Seed Conditioning, Volume 3: Crop Seed Conditioning

SEED CONDITIONING Volume Three CROP SEED CONDITIONING SEED CONDITIONING Volume Three CROP SEED CONDITIONING A compen...

Author: Bill R. Gregg | Gary L. Billups

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SEED CONDITIONING Volume Three CROP SEED CONDITIONING

SEED CONDITIONING Volume Three

CROP SEED CONDITIONING A compendium of information on physical properties and conditioning requirements of some seed kinds Bill (B.R.) Gregg, Ph.D. Seed Industry Development Specialist Starkville, MS 39760 Gary L. Billups President, Crippen International, Inc. Dallas, TX 75240-5114

Science Publishers Enfield, New Hampshire

Published by Science Publishers, P.O. Box 699, Enfield, NH 03748, USA

An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Channel Islands E-mail : [email protected]

Website : www.scipub.net

Marketed and distributed by: 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN, UK

CRC Press

Copyright reserved © 2010 ISBN 978-1-57808-609-2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gregg, B. R. Seed conditioning. Volume one, Management : a practical advancedlevel guide to help managers, technical specialists, professionals, to achieve better seed in less time and cost / Bill (B.R.) Gregg & Gary L. Billups. - - 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-57808-572-9 (hardcover) 1. Seed technology. I. Billups, Gary L. II. Title. SB113.7.G74 2009 631.5'21--dc22 2009000072

The views expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and the publisher does not assume responsibility for the authenticity of the findings/conclusions drawn by the author(s). Also no responsibility is assumed by the publishers for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, in writing. The exception to this is when a reasonable part of the text is quoted for purpose of book review, abstracting etc. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher ’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Printed in the United States of America

Dedication Seed conditioning is essential to providing high-quality seed, which ultimately benefits farmers, rural people and urban populations. This guide and compendium of information is respectfully dedicated to the pioneering leaders who recognized the role of seed and conditioning—and then proceeded to do something about it! These included: Dr. Louis N. Wise Gus Stricker Lakshmi Sagar Oliver Steele Jim Henderson Their work is still with us!

Jesse Harmond Virgil Frevert Lewis M. Carter Ronald Banton

Preface To ensure high seed quality, the operator must select the proper sequence of machines and set them up as required for each particular lot of seed. This requires the operator to: 1. Examine a sample and identify what must be separated from the good crop seed, and the physical characteristics of these particles which differ from the good seed. 2. Select the machines which can make the required separations. 3. Set up each machine as required to clean the specific lot of crop seed. 4. Use the machines in a sequence such that each machine leaves the seed lot in the best condition for the separation made by the following machine. 5. If unneeded machines are included in the plant’s machinery installation, ensure bypasses so that the unnecessary machines are not used. Then, as soon as the conditioning operation begins, carefully check the work of each machine and fine-tune its adjustment to get the best possible separation with minimum loss of good seed. This publication is a testimonial of how little public information exists on the physical properties and conditioning requirements of seed. For many crop seed, the only information exists in the heads or files of specific persons or companies who are in the business of producing, cleaning and handling seed. Some of the better published sources of information on seed characteristics and/or specific conditioning requirements include—but are not limited to!—the following: Anon. 1992. AOSARules for testing seed. Assn. of Official Seed Analysts. Ithaca, NY 14850. Anon. 1996. International Rules for Seed Testing. ISTA. Zurich. 340 pp.

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Anon. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 30. USDA. Washington, DC. 440 pp. Anon. 1975. Handbook for Seed Certification in India. Seed Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. New Delhi. 150 pp. Bailey, L.H. 1949. Manual of Cultivated Plants. Macmillan. New York. 1116 pp. Ball, Vic (editor). 1975. Ball Redbook. 13th edition. Geo. J. Ball, Inc. USA. 502 pp. Fernald, Merritt L. 1970. Gray’s Manual of Botany. 8th ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 1632 pp. Gregg, Billy R., et al. 1970. Seed Processing. MS State Univ., National Seeds Corp. and US Agency for International Development. New Delhi, India. 396 pp. Madsen, Erik, and N.E. Langkilde (eds.). 1988. ISTA Handbook for Cleaning of Agricultural and Horticultural Seeds on Small-Scale Machines. Pat II. ISTA. Zurich. 117 working sheets. Ochse, J.J., R.C. and Bakhuizen van den Brink. 1980. Vegetables of the Dutch East Indies. A. Asher. Amsterdam. 1016 pp. Virdi, Sher S. et al. 1972. Seed Processing Plant Operator’s Handbook. National Seed Corporation, MS State Univ. Seed Team, and USAID. New Delhi, India. 510 pp. This manual is intended to help seed conditioners by: 1. Providing as much available information as possible, as an assist to persons who are in the business, or to persons who would like to get into the business. 2. Encouraging researchers, seed conditioners, and others with information, to make their information known. They will not suffer by doing so; in fact, it will call attention to seed quality requirements, and help them! 3. Promoting the study of seed physical characteristics by researchers and graduate students on seed physical properties and conditioning needs. This area can provide many excellent research projects, thesis programs, and special studies. It is hoped that seed conditioners will use the record formats provided in Seed Conditioning Volume I, Management, and here, to build their own records of what worked to remove specific contaminants from their crop seed. Such information will enable them to save time, reduce conditioning costs, and reduce seed losses. If you have information on specific seed kinds, the authors ask— plead!—you to please send it to them, so that it can be included (with full credit given) in future editions. The Authors

Crop Seed Conditioning Records Seed conditioners can save time and expense by (1) keeping good records of how the successfully-made batches were done, (2) having (In- house Quality Control) IQC analyze the separation needs of each lot before conditioning, and (3) checking the records to see how similar separations were previously made. This technique gives the opportunity for others to be able to master good results by referring that qualified data. In addition to the records described in Seed Conditioning Volume 1 Management, some conditioners have used a record similar to that shown below. This shows what was removed from specific lots, and how it was removed. Conditioning Record Page no. Crop: Variety No.

Date

Air-Screen Cleaner Screen Dressings

Removed

Pre-Air Settings

Removed

Final Air Settings

Removed

Eccentric Speed Setting

Removed

Preface

ix

Contents Dedication Preface Seed: Physical Properties and Conditioning Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops

v vii 1 3

Common English Name Key Crop Seed

Section No.

African daisy; cape marigold (Dimorphotheca sinuata DC.) African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha) Ageratum (Ageratum mexicanum) Alfalfa; lucerne (Medicago sativa) Alfilaria; alfileria; pin clover (Erodium cicutarium) Alfileria; alfilaria; pin clover (Erodium cicutarium) Allspice (Pimenta dioica Merr.) Alyssum (Alyssum spp.) Alyssum, annual (Lobularia maritima) Amaranthus (ornamental flower and grain/vegetable types) (Amaranthus spp.) Amaranthus, annual (ornamental)(Amaranthus tricolor) Anagallis (Anagallis arvensis) Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) Aquilegia; Columbine (Aquilegia spp.) Arabis; rock cress (Arabis spp.) Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Asparagus, ornamental (Asparagus spp.: A. plumosus, A. sprengeri, A. falcatus, A. Meyerii, etc.) Asparagus, vegetable (Asparagus officinalis L.) Aster, annual (Callistephus chinensis) Aster, New England (Aster novae-angliae L.) Aubergine; eggplant; brinjal; garden egg (Solanum melongena L. var esculentum) Aubrietia, perennial (Aubrietia deltoidea graeca) Australian silk oak; grevillea (Grevillea robusta) Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense) Baby blue eyes; nemophila (Nemophila menziesii Hooker & Arnot subsp. insignis (Douglas) Brand) Baby’s breath; perennial gypsophila; gypsophila (Gypsophila spp.)

138 223 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 13 85 14 112 15 147 16

Common English Name Key contd...

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Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning Common English Name Key contd... Crop Seed

Section No.

Baby’s breath; annual gypsophila (Gypsophila elegans) Bachelor’s button; cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) Bahiagrass: Pensacola, etc. (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) Balsam (Impatiens balsamina) Balsam pear; bitter melon; bitter gourd; bitter cucumber; bitter momordica (Momordica charantia L.) Balsam, sultan’s (Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.) Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (Voandezia subterranea)) Barley, 2-rowed (Hordeum vulgare L.) Barley, 6-rowed (Hordeum vulgare L.) Bean, adzuki (Vigna angularis (Willdenow) Ohwi & Ohashi (Phaseolus angularis)) Bean, asparagus (Vigna sesquipedalis L.) Bean, broad; horse bean (Vicia faba L.) Bean, field (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Bean, French (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Bean, French type lingot; snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Bean, garden (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Bean, horse; broad bean (Vicia faba L.) Bean, lima (Phaseolus lunatus var macrocarpus) Bean, runner; scarlet runner (Phaseolus coccineus L.) Bean, scarlet runner; runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) Bean, snap; French type lingot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Bean, yardlong (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt) Beet, field or garden; Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) Beet, mangel (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) Beet, sugar (Beta vulgaris L.) Beggarweed, Florida (Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) DC.) Begonia (Begonia semperflorens) Bell flower; campanula (Campanula spp.) Bellis; English daisy (Bellis perennis var. monstrosa) Bells of Ireland; shellflower (Molucella laevis) Bentgrass, colonial: Astoria; highland (Agrostis capillaris L. (A. tenuis Sibthorp) Bentgrass, creeping (Agrostis palustris L., A. stolonifera L. var. palustris (Hudson) Farwell) Bentgrass, velvet (Agrostis canina L.) Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Person var. dactylon) Bermudagrass, giant (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon var. aridus Harlan & de Wet) Bitter melon; balsam pear; bitter gourd; bitter cucumber; bitter momordica (Momordica charantia L.) Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.) Black medick (Medicago lupulina L.) Black pepper; pepper; white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Blazing star (Liatris spicata (L.) Willd.) Bluebonnet, Texas (Lupinus subcarnosus Hooker)

16 62 111 17 106 18 19 20 20 66 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 206 23 24 25 77 26 111 111 111 111 111 106 27 53 28 29 30


Contents

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Common English Name Key contd... Crop Seed

Section No.

Bluegrass, annual (Poa annua L.) Bluegrass, bulbous (Poa bulbosa L.) Bluegrass, Canada (Poa compressa L.) Bluegrass, glaucantha (Poa glaucantha Gaudin) Bluegrass, Kentucky; smooth-stalked meadowgrass (Poa pratensis L.) Bluegrass, Nevada (Poa nevadensis Schribner) Bluegrass, rough; rough-stalked meadowgrass (Poa trivialis L.) Bluegrass, Texas (Poa arachnifera Torrey) Bluegrass, wood (Poa nemoralis L.) Bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) Nuttal) Bluestem, big (Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. gerardii) Bluestem, little (Andropogon scoparius L. (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash)) Bluestem, sand (Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. paucipilus (Nash) Fernald, A. hallii Hackel) Bluestem, yellow (Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng) Borage, common (Borago officinalis L.) Bottle gourd; white-flowered gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) Brachiaria; signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf) Brinjal; eggplant; aubergine; garden egg (Solanum melongena L. var. esculentum) Broccoli; cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) Bromegrass, field (Bromus arvensis L.) Bromegrass, mountain (Bromus marginatus Steudel) Bromegrass, smooth (Bromus inermis Leysser) Broomcorn (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (S. vulgare var. technicum) Browallia (Browallia spp.) Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC.) Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann) Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) Burnet, little (Sanguisorba minor Scopoli) Butterfly flower; schizanthus (Schizanthus spp.) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) Cabbage, Chinese; pe-tsai (Brassica pekinensis (Loureiro) Ruprecht) Cabbage, tronchuda (Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC.) Cabbage, tronchuda (Brassica oleracea L. var. tronchuda Bailey) Calendula; pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Caley pea; singletary pea; wild winter pea; rough pea (Lathyrus hirsutus L.) Calliopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall) Calliopsis (Coreopsis basalis (Otto & A. Detrich) S.F. Blake) Campanula; bell flower (Campanula spp.) Canarygrass (Phalaris canariensis L.) Canarygrass, reed (Phalaris arundinacea L.) Candytuft, annual (Iberis coronaria) Candytuft, perennial (Iberis spp.) Cantaloupe; muskmelon (Cucumis melo)

111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 31 107 111 85 32 111 111 111 193 33 32 34 111 111 35 186 36 36 36 36 137 37 38 38 25 111 111 39 39 40


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Section No.

Caraway (Carum carvi L.) Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) Carnation, annual and perennial; pink (Dianthus caryophyllus) Carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis Chase) Carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffmann) Arcangeli) Castorbean (Ricinus communis L.) Catchfly; Sweet William (Silene armeria L.) Cauliflower; broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) Celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Miller) Persoon) Celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Miller) Gaudin) Celosia, annual; cockscomb (Celosia argentea cristata) Centaurea; cornflower (Centaurea spp.) Chervil, salad (Anthriscus cerefoliuim (L.) Hoffm.) Chess, soft (Bromus hordeaceus L.) Chess, soft (Bromus mollis L.) Chickpea; garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Chilli; hot pepper; sweet (bell) pepper (Capsicum spp.) Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) Christmas cherry; ornamental pepper (Capsicum spp.) Christmas cherry; ornamental pepper (Solanum pseudo-capsicum) Cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer) Cineraria, annual (Senecia cruentus) Citron (Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai var. citroides (Bailey) Mansfeld) Cleome; spider plant (Cleome spinoso) Clover, alsike (Trifolium hybridum L.) Clover, alyce (Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.) Clover, arrowleaf (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) Clover, berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Clover, bur (Medicago hispida L.) Clover, bur (Medicago hispida L.) (in bur) Clover, button (Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartalini) Clover, California bur (Medicago polymorpha L.) Clover, cluster (Trifolium glomeratum L.) Clover, crimson (Trifolium incarnatum L.) Clover, hop (Trifolium campestre Schreber) Clover, hubam (Medicago alba Desr. Var. annua Coe) Clover, Kenya (Trifolium semipilosum Fresenius) Clover, ladino; white (Trifolium repens L.) Clover, lappa (Trifolium lappaceum L.) Clover, large hop (Trifolium campestre Schreiber) Clover, large hop (Trifolium procumbens L.) Clover, Persian (Trifolium resupinatum L.) Clover, Rabbit-foot (Trifolium arvense L.) Clover, red (Trifolium pratense L.) Clover, rose (Trifolium hirtum Allioni)

41 11 42 111 43 44 45 32 46 46 47 63 48 111 111 49 50 51 51 152 51 51 177 52 226 195 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53


Contents

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Section No.

Clover, small hop; suckling (Trifolium dubium Sibthorp) Clover, sour (Melilotus indica (L.) Allioni) Clover, spotted bur (Medicago arabica (L.) Hudson) Clover, strawberry (Trifolium fragiferum L.) Clover, sub; subterranean (Trifolium subterraneum L.) Clover, suckling; small hop (Trifolium dubium Sibthorp) Clover, white; ladino (Trifolium repens L.) Clover, white sweet; white blossom sweet (Melilotus alba Medikus) Clover, yellow sweet; yellow blossom sweet (Melilotus officinalis Lamarck) Cockscomb; annual celosia (Celosia argentea cristata) Cocksfoot; orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) Coffee: Arabian; Arabica (Coffea arabica L.) Coffee: common; robusta (Coffea robusta L.) Coleus, common (Coleus blumei Bentham) Collards; kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) Columbine, aquilegia (Aquilegia spp.) Coneflower; rudbeckia (Redbeckia spp.) Coneflower, prairie; Mexican hat (Ratibida columnifera (Nuttal) Wooton & Standley) Coneflower, purple (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) Cooper glycine; tinaroo (Neonotonia wightii (Arn.) Lackey) Coreopsis, perennial (Coreopsis lanceolata L.) Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Corn, field; maize (Zea mays L. subsp. mays) Corn, pop (Zea mays L.subsp. everta) Corn, sweet (Zea mays L. subsp.dulce) Cornflower; bachelor’s button (Centaurea cyanus L.) Corn salad; lambs lettuce (Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterrade) Cosmos, annual (Cosmos bipinnatus) Cosmos, Klondyke types (Cosmos sulphureus Cavanilles) Cotton (Gossypium spp.) Cotton, upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Cotton: Sea Island; Pima; Egyptian; long-staple (Gossypium barbadense L.) Cowpea; Southern pea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers subsp. unguiculata) Crambe (Crambe abyssinica R.E. Fries) Cress, garden (Lepidium sativum L.) Cress, upland (Barbarea verna (Miller) Acherson) Crested dogtail grass (Cynosurus cristatus L.) Crossandra (Crossandra infundibuliformis Nees) Crotalaria, lanceleaf; lance (Crotalaria lanceolata E. Meyer) Crotalaria, showy (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth) Crotalaria, slenderleaf (Crotalaria brevidens Bentham var. intermedia (Kotschy) Polhill (C. intermedia) Crotalaria, smooth (Crotalaria pallida Aiton) Crotalaria, striate (Crotalaria mucronata (Crotalaria striata)

53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 47 111 54 54 55 122 9 56 58 57 211 59 60 61 61 61 62 63 64 64 65 65 65 66 67 68 69 111 70 71 71 71 71 71


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Section No.

Crotalaria, sunn (Crotalaria juncea L.) Crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Cucumber, bitter; bitter gourd; bitter momordica; balsampear; bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Cup-flower; nierembergia (Nierembergia spp.) Cyclamen (Cyclamen indicum giganteum) Dahlia (Dahlia pinnata) Daisy (Chrysanthemum maximum) Daisy, African (Arctotis spp.) Daisy, African; cape marigold (Dimorphotheca sinuata DC.) Daisy, English; bellis (Bellis perennis var. monstrosa) Daisy, painted; perennial pyrethrum (Pyrethrum roseum) Daisy, tahoka (Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (Kunth) Nees) Daisy, tidy-tips (Layia platyglossa (Fischer & Meyer) A. Gray) Daisy, Transvaal; gerbera (Gerbera Jamesoni) Dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poiret) Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Wiggers) Delphinium (Delphinium elatum) Dianthus, annual (Dianthus chinensis) Dianthus, perennial (Dianthus spp.) Dichondra (Dichondra repens Forster & Forster f.) Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) Dolichos; dolichos bean; lablab; hyacinth dolichos; hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab L.,) Dropseed, sand (Sporobolus cryptandrus) Eggplant; brinjal; aubergine, garden egg (Solanum melongena L. var. esculentum) Endive (Cichorium endivia L.) Euphorbia (Euphorbia spp.) Everlasting flower (Helipterum roseum (Hook.) Benth.) Everlasting flower, Australian (Helipterum manglesii (Lindley) F. Mueller) Fennel, common (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) Fenugreek; methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Fescue, alta; tall fescue; Kentucky 31 fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) Fescue, chewings (Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Gaudin) Fescue, creeping red (Festuca rubra L. subsp. rubra) Fescue, hair (Festuca tenuifolia Sibthorp (Festuca capillata) Fescue, hard (Festuca trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina) Fescue, hard (Festuca ovina L. ssp. cinerea (Vill.) Duyfjes) Fescue, Kentucky 31; alta fescue; tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) Fescue, meadow (Festuca pratensis Hudson (Festuca elatior) Fescue,red (Festuca rubra L.)

71 177 40 105 72 148 73 74 75 76 136 77 171 78 210 99 111 79 80 81 81 82 83 84 111 85 50 86 87 87 88 89 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111


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Contents Common English Name Key contd... Crop Seed

Section No.

Fescue, sheep (Festuca ovina L.) Fescue, tall; Kentucky 31 fescue; Alta fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) Feverfew; matricaria (Matricaria capensis) Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Flax, flowering (Linum grandiflorum Desfontaines Rubrun) Flax, perennial (Linum perenne L. subsp. lewisii (Pursh) Hult.) Forget-me-not, perennial (Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt non hort.) Forget-me-not, true (Myosotis scorpioides L.) Forget-me-not, woodland (Myosotis silvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.) Foxtail, meadow (Alopecurus pratensis L.) Freesia, annual (Freesia hybrida) Fuchsia (Fuchsia hybrida) Gaillardia (Gaillardia grandiflorum) Gaillardia, annual (Gaillardia pulchella Fougeroux var. picta (Sweet) A. Gray) Gaillardia, perennial (Gaillardia aristata Pursh) Galleta grass (Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth.) Garbanzo; chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Garden egg; eggplant; brinjal; aubergine (Solanum melongena L. var. esculentum) Gayfeather (Liatris spp.) Gazania (Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn.) Geranium (Pelargonium spp.) Geranium, horseshoe (Pelargonium zonale Hort.) Gerbera; Transvaal daisy (Gerbera Jamesoni) Geum (Geum spp. and varieties) Gherkin (Cucumis sativus L.) Gilia (Gilia tricolor Bentham) Globe amaranth; gomphrena (Gomphrena globosa) Gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa) Godetia (Clarkia amoena (Lehmann) Nelson & Macbride) Gomphrena; globe amaranth (Gomphrena globosa) Gourd, bitter; bitter cucumber; bitter momordica; bitter melon; balsam pear (Momordica charantia L.) Gourd, bottle; white-flowered gourd; calabash gourd; spaghetti squash (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) Gourd, calabash; bottle gourd; white-flowered gourd; spaghetti squash (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) Gourd, dishrag; sponge gourd; loofah; luffah (Luffa cylindrica Roem.) Gourd, ribbed; ridge gourd; vegetable gourd; Chinese okra (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.) Gourd, ridge; ribbed gourd; vegetable gourd; Chinese okra (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.) Gourd, white-flowered; bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) Gourd, calabash; spaghetti squash; bottle gourd, white-flowered gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.)

111 111 139 90 90 90 91 91 91 92 111 93 94 95 95 95 111 49 85 96 97 98 98 99 100 40 101 104 102 103 104 105 106 106 109 107 107 106 106


xviii



Section No.

Gourd, snake (Trichosanthes anguina L.) Gourd, sponge; dishrag gourd; loofah; luffah (Luffa cylindrica Roem.) Gourd, wax; white gourd; tallow gourd; Chinese preserving melon (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn) Gourd, white; wax gourd; tallow gourd; Chinese preserving melon (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn) Gourd, tallow; wax gourd; white gourd; Chinese preserving melon (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn) Gourd, vegetable; ridge gourd; ribbed gourd; Chinese okra (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.) Grama, blue (Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Griffiths) Grama, side-oats (Bouteloua curtipendula (Michaux) Torrey) Grevillea; Australian silk oak (Grevillea robusta) Groundnut; peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert) Guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacquin var. maximum) Gumbo; lady finger; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Gypsophila; baby’s breath; perennial gypsophila (Gypsophila spp.) Gypsophila, annual; baby’s breath (Gypsophila elegans) Hardinggrass (Phalaris stenoptera Hackel (P. tuberosa var. stenoptera)) Helichrysum; strawflower (Helichrysum bracteatum monstrosum) Heliotrope(Valeriana officinalis) Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Hollyhock, annual or perennial (Althea rosea) Hyacinth bean; dolichos; dolichos bean; lablab; hyacinth dolichos (Dolichos lablab L.) Hyacinth dolichos; dolichos; dolichos bean; lablab; hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab L.) Impatiens; sultana (Impatiens holsti, I. sultani) Indiangrass; yellow Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash) Indigo; indigo, hairy (Indigofera hirsuta L.) Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steudel) Jews mallow; jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon) Jute; Jews mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.) Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) Kale; collards (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.) Kale, Chinese (Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra (Bailey) Musil) Kale, Siberian (Brassica napus var. pabularia DC.) Kazungula grass (Setaria sphacelatas (Shum.) Stapf et C.E.Hubb.) Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Kochia, forage (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrader) Kohlrabi (knol kohl) (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.) Kudzu (Pueraria lobata (Willdenow) Ohwi (P. thunbergiana)) Lablab; hyacinth dolichos; dolichos; dolichos bean; hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab L.) Lady finger; okra; gumbo (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)

108 109 110 110 110 107 111 111 112 157 112 111 151 16 16 111 113 114 115 116 84 84 117 111 119 111 120 111 119 119 120 121 121 121 111 122 123 32 123 84 151


Contents

xix


Section No.

Lambs lettuce; cornsalad (Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterrade) Larkspur (Delphinium ajacis) Lavandula; lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Lavender; lavandula (Lavandula angustifolia) Lavender, sea, notchleaf (Limonium sinuatum) Leek (Allium porrum L.) Lemon mint flower (Monarda citriodora) Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) Lespedeza, Kobe (Lespedeza striata (Thunberg) Schindler) Lespedeza, Korean (Lespedeza stipulacea Maximowicz; Kummerowia stipulacea (Maximowicz) Makino) Lespedeza, sericea; Chinese lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont de Courset) G. Don (L. sericea) Lespedeza, Siberian (Lespedeza hedysaroides (Pallas) Kitagawa); L. juncea (L. f.) Persoon Lespedeza, striate; common lespedeza (Kummerowia striata (Thunberg) Schindler; Lespedeza striata (J.A. Murray) Hooker & Arnott Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Linaria (Linaria maroccana Hook. f.) Lobelia (Lobelia erinus) Loofah; luffah; sponge gourd; dishrag gourd (Luffa cylindrica Roem.) Lotononis (Lotononis bainesii Baker) Lovegrass, sand (Eragrostis trichodes (Nuttal) Wood) Lovegrass, weeping (Eragrostis curvula (Schrader) Nees) Lucerne; alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Luffa; loofah; sponge gourd; dishrag gourd (Luffa cylindrica Roem.) Lupine, blue (Lupinus angustifolius L.) Lupine, ornamental (Lupinus polyphyllus) Lupine, white (Lupinus albus L.) Lupine, yellow (Lupinus luteus L.) Manilagrass (Zoysia matrella (L.) Merrill) Marigold (Tagetes spp.) Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Marigold, cape; African daisy (Dimorphotheca sinuata DC.) Marigold, French (Tagetes patula L.) Marigold, pot; calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) Marigold, woolly (Baileya multiradiata Torrey) Marrow, vegetable (Cucurbita pepo) Mathiola; stock (Mathiola incana) Matricaria; feverfew (Matricaria capensis) Meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) Meadowgrass, swamp (Poa palustris L.) Meadowgrass, rough-stalked; rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) Meadowgrass, smooth-stalked; Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) Medick, black (Medicago lupulina L.) Melon, bitter; balsam pear; bitter momordica; bitter cucumber; bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

63 125 126 126 191 152 127 128 129 129 129 129 129 130 131 132 109 133 111 111 2 109 134 134 134 134 111 135 135 136 135 137 138 199 200 139 111 111 111 111 53 105


xx

Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning Common English Name Key contd... Crop Seed

Section No.

Melon, Chinese preserving; wax gourd; white gourd; tallow gourd (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn Methi; fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Mexican hat; prairie coneflower (Ratibida columnifera (Nuttal) Wooton & Standley) Milkvetch, cicer (Astragalus cicer L.) Millet, browntop (Panicum fasciculatum; Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf (P. ramosum) Millet, foxtail (Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois) Millet, German (Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois) Millet, golden (Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois) Millet, Hungarian (Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois) Millet, Italian (Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois) Millet, Japanese (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauvois var. frumentacea (Link) Wight (E. frumentacea Link) Millet, pearl (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown)) Millet, proso (Panicum miliaceum L.) Millet, Siberian (Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois) Mint flower, lemon (Monarda citriodora Laagasca) Molassesgrass (Melinis minutiflora Beauvois) Momordica, bitter; bitter cucumber; bitter gourd; bitter melon; balsam pear (Momordica charantia L.) Monarch daisy; monarch of the Veldt; venidium (Venidium fastuosum) Monarch of the Veldt; monarch daisy; venidium (Venidium fastuosum) Morning glory (Ipomea spp.) Morning glory (Convolvulus spp.) Moss rose; portulaca (Portulaca grandiflora Hook.) Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wiczek var. radiata (Phaseolus radiatus L., P. aureus) Muskmelon; cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) Mustard, black (Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch) Mustard, Indian (Brassica juncea (L.) Czernajew & Cosson) Mustard, spinach (Brassica perviridis (Bailey) Bailey) Mustard, white (Brassica hirta L.) Mustard, white (Sinapis alba L.) Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher) Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) Needlegrass, green (Stipa viridula Trinius) Nemesia (Nemesia strumosa Benth.; N. strumosa suttonii) Nemophila; baby blue eyes (Nemophila menziesii Hooker & Arnot subsp. insignis (Douglas) Brand) Nemophila, spotted (Nemophila maculata Lindley) Nierembergia; cup-flower (Nierembergia spp.) Oats; white oats (Avena sativa L.) Oats, red (Avena byzantina K.Koch) Oatgrass, golden (Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv.)

110 89 58 181 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 129 111 106 141 141 142 142 166 143 40 144 144 144 144 144 111 145 111 146 147 147 148 150 150 149


Contents

xxi


Section No.

Oatgrass, tall; oatgrass, tall meadow (Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J.S. & K.B. Presl.) Okra; gumbo; lady finger (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Okra, Chinese; ridge gourd; ribbed gourd; vegetable gourd (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.) Onion (Allium cepa L.) Orchardgrass; cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) Ornamental grass (Pennisetum ruppelianum) Ozark sundrops; Missouri primrose (Oenothera macrocarpa Nuttal) Paddy, rice (Oryza sativa L.) Pak-choi (Brassica chinensis L.) Panicgrass, blue (Panicum antidotale Retzius) Panicgrass, green (Panicum maximum Jacquin var. trichoglume Robyns) Pansy (Viola tricolor L.) Pansy; viola (Viola cornuta) Parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Miller) A.W. Hill) Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) Peanut; groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pea, field; Canada field pea (Pisum sativum L. var. arvense) Pea, garden (Pisum sativum L.) Pear, balsam; bitter momordica; bitter cucumber; bitter gourd, bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) Penstemon, rocky mountain (Penstemon strictus Bentham) Pepper, bell (sweet) (Capsicum spp.) Pepper; black pepper; white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Pepper, hot (Capsicum spp.) Pepper, sweet (bell) (Capsicum spp.) Periwinkle; vinca (Vinca rosea) Pe-tsai; Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) Petunia (Petunia spp.) Petunia, common (Petunia x hybrida Vilm.) Phacelia (Phacelia campanularia A. Gray) Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham) Phlox, annual (Phlox drummondii Hooker) Phlox, perennial (Phlox paniculata) Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) Pin clover; alfilaria; alfileria (Erodium cicutarium) Pincushion flower; scabiosa; scabiosus (Scabiosa spp.) Pincushion flower; scabiosa, annual (Scabiosa atropurpurea) Pincushion flower; scabiosa, perennial (Scabiosa caucasica) Pink; carnation (annual and perennial) (Dianthus caryophyllus) Pocketbook plant (Calceolaria herbeahybrida) Poppy (Papaver orientale L.) Poppy, California (Eschscholzia californica Chamisso) Poppy, corn; Shirley poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) Poppy, Iceland (Papaver nudicaule L.) Poppy, opium (Papaver somniferum L.) Portulaca; moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora Hook.)

111 151 107 152 111 111 168 175 36 111 111 157 153 154 155 157 156 156 105 158 51 28 51 51 222 36 159 159 160 160 161 161 162 3 185 185 185 42 163 164 165 164 164 164 166


xxii



Section No.

