • • . • . . • • • .497 5.4.1. MOACJIH 3BOJllOl~HH KU .498 5.4.2. KOcMoKpcaTHKa H aBT03BOJlIOUHJI . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • • . . 505 5.4.3. fCTcpoHoMHaJl 3BOJlIOI~HJI: llYn. K MCTaUHllHJIH3aUHH . . . . . • . 517 5.5. KOCMH'ICCKHH Cy61,CKT JIc¢cBpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . • • . . 520 5.5.1. MaTCMaTH'ICCKaJl MOJ~CJII> JIc¢cllpa . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . • . . 521 5.5.2. 30JIOTOC OTHOlllCHHC • . . . . • . . . . . . • • . . . . . • . • • • • • . . . . . 524 5.5.3. CaMopc¢JIt:KCHPYIOII~HH Cy61,cKT • • • . • . . . • • • • . . . • . • • . . . 525 5.5.4. TCpMOl(HHaMH'lccKaJl MOj(CJII> cy61,cKTa . • . . . . • . • • • • • . . • • . 527 5.5.5. MOJlCJl1> MY3J,JKaHTa • . . . • . . • . . . . • • . . . . . . • • • ; • . . • . • . . . 531 5.5.6. KOCMH'ICCKHH Cy6i>CKT • . • • . . . . . . . • . . • • . . . . • . . • • • . . . . 532

rnABA 6. MOrrqaHHe BCeJIeHHOH 6.1. 6.2.

AcrpOCOl~HOJIOrH'lccKHH uapaJ~OKC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . . . 536 DO'ICMy MJ,J HC Ha6moJlaCM CHrHaJlOB Bll? CJm6aJi ¢opMa AC-l1apaJlOKCa . . . . . . . • • . • • • • . . . . . • • • • • • • • • . 539

6.3. 6.4. 6.5.

KOCMH'ICCKOC 'IY)~O

. . . . . . . • . . • . . • . • • • . • . . . • . . • . . . . . • . . . . 548

filC OHH? DapaJ~OKC CpMH

• . . • . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . • • . 557

DapaJloKc HIIH I1p06JICMa? JIom1BH(,JX C HCHal1paBJICHHi>IMH ilHTCHHaMH 573 7.2.2. YlcCJICJloBaHHc craTHCTH'ICCKOH crpyKlypi>1 H3JlY'ICHHJI Ma:lcpHi>IX HCTO'IHHKOB OH . . . . . . • . . . . . • . • • • . • . • . • • • . 575 7.2.3. OIlTHMaJli>H(,JH HHana30H JlJUI MCAKC caMbIMH BonpocaMH, KOTOpbIC BOnHOBaJIH H nHOHcpOB

SETI MHoro ncr Ha3a,n, H nbITaIOTC.lI 3aHOBO

" HaHTH Ha HHX OTBCTbI, HC npHHHMaJI BO BHHMaHHC onbIT H pC3ynbTaTbi npc-

:>KHHX 06Cy:>K,II;CHHH, B KOTOpbIX npHHHMaJIH Y'IaCTHC BbI,n:aIOW;HCC.lI Y'ICHbiC. ,nyMaIo, Ha,n:o ,n06HTbCR Toro, 'rro6bI He 6bIna yTpa'-leHa CB.lI3b BpeMCH.

H

51

31'0

OJ~Ha H3 3a,n:a'-l, KOTOpbIC JI CTaBHn ncpe,n: C060H. HccKonbKo cnOB a xapaKTcpe KHHrH. aHa HJnHCaHa B :>KaHpe Hay'IHononyAApHoH nHTcparypbI. KliHra ,n:OCTynHa '-IHTaTenIO co CpC,n:HHM 06pa30BaHHCM. aHa HC Tpc6YCT HHKaKHX CnCUHaJIbHbIX 3HaHHH.

B TCX CJ!Y'IaJIX, Kor,na

MHC npHxo,n:HJIOCb BBO,n:HTh CnCUHaJIbHbIC TCpMHHbI H nOHJITH.lI,.lI Bccr,n:a CTpCMHnCR ,n:JTh HM no,n:p06Hoe 06MCHCHHe. KOHC'-IHO, MHC XOTeJIOCb, '-IT06bI KHHra 'IHTaJIaCb C HHTepeCOM. Ho 31'0 He 3Ha'IHT, '-ITO OHa npc,nCTaBn.lICT C060H ncnK,II;HCUHnJIHHapHM, HeKO-

B. JI! DOJIY'ICHO C006LL~CHHC H3 JIpyroro MHpa, JIancKoro H HCH3BecTHoro! HHKOJla TecJIa,

1.1.

Pa,n;HOCIUI3L Ha BOJIHe

21

1900 I'.

CM

Kor.u.a 6hillH OTKphlThI pa.u.HOBOJIHhI H pa.u.HOCBJI3h CTaJIa .u.OCTo.HHHeM qenOBeqeCKOH IJ:iIBHJIH3aIJ:HH, ecreCTBeHHO, IlOJIBHJIaCh MhICJ1h 06 HCnOJIh30BaHHH pa.u.HOBOJIH )J)lJl CBJI3H C 06HTan:mIMH .u.pyrHx nnaHeT. B

r. MapKoHH C006IUHJI 0

1920 r.

npHeMe CHrHaJIOB HeH3BeCTHoro npOHCXO)K-

.u.eHHJl, OH He HCKJIIOqaJI, qTO HeKOTophIe H3 HHX MOrJIH 6hITh nOCJ1aHhI C Mapca. ITpH6JIH)KaJIOCh BeJIHKOe npOTHBOCTOJIHHe Mapca

1924 r.

AMepHKaHcKHH aCTpoHoM 113BH.u. TOM npe)J.JlO)KHJI, qT06hI BO BpeMJI npoTHBOCTOJIHHR Bce pa.u.HocTaHIJ:HH 3CMHoro IIlapa npepBaJIH CBOH nepe.u.aqH, .u.a6hI He MeIIlaTh npHeMy MapCHaHCKHX CHrHaJIOB (npe)J.JlaraJIOCh OTKJIIOqaTh nepe.u.aTqHKH Ha

5 MHHyT B TeqeHHe Ka)K)J.OrO qaca).

DOJIhIIlHHCTBO yqeHhIx H BJla.u.eJIhIJ:eB pa.u.HocTaHIJ:HH OTHeCJIHCh K 3TOMy npe.u.JIO)KeHHIO CKenTHqeCKH. O.u.HaKo HeO)KH.u.aHHO OHO nOJIyqHJIO nOMep)KKy co CTOpOHhI BoopY)KeHHhIX CHJI ClllA.

24 aBrycra 1924 r.

Km.~aH.u.YIoIUHH epJIOTOM BMC ClllA OlJi,aJI npHKa3 BceM pa.u.HOCTaHIJ:HJIM, HaXOWIIUHMCJI B ero no.u.'IHHeHHH, H36eraTh BeCTH nepe.u.aqH (3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM caMhIX He06xo.u.HMhIX CJlY'laeB) H 06paTHTh BHHMaHHe Ha B03MO)KHOCTh nOJIBJIeHIDI He06hI'IHhIX CHrHaJIOB. AHaJIOrHqHOe pacnopJI)KeHHe 6hillO nOCJ1aHO apMeHCKHM CTaHIJ:IDIM,

" a HaqaJlhHHKY IIlHeppO-

BaJIhHOro OlJi,eJIa BOHCK CBJI3H 6hIJIO nopyqeHO npOBeCTH paClllHeppOBKy B03MO)KHhIX CHtHaJIOB. K 3THM MeponpIDITIDIM npHcoe.u.HHHJIOCh He6 OllHa H3 KHHr «)KJo\BOH 3THKH».

rJIABA 1.

18

DOHeKH nHC3CMHbiX LJ.HnHJIH3aIlHH

======

CKonbKO qaCTHbIX pa.u.HOCTaHI~H11. BCKOpC

6b1no

1I0nyqCHO C006~CHHC

o TOM, 'ITO qYBCTBHTcnbHblC IIpHCMHHKH B f. BaHKyBcpc (KaHa.u.a) 3apcfHCTpHpOBaJlH MO~HbIC CHfHanb!. O.u.HaKO, KaK BbUICHHnOCb 1I03.u.HCC, HX HCTOqHHKOM OKa3anCR HOBblH aMcpHKaHCKHH pa.u.HOManK. IlocKonbKy HHKaKHX HC06b1'lHbIX CHfHanOB HC 6blJI0 06Hapy)l(CHO, HHTCpCC K ::nOH IIp06nCMC 6b1CTPO HCCRK. Ilpollino qCTBCPTb BCKa, "PC)IKCHCp Kapn JIHcKHH, HCCJIC.u.yR BbICO-

KO'iaCTOTHblC nOMCXH Ha TpaHCaTJIaHTHqCCKOH nHHHH CBR3H, 06Hapy>KHn KOCMH'ICCKOC pa.u.HoH3ny'IcHHc Ha BonHe

14,6 M,

H.u.y~ce H3 ueHT-

pa HarneH raJlaKTHKH. ACTPOHOMbI 6blJlH, nO-BH.u.HMoMy, coneprncHHo HC rOTonbi K 3TOMy oTKpbrrHIo; OHH npocl'O HC 06paTHnH Ha Hcro nHHMaHHe, H HOBbIH MCTO.u. Hccnc.u.OBaHHJI BCCJICHHOH nOHaqany HC nony'IHn .u.omKHoro pa3BHTHJ!. 3TO TCM 60nce y.u.HBHTenbHo, 'ITO eme B KOHue XIX BCKa 3.u.HCOH B CiliA H JIO.u.)K n AHrJIHH YKa3bIBaJIH Ha B03MO>KHocn H3nyqeHHJI pa.u.HoBOJIH OT Hc6cCHblX 061>eKToB. E.u.HHcTBeHHbIM qCnOBeKOM BO nCCM MHpe, KTO cepbC3HO OTHCCCJI K OTKpblTHIO 5IHcKoro, 6bIJI rpOT Pe6cp, aMepHKaHcKHH acrpOHOM-JlI06HTCJIl" pa.u.HoHH)l(eHep IIO npo¢eccHH. OH nOCTpoHn Ha CBOH cpe.u.cTBa nepBl>Ii'I lIapa60nH'IecKHH pa.u.HoTCJICCKOn .u.HaMeTpOM

9,5

M H, Ha'lHHaJI C

1940 r.,

IIpHCry-

IIHn K cHcTeMaTH'IecKoMy Hccnc.u.OBaHHIO KOCMH'IeCKOI'O pa.u.HoH3ny'IeHHR. B

1944 f'.

Pc6cp COCTaBHn ncpBylo pa.u.HoKapry Hc6a n 06nacTH

MnC'II-loro Ilym Ha BOJmC nyqeHHe ConHua I-la BonHC

187 CM, a 62,5 CM.

B

1945

r. OH Ha6JIlo.u.an pa.u.HoH3-

Pa3BHTHe pa.u.HOaC'IpOHOMHH C.u.ep>KHBanOCb OTCYTCTBHeM COOTBeTCTByIO~HX

TeXHH'IeCKHX Cpe.u.CTB

KpynHbix pa.u.HOTenCCKonOB, KOTopbIe

MO>KHO 6bUIO 6bl HaBo.u.HTb B JIIo6YIO TO'iKy He6a H C HX 1I0MO~blO epOKyCHpOBaTb cna60c KOCMH'IeCKOC pa.u.HOH3nyqelme, a TaK>Ke OTCYI'CTBHeM BbiCOKO'!YBCTBHTeJIbHOH IIpHCMHOH annaparypb!. MOIUHbIH CTHMyJI K pa3BHTHIO 3TOH TeXHHKH .u.ana pa.u.HonOKaUH.H. IlocKonbKy pa.u.HonOKaUHR 6blna CBJI3aHa C "y)K)].aMH 060pOHbI, cc TCXHHKa 6blcrpo pa3BHBaJlaCb. IloRBHnHcb KpynHbIc nOJIHOnOBOpOTHbIe aHTeHHbI, IIOCTORHHO conepIIIeHCTBOBanaCb IIpHeMHaJI annaparypa.

11 TO,

H .u.pyroe MO>KHO 6blJI0 HC-

nonb30BaTb )].JlJI pa.u.HOacrpOHOMHH. Pa.u.HonOKaUHJI BHecna H Hcnocpe.u.cTBeHHbIH BKJla.u. B pa3BHTHe pa.u.HoaCTpoHoMHH: B

1942 r.

C nOMOmbIO

PaJlHOCBJI3L Ha BOJlHC

21

CM

=====

19

aHrJIHHCKHX BOCHHbIX pauapoB 6bUIO 06Hapy)l(CHO Pa,u,HOH3JIyqCHHC COJIHua. K KOHuy BOHHbI TCXHHKa paUHOJIOKaUHH pa3BHJIaCb HaCTOJlbKO, qTO y)l(C B 1946 r. 6bUIa ycnClUHO npoBcucHa pauHOJIOKaUIDI JIYHbI. ITo OKOHqaHHH BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbI Ha 6a3c pa3BHBlUCHC.H paUHOJIOKaUHOHHoH TCXHHKH eraJIa 6bICTPO pa3BHBaTbCR paUHoaCTpOHOMIDI. K KOHUy 1950-x rOUOB B HCCKOJIbKHX erpaHax 6bIJIH cOOPY)l(CHbi 60JIblUHC paUHOTCJICCKOnbI. CaMbiM KpynHblM H3 HHX B TO BpCWI 6bIJI 75-MCTpOBbIH paUHOTCJICCKOn 06ccpBaTopHH Jl)l(OUPCJIJI b3HK (BCJIHK06pHTaHIDI). B CCCP B 1956 r. BCTynHJI B CTpOH bOJIblUOH nyJIKOBCKHH paUHOTCJICCKOn (bITP), a B 1959 r.

paUHOTCJICCKOn PT-22 H-

3HqCCKOro HHcTmyra HM. IT. H. JIc6cucBa AH CCCP B6JIH3H Ccpny•

XOBa. ITo pa3McpaM (UHaMcTp 3CpKaJIa 22 M) OH 3HaqHTCJIbHO ycrynaJI mraHTcKoMy TCJICCKony Jl)l(OUpCJ]JI b3HK, HO 3aTO 06JIaUaJI pCKOpUHO

TO~IHOH nOBcpxHOCTbIO, n03BOJUIBlUCH npoH3BoUHTb Ha6JlIO).J,cHHJI BnJIOTb UO BOJIHbI

8

MM. B TCQCHHC )l.JlHTCJlbHOrO BpCMCHH PT-22 OCTa-

v

BaJIOI KpynHcHlUHM paUHOTCJICCKOnOM MHJIJIHMCTpOBoro UHana30Ha BOJIH. PRU 60JICC CKpOMHbIX HHCTpyMCHTOB 6b1JIH C03uaHbi B KPbIMCKOH 3KcnCUHUHH HAH, B HaYQHO-HCCJlcUOBaTCJIbCKOM pa).J,HoepH3H-

~ICCKOM HHcTmyrc (HHPH) B rOpbKOM, B bIOpaKaHcKoH aerpoepH3HQCCKOH 06CCpBaTOpHH H upyrHx HayqHbIx yKHO 6bIJIO 6bl 06Hapy>KHTb, OH )J.on>KCH BbI)J.CIDITbCJI Ha epOHC H3J1Y ' ICHIDI 3BC3)J.bl, B6J1I13H KOTOpOH )J.BH>KCTCJI 06HTaCMK3BC3)J.HOH CPC)J,c, s 60ncc KOpOTKHC B 3CMHOH aTMocepcpC . OCTaBaJIOI, O)J.HaKO, CIIIC O)J.HH -

rJlaBHblH Bonpoc

Ha KaKOH llac-

TOTC BHyTpH 3'1'01'0 JJ.Hana30Ha CJIC)J.yCT HCKaTb pa3YMHblH CHman.

B

06bI'IHOM pa)J.HOBCIIIaTcnbHOM npHCMHHKC MbI ncrKO ncpCXO)J.HM C O)J.HOH '1aCTOTbl Ha )J.pyrylo, nOBOpa'lHBKHI 6onl>IIlc

15

+

30

M TO)KC HC

npoxoJl)rr 'U:pC3 aTMocq,cpy 3CMJIH, OHH 'laCTH'IHO nOrJlOlllalOTCl1 II HOHOCq,CpC, 'laCTH'IHO OTpa)KaIOTCII OT HCC. n03TOMY, cCJm y'mTl>IlIall. IlJUUlHHC aTMocq,cpbl, CJICnOBano 6bl CY3HTh • • JlHaml30H 1I0nH J/JIII MC)K3I1C3JlHOH C1I113H, orpaHH'1H1I cro C HH3KO'IaCTOTHOH crOpOHI>I 'lacroTOH nopIIJ\Ka

10 Mfl\.

Ho, nOMHMO :HOro, HanO npHHHMaTb 110 IIHHMaHHC TaK)KC lIIyMbl

q,oHa H npyrnc q,aKTOpl>I. HCKOTOpblC yro'IHcHIDl6ynyr CJ\cnaHblll CJJCnylOlIU1x naparpaq,ax •

3TOH rJlalll>I.

npoeKT «03Ma»

23

11 BOT 'ryr Y MOppHCOHa B03HHKJla 6JleCT.SIIUKHO O>KH,lJ.aTb, 'ITO Bce UHBHJlH3aUHH, «He CI'oBapHBasrcb», BbI6cpyT ec )].Jill YCTaHOBJleHlliI CB>I3H. ll06aBHM eIIJ,C, 'ITO BO,lJ.OpO,lJ. -

caMbIH pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIH 3JIeMeHT

BO BCeJlCHHOH, n03TOMY HCCJlC,lJ.OBaHH>I Ha BOJlHe

21

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AAeKcee8 E.H. naKGlHCKaJl HC~frpHHHaJl06ccpllaTopmI / /3CMJlJI H BCClICHHaJl. 1998.

N° 3. C. 41-46.

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pe.u.eJ!>IIOTOI: caHTHMe-rp, aHrcrpeM, MeTp, KHlIOMeTp. Ha pHe.