Primrose, beach evening (Camissonia cheiranthifolia (Hornemann) Raimann) Primrose, evening (Oenothera agrillicola Mackenzie) Primrose, Missouri; ozark sundrops (Oenothera macrocarpa Nuttal) Primula, annual (Primula malacoides) Primula, annual (Primula obconica) Primula, hardy or perennial (Primula veris) Psyllium (Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula) Pumpkin; vegetable marrow (Cucurbita pepo L.) Pyrethrum, perennial; painted daisy (Pyrethrum roseum) Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Rape, annual (Brassica napus L. var. annua Koch) Rape, bird (Brassica campestris) Rape, turnip (Brassica campestris vars.) Rape, winter (Brassica napus L. var. biennis (Schubler & Martyn) Reichenbach) Redtop (Agrostis alba L.) Redtop (Agrostis gigantea Roth) Rescuegrass (Bromus catharticus Vahl (B. unioloides Kunth)) Rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth) Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L.) Rice; paddy (Oryza sativa L.) Ricegrass, Indian (Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roemer & Schultes) Ricker) River daisy, swan (Brachycome iberidifolia Bentham.) Rock cress; arabis (Arabis spp.) Rough pea; singletary pea; wild winter pea; caley pea (Lathyrus hirsutus L.) Rudbeckia; coneflower (Rudbeckia spp.) Rutabaga; Swede (Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Reichenbach) Rye (Secale cereale L.) Rye, mountain (Secale montanum Gussone) Ryegrass, intermediate (Lolium x hybridum Haussknecht) Ryegrass, annual; Italian ryegrass (diploid) (Lolium multiflorum Lamarck) Ryegrass, annual; Italian ryegrass (tetraploid) (Lolium multiflorum Lamarck) Ryegrass, perennial (diploid) (Lolium perenne L.) Ryegrass, perennial (tetraploid) (Lolium perenne L.) Safflower (Carthamaus tinctorius L.) Sage, garden (Salvia officinalis L.) Sage, mealycup; blue bedder (Salvia farinacea Bentham) Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scopoli) Salad chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.) Salpiglossis (Salpiglossis Ruiz & Pav. spp.) Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius L.) Salsify, black (Scorzonera hispanica L.) Salvia (Salvia spp.) Sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torrey) A. Gray)

167 168 168 169 169 169 170 199 171 172 173 173 173 173 111 111 111 111 174 175 111 176 10 37 56 218 178 178 111 111 111 111 111 179 180 180 181 48 182 183 183 184 111


Contents

xxiii


Section No.

Savory, summer (Satureja hortensis L.) Scabiosa; scabiosus; pincushion flower (Scabiosa spp.) Scabiosa, annual; pincushion flower (Scabiosa atropurpurea) Scabiosa, perennial; pincushion flower (Scabiosa caucasica) Schizanthus; butterfly flower (Schizanthus spp.) Sea lavender (annual or perennial); statice (Limonium spp.) Sea lavender, notchleaf Limonium sinuatum (L.) Miller) Serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Sesbania (Sesbania exaltata (Rafinesque) A.W. Hill) Sesbania (Sesbania macrocarpa Muhlenberg) Shellflower; Bells of Ireland (Molucella laevis) Signalgrass; brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf) Silk oak, Australian; Grevillea (Grevillea robusta) Singletary pea; wild winter pea; caley pea; rough pea (Lathyrus hirsutus L.) Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urgan) Smilograss; smilo (Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Acherson & Schweinfurth) Smilo; smilograss (Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Acherson & Schweinfurth) Snapdragon: common; greenhouse; annual; outdoor (Antirrhinum majus L.) Sorghum almum (Sorghum x almum L. Parodi) Sorghum, grain (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (S. vulgare) Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum x drummondii (Steudel) Millspaugh & Chase) Sorghum, sweet (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (S. vulgare) Sorgrass (Sorghum spp.) Sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.) Southern pea; cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers subsp. unguiculata) (Vigna sinensis) Soybean; soyabean; soya; soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Spider plant; cleome (Cleome spinoso) Spinach, common (Spinacia oleracea L.) Spinach, New Zealand (Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze) Spurry, corn (Spergula arvensis L.) Squash (Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne) Poiret, C. maxima Duchesne) Squash, spaghetti; calabash gourd; bottle gourd, white-flowered gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) Squirreltail, bottlebrush (Elymus elymoides (Rafinesque) Swezey) Statice; sea lavender (Annual or Perennial) (Limonium spp.) Stock; mathiola (Mathiola incana) Strawflower; helichrysum (Helichrysum bracteatum monstrosum) Stylo; stylosanthes (Stylosanthes guianensis (Aublet) Sw.) Stylosanthes, Townsville (Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K.) Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf) Sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense, S. sudanense) Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) Sultana; impatiens (Impatiens holsti, I. sultani)

203 185 185 185 186 187 187 188 189 190 190 26 111 112 37 191 111 111 192 193 193 193 193 111 174 66 194 195 196 197 198 199 106 111 191 200 113 201 201 193 193 202 117


xxiv



Section No.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Swede; rutabaga (Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Reichenbach) Sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus L.) Sweetvetch, northern (Hedysarum boreale Nuttall) Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus L.) Sweet William; catchfly (Silene armeria L.) Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) Texas bluebonnet (Lupinus subcarnosus Hooker) Thunbergia (Thunbergia spp.) Thyme, garden (Thymus vulgaris L.) Tidy-tips daisy (Layia platyglossa (Fischer & Meyer) A. Gray) Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) Tinaroo; Cooper glycine (Neonotonia wightii (Arn.) Lackey) Tobacco (Nicotiana L. spp.) Tobacco, flowering (ornamental) (Nicotiana affinis L.) Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Farnwell) Tomato, husk (Physalis pubescens L.) Torenia; wishbone flower (Torenia fournieri) Treemallow, herb (Lavatera trimestris L.) Trefoil, big (Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr) Trefoil, birdsfoot (Lotus corniculatus L.) Turnip; annual or biennial turnip rape; bird rape (Brassica rapa L.) Turnip rape, annual or biennial; turnip; bird rape (Brassica rapa L.) Vaseygrass (Paspalum urvillei Steudel) Vegetable marrow; pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) Veldtgrass, perennial (Ehrharta calycina J.E. Smith) Velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill, Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wight) Burck) Velvetgrass (Holcus lanatus L.) Venidium; monarch of the Veldt; monarch daisy (Venidium fastuosum) Verbena (Verbena spp.) Verbena (Verbena hybrida Voss) Verbena (Verbena hortensis) Vernalgrass, sweet (Anthoxanthum odoratum L.) Vetch, blackpod (Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Erhart) Vetch, common (Vicia sativa L. subsp. sativa) Vetch, hairy (Vicia villosa Roth subsp. villosa) Vetch, Hungarian (Vicia pannonica Crantz) Vetch, monantha (Vicia articulata, V. monantha Hornemann) Vetch, narrowleaf (Vicia angustifolia) Vetch, purple (Vicia benghalensis L. (Vicia articulata, V. atropurpurea)) Vetch, winter (Vicia villosa Roth subsp. varia (Host) Corbiere) Vetch, woollypod (Vicia dasycarpa) Vinca; periwinkle (Vinca rosea)

204 218 205 53 206 45 22 111 207 30 208 209 210 111 211 212 212 212 213 214 215 216 217 217 218 218 111 199 111 219 111 141 220 220 220 111 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 222


Contents

xxv


Section No.

Violet; viola; miniature pansy (Viola cornuta L.) Wallflower (Erysimum X allionii Hortorum) Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Brown) Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai var. lanatus (Schrader) Mansfeld) Wheat, common (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol) Wheat, durum (Triticum durum L.) Wheat: emmer; spelt; club; Polish (Triticum spp.) Wheatgrass, beardless (Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribner & Smith f. inerme (Scribner & Smith Beetle (Elytrigia spicata (Pursh) Dewey)) Wheatgrass, fairway crested (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner) Wheatgrass, intermediate (Agropyron intermedium (Host) Baumgarten var. intermedium (Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. intermedia)) Wheatgrass, pubescent (Agropyron intermedium (Host) Baumgarten var. trichophorum (Link) Halacsy (Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. barbulata (Schur) A. Love)) Wheatgrass, slender (Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) H.F. Lewis (Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinners) Wheatgrass, standard crested (Agropyron desertorum (Link) Schultes) Wheatgrass, tall (Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauvois (Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski)) Wheatgrass, western (Agropyron smithii Rydberg (Elymus smithii (Rydberg) Gould)) Wildrye, basin (Elymus cinereus (Scribner & Merrill) A. Love) Wildrye, Canada (Elymus canadensis L.) Wildrye, Russian (Psathyrostachys juncea (Fischer) Nevski) Wild winter pea; caley pea; singletary pea; rough pea (Lathyrus hirsutus L.) Wishbone flower; torenia (Torenia fournieri) Yarrow, common (Achillea millefolium L.) Zinnia, common (Zinnia elegans Jacq.)

153 224 225 226 227 227 227 111 111 111

111

111

111 111 111 111 111 111 37 215 228 229

Botanical (Latin) Name Key Crop Seed Page No.

Section No.

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Okra; gumbo; lady finger Achillea millefolium L., Common yarrow Ageratum mexicanum, Ageratum Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner, Fairway crested wheatgrass Agropyron desertorum (Link) Schultes, Standard crested wheatgrass Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauvois, Tall wheatgrass Agropyron intermedium (Host) Baumgarten var.

151 228 1 111 111 111 111

Botanical (Latin) Name Key contd...

xxvi


Botanical (Latin) Name Key contd... Crop Seed

Section No.

intermedium, Intermediate wheatgrass Agropyron intermedium (Host) Baumgarten var. trichophorum (Link) Halacsy), Pubescent wheatgrass Agropyron smithii Rydberg, Western wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribner & Smith f. inerme (Schribner & Smith) Beetle, Beardless wheatgrass Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) H.F. Lewis, Slender wheatgrass Agrostis alba L., Redtop Agrostis canina L., Velvet bentgrass Agrostis capillaris L. (Agrostis tenuis Sibthorp), Colonial bentgrass; “Astoria”, “Highland”, colonial bentgrasses Agrostis gigantea Roth, Redtop Agrostis palustris L. (Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Hudson) Farwell), Creeping bentgrass Allium cepa L., Onion Allium porrum L., Leek Allium schoenoprasum L., Chives Alopecurus pratensis L., Meadow foxtail Althea rosea, Annual hollyhock; perennial hollyhock Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC., Alyceclover Alyssum spp., Alyssum Amaranthus spp., Amaranthus, ornamental & vegetable types Amaranthus tricolor, Annual amaranthus (ornamental) Anagallis arvensis L., Anagallis Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. gerardii, Big bluestem Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. paucipilus (Nash) Fernald (Andropogon hallii Hackel), Sand bluestem Andropogon scoparius L. (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash), Little bluestem Anethum graveolens L., Dill Anthoxanthum odoratum L., Sweet vernalgrass Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., Salad chervil Antirrhinum majus L., Common snapdragon; greenhouse snapdragon; annual snapdragon; outdoor snapdragon Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Miller) Persoon, Celery Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Miller) Gaudin, Celeriac Aquilegia spp., Aquilegia, Columbine Arabis spp., Arabis; rock cress Arachis hypogaea L., Peanut; groundnut Arctotis spp., African daisy Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J.S. & K.B. Presl., Tall oatgrass; tall meadow oatgrass Artemisia dracunculus L., Tarragon Asparagus spp. (A. plumosus, A. sprengeri, A. falcatus, A. Meyerii, etc.), Ornamental asparagus Asparagus officinalis L., Asparagus (vegetable)

111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 156 156 156 111 116 53 5 6 6 7 111 111

111 83 111 48 192

46 46 9 10 157 76 111 207 12 12


Contents

xxvii


Section No.

Aster novae-angliae L., New England aster Astragalus cicer L., Cicer milkvetch Aubrietia deltoidea graeca, Perennial aubrietia Avena byzantina K.Koch, Red oats Avena sativa L., Oats; white oats Axonopus affinis Chase, Carpetgrass Baileya multiradiata Torrey, Woolly marigold Barbarea verna (Miller) Acherson, Upland cress Begonia semperflorens, Begonia Bellis perennis var. monstrosa, Bellis; English daisy Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn, Wax gourd, white gourd, tallow gourd Chinese preserving melon Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris, Garden beet; field beet; Swiss chard Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris, Mangel beet Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris, Sugarbeet Borago officinalis L., Common borage Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng, Yellow bluestem Bouteloua curtipendula (Michaux) Torrey, Side-oats grama Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Griffiths, Blue grama Brachiaria decumbens Stapf, Brachiaria; signalgrass Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf (Panicum ramosum), Browntop millet Brachycome iberidifolia Bentham. Swan river daisy Brassica campestris, Bird rape Brassica campestris vars., Turnip rape Brassica chinensis L., Pak-choi Brassica hirta L., White mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czernajew & Cosson, Indian mustard Brassica napus L. var. annua Koch, Annual rape Brassica napus L. var. biennis (Schubler & Martyn) Reichenbach, Winter rape Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Reichenbach, Rutabaga; Swede Brassica napus var. pabularia (DC.) Reichb., Siberian kale Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch, Black mustard Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC., Collards; kale Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra (Bailey) Musil, Chinese kale Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L., Broccoli; cauliflower Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L., Cabbage Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC., Tronchuda cabbage Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC., Brussels sprouts Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L., Kohlrabi Brassica oleracea L. var. tronchuda Bailey, Tronchuda cabbage Brassica pekinensis (Loureiro) Ruprecht, Pe-tsai; Chinese cabbage Brassica perviridis (Bailey) Bailey, Spinach mustard Brassica rapa L., Turnip; annual turnip rape (bird rape); biennial turnip rape Bromus arvensis L., Field brome Bromus catharticus Vahl (Bromus unioloides Kunth), Rescuegrass Bromus hordeaceus L., Soft chess

13 177 14 150 150 111 138 69 24 77 110 22 22 202 31 111 111 111 111 140 176 173 173 36 144 144 173 173 222 121 144 121 121 32 36 36 32 32 36 36 144 218 111 111 111


xxviii



Section No.

Bromus inermis Leysser, Smooth brome Bromus marginatus Steudel, Mountain brome Bromus mollis L., Soft chess Browallia spp., Browallia Buchloe dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann, Buffalograss Cajanus cajan L., Pigeon pea Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) Nuttal, Bluejoint Calceolaria herbeahybrida, Pocketbook plant Calendula officinalis L., Pot marigold; calendula Callistephus chinensis, Annual aster Camissonia cheiranthifolia (Hornemann) Raimann, Beach evening primrose Campanula spp., Bell flower; campanula Cannabis sativa L., Hemp Capsicum spp., Chili; hot pepper; sweet (bell) pepper Capsicum spp., Christmas cherry; ornamental pepper Capsicum annuum L., Chilli pepper Carthamus tinctorius L., Safflower Carum carvi L., Caraway Celosia argentea cristata, Annual celosia; cockscomb Cenchrus ciliaris L., Buffelgrass Centaurea spp., Centaurea; cornflower Centaurea cyanus L., Cornflower; bachelor’s button Chloris gayana Kunth, Rhodesgrass Chrysanthemum maximum, Daisy Cicer arietinum L., Chickpea; garbanzo Cichorium endivia L., Endive Cichorium intybus L., Chicory Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai var. citroides (Bailey) Mansfeld, Citron Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai var. lanatus (Schrader) Mansfeld, Watermelon Clarkia amoena (Lehmann) Nelson & Macbride, Godetia Cleome spinoso, Spider plant; cleome Coffea arabica L.,Arabian coffee, Arabica coffee Coffea robusta L., Comon coffee; robusta coffee Coleus blumei Bentham, Common coleus Convolvulus spp., Morning glory Corchorus capsularis L., Jute Corchorus olitorius L., Jute; Jews mallow Coreopsis basalis (Otto & A. Detrich) S.F. Blake, Calliopsis Coreopsis lanceolata L., Perennial coreopsis Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall, Calliopsis Coriandrum sativum L., Coriander Coronilla varia L., Crownvetch Cosmos bipinnatus, Cosmos (annual) Cosmos sulphureus Cavanilles, Klondyke types of cosmos Crambe abyssinica R.E. Fries, Crambe

111 111 111 33 111 162 111 163 137 13 167 25 115 51 51 51 179 41 47 111 62 62 111 75 49 50 50 226 226 103 195 54 54 55 142 119 119 38 59 38 60 177 64 64 67


Contents

xxix


Section No.

Crossandra infundibuliformis Nees, Crossandra Crotalaria brevidens Bentham var. intermedia (Kotschy) Polhill (Crotolaria intermedia), Slenderleaf crotalaria Crotalaria juncea L., Sunn crotalaria Crotalaria lanceolata E. Meyer, Lanceleaf crotalaria; lance crotalaria Crotalaria mucronata (Crotalaria striata), Striate crotalaria Crotalaria pallida Aiton, Smooth crotalaria Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Showy crotalaria Cucumis melo L., Muskmelon; cantaloupe Cucumis sativus L., Cucumber Cucumis sativus L., Gherkin Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne) Poiret, Squash Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Squash Cucurbita pepo L., Vegetable marrow; pumpkin Cuminum cyminum L., Cumin Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert, Guar Cyclamen indicum giganteum, Cyclamen Cynara cardunculus L., Cardoon Cynara scolymus L., Artichoke Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon var. aridus Harlan & de Wet, Giant Bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Person var. dactylon, Bermudagrass Cynosurus cristatus L., Crested dogtail grass Dactylis glomerata L., Orchardgrass; cocksfoot Dahlia pinnata, Dahlia Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffmann) Arcangeli, Carrot Delphinium ajacis, Larkspur Delphinium elatum, Delphinium Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) DC., Florida beggarweed Dianthus barbatus L., Sweet William Dianthus caryophyllus, Carnation (annual and perennial); pink Dianthus spp., Perennial dianthus Dianthus chinensis, Annual dianthus Dichondra repens Forster & Forster f., Dichondra Digitalis purpurea L., Foxglove Dimorphotheca sinuata DC., Cape marigold, African daisy Dolichos lablab L., Hyacinth dolichos; dolichos; dolichos bean; lablab; hyacinth bean Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Purple coneflower Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauvois var. frumentacea (Link) Wight (Echinochloa frumentacea Link), Japanese millet Ehrharta calycina J.E. Smith, Perennial veldtgrass Elymus canadensis L., Canada wildrye Elymus cinereus (Scribner & Merrill) A. Love, Basin wildrye Elymus elymoides (Rafinesque) Swezey, Bottlebrush squirreltail Elymus junceus Fischer, Russian wildrye Elymus smithii (Rydberg) Gould, Western wheatgrass Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinners, Slender wheatgrass

70 71 71 71 71 71 71 40 40 40 199 199 199 72 112 73 11 11 111 111 111 111 74 43 125 80 23 206 42 81 81 82 92 136 84 57 140 111 111 111 111 111 111 111


xxx



Section No.

Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski, Tall wheatgrass Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. barbulata (Schur) A. Love, Pubescent wheatgrass Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. intermedia, Intermediate Wheatgrass Elytrigia spicata (Pursh) Dewey, Beardless wheatgrass Eragrostis curvula (Schrader) Nees, Weeping lovegrass Eragrostis trichodes (Nuttal) Wood, Sand lovegrass Erodium cicutarium, Alfilaria, alfileria, pin clover Erysimum x allionii Hortorum, Wallflower Eschscholzia californica Chamisso, California poppy Euphorbia spp., Euphorbia Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Buckwheat Festuca arundinacea Schreber, Tall fescue Festuca ovina L., Sheep fescue Festuca ovina L. ssp. cinerea (Vill.) Duyfjes, Hard fescue Festuca pratensis Hudson (Festuca elatior), Meadow fescue Festuca rubra L., Red fescue Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Gaudin, Chewings fescue Festuca rubra L. subsp. rubra, Red fescue; creeping red fescue Festuca tenuifolia Sibthorp (Festuca capillata,), Hair fescue Festuca trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina, Hard fescue Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Common fennel Freesia hybrida, Annual freesia Fuchsia hybrida, Fuchsia Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Perennial gaillardia Gaillardia grandiflorum, Gaillardia Gaillardia pulchella Fougeroux var. picta (Sweet) A. Gray, Annual Gaillardia Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn., Gazania Gerbera Jamesoni, Gerbera, Transvaal daisy Geum spp. and varieties, Geum Gilia tricolor Bentham, Gilia Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Soybean; soyabean; soya; soja Gomphrena globosa, Gomphrena; globe amaranth Gossypium spp., Cotton Gossypium barbadense L., Sea Island, Pima, Egyptian, long-staple cotton Gossypium hirsutum L., Upland cotton Grevillea robusta, Grevillea, Australian silk oak Gypsophila spp., Baby’s breath; perennial gypsophila; gypsophila Gypsophila elegans, Annual gypsophila; baby’s breath Hedysarum boreale Nuttall, Northern sweetvetch Helianthus annuus L., Sunflower Helichrysum bracteatum monstrosum, Helichrysum; strawflower Helipterum manglesii (Lindley) F. Mueller, Australian everlasting flower Helipterum roseum (Hook.) Benth., Everlasting flower Hibiscus cannabinus L., Kenaf

111 111 111 111 111 111 3 224 165 86 34 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 88 93 94 95 95 95 97 99 100 101 194 104 65 65 65 112 16 16 53 204 113 87 87 122


Contents

xxxi


Section No.

Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth., Galleta grass Holcus lanatus L., Velvetgrass Hordeum vulgare L., Barley, 2-rowed Hordeum vulgare L., Barley, 6-rowed Iberis spp., Perennial candytuft Iberis coronaria, Annual candytuft Impatiens balsamina, Balsam Impatiens holsti, I. sultani, Impatiens; sultana Impatiens walleriana Hook.f., Sultan’s balsam Indigofera hirsuta L., Hairy indigo; indigo Ipomea spp., Morning glory Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Kalanchoe Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrader, Kochia, forage Kummerowia stipulacea (Maximowicz) Makino, Korean lespedeza Kummerowia striata (Thunberg) Schindler, Common lespedeza; striate lespedeza Lactuca sativa L., Lettuce Lagenaria siceraria Standl., Bottle gourd; white-flowered gourd, calabash Gourd, spaghetti squash Lathyrus hirsutus L., Caley pea; singletary pea; wild winter pea; rough pea Lathyrus odoratus L., Sweet pea Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula, lavender Lavatera trimestris L., Herb treemallow Layia platyglossa (Fischer & Meyer) A. Gray, Tidy-tips daisy Lens culinaris Medikus, Lentil Lepidium sativum L., Garden cress Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont de Courset) G. Don (Lespedeza sericea), Sericea lespedeza, Chinese lespedeza Lespedeza hedysaroides (Pallas) Kitagawa, Siberian lespedeza Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Persoon, Siberian lespedeza Lespedeza stipulacea Maximowicz, Korean lespedeza Lespedeza striata (J.A. Murray) Hooker & Arnott, Common lespedeza; striate lespedeza Liatris spp., Gayfeather Liatris spicata (L.) Willd., Blazing star Limonium spp., Statice; sea lavender (annual or perennial) Limonium sinuatum (L.) Miller, Notchleaf sea lavender Linaria maroccana Hook. f., Linaria Linum grandiflorum Desfontaines Rubrun, Flowering flax Linum perenne L. subsp. lewisii (Pursh) Hult., Perennial flax Linum usitatissimum L., Flax Lobelia erinus, Lobelia Lobularia maritima Desrousseaux, Annual alyssum Lolium x hybridum Haussknecht, Intermediate ryegrass Lolium multiflorum Lamarck, Annual ryegrass;

111 111 20 20 39 39 17 117 18 118 142 120 123 129 129 130 106

37 205 126 216 210 128 68 129 129 129 129 129 96 29 187 187 131 90 90 90 132 5 111 111


xxxii



Section No.

Italian ryegrass (diploid) Lolium multiflorum Lamarck, Annual ryegrass; Italian ryegrass (tetraploid) Lolium perenne L., Perennial ryegrass (diploid) Lolium perenne L., Perennial ryegrass (tetraploid) Lotononis bainesii Baker, Lotononis Lotus corniculatus L., Birdsfoot trefoil Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr, Big trefoil Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb., vegetable gourd, Chinese okra; ridge gourd, ribbed gourd Luffa cylindrica Roem., sponge gourd, dishrag gourd, loofah; luffah Lupinus albus L., White lupine Lupinus angustifolius L., Blue lupine Lupinus luteus L., Yellow lupine Lupinus polyphyllus, Ornamental lupine Lupinus subcarnosus Hooker, Texas bluebonnet Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Farnwell, Tomato Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (Kunth) Nees, Tahoka daisy Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urgan, Siratro Mathiola incana, Stock; mathiola Matricaria capensis, Matricaria; feverfew Medicago alba Desr. Var. annua Coe, Hubam clover Medicago arabica (L.) Hudson, Spotted burclover Medicago hispida L., Bur clover Medicago lupulina L., Black medick Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartalini, Button clover Medicago polymorpha L., California burclover Medicago sativa L., Alfalfa; lucerne Melilotus alba Medikus, White sweetclover; white blossom sweetclover Melilotus indica (L.) Allioni, Sourclover Melilotus officinalis Lamarck, Yellow sweetclover; yellow blossom sweetclover Melinis minutiflora Beauvois, Molassesgrass Molucella laevis, Bells of Ireland Momordica charantia L., Bitter momordica; bitter cucumber; bitter gourd, Bitter melon, balsam pear Monarda citriodora Laagasca, Lemon mint flower Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill, Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wight) Burck (Stizolobium deeringianum), Velvet bean Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt non hort., Perennial forget-me-not Myosotis scorpioides L., True forget-me-not Myosotis silvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm., Woodland forget-me-not Nasturtium officinale R. Brown (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum), Watercress Nemesia strumosa Benth., Nemesia Nemesia strumosa suttonii, Nemesia

111 111 111 133 217 217 108 109 134 134 134 134 30 213 78 191 200 139 53 53 53 53 53 53 2 53 53 53 111 26 105 127 219 91 91 91 225 146 146


Contents

xxxiii


Section No.

Nemophila maculata Lindley, Spotted nemophila Nemophila menziesii Hooker & Arnot subsp. insignis (Douglas) Brand, Baby blue eyes; nemophila Neonotonia wightii (Arn.) Lackey, Tinaroo; Cooper glycine Nicotiana L. spp., Tobacco (crop and ornamental) Nicotiana tabacum L., Tobacco Nicotiana affinis, Flowering tobacco (ornamental plant) Nierembergia spp, Nierembergia; cup-flower Oenothera agrillicola Mackenzie, Evening primrose Oenothera macrocarpa Nuttal, Ozark sundrops; Missouri primrose Onobrychis viciifolia Scopoli, Sainfoin Ornithopus sativus Brot., Serradella Oryza sativa L., Rice; paddy Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roemer & Schultes) Ricker, Indian ricegrass Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Acherson & Schweinfurth, Smilograss’ smilo Panicum antidotale Retzius, Blue panicgrass Panicum maximum Jacquin var. maximum, Guineagrass Panicum maximum Jacquin var. trichoglume Robyns, Green panicgrass Panicum miliaceum L., Proso millet Panicum virgatum L., Switchgrass Papaver nudicaule L., Iceland poppy Papaver orientale L., Poppy Papaver rhoeas L., Corn poppy; Shirley poppy Papaver somniferum L., Opium poppy Paspalum dilatatum Poiret, Dallisgrass Paspalum notatum Fluegge, Bahiagrass; Pensacola, etc., bahiagrass Paspalum urvillei Steudel, Vaseygrass Pastinaca sativa L., Parsnip Pelargonium spp., Geranium Pelargonium zonale Hort., Horseshoe geranium Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown), Pearl millet Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher, Napiergrass Pennisetum ruppelianum, Ornamental grass Penstemon strictus Bentham, Rocky mountain penstemon Petroselinum crispum (Miller) A.W. Hill, Parsley Phaseolus lunatus L. (Phaseolus lunatus var. macrocarpus), Lima bean Phaseolus vulgaris L., French bean type Lingot; snap bean Phaseolus vulgaris L., Garden bean; field bean; French bean Phleum pratense L., Timothy Phlox drummondii Hooker, Phlox (annual) Phlox paniculata, Phlox (perennial) Physalis pubescens L., Husk tomato Pimenta dioica Merr., Allspice Pimpinella anisum L., Anise Piper nigrum L., Black pepper; pepper; white pepper Pisum sativum L., Pea; garden pea Pisum sativum L. var. arvense, Field pea; Canada field pea

147 147 211 212 212 212 148 168 168 181 188 175 111 111 111 111 111 140 111 164 164 164 164 111 111 111 155 98 98 140 111 111 158 154 21 21 21 111 161 161 214 4 8 28 156 156


xxxiv



Section No.

Pisum sativum L. var. arvense, Austrian winter pea Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula, Psyllium Poa annua L., Annual bluegrass Poa arachnifera Torrey, Texas bluegrass Poa bulbosa L., Bulbous bluegrass Poa compressa L., Canada bluegrass Poa glaucantha Gaudin, Glaucantha bluegrass Poa nemoralis L, Wood bluegrass Poa nevadensis Schribner, Nevada bluegrass Poa palustris L., Swamp meadowgrass Poa pratensis L., Kentucky bluegrass; smooth-stalked meadow grass Poa trivialis L., Rough bluegrass; rough-stalked meadowgrass Portulaca grandiflora Hook., Portulaca, moss rose Primula malacoides, Primula (annual) Primula obconica, Primula (annual) Primula veris, Primula (hardy, perennial) Psathyrostachys juncea (Fischer) Nevski, Russian wildrye Pueraria lobata (Willdenow) Ohwi (Pueraria thunbergiana), Kudzu Pyrethrum roseum, Pyrethrum (perennial); painted daisy Raphanus sativus L., Radish Ratibida columnifera (Nuttal) Wooton & Standley, Mexican hat; prairie coneflower Rheum rhaponticum L. Rhubarb Ricinus communis L., Castorbean Rudbeckia spp., Coneflower; Rudbeckia Rudbeckia hirta L., Black-eyed Susan Rumex acetosa L., Sorrel Saintpaulia ionantha, African violet Salpiglossis Ruiz & Pav. spp., Salpiglossis Salvia spp., Salvia Salvia farinacea Bentham, Mealycup sage; blue bedder Salvia officinalis L., Garden sage Sanguisorba minor Scopoli, Little burnet Satureja hortensis L., Summer savory Scabiosa spp., Scabiosa; scabiosus; pincushion flower Scabiosa atropurpurea, Scabiosa (annual), pincushion flower Scabiosa caucasica, Scabiosa (perennial); pincushion flower Schizanthus spp., Schizanthus; butterfly flower Scorzonera hispanica L. Black salsify Secale cereale L., Rye Secale montanum Gussone, Mountain rye Senecia cruentus, Annual cineraria Sesamum indicum L., Sesame Sesbania exaltata (Rafinesque) A.W. Hill, Sesbania Sesbania macrocarpa Muhlenberg, Sesbania Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois, Italian millet; foxtail millet; Hungarian millet; golden millet; German millet; Siberian millet

15 170 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 166 169 169 169 111 123 171 172 58 174 44 56 27 174 223 182 184 180 180 35 203 185 185 185 186 183 178 178 52 189 190 190 140


Contents

xxxv


Section No.