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nOKa3aHbI .u.Ba

Ka.u.pa C H306pa>KeHHeM OCHOBHblX cBe.u.eHHH 0 COJIHe<JHoH CHCTeMe. ITOCKOJIbKY cnoc06 3anHCH Ke H3BeCTeH, H e.u.HHHUbI H3Mepe-

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145 HIDI BBC.n.CHhI (Ha npC.n.hI.n.YIll.HX Ka.n.pax), TO MO)l(HO BhIpa3HTh
XHMH1 H, eCIIH MO)J(HO, C0061I(HTI, CBe)J,eHHJI 0 CBoeH IJ,HBHJIH3aI.(HH. I10MHMO OCHOBHoro c006U(eHHJI (H3

23

CTpaHHIJ,), nepJlaJl '1aCTI,

EBnaTopHHcKoro nOCJIaHHJI co.uep)J(HT orIHcaHHe npoeK'ra «Encounter

2001»

(cOCTaBIIeHHOe PH'Iap.uoM Epaaera.uoM), cnHCOK yHJIJIHflOBbIM. ITpH oT60pc f1PO-

-

H3BC.uCHHH OHH pyKOBO.uCTBOBaJIHCb HC JIH'IHbIMH CHMnaTHJlMH, a )J(CJIaHHCM paccKa3aTb C f10MOllIbIO My3bIKH 06 3MOUHJlX, qyBcTBax, TBOpqCCKHX cfloc06HOCTJlX HOCHTeJIJI pa3yMa Ha 3eMJIc. ITo f1epBOHaqaJIbHbIM HaMeTKaM B KaqCCTBC f103bIBHbIX BbI6paHa MCJIO.uIDI POMQIiCQ

E.

lllQWUIiQ IiQ cmuxu

M. 10. JIepMolim08Q

«BbIXO:JIClj

OOUIi fl IiQ OOPOZlj», r.ue co.ucp)J(aTOI TaKHC 3aMeqaTeJIbHbIe CJIOBa:

«...If

3Be3)l;a C 3Be3)l;OIO roBOpHT», KOTOPbIC MOryT 6bITb 3riHrpaepoM KO BceMy

TIoCnIrOll.(CHHblX HHKaKHMH 06pa3aMH». OcraJIbHblC npOH3BeUCHHR nOKa B CTaJJ:HH 06Cy)K.u.CHlliI. ITpcunOJIaraeTCJI BKJIIO-

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0 JII06BH, H cmc 0 BCpC (HC 0 CyCBCpHH, a 0 BCpC) B
3eJICH'-lyKcKoH lllKOJIe-CCMHHapc CETI, HO ony6-

JIHKOBaTb ec eMy YJJ.aJIOCb MHoro n03JJ.Hce (nepBa>1 ny6JIHKa~H.lI OTHO91 CHTC.lI K 19831'., nOCJICJJ.yIOllJ,a>I K 1986 r. ). 060cHoBblBa>I

~eJIeC006pa3HocTbnepCJJ.a'-lH Hrp, lllBap~MaH OTMe'IaJI, 'ITO npaBHJIa Hrp HMCIOT O'-lCHb Hc60JIblllyIO )l,J!HHy B 6HTaX, HO OHH HecyT B ce6c rHraHTcKyIO HHepopMa~HIO0 Bcex napTwIx, KOTOpbIC KorJJ.a-JIH60 6bIJIH cbIrpaHbl H KOTopbIe, Bo06llJ,c, MoryT 6blTb pa3bIrpaHbI. IlcpcJJ.aBaJI npaBHJIa HrpbI, MbI KaK 6bl c006llJ,aCM HalllHM napTHcpaM KJIIOCI KO BceM MHJIJIHapJJ.aM napTHH, a JJ.aJIbllle Hrpa caMa pacKpbIBaeT CBoe 60raTCTBO B npo~ecce epYHK~HoHHpOBaHH.lI. Y)Ke caMO yCTpOHCTBO Hrp 2 (CKa)KeM, '!HCJIO KJIeTOK lllaXMaTHoro nOWI nop>IJJ.Ka 10 ) n03BOWICT cJJ.cJIaTb Ba)KHbIC BbIBOJJ.bl 0 epYHK~HOHHpOBaHHH Halllcro M03ra, a ncpeJJ.aqa HCCKOJIbKHX 06pa3~OB napTHH, pa3bIrpaHHbIx Me)KJJ.Y JIIOJJ.bMH, JJ.aeT BeCbMa TOHKyIO HHepopMa~H10 0 TOM, 'ITO npeJJ.cTaBwIIOT C060H COBpCMCHHbIC JIIOJJ.H. OC06blH HHTCpCC JJ.JI>I cY)KJJ.eHH.lI 06 oc06eHHoc-

" nCHXHKH npeJJ.CTaBJI>1I0T Te HrpbI, rJJ.e Hap>IJJ.y C JIOT.lIX 'ICJIOBe'-leCKOH rHKOH CYllJ,CCTBeHHYIO POJIb HrpaeT CJlY'laH (JJ.OMHHO, npe¢cpaHc H T. n.), HJIH JJ.a)Ke TaKHe, rJJ.c pe3yJlbTaT, Bo06llJ,e, OT JIOrHKH He 3aBHCHT (JIOTCpC>I, pyJICTKa). «B Hrpax, -

nHlllCT lllBap~MaH, -

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HHe THnHcIHbIe MeTOJJ.bI MbllllJICHWI, CKJIOHHOCTH xapaKTcpOB,

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CTHbIe yCTaHoBKH H T. n.» IlcpeJJ.aqa npoH3BeJJ.cHHH HCKyccTBa, H npC)KJJ.c Bcero My3bIKH, no3BOJI>IeT C006llJ,H1'b Ba)KHbIC CBeJJ.CHH.lI 0 caMHX ce6e. TaK 06 yCTpOHCTBe " nCHXHKH Hallla My3blKa HJIH n033H.lI Moryr nOBCJJ.aTb BbIqeJIOBccrcCKOH

cOKopa3BHToH ~HBHJIH3a~HH MHOro 60JIbllle, qeM JJ.aHHbIe HeHpoepH3HOJIOrHH H HeHpOnCHXOJIOrHH, CC!HTaCT lllBap~MaH. IlpH pa3JIHCIHH B ypOBIDIX

" Ba)KHYIO ~HBHJIH3a~HH

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roypoBHeBOCTb npoH3BeJJ.eHHH HCKycCTBa. Hay'IHoc C006llJ,CHHC, KaK npaBHJIO, nocTpoeHo Ha HepapxHcIcCKOM npHH~Hne. IlponycK TOH HJIH HHOH qaCTH C006llJ,CHH.lI -

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KHM-JIH60 HHbIM npHCIHHaM, HanpHMep, H3-3a JIHHrBHCTHqeCKOrO HenOHHMaHWI TeKC1'a -

3aTpyJJ.IDIeT HJIH JJ.a)Ke nOJIHOCTbIO HCKJIIOCIae1' B03-

MO)KHOCTb nOHHMaHWI 60JIblllHHCTBa CJICJJ.yIOllJ,HX cracTcH.

K

npoH3Be-

JJ.eHH.lIM HCKycCTBa 31'0 He OTHOCHTC.lI.

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2001. NQ 17. C. 2-10.

j

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156

TIOHCKH BHC3CMHblX I(HBHJIH3aUHH

rryTernecTBOBaTh K 3Be3JJ:aM MO>KHO He TOJlhKO)J)UI ycraHoBIIeHlliI KOHTaKTOB C BU. Ho, KOHC'IHO, CCIIH TaKHC nyTelllcCTBHJI B03MO>KHhI, OHH HenpcMeHHo 6YJJ:yT HcnOIlh30BaHhI )J)UI ueIleH SETI. B Ha'IaIle

XX

BeKa MC>KnJlaHeTHhle nepeIlcThI Ka3aIlHCh nOIlHCHrnCH:

epaHTacTHKoH H, CCIIH 0 HHX MO>KHO 6hIIIO JJ:yMan, TO KaK 0 qeM-TO, OTHOCJImCMCJI K OqCHh ,l.{aIlCKOMy 6YJJ:ymcMy. TeM He MeHce, y>Ke C CCPCJJ:HHhI BeKa Me>KnJIaHCTHhIC nOIlCThI aBTOMaTH'ICCKHX annapaTOB CTaIlH PCaJlhHOCThIO.

11 CCHqaC B «nOBCCTKC JJ:HJI»

KOCMOHaBTHKH nOCTaBIICHhI

nu//.OmupyeMble nOIleThI K JJ:pyrHM nJIaHeTaM (npC>KJJ:c Bcero K Mapcy).