Setaria sphacelatas (Shum.) Stapf et C.E.Hubb., Kazungula grass Silene armeria L., Sweet William; catchfly Sinapis alba L., White mustard Sinningia speciosa, Gloxinia Solanum melongena L., Eggplant; brinjal; aubergine, garden egg Solanum pseudo-capsicum, Christmas cherry; ornamental pepper Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, Indiangrass; yellow Indiangrass Sorghum x almum L. Parodi, Almum sorghum; sorghum almum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Sorghum vulgare), Sorghum (grain & sweet) Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Sorghum vulgare var. technicum), Broomcorn Sorghum x drummondii (Steudel) Millsp. & Chase, Sorghum-sudangrass Sorghum x drummondii (Steudel) Millspaugh & Chase (Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense), Sudangrass Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon, Johnsongrass Sorghum ‘Sorgrass’, Sorgrass Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf, Sudangrass Spergula arvensis L., Corn spurry Spinacia oleracea L., Common spinach Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torrey) A. Gray, Sand dropseed Stipa viridula Trinius, Green needlegrass Stylosanthes guianensis (Aublet) Sw., Stylo; stylosanthes Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K., Townsville stylo Tagetes spp., Marigold Tagetes erecta, Marigold Tagetes patula L., French marigold Taraxacum officinale Wiggers, Dandelion Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze, New Zealand spinach Thunbergia spp., Thunbergia Thymus vulgaris L., Garden thyme Torenia fournieri, Torenia; wishbone flower Tragopogon porrifolius L., Salsify Trichosanthes anguina L., Snake gourd Trifolium alexandrinum L., Berseem clover Trifolium arvense L, Rabbit-foot clover Trifolium campestre Schreber, Large hop clover Trifolium dubium Sibthorp, Small hop clover; suckling clover Trifolium fragiferum L., Strawberry clover Trifolium glomeratum L., Cluster clover Trifolium hirtum Allioni, Rose clover Trifolium hybridum L., Alsike clover Trifolium incarnatum L., Crimson clover Trifolium lappaceum L., Lappa clover Trifolium pratense L., Red clover Trifolium procumbens L., Large hop clover Trifolium repens L., White clover; ladino clover Trifolium resupinatum L., Persian clover

111 45 144 102 85 51 111 193 193 193 111 111 111 111 111 198 196 111 111 201 201 135 135 135 79 197 208 209 215 183 108 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53


xxxvi


Botanical (Latin) Name Key contd... Crop Seed Trifolium semipilosum Fresenius, Kenya clover Trifolium subterraneum L., Sub clover; subterranean clover Trifolium vesiculosum Savi, Arrowleaf clover Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Fenugreek; Methi Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv., Golden oatgrass Triticum spp., Emmer wheat; spelt wheat; club wheat; Polish wheat Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol, Common wheat Triticum durum, Durum wheat Tropaeolum majus L., Nasturtium Valeriana officinalis, Heliotrope Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterrade, Cornsalad; lambs lettuce Venidium fastuosum, Monarch of the Veldt; venidium; monarch daisy Verbena spp., Verbena Verbena hortensis, Verbena Verbena hybrida Voss, Verbena Vicia angustifolia, Narrowleaf vetch Vicia articulata Hornemann, Monantha vetch Vicia benghalensis L. (Vicia articulata), Purple vetch Vicia dasycarpa, Woollypod vetch Vicia faba L., Broadbean; horse bean Vicia pannonica Crantz, Hungarian vetch Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Erhart, Blackpod vetch Vicia sativa L. subsp. sativa, Common vetch; narrow-leaved vetch Vicia villosa Roth subsp. varia (Host) Corbiere, Winter vetch Vicia villosa Roth subsp. villosa, Hairy vetch Vigna angularis (Willdenow) Ohwi & Ohashi (Phaseolus angularis)), Adzuki bean Vigna radiata (L.) Wiczek var. radiata (Phaseolus radiatus L., Phaseolus aureus), Mungbean Vigna sesquipedalis, Asparagus bean Vigna subterranea (Voandezia subterranea), Bambara groundnut Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt, Yardlong bean Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers subsp. unguiculata (Vigna sinensis), Cowpea; Southern pea Vinca rosea, Vinca; periwinkle Viola cornuta, Violet; viola; miniature pansy Viola tricolor L., Pansy Zea mays L. subsp. dulce, Sweet corn Zea mays L. subsp. evarta, Popcorn Zea mays L. subsp. mays, Field corn; maize Coneflower; Rudbeckia (Redbeckia spp.) Zinnia elegans Jacq., Common zinnia Zoysia japonica Steudel, Japanese lawngrass Zoysia matrella (L.) Merrill, Manilagrass

Index

Section No. 53 53 53 89 149 227 227 227 145 114 63 141 220 220 220 221 221 221 221 21 221 221 221 221 221 66 143 21 19 21 66 222 153 153 61 61 61 57 229 111 111

557

Seed Physical Properties and Conditioning

Conditioning Requirements Different crop seed differ in conditioning requirements, according to their physical properties and the physical properties of the contaminants which must be removed. General conditioning requirements for different crop seed are described here. Specific machines used and what they remove are included, along with some previously-used screen selections and discs or cylinders. However, each seed lot is usually different and must be considered as an individual separate entity, and separators, screens, adjustments, etc., must be selected to meet the specific requirements of each lot. The information listed here is useful as guidelines. In some cases, machines which were previously used, but are no longer used are listed, as are machines which are infrequently used; this is so noted. These give an indication of what can be done to achieve the required seed purity and quality in a cost-effective manner, whether it is a large lot using high-capacity machines or a small lot using laboratory-model separators mounted on a work table. If a seed lot has a specific separation problem which can be overcome only with a different machine, it should be used. Conditioning machines are tools; the separations which must and can be made must be identified, and then the proper tools to do the job must be selected and used. How to select the proper separating tools is discussed in the section on Managing Seed Quality Control. Volume or Capacity Seed which are handled in large volumes are conditioned on full-scale conditioning plants, with efficient handling and moving systems. On the other hand, some seed such as breeder stocks or seed of certain flowers, are handled in very small quantities, often only a few kilograms. These small No copyright information

2


quantities are usually cleaned on laboratory-scale models of seed cleaning machines, sometimes even by using hand screens. These are handled and moved by hand in small containers to avoid losing seed. The following descriptions of conditioning operations show only machines used to clean the seed; capacity and type of seed moving/handling facilities are not included. Just as capacity of cleaners must be scaled to the volume handled, so must the handling system fit the needs. Separations Required Listed here are only commonly-used or reported separations, and the machines which make the required separations. Often, other separations using other machines are needed; these should be used as required, as shown by detailed examination of the good crop seed and the undesirable particles which must be removed. Susceptibility to Mechanical Injury A crop seed’s susceptibility to mechanical damage during movement, handling and conditioning has a major effect on how the seed is handled in elevators, conveyors, spouting, and bins, which are major components of a conditioning system. It is impossible to formulate exact categories of mechanical injury susceptibility, but some indication is essential in handling a seed crop safely. Toward this, seed described in this section are classified into broad mechanical injury susceptibility groupings, as: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Fairly resistant Somewhat resistant Somewhat susceptible Quite susceptible

This rating is quite arbitrary, but gives a relative indication of the degree of care which must be exercised in handling the seed. It is included in the description of seed physical properties. However, all seed should be handled as gently as possible, to ensure that they have maximum quality. Crop Seed Key General suggestions for conditioning specific crop seed are offered below. These are based on a compilation of procedures used in commercial conditioning, research and trials, and evaluation of seed characteristics and physical properties. These should be considered as general guidelines, and modified as required to fit the needs of each seed lot.

No copyright information

CONDITIONING OF SEED OF SPECIFIC CROPS Following is a compendium of all available (at this time) information on conditioning of specific crop seed. More information is held by those who regularly handle specialized crop seed, but this information is not available.

1. AGERATUM Ageratum mexicanum, Ageratum Plant family: Compositae Fruit/seed is an achene, 5-angled, with pappus of separate or united scales (Bailey, Cultivated Plants). Approx. 200,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP

SCREEN PERFORATION SIZE FOR 1st Scalp


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

4


2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater

Dehumidified Dryer (for vaporproof packaging)

Packaging Machine/Bagger-Weigher To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

2. ALFALFA Medicago sativa L., Alfalfa, lucerne Plant family: Leguminosae Legumes form true seed which are dicotyledonous, and without copious endosperm. Seed are borne in pods which may be straight or tightly coiled. Alfalfa seed pods are coiled. Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 14,175 seed per ounce, 500 seed per gram (AOSA).


Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops

5

Width: 1.0–2.25 mm; thickness: 0.7–1.3 mm; length: 1.5–2.8 mm; floating velocity: 4.5–6.6 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.0 g; specific gravity: 821.2 g/l; shape: kidney-shaped; texture: smooth; color: greenish yellow to light brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed is roughly oval to kidney-shaped, variously warped; scar in a broad indentation near the end in the more oval seed, or in a distinct notch near the middle in kidney-shaped seed (Handbook 30). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.0 50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.8 50% of seed: 2.4 100% of seed: 2.8 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.3 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.3 100% of seed float (are separated): 7.5 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 800 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 25.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 21.1 100% of seed are carried upward: 14.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 770 kg/cubic meter, 48 lb./cubic foot; 60 lb. per bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates).


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Alfalfa: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %

Temperature not specified: 7.8 9.3 12.5 18.3

70 75 80 85

Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: roughly removes large and small trash, light trash and dust. Especially needed after mechanical combining of windrowed crop. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: makes the basic cleaning to remove undesirable materials both larger and smaller than the good seed, dust, light trash, and lightweight damaged or immature alfalfa seed. Also removes some weed seed and other crop seed, which are larger or smaller than the alfalfa seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

1/12, 1/14

20×20

Alfalfa (English measure) 1/14, 1/13 Alfalfa, Indian varieties 6 (English measure) Alfalfa (Metric measure; ISTA) 2.5 R mm, 2.4 R mm

6×26 –

1/14, 3/64×5/16 1/15, 1/14 –

–

1.4 S mm

Alfalfa (English measure)

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade 6×24 6×24 6×26 0.7 S mm

3. Scarifier-huller: abrades the seed coat to remove hardseededness so germination is faster and more uniform. (Not always used, especially after mechanical combining of seed). 4. Gravity Separator: removes low-germinating lightweight alfalfa seed, light trash; and undesirable heavy materials such as mud balls, rocks, and sand. It also removes some other crop and weed seed which differ from the alfalfa seed in density. The gravity is used before the roll mill and magnetic separator in order to reduce the amount of material which these latter two machines must remove, to remove sand so that it will not wear out the roll mill roll covers, and to reduce the consumption of iron powder by the magnetic separator. 5. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged in the middlings fraction from the main gravity separator. 6. Stoner: salvages good seed from the discarded heavy fraction from the gravity separator; this fraction is usually a mixture of heavy good seed, sand, rocks and mudballs. Installed just after or below the gravity No copyright information


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separator so the gravity’s heavy discard fraction feeds onto the stoner, the stoner separates good seed from the rocks, sand, or mud balls, and spouts the good seed into the good seed fraction coming from the gravity. (Used only when there is a significant amount of rocks/sand/mudballs in the seed, and amount of salvaged good seed makes the stoner economically profitable). 7. Disc or Cylinder Separator: removes long or short undesirable particles, some small weed seed and trash, or long pieces of trash. (not often used). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

English measure: 2 Small pigweed, alsike clover, small dodder, mullenweed, sand, etc. 3

Small sweet clover, pigweed, dodder, white clover, alsike clover, etc. Timothy, small red or white clover, dodder, hulled watergrass, mustard, sheep sorrel Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, etc.

4

5

Rejects

Buckhorn plantain, timothy, black medic, bluegrass (all varieties), alfalfa, crimson clover, lespedeza, etc. Thistles, buckhorn plantain, sticks, alfalfa, red clover, etc. Canada thistle, quackgrass, sticks alfalfa, bluegrass, etc. Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc.

Metric measure: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.): 3.0 mm From Alfalfa, separates small trash, sand, seed of Coronilla varia, Lapsana communis. (not commonly used in commercial seed cleaning). Disc Pocket

Will Lift:

English measure: V 2-½ Alsike, timothy, Ladino clover, white clover, etc. V3 V 3-½, V 3-¾

Will Reject (Not Lift): Buckhorn plantain, Canada thistle

Red clover, small sweet clover, etc. Thistle, sticks, etc. Alfalfa, sweet clover, watergrass, Hulled quackgrass, large etc. thistle, flax, etc.

8. Roll Mill: removes weed seed such as dodder, buckhorn plantain, etc., and some remaining mud balls or sand. 9. Magnetic Separator: removes the remaining dodder, buckhorn plantain, and other rough or sticky weed seed. It can also remove damaged alfalfa seed. (Not always used, but should be commonly used to ensure higher purity and freedom from weed seed). No copyright information

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10. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes the bags. Conditioning sequence Receiving Scalper Air-Screen Cleaner

Scarifier-Huller

Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity Stoner

Disc or Cylinder Separator

Roll Mill

Magnetic Separator

Bagger-Weigher To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

3. ALFILARIA; ALFILERIA; PIN CLOVER Erodium cicutarium, Alfilaria, alfileria, pin clover Plant family: Geraniaceae Dry, lobed fruit with 1 seed in each carpel; valves dehiscent from the base, so seed are free. Seed are smooth, with plicate cotyledons, incumbent on the radicle (Fernald, Bailey).



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Pure seed unit: dry indehiscent fruit in Geraniaceae family (AOSA). 15,365 seed/ounce, 440 seed/gram (AOSA). Seed without style: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): main part (65–98%) of seed rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 1.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.3 50% of seed: 5.8 100% of seed: 6.2 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.0 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.0 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.2 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 312 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 28.1 50% of seed are carried upward: 24.5 100% of seed are carried upward: 20.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Seed unit is a fruit or a seed. It has a spirally-twisted awn (Handbook 30). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are:


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Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater


Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

4. ALLSPICE Pimenta dioica Merr., Allspice Plant family: Myrtaceae Seed unit is a berry fruit containing seed. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6–7% (extrapolated; not researched). No copyright information


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Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP

SCREEN PERFORATION SIZE FOR

Allspice, Whole (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

21

6

20

8/64×3/4


Treater




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5. ALYSSUM, ALYSSUM, ANNUAL Alyssum spp., Alyssum Plant family: Cruciferae Seed are often narrowly winged, the cotyledons accumbent. They are borne 1 or 2 in each locule of the fruit which is a small silicle with septum flatwise, orbicular or short-oblong with nerveless valves (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Sweet Alyssum: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Lobularia maritima Desrousseaux, Annual Alyssum Plant family: Cruciferae 77,821 seed/ounce, 2,745 seed/gram (AOSA). Approx. 90,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Conditioning machines If pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) are in the field where Alyssum (Alyssum spp.) seed are produced, the pigweed must be removed in the field, as it cannot be separated by conditioning machines. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information


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Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater


Packaging Machine To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

6. AMARANTHUS Amaranthus spp., Amaranthus (Ornamental Flowering and Vegetable Types) Plant family: Amaranthaceae Seed unit is a seed. Fruit is a 1-seeded utricle, with the persistent styles forming beaks (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without tests (10) (ISTA Rules). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Amaranthus tricolor, Annual Amaranthus (ornamental) Plant family: Amaranthaceae Approx. 44,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information

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CROP


Amaranthus, Indian varieties (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1/12

–

–

6×28


Treater



7. ANAGALLIS Anagallis arvensis L., Anagallis Plant family: Primulaceae Fruit is a many-seeded capsule, which is globose and circumscissile (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 3,317 seed per ounce, 1,170 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information


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Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




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8. ANISE Pimpinella anisum L., Anise Plant family: Umbelliferae Seed unit is a fruit containing a seed. Fruit is ovate, slightly compressed laterally, constricted at the commisure, with evident ribs (Bailey). Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed are present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Anise (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

14

1/20

12

1/18

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



17


Treater



9. AQUILEGIA; COLUMBINE Aquilegia spp., Aquilegia, Columbine Plant family: Ranunculaceae Fruit erect, of parallel ascending follicles which are many-seeded (Fernald). The 5 pistils are free and sessile, the ovary many-ovuled, and mature into dehiscent separate erect follicles (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 17,010–28,067 (20,554) seed/ounce, 600–900 (725) seed/gram (AOSA). Approx. 15,500 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

18



Treater



10. ARABIS; ROCK CRESS Arabis spp., Arabis, Rock Cress Plant family: Cruciferae Fruit is a linear flattened silique; its placentae are not thickened, its valves are plane or convex, more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seed are marginless or winged, cotyledons accumbent or a little oblique (Fernald). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 120,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book).



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1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




20


11. ARTICHOKE CARDOON Cynara cardunculus L., Cardoon Plant family: Compositae Fruit is a thick glabrous compressed or 4-angled achene, with truncate apex, pappus of many series of plumose bristles (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, rarely a true seed. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Cynara scolymus L., Artichoke Plant family: Compositae 680 seed per ounce, 24 seed per gram (AOSA). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, rarely a true seed. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


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2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater



12. ASPARAGUS ASPARAGUS, FERN (ORNAMENTAL) Asparagus spp. (A. plumosus, A. sprengeri, A. falcatus, A. Meyerii, etc.), Ornamental Asparagus, Fern Asparagus Asparagus officinalis L., Asparagus (vegetable) Plant family: Liliaceae Fruit is a berry; A. officinalis berry is hanging, red, 3/8”or less in diameter, with several seed. Seed is 1/8” or less in diameter, rounded on the back, black in color (Bailey). Approx. 400–900 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book); 710 seed per ounce, 25 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information

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Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines Seed are in fruits botanically classified as a berry. Berries are pulped and washed to remove seed, which are then dried. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles larger and smaller than the good seed, light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, light low-quality asparagus seed, etc. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater


Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine To Storage, Shipping, Distribution No copyright information


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13. ASTER, ANNUAL ASTER, NEW ENGLAND Aster novae-angliae L., New England aster Plant family: Compositae Achenes, which are nerved, mostly compressed with pappus bristles copius in 1–2 series (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). 81,506 seed per ounce, 2,875 seed per gram (AOSA). Callistephus chinensis, Annual aster Plant family: Compositae Fruit is an achene, which is compressed, with pappus bristles in 2 rows (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 12,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). No copyright information

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5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater



14. AUBRIETIA, PERENNIAL Aubrietia deltoidea graeca, Perennial aubrietia Plant family: Cruciferae Fruit is a short silique, long-ellipsoid, subcircular in cross-section, to ¾” long including the ¼” beak, with stellate and bristly hairs (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 80,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


25


Treater



15. AUSTRIAN WINTER PEA Pisum sativum L. var. arvense, Austrian winter pea Plant family: Leguminosae Fruit is a flattened dehiscent many-seeded pod (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed are spherical, approx. 6 mm in diameter, grayish to reddish brown, minutely spotted with black, frequently mottled with darker brown. Scar is ovate, 1.5–2.0 mm long, usually scurfy, flush with seed surface. Chalaza approx 2.5 mm from the scar. Many horticultural varieties (Handbook 30). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8% (extrapolated; not researched). No copyright information

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Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Austrian Winter Pea (English measure) Austrian Winter Pea (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

18

9/64×3/4

17

10/64×3/4

2nd Grade

20

12, 9/64×3/4

17

10/64×3/4

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Spiral Separator: removes split seed, flat foreign seed and inert material (not often used). 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Spiral Separator

Treater




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16. BABY’S BREATH; GYPSOPHILA Gypsophila spp., Baby’s breath, perennial gypsophila, gypsophila Gypsophila elegans, Annual gypsophila, baby’s breath Plant family: Caryophyllaceae Fruit is a capsule, globose or ovoid, dehiscent by 4 or 6 valves extending to or below the middle (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). G. elegans has approx. 24,000 seed per ounce, other G. spp. have approx. 34,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book); 23,247–34,729 (27,216) seed per ounce, 820–1,225 (960) seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade



28



Treater



17. BALSAM Impatiens balsamina, Balsam Plant family: Balsaminaceae Fruit a capsule ½–¾” long, hairy (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 3,300 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


29


Treater



18. BALSAM, SULTAN’S Impatiens walleriana Hook.f., Sultan’s balsam Plant family: Balsaminaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.0–1.3 mm; thickness: 0.3–0.5 mm; length: 1.2–2.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 10 g; shape: flat ovoid; texture: warty and coarse; color: brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6% (extrapolated; not researched).


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Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Balsam, Sultan’s (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1.9 R mm 1.6 R mm

–

0.7–0.8 S mm

0.4 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles; a larger-indent cylinder lifts good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Sultan’s Balsam (Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.) Metric measure (ISTA): 1.75–2.0 mm From Sultan’s Balsam, lifts out short impurities. 2.25–2.5 mm Lifts Sultan’s Balsam to separate long impurities.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



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Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater


Bagger Weigher/Packaging Machine To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

19. BAMBARA GROUNDNUT Vigna subterranea (Voandezia subterranea), Bambara groundnut Plant family: Leguminosae Fruit is a globose pod of a hard material, 1- or 2-seeded. Pure seed unit: seed, with or without pod cover. Seed are of two types: (1) large and spherical, when only one seed occurs in a pod (most common); or (2) smaller, triangular with at least one flattened side, when two seed occur in the same pod (less common). Seed color of different lines may be black, white, cream, brown-red or mottled. Seed unit is a seed. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite resistant while still in the shell; quite susceptible during and after shelling. Because of the hard brittleness of the pod or shell, traditional methods of threshing/hulling require considerable force, and many seed are split, broken or damaged. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6% (extrapolated; not researched).


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Conditioning machines Bambara groundnut is a traditional crop in sub-Saharan Africa; little if any work has been done on seed aspects of the crop. Practically all (all known) seed cleaning has been done by traditional methods of winnowing and screening with basket-like hand screens of interwoven materials. The following suggestions are based on limited experience with the crop, in applying modern seed conditioning techniques as related to physical characteristics of the seed. None of these machines are routinely used, however, to clean the seed. Seed in the shell: Storability is quite good as long as the seed remain in the hard brittle shell; on the other hand, seed lose viability rapidly after being shelled (not only because of seed physiology, but also due to mechanical injury in shelling and insect damage). Therefore, seed are kept in the shell (unthreshed) as long as possible, usually until just before planting. The following may be used to improve the purity, condition and handling of bambara groundnuts still in the shell. 1. Air-Screen Scalper/Pre-Cleaner: a rough cleaning can remove large trash with scalping screens, and dust and smaller trash with bottom or grading screens. Air blasts can remove dust, light trash, etc. 2. Gravity Separator or Stoner: after scalping/pre-cleaning, the nuts (in the shell) can be cleaned over a gravity separator or stoner, much as in cleaning unshelled groundnuts, to remove stones and dirt balls (as heavy undesirable particles) and light trash and immature nuts in the shell (as light undesirable particles). Threshed/shelled seed: 1. Sheller: the seed must be threshed/shelled to remove the hard brittle shell or pod, before the seed will germinate. While there is considerable empty space inside the shells of groundnut, the bambara groundnut fills most of the space inside the shell (although when fully mature and dried, the nuts will rattle in the shell). Because of the brittleness of the shell and nearness of the seed to the shell, considerable damage to seed (split, broken seed) occurs in traditional threshing/shelling. Much seed damage could probably be prevented by using a thresher/sheller which applies pressure only to a closely-controlled depth or distance, such as in a commercial groundnut sheller. A possible means of reducing damage would be to use a sheller composed of a pair of steel rollers which can be adjusted to a precise clear space between the rollers. In shelling, the seed would pass between the revolving rollers, and pressure would be No copyright information


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applied only up to a pre-set thickness. This could crack the shell without damaging the seed inside the shell. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Also, there appear to be a good many immature, diseased, or moisture-damaged seed; some of these can be removed by airblasts. There are two sizes/shapes of seed: (1) most seed occur as one seed in a pod, and are large and almost perfectly round; (2) a lesser amount of seed occur as two seed in a pod, and are about half as large, somewhat triangular, and with one flattened side. The two kinds have completely different screening and separating requirements. If the quantity of seed handled is large enough, the two kinds of seed should be separated by screening on the air-screen cleaner; thereafter, the two kinds of seed should be further cleaned as separate lots. (the genetic relationships to single-seededness or two-seededness are not known). Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP

SCREEN PERFORATION SIZE FOR: 1st Scalp

1st Grade

CRI, Kumasi, Ghana landrace: (English Measure) Large round (1 per pod) seed 30/64 R 22/64 R or 17/64 × ¾ slot Small (2 per pod) seed 25/64 R 20/64 R

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

29/64 R

23/64 R

24/64 R

21/64 R

3. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed (including many diseased and moisture-damaged seed). Note: because of the size difference, it may not be possible to make a useful gravity separation on a mixture of large (one/pod) and small (two/pod) seed. It may be necessary first to screen-separate them into two lots of different size. 4. Color Sorter: since the seed are large and of different colors, a color sorter could be effectively used on high-value seed (Breeder, Foundation, etc.) to remove off-color seed (other varieties, diseased, etc.). 5. Treater: applies insecticide to protect stored seed; fungicide to protect seed/seedlings (seldom if ever applied.) 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers) (not likely to be needed, as seed seem to store well if kept in the shell).


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7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence In the shell:

Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Packaging Machine/Bagger-Weigher To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

Shelling and shelled seed:

Receiving Sheller Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Color Sorter

Treater



20. BARLEY Hordeum vulgare L., 2-rowed barley Plant family: Gramineae Seed is a caryopsis which is permanently enveloped in the indurated lemma and palea, with an awn on the lemma (Bailey). Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; No copyright information


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piece of floret containing a caryopsis larger than ½ the original size; caryopsis (62) (ISTA Rules). 850 seed per ounce, 30 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 2.5–7.0 mm; thickness: 2.2–3.8 mm; length: 6.5–10.0 mm; floating velocity: l6.6–8.5 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 54 g; specific gravity: 758.2 g/l; shape: broadly elliptic; texture: somewhat smooth, longitudinal ribs and transversal wrinkles; color: yellowish to greyish gold. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Spring or winter barley: 38.4 lb./cu ft, 48 lb./bushel. Hannchen 2-row barley: 44.5% air space in bulk; specific gravity: 1.26. 616 kg/cubic meter, 38.4 lb./cubic foot, 48 lb. per bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. H. vulgare (type not specified) Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 2.5 100% of seed pass: 3.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.5 50% of seed pass: 3.75 100% of seed pass: 5.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 8.7 50% of seed: 12.0 100% of seed: 26.0 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 5.0 50% of seed float (are separated): 7.6 100% of seed float (are separated): 9.1 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 22.5 50% of seed are carried upward: 19.8 100% of seed are carried upward: 14.3 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I)


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Hordeum vulgare L., 6-rowed barley 851 seed per ounce, 30 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 2.5–7.0 mm; thickness: 2.2–3.8 mm; length: 6.5–10.0 mm; floating velocity: l6.6–8.5 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 54 g; specific gravity: 758.2 g/l; shape: broadly elliptic; texture: somewhat smooth, longitudinal ribs and transversal wrinkles; color: yellowish to greyish gold. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; piece of floret containing a caryopsis larger than ½ the original size; caryopsis (62) (ISTA Rules). Width: 2.4–4.2 mm; thickness: 1.5–3.2 mm; length: 6.5–15.0 mm; floating velocity: 5.9–8.2 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 50.1 g; specific gravity: 747.6 g/l; shape: elliptic-sharp ended; texture: somewhat smooth, longitudinal ribs and transversal wrinkles; color: yellowish to greyish gold. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Spring or winter barley: 38.4 lb./cu ft, 48 lb./bushel. White hull-less barley: 39.5% air space or void in bulk; specific gravity: 1.33. Synasota barley: 45.5% air space in bulk; specific gravity: 1.21. Coast 6-row barley: 57.6% air space in bulk, specific gravity: 1.13. Trebi 6-row barley: 47.9% air space in bulk; specific gravity: 1.24. 616 kg/cubic meter, 38.4 lb./cubic foot; 48 lb. per bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Kind White hull-less Synasota Coast (6-row) Trebi (6-row) Hannchen


% Air Space (Void)

Specific Gravity

39.5 45.4 57.6 47.9 44.5

1.33 1.21 1.13 1.24 1.26


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Barley: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 6.0 8.4 10.0 12.1 14.4 19.5 26.8 @77°F 4.4 7.0 8.6 9.7 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 20.0 26.8

RH % 15 30 45 60 75 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: removes large trash, small trash, and much dust and light materials. Essential if the combine/thresher was not set closely (as is often done, in order to prevent mechanical damage to seed, especially malting barley). 2. Debearder: rubs seed, removes awns and chaff, makes the seed more flowable and easier to separate. Also removes much dust. However, if wild oats are in the seed lot and a separation will be attempted, do not debeard the seed before air-screen, length, and width/thickness grading; debearding leaves the wild oats and barley so similar in size that a good separation is not possible. When handling malting barley, carefully adjust debearder to minimize seed breakage. 3. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles larger and smaller than the good barley seed, and light trash, dust, and seed. With slotted screens of the proper width, narrow wild oat seed can be dropped out of the barley if the accompanying loss of barley seed is acceptable. With proper air adjustment, much grassy weed seed (quackgrass, etc.) can be blown out. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are:


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Barley (English measure) Barley (plump) (English measure) Barley (thin) (English measure) Barley, 2-rowed (Metric measure; ISTA) Barley, 6-rowed (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Grade

11/64×3/4, 1/14×1/2 24 19 1/13×1/2, 11 tri 16 1/14×1/2, 11 tri, 12 tri 6.5 R mm – 6. 0 R mm 6.5 R mm – 6.0 R mm

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

22, 21, 20 9/64×3/4, 12 tri 8/64×3/4

1/13×1/2

3.75 S mm

2.3 S mm

5/64×3/4 1/13×1/2

3.5 S mm 2.2–2.3 S mm

4. Disc and/or Cylinder Separator: removes cross-broken barley seed, short weed and other crop seed, long trash, and other materials either longer or shorter than the good seed. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure 6-½

8-½

11

13

19 22 24

Lifts

Rejects

Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small onion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled and broken barley, flax Spring wheat, small durum wheat Wheat, winter wheat, hulled oats, rye, etc. Barley

Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc.

Metric measure: Barley, 2-rowed (Hordeum vulgare L.): 5.5–7.0 mm From barley, lifts out short trash, weed seed, cross-broken barley seed, etc. Barley, 6-rowed (Hordeum vulgare L.): 5.5–6.5 mm From barley, lifts out short trash, weed seed, cross-broken barley seed, etc.


Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta fescue Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, pin oats Oats, wild oats, barley, etc. Oats, wild oats Oats, wild oats, barley with beards, etc.

Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops Disc Pocket

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Will Lift:

Will Reject (Not Lift)

Wild buckwheat, large cockle, vetch, cracked grain, wild onion bulblets

Wheat, oats, barley, rye, etc.