A

CMO>KeM JIH MhI CJJ:eIlaTh cJIeJJ:YIOmHH lIIar -

Me>KnIlaHeTHblX ncpcIIeToB K Me>K3Be3JJ:HhIM

K 3Be3JJ:aM? fIcpexoJJ: 0'1' 3'1'0 rnar ropa3JJ:0 60Ilce

npHHUHnHaJlhHhIH, qCM ncpcxoJJ: 0'1' aBHaUHH K KOCMOHaBTHKe. Me>Kv

nIlaHeTHhIe ncpcnCThI ocymecTBIIJIIOTCJI C nOMomhIO paKeTHOH TCXHHKH. HaCKOIlhKO npHMeHHMa OHa JJ:JJJI Me>K3BC3JJ:HhIX ncpeIlcroB? QT06bI BbIpBaThCJI H3 cepephI 3eMHoro TJlrOTeHllil, HaJJ:O pa3BHTh CKO-

11,2 KM/C, qT06hI nOKHHyTb COJIHe'-IHyIo cHcTeMy, He06xoJJ:HMa CKOpOCTb 42 KM/C. fIpcJJ:CTaBHM ce6c paKe"!)', KOTOpaJI M'IHTCJI co CKOPOCTbIO 50 KM/C. EH no-rpe6yeTCJI npH6I1H3HTeIlbHo 26 ThIC. I1eT, qTOPOCTh

6hI JJ:OCTHrHyTb 6JIH>KaHiliCH K COIlHUY 3BC3JJ:hI

A

pa.

fIpOKCHMbI UeHTaB-

qT06hI n06hmaTh B OTJJ:aIleHHhIX 06I1aCTJIX raIlaKTHKH, nOHaJJ:O-

6JITCJI MHIIIIHOHhI I1CT. MO>KHO I1H yBeIlH'IHTb CKOpOCTh paKeThI?

1.15.1. q>opMyJIa UHOJIKOBCKOro.

CKOpOCTb

V, JJ:OCTHraCMaJI paKC-

TOH nocnc BbIropaHllil 'Iacm ropIO'Icro, onpcJJ:eJlJICTCJI ¢OPMY/tOU. ll,uO/t/W8CKOcO:

v = S In /-! = 2,3 S Ig /-!. 3JJ:CCh

S-

CKOpOCTb HCTC'ICHlliI pa60Qero TeIla, a

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v

MaCC080e 'lUCAO, T. c. OTHOlllCHHe Ha'IaIlbHOH MaCChI paKCTbI K KOHeq-

In - HalypaIlbHhIH I10rapHq,M, Ig /-! = 10 V = 2,3 S. TaK KaK /-! BXOJJ:HT Ii

HOH (nOCJle BhIropaHHJI ropIO'Iero), JJ:eCJITH'IHhIH I10rapHepM. fIpH

q,OpMyIly nOJJ: 3HaKOM I10rapHepMa, YBCJIHqHBaTb

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V 3a

C'IeT YBeIlHqCHlliI

KpaHHc HCBhIroJJ:HO. llCHcTBHTeIlbHo, 'IT06hI CKOpOCTb B03pocIIa BCC-

ro B HeCKOJlbKO pa3, nOTpe6yeTCJI yBeIlH'IHTb

/-! Ha HeCKOIlbKO nopRoKo8.

CIIeJJ:oBaTeIlbHo, COIH MhI XOTHM JJ:06HTbCH 60Ilee BbICOKOH CKOpOCTH nOIleTa paKcThI, Ha,rr;O YBeJIH'IHTL CKOpOCTL HCTe'leHlU! pa60'lero TeJIa

S.

COBpCMCHHbIC paKeTbI pa60TaIOT Ha XHMH'ICCKOM TonIlHBC, H )J)UI

HHX

S

nOpJIJJ:Ka HCCKOJlbKHX KM/c. OHa orpaHH'IHBaCTCJI TenIlOTBOp-

HOH cnoc06HOCTbIO TOrIJIHBa H >KapOnpOqHOCThIO MaTepHaIla JJ:BHraTCI1eH. DOIlce 3q,q,CKTHBHhI paKeThI C nAa3MeflflbiMU 08uzameARMU, B KOTOpOM POIlb pa60Qero TCIIa BbIl10IlHJleT ny'IoK HOHon, yCKOpJIeMhIX 3I1eK-

MCJK3RC3.QHblC IlCPCJlCTbl

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TpH'ICCKHM nOJICM.

B 6y.uYIl1,CM

157

OHH, B03MO)l(HO, HaH.uyr npHMCHCHHC B

KOCMOHaBTHKC. ECJIH B Ka'ICCTBC TOrIIlHBa CJIY)l(HT aTOMHOC rOpIO'ICC

('1'.

C.

HCnOJlb3YCTC>1 pCaKTOp, pa60TaIOIl1,HH 3a C'ICT pacna.ua nl)l(CJIblX R.uCp) , TO MaKCHMaJIbHa>1 CKOpOCTb BblXO.ua· pa6o'lcro TCJla (npH CTOnpOl(CHTHOM K.n ..u.). Toma npH

V = 0,1

paKcTbl

11 = 10

c (o.uHa .uCC>IT1 OKOJIO

KMIC

S = 13 000

Ha nyrcmccTBHC K

MO)l(HO yBCJIH'IHTb

CKOpOCTl, HCTe'ICHHR pa60Qcro TCJIa CIJ~C B HCCKOJIbKO pa3, eCJIH BMCCTO aTOMHoro roplo'lcro HCnOJlb30BaTb H.uCaJIbHOC JI.uCpHOC TOnJIHBO, T.e. ynpaBMleMblu TCpMOJI,UCpHblH pcaKrop, pa60TaIOIl1,H?'1 3a C'ICT pcaKUHH CHHTC3a

npCBpaIl1,CHIDI BO.uopo.ua B reJIHH. rIPH

100 %-HOM

K.n •.u.

3'1'0 ropIO'ICC n03BOIDICT 06ecne'IHTb CKOpOCTb Bblxo.ua pa6o'lero TCJIa

S = (1/8)

c.

B 3TOM

cJIy'lae npH

11= 10

CKOpOCTb

V"" 0,3

C. rIOJICT K

6JIH)I(aHmHM 3BC3.uaM 6y.uCT )J,JIHTbC>1 .uCC>ITKH JICT ('ITO y)l(C MO)l(HO C'IHTaTb npHCMJICMblM), a nyTcwccTBHC K rpaHHuaM raJlaKTHKH nO-npC)I(HCMy 6y.uCT 3aHHMaTb COTHH TbICJI'I JICT. YBCJIH'IHB1 3epepCKTHBHOCTb .uOCTHraCTC>I npH

S

= C, T. c. KOI;ll;a CKOpOCTL HCTe'leHHJI pa6o'lero TeJIa pasHa

CKOpOCTH cseTa. PaKCTa, .uIDI ~

KOTOpOH BbIrIOJIHJICTCR 3'1'0 YCJIOBHC, nOJly'IHJIa Ha3BaHHC

cPO-

:x:

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rIpOJWKTOM CC RBJIRCTC>I )l(CcrKOC 3JICKrpOMarHHTHOC H3JIy'ICHHC (y-KBaHTbl), 1l03TOMY CKOpOCTb HCTC'ICHIDI pa6o'lcro TCJIa paBHa C. CXCMaTHQCCKOC yC'rpOHCTBO epOTOHHoro Kopa6JIJI nOKa3aHO Ha pHC.

1.15.1. rIpH

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rITABA 1.

158

TIOHCKH BHC3CMHblX UHBHiIH3aUHl'i

======

Horo KOJIH~ICCTBa aHTHBCmCCTBa: 3TO np06JICMbl KOHCTpyKTOpOB ,UancKoro 6y,Uymcro, C KOTOpblMH, Mbl Ha,UccMCJI, OHH cnpaBillol (CCJIH co-

~nyr Hc06xo,UHMb1M C03,UaBaTb no,U06Hb1l1 Kopa6JIb). PaccMOTpHM KHHCMaTH'ICCKHC xapaKTcpHcTHKH epOTOHHOro Kopa6illl. IlycTb paKcTa B TC~ICHHC HCKoToporo BpCMCHH HHCM

a,

t ,UBH)J(CTCJI

C yCKOpC-

nOCJIC ~lcro ,UBHraTCJIb BblKJIIOIO

V,

KOTOpaJI 61>lJIa .n:ocTHrHyTa B KOHu.e YClacTKa yCKopeHHJI. ITepe.n: npH61>ITHeM B nyHKT Ha3Ha CIeHIDl BKJIIOqaeTCJI TopM03HaJi yCTaHoBKa, pa60TalolUaJI C n:M )f(e yCKopeHHeM (3aMeJ:vleHHeM), KOTOpaJl raCHT CKOpOCTI> Kopa6JIJI .n:o HyJIJI. ITYCTI> yCKopeHHc Ha aKTHBHOM y'IacTKe TpaeKTopHH a = 10 M/C 2 (ycKopeIlHe CIl06oJlHOro na.n:eHHJI Ha 3eM-

11

ne). no

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t; o

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4

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TonIa

HWI JlBHraTeJIeH 6yneT co-

U

o

10.

CKOpOC1'1> nocne IlI>IKJIIOqe-

V=0.98c

~.;",v ~'I

Il KOHu.e YClaCTKa YC-

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0

f..l

nycTI> MaCCOBoe 'IHC-

996

PaCCTOlllil1e, Cll. rO.Qbl

V = 0,98

c; rryrl>,

rrpOHJleHHI>IH Kopa6JIeM B

1000

yCKopeHHoM nOJIeTe,

KHHeM

'leCKoro Kopa6nH. Macwnl6 no OCHM lie

6YJleT npOHJleH rrpH 3aMeJl-

llbl.Qep)f(HO,

" KOJ:vIHHa rryTH, KOTOpl>IH

pa6J11> npOH)~eT B CBo60JlHOM nOJIeTe, COCTaBHT

1000 - 2

x

4

=

992

CB. rona.