V 5-¾ V6 V 6-½

Flax, extra large cockle, vetch, small or broken wheat, large wild buckwheat, etc.

Unhulled quackgrass, pin oats, wheat, barley, oats, rye, etc.

R 3-½ R 3-¾ R4

Watergrass, mustard, smartweed, bentgrass, buckhorn plantain

Flax, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc.

R 4-½ R5 R 5-½ R6

Small seed, cracked grain, wild buckwheat, bluegrass, buckhorn plantain

Wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, rye, alta fescue, meadow brome, etc.

Large wild buckwheat, broken wheat, broken barley, etc.

Wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, rye, etc.

M AC

Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled or broken barley, fescue, orchardgrass (to lift Kentucky 31 or alta fescue, use pockets J and A)

Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, etc.

J

Spring wheat, small durum wheat, Kentucky 31 fescue, alta fescue, etc.

Oats, wild oats, barley, etc.

A MM

Wheat, winter wheat, durum wheat, small barley, hulled oats, rye, safflower

Oats, wild oats, bearded barley, etc.

Barley

Oats, wild oats, sticks, etc.

Beardless barley, oats, and all shorter grains

Sticks, stems, etc.

English measure: V 4-½ V5 V 5-½

K L

B RR, SS

5. Spiral Separator: removes round weed seed such as vetch, and round particles such as mudballs (seldom used today; replaced by disc/ cylinder separator and better field control of broadleaf weeds with round seed, such as vetch). 6. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight materials such as immature barley seed, trash, weeds, etc. (not commonly used; low capacity makes it expensive. Used on special lots such as Breeder and Foundation seed). 7. Thickness/Width Separator (precision grader): with slotted perforations, can remove most wild oat seed. However, it cannot remove thick wild oat seed which are about the same thickness as the barley seed. Using two thickness/width separators (one to drop barley, the other to lift barley) on relatively thin malting barley, both thinner and thicker wild oat seed can be removed, leaving only wild oat seed which are about the same thickness as the barley seed (low capacity; not commonly used; used only on Breeder or Foundation seed, special lots, etc.). No copyright information

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8. Treater: applies fungicides, and sometimes also insecticides, to protect the seed and seedlings. 9. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Scalper Debearder Air-Screen Cleaner Disc, Cylinder, or Disc/Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Spiral Separator

Width/Thickness Grader

Treater Bagger-Weigher To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

21. BEAN, ASPARAGUS; BEAN, BROAD; BEAN, FIELD; BEAN, HORSE; BEAN, FRENCH, SNAP; BEAN, GARDEN; BEAN, LIMA; BEAN, RUNNER; BEAN SCARLET RUNNER; BEAN, YARDLONG Phaseolus coccineus L., Scarlet runner bean, runner bean Plant family: Leguminosae Pod is compressed or with convex sides, several-to-many-seeded, dehiscent (Bailey). No copyright information


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Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 1 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Phaseolus lunatus L. (Phaseolus lunatus var. macrocarpus), Lima bean Plant family: Leguminosae Pod is compressed or with convex sides, several-to-many-seeded, dehiscent (Bailey). 55 seed per ounce, 2 seed per gram (AOSA); however, seed size varies significantly with variety. Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Dry lima beans: 719 kg/cu m, 44.8 lb./cu ft, 56 lb./bushel. Unshelled lima beans: 25.6 lb./cu ft, 32 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 4.6 6.6 7.7 9.2 11.0 13.8

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 75

Phaseolus vulgaris L., French bean type Lingot, Snap bean, Garden bean Plant family: Leguminosae Pod is compressed or with convex sides, several-to-many-seeded, dehiscent (Bailey). Garden bean, field bean: 115 seed/ounce, 4 seed/gram (AOSA). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Width: 5.4–7.4 mm; thickness: 4.5–7.4 mm; length: 12.7–16.4 mm; floating velocity: 11.8–14.0 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 354.5 g; specific gravity: 840.4 g/l; shape: kidney shaped; texture: smooth; color: mainly white, but colors and ornamentations are variable with different varieties. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. No copyright information

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Phaseolus vulgaris L., Garden bean, Field bean, French bean Plant family: Leguminosae Pod is compressed or with convex sides, several-to-many-seeded, dehiscent (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 115 seed per ounce, 4 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 7.0–10.0 mm; thickness: 6.6–8.5 mm; length: 10.2–13.6 mm; floating velocity: 13.1–16.2 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 479.5 g; specific gravity: 866 g/ l; shape: oval; texture: smooth; color: mainly white, but colors and ornamentations are variable with different varieties. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Dry beans: 48 lb./cu ft, 60 lb./bushel. Navy beans: 48 lb./cu ft, 60 lb./bushel. Other dry beans: 770 kg/cu m, 48 lb./cu ft, 60 lb./bushel. Snap beans: 385 kg/ cu m, 24 lb.cu ft, 30 lb./bushel. White beans: 48 lb./cu ft, 60 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Snap bean: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Bean: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 3.0 4.8 6.8 9.4 12.0 15.0 16.0 Dry Michelite @ 40ºF: 13.0 14.0 17.0 Dry Michelite @ 77ºF: 5.6 7.4 8.6 9.8 11.0 13.0 15.0 18.0 Dry Michelite @100°F: 12.0 14.0 19.0

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 75 80 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 60 70 80 Table contd...


Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops Table contd... Seed Moisture % Red Mexican (dry) @77°F: 6.0 7.5 8.6 9.8 11.0 13.0 15.0 19.0 Great Northern (dry) @77°F: 5.9 7.4 8.5 9.6 11.0 13.0 15.0 18.0 Light Red Kidney (dry) @ 77°F: 6.1 7.5 8.7 9.9 11.0 13.0 15.0 19.0 Dark Red Kidney (dry) @77°F: 5.4 7.2 8.4 9.9 11.0 13.0 15.0 19.0 Flat Small White (dry) @77°F: 6.0 7.1 8.3 9.6 11.0 13.0 15.0 18.0 Pinto (dry) @77°F: 6.1 7.4 8.5 9.8 11.0 13.0 15.0 18.0 No copyright information

RH % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

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Vicia faba L., Broadbean, horse bean Plant family: Leguminosae Fruit is a pod which is flat, mostly several-to-many-seeded (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 6.5 50% of seed pass: 8.2 100% of seed pass: 9.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 8.0 50% of seed pass: 10.3 100% of seed pass: 12.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 10.25 50% of seed: 12.5 100% of seed: 15.6 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 10.9 50% of seed float (are separated): 13.2 100% of seed float (are separated): 15.3 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 15.5 50% of seed are carried upward: 10.3 100% of seed are carried upward: 4.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Width: 6.0–11.0 mm; thickness: 4.5–9.0 mm; length: 7.9–2.9 mm; floating velocity: 12.8–15.3 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 401.6 g; specific gravity: 895.4 g/l; shape: elliptical, somewhat flattened; texture: smooth; color: light brown to reddish brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed unit is a true seed. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Broadbean: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 4.2 5.8 7.2 9.3 11.0 15.0 No copyright information

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 75


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Vigna sesquipedalis, Asparagus bean Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 227 seed per ounce, 8 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt, Yardlong bean Plant family: Leguminosae Fruit is a pod, 1–3 ft. long, mostly less than ½” broad, rather thick or fleshy, soft and somewhat inflated or flabby, shrinking when dry (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 225 seed/ounce, 8 seed/gram (AOSA). Seed are 3/8–1/2” long, little more than half as broad, oblong or longreniform, rounded at ends, not much if any compressed, mostly brown with a long white hilum (Bailey). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Beans: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb. per cubic foot. Beans: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers:7–8% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Mechanical Injury Seed damage by cracking or splitting is the major problem. Seed moisture content during harvest and cleaning is crucial to controlling mechanical injury. The most favorable seed moisture content is 12% to 14% for minimum injury. For harvest, the plants are usually windrowed and then harvested in late morning and afternoon when seed are dry but still in the safer moisture range. A grain combine is too rough on these seed; a more gentle combine with two or three cylinders is used. Seed moisture of 14% or more is essential to minimize mechanical damage in conditioning, but this is too high for safe storage. Drying or aeration is required to bring seed moisture content down to 10–12%. In elevating, conveying, loading/unloading, dropping into bins or machines, and feeding down spouts, care must be taken to avoid dropping or impacting the seed and causing split or crack damage.


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Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: removes large trash, dust and dirt, soil, etc. from the seed before cleaning. An air-screen scalper is commonly used, but a stoner-type scalper is sometimes used when a considerable amount of dirt or soil is taken in with harvested seed, such as when windrowed plants grown in an irrigated desert-like area are mechanically combined from the windrow. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, wild oats, trash, broken seed, small shrivelled seed, broken seed pieces, small materials, etc. Also removes much dust, small dirt, and some light immature crop seed. With clay-crushing rolls installed in the air-screen cleaner, mudballs can be crushed and then screened out. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Cranberry Bean 32 (English measure) Cluster Bean, Indian varieties 16 (English measure) French Bean, Indian varieties 28 (English measure) French Bean, Indian varieties 11.00 mm (Metric measure) Great Northern Bean 26 (English measure) Kidney Bean 30 (English measure) Lima Bean, Baby 32 (English measure) Lima Bean (large) 56 (English measure) Lima Bean (regular) 56 (English measure) Navy Bean 22 (English measure) Pea Bean (English measure) 22 Pinto Bean 26 (English measure) Red Kidney Bean 30 (English measure) Yellow-eye Bean 24 (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

14/64×3/4

30

16/64×3/4

–

–

8/64×3/4

–

–

12/64×3/4

–

–

4.75 mm slot

10/64×3/4

24

11/64×3/4

13/64×3/4

28

14/64×3/4

17

30

19

24

48

26

16

48

20

10/64×3/4

20

11/64×3/4

10/64×3/4 9/64×3/4

20 24

11/64×3/4 10/64×3/4

13/64×3/4

28

14/64×3/4

11/64×3/4

22

12/64×3/4


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3. Gravity Separator: removes mudballs, rocks, light immature seed, insectdamaged seed, light trash, etc. 4. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged in the middlings fraction from the main gravity separator. 5. Stoner: salvages heavy good seed which discharged from the gravity separator mixed with the stones or mudballs heavy fraction. Installed just below or after the gravity separator, the stoner receives the heavy waste fraction consisting of heavy good seed and stones or mudballs, and separates the good seed and spouts them back into the good seed fraction discharging from the gravity separator. It removes stones, dirt clods, etc., and discharges them off the high end of the deck. 6. Color Sorter: removes offtype or other-variety beans which differ in color from the good seed variety, including stained, diseased, and other offcolor seed (note: color sorter capacity is low, and as many as 15–16 color sorters are required to keep up with the capacity of a large airscreen cleaner). With special ultraviolet light and sensors, can remove some diseased seed which fluoresce under uv light. Used quite often today, but not used in small-scale operations; however, in the following flow diagram, it is shown as “commonly used”, because of its separation value. 7. Picking Belt: used just before bagging to make a final removal of offcolor beans or beans which differ visually from the desirable seed (not always used). 8. Polisher: sometimes used after conditioning is complete to polish the beans to a shiny bright appearance. Does not affect seed quality, but improves appearance and “customer appeal”, or may be used to polish up dusty beans before color sorter separation (not always used, but is quite helpful, especially if beans will not be treated. Used in either one of the positions shown in the following flow diagram, but is not used simultaneously in both positions). Commonly, the type which rubs seed with damp sawdust to remove dust and shine up the seed, is used for beans and peas. However, with these fragile seed, polishing may increase the amount of “splits”. 9. Treater: applies fungicides and/or insecticides to protect the seed and seedlings. (not always used). 10. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 11. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


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Conditioning sequence Receiving Scalper Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity

Stoner

Polisher

Color Sorter

Picking Belt

Polisher (food beans only)

Treater (seed only)



22. BEET, GARDEN; FIELD SWISS CHARD BEET, MANGEL Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris, Garden beet, field beet Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla, Swiss chard (B. vulgaris L. subsp. cicla (L.) Koch) Plant family: Chenopodiaceae Fruit is mostly aggregate (except in monogerm varieties), formed of the cohesion of 2 or more flowers grown together at their bases and forming a No copyright information


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very irregular dry body (the seed of commerce). Each seed is enclosed in a hard shell formed of the enlarging disk and calyx, the calyx forming thickened protuberances (Bailey). Pure seed unit: cluster, or piece of cluster, with or without seed, including attached stalk pieces not protruding from the cluster more than the width of the cluster, retained on a rectangular sieve of at least 200 mm × 300 mm with square-ended slots 1.5 mm × 20 mm when shaken for one minute. Genetic monogerm cultivars: cluster, or piece of cluster, including attached stalk pieces not protruding from the cluster more than the width of the cluster, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (46) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, a seed ball consisting of fused flower parts and one (in monogerm types) to many (in multigerm types) seed (AOSA). B. vulgaris L. var. conditiva Alef.: Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 2.75 100% of seed pass: 5.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.0 50% of seed pass: 4.0 100% of seed pass: 7.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.1 50% of seed: 4.3 100% of seed: 5.6 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.6 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.0 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.7 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Monogerm Beet and Swiss Chard: 1,645 seed per ounce, 60 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 3.0–6.8 mm; thickness: 1.6–4.8 mm; floating velocity: 3.7–5.5 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 9.6 g; specific gravity: 301.4 g/l; shape: pentagonal, more or less flattened on one side and convex on the other side; texture: hard coated, irregular surface; color: light brown to brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. No copyright information

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Multigerm Width: 3.3–9.0 mm; thickness: 2.6–6.0 mm; floating velocity: 3.9–6.0 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 24.9 g; specific gravity: 253.2 g/l; shape: somewhat polyhedric; texture: corky to more or less hard-coated, irregular surface; color: light brown to brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris, Mangel beet Plant family: Chenopodiaceae Pure seed unit: cluster, or piece of cluster, with or without seed, including attached stalk pieces not protruding from the cluster more than the width of the cluster, retained on a rectangular sieve of at least 200 mm × 300 mm with square-ended slots 1.5 mm × 20 mm when shaken for one minute. Genetic monogerm cultivars: cluster, or piece of cluster, including attached stalk pieces not protruding from the cluster more than the width of the cluster, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (46) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, a seed ball consisting of fused flower parts and one (in monogerm types) to many (in multigerm types) seed (AOSA). 1,644 seed per ounce, 58 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Beet: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 2.1 4.0 5.8 7.6 9.4 11.2

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 75

Beet, garden: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7.5%. Chard: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7.5–8%. Conditioning machines 1. Decorticator/Debearder: used to remove or reduce the amount of “cork” on the seed balls; on multigerm types, it is used to break up clusters into more-or-less single-seed units. No copyright information


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2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed; airblasts remove light materials, dust, and some empty seed materials. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Beet, Garden (English measure) Beet, Garden, Indian varieties (English measure) Beet (monogerrm) (Metric measure; ISTA) Beet (multigerm) (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

24 20

7 –

22, 20 –

8 8

–

4.0 S mm

3.0 R mm

–

8.0 R mm

2.5 S mm

9.0 R 4.5 S 9.0 R 8.5 R

mm mm mm mm

3. Cylinder Separator: lifts out short undesirable seed, trash, stems, etc. (not always used). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 4.0 mm From monogerm Beet seed, separates Polygonum convolvulus and Galium spp. 6.5–7.0 From monogerm Beet seed, separates Helianthus annuus.

4. Gravity Separator: removes light undesirable materials and trash, empty seed units, etc. 5. Draper Belt: used to remove pieces of stem from the variable-sized beet seed balls. After air-screen cleaning, the mixture of seed and stem pieces is poured onto the draper near the top. Flat stem pieces are carried to the top end and drop off. Roundish beet seed balls roll to the bottom and drop off into a different spout. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings. (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


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Conditioning sequence Receiving Decorticator/Debearder Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Draper Belt

Treater



23. BEGGARWEED, FLORIDA Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) DC., Florida beggarweed Plant family: Leguminosae Fruit consists of a pod of several connected joints; pod breaks apart soon after maturity, and each joint is the seed (consisting of seed covered with the joint of the pod). Pod is 3–6-jointed, pubescent, equally undulate on both edges, twisted when young but becoming flat. (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is either a seed or a pod containing a seed (AOSA). 12,540 seed per ounce, 440 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6–7% (extrapolated; not researched). No copyright information


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Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes larger and smaller undesirable materials; airblasts remove light trash, dust, and light seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Beggarweed (hulled) (English measure) Beggarweed (hulled) (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1/12

18×18

1/18×1/4

6×24

14 to 20

18×18

9 to 14

6×24

2. Huller-Scarifier: if seed need to be hulled, the huller-scarifier is used before the air-screen cleaner. Unhulled seed scalped off on the air-screen cleaner are re-sent to the huller-scarifier and the hulled seed then returned to the air-screen cleaner for recleaning. 3. Gravity Separator: removes heavy particles (sand, mudballs, etc.) and undesirable light trash, immature seed, etc. 4. Roll Mill: sometimes used on hulled seed to remove rough weed seed, undesirable particles, etc. 5. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Huller-Scarifier

Air-Screen Cleaner

Huller-Scarifier

Gravity Separator

Roll Mill



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24. BEGONIA Begonia semperflorens, Begonia Plant family: Begoniaceae Fruit is a capsule, green with prominent red-tinged wings (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 2,000,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater


Packaging Machine/Bagger-Weigher To Storage, Shipping, Distribution No copyright information


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25. BELL FLOWER; CAMPANULA Campanula spp., Bell flower, campanula Plant family: Campanulaceae Fruit is a 3-celled capsule which opens near the base in some species, near the top in others (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 120,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade



56



Treater



26. BELLS OF IRELAND; SHELLFLOWER Molucella laevis, Bells of Ireland, Shellflower Plant family: Labiatae Fruit is 4 nutlets, convex on one side, angular on the other, broader upward and truncate (Bailey). Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ of the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 4,200 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


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2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater



27. BLACK-EYED SUSAN Rudbeckia hirta L., Black-eyed Susan Plant family: Compositae Achenes which are 4-angled, pappus is a minute crown; in different 7species, pappus may be crownlike, cup-shaped or none. Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA Rules). 90,720 seed per ounce, 3,200 seed per gram (AOSA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6% (extrapolated; not researched). No copyright information

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Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





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28. BLACK PEPPER Piper nigrum L., Black pepper, pepper, white pepper Plant family: Piperaceae Fruit is a berry, small, sessile, globose, yellowish-red, 1/5–1/4” in diameter (Bailey). Seed unit is a dried berry or drupe containing a seed. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: slightly susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Black Pepper (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

18

6/64×3/4

16

7/64×3/4


Treater




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29. BLAZING STAR Liatris spicata (L.) Willd., Blazing star Plant family: Compositae Achenes which are 10-ribbed, pappus barbellate with bristles (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Width:1.4–1.6 mm; thickness: 1.2–1.6 mm; length: 4.8–5.2 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.0–3.0 g; shape: long ovoid, tapering; texture: slightly ribbed, the achene is sparsely haired on the surface, a long pappus (a crown of hairs of up to 6.5 mm long) present on the top; color: grey or straw colored. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Brush Machine (Debearder): rubs off most of the pappus so the seed can be cleaned easier. May have to dry the seed material before brushing, to make it brittle and more easily removed. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Blazing Star (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

7.0 R mm 1.9 S mm

–

1.5 S mm

0.6 S mm


Lifts

Rejects

Blazing Star (Liatris spicata (L.) Willd.) Metric measure (ISTA): 3.5–3.75 mm From Blazing Star, removes broken seed and achenes. 5.5 mm From Blazing Star, removes naked seed. 13.0 mm Lifts Blazing Star to separate long trash and impurities (air of air-screen cleaner can remove much of this, if air is increased enough). No copyright information


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4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Brush Machine/Debearder Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater



30. BLUEBONNET, TEXAS Lupinus subcarnosus Hooker, Texas bluebonnet Plant family: Leguminosae Pod about 1.5“ long, hairy. Seeed are 1/8–3/16” across, and mottled (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 850 seed per ounce, 30 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information

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Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





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31. BORAGE, COMMON Borago officinalis L., Common borage Plant family: Boraginaceae 4 nutlets which are verrucose, ovoid or oblong, erect, smooth or muricate, attached by the base (Bailey). Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). Width: 2.4–2.8 mm; thickness: 2.4–2.8 mm; length: 4.8–5.2 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 15 g; shape: irregularly ovoid; texture: ribbed; color: black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 2.5 100% of seed pass: 3.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.25 50% of seed pass: 3.0 100% of seed pass: 4.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.1 50% of seed: 5.3 100% of seed: 6.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Conditioning machines 1. Brush Machine (or Debearder): sometimes used to crush pieces of seed pod shells.


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2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Borage, Common (Mitric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

5.25 R mm 3.3 S mm

–

4.5 R mm

2.1 S mm

3. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles. A larger-indent cylinder can also be used to lift good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Borage, Common (Borago officinalis L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 5.25 mm From Common Borage, lifts out shorer undesirable particles. 10.0 mm Lifts Common Borage seed to separate long trash, etc.

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed; also separates most wheat and barley seed, if they occur in the seed lot. 5. Spiral Separator: separates cereal (wheat, barley) seed, or long/flat trash, etc. (sometimes used). 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



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Conditioning sequence Receiving

Brush Machine (Debearder)

Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Spiral Separator

Treater



32. BROCCOLI BRUSSELS SPROUTS CAULIFLOWER KOHLRABI (KNOL KOHL) The genus Brassica produces a long-stalked or nearly sessile pod or silique, often slender, nearly terete or angled, tipped with an indehiscent and usually seedless beak. Seed are globular, brown-black or yellowish, in a single row in the pod, cotyledons are conduplicate (Bailey). Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L., Broccoli, cauliflower Plant family: Cruciferae The species B. oleracea has pods 2–4” long, with a long conical beak (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 8,930 seed per ounce, 315 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information

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Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC., Brussels sprouts Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 8,930 seed per ounce, 315 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.25 50% of seed pass: 1.75 100% of seed pass: 2.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.5 50% of seed: 2.0 100% of seed: 2.4 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L., Kohlrabi Plant family: Cruciferae Indian name is knol kohl. Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 8,930 seed/ounce, 315 seed/gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere.



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Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.3 50% of seed pass: 1.9 100% of seed pass: 2.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.7 50% of seed: 2.0 100% of seed: 2.4 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large and small undesirable particles, dust, light trash and seed, etc. With careful selection of screens, can remove many weed seed, broken crop seed, etc. Using a partially blanked scalping screen with an oilcloth cover to keep long seed lying flat, many long foreign seed (wild oats, grasses, etc.) can be removed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Cauliflower, Indian varieties 8 (English measure) Cauliflower, Indian varieties 3.25 mm (Metric measure) Kohlrabi (Knol Kohl), Indian 7 varieties (English measure)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

–

–

1/18×3/4

–

–

2.40 mm slot

–

–

3/64×5/16

2. Cylinder Separator: smaller cylinder pocket can remove small short undesirable particles; larger cylinder pocket can lift good seed and reject long trash, wild oats, etc.


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Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure: 5

6-½

8-½

11

Lifts

Rejects

Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, etc.

Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc.

Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small onion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc.

Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta fescue

3. Spiral Separator: removes flat foreign seed (wheat, etc.) and cross-broken or split seed from round crucifer seed (not often used today, but quite useful). 4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and immature seed; if seed were threshed on a threshing floor, can remove mudballs. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



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Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator

Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



33. BROWALLIA Browallia spp., Browallia Plant family: Solanaceae Capsules with 2-lobed valves, are included in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (ISTA Rules). Approx. 108,000–240,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

70



Treater



34. BUCKWHEAT Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Buckwheat Plant family: Polygonaceae Fruit is a triangular, pointed achene (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without perianth, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (2) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, rarely a naked seed (AOSA). 1,275 seed per ounce, 45 seed per gram (AOSA).



71

Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.25 50% of seed pass: 3.9 100% of seed pass: 4.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 3.0 50% of seed pass: 4.0 100% of seed pass: 5.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.0 50% of seed: 5.1 100% of seed: 7.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 616–667 Kg/cubic meter; 48–52 lb. per bushel; 38.4–41.6 lb./cubic foot. Specific gravity (Japanese buckwheat) 1.1; % air space (void in bulk) 41%. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Buckwheat: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 6.7 9.1 10.8 12.7 14.0 19.1 24.5 @77°F: 5.0 7.6 9.1 10.0 11.0 13.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 24.5

RH % 15 30 45 60 75 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: used if combine-harvested seed have a significant amount of trash, dust, etc. No copyright information

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2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes both oversize and undersize undesirable materials (trash, sand, dirt, pods, broken seed, etc.), and airblasts remove dust, light trash, and some light immature seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Buckwheat (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

16

7

14

6/64×3/4

3. Cylinder Separator: with smaller pockets, removes some smaller/shorter undesirable materials; the second cylinder with larger pockets lifts the buckwheat and rejects longer foreign seed and trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure: 4

5

6-½

8-½

Lifts

Rejects

Timothy, small red or white clover, dodder, hulled watergrass, mustard, sheep sorrel Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, etc.

Canada thistle, quackgrass, sticks, alfalfa, bluegrass, etc.

Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc.

Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, hulled wheatgrass, orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc.

4. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, light low-germinating seed, and heavy trash such as mudballs, stones, etc. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Bagger-weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.



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Scalper


Treater


35. BURNET, LITTLE Sanguisorba minor Scopoli, Little burnet Plant family: Rosaceae Fruit is mostly a single achene enclosed in the persisting calyx tube; achene is 4-ribbed, muricate and wrinkled (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without hypanthium, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (3) (ISTA Rules). 3,070 seed/ounce, 110 seed/gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.6 50% of seed pass: 2.25 100% of seed pass: 3.5


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Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 3.0 50% of seed pass: 3.75 100% of seed pass: 5.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.2 50% of seed: 4.5 100% of seed: 5.9 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.5 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.4 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 427 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 20.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 18.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 13.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: proper selection of screens removes undesirable materials both larger and smaller than the good seed; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and some light immature seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Burnet (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

14

1/14×1/2

9/64×3/4

1/12

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and immature crop seed, to improve both purity and germination. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



75


Treater



36. CABBAGE CABBAGE, CHINESE; PE-TSAI CABBAGE, TRONCHUDA PAK-CHOI Brassica chinensis L., Pak-choi Plant family: Cruciferae Pod is 1.25–2.5” long, slender, with a slender beak. Seed are little more than 1/25” thick, featureless, raphal line is indistinct (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 17,945 seed per ounce, 635 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L., Cabbage Plant family: Cruciferae Pod 1.25–2.5” long, slender, beak slender. Seed are little more than 1/25” thick, featureless, raphal line indistinct (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 8,930 seed per ounce, 315 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.3–2.4 mm; thickness: 1.1–2.3 mm; length: 1.5–2.4 mm; floating velocity: 5.1–8.5 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 4.0 g; specific gravity: 685 g/l; shape: round; texture: reticulate No copyright information

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structure; color: brown black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.1 50% of seed pass: 1.75 100% of seed pass: 2.3 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.4 50% of seed pass: 2.0 100% of seed pass: 2.6 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.5 50% of seed: 2.1 100% of seed: 2.7 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Cabbage: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 3.2 4.6 5.4 6.4 7.6 8.0 9.6 10.0

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC., Brassica oleracea L. var. tronchuda Bailey, Tronchuda cabbage Plant family: Cruciferae Pod 1.25–2.5” long, slender, beak slender. Seed are little more than 1/25” thick, featureless, raphal line indistinct (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. No copyright information


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Brassica pekinensis (Loureiro) Ruprecht, Pe-tsai, Chinese cabbage Plant family: Cruciferae Pod rather short and stout, 1.25–2.5” long, spreading or ascending, the beak is short and stout (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 17,945 seed per ounce, 635 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.2–2.2 mm; thickness: 0.9–2.0 mm; length: 1.4–2.1 mm; floating velocity: 5.5–8.5 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.5–2.8 g; specific gravity: 700 g/l; shape: round; texture: reticulate structure; color: brown black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Chinese Cabbage: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %

Temperature not specified: 2.4 3.4 30 6.3 7.8 9.4

10 20 4.6 45 60 75

Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large and small undesirable particles, dust, light trash and seed, etc. With careful selection of screens, can remove many weed seed, broken crop seed, etc. Using a partially blanked scalping screen with an oilcloth cover to keep long seed lying flat, many long foreign seed (wild oats, grasses, etc.) can be removed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Cabbage (English measure) Cabbage, Indian varieties (English measure) Cabbage (Metric measure; ISTA) Cabbage (Metric measure; ISTA) Cabbage, Chinese (Metric measure; ISTA)



1st Grade

10 7

1/18 –

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade 8 –

2.75 R mm, 2.65 R mm 2.75 R mm, 2.5 R mm 2.75 R mm, 2.5 R mm

–

2.5 R mm

1.1 S mm

–

2.35 R mm

1.0 S mm

–

2.25 R mm

0.9 S mm

3/64×5/16 3/64×5/16

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2. Cylinder Separator: smaller cylinder pocket can remove small short undesirable particles; larger cylinder pocket can lift good seed and reject long trash, wild oats, etc. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure 5

6-½

8-½

11

Lifts

Rejects

Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, Meadow fescue, wild brome, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, large buckhorn plantain, etc. quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Small broken grain, small wild Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, buckwheat, small vetch, wheatgrass, hulled small cockle, wild mustard orchardgrass, flax, etc. Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, sudangrass, small sugarbeet orchardgrass, etc. seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta small onion, small garlic, fescue wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc.