ITOJlC'IHTaeM Tenepl> npeMJI nOJIeTa. ITo CIacaM 3eMHoro Ha6monaTeJIJI J:vIHTeJIi>HOCTI> yCKopemlOro nOJIeTa

t =5

JICT, TaKOBa )f(e J:vIHTeJII>HOCTi> Ha ycIaCTKC

992/0,98 = 1012 JICT. 5 + 1012 + 5 = 1022 rona, a BpeMJI

TOPMO)f(CHlliI. BpeMJI cB060JlHOro nonCTa 6ynCT palmo ITOJIHOe BpeMJI nOJIeTa ryna COCTaBHT noneTa ryna H 06panl0

2044

rona. ITo 'IaCaM KOCMOHallTOB J:vIHTeJIbHOCTh yc-

KopeHHoro nOJICTa COC1'aBHT 't =

2,2

CKoe COKpaUICHHe BpeMeHH /!;.'t/ /!;.t =

roJla. ITPH CKOpOCTH

0,2.

0,98

c peJIJITHBHCT-

CneJlOBaTeJIbHO, J:vIHTeJIbHOCTb CBO-

0,2 x 1012 JIeT = 202 rOJla. 2,2 + 202 + 2,2 = 206,4 rona, a

60JlHOrO nOJIeTa no qaCaM KOCMOHaBTOB COCTaIlH1' ITOJIHOe BpCWI nOJICTa ryJla 6YJleT pallHo nOJICT ryJla H 06panlO 3aHMeT

413

JIeT. To eCTb B 3TOM ClIyqae He ynaeTCJI

3aBepUIHTb nOJIeT 3a BpeMJI )f(H3HH OJlHOrO nOKOJIeHIDl 3Be3nOnJIaBaTeneI1. 3aMeTHM, cITO eCJIH MaCCOBOC 'IHCJIO Ha yqaCTKe yCKopeHlliI paBHO y'lacTKe TOpMO)f(eHIDl OHO TO)f(e paBHO 'I H C JI 0

B0 e HO

f..l\

f..l.

3 HaCIHT,

IlpH nOJIeTe ryJla 6YJle1' paBHO

B HameM rrpHMepe

f..l4 = 104,

f..l2,

f..l,

no JI Hoe

TO H Ha

Mac CO -

a npH nOJIeTe ryJla H 06paT-

TaKOBO OTHomeHHC HaCIaJIbHOH MaCCI>I KO-

pa6J1JI K KOHeCIHoH nOCJIe BbIropaHlliI Bcero TonnHBa. ITYCTI> Tenepi> JlaJIbHOCTb nOJIeTa

R

nO-npe)f(HeMy palma

1000

CB. neT, H

nYCTb Kopa6JIb yCKOpJle1'CJI JlO nOJJOBHHbI nyTH, a 3aTeM TOPM03HTCJI no npH6blTllii B TOCIKy Ha3Ha cleHWI. YCKopeHHe a = 10 M/c 2. LlnHHa nyTH Ha yClacT-

X = R/2 = 500 CB. JIeT. CJleJlOBaTeJIi>HO, f..l = 103, 1-V/ c = 2 . 10-6 (!). llJIHTeJlbHoCTb yCKopeHHoro nOJIeTa no ClacaM 3eMHoro Ha6moJlaTeJIJI 500 JIeT, nOJIHaJI J:vIHTCJII>HOCTI> nOJIeTa ryJla 1000 JIeT, a Tyna H 06paTHo 2000 JIeT. ITo ClacaM KOCMOHaB1'OB BpeMJI yCKopemIOro nOJIen 2,2 x 3 = 6,6 JIeT, BpeMJI 3aMeWleI-IHOrO nonCTa TO)f(C 6,6 neT, nOJlHoe BpeWI noneTa ryJla 13 JICT, a ryJla H 06paTHo 26 JIeT. 3Ha'IHT, noneT MO)f(HO 3aBep-

Ke yCKopeHHJI

I1IH1'I> npH )f(H:mH OJlHOrO nOKOJIeHHJI KOCMOHaBTOB. ITPH 3TOM B KOHu.e nyTemeCTBHJI OTHomeHHe Ha CIaJII>HOl1 MaCCbI K KOHeqHOH 6y.n:eT COCTaBJIJlTb

f..l4

=

10 12 (!)

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nOMO~bIO a6cTPaKTHblx nOIDITHH. B co06~ecTBc pa3YMHblx cymecTB, 6JIaro,ll,ap.lI HX COUHaJIbHOH ,ll,eHTeJIbHOCTH, ocy~ecTBMeTC.lI06MCH BC~eCTBa, 3HeprHH H HI-I<popMaUHH KaK C BHeIllHeH CpC,ll,OH, TaK H BHYTpH caMoro co06~ecTBa. 31'0 n03BOJIJleT nO,ll,OHTH K nOH.lITHIO «UHBHJIH3aUHJI». COrJIaCHO TpOHUKOMy, UHBHJIH3auH.lI

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1981. C. 172-185.

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(S3)' BI,13I>IBaJI pcaKu.H10

YI •

B npOIlCCCC nOCJlCJ\OBaTCJlI>Hi>IX aKTon caMOOC03HaHHJI Cy61>CKT ncpcxonHT 1-13 OJ\Horo COCTOJIHHJI B J\Pyroc. IlpH :nOM CY"~HOCTI> OC03HaHHJI, corJlacHO JIC¢CBPY, COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO npeaLUecmBylolu,ee cocmOflHue Ha'IUHaem

uepamb POAb MOaeAU ce6fl B HOBOM cocmOflHUU. nJlJI Cy6bCKTa, COBepIIIHIlIUCro

n

aK'rOIl OC03HaHHJI, JIHarpaMMa peepJlCKCHH HMCCT IlHJ\

3J\ccb

m

= 2n + 1

H

roIJI

Y,

· ..

S3

• ••

XI

· ..

(5.27)

JIlo6oii TpOHKH 3HalJCHHH Sk-i> Sk> Sk+I' CHMBOJI Sk

03Ha'IaCT o6pa3 cc6J1 y cy61,cKTa Sk-l> a Sk+1 -

06pa3 cc6JI y Sk HJlH MOJ\CJIb

cc6JI Y Sk_I'

5.5.4. TepMo)J;HHaMH'IeCKaJI MO)J;eJIL cy6LeKTa. MbI OnHCaJIH B 06W.HX 'ICpTaX MaTcMaTH'lecKylo Mo.ueJIb cy6bcKTa, cnoc06Horo OC03HaBaTl, CBoe nOBe.ueHHC H .ueJIaTi> COOTBeTCTBYIOW.HH BbI60p B nOJlb3Y n03HTHBHoro HJIH HeraTHBHoro nOJIloca. IIocraBHM Tenepi> TaKOH Bonpoc: cyw.eel'ByeT JIH epH3HlJeCKaJI CHCTeMa, KOTOpaJI OI1HCbmaCTCJI TOH )KC MaTeMaTH'ICCKOH Mo.ueJIi>IO? ECJIH }.i,a, TO 3Ta CHereMa, B CBOIO OlJepe.ub, MQ)KeT

rJIABA 5.

528

3noJlloUHJI KOCMH'ICCKHX UHnHJlmaUHH

paCCMaTpHBaTbC.ll KaK MOnenb cy61>eKTa. Ho 31'0, KOHe'"lHO, He 03Ha'"laeT, '"ITO COOTBeTcTBylomHH ¢H3H'"IeCKHH npou.ecc 06'bJICHJleT MexaHH3M pa60TbI C03HaHH.ll. Pe'"lb HneT TonbKO 0 MOneJIH.

B TOM

:>KC CMblCne, KaK 3JICKTpH'leCKHe

-

-

npOu.eCCbl MaryI' MOneJIHpOBaTb neHCTBHe MexaHH'IeCKHX YCTPOHCTB, eCJm OHH OnHCblBaIOTOI TeMH:>Ke MaTCMaTH'ICCKHMH Bblpa:>KCHlliIMH. JIe¢eBp 06paTHnOI K TepMOnHHaMHKe H paCCMOlpeJI onpeneJIeHHblM 06pa30M

-

-

yCTpOCHHylO u.enO'IKy TennOBbIX MallIHH, B KOTOpOH Ka:>KJJ.OH MallIHHC COOTBeTCTByeT OnHH H3 «06pa30B cc6J1» pc¢nCKCHpYlOmero cy61>eKTa. IlpH 3TOM ynaJIOCb nonY'"lHTb HOBbie xapaK'I'epHCTHKH cy61>eKTa. TaK OKa3aJIOCb, '"ITO pa60Ta, npoH3BOnHMaJI Ka:>K.u.oH MallIHHoH, COOTBCTCTByeT HHTeHCHBHOCTH nepe:>KHBaHH.ll, CB.ll3aHHOro C naHHblM «06pa30M ce6JI», a '"IaCTOTHbie xapaKTepHcTHKH nCHXH'leCKOH ne.llTenbHOCTH cy61>cK'I'a, KO-

-

TOpbIC BbITeKalOT H3 3TOH MOnenH, COOTBCTCTByIOT 'laCTOTaM HaTypaJlbHblX HHTepBaJIOB MY3blKanbHoro p.llna.