3. Spiral Separator: removes flat foreign seed (wheat, etc.) and cross-broken or split seed from round crucifer seed (not often used today, but quite useful). 4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and immature seed; if seed were threshed on a threshing floor, can remove mudballs. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



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Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



37. CALEY PEA; WILD WINTER PEA; ROUGH PEA; SINGLETARY PEA Lathyrus hirsutus L., Caley pea, Singletary pea, wild winter pea, rough pea Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 1,135 seed per ounce, 40 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Wild winter pea: 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Austrian winter pea: 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, No copyright information

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light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Caley (Wild Winter) Pea (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

14

5.5/64×3/4

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade 12

6/64×3/4

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Color Sorter: since the seed are large and of different colors, a color sorter could be effectively used on high-value seed (Breeder, Foundation, etc.) to remove off-color seed (other varieties, diseased, etc.). 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Color Sorter

Treater


38. CALLIOPSIS Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttall, Calliopsis Coreopsis basalis (Otto & A. Detrich) S.F. Blake, Calliopsis Plant family: Compositae Achenes, flat or becoming incurved, winged or wingless; pappus of 2–4 awns, scales or teeth, or entirely lacking. C. tinctoria achene is oblong-obovate, narrowly winged; C. basalis achene is obovate, much incurved, with a thick cartilagionous margin (Bailey). No copyright information


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Pure seed unit: achene, with or without wing, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (8) (ISTA Rules). C. tinctoria: 88,736 seed per ounce, 3,130 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater


Packaging Machine To Storage, Shipping, Distribution No copyright information

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39. CANDYTUFT, ANNUAL CANDYTUFT, PERENNIAL Iberis coronaria, Annual candytuft Plant family: Cruciferae Fruit is a pod, orbicular or ovate, winged or margined, often notched at top, the septum across the short diameter. Seed 1 in each compartment, ovate, usually not winged on margins, cotyledons accumbent (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 9,500 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Iberis spp., Perennial candytuft Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (ISTA Rules). Approx. 11,500 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Seed unit is a seed. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade




83


Treater



40. CANTALOUPE; MUSKMELON CUCUMBER GHERKIN Cucumis melo L., Muskmelon, cantaloupe Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Fruit various, in the usual forms globular or oblong, more or less furrowed, not spiny or echinate, pubescent but usually becoming glabrous, with a pronounced musky odor, usually with yellow or green flesh. Seed white, slender nearly ½” long (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 1,275 seed per ounce, 45 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 3.6–4.8 mm; thickness: 1.6–2.2 mm; length: 8.4–9.6 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 25–40 g; shape: flat elliptic; texture: smooth; color: yellow to orange. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Cucumis sativus L., Cucumber Plant family: Cucurbitaceae


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Fruit from nearly globular to oblong and elongated, prickly with sharp elevations. Seed flat, white, a little more than ¼” long (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 1,075 seed per ounce, 40 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 3.6–4.0 mm; thickness: 1.2–1.6 mm; length: 8.8–12.4 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 32–38 g; shape: flat ovate; texture: smooth; color: white to pale yellow. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Cucumber: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 2.6 4.3 5.6 7.1 8.4 8.5 10.1 10.4

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

Cucumis sativus L., Gherkin Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Width: 3.6–4.0 mm; thickness: 1.2–1.6 mm; length: 7.2–11.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 24–27 g; shape: flat ovate; texture: smooth; color: white to pale yellow. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Seed from wet fruits Vine seed threshers chop up the fruits and separate seed from the pulp and juice. Seed is then washed on agitating screens or revolving screen cylinders, and dried in rotary dryers at 35°C or less. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large and small trash such as pieces of pulp, broken seed, dust, and some lightweight unfilled seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information

Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops CROP

85


1st Grade

Cantaloupe, muskmelon 20 (English measure) Cantaloupe, melon 5.0 S mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 3.5 S mm Muskmelon, cantaloupe 20 (English measure) Muskmelon, Indian varieties 20 (English measure) Cucumber (English measure) 1 8 Cucumber, Indian varieties 20 (English measure) Cucumber – (Metric measure; ISTA) Gherkin (Metric measure; ISTA) –

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

7

16

9

–

3.0 S mm

1.0 S mm

7

16

9

–

–

9

8 –

17, 16 –

9 9

–

–

2.0–2.5 R mm

–

–

3.5 R mm

2. Cylinder Separator: lifts out short trash and undesirable particles; can be used to lift good seed out of long trash particles (not always used). Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size Metric measure (ISTA): Cantaloupe, Melon (Cucumis melo L.): 3.0–4.0 mm From Cantaloupe seed, lifts out small dried pieces of fruit, etc. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): 10.0 mm

Rejects

Lifts good Cucumber seed to separate misformed (laterally compressed) and curved seed.

Cucumber (Gherkin) (Cucumis sativus L.): 3.0–4.0 mm From Gherkin seed, lifts out broken seed.

3. Gravity Separator: removes light trash and lightweight immature and unfilled seed, and light pieces of pulp. 4. Aspirator: (fractionating aspirator, pneumatic separator) removes some unfilled seed (not often used). 5. Color Sorter and/or Hand Picking Belt: if sclerotia from rotten fruit, of the same size as seed, are present, they may have to be picked out by hand or electronic color sorters. 6. Polisher: sometimes, seed are polished to improve their color or remove pieces of pulp or fruit remaining on the seed. 7. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 8. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be No copyright information

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carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 9. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Aspirator

Color Sorter

Hand Picking Belt

Polisher

Treater





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41. CARAWAY Carum carvi L., Caraway Plant family: Umbelliferae Fruit oblong, 1/8” long, laterally compressed, constricted at the commissure, strongly ribbed, carpels 5-angled, with oil tubes solitary (rarely 2) in the intervals (Bailey). Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or withut pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed are present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.3–3.0 mm; thickness: 0.5–1.4 mm; length: 2.9–5.5 mm; floating velocity: 3.3–5.4 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.4 g; specific gravity: 511 g/l; shape: long, curved; texture: angular; color: brown-black, 5 yellow length-angulars at the seed. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.3 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.5 100% of seed float (are separated): 5.4 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 511 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 27.3 50% of seed are carried upward: 26.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 22.9 Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.3 50% of seed pass: 1.9 100% of seed pass: 3.0 No copyright information

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Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.9 50% of seed: 4.2 100% of seed: 5.5 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

Caraway (English measure)

1/14×1/4

6x24

1/16×1/2

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade 6× 22

Caraway (Metric measure; ISTA)

3.5 R mm, 1.35 S mm

–

2.6 R mm

0.6 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles, and a largerindent cylinder can also be used to lift good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size

Rejects

Caraway (Carum carvi L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 3.5 mm From Caraway seed, lifts short undesirable particles. Reclean liftings with 3.0 mm cylinder to salvage short Caraway seed lifted out. 5.0 mm Lifts Caraway seed to separate Lolium perenne. 6.5–7.5 mm Lifts Caraway seed to separate Agroypron repens. 2.0 mm From Caraway, lifts out Trifolium repens and Rumex crispus.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed; also separates most wheat and barley seed, if they occur in the seed lot. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information


89


Treater



42. CARNATION; PINK Dianthus caryophyllus, Carnation (annual and perennial); Pink Plant family: Caryophyllaceae Capsules cylindric or oblong, dehiscent by 4 (or 5) valves at apex (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 14,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

90



Treater



43. CARROT Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffmann) Arcangeli, Carrot Plant family: Umbelliferae Fruit oblong, 1/8” long, more or less dorsally flattened, bristly along the secondary ribs (Bailey). Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed are present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). 23,415 seed per ounce, 825 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.0–2.0 mm; thickness: 0.4–1.35 mm; length: 1.7–2.9 mm; floating velocity: 2.9–4.9 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.95 g; specific gravity: 474.4 g/l; shape: plan convex, No copyright information


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fusoid; texture: thorny to rough, thorns more or less broken; color: brown to green. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Brushed seed Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.0 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes 1% of seed: 2.8 50% of seed: 3.6 100% of seed: 4.7 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.7 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.2 100% of seed float (are separated): 3.6 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 390 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which 1% of seed are carried upward: 30.7 50% of seed are carried upward: 25.8 100% of seed are carried upward: 20.7 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Bristly (not brushed) Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100% (main part) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres.


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Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.7 50% of seed pass: 2.75 100% of seed pass: 4.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.3 50% of seed: 3.7 100% of seed: 4.9 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 71 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Carrot: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 4.5 5.9 6.8 7.9 9.2 10.0 11.6 13.0

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

Conditioning machines 1. Polisher/Debearder/Brush Machine: adjusted to give a gentle rubbing, helps make seed more flowable so they can be conditioned more closely (used infrequently). If the seed are dry enough, the rubbing they receive during threshing, conveying and cleaning removes the seed spines. However, if the spines are not adequately removed when conditioning begins, run the seed through a tightly-packed auger or a debearder, polisher, or brush machine to remove the spines. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large trash, small trash and undesirable particles; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and light seed. Airblasts must be adjusted to a low level, and carefully set to prevent loss of good seed. Some models have a second drive pulley to provide lower air flow and closer air adjustment. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information


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Carrot (English measure) Carrot, Indian varieties (English measure) Carrot (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

7 1/12, 1/14 2.3 R mm, 2.0 R mm

6×28 – – –

1/12 – – 1.2 S mm

6×26 6×26, 6×28 1.0 R mm

3. Aspirator (fractionating aspirator): makes seed-by-seed density separation, to remove mudballs picked up by combining windrowed seed, or light weed seed or crop seed (not often used). 4. Cylinder Separator: cylinder with smaller pockets removes short foreign particles; second cylinder with larger pockets lifts good seed and rejects longer trash (not always used). Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 3.0, 3.5 mm

2.0–2.25 mm 1.75 mm

2.75–3.0 mm

Rejects

Lifts Carrot seed to separate long trash and seed such as Lolium spp,

Separates Solanum nigrum from Carrot. From Carrot, separates Chenopodium spp., Amaranthus spp., Stellaria media. From Carrot, separates Centaurea spp. and part of the white seed of Picris echioides.

5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, low-germinating seed. Air flow must be set low, and discard fractions carefully examined to be sure the minimum amount of good seed is lost. Sometimes, seed do not flow and/or stratify well, so flow across gravity separator’s deck must be slowed down. Carrot seed lots may contain many embryoless seed. However, since the embryo is less than 1% of the seed weight, it is not possible to separate embryoless seed during conditioning. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information

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Polisher/Debreader/Brush Machine

Air-Screen Cleaner

Aspirator

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



44. CASTORBEAN Ricinus communis L., Castorbean Plant family: Euphorbiaceae Fruit is a spiny capsule which dehisces into 3 2-valved cocci (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa, with or without strophiole/ caruncle (13) (ISTA Rules). 140 seed/ounce, 5 seed/gram (AOSA). Seed are glabrous, variously marked and colored; vary widely among the many cultivated botanical varieties (Bailey). 590 kg/cubic meter; 46 lb. per bushel; 36.8 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly susceptible, due to impact damage to tip of seed. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: below 6%. No copyright information


95

Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalper screen removes large trash, pieces of pods, etc.; grading screens remove small undesirable materials; airblasts remove dust, light trash, some light seed (if air can be adjusted high enough). Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight low-germinating seed and light trash. 3. Color Sorter: since the seed are large and of different colors, a color sorter could be effectively used on high-value seed (Breeder, Foundation, etc.) to remove off-color seed (other varieties, diseased, etc.). 4. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Color Sorter


45. CATCHFLY; SWEET WILLIAM Silene armeria L., Sweet William, catchfly Plant family: Caryophyllaceae Pod dehiscent by 6 (rarely 3) teeth at apex (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 213,617 seed per ounce, 7,535 seed per gram (AOSA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 9%. No copyright information

96




1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





97

46. CELERY CELERIAC Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Miller) Persoon, Celery Plant family: Umbelliferae Fruit is ovate or broader than long, laterally compressed, constricted at the commissure; carpels are prominently 2-angled with large oil tubes solitary in the intervals (Bailey). Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). 71,470 seed per ounce, 2,500 seed per gram (AOSA). (Large-seeded type): Width: 0.6–0.9 mm; thickness: 0.6–1.0 mm; length: 1.0–1.5 mm; floating velocity: 2.0–3.7 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.32 g; specific gravity: 548.5 g/l; shape: half globulous to broadly ovate; texture: 4 ribs on one side; rough; color: brown to blackish grey. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 1.1 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.2 50% of seed: 1.3 100% of seed: 1.65 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%.


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Celery: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %

Temperature not specified: 5.8 7.0 7.8 9.0 10.4 11.0 12.4 14.0

10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Miller) Gaudin, Celeriac Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). 71,470 seed per ounce, 2,521 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant, about same as celery. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes undesirable particles larger and smaller than the good seed; airblasts remove light trash, some lightweight immature seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Celeriac, large-seeded (Metric; ISTA) Celery (English measure) Celery, large-seeded (Metric; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

1.8 R mm, 1.6 R mm 1/14 1.8 R mm, 1.6 R mm

–

1.1 S mm

0.4 S mm

30×30 –

1/16 1.1 S mm

28×28 0.4 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: lifts short weed seed and undesirable particles out of good seed. Larger indents can be used to lift good seed out of longer trash, stems, etc. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Metric measure (ISTA): Celeriac (Apium graveolens L.): 1.5–1.75 mm From Celeriac, separates Chenopodium spp and Amaranthus spp. Celery (Apium graveolens L.): 1.5–1.75 mm From Celery, separates Chenopodium spp and Amaranthus spp. No copyright information


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3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, immature seed to improve germination; removes light trash to improve purity. Celery seed lots may contain many embryoless seed; since the embryo is less than 1% of the seed weight, it is not possible to separate embryoless seed during conditioning. 4. Treater: applies protectants to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



47. CELOSIA; COCKSCOMB Celosia argentea cristata, Annual celosia, Cockscomb Plant family: Amaranthaceae Fruit a utricle, mostly dehiscent, included in the persistent perianth or exserted, 2- or more-seeded (Bailey).


100


Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 28,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





101

48. CHERVIL, SALAD Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., Salad chervil Plant family: Umbelliferae Fruit black, smooth, beaked, ¼ –3/8” long, the carpels linear, grooved on the innerface, ovate or oblong, shortly attenuate at apex, laterally compressed or constricted at the commissure; oil tubes very small, solitary in the intervals (Bailey). Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed are present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). Width: 0.7–1.8 mm; thickness: 0.4–1.0 mm; length: 4.3–8.1 mm; floating velocity: 3.6–6.1 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 3.3 g; shape: oblique club-shaped, ventral side with deep length-furrow, cross section kidney-form; texture: fine-ribbed; color: brown to brown black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 1.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.3 50% of seed: 5.6 100% of seed: 8.1 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Chervil, Salad (Metric measure; ISTA) No copyright information


1st Grade

2.0 S mm, 1.1 S mm

–

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade 1.0 S mm

0.4 S mm, 0.5 S mm

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2. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles. A larger-indent cylinder can also be used to lift good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size

Rejects

Salad Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.) Metric measure (ISTA): 3.5–4.5 mm From Salad Chervil, small undesirable particles lifted out.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed. 4. Belt (Band) Grader: can separate long/flat trash, etc. (sometimes used). 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Belt (Band) Grader

Treater





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49. CHICKPEA; GARBANZO Cicer arietinum L., Chickpea, garbanzo Plant family: Leguminosae Pod short, ¾ - 1” long and ½” broad, pubescent, turgid. Seed 1 or 2 in a pod, nearly or quite 3/8” in cross-diameter, wrinkled, with a point on one end which bears a fancied resemblance to a ram’s head (which gives it its name); whitish, red or black; hypogeal germination (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa 10) (ISTA Rules). 55 seed per ounce, 2 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: rough-cleans combined seed to remove trash, dust, dirt, etc. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes foreign particles larger and smaller than the good seed, broken seed, small weed seed, Solanum seed pods, etc.; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and some immature crop seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Chickpea (Garbanzo) (English measure)


1st Grade

30

11/64×3/4


12/64×3/4

3. Gravity Separator: heavy fraction removes mudballs, stones, etc., from combine harvesting; light fraction removes light trash, and some lightweight immature seed with low germination. 4. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction. 5. Stoner: installed just below or after the gravity separator so as to receive the heavy waste fraction coming from the gravity deck. It separates good seed from the stones/mudballs and returns the good seed to the good seed fraction discharging from the gravity deck. 6. Color Sorter: since the seed are large and of different colors, a color sorter could be effectively used on high-value seed (Breeder, Foundation, etc.) to remove off-color seed (other varieties, diseased, etc.). 7. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 8. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags and then closes them. No copyright information

104


Conditioning sequence Receiving Scalper Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity

Stoner

Color Sorter

Treater


50. CHICORY ENDIVE Cichorium intybus L., Chicory Plant family: Compositae Achenes long-beaked, crowned by a pappus of blunt paleae or scales, about 1/8 to 1/10 as long as the achene (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, rarely a true seed (AOSA). 26,650 seed per ounce, 940 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.0–2.25 mm; thickness: 0.7–1.5 mm; length: 2.2–3.0 mm; floating velocity: 2.7–5.6 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.4 g; specific gravity: 394 g/l; shape: irregularly angular; texture: smooth with longitudinal ribs; color: pale brown to brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. No copyright information


105

Cichorium endivia L., Endive Plant family: Compositae Achenes long-beaked, crowned by a pappus of blunt paleae or scales, about 1/6 to ¼ as long as the achene (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, rarely a true seed (AOSA). 26,650 seed per ounce, 940 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 1.9 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.6 50% of seed: 3.0 100% of seed: 3.1 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles larger and smaller than the good seed; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and some light immature crop seed. Set airblasts carefully. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Chicory (Metric measure; ISTA)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

2.5 R mm, 2.2 R mm

–

1.4 S mm

0.7 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: small indent sizes can lift out smaller, shorter undesirable particles and seed; larger indent sizes can lift chicory seed out of longer trash and weed seed.


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Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 2.0 mm From Chicory, lifts small plant trash. 2.5 mm From Chicory, lifts out small weed seed such as smaller Polygonum persicaria seed, larger Atriplex patula seed. 2.25 mm From Chicory, lifts out Chenopodium album, Amaranthus spp., Atriplex patula seed, small plant trash, dirt balls. 4.0 mm Lifts Chicory seed to separate Lolium spp., seed with bracts.

3. Gravity Separator: removes light trash and light immature, unfilled crop seed which have low germination. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Cylinder Separator

Treater





107

51. CHILLI; PEPPER, HOT CHRISTMAS CHERRY; ORNAMENTAL PEPPER PEPPER, SWEET (BELL) Capsicum spp., Chilli, hot pepper, sweet (bell) pepper Capsicum annuum L., Chilli pepper Capsicum spp., Christmas cherry, ornamental pepper Plant family: Solanaceae Fruit is a podlike indehiscent many-seeded berry with a thick integument, widely various in size, shape and color, and is pungent to the taste (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Capsicum spp.: 4,735 seed per ounce, 165 seed per gram (AOSA). Approx. 9,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Width: 0.8–1.2 mm; thickness: 3.2–4.0 mm; length: 3.2–4.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 6 g; shape: flat, elliptic to round; texture: smooth; color: pale yellow. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Chilli Pepper: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 2.8 4.5 6.0 7.8 9.2 10.0 11.0 12.0

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

Solanum pseudo-capsicum, Christmas cherry, ornamental pepper Plant family: Solanaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 12,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%.


108


Seed From Wet Fruits Pepper seed are removed from fruits, and washed and dried similarly to tomato. Fully mature but not fully dried fruits may be opened by hand and seed removed, or dried fruits may be chopped or pulverized, and seed separated from chopped pulp. Conditioning machines Dust from removing/cleaning chilli seed is extremely irritating. Great care must be taken in controlling the dust. In small-scale operations, handle the seed outside, taking care for workers to stand up-wind so that the wind removes dust from the working area. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large foreign material such as pieces of pods and stems, small foreign material, and dust. Be sure dust control system is working well; if possible, if using a small cleaner on a small amount of seed, move the cleaner outside and position it so that prevailing wind blows the dust away from workers. If dried fruits are pulverized and seed removed by cleaning, a scalper may be used before the airscreen cleaner, or two consecutive air-screen cleanings may be used. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Bell (Sweet) Pepper (Capsicum), 10 Indian varieties (English measure) Bell (Sweet) Pepper (Capsicum), 4.0 mm Indian varieties (Metric measure) Chili (Red Pepper) 14 (English measure) Chili, Indian varieties 10 (English measure) Chili, Indian varieties 4.0 mm (Metric measure) Chilli (Metric measure; ISTA) 2.0 R mm, 1.4 R mm

1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

–

–

1/12

–

–

2.1 mm

1/12

12

7

–

–

1/12

–

–

2.10 mm

–

1.5 S mm

0.8 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: small indent sizes can lift out small or short undesirable trash, etc.; large indents can lift good seed out of longer trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Chilli Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 3.25–3.5 mm Lifts Chilli Pepper seed to separate fruit remains, trash, etc.



109

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash, broken and immature seed. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings in soil (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



52. CINERARIA Senecio cruentus, Annual cineraria Plant family: Compositae Achenes mostly terete and ribbed; pappus of soft whitish often copious bristles (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Approx 150,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). No copyright information

110




1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





111

53. CLOVERS SIMILAR SMALL-SEEDED LEGUMES Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC., Alyceclover Plant family: Leguminosae Alysicarpus: 1-celled pod nearly terete, of several joints (Bailey). Pure seed unit: pod, or portion of pod with one seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (20) (ISTA Rules). “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. 18,825 seed per ounce, 665 seed per gram (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Hedysarum boreale Nuttall, Northern sweetvetch Plant family: Leguminosae Hedysarum: 1-celled pod, flat, separating into nearly orbicular joints (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 3,690 seed/ounce, 130 seed/gram (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Medicago alba Desr. var. annua Plant family: Leguminosae Medicago: 1-celled pod, spiral or much curved, small, indehiscent, smooth or spiny, 1- to few-seeded (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Medicago arabica (L.) Hudson, Spotted burclover Plant family: Leguminosae Medicago: 1-celled pod, spiral or much curved, small, indehiscent, smooth or spiny, 1- to few-seeded (Bailey).


112


Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed, a bur, or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 15,620 seed per ounce, 550 seed per gram out of bur; 1,390 seed per ounce, 50 seed per gram in bur (AOSA). “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Medicago hispida L., Bur clover Plant family: Leguminosae Medicago: 1-celled pod, spiral or much curved, small, indehiscent, smooth or spiny, 1- to few-seeded (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). Bur clover in bur: 8 lb./cu ft; 10 lb./bushel. Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Medicago lupulina L., Black medick Plant family: Leguminosae Medicago: 1-celled pod, spiral or much curved, small, indehiscent, smooth or spiny, 1- to few-seeded (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). Black medick: 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. 16,615 seed per ounce, 585 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 06 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.3 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.0 No copyright information


113

50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 1.85 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.4 50% of seed: 1.9 100% of seed: 2.1 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.0 50% of seed float (are separated): 6.0 100% of seed float (are separated): 7.3 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 842 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 20.7 50% of seed are carried upward: 15.1 100% of seed are carried upward: 7.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Pods Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are roung; iron powder adheres to them. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are rough; iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 2.0 100% of seed pass: 2.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.1 50% of seed: 2.5 100% of seed: 2.8 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 455 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. No copyright information

114


Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartalini, Button clover Plant family: Leguminosae Medicago: 1-celled pod, spiral or much curved, small, indehiscent, smooth or spiny, 1- to few-seeded (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 9,555 seed per ounce, 335 seed per gram (AOSA). “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Medicago polymorpha L., California burclover Plant family: Leguminosae Medicago: 1-celled pod, spiral or much curved, small, indehiscent, smooth or spiny, 1- to few-seeded (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). Out of bur: 10,650 seed/ounce, 375 seed/gram (AOSA). “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Melilotus alba Medikus, White sweetclover, white blossom sweetclover Plant family: Leguminosae Melilotus: 1-celled pod, very short, straight, mostly ovoid, 1–2-seeded, tardily or not at all dehiscent (Bailey). Pure seed unit: pod, with seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (21) (ISTA Rules). 16,160 seed per ounce, 570 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 No copyright information


115

50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.2 50% of seed pass: 1.5 100% of seed pass: 2.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.8 50% of seed: 2.1 100% of seed: 2.7 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.6 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.7 100% of seed float (are separated): 7.6 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 785 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 20.9 50% of seed are carried upward: 16.7 100% of seed are carried upward: 8.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Pods Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.8 50% of seed pass: 2.1 100% of seed pass: 3.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.4 50% of seed: 2.9 100% of seed: 4.3


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Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 421 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Sweetclover: 308 and 411 kg/cu m; 19.2 and 25.6 lb./cu ft; 24 and 32 lb./ bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Sweet Clover: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 9.3 10.8 12.7 18.3

RH % 70 75 80 85

Melilotus indica (L.) Allioni, Sourclover Plant family: Leguminosae Melilotus: 1-celled pod, very short, straight, mostly ovoid, 1–2-seeded, tardily or not at all dehiscent (Bailey). Pure seed unit: pod, with seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (21) (ISTA Rules). 18,770 seed per ounce, 660 seed per gram (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Melilotus officinalis Lamarck, Yellow sweetclover, yellow blossom sweetclover Plant family: Leguminosae Melilotus: 1-celled pod, very short, straight, mostly ovoid, 1–2-seeded, tardily or not at all dehiscent (Bailey). Pure seed unit: pod, with seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (21) (ISTA Rules). 16,160 seed per ounce, 570 seed per gram (AOSA). Sweetclover: 308 and 411 kg/cu m; 19.2 and 25.6 lb./cu ft; 24 and 32 lb./ bushel. Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible.



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Trifolium alexandrinum L., Berseem clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 12,930 seed per ounce, 455 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.75 50% of seed pass: 1.3 100% of seed pass: 1.85 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.3 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.3 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.8 50% of seed: 2.0 100% of seed: 2.4 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.2 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.9 100% of seed float (are separated): 7.4 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 790 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 17.5 50% of seed are carried upward: 12.5 100% of seed are carried upward: 5.7 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I)


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Pods Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all pods (98– 100%) rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all pods (98–100%) rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 2.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.7 50% of seed pass: 2.1 100% of seed pass: 2.7 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.5 50% of seed: 4.2 100% of seed: 5.4 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8%. Trifolium arvense L., Rabbit-foot Clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 0.8 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.0 No copyright information


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Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 0.9 50% of seed: 1.1 100% of seed: 1.2 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.0 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.1 100% of seed float (are separated): 5.5 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 831 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 15.3 50% of seed are carried upward: 10.8 100% of seed are carried upward: 7.8 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Trifolium campestre Schreber, Large hop clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 154,330 seed/ounce, 5,435 seed/gram (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) are smooth, iron powder does not ahere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 0.75 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.0 No copyright information

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Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 0.9 50% of seed: 1.1 100% of seed: 1.4 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 2.5 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.0 100% of seed float (are separated): 5.1 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 850 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which 1% of seed are carried upward: 23.3 50% of seed are carried upward: 16.5 100% of seed are carried upward: 10.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Trifolium dubium Sibthorp, Small hop clover, suckling clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 55,225 seed per ounce, 1,950 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.0



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Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.1 50% of seed: 1.3 100% of seed: 1.4 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.2 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.1 100% of seed float (are separated): 3.1 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 800 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 37.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 26.2 100% of seed are carried upward: 21.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Trifolium fragiferum L., Strawberry clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 18,000 seed per ounce, 635 seed per gram (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Trifolium glomeratum L., Cluster clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 82,895 seed per ounce, 2,925 seed per gram (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. No copyright information

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Trifolium hirtum Allioni, Rose clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 10,280 seed/ounce, 360 seed/gram (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Trifolium hybridum L., Alsike clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 42,525 seed per ounce, 1,500 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100% smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.1 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.0 50% of seed: 1.3 100% of seed: 1.5 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.2 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.5 No copyright information


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Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 820 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 17.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 10.2 100% of seed are carried upward: 6.4 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. (For “clover” unspecified): 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Alsike Clover: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 9.3 15.9 18.9

RH % 70 80 85

Trifolium incarnatum L., Crimson clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 9,360 seed per ounce, 330 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 1.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.3 50% of seed pass: 1.7 100% of seed pass: 2.4


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Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.8 50% of seed: 2.2 100% of seed: 2.9 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 5.4 50% of seed float (are separated): 6.7 100% of seed float (are separated): 9.0 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 828 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 20.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 12.7 100% of seed are carried upward: 5.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel; 770 kg/cubic meter. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8% Crimson Clover: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 7.5 9.5 10.9 22.4 100

RH % 20 45 60 80 33.2

Trifolium lappaceum L., Lappa clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 42,525 seed per ounce, 1,500 seed per gram (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible.



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Trifolium pratense L., Red clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 17,010 seed per ounce, 600 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.0–1.85 mm; thickness: 0.7–1.4 mm; length: 1.4–2.4 mm; floating velocity: 4.6–6.6 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.8 g; specific gravity: 816 g/l; shape: mitre-shaped; texture: smooth; color: yellow to purple, yellow and purple often mixed on the same seed. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). T. pratense (2n) Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.2 50% of seed pass: 1.5 100% of seed pass: 2.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.6 50% of seed: 2.1 100% of seed: 2.3 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.8 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.2 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.3 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 822


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Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 18.2 50% of seed are carried upward: 14.9 100% of seed are carried upward: 8.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) T. pratense (4n) Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100% smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.2 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.8 100% of seed float (are separated): 7.2 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec): at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 19.6 50% of seed are carried upward: 14.2 100% of seed are carried upward: 8.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) (For “clover” unspecified): 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Red Clover: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 9.1 11.2 15.6 18.7

RH % 70 75 80 85

Trifolium procumbens L., Large hop clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). No copyright information


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Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Trifolium repens L., White clover, ladino clover, white Dutch clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 42,000–55,000 seed/ounce, 1,500–2,000 seed/gram. Ladino: 55,010 seed per ounce, 1,937 seed per gram; White: 42,525 seed per ounce, 1,500 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 1.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.3 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.1 50% of seed: 1.3 100% of seed: 1.5 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.8 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.7 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.1 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 830


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Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 17.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 10.4 100% of seed are carried upward: 6.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) White clover, white Dutch clover: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./ cubic foot Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Ladino Clover: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 8.7 11.0 15.4 18.0

RH % 70 75 80 85

Trifolium resupinatum L., Persian clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 40,145 seed per ounce, 1,415 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.6 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.4 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.8 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 838 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. No copyright information


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Trifolium semipilosum Fresenius, Kenya clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Trifolium subterraneum L., Sub clover, subterranean clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 3,375 seed per ounce, 120 seed per gram (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Trifolium vesiculosum Savi, Arrowleaf clover Plant family: Leguminosae Trifolium: 1-celled pod, small, mostly indehiscent, usually 1–2-seeded, nearly or quite covered in the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a true seed or pod containing a seed (AOSA). 20,000 seed/ounce, 705 seed/gram (AOSA). Clovers maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. “Clover” unspecified: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: makes a rough cleaning of trashy seed lots, to remove much of the larger foreign material, small materials such as dirt and sand, and dust. 2. Huller-Scarifier: used if needed to hull or scarify seed. When used primarily for hulling, the huller-scarifier is installed before the air-screen No copyright information

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cleaner; when used primarily for scarifying, it is often mounted after the air-screen cleaner. A spouting/elevating system is often used to take unhulled (with hulls still on) fraction scalped off by second scalping screen in the air-screen cleaner, back into the huller-scarifier so hulls can be removed and the hulled (without hulls) seed can go back into the air-screen cleaner for cleaning. 3. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes larger undesirable materials (trash, pods, etc.) and smaller undesirable materials (sand, dust dirt, broken seed, small weed seed, etc.). Airblasts remove dust, light trash, some light crop seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Alsike Clover (English measure) Alsike Clover (English measure) Alsike Clover (removing sorrel) (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1/18

24×24

1/19

6×32

1/18

6×34

1/19

6×32

1/18

6×34

6×20, 6×21, 6×22 3/64×5/16, 6×20, 6×21 6×20, 6×21

6×32

20×22

1/22×1/2

6×24

17×17

1/16×1/4

6×20

17×17

1/16×1/4

6×20

–

–

6×26

–

–

3/64×1/4

20×20

1/13

6×22

17×17

1/18×1/4

6×24

20×20,

1/13

–

2.0 S mm

6×22 6×24 0.85 S mm

6×23

1/13

6×22

Alsike Clover 1/18 (removing mustard) (English measure) Alsike Clover (removing 1/18 night-flowering catchfly) (English measure) Alyce Clover 1/16 (English measure) Berseem Clover 1/13 (English measure) Berseem Clover 1/13 (English measure) Berseem Clover, Indian diploid 5, 6 (hulled) (English measure) Berseem Clover, Indian triploid 6 (hulled) (English measure) Bur clover, hulled 1/12 (English measure) Button Clover 7, 6 (English measure) Crimson Clover 6 (English measure) Crimson Clover 3.0 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 2.65 R mm Dalea or Woods Clover 6 (English measure)

6×34

6×34

6×32

6×32

Table contd...



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Table contd... CROP


Hop Clover 1/25 (English measure) Hop Clover 1/20 (English measure) Hubam Sweet Clover 1/16 (hulled) (English measure) Hubam Sweet Clover 7 (unhulled) (English measure) Lappa Clover 1/16 (English measure) Ladino Clover 1/20 (English measure) Ladino Clover 1/18 Sweet Clover, Madrid 1/15 (hulled) (English measure) Persian Clover 1/18 (English measure) Red Clover 1/14, 1/15 (English measure) Red Clover 1/15 (English measure) Red Clover (removing 3/64×5/16 hares ear mustard) (English measure) Red Clover 2.5 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 2.2 R mm Sour Clover (Melilotus indica) 1/14, 1/15 (hulled) (English measure) Sour Clover (Melilotus indica) 1/12 (unhulled) (English measure) Sub Clover 10 (English measure) Sweet Clover (hulled) 1/14, 1/15 (English measure) Sweet Clover (unhulled) 7 (English measure) White Clover 1/19 (English measure) W.B. Sweet Clover (hulled) 1/12 (English measure) W.B. Sweet Clover 10 (unhulled) (English measure) White Dutch Clover 1/16, 1/17, (English measure) 1/18 White Dutch Clover 1/16 (removing dock) (English measure) White Clover 2.0 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.4 R mm


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

38×38

22x22

6×38

6×36

1/25

6×34

20×20

3/64×5/16

6×24

20×20

1/14×1/4

6×24

22×22

3/64×5/16

6×24

26×26

1/21, 1/22

6×32

6×34 22×22

1/20, 1/21 1/16

6×32 6×26

22×22

1/19

6×30

20×22

1/15, 3/64×5/16 3/64×5/16 3/64×5/16

6×24, 6×22 6×22, 6×24 6×24

1.4 S mm

0.7 S mm

6×24, 6×26 6×24

– 20×20

6×24

20×20

1/15, 3/64×5/16 1/18×1/4

1/22×1/2

7

5/16

20x22

3/64×5/16

6×24

20×22

1/14×1/4

6×24

24×24

1/20

6×32

6×26

1/14

6×24

6×26

8

6×24

6×34

1/18, 1/19, 1/20 6×22, 6×23

6×32

6×34

–

6×24

6×32

0.9 R mm 0.9–1.0 R mm

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4. Disc or Cylinder Separator: disc or cylinder with small pockets can remove some small other types of clover seed from larger-seed clovers, small weed seed, small sand, etc. A disc or cylinder with larger pockets can lift good clover seed and reject longer trash, sticks, etc. (not commonly used). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure 2

3

4

5

6-½

Lifts

Rejects

Small pigweed, alsike clover, small dodder, mullenweed, sand, etc.

Buckhorn plantain, timothy, black medic, bluegrass (all varieties), alfalfa, crimson clover, lespedeza, etc. Thistles, buckhorn plantain, sticks, alfalfa, red clover, etc.

Small sweet clover, pigweed, dodder, white clover, alsike clover, etc. Timothy, small red or white Canada thistle, quackgrass, clover, dodder, hulled watergrass, sticks, alfalfa, bluegrass, etc. mustard, sheep sorrel Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, Meadow fescue, wild brome, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, large buckhorn plantain, etc. quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Small broken grain, small wild Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, buckwheat, small vetch, wheatgrass, hulled small cockle, wild mustard orchardgrass, flax, etc.

Metric measure Clover, Red (Trifolium pratense L.): 3.0 mm

Clover, White (Trifolium repens L.): 1.75 mm

Clover, Red (Trifolium pratense L.): 3.0 mm

Clover, White (Trifolium repens L.): 1.75 mm


Lifts good seed to separate Coronilla varia, Lapsana communis, Lolium spp., etc. (Not commonly used). Lifts good seed to separate long trash, other seed such as Trifolium pratense, Medicago lupulina, Plantago spp., Polygonum Lifts good seed to separate Coronilla varia, Lapsana communis, Lolium spp., etc. (Not commonly used). Lifts good seed to separate long trash, other seed such as Trifolium pratense, Medicago lupulina, Plantago spp., Polygonum spp., etc. spp., etc.

Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops Disc Pocket English measure V 2-½ V3 V 3-½ V 3-¾

133

Will Lift:


Alsike, timothy, Ladino clover, white clover, etc.

Buckhorn plantain, Canada thistle

Red clover, small sweet clover, etc. Thistle, sticks, etc. Alfalfa, sweet clover, watergrass, Hulled quackgrass, large etc. thistle, flax, etc.

V4

Watergrass, mustard, small cockle, small cracked grain, etc.

Wheat, barley, pin oats, large flax, etc.

V 4-½ V5 V 5-½

Wild buckwheat, large cockle, vetch,cracked grain, wild onion bulblets


5. Gravity Separator: Removes sand/mudballs in the heavy discard fraction; removes light trash and lightweight low-germinating seed in the light discard fraction. 6. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction. 7. Stoner: installed just below or after the gravity separator so as to receive the heavy discard fraction from the gravity deck, the stoner separates heavy good seed from the sand, dirt, mudballs. Good seed is spouted back into the good seed fraction discharging from the gravity deck (not often used, but would be economic in most clover seed operations when sand, dirt, etc., is removed by the gravity). 8. Roll Mill: removes most dodder seed, remaining sand and dirt (sand and dirt should be removed completely on the gravity separator and stoner before the seed lot goes to the roll mill, because it causes excessive wear of the fabric on rolls of the roll mill), and other rough-surfaced particles. 9. Magnetic Separator: does a more complete removal of dodder, plantain, and other rough or sticky foreign particles. Should be used in most clover seed conditioning. In the conditioning flow sequence, the magnetic follows the gravity and the roll mill, in order first to remove as much undesirable material as possible, thereby increasing the effective capacity of the magnetic and also reducing consumption of iron powder. 10. Buckhorn Separator: removes buckhorn plantain seed (seldom used today; replaced by magnetic separator and better field weed control). 11. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.


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Conditioning sequence Receiving Scalper

Scarifier-Huller

Air-Screen Cleaner

Scarifier-Huller

Disc or Cylinder

Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity

Stoner

Roll Mill

Magnetic Separator

Buckhorn Separator


54. COFFEE Coffea arabica L., Arabian coffee, Arabica coffee Coffea robusta L., Common coffee, Robusta coffee Plant family: Rubiaceae Fruit is a berry with 2 seed, horny (Bailey). Seed unit is a seed, hulled from the berry; 2 seed are enclosed in a berry fruit. Seed are commercially called “berries” or “beans”. No copyright information


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Conditioning machines 1. Drying and Preparation: special drying and wetting systems are used to remove hulls from coffee berries and free the beans. Special hullers are also sometimes employed to rub the remaining husks off the beans. 2. Scalper: a scalper with good air separation is often used to remove large amounts of hulls left free after drying and hulling. 3. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Coffee (Unhulled) (English measure) Coffee (Hulled) (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

30

14, 16

28

8/64×3/4

24

14, 16

22

8/64×3/4

4. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. Sometimes, especially in large-capacity operations, two or three gravities are used is series flow to increase capacity and maintain a precise separation. 5. Middlings Gravity: a second gravity separator is often used to reclean the middlings product. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Special Drying & Hulling

Scalper

Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator (may be 2 or 3 in series) Middlings Gravity


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55. COLEUS Coleus blumei Bentham, Common coleus Plant family: Labiatae Labiatae fruit consists of 4 1-seeded nutlets (“seed”), with the exocarp rarely fleshy and persisting with the seed. In Coleus, nutlets smooth (Bailey). Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvius that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). 82,215–144,585 (113,684) seed per ounce, 2,900–5,100 (4,010) seed per gram (AOSA). Approx. 100,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: below 9%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade




137


Treater



56. CONEFLOWER; RUDBEKIA Rudbeckia spp., Coneflower, Rudbeckia Plant family: Compositae Achenes 4-angled, pappus crown-like, cup-shaped or none (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA Rules). Rudbeckia hirta burpeii has approx. 40,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

138



Treater



57. CONEFLOWER, PURPLE Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Purple coneflower Plant family: Compositae Achenes quadrangular, pappus a thick crown, toothed at the angles (Bailey). Pure seed unit:achene, unless it it obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA Rules). 7,229 seed per ounce, 255 seed per gram (AOSA).



139



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




140


58. CONEFLOWER, PRAIRIE; MEXICAN HAT Ratibida columnifera (Nuttal) Wooton & Standley, Mexican hat, prairie coneflower Plant family: Compositae Achenes flattened, margined or winged; pappus none or of few teeth (Bailey). 46,069 seed per ounce, 1,625 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed unit is an achene or a seed (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





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59. COREOPSIS Coreopsis lanceolata L., Perennial coreopsis Plant family: Compositae Achenes orbicular with thin scarious wings (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without wing, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (8) (ISTA Rules). 13,183 seed per ounce, 465 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade



142



Treater



60. CORIANDER Coriandrum sativum L., Coriander Plant family: Umbelliferae Fruit subglobose, ribbed, less than 1/3" long (Bailey). Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed are present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). Seed Width: 2.8–5.0 mm; thickness: 2.5–5.0 mm; length: 3.5–5.0 mm; floating velocity: 5.3–6.7 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 13.43 g; specific gravity: 298.1 g/ l; shape: globulous (schizocarp, mericarp can be present in a seed lot); texture: light ribs; color: beige to light brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.0 50% of seed pass: 2.75 100% of seed pass: 4.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.25 50% of seed pass: 3.0 100% of seed pass: 5.0 No copyright information


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Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.0 50% of seed: 5.0 100% of seed: 5.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Can also remove some weed and other crop seed by using a grading screen with larger perforations (i.e., 3.0 mm instead of 2.5 mm). Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

Coriander (English measure) 15 Coriander 6.5 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 6.0 R mm

1/13×1/2 –

13 5.5 R mm

1/12×1/2 2.5 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles. A larger-indent cylinder can also be used to lift good seed to separate long trash (not always used). 3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed; also separates empty schizocarps or mericarps remaining in the seed lot. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


144


Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



61. CORN, FIELD; MAIZE CORN, POP CORN, SWEET Zea mays L. subsp. mays, Field corn, maize Plant family: Gramineae A more-or-less flattened grain with convex or indented top and more-or-less pointed base (Bailey). Pure seed unit: caryopsis (40) (ISTA Rules). Field corn and popcorn: 85 seed per ounce, 3 seed per gram (AOSA); however, seed extremely variable among types, varieties and even on a single ear in size, shape, color, and dimensions. Seed unit is a seed. Shelled field corn: 40% air space in bulk; specific gravity: 1.19; 719 kg/cu m; 44.8 lb./cu ft; 56 lb./bushel. Shelled yellow dent field corn: 44% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.27. Shelled yellow dent field corn: 40% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.30. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%.



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Field Corn: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Yellow Dent @ 77oF: 6.7 9.2 11.0 13.0 14.0 18.0 Yellow Dent @ 77oF: 5.1 7.0 8.3 9.8 11.0 13.0 14.0 16.0 20.0 23.8 White Dent @ 77 oF: 5.1 7.2 8.5 9.8 11.0 13.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 24.6

RH % 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Zea mays L. subsp. evarta, Popcorn Plant family: Gramineae Kernel small, usually much pointed at base and sometimes at apex, containing much hard endospermth at explodes or pops when heated (Bailey). Pure seed unit: caryopsis (40) (ISTA Rules). (shelled): 719 kg/cu m; 44.8 lb./cu ft; 56 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%.


146


Popcorn: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 6.8 8.5 9.8 12.2 13.5 18.3 23.0 @ 77oF: 5.6 7.4 8.5 9.8 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 18.0 23.0

RH % 15 30 45 60 75 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Zea mays L. subsp. dulce, Sweet corn Plant family: Gramineae Kernel much wrinkled, the horny endosperm more or less translucent, sweet (Bailey). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly susceptible. Pure seed unit: caryopsis (40) (ISTA Rules). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Sweet Corn: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 3.8 5.8 7.0 9.0 10.6 11.0 12.8 14.0

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

Conditioning machines 1. Picking Belt: as ear corn arrives at the conditioning plant, from the receiving pit or conveyor, it passes over a picking belt where operators identify and remove ears with offcolor kernels, rotten seed, diseased seed, etc., before the ears go into the dryer. No copyright information

147


2. Ear Dryer: dries ear corn to 14–16%, optimum moisture content for shelling with least mechanical damage to seed. 3. Sheller: removes seed from cobs, separates cobs and a considerable amount of light dust from seed. 4. Scalper: rough removal of large cob pieces, small pieces of cobs and broken seed, dust, etc. (not used in small-scale operations, or if the sheller’s cleaning system removes most of the trash). 5. Seed Dryer: dries shelled seed to 11–12% moisture content or lower, so it can be safely bulked, handled and stored after shelling. 6. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes remaining pieces of cobs, dust, broken or small corn seed, etc. When corn seed is size-graded, the air-screen cleaner sets the upper and lower size limits on the seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Corn (cleaning only; not grading) 32, 31 (English measure) Corn (cleaning only; not grading) 32 (English measure) Corn (cleaning only; not grading), 27 Indian varieties (English measure) Corn (cleaning only; not grading), 28 Indian varieties (English measure) Corn (cleaning only; not grading), 27 Indian varieties (English measure) Corn (cleaning only; not grading), 10.50 mm Indian varieties (Metric measure) Corn (cleaning only; not grading), 11.00 mm Indian varieties (Metric measure) Corn (cleaning only; not grading), 10.50 mm Indian varieties (Metric measure) Maize (cleaning only; not gading), 26 R (Premier Seed Co., Nigeria) Popcorn, Pearl (English measure) 21 Popcorn, Indian varieties 22 (English measure) Popcorn, (Indian varieties) 8.75 mm (Metric measure)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

12

30, 29

14

14

28, 30

16

–

–

17

–

–

18

–

–

16

–

–

6.75 mm

–

–

7.00 mm

–

–

6.40 mm 16 R

10 –

20 –

–

–

11 17 4.25 mm

7. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight moisture damaged or rotted corn seed, smaller seed, etc. Installation and flow position is: A. In relatively small-scale operations, gravity separation is before width/thickness grading, so as to provide adequate volume for good gravity separation. B. If large volumes of seed are handled, gravity separation is after width/thickness grading, so it can make a much closer removal of lightweight seed. No copyright information

148


In high-capacity operations, several gravity separators may be used in a series of 2 or even 3 machines, to remove lightweight seed and particles at high capacity, with minimum loss of good seed. 8. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction. 9. Sizing with Width/Thickness Graders (in sets): precision graders (and formerly, Rock-It Corn Grader, which is now difficult to obtain) are used in sets to separate corn seed into various width sizes and thickness sizes, to create the desired size grades for precise mechanical planting (not used if corn is to be hand-planted; however, some basic size grading of corn to be hand-planted makes the seed look much more uniform in size, and adds “customer appeal”). Field corn (maize) is size-graded for planting with planters which use plates to meter seed into the furrow; sweet corn and popcorn are seldom if ever size-graded. Also, with the vacuum planters, close size-grading is not required for field corn. Some conditioners provide two kinds of seed: (1) size-graded for farmers who use plate planters; and (2) lessclosely-size-graded for farmers who use plateless planters or hand planting. 10. Length Grader (Cylinder Separator): when corn is to be mechanically planted, length grading helps improve the close sizing of the seed and improves precision of mechanical planting. Often, only two length grades (long or short) are made within each size grade. (length grading is not always done). Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size English measure 26 28 32 S-3

Rejects

Used primarily to length-grade seed corn and similar-sized materials. Equal to No. 22 indent pocket, but has a flat bottom; used primarily in grading corn seed.

11. Treater: applies fungicides, and sometimes insecticides, to protect seed and seedlings. 12. Special Dehumidified Dryer: if seed is to be sealed in vaporproof packages to maintain germination longer, a dehumidified dryer is used after treating to reduce seed moisture content to not more than 8% (used only if seed is sealed in vaporproof packages). 13. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information


149

Conditioning sequence Cleaning only (no size-grading Receiving Ears Ear Picking Belt Ear Dryer Sheller

Scalper

Shelled Seed Dryer Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity

If ungraded, for hand planting

If size-graded, for machine planting Width & Thickness Size Grading System

Length Grading System

Treater




150


SIZE-GRADING CORN SEED Purpose Mechanical planters are used to space-plant corn and many other crop seed. These planters mostly use “plates” to control the spacing at which seed are dropped in the furrow, and the number of seed dropped at each place (“hill”). A planter plate is usually a flat round disc of metal just above the bottom of the planter’s seed hopper, lying flat against the flat steel bottom of the hopper. A specific number of holes, at a specified spacing and of specified size, are in the plate. As the plate turns, a certain amount/size of seed (according to the size of the hole) fit into the hole in the plate. The planter’s flat steel hopper bottom has an opening over the hose which carries seed down into the furrow opened by the planter’s plow “foot”. As the tractor carrying the planter moves forward, the planter plate turns at a speed correlated with the tractor’s speed across the field. When the hole (containing seed) in the planter plate passes over the opening to the planting hose, the seed fall out of the plate’s hole and drop down into the furrow. Then, the planter’s roller or other system covers the seed. The size of the holes in the plates determines the number and/or size of seed which are dropped at each hill. The spacing of the plate holes, combined with the tractor’s forward speed, determines the spacing between hills in the row. Corn seed on the stem end of the ear is often large and round; seed on the tip is may be small and round; in the middle of the ear are various sizes of seed which are generally flat in shape. The amount and size of seed varies significantly among different varieties or hybrids. Because of its large size and wide range of size variations, corn seed is difficult to “plant to a stand” unless the seed is separated into specific size grades before planting. After corn seed is graded into different groupings, in which all seed in a grouping are of the same size, corn can be planted to a specified spacing and stand density in the field, with minimum seed requirement and without requiring thinning. Each size grouping or “grade” is designed to fit a certain size of opening in a specific planter plate. The planter plates are designed to fit certain corn seed sizes and planting requirements. Conditioning before size-grading After shelling and drying, the corn seed is closely cleaned over the airscreen cleaner. If relatively small amounts and lots of seed are handled, corn seed is gravity graded after air-screen cleaning, to provide the larger lots which permit better gravity operation. If large amounts of seed are handled, seed can be size-graded into the desired size grades before gravity-grading. Because this size-grades the seed much closer, gravity-grading is then much more precise. No copyright information


151

Machines used to size-grade corn seed Width and thickness graders are used to size-grade corn seed into different classes according to width and/or thickness. The Precision Grader and Rock-it Corn Grader have been the primary machines used. Length graders (cylinder separators) are used to grade pre-sized seed corn into different length fractions or grades. Grading systems and size classifications Many different size grades have been used, often for use with speciallydesigned planter plates, or to fit the seed sizes characteristic of a specific hybrid or variety. However, most will fit into various classifications or modifications of the following system. First-Stage Size Grading As the seed flow from the air-screen cleaner (or in large operations, the gravity separator), the first grading stage is size-grading the seed into different thickness classes. Recessed slotted perforations turn the seed on edge and grade them into basic thickness grades of: Round

Thick

All seed pass over the largest slot width.

Seed pass through the “round” slot, and then pass over the next slot.

Example: A 14/64 slot separates rounds from other grades. rounds go over the 14/64 slot, while thicks and flats go through it.

Flat

All seed pass through the smaller slot of the “thick” grade (or the slot separating the “round” grade if the “thick” intermediate grade is not used), Example: Example: Thicks go through a Flats go through a 14/64 and over a 13/64 13/64 slot. (rounds—and slot. (rounds pass over thicks if this grade is used— the 14/64 slot; flats pass over the 13/64 slot). go through the 13/64 The air-screen cleaner sets slot). the lower size limit of 12/64.

Sometimes, the “thick” grade is not used. Seed are simply divided by a single slotted perforation into “rounds” and “flats”. Second-Stage Size Grading After thickness grading, round recessed perforations stand the seed on end and divide them into different groupings according to width. Each thickness grade (round and flat, or round and thick and flat) is individually passed through a series of graders equipped with successively smaller round perforations, to separate the thickness grade into various grades, according to width. The thickness designation is combined with the width designation to form the final grade designation, as: No copyright information

152

Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning Round

Thick

Flat

Large Round Medium Round Regular Round Small Round

Large Thick Medium Thick Regular Thick Small Thick

Large Flat Medium Flat Regular Flat Small Flat

The more grades that are produced, the more width/thickness grading machines (and/or bins to hold separated sublots) are required. To make seed easy to space-plant while minimizing the complexity of size-grading, a common grading system separates seed only into four grades, which are reportedly adequate for most needs: - Large Round - Medium Round - Large Flat - Medium Flat Seed conditioning after grading Main Size-Grade Component As the seed is size-graded, the grade (fraction) which comprises the largest percentage of the original lot is sent on through the remaining conditioning operations. These include: 1. Gravity grading if the size grades are large enough in quantity. If original lots are not large enough to generate all size grades in quantities large enough for efficiency gravity grading, the seed are gravity graded before size-grading. 2. Treating. 3. Bagging-weighing. Handling Secondary Size Grades Each of the other grades/fractions (those which comprise lesser proportions of the initial lot) is fed (with a separate elevator and conveyor system) into a separate bin for temporary storage. The Medium Flat grade may comprise as much as 50% to 70% of the total of the initial lot of some hybrids; other grades form lesser percentages, with “Medium Rounds” often only 5–8% of the total. When the approximate percentage of each size grade is known for a particular hybrid, the number or capacity of bins used to hold each secondary grade can be determined. After the entire original lot has been completely conditioned, bagged and moved to storage, each of the secondary size grades is separately elevated/conveyed into the conditioning line to complete their conditioning.



Cleaning and Sizing (size-grading) Making Thickness Grades First: Receiving Ears Ear Picking Belt Ear Dryer Sheller Scalper Seed Dryer Air-Screen Cleaner (or Scalper/Scalperator) Gravity Separator (must be used, but may be used as below; used in this position for lots of small-medium amounts of seed) Middlings Gravity

Thickness Grading System (up to several machines) (primary grade goes to further conditioning) Secondary Grades (to temporary storage to await later completion of conditioning)

Width Grading System (up to several machines) Secondary Grades (to temporary storage to await later completion of grading & conditioning)

(primary grade goes to further conditioning)

Cylinder Length Grader

Gravity Separator (in high-capacity operations, or if not used as above) Middlings Gravity

Treater Dehumidified Dryer (for vaporproof packaging)



153

154


Example of Size-Grading Part of Conditioning Flow Diagram With Width Grading Before Thickness Grading: This example uses width grading before thickness grading. It produces 6 size grades of planting seed: LR (large round), LF (large flat), MR (medium round), MF (medium flat), SR (small round), and SF (small flat). In large plants, enough machines are installed to provide continuous simultaneous grading of all size grades. However, in most plants, only the primary grade (the one with the largest percentage of the total lot, usually the medium flat grade) is simultaneously sent on to complete conditioning. All other grades (or incompletely graded fractions from a particular point in the grading process), of smaller quantity, are stored separately in bins or bags until the entire lot is size-graded up to this point. Then, each grade is separately sent through the remainder of the size-grading and conditioning operation. Unsized but cleaned seed from Air-Screen Cleaner or Scalper/Scalperator 1st Width Grader: 24 or 25/64 round hole THRU

OVER- - - - - Discard for feed (extra large seed)

2nd Width Grader: 21, 21.5 or 22/64 round hole THRU

OVER 1st Thickness Grader: 13.5 or 14/64 slot hole OVER - - - - - LR (large round seed) THRU - - - - - LF (large flat grade of seed)

3rd Width Grader: 18, 18.5, or 19/64 round hole THRU

OVER 2nd Thickness Grader: 13 or 13.5/64 slot hole OVER - - - - - MR (medium round seed) THRU - - - - - MF (medium flat grade of seed)

4th Width Grader: 15.5, 16 or 16.5/64 round hole THRU

OVER 3rd Thickness Grader: 12 or 12.5/64 slot hole OVER- - - - - SR (small round seed) THRU - - - - - SF (small flat seed)

Discard for feed (extra small “tip” seed)



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62. CORNFLOWER; CENTAUREA BACHELOR’S BUTTON Centaurea spp., Centaurea, cornflower Centaurea cyanus L., Cornflower, bachelor’s button Plant family: Compositae Achene with pappus of bristles or scales or none, in C. cyanus, pappus about equals the achene in length (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Centaurea cyanus: 6,379 seed per ounce; 225 seed per gram (AOSA). Approx. 7,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). With pappus Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.5 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.5 50% of seed: 6.3 100% of seed: 6.7 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 2.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.2 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.6 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 378


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Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 40.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 28.4 100% of seed are carried upward: 20.5 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Without pappus Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (9–100%) are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): main part (65–98%) of seed are smooth, iron powder adheres to only 2–35% of seed. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.3 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.1 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.0 50% of seed: 3.6 100% of seed: 4.0 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 572 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). No copyright information


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4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater



63. CORN SALAD; LAMBS LETTUCE Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterrade, Cornsalad, lambs lettuce Plant family: Valerianaceae Fruit is a compressed achene, the rear face 1-nerved, the front face 3-nerved (Bailey). Pure seed unit: dry indehiscent fruit with 1–3 loculi unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with or without testa (25) (ISTA Rules). 10,775 seed per ounce; 380 seed per gram (AOSA). Small-seeded type Width: 1.4–2.8 mm; thickness: 0.7–1.75 mm; length: 1.7–2.6 mm; floating velocity: 2.7–5.0 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.2 g; specific gravity: 277.9 g/l; shape: transversely broad ovate, two longitudinal grooves and two minute teeth; texture: slightly rugous; color: light brown to brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). No copyright information

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Large-seeded type Width: 3.0–3.8 mm; thickness: 3.2–4.8 mm; length: 3.4–4.8 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.0–1.3 g; shape: flat, bulgy, round, tends to break up into two pieces, one with and one without the true seed in it; texture: smooth; color: straw. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed unit is a single seed or fruit. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes larger and smaller foreign particles, dust, light seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Corn Salad (Lambs Lettuce), Small-seeded (Metric measure; ISTA) Corn Salad (Lambs Lettuce), Large-seeded (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Grade 2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

3.0 R mm, 2.8 R mm

–

1.7 S mm

0.7 S mm

4.9 R mm, 4.8 R mm

–

4.5 R mm 1.5–2.0 R mm

2. Cylinder Separator: larger indents can be used to lift good seed out of longer trash, undesirable seed, stems, etc. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size

Rejects

Metric measure (ISTA) Corn Salad, Large-seeded (Valerianella locusta L.): 4.5–5.5 mm

Lifts out good seed seed to separate long trash, weed seed, etc. Corn Salad, Small-seeded (Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr.): 3.0 mm Lifts out good seed to separate long trash, plant remains, seed of Alopecurus myosuroides, Alopecurus geniculatus, Ranunculus sardous, etc.

3. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight low-germinating seed. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings in soil (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). No copyright information


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6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



64. COSMOS Cosmos sulphureus Cavanilles, Klondyke types of cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus, Cosmos (annual) Plant family: Compositae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Achenes linear, commonly beaked, the beak terminating in 2–4 retrorsely barbed awns. In C. bipinnatus, the achene is glabrdous, 1/3 – ½” long, with an abrupt beak much shorter than the body. In C. sulphureus, the achenes are hispid, ¾ –1” long including the slender beak (Bailey). C. sulphureus: 3,827 seed per ounce; 135 seed per gram (AOSA). C. binnatus has 4,000–5,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book).