PaCCMOTpHM nOCJlCjl,Onan:llbHOCTb pC3epnyapon TCnJIa C TCMnepaTypaMH, 06pa3y 10I UHM H y6bInalou~Ylo rCOMCTpH'ICCKyIO nporpCCCHIO Tj, T2 , T 3 , ... T,II:

2L = 21. = II. = ...... T2

T.l

T4

Tk

r.lle

,

~tl

2L > I.

(5.28)

T2

ITOMCCTHM MC)K)l}' Ka)I(JIbIMH JJ.nyMlI pC3cpnyapaMH Tcnnonble MamHH'" M I, M 2 , M 3 , ... Mill (pHC. 5.5.2). MaJUHHa Mill 3a6HpaeT H3 pC3cpnyapa C TCMncparypoH T,II Tcnno QII" npOH3nOJJ.HT pa601Y Will H OTJJ.aCT OCTanmCCOI Tcnno Qlllt I n pe3cpnyap C TCMncpurypoH T,nt I' ITpH 3TOM Ka)I(JIUJI nocneJJ.Ylou~aJI MUJUHHU 3u6HpueT H3 ropJI'lero pC3epnyupa TO KonH'leCTBO TennOTbl, KOTOpac OTJJ.aCT B Hero npeJJ.bIJJ.yUl,aJI MUJUHHU. K03epepHu,HeHTbl nonc:moro JJ,CH-

H1

W. Q1

1

Q2 Q2

2

Q3 Q3

US 3

... Q4

5.5.2. TCpMoJJ,HHaMH'ICCKali

7;"

H{"t2 11I+2

m+J

//I

QIII

14 PHC.

u.;,,+ I

H-i'll

Q,1I+1 QI//+I ·I.llllt, QI//t2

7;,,+1

• • • )

"'lIIt3

'1;,,+2

MOJ.\CJlb caMopeljlncKcHPYlolllcro cy6'bCKTa, no ¢CBPY. nOliCHCHHlI B TCKCTC

B. A. lIc-

CTBHn MUllIHH nOJJ.o6paHbI TaK, 'ITO Ka)I(JIaJI MaUIHHa (:la HCKJIIO'leHHCM ncpBOH) npOH3BOJJ.HT pa60T)', panHyIO nomepRHHOU i}ocmynHou pa60me npeJJ.IUCCTnYIou~eH MaIUHH"I. HanOMHHM, 'ITO nOTepnHHaJI JJ,oclynHaJI pa60Ta paRHa pa3HOCTH MC)l(JIy MUKCHManbHO n03Mo)l(HOH pa6oToH, KOTOpyIO MO)l(CT npoH3BecTH TennOBaJl MUllIHHa npH 3aJl,aHHOH TeMnepuTypc pC3cpByapoB, H peanbHo npoH3BoJJ.HMOH pa6oToH. MaKcHMunbHYIO pa60ry npoH3BoJJ.HT o6pamuMaR TcnnOBan MallIHHa, y KOTOpOH paBCH (T,,,- T,,,+I)ITIII • 3Ha'lHT, nOTepnHHaJI JJ.ocTyn-

-

-

KIln

-

KOCMH'ICCKHH Cy6'I,CKT Jlc¢cRpa

529

HaJI pa60Ta paBHa ::mepfHH, KOTOpylO TepJleT TennOB" Will_I,

nOTCpJIHH K03Q)(pHUHeHThl nOJIC3HOfO JJ,eHcTRIDI

Pili

B uenO'lKe

TenJIOBhlX MalliHH. OKa3hIBaeTCJI, OHH o6pa3yloT ncpHoJJ,HlJCcKylO noCJIcJJ,oBaTenI>HOCTh:

Pili = PI'

CCJIH

m

He'leTHO,

Pm = P2,

eCJIH

m

'leTHO,

fJJ,e

Q,-Q, _ .._. _ ... _.=. P1- QI ' nYCTI> Will -

(5.34 )

OTHOCHTCJIhHblH Knn MallIHHbI

m,

paBHl>lH OTHOllleHHIO

npOH3BeJJ,eHHOH pa60TbI K pa60Te, npOH3BOJJ,HMOH 06paTHMOH MaIUHHOH, noMCIJ..ICHHOH Me)[(l(y TeMH )/(e pe3epByapaMH

00

",

=

m

H

m + I:

!!..l"'!!.,--_ (I; -T2 )1I; .

(5.35)

BCJIH'IHHI>I 00", TaK)/(e 06pa3YlOT ncpHoJJ,HlJecKylO nocm::JJ,OBaTCJIhHOCTh:

Wm

=

Will

= 002,

WI, ecnH CCJIH

m m

He'leTHO lJCTHO.

rnABA 5.

530 TIpH

3BOJlIOl\11J1 KOCMH'ICCKHX l\HlIHJIH:lal~HH

=====

3TOM WI H W z BI>lpa)l(aIOTCJI 'lCPC3 K03epepHl\HCHTI>1 PI H pz cnc~Ylo-

II~HM o6pa30M:

(5.36) W =

P2

2

(5.37)

.

PI + P2 - PIP2 CTpYKrypa 3THX BI>lpa)l(CHHH nOnHOCTI>IO COBna~aCT C

r; =----... XI

XI

y? = -

(5.15)

--._,

+xz -X1X 2 x2

-'_..

XI

+ Xl

(5.25)

- XIX2

TaKHM o6pa30M, nOCJIC~OBaTcnhHOCTh MalllHH paMH

PK

H

wK MO)l(HO

npc.!(CTaBHTh B

BH~C

Mk

BMCCTC C HX napaMcT-

.!(HarpaMMbl:

Wz

•••

Wz

Mz

•••

M /11-1

pz

•••

P2

(5.38 )

CpallHHBaJl :~ry .!(HarpaMMY C IlHarpaMMoH pcepncKcHH

(5.27)

H Y'IHTI>lBaJl

oIlHHaKoBYIO 3aBHCHMOCTI> MC)I(IW BCpXHHMH H HH)I(HHMH napaMCTpaMH II 06CHX ~HarpaMMax,

Mbl MO)l(CM yCTaHOBHTh, nom-IOC, B3aHMHO O.!(H03Ha'IHOC COOT-

BCTCTllHC MC)I(~Y HHMH.

A

3TO H 03Ha'laCT, 'ITO paccMaTpHBacMaJl IlcnO'IKa

TCnnOBI>IX MalllHH onHCMBaCTOI MaTCMaTH'lCCKOH Mo~cnblO pCepJICKClipYIOIUcro cy6ucKTa H, cnC~OBaTCnl>HO, caMa MO)l(CT cnY)I(HTb cro MOIlCJlbIO.

Yh"aK, OC06b1M 06pa30M CKOHCTpYHpoBaHHM 1!.CnO'IKa TCWIOBhlX MaIUHH MO:>KeT cnY:>KHTh epH3H<JCCKOH MOileJlhlO pcepnccHpYIOll.\cro Cy6bKHBaCT Cy6hCKT. OCHOBaHHCM WUI BBCilCHIDI
JIcepcnpa

531

BTOPbIM 3JICMCHTOM, KOTOpbIH B03HHKaCT B epH3HQCCKOJ:'I MO)),CJIH (H TO>KC CB513aH C pa60'TOH), 5IBJUICTOI

'taCmOm/-tafl XapaKmepUCmUlW.

IlycTh,

HanpHMep, Ka)K).(a5I MaIIIHHa npe)),CTaBJUICT C060H L(HKJ1!1KHO Ha60p HaTypaJIbHbIX HHTepBaJIOB MO)l(eT HrpaTb POJIb OTJIHtIHTeJIbHOrO npH3I-IaKa, n03BOJI>IlOmerO BbIJl:eJI>ITb CHCTeMbI y

pa3yMI-IOH )l(H3I-IH, aI-IaJIH3Hpy>I paJl:HOBOJIHb1, onTHlIeCKHe cneKTpbI H Jl:pyrHe HCTOlII-IHKH HHepopMa~HH H3 KOCMHtleCKOro npOCTpaI-ICTBa». B KalIeCTBe HJIJIIOCTpa~HH JIeepeBp paCCMOTpeJI HCTO'1HHK

SS 433.