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1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





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65. COTTON, UPLAND COTTON, EGYPTIAN, PIMA, SEA ISLAND Gossypium hirsutum L., Upland cotton Gossypium barbadense L., Sea island, Pima, Egyptian, long-staple cotton Gossypium spp., Cotton Plant family: Malvaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (testa with or without hairs) (12) (ISTA Rules). Lint and linters: All Gossypium species have hair of some kind on the seed surface. In commercially-grown varieties, the seed has 2 types of hair: lint, and fuzz (linters). Both lint (the long commercially-used fibers) and linters (short fibers remaining on the seed after ginning) develop from the seedcoat, and are unicellular outgrowths of the epiderm of the seedcoat surface. They consist of a thin primary wall and a secondary cellulose wall which develops after growth in length is completed. The entire hair is enclosed in a cuticle of waxy material. Lint: Lint fibers are single cells extruding from the surface of the outer epiderm of the seed. A lint grows as a single-hair outgrowth of an epidermal cell. During the first half of its life inside the boll, lint grows in length; over the second half of its life inside the boll, the lint lays down concentric or spiral layers of cellulose thickening or strengthening around its central hollow tube or lumen. Lint fibers start developing on the day of flowering or anthesis, and develop inside the boll in 2 phases: (1) elongation, during the first 15– 37 days after flowering; (2) then, development of the secondary cellulose wall, which begins when growth in length ceases. The thickening phase continues until shortly before the boll splits open. Individual lint hairs are tubular until they ripen at about the time the boll matures. As the boll dries, lint hairs collapse around their central hollow axis or lumen, and develop a spiral twist or convolution of about 60 convolutions per cm of length. These permit lint fibers to cling to each other and form a continuous thread when they are spun. This twisted or convoluted property allows the lint hairs to cling to each other in a way which is unique in vegetable fibers, so they can be spun into threads. Fibers which do not have this convolution or twist cannot be successfully spun. When the boll opens in a loculicidal manner, the seed have broken away from their axile placentation. On exposure to air, the lint fluffs up and dries to become the prominent white seedcotton (i.e., seedcotton consists of seed with the lint still attached). Seedcotton is lightly held by the dry carpels of the boll, and is ready for harvest. Fuzz (linters): Linters or fuzz hairs are shorter than lint hairs, have a greater basal diameter, smaller lumen, and much thicker cellulose deposit in the No copyright information

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secondary wall; this prevents formation of convolutions when the cell dries out at maturity. Without these convolutions, it cannot be spun for fabrics, but can be used for upholstery stuffing, cellulose production, etc. G. hirsutum (American Upland cotton) is densely covered with linters; long-staple G. barbadense (Egyptian or long-staple types) has a variable amount of linters, ranging from fairly densely-covered to almost linter-free. Initial development of linters or fuzz is not clear-cut; they may be initiated at any time up to 10 days after lint development starts. Seed Chemical Composition: Oil and protein content vary considerably; one report states that Upland cotton averages about 15.0% oil, 42% high-protein cake, 26% hulls, 10% linters, and 7% trash. Another cites the average composition of US Upland cottonseed as 16% crude oil, 45% high-protein cake or meal, 25% hulls, 8% linters, and 5% manufacturing loss. From Egyptian long-staple cottons, average cottonseed yields at the oil mills are reported to be 15.95% cooking oil, 45.35% high-protein cake or meal, 25.40% hulls, 8.00% linters, and 5.30% trash. Cottonseed oil is semi-unsaturated, used for cooking, soap making, and other purposes. During oil extraction, the rest of the seed embryo is converted into protein-rich oil cake, a valuable livestock feed. One ton of cottonseed reportedly yields: (1) for human consumption—160 kg of cooking oil; (2) for livestock feed—454 kg of highprotein cake/meal and 254 kg of hulls. Note that cottonseed contains the pigment gossypol, which is toxic to non-ruminant animals; cottonseed cake is thus suitable for ruminants only. Acid delinted cottonseed: 40 lb./cu ft; 50 lb./bushel. Machine delinted cottonseed: 25.6 lb./cu ft; 32 lb./bushel. Fuzzy (gin-run) cottonseed: 411 kg/cu m; 25.6 lb./cu ft; 32 lb./bushel. Seed unit is a true seed. Weight: With linters (fuzz) removed, there is an average of 8 seed/gm (8,000 seed/kg), or 225 seed/oz (3,600 seed/lb.) of American Upland cotton. 225 seed per ounce; 8 seed per gram (AOSA); Egyptian G. barbadense varieties reportedly have 10–11 seed per gram, some new varieties 12 (ARC Cotton Research Department). weight of 1,000 seed: 125 g. It weighs 32 pounds per bushel (2,155 cubic inches). Egyptian long-staple varieties have 10–11 seed/ gram, or 10,000–11,000 seed/kg. Reportedly, over the last two decades or so, seed size of Egyptian varieties has declined; one recent variety reportedly had 12 seed/gram. Weight or specific density appears to be the primary physical characteristic which is associated with seed maturity and quality. Specific gravity: 271 g/l. Size: Seed are 8–12 mm long; Thickness: 4.8 mm; length: 8.7 mm. Shape: Cottonseed is pear-shaped, generally pointed-ovoid in shape, broad and rounded at one end and pointed at the other end. Texture: lint-covered; usually seed with linters (short fuzz) adhering, until delinted, amount varies from almost none (some Egyptian types) up to No copyright information


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10–11% (some upland varieties) by weight. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Color: After delinting, mature seed are commonly jet black in color, although this varies somewhat with variety, dark brown-black, lighter colored (to very light brown) if immature. Depending on climate, variety and cultural conditions, a lot of cottonseed may have up to 15–22% immature seed which are approximately normal in size, but incompletely filled and thus lighter in weight. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Major cause of mechanical damage (cuts, broken seed) is improperly-adjusted mechanical delinting (machine or brush), ginning, and mechanical pickers. Some damage occurs due to poor elevating equipment and seed falling into deep bins. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6–7% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Cotton: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 2.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 8.8 9.1 10.2 13.2 18.0

RH % 10 20 30 45 55 60 70 80 90

Conditioning machines Phases Cottonseed conditioning consists generally of three phases: 1. Pre-cleaning (usually rough air-screen scalping) and pre-conditioning: rough cleaning and delinting (machine, brush, flame) to reduce the later delinting work and make the seed flow easier. 2. Delinting, to remove some, most or all of the linters (fuzz) on the seed. Machine delinting removes some of the linters; brush delinting removes most (all on sides of seed, leaving some on ends of seed); acid delinting removes all linters. 3. Conditioning, including cleaning and separating, treating (and neutralization in case of acid delinting), and bagging/weighing.


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Pre-cleaning and pre-conditioning Usually, a rough scalping with an air-screen scalper is used to remove very large/small trash and dust. Then, a partial delinting is done, to make the seed flow somewhat easier and reduce the amount of later delinting work. Pre-conditioning delinting is usually a partial delinting with machine, brush or flame. A properly-set machine delinter can reduce linter content from 10– 11% to 5–6% without causing undue cracking or saw-cutting of the seed. Flame or one-pass brush delinting can accomplish about the same degree of linter removal. 1. Pre-Delinters: many varieties of cottonseed have seed fuzz (linters) which amount to around 10% of the seed weight. Machine-delinting (in one or two consecutive delintings) as a pre-delinting method before aciddelinting can reduce the amount of fuzz to 4–6% by weight, and thereby reduce acid consumption and cost of acid delinting. The machine delinters must be set so they do the minimum possible amount of seed coat cracking and breaking; cracked seed may germinate lower, reportedly deteriorate more during carryover, and during acid-delinting, acid may enter cracked seed and damage germinability. On most upland cotton varieties, careful machine delinting is suitable; however, machine delinting is not recommended for long-staple (G. barbadense) varieties which have relatively fragile seed coats. Machine pre-delinting has the advantage that the removed linters can be sold as an industrial raw product. Flame delinting as a pre-delinting method removes about half the linters, without damaging the seed coats. However, because of the risk of fire and heat damage to seed due to continued burning of linters after leaving the flame delinter, flame-delinting should be used only if the seed will go immediately on into the liquid application of acid delinting. Flame delinting leaves no marketable by-product. Brush predelinting, in a careful operation which does not damage seed coats or generate excessive heat, has been quite successful. It can remove about half of the linters in a single operation; in a series of delintings it can remove all linters on the sides of the seed, leaving only linters on the seed ends. Linters can then be sold as an industrial raw material. 2. Scalper: removes large trash and most dust. This is usually a very rough incomplete separation, due to the poor flow characteristics of fuzzy cottonseed. Delinting: After ginning, fuzz (linters) remaining on seed of typical upland (G. hirsutum) cotton varieties is about 10–11% by weight. The “fuzz” on the seed cause them to bunch together, bridge over, so they do not flow well in conditioning or planting, cannot be gravity-graded, and cannot be treated with precise No copyright information


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rates of chemical solutions. To overcome these problems, seed are delinted before being conditioned. The primary delinting methods (acid delinting, flame delinting, brush delinting, mechanical delinting), and the conditioning operations that follow, are described below. Acid-Delinting Acid delinting removes all fuzz by burning it off with acid (usually sulfuric acid, sometimes hydrochloric acid; in gas delinting, a mixture of sulfuric and hydrochloric is used). Properly acid-delinted seed are completely smooth and free-flowing, and can be closely gravity-graded, treated at exact rates, and space-planted. Acid-delinting requires several phases: 1. Application of concentrated or dilute acid (in liquid, gas or foam condition) to the seed. 2. Spreading the acid over all linters on all surfaces of the seed. 3. Allowing the acid to burn/hydrolyze the linters. If dilute liquid acid is used, this process also includes removing water to concentrate the acid sufficiently for it to burn the linters. 4. Rubbing or turning, to apply friction to rub off the burned linters. 5. Neutralization to eliminate residual acid on the seed. Operational components include: 1. Acid Applicator: applies the acid to the seed and spreads it throughout the seed mass so all are treated. Several methods are used: A. Liquid delinting/wash system: seed is moved through an auger conveyor (usually open-top) where concentrated acid (usually sulfuric) is dripped or sprayed into the seed mass, which is then stirred and mixed so all seed receive the acid. Fuzz is burned by the acid, so it comes off, or is easily rubbed off. B. Low-volume dilute acid system: a dilute (usually 11–14% sulfuric acid) is applied to the seed in a mixing chamber which spreads the dilute acid over all seed. By diluting the acid, a smaller amount of acid can be spread more uniformly over the seed, thus reducing acid consumption and environmental risks in waste disposal. The dilute acid does not affect the linters; subsequent drying removes water (acid boiling point is higher) and concentrates the acid sufficiently for it to burn (hydrolyzes) the linters. C. Foam system: an acid foam (sometimes only sulfuric acid, sometimes a foam containing a mixture of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids) is applied to the seed and blended in so all seed are coated with the foam. D. Gas system: a batch of seed is placed in an airtight chamber, and an acid gas (often a mixture of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids) is put No copyright information

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into the chamber under pressure. The seed are kept in the chamber for the required time, and are either stirred or tumbled (by revolving the entire chamber) to ensure that all seed are treated by the acid gas. E. Small-scale systems: seed may be: (1)treated with concentrated sulfuric acid in a cement mixer, which mixes the seed and acid. Acid is corrosive to the mixer’s metal; the mixer should be thoroughly washed immediately after use; (2)placed in an open basket suspended under a hoist, and dipped into a tank of a strong acid solution for the required time; (3)very small samples may be hand-treated with liquid acid. A method used in research and plant breeding uses perforated stainless steel seed containers, placed inside a “clothes washing machine” which uses an acid solution instead of washing water. 2. Fuzz Removal System: usually, the seed are rubbed to cause the burned linters to fall off the seed coat. This may be in large continuous flow revolving drum dryers (which remove surface moisture and concentrate the diluted acid at the same time), or by rubbing the seed together in an auger conveyor. 3. Acid Removal System: removes remaining acid on the seed. Different methods, according to the type of acid application, are used: A. Liquid delinting/wash system: after the seed and acid are thoroughly mixed for the required time, the seed continue moving down the same open-top auger conveyor and pass under a pressure spray system which sprays water on the seed. As the water washes acid off the seed, it drains out through the screen bottom of the auger, and is discharged from the system. Disadvantages of this system are (1) the seed require some drying after delinting, and (2) disposal of the large volume of acid-water often creates an environmental problem. B. Low-volume dilute acid system: after the seed and dilute acid are thoroughly mixed so all fuzz on all seed is dampened, the seed go into a continuous-flow centrifuge. This “slings” the seed around and removes the excess acid and water, which is then fed back into the acid solution tank so it can be re-used. After some time, the acid content of the solution decreases, so more acid is added to maintain the desired concentration. This system generates little or no acid waste product, but the centrifuge is very costly, which adds to operating costs. C. Foam system: the foam-treated seed may be either: (1) washed to remove the acid foam, or (2) dried and the foam rubbed off with the burned linters as a dry waste dust.



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D. Gas system: after the required delinting action, the remaining gas is pumped out of the treating chamber. The removed gas is usually disposed of after one use, treated to minimize environmental damage and disposed of rather than re-used, because of the cost of handling the gas for re-use. However, some systems provide for re-use of the gas. E. Small-scale systems: seed may be: (1)cement mixer method: seed are washed in a flowing water system of various configurations, either in the mixer or in separate systems; (2)treated in an open basket dipped in acid solution: the basket may be (a) dipped in several consecutive tanks of wash water, which is usually running water to avoid build-up of acid; or (2) emptied into a shallow tank of running water and stirred to wash off the acid. (3)very small hand-treated samples: may be hand-washed in running water. 4. Dryer (or Dryer/Buffer): drying is necessary in liquid acid methods, because moisture is added to the seed along with the liquid acid and/ or wash. As the added moisture is only in contact with the seed for a short time, it is usually “surface moisture” and does not penetrate deeply into the seed. Thus, only a surface drying is required; this can usually be done by blowing heated drying air through the seed (or over the seed surfaces). A. Liquid delinting/wash system: an industrial tumbler-type dryer is common. As the delinted/washed seed flow through the sloped, revolving cylindrical drying chamber, baffles on the cylinder wall lift seed up and then drop them down through the center of the cylinder. Heated air blown through the chamber removes moisture from the surface of the seed. Other types of dryers are used, but this system is more common in large-volume operations. B. Low-volume dilute acid system: in large-volume operations, two cylindrical industrial-type dryers (described above) are used in a consecutive flow. In the first dryer, heated air blows through the seed as it tumbles down from the baffles on the revolving cylinder walls. As this drying air removes water, the acid concentration on the fuzz increases until the concentrated acid (although in very small quantities) burns the fuzz. In the second tumbler/dryer—called the buffer—the seed are again tumbled to “buff” or polish off the acidburned fuzz. Heated air is also blown through this buffer/dryer, to continue drying the seed and to remove the buffed-off burned fuzz. C. Foam system: although little drying is required, the seed often are sent through a tumbling/drying air system to remove the dust/burned linters and remove any surface moisture from the seed. No copyright information

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D. Gas system: drying is not usually used. E. Small-scale systems: seed may use: (1) cement mixer: the seed are dried in various types of dryers. In small-scale operations, the seed may be spread out on a sundrying floor to dry the seed using the natural heat of the sun. This system should be used only if there is no danger of rain, and relative humidity is low. Seed must be regularly stirred with a rake, board, etc., so that the seed mass is turned and all seed get a chance to be on top of the thin (3–4 inches thick) layer of drying seed. Only small lightweight persons should turn the seed, to avoid breaking seed as they walk through the seed to turn it. (2) open suspended basket system: several types of dryers may be used, including a sun drying floor. (3) very small hand-treated samples: may be dried by any of several methods; some laboratory-type operations even use a household clothes dryer with the drying temperature adjusted to safe levels. 5. Neutralizer: sometimes, a seed treater is installed immediately after the buffer (or dryer-buffer) to apply an alkaline material to neutralize the acid on the seed. A suitable alkali/base material (commonly either ammonia gas or solution, calcium carbonate or other solution) is added to the seed to neutralize the remaining acid. This will also neutralize the burned linters, which is an advantage if they are to be used for feed (especially if ammonia is used in the neutralization process). Also, neutralization at this point reduces the potential acid damage to the following machines. However, the trend today is to eliminate this step, and apply the neutralizing agent along with the seed treatment after conditioning is completed. Several methods are used to neutralize the remaining acid on seed, depending on the type of delinting system used. However, it is quite difficult to neutralize acid which enters seed through cracks in seed coats (due to poor ginning or excessive machinedelinting). A. Liquid delinting/wash system: an ammonia solution (or other alkali solution) is sprayed onto the delinted seed and mixed so all seed are neutralized. This may be done in the end section of the same auger conveyor, or in a separate conveyor. B. Low-volume dilute acid system: the drying-buffing process removes much of the remaining acid, so the neutralization solution may be applied immediately after drying/buffing, or applied by the treater (which also applies seed treatments) after conditioning. Solutions of ammonia, calcium carbonate, or other alkaline material may be used. No copyright information


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C. Foam system: an alkali solution is mixed onto the seed, either after delinting or during treating. D. Gas system: ammonia gas can be applied to the seed in the gas-tight delinting chamber, after the seed are thoroughly delinted. E. Small-scale systems: seed may be neutralized in: (1)cement mixer: the final rinse water may contain an alkali material to neutralize remaining acid; (2)open suspended basket system: the final dip may contain a neutralizing solution, or an alkali solution may be applied to the washed seed. (3)very small hand-treated samples: may be hand-neutralized with a neutralizing solution. 6. Both Continuous-Flow and Batch methods are used. A. Normally, continuous-flow is used for large capacity operations. This generally requires the above operational components, including a large dryer followed by a separate and large buffer-dryer in the dilute acid system. This provides enough drying and buffing capacity for the seed to flow continuously through the “line” and be properly delinted. This system is most commonly used today. B. The batch method is normally used for smaller-capacity operations. In this method, a single discrete quantity (a batch) of seed is treated with acid (usually dilute) and then put into a combined dryer-buffer. Here, the seed do not continue to flow through the process; the seed remain in the dryer-buffer until they are dried and the burned linters are buffed (rubbed) off. If a single dryer-buffer is used (as in smallscale operations for Breeder or Foundation seed), the cleaning equipment is not operated until the first batch is delinted and delivered into the bin over the air-screen cleaner. This should be a bin large enough to hold the entire batch of seed from the dryerbuffer, so that the dryer-buffer can be emptied and immediately reloaded with a new batch of seed. The batch operation of the dryerbuffer restricts operating capacity of the other parts of the delintingcleaning “line”, which is a continuous-flow operation. Two (or even three or four) batch dryer-buffers operated in parallel can increase the operating capacity. The gas acid system is essentially a batch method, as a single load of seed is treated in a gas-tight chamber. Brush Delinting Although an old technology, brush delinting of cottonseed is just gaining acceptance. Earlier models were too rough in brushing, and generated enough heat to damage seed germination. However, new models do a much gentler brushing in several consecutive steps and blow air across the seed No copyright information

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during brushing, so the seed can be delinted to the desired degree without damage to seed germination. Because it (1) is a simpler and more low-cost operation, (2) does not have an adverse environmental impact and (3) the removed fuzz/linters can be salvaged and sold as a byproduct, it is expected that brush delinting will ultimately replace other delinting methods. Brush-delinting can remove any desired amount of fuzz, from a small amount to all linters on the sides of the seed. However, it has not been able to remove linters on the ends of the seed. Even with the fuzz remaining on seed ends, eed can be properly gravity-graded, treated, and space-planted. In brush delinting, seed are fed into through a cylindrical brushing/delinting chamber made of wire mesh or perforated sheet metal (wire mesh is better; sharp edges of perforated sheet metal may sometimes cut seed or crack seed coats). As seed pass through the chamber, wire brushes slowly revolve inside the chamber and brush the seed. This removes some fuzz from the seed; removed fuzz either drops through the holes in the cylinder wall, or is carried out by the flowing air stream. Properly done, brush delinting does not damage cottonseed; however, it aids the following separations, by hulling gin-cut/damaged seed and making them easier to remove on the following air-screen cleaner and gravity separator. Usually, several consecutive passes through a series of brush delinters is required to remove all fuzz. This is done because the friction of wire brushes rubbing against the seed can generate enough heat to damage the seed. By doing a small amount of brush-delinting (especially in a machine equipped with an air flow dust removal system) which generates only a small amount of heat, then passing the seed through an elevator into a bin, then doing a second small amount of brush delinting, etc., etc., the linters can be removed without generating enough heat to affect the seed. Commonly-used sequence is: A. First brush delinter: removes the major part of the fuzz. (An air-screen scalper may be used after this brush delinter to remove dust and fuzz). B. Second brush delinter: removes most of the remaining fuzz, especially that on the sides of the seed. Sometimes with Egyptian type varieties with little fuzz, this delinting is sufficient, and seed may be spouted directly to the gravity separator. C. Third brush delinter: removes remaining fuzz, usually leaving only a small amount on the tip ends of seed; even with this fuzz still on the seed, the seed will flow and stratify on the deck of the gravity. D. If seed have especially high amounts of fuzz or if more complete delinting is required, a fourth brush delinter may be used, adjusted for a light brushing action sufficient to remove the small amount of fuzz remaining.



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Flame Delinting Fuzz or linters on seed has been removed by passing the seed through a flame. This burns off some linters, but usually does not do a complete removal. In some cases, the seed are sufficiently flame-delinted to permit gravity grading, but in other cases of less delinting, it only helps improve air-screen cleaning. Flaming is seldom used today, because of its inherent problems and incomplete fuzz removal. The seed do not remain in the flame long enough to suffer heat damage; however, if the fuzz continues to “smolder” or burn after the flame delinting, serious damage can occur. Machine delinting is often used before flame delinting to reduce the amount of fuzz which must be removed, and make flame delinting less costly and more effective. On most upland cotton varieties, careful machine delinting is suitable; however, in some areas machine delinting is not recommended for long-staple (G. barbadense) varieties which have relatively fragile seed coats. In flame delinting, the seed are dropped through open flames created by several levels of burning gas jets in a vertical flame-proof chamber or chimney. The flames burn off some fuzz, and leave some fuzz still smoldering (burning). Care must be taken not to expose the seed to too much flame for too long a time; excessive heat may reduce seed germination. Also, if the seed are allowed to continue smoldering (slowly burning) for an excessive period of time after delinting, they may become too hot. After passing through the flame chamber, seed are sometimes passed through an open-top auger conveyor which rubs them to help remove burned fuzz and extinguish the still-burning fuzz. A small amount of water may also be sprayed on to extinguish smoldering seed without raising seed moisture. Care must be taken to avoid leaving smoldering seed in wood bins or in machines, so as to avoid causing fires in the conditioning plant. Machine-Delinting Machine delinting uses saw delinters, similar in operation to the saws which remove lint fibers from upland cotton seed. The saw delinters cut off fuzz, but cannot remove enough to make the seed sufficiently free-flowing for good gravity-grading, treating, and space-planting at low planting rates. However, machine-delinted seed is planted by many farmers in many places because better-prepared seed is not available. The machine delinters (which are actually gin saw “stands”) should always be set so that the minimum amount of seed cracking and breaking is done. On most upland cotton varieties, careful machine delinting is suitable; however, in some areas machine delinting is not recommended for longstaple (G. barbadense) varieties which have relatively fragile seed coats. No copyright information

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Machine (saw-type) delinters may be installed either in the gin or the conditioning plant. Often, two consecutive delinting passes are used, to remove as much fuzz as possible with delinter settings which minimize damage to cotton seed coats. Two consecutive machine delintings can reduce the initial 10–11% by weight of fuzz to 4–6%. Machine (saw) delinters must be carefully set to minimize cracking and cutting seed coats. If a high percentage of the fuzz is removed in one delinting pass, considerable heat may also be generated, but the effect of this heat on germination has not been adequately studied. A byproduct of machine delinters (and brush delinters) is the undamaged linters they remove. This may be sold as an industrial raw material. Machine delinters are often used before acid or flame delinting, both to reduce the amount of linters on the seed and to recover some of the linters for sale. Conditioning Precise conditioning cleaning/separating is possible only on acid-delinted seed, because the remaining linters on machine or flame-delinted seed prevent them from being completely free-flowing. However, when seed are properly brush-delinted, linters remain only on the seed ends, so the seed are sufficiently free-flowing to permit fairly accurate gravity grading. 1. Scalper: an air-screen (or air only or screen only) scalper is sometimes used at the beginning of conditioning, to remove such materials as remaining acid-burned linters, small trash and pieces of seed, large trash, loose locks of cotton, dust, etc. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and cockleburs, small trash, undersize and broken seed, and dust. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Cottonseed (acid-delinted) (English measure) Cottonseed, Indian varieties (acid-delinted) (English measure) Cottonseed (machine-delinted) (English measure) Cottonseed (gin-run; undelinted) (English measure) Cottonseed, Indian varieties (gin-run; undelinted) (English measure)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp 18

18

9/64×3/4, 8/64×3/4 –

22

9/64×3/4

20, 18

40

12/64×3/4

36

9.5/64×3/4, 10/64×3/4 13/64×3/4

36

–

–

13/64×3/4

20

–

2nd Grade 9.5/64×3/4, 10/64×3/4 10/64×3/4

3. Cylinder Separator: can lift good acid-delinted seed out of longer trash. This is seldom—almost never—used today, as longer trash is seldom in the seed at this stage. No copyright information

Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size

173

Rejects

Cottonseed, Delinted (Gossypium L. spp.) Metric measure (ISTA): 7.8–9.5 mm Lifts delinted Cottonseed to separate long trash (however, proper-air-screen cleaning and gravity grading should separate trash; cylinder is not commonly used).

4. Gravity Separator: this is the critical machine in conditioning cottonseed. It removes lightweight seed which are low-germinating, and light trash. Most cottons are indeterminate seed producers, so a given seed lot may contain up to 22% of immature seed which are of low germination and vigor. A properly-adjusted gravity can remove most of these, and significantly improve germination, field emergence, and seedling vigor. It also removes many cocklebur seed, which are common in machinepicked seed and are considered as a noxious weed. 5. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged in the middlings fraction from the main gravity separator. This is used in larger-capacity continuous-flow operations; small to medium operations seldom have enough volume to justify the cost of an additional gravity. 6. Treater (and sometimes neutralizing, especially in the low-volume dilute acid system): applies fungicides and insecticides to protect seed and seedlings. Sometimes, systemic materials can be added to protect seedlings from diseases and insects during early growth periods. The seed are completely lint-free, and thus can be accurately treated with precise dosages of treatment materials. Acid-delinted seed must be treated, as they are extremely susceptible to soilborne primary and secondary organisms. 7. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.


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Delinting and Conditioning flow diagrams Only seed flow is shown; auxiliary systems such as liquid waste disposal or acid return systems, are not shown. Liquid Delinting/Wash Concentrated Acid Delinting System: Receiving

Pre-Delinting (machine, flame or brush)

Scalper Concentrated Acid Application Auger Washing Acid Removal (in same or different auger) Neutralizing Wash (in same or different auger) Dryer Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator





175

Low Volume Dilute Acid Delinting System (Continuous Flow): Receiving


Scalper Acid Applicator & Spreading System Centrifuge (remove & recycle/re-use excess acid solution) Dryer Buffer

Neutralization

Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator


Treater Simultaneous Neutralization



176


Batch Low Volume Dilute Acid Delinting System (essentially same for batch concentrated acid system): Receiving


Scalper Acid Applicator System

Blending to spread acid over seed uniformly

Batch Combined Dryer-Buffer 1 for small capacity operations 2, 3, or 4 for larger capacity, operating in parallel

Neutralization (treater)

Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator






177

Foam Acid Delinting System: Receiving


Scalper Acid Foam Applicator System Acid Foam Removal System Neutralization System

Drying

Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator




178


Gas Acid Delinting System: Receiving

Machine Pre-Delinting

Scalper Gas Mixing, Application, Seed Rubbing System (Batch) Gas Removal Neutralization Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator






Brush Delinting: Receiving

Pre-Delinting (machine, brush or flame; usually brush)

Scalper First-Stage Brush Delinting Second-Stage Brush Delinting Third-Stage Brush Delinting

Fourth-Stage Brush Delinting

Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity



179

180


Flame Delinting: Receiving

Machine Pre-Delinting

Scalper Flame Delinting Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Treater Bagger-Weigher To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

Machine Delinting: Receiving Scalper/Air-Screen Cleaner Machine Delinting

Machine Delinting

Scalper Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator




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Environmental Aspects In all seed conditioning operations, dust and waste (reject) products are created, and must be handled in a manner which is “environmentally friendly”. However, cotton seed presents special environmental problems, in disposal of the linters from machine and brush delinting, and disposal of the acid residues from acid delinting. Linters are normally collected, baled and sold as industrial raw products. They are usually handled through an air flow and dust control system. Reject seed (usually not treated before they are rejected) can be either sold for oil mill purposes, or ground and mixed with livestock feed. The gossypol content of cottonseed requires care in handling for feed purposes, but it can be either heated to overcome the gossypol problem, or blended into other feed materials. Various methods of handling acid residues are used. The concentrated acidwashing system has largely been discontinued because of the large quantities of acid-water which must be disposed of. The dilute acid system using the centrifuge to recycle excess water and acid largely eliminates residual wastes. The small amount of acid-water waste which is periodically discarded can be neutralized and then safely disposed. The acid-burned linters (handled usually by air flow and dust collector systems can either be (1) neutralized with ammonia and blended into livestock feed, (2) neutralized and used as soil conditioner, or (3) not neutralized and used as soil conditioner in areas with soils high in pH (basic or alkaline soils, as in desert areas such as Egypt). Seed Yields and Conversions Cottonseed is ginned and delinted in addition to conditioning. As in all conditioning operations, some losses of undesirable materials and seed occur, reducing the total weight of seed material. Because of the number of operations involved, the amount of finally-conditioned cottonseed is quite different from the original amount of raw (“gin-run”) seed. For this reason, the following typical loss analysis and conversion factors are included. Losses include 1. Only early pickings of fully-matured cotton/seed should be used for seed. This loses later-maturing part of the overall cotton crop. The amount of loss varies with variety, maturity date, lateness of season, etc. As an estimate, an average of 10% lost due to last pickings not used for seed. 2. Some is lost due to rejection of fields which do not meet Certification standards, etc. 5% loss allowance for rejected fields. 3. Some lots must be discarded due to low viability because of poor conditions during field/gin/storage. On the average, a thumb-rule of 10% loss due to low germination of seed lots. No copyright information

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5. In ginning, seed are about 56% of seedcotton (removing lint, trash, etc.). 44% loss from seedcotton of components other than seed. 6. Seed averages 10% fuzz (varies widely by variety) by weight, which would be lost in delinting. 10% loss in delinting. 7. Some seed and materials are removed in conditioning; if seed is of good quality and relatively free of trash, 15% is allowed for screen and gravity-grading loss of gin-cut and immature seed. Conversions Averages, based on assumptions of yield of 3,000 kg/ha seedcotton and conditions as noted. Adjust for specific yields, etc. 1. One ha seed production field =

3,000 kg seedcotton gross seed farm production. 2,250 kg seedcotton useful for planting seed. (after 25% loss of gross production to rejected fields/late picking/seed lots) 1,260 kg gin-run seed. (after 44% loss of fiber/trash/etc. in ginning) 1,134 kg delinted seed. (after 10% delinting loss of fuzz) 964 kg processed seed. (after 15% separating/upgrading loss)

2. One mt of seedcotton suitable for planting seed =

0.45 ha seed production field (at seedcotton yield of 3,000 kg, 1,260 kg gin-run seed). (2,250 kg/ha yield after 25% loss of gross field production to rejected fields/late picking/seed lots) 560 kg (0.56 mt) of gin-run seed. (after 44% ginning loss) 504 kg delinted seed. (after 10% delinting loss of fuzz, + 44% ginning loss) 428 kg processed seed. (after 15% separating/upgrading loss, + 10% delinting loss, + 44% ginning loss)



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3. One mt of gin-run seed =

900 kg delinted seed. (after 10% delinting loss of fuzz) 765 kg processed seed. (after 15% separating/upgrading loss + 10% delinting loss) 0.45 ha seed production field. (after 44% ginning loss, 3,000 kg/ha gross yield, 2,250 kg/ha seed-useful seed cotton yield) 1.79 mt seedcotton. (after 44% ginning loss)

4. One mt of delinted seed =

850 kg processed seed. (after 15% separating/upgrading loss) 0.88 ha seed production field. (after 44% ginning loss,3,000 kg/ha gross yield, 2,250 kg/ha seed-useful yield + 10% delinting loss) 2.0 mt seedcotton. (after 44% ginning loss + 10% delinting loss) 1.11 mt gin-run seed. (after 10% delinting loss of fuzz) 850 kg processed seed. (after 15% separating/upgrading loss)

5. One mt of processed seed =

1.04 ha seed production field. (after 44% ginning loss, 3,000 kg/ha gross yield, 2,250 kg/ha seed-useful yield, + 10% delinting loss, + 15% separating/upgrading loss) 2.34 mt seedcotton. (after 44% ginning loss, + 10% delinting loss, + 15% separating/ upgrading loss) 1.31 mt gin-run seed. (after 10% delinting loss of fuzz, + 15% separating/upgrading loss) 1.11 mt delinted seed. (after 10% delinting loss of fuzz)


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66. COWPEA; SOUTHERN PEA; ADZUKI BEAN Vigna angularis (Willdenow) Ohwi & Ohashi (Phaseolus angularis), Adzuki bean Plant family: Leguminosae Pod slender, nearly terete, sometimes slightly inflated. Seed various, small, not broad or flat (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 310 seed per ounce; 11 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8% (extrapolated; not researched). Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers subsp. unguiculata (Vigna sinensis), Cowpea, Southern pea Plant family: Leguminosae Pod 8–12” long, pendent, not flabby or inflated when green. Seed about ¼ –½” long, globose to short-reniform, in many shades and markings of color, the solid colors being mostly brown, clay, white, maroon, purplish, and nearly black (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 225 seed per ounce; 8 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 3.7 mm; thickness: 3.2 mm; length: 5.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 260 g; specific gravity: 805 g/l; shape: kidney; texture: smooth; color: cream to brown, depending on variety. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). 770 kg/cu m; 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Sheller: most cowpeas and similar seed are delivered to the conditioning plant in the hull. They are dried (either in the hull or after shelling), and a special sheller is used to remove seed from the hulls without excessive mechanical damage to the seed. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are:



185


Cowpea, Blackeye (English measure) Cowpea, Blackeye (English measure) Cowpea (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

26 24 22

12, 9/64×3/4 10/64×3/4 10/64×3/4, 12 12 10, 11 9 8/64×3/4 –

22 24 21

10/64×3/4 11/64×3/4 11/64×3/4

21 16 12 22 –

11/64×3/4 9/64×3/4 8/64×3/4 10/64×3/4 9/64×3/4

–

–

–

–

10, 8/64×3/4 2.8–4.0S mm 10/64×3/4

Cowpea (Large) (English measure) 22 Cowpea (Medium) (English measure) 18 Cowpea (Small) (English measure) 14 Cowpea, Cream (English measure) 24 Cowpea, Indian fodder varieties 18 (English measure) Cowpea, Indian vegetable varieties 15 (English measure) Cowpea (Metric measure; ISTA) 5.0–8.5R mm Cowpea (Premier Seed Co., Nigeria) 20 R

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

3. Cylinder Separator: larger indents can be used to lift good seed out of larger, longer trash. However, this is seldom used, because proper use of the air-screen cleaner removes such trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Metric measure (ISTA): long trash, some other species seed, 9.0 mm Lifts out Cowpea seed to separate etc.