KaK H3BeCTHO, OH Bb16paCbIBaeT BemeCTBO B BHJl:e OlIeI-Ib TOHKHX CTpyH B Jl:BYX Jl:HaMe1'paJIbI-IO npoTHBOnOJIO)KHb1X HanpaBJIeI-IH>Ix. I1031'OMy B cneKTpe HC1'OlII-IHKa npHcyTcmy10T Jl:Be CHC1'eMbI cneKTpaJ1bHb1X JIHHHH, CMemeHHb1e B KpacHylO H B CHHIOIO CTOpOHy. JIeepeBp B3>IJI TpH HaH60JIee Bblpa)l(eHI-Ib1e JIHI-IHH B cneKTpe

55 433: H a,

H~,

H y•

QacTo1'b1 He-

CMemeHI-IbIX JIHHHH BMeCTe co CMemeI-IHbIMH JIHHH>IMH 06pa3ylOT Ha60p

9

H3

qaCTOT. OKa3aJIOCb, liTO COO1'I-IOIIleI-IHe 3THX t1aCTOT C 60JIbIIlOH

TOlIHOCTbIO COOTBe1'cTBylOT HH1'epBaJIaM MY31,IKaJIbI-IOrO p>lJl:a (Ta6JI.

5.5.1, 5.5.2

H

5.5.3). Ta6J11Hla 5.5.1

CooTHoIIleHue qaCTOT, HeCMemeHHLlX u CMemeHH1>IX B KpacHylO qaCTL cneKTpa

H+ a 1

1 1/1

Ha

Hp+

H+ y

Hp

Hy

0,805 0,800 4/5

0,741 0,750 3/4 ¢a

0,661 0,667 2/3

0,596 0,600 3/5

0,532 0,533 8/15

COJ]h

JIJI

CH

MH

HO

Ta6JIHIla 5.5.2 COOTHomeHue qaCTOT, HeCMe~eHHLlXU CMe~eHHLlX B CUHIOIO qaCTL cneKTpa

Ha

Ha

H 11

Hy

H rl-

Hy

1 1 1/1

0,829 0,833 5/6

0,741 0,750 3/4 ¢a

0,661 0,667 2/3

0,614 0,625 5/8

0,548 0,556 5/9

COJ]h

JIJIb

JIO

MH

b

BepXIDI>I BbIJl:eJIeHHa>I crpOKa 1'a611.

5.5.1 y

H

5.5.2

CH

h

COOTBeTCTByeT 01'y

HOmeI-IHIO t1aCT01' cneK1'paJ1bI-IbIX JIHHHH, Jl:Be CJIeJl:YlOmHe 3a HeH crpoKH -

OTHOmeHH>I lIaCT01' HarypaJIbI-IbIX HH1'epBaJIOB MY3blKaJIbHOrO p>IJl:a.

I'JlABA 5.

534

3noJlIoUH!( KOCMH'(eCKHX I~HnHJ(H3aUHH

OTKJlOHCHWI Ha6mo)],aeMhlx HHTepBaJlOB 01' HHTepBaJ10B MY3hIKaJlhHOro p51)],a cpaBHHMhl C TeMH, KOTophle HMelOT MeCTO B cOBpeMeHHoM TeMnepHpoBaHHoM crpoe. COBoKynHoCTh HHTCpBaJIOB Ta6Jl.

5.5.1

COOT-

BeTcTBycT raMMC )],o-Ma)KOp 6C3 HOTbl pe (6e3 HI-ITCpBaJla )],o-pe, paBHo-

8/9).

ro

COOTHorneHHC 'faCTOT, HCCMCU(CHHhlX H CMel.u.CHHbIX B CHHlOIO

'laCTh cnCKTpa, )],aeT raMMy )],O-MHHOp, TO>KC 6C3 HOThl pe. HaKoHcu, nOCJlC)],OBaTeJlbHOCTh BCCX )J.eBJITH JlHHHH )],aeT cnC)J.YJoll(ylo MCJlO)],HIO: Ta6J1Hua

5.5.3

CooTHomeHHe qaCTOT JIHHHH, HeCMern:eHHLIX H CMern:eHHLIX B cneKTpe

H+ a 1

I

1/1 )10

Ha

HIJ+

0,805 0,800

0,741 0,750

4/5

3/4

MH

epa

H+ y

Ha

55 433 H~

Hy

H 11-

Hy

(0,668, 0,661) 0,667

0,596 0,600

0,532 0,533

0,494 0,500

0,441 0,444

2/3

3/5

8/15

1/2

4/9

COJ(I>

JIJI

CH

•

)~O

,

pel

3)],eCb, II OTJ1WIHe 01' )],llyX npc)],hl)(yU(HX Ta6jlHU, npHcyl'Cl'BycT HOTa pc, HO OHa nCpCMell(CHa B CJle)],YIOll(YIO OKTallY. BCCb )],Hana30H MCJIO)J.HH II TO'II-lOCTH pallCI-I )],llyM KllHHTaM ()],O-COJlb H COJ[h-PC I)' HOTC COJlb COOTllCTCTllYIOT )],Be 6JlH3KHC cncK'l'paJ[bHb[C JlHJ-IHH

H a-

H

H y+.

JIeepellp nOJla-

raCT, '[TO 31'0 MO>KeT 6bITb YKa3aJ-lHCM Ha TO, 'ITO 3Ty HOTy Ha)],o HCnOJIHJITb )],lla)l()],hl.

5I BJU[eTCJI JlH

COllna)],eHHe 'laCTOT CJlY'laHHhIM? CMCIUCHHe JlHHHH 3alll'!-

CHT 0'1' CKOpOCTH llbl6poca H ynJa Me)K)],y J-1anpaBJICHHCM llhl6poca 11 JlY'10M 3PCJ-IHJI. llOCraTO'!HO HeMHoro H3MCI-IHTb 31'11 napaMeTpbl 11 COOTHO-

,

lUCHl1e '[aCTOT 113MCHI1TC>1. t.!T06hl o6ccnC'lHTh Ha6Jllo)J.aCMYIO TO'IHOCTb COBna)],CHWI (Ta6Jl.

5.5.3), 3J-1at.JCHH>1 CKOpOCTI1 llbl6poca v IIO)J,)J,CP)KHllaTbCJI II npc)(cJlax v = (0,26 + 0,01 )c, KHO) B OJ(HH-C,lJ.HHCTBCHHbIH MOMCHT BpCMCHH, KOma ycnoBwI BO BCCJlCHHOH B ll,eJlOM 6J1arOflpwITCTByIOT ec B03HHKHOBCHHIO. B 3TOM cJly'lac HMCCT-

01 66nbllIaJI BCpOJITHOCTh Toro, 'ITO 3CMJIJI OKa)/(CTOI Bncpc,nH, HO TaKCUI

,14 JlbBOB

B, KOCMOC lIcnOIlClICCKHH// Hcna, 1965. N° 12, C.159,

C. K I1onpocy 0 1981. T. 58. C. 1121-1130.

m TpOU/{KUii B. H.U1.

HaceneHHoCTH railaKTHKH// ACTPOHoMHllecKHH )f(yp-

fJIABA 6.

538

MOJI'IaHHe BCCJleHHOH

B03MO)KHOCTb ocraeTOI Bce )Ke BeCbMa COMHHTCJlbHOH. )leHcTBHTCJlbHO, C MOMCHTa B03HHKHOBCHH>1 )KH3HH; Ha fIJlaHeTe .u.o 06pa30BaHHJI Ha HeH • BbIcoKopa3BHToH 1~HBHJIH3a~HH npOXOJJ.HT .u.OBOJlbHO JJ)IHTeJlhHOC Bpew!. Ha 3eMJ1e OHO 3aWIJI0 OKOJlO

4

MHJ1JIHapJ~OB J1CT. B .u.pyrHx MeCTax

[aJIaKTHKH BpeMR pa3BHTH>1 MO)KeT OTJIH'IaTbOI 0'1' 3CMHoro, r.u.e-TO OHO 6y.u.eT MCHbWC, r:u,e-TO 60JlbIUC. Her HHKaKHX OCHOBaHHl1 C'IHTaTb, KCT 6hlTb

~HBHJIH3al~HH MHoro H OHH )KHByr .u.oJIro (JV!HHHaR IUKaJla )KH31'!H), HO pa3BHBaIOToI «HeopT03BOJ1K)~HOHHO"«<MO)KeT 6bITb, llbICOKOOpl"aHH30BaHHaJI

IJ.HBHJlH3a~I1J1 -

3TO BOBce He OrpOMHl, a Hal111Y1 Pa3YMa He nOToMy, KHTl> CHfHaJIhI Bll, HaM rrpHXO)J,HTOI CTaJIKHBaTbOI C I{CJlhIM Ha60pOM HCOrrpeflCJICHHOCTCH. Mhl HC 3HaCM TO'il-IO, Ha KaKOH 'IaCTOTC CJICflyCT HCKaTh CHrHaJIbI Bll, HC 3HaCM HallpaBJICHHC H BpCMJI npHxo.ua CHrHaJlOB, HCH3BCcrHbl H .upyrHc napaMCTphI: MOIIJ,HOCTh nCpC,lJ,aT'IHKa, nOWlpH3auH.H, THrr MO)J,yWIUHH H T . .u. Bce 3TH HCH3IlCCTHbIC napaMCTpbI H 06pa3YlOT MHomMepHOC «rrpOCTpaHCTBO rrOHCKa». TaK BOT, TapTCp nOJIY'IHJIa, lITO K Ha'laJlY 1980-x ro.uOll 6blJla HCCJIe.uOBaHa COBCpWCHHO HHlITO)l(HaJI .u0WI «rrpocTpaHcTBa rro17 HCKa», pailHaJI 10(CM. § 1.9). IlOnhITaCMOI rrpc.ucraIlHTh, lITO 31'0 TaKOC. MhI y)l(C OTMe'laJIH, lITO nOHCKH CHrHaJIOB Bll 'IaCTO cpaIlHHBaIOT C 1l0HCKaMH HfOJIKH B crOfC CCHa. Bo06pa3HM HaCTOJIllJ,HH crOf CCHa, co.ucp)l(aUIHH 10 I 7 COJlOMHHOK. Pa3MCp cm .uOJI)I(CH 6hITh rrpHMepHO TaKOH:

1 KM B IlIHPHHY,

KO TO'IHO -

1 KM B llbICOTy H HCCKOJII,KO KHJIOMeTpOB (CKOJlh-

31'0 3aBHCHT 01' pa3Mepa COJIOMHHOK) II .uJIHHy. BOT H3

3TOfO fHraHTCKOfO crora CCHa MhI rrOKa oCMUrpeJIH JlHWb o.uHy COJIOMHHKy. Hc HaHJJ.JI HrOJlKH, MO)l(eM JlH MhI yTBCp)l(,lJ,aTh, lITO CC HCT H HCKaTh HC CTOHT?! 31'0 6bIJI 6hI 1l0JIHhIH a6cyp.l1. KOHe'IHo, 3a rrpowe.uWHe f'O)1bI MhI OCMOTpCJIH Y)l(C, BCpOJITHO, HeCKOJlhKO COJIOMHHOK, HO 31'0 HC MCWleT cyIIJ,CCTBa .ueJIa. Hc CJlC.uyCT TaK)I(C 3a6bIBaTh, lITO TapTep, orpaHHlIHllWHCh paccMoTpeHHeM TOJIhKO Tpex rrapaMeTpoB (MOIIJ,HOCTh rrcpc.uaT'lHKa, 'IaCTOTa CHrHaJIa H HarrpaBJICHHe cro rrpoxo.ua), TCM caMhIM OUCHHJla JIHllIh Hc60JIhllIylO 'laCTh HCTHHHoro «npocTpaHcTBa nOHCKa».

-

llO'ICMY Mi>l HC Ha6J11oJ.\aCM CHrHaJIOB

BU?

541

CnCJl:OBaTCnI>HO, COOTHOlllCHHC MC)I(Jl:Y H3y'lCHHOH Jl:OnCH H BCCM nOJJ:J1C)I(amHM HCCJICJl:OBaHHIO «npOCTpaHCTBOM nOHCKa» Jl:On)l(HO 6MTI> CmC MCHl>lllC. IIPHHHMaR BO BHHMaHHC 3TH pC3yn1>TaTM, MO)l(HO CKa3aTI>, 'ITO MM, no cymCCTBY, TOnl>KO npHCTynacM K HaCTO.lImHM nOHCKaM. Ha 31'0 MO)l(HO B03pa3HTI> cnCJl:YIomCCo Bcc CKaJaHHOC CnpaBC)])1HBO no OTHOlliCHHIO K nOHcKy cpaBHHTCJlI>HO CJla6blX CHrHanOB. Hy, a ccnH " CHrHan, KOTOpl>1H " yMCCTHCC cpaBHHTb HC C MM HMCCM O'lCHb CHnbHblH

HronKOH B CTorc CCHa, a C .lIpKO CBCT.lIIJ~CHCJI JIaMnO'IKOH, 6C3 TpyJl:a 06Hapy)l(HBacMoH B HO'lH! BCpO>ITHO, K TaKHM CHrHa.naM MO)l(HO OTHCCTH CHrHaHM UHBHJlH3aUHH

II

THna. HanoMHHM, 'ITO TaKHC UHBHnH3aUHH,

v

v

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xx

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1984. (2-c H3)];., 1987). HaH60JIcc 06CTOJlTCJIbHOC HCCJIc,nOBaHHC 110 epHJIOCOepCKHM acnCKTaM SETI/CETI. 113JIaracTcJI COCTOJlHHC npo6JIcMbI H ,naCTCJI cc MCTo,nOJIOrWICCKHH aHaJlH3. Ha CCPbC3HOM ypOBHC 06c}')K.IJ:aCTCJI np06JICMa naJICOBH3HTa H np06JICMa HJIO. I1MccTCJI 06ulHpHaJJ 6H6JIHorpaepHJI. BCCJICHHaJI. AcrpOHOMHJI. q>HJlOCoepHJI. 1988. C60pHHK CTaTcH. Pa3,ncn

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JIHHHHK IO.B. 3creTHKa KOCMOca. llHCCepTIll~HJIHa COHCKaHHe }"JeHOH creneHH )J;OKTOpa opMa~HoHHLIH B3pLIB: 'ITO OH HeCeT. - M.: 3HaHHe, 1986. rJI. 5. r.n:c )I(C CHrHaJIbI H3 KOCMoca? C.86-124. ThH)J.HJIHC IT.M., .Il:arKecaMaHcKHH P •.Il:., KyJLMHH A..Il:. H )J.p. Pa3BHTHe pa..n:HoacrpOHOMHH B CCCP. - M.: HayKa, 1988. KOJICKTHBHaJI MOHorpa¢IDI no.n: pc.n:aKl.lHCH A.E.CanoMoHoBH<Ja. rJI. 7. COBCTCKaJI pa.n:HoaCTpOHOMHJI H nOHCKH BHC3CMHbIX liHBHJIH3aUHH. 0630P pa60T COBCTCKHX yK,nyHapo,rJ;HLIc OTHomcHWI,1990. AxaJKa B. BHHMaHHc: HJIO. - M.: PHHO "OpHCHTHp", 1990. Py6~OB

B.B., ApxHnoB A.B., BeJIC~KHH A.B. HJIO KaK OHO CCTL. XapLKoB: OHHAJI MIJ: "K", 1990.

llICBqCHKO M.IO. B MHpC "Hcono3HaHHLIx 06'LCKTOB". - M., 1991. IlJIaToB IO.B., Py6~OB B.B. HJIO H COBpCMCHHaJI HayKa. YKa,1991. IOHr Kr. O,rJ;HH CoBpCMCHHLIH MH4J. 0 M.: Hayx:a, 1993.

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lb Hee HCKJIlOtICI-I pa3JlCJI, nOCBJIllleHHbIH

" HCKlIlOtIHTeJIbHOe MeCTO B paccMoTMC)I(3Be3.o.HbIM nCpeJIeTaM, 3aHHMaBlllHH " BbIllle cepHH, H nocTpoeHa OHa HHatIC: OCHOBHOH " ee qaCTbJO JlBJJJleTpeHHoH

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CaBeJIbeBa H. A. 574 CaraH K. 32,79,140,381,393,432434,607 Carmi 11. 140 Ca)l(HH M. B. 323 CaJIJIHBaH B. T. 80 CaJIJIHBaH Y. 29,31,33, 170,322 Caxapon A.)].. 96, III, 137, 149,241, 256,257 CBe.n,eH6opr 3. 228, 229 CeBepHbIH A. E. 190 CeH.n,H.n,)I( 243 CHAopon B. M. 148 CHHHeT A. 69, 560 CHTTep .n,e B. 246, 254 Cm!JOpoB B. 11. 45,575 CKHanapeJIJIH )].)1(. 15, 344 CJIaH¢ep B. 242 CJIbllll B. J1. 83, 116,544,552,575, 576,583 ComacHon B. A. 574 Co.n,ep6JIOM)].. 592 COKpaT 43 CnHHo3a 323 CTapo.n,y6uen A. M. 56, 574 CTeHH6epr)K. 574 CTe~)eHC E. 90 CTOJIlIpOn B. A. 592 CTpaH)I(HC B. 11. 118, 119 CTpeJIbHHUKHH 8. C. 579 CTpelliHeBa K. M. 574 CTpyBe B. 51. 27 CTpyne O. 8. 27, 31, 32, 34, 322,554 CTyJIJI M. 79 Cy6oTOnH'I M. 10\ Cyp.n,HH B. r. 11,206, 292, 584, 590, 610 CyxaHoc C. 11. 298 CYXOTl1H E. B. 589 CY4KHH r. 11. 584 CXyTTe B. 372

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U Uan r. T. 190 UapeBcKHH r. c. 585 UeMTJIHH M. H. 460 UHOJIKOBCKHM K. 3. 13,106,109,113,

174,309,317,319,322,345,376, 386,397,399,400,449,479,483, 484,496,517,547,548,571,591,608 UHUHH yMara Oep(CT NU 1. YOI. I1C'I. JI. 40,5. Y'I.-H3J\. JI. 44,55. TlipaJK 300031'3. (1 :Iano)( - 1 500 :)1'3.) 3aK'\3 N° 4147 YI:I)(,nCJII.CTIIO epH:IHKO- MaTcMaTH'IccKOH JIHTcpaTypbI 119071 MocKna B-71, flCHHHCKHH I1p-T, 15 OTlIC'I «nOJIHI-paqmcT" 160001 I". BOJIOI)Ia, VJI. qCJIlOCKHm~cn, 3

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