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed. 5. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction. 6. Color Sorter: removes off-color seed such as other varieties, other types, large weed seed, discolored/water-damaged/moldy seed, etc. (not always used, but due to its usefulness in improving seed purity and quality, it is shown as essential in the following flow diagram). 7. Picking Belt: provides a final opportunity to remove off-color seed (not commonly used). 8. Treater: applies fungicides and insecticides to protect both seed and seedlings, in the bag and in the field (not always used). 9. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 10. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


186



Sheller

Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator


Color Sorter

Picking Belt

Treater



67. CRAMBE Crambe abyssinica R.E. Fries, Crambe Plant family: Cruciferae Fruit a globular hard indehiscent 1-seeded body but borne on another slender undeveloped part or joint that looks like a stipe beyond the calyx. Seed large and globose, hanging, in the pod, cotyledons conduplicate (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. No copyright information


187

Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove large trash and undesirable materials; grading screens remove smaller undesirable particles, dust, broken and small seed, etc.; airblasts remove dust, lightweight trash and seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and light low-quality seed. 3. Treater: applies protectants to seed (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater




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68. CRESS, GARDEN Lepidium sativum L., Garden cress Plant family: Cruciferae Silicle which is orbicular, oblong or obovate, with septum or partition across the short diameter, valves boat-shaped. Seed 1 or rarely 2 in each compartment, not winged, the cotyledons mostly incumbent (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 12,020 seed per ounce; 425 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.3–1.5 mm; thickness: 1.0–1.2 mm; length: 2.4–3.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.6–2.8 g; shape: ellipsoid; texture: smooth; color: dull reddish brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6–7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Polisher: adjusted to give a gentle rubbing, helps make seed more flowable so they can be conditioned more closely (used infrequently). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large trash, small trash and undesirable particles; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and light seed. Airblasts must be adjusted to a low level, and carefully set to prevent loss of good seed. Some models have a second drive pulley to provide lower air flow and closer air adjustment. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Cress (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

2.8 R mm, 2.7 R mm

–

1.3 S mm

1.0 R mm

3. Aspirator (fractionating aspirator): makes seed-by-seed density separation, to remove mudballs picked up by combining windrowed seed, or light weed seed or crop seed (not often used). 4. Cylinder Separator: cylinder with smaller pockets removes short foreign particles; second cylinder with larger pockets lifts good seed and rejects longer trash (not always used). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 2.0–2.25 mm From Cress, lifts out short materials and weed seed such as Polygonum spp. (spiral separator is more effective). No copyright information

Rejects


189

5. Spiral Separator: used to remove short particles of trash, weed seed, etc. 6. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, low-germinating seed. Air flow must be set low, and discard fractions carefully examined to be sure the minimum amount of good seed is lost. Sometimes, seed do not flow and/or stratify well, so flow across gravity separator’s deck must be slowed down. 7. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 8. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 9. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence

Receiving

Polisher

Air-Screen Cleaner

Aspirator

Cylinder Separator

Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



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69. CRESS, UPLAND Barbarea verna (Miller) Acherson, Upland cress Plant family: Cruciferae Pod linear, 4-sided or 4-angled, erect or spreading, valves keeled; pod longer, on pedicels of nearly equal thickness. Seed in 1 row, wingless, cotyledons accumbent (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 32,885 seed/ounce, 1,160 seed/gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Polisher: adjusted to give a gentle rubbing, helps make seed more flowable so they can be conditioned more closely (used infrequently). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large trash, small trash and undesirable particles; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and light seed. Airblasts must be adjusted to a low level, and carefully set to prevent loss of good seed. Some models have a second drive pulley to provide lower air flow and closer air adjustment. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

3. Aspirator (fractionating aspirator): makes seed-by-seed density separation, to remove mudballs picked up by combining windrowed seed, or light weed seed or crop seed (not often used). 4. Cylinder Separator: cylinder with smaller pockets removes short foreign particles; second cylinder with larger pockets lifts good seed and rejects longer trash (not always used). 5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, low-germinating seed. Air flow must be set low, and discard fractions carefully examined to be sure the minimum amount of good seed is lost. Sometimes, seed do not flow and/or stratify well, so flow across gravity separator’s deck must be slowed down. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information


191


Polisher

Air-Screen Cleaner

Aspirator

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



70. CROSSANDRA Crossandra infundibuliformis Nees, Crossandra Plant family: Acanthaceae Capsule, with a bract about as long as the capsule. Seed bear feather-like scales (Bailey). Approx. 4,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, No copyright information

192


light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





193

71. CROTALARIA, LANCELEAF CROTALARIA, SHOWY CROTALARIA, SLENDERLEAF CROTALARIA, SMOOTH CROTALARIA, STRIATE CROTALARIA, SUNN Crotalaria brevidens Bentham var. intermedia (Kotschy) Polhill (Crotolaria intermedia), Slenderleaf crotalaria Plant family: Leguminosae Pod is globose or oblong, inflated, not septate, the many seed loose at maturity (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 5,880 seed per ounce; 205 seed per gram (AOSA). Crotalaria is 32 lb./cu ft; 40 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Crotalaria juncea L., Sunn crotalaria Plant family: Leguminosae Pod is globose or oblong, inflated, not septate, the many seed loose at maturity (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 1,020 seed per ounce; 35 seed per gram (AOSA). Crotalaria is 32 lb./cu ft; 40 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Crotalaria lanceolata E. Meyer, Lanceleaf crotalaria, lance crotalaria Plant family: Leguminosae Pod is globose or oblong, inflated, not septate, the many seed loose at maturity (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 10,650 seed per ounce; 375 seed per gram (AOSA). Crotalaria is 32 lb./cu ft; 40 lb./bushel.


194


Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Crotalaria mucronata (Crotalaria striata), Striate crotalaria Plant family: Leguminosae Pod is globose or oblong, inflated, not septate, the many seed loose at maturity (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Crotalaria is 32 lb./cu ft; 40 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Crotalaria pallida Aiton, Smooth crotalaria Plant family: Leguminosae Pod is globose or oblong, inflated, not septate, the many seed loose at maturity (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 6,105 seed/ounce, 215 seed/gram (AOSA). Crotalaria is 32 lb./cu ft; 40 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Showy crotalaria Plant family: Leguminosae Pod is globose or oblong, inflated, not septate, the many seed loose at maturity (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 2,270 seed per ounce; 80 seed per gram (AOSA). Crotalaria is 32 lb./cu ft; 40 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove large trash and undesirable materials; grading screens remove smaller undesirable particles, dust, broken and small seed, etc.; airblasts remove dust, lightweight trash and seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information


195


Crotalaria (English measure) Crotalaria, Giant Striata (English measure) Crotalaria, Intermedia Crotalaria, Spectabilis (English measure)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

12 8

6 14×14

1/12×1/2 1/14×1/2

7 6×22

6 14

16×16 7, 7.5

1/15×1/2 1/12×1/2

6×20 7.5, 8

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and light low-quality seed. If the seed are threshed on a threshing floor, it can also remove mudballs. 3. Treater: applies chemicals to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence

Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater

Dehumidified Dryer


72. CUMIN Cuminum cyminum L., Cumin Plant family: Umbelliferae Fruit narrowly oblong, slightly compressed laterally, ¼” long, bristly (Bailey). Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed are present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). No copyright information

196




Cumin (English measure)

1st Grade

14

1/25


1/22


Treater





197

73. CYCLAMEN Cyclamen indicum giganteum, Cyclamen Plant family: Primulaceae Capsule globose or ovoid, dehiscent from top to base by 5 valves, the valves becoming reflexed (Bailey) Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 2,500 seeed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



198


74. DAHLIA Dahlia pinnata, Dahlia Plant family: Compositae Achenes oblong or obovate, compressed, the pappus lacking or of 2 obscure teeth (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without bristles, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (9) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 2,800 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade




199


Treater



75. DAISY Chrysanthemum maximum, Daisy Plant family: Compositae Achenes of disk- and ray-flowers much alike or those of the rays more 3angled, all of them usually more or less striate, angled or ribbed; pappus wanting (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 21,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Chrysanthemum: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

200



Treater



76. DAISY, AFRICAN Arctotis spp., African daisy Plant family: Compositae Achenes grooved, usually villous, with a tuft of silky hairs at base. Pappus crownlike or composed of scales (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%.



201

Conditioning machines African daisy (Arctotis spp.) has two types of seed which differ considerably in size and shape. Conditioning must be carefully done to avoid losing seed of either type. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning flow diagram Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater




202


77. DAISY, ENGLISH; BELLIS Bellis perennis var. monstrosa, Bellis, English daisy Plant family: Compositae Achenes flattened, margined; pappus lacking (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ of the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed) (1) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 135,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade




203


Treater



78. DAISY, TAHOKA Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (Kunth) Nees, Tahoka daisy Plant family: Compositae Achenes nerved, mostly compressed, the pappus bristles copious in 1–2 series (Bailey). 25,515 seed per ounce; 900 seed per gram (AOSA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

204



Treater



79. DANDELION Taraxacum officinale Wiggers, Dandelion Plant family: Compositae Achenes greenish-brown, angled, fusiform, attenuated into a slender beak; with copious white pappus simple and capillary (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, rarely a seed. 35,155 seed per ounce; 1,240 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. No copyright information


205

Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large trash, small trash and undesirable particles; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and light seed. Airblasts must be adjusted to a low level, and carefully set to prevent loss of good seed. Some models have a second drive pulley to provide lower air flow and closer air adjustment. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Aspirator (fractionating aspirator): makes seed-by-seed density separation, to remove mudballs picked up by combining windrowed seed, or light weed seed or crop seed (not often used). 3. Cylinder Separator: cylinder with smaller pockets removes short foreign particles; second cylinder with larger pockets lifts good seed and rejects longer trash (not always used). 4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, low-germinating seed. Air flow must be set low, and discard fractions carefully examined to be sure the minimum amount of good seed is lost. Sometimes, seed do not flow and/or stratify well, so flow across gravity separator’s deck must be slowed down. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


206



Aspirator

Cylinder Separator

Treater



80. DELPHINIUM Delphinium elatum, Delphinium Plant family: Ranunculaceae Ovaries many-ovuled, maturing into dehiscent follicles; 3 follicles, glabrous, ½ –¾” long (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 10,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information


207


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



81. DIANTHUS, ANNUAL, PERENNIAL Dianthus chinensis, Annual dianthus Plant family: Caryophyllaceae Dianthus spp: Capsules cylindric or oblong, dehiscent by 4 (5) teeth or valves at apex (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 25,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. No copyright information

208


Dianthus spp., Perennial dianthus Plant family: Caryophyllaceae Dianthus spp: Capsules cylindric or oblong, dehiscent by 4 (5) teeth or valves at apex (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (ISTA Rules). Approx. 28,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8% Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





209

82. DICHONDRA Dichondra repens Forster & Forster f., Dichondra Plant family: Convolvulaceae 13,410 seed/ounce, 470 seed/gram (AOSA). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: performs a rough removal of large trash, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. (not commonly required, if seed is threshed cleanly). 2. Huller-Scarifier: if required, a huller (such as the huller-scarifier with careful adjustments to prevent damage to seed, or a special huller) can be used to remove hulls. 3. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove large undesirable materials, grading screens remove smaller undesirable materials, and airblasts remove dust, light trash and lightweight seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Dichondra (English Dichondra (English

(hulled) measure) (unhulled) measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

1/12

6×22

1/14

6×21

8

6×20

7

6×18

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight low-germinating seed to improve germination, and light trash. 5. Treater: applies protectants to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.


210


Conditioning sequence

Receiving

Scalper

Huller-Scarifier

Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater



83. DILL Anethum graveolens L., Dill Plant family: Umbelliferae Fruit elliptic, flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs with distinctd narrow wings; dorsal ribs thin and sharp, about 1/6” long (Bailey). Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed are present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it it obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). 22,720 seed per ounce; 800 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.2–3.0 mm; thickness: 0.5–1.1 mm; length: 2.9–4.5 mm; floating velocity: 2.3–4.2 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.4 g; specific gravity: 390 g/l; shape: elliptical, one side flattened and other side with 5 ribs; texture: slightly rugose; color: brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 1.5 No copyright information


211

Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.3 50% of seed pass: 1.75 100% of seed pass: 3.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.3 50% of seed: 3.7 100% of seed: 5.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Polisher: adjusted to give a gentle rubbing, helps make seed more flowable so they can be conditioned more closely (used infrequently). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large trash, small trash and undesirable particles; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and light seed. Airblasts must be adjusted to a low level, and carefully set to prevent loss of good seed. Some models have a second drive pulley to provide lower air flow and closer air adjustment. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Dill (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

3.2 R mm, 1.4 S mm

–

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade 1.3 S mm

1.4 R mm

3. Aspirator (fractionating aspirator): makes seed-by-seed density separation, to remove mudballs picked up by combining windrowed seed, or light weed seed or crop seed (not often used). 4. Cylinder Separator: cylinder with smaller pockets removes short foreign particles; second cylinder with larger pockets lifts good seed and rejects longer trash (not always used). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 2.25–2.5 mm From Dill, lifts out short undesirable particles. 2.25 mm removes Chenopodium spp and Sinapis arvensis. 2.5 mm removes Polygonum aviculare and Rumex spp. 4.5–5.0 mm Dill seed from longer trash, etc. No copyright information

212


5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, low-germinating seed. Air flow must be set low, and discard fractions carefully examined to be sure the minimum amount of good seed is lost. Sometimes, seed do not flow and/or stratify well, so flow across gravity separator’s deck must be slowed down. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Polisher

Air-Screen Cleaner

Aspirator

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater





213

84. DOLICHOS; DOLICHOS BEAN; HYACINTH BEAN; LABLAB; HYACINTH DOLICHOS Dolichos lablab L., Hyacinth dolichos, dolichos, dolichos bean, lablab, hyacinth bean Plant family: Leguminosae Pod large, 1–2.5” long, flat, close-pubescent or smooth, papery, straight or somewhat curved on back, but very convex in outline on front with a long upward curve toward the very prominent slender beak, sometimes truncateretuse at end. Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed black or nearly so (white in the white-flowered forms), flat, oblong with rounded ends, ¼” or less long, the hilum and raphe long and prominent; germination epigeal (Bailey). Width: 7.0 mm; length: 10.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 232–277 g; specific gravity: 797 g/l; shape: ovoid, laterally compressed; texture: smooth; color: buff to pale brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Dolichos Bean, Indian varieties 22 (English measure) Dolichos Bean, Indian varieties (Metric measure) Dolichos Bean, Hyacinth 6.2×19 S mm (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

–

–

2nd Grade

–

–

–

2.3×19S mm

12/64×3/4, 12/64×1/4 4.75 mm slot 3.5 R mm

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed; also separates mudballs if they occur in the seed lot. 3. Color Sorter: since the seed are large and of different colors, a color sorter could be effectively used on high-value seed (Breeder, Foundation, etc.) to remove off-color seed (other varieties, diseased, etc.). 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). No copyright information

214



Color Sorter

Treater



85. EGGPLANT Solanum melongena L., Eggplant, brinjal, aubergine, garden egg Plant family: Solanaceae Fruit a large pendent ovoid, oblong or obovoid berry, 2–12” long, shining, purple, white, yellowish or striped; ovary 2-celled, many-seeded (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 6,465 seed per ounce; 230 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%.



215

Eggplant Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %

Temperature not specified: 3.1 4.9 6.3 8.0 9.8 11.9

10 20 30 45 60 75

Seed from wet fruits Eggplant fruits are chopped up, the pulpy mass washed to remove seed and separate it from the pulp. Seed are then immediately dried. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large and small trash, broken seed, etc.; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and some lightweight unfilled seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Eggplant, Indian varieties (English measure) Eggplant, Indian varieties (Metric measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

10

–

–

1/12

4.00 mm

–

–

2.10 mm

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash and lightweight immature and unfilled seed. 3. Aspirator: (fractionating aspirator) removes some unfilled seed (seldom used). 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


216


Conditioning sequence Pulping, Washing, Drying Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Aspirator

Treater



86. EUPHORBIA Euphorbia spp., Euphorbia Plant family: Euphorbiaceae Capsules, separating into 3 carpels, each splitting elastically into 2 valves (Bailey). Approx. 7,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). No copyright information


217


Treater



87. EVERLASTING FLOWER EVERLASTING FLOWER, AUSTRALIAN Helipterum manglesii (Lindley) F. Mueller, Australian everlasting flower Plant family: Compositae Achenes densely silky-hairy; pappus bristles are plumose (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.0 mm; thickness: 0.5–1.0 mm; length: 2.0–3.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.2–2.1 g; shape: long elliptic; texture: hairy, achenes are haired (soft hairs) on the surface with a long slightly strawy pappus (crown of hairs) that comes off much more easily that the hairs on the surface of the achene itself; color: brown with white hairs. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). No copyright information

218


Helipterum roseum (Hook.) Benth., Everlasting flower Plant family: Compositae Achenes densely silky-hairy; pappus bristles are plumose (Bailey). Width: 1.5–2.0 mm; thickness: 1.5–2.0 mm; length: 4.0–5.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.8–0.9 g; shape: ovoid; texture: very densely haired; color: white with white hairs. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: or another air-screen cleaner is used to remove as much trash as possible. 2. Brush Machine (Debearder): removes the dense hairs which occur on the seed. Always used after scalping, because brushing the unscalped seed material causes many broken flower parts which are difficult to separate later. May be necessary to dry the seed material before brushing, in order to make it brittle and more easily removed. 3. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Everlasting Flower (Metric measure; ISTA) Everlasting Flower, Australian (Metric measure; ISTA)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

6.5 R mm

–

5.5 R mm

1.2 S mm

8.0 R mm

–

6.0 R mm

0.6 S mm

4. Cylinder Separator: lifts good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder11 Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Everlasting Flower (Helipterum roseum (Hook.) Benth.) Metric measure (ISTA): 12.5 mm Lifts Everlasting Flower seed to separate long trash.

5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information


219


Dryer

Brush Machine (Debearder) Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater



88. FENNEL Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Common fennel Plant family: Umbelliferae Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, terete or nearly so, the carpels dorsally flattened and prominently ribbed; oil tubes solitary in the intervals (Bailey). Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed are present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.9–2.7 mm; thickness: 1.5–1.9 mm; length: 4.6–7.2 mm; floating velocity: 3.35–4.95m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 4.7 g; specific gravity: 355 g/l; shape: narrowly ovate, mericarps with flattened side, other side is convex and with 5 ridges; texture: smooth; color: greyish yellow. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). No copyright information

220


Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.2 50% of seed pass: 1.75 100% of seed pass: 2.75 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.25 50% of seed pass: 3.0 100% of seed pass: 5.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 6.0 50% of seed: 9.0 100% of seed: 11.7 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Fennel (English measure) Fennel, Common (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

14 5.0 R mm, 2.5 S mm

1/16 –

12 2.4 S mm

1/14 1.0 S mm


Lifts

Rejects

Fennel, Common (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) Metric measure (ISTA): 3.5–4.0 mm From Common Fennel, lifts broken seed, short trash, seed of Polygonum convolvulus, Polygonum Persicaria, Echinochloa crus-galli, Rumex spp., Euphorbia spp., etc., and broken Fennel seed. 7.0 mm Lifts Common Fennel to separate long chaff, etc.



221

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater



89. FENUGREEK Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Fenugreek, Methi Plant family: Leguminosae Exserted beaked pod 3–6” long, indehiscent, many-seeded, very slender, curved, beak 1–2” long (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). No copyright information

222


Seed are oblong and angular, with a deep groove between the radicle and cotyledons. Length: 5.5–6 mm, width: 3.0–3.5 mm. Color is light grayish brown; surface is faintly roughened by minute tubercles or short raised lines. Radicle is approximately half the length of the cotyledons. Hylum is minute, partly obscured within a deep notch. Seed have the characteristic fenugreek odor (Handbook 219). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: moderately susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed, and sand or dirt balls in the seed lot. 3. Roll Mill: separates weed seed, remaining rough-edged pieces of sand, and some pieces of trash. 4. Magnetic Separator: following the roll mill, removes rough-surfaced weed seed (not always used). 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Roll Mill

Magnetic Separator

Treater



90. FLAX FLAX, FLOWERING FLAX, PERENNIAL Linum usitatissimum L., Flax Plant family: Linaceae Septicidal capsule, slightly longer than the calyx (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are rough, iron powder adheres to them. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.3 No copyright information

223

224


Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.0 50% of seed pass: 2.3 100% of seed pass: 3.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.0 50% of seed: 4.2 100% of seed: 5.0 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.4 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.8 100% of seed float (are separated): 5.9 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 26.6 50% of seed are carried upward: 22.1 100% of seed are carried upward: 19.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Flax: 34.6% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.10; 719 kg/cu m; 44.8 lb./cu ft; 56 lb.bushel. 5,045 seed per ounce; 180 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 2.3–3.1 mm; thickness: 1.0–1.4 mm; length: 4.1–6.4 mm; floating velocity: 4.5–5.9 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 5.85 g; specific gravity: 710 g/l; shape: ovate to obovate; texture: smooth; color: reddish brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). 719 kg/cubic meter; 56 lb. per bushel; 44.8 lb./cubic foot. Specific gravity 1.1; 34.6% air space (void in bulk). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6–7% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Flax: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 4.4 5.6 6.3 7.9 9.0 10.0 12.0 15.2 21.4

RH % 15 30 45 60 65 75 80 90 100 Table contd...



225

Table contd... Seed Moisture %

RH %

@77 oF: 3.3 4.9 5.6 6.1 6.8 7.9 9.3 11.0 15.0 21.4

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Linum grandiflorum Desfontaines Rubrun, Flowering flax Plant family: Linaceae Capsule shorter than sepals (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 8,222 seed per ounce; 290 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Linum perenne L. subsp. lewisii (Pursh) Hult., Perennial flax Plant family: Linaceae Capsule much longer than sepals (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 18,428 seed per ounce; 650 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove large undesirable trash, wild oats, etc.; grading screens remove small undesirable trash and seed; airblasts remove lightweight undesirable materials and seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

Flax, Bison (English measure) Flax, Golden (English measure) Flax (Large) (English measure)

1/16×1/2 1/13×1/2 9

1/14 1/12 1/12

Flax (Medium) (English measure) Flax (Small) (English measure)

8 7

1/13 1/14

Flax (Small) (English measure) Flax, Viking, Walsh (English measure) Flax (Metric measure; ISTA)

3×16 1/16×1/2

1/14 1/14

1/18×3/4 1/14×1/4 3×16, 3×14 Sp 3×16 Sp 3×16 Sp, 3×18 3/64×5/16 1/18×3/4

4.0 R mm, 3.5 R mm

–


2nd Grade 1/13 6 6 1/12 1/13 1/12 1/13

1.5–1.6 S mm 2.0 R mm

226


2. Cylinder Separator: cylinder with small pockets removes small undesirable materials; cylinder with larger pockets removes smallgrain (wheat, barley, rye) and other long undesirable trash and seed (not commonly used). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure: 5

6-½

Lifts

Rejects

Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, etc.

Meadow fescue, wildbrome, large buckhorn plantain, quackagrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc.

Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard

Metric measure: Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): 2.5–3.0 mm From Flax, lifts out small trash, seed of Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum persicaria, Rumex spp., Chenopodium spp., dirt balls, cross-broken seed, etc. 4.0 mm From Flax, separates seed such as Centaurea, broken flax seed, etc. (used when there are many broken seed).

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and seed. Oil from seed sometimes plug deck perforations; keep the deck clean and perforations open to ensure good stratification and separation. 4. Treater: applies protectants to protect seed and seedlings. 5. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Treater Bagger-Weigher To Storage, Shipping, Distribution No copyright information


227

91. FORGET-ME-NOT, PERENNIAL FORGET-ME-NOT, TRUE FORGET-ME-NOT, WOODLAND Myosotis scorpioides L., True forget-me-not Plant family: Boraginaceae Ovary of 4 almost separate lobes, forms in the fruit 4 smooth shining nutlets attached by their bases (Bailey). Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). Nutlets sessile and margined (Bailey). Width: 0.6–0.8 mm; thickness: 0.4–0.7 mm; length: 1.0–1.5 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.3 g; shape: flattened ovoid; texture: very smooth; color: glossy black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Myosotis silvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm., Woodland forget-me-not Plant family: Boraginaceae Ovary of 4 almost separate lobes, form in the fruit 4 smooth shining nutlets attached by their bases (Bailey). Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). Nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally, and sessile (Bailey). Width: 0.6–0.8 mm; thickness: 0.4–0.7 mm; length: 1.0–1.5 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.3 g; shape: flattened ovoid; texture: very smooth; color: glossy black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt non hort., Perennial forget-me-not Plant family: Boraginaceae Ovary of 4 almost separate lobes, form in the fruit 4 smooth shining nutlets attached by their bases (Bailey). No copyright information

228


Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). Nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally, sessile (Bailey). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Forget-me-not, True (Metric measure; ISTA) Forget-me-not, Woodland (Metric measure; ISTA)

1.3 R 0.9 S 1.3 R 0.9 S

mm, mm mm, mm

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

–

0.7 S mm 0.5–0.7 S mm

–

0.7 S mm 0.5–0.7 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: a small-indent cylinder lifts small impurities. It may be necessary to use a smaller indent size, or reclean waste products if too much small good seed is lost. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Metric measure (ISTA): Forget-Me-Not, True (Myosotis scorpioides L.): 2.0 mm Lifts out small impurities. If too much good seed is lost, use a smaller indent. Forget-Me-Not, Woodland (Myosotis silvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm.): 2.0 mm Lifts out small impurities. If too much good seed is lost, use a smaller indent.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight low-germinating seed, and heavy undesirable particles (clay lumps, plant pieces). 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information


229


Treater



92. FOXGLOVE Digitalis purpurea L., Foxglove Plant family: Scrophulariaceae Capsules ovoid, exceeding calyx, septicidally dehiscent. Seed numerous (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 291,721 seed per ounce; 10,290 seed per gram (AOSA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

230



Treater



93. FREESIA Freesia hybrida, Annual freesia Plant family: Iridaceae Capsules small, loculicidal (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 3,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information


231


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



94. FUCHSIA Fuchsia hybrida, Fuchsia Plant family: Onagraceae Fruit is a 4-celled soft berry (Bailey). Approx. 70,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book).


232




1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





233

95. GAILLARDIA Gaillardia pulchella Fougeroux var. picta (Sweet) A. Gray, Annual gaillardia Plant family: Compositae Achenes densely villous or with villous hairs only at base; pappus of 5–10 mostly awned scales (Bailey). Achenes hairy all over (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). 14,884 seed per ounce; 525 seed per gram (AOSA). Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Perennial gaillardia Plant family: Compositae Achenes densely villous or with villous hairs only at base; pappus of 5–10 mostly awned scales (Bailey). Achenes densely hairy all over (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present (4) (ISTA Rules). 9,781 seed per ounce; 345 seed per gram (AOSA). Gaillardia grandiflorum, Gaillardia Plant family: Compositae Achenes densely villous or with villous hairs only at base; pappus of 5–10 mostly awned scales (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present (4) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 9,500 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

234



Treater



96. GAYFEATHER Liatris spp., Gayfeather Plant family: Compositae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). 8,505 seed per ounce; 300 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information


235


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



97. GAZANIA Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn., Gazania Plant family: Compositae Achenes villous, pappus of 2 series of delicate scarious toothed scales, often hidden in the wool of the achene (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). No copyright information

236


Width: 0.8–2.0 mm; thickness: 0.7–1.6 mm; length: 2.6–5.6 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 4.0–6.0 g; shape: long, tapering, curved; texture: covered with long hairs, very densely haired, very soft, long, up to 12 mm hairs, pappus long and hairy, comes off relatively easily; color: light brown to medium brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Conditioning machines 1. Brush Machine (Debearder): using a closely woven mantle without holes, the brush machine rubs off the dense hairs on the seed. Several brushing operations may be required. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Gazania (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

6.0 R mm, 1.9 S mm

–

0.5–0.7 S mm

0.3 S mm

3. Cylinder Separator: removes short impurities and broken seed; larger indent lifts out good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Gazania (Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn.) Metric measure (ISTA): 3.5 mm From Gazania, removes short impurities, broken seed, etc. 6.5 mm Lifts Gazania to separate long trash, etc.

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



237

Conditioning sequence Receiving Brush Machine (Debearder) Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater



98. GERANIUM GERANIUM, HORSESHOE Pelargonium spp., Geranium Plant family: Geraniaceae Fruit of 5 valves which usually coil as they dehisce (Bailey). Pure seed unit: mericarp, with or without beak, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of mericdarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (17) (ISTA Rules). Pelargonium zonale Hort., Horseshoe geranium Plant family: Geraniaceae Fruit of 5 valves which usually coil as they dehisce (Bailey). Pure seed unit: mericarp, with or without beak, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of mericdarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (17) (ISTA Rules). No copyright information

238


Width: 1.6–2.0 mm; thickness: 1.4–1.6 mm; length: 3.6–4.4 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 4.0–6.3 g; shape: ovoid to elliptic; texture: smooth; color: dull reddish brown; seed are contained in a part of the fruit wall, which has a long and spirally twisted beak, the whole structure is up to 20 mm long. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Brush Machine (Debearder): removes sheet-like fruit wall, which has a spirally twisted beak, enclosing the seed. Careful brushing can also reduce the percentage of dormant seed by scarifying the seed. Geranium (Pelargonium spp) require pre-conditioning with a debearder to remove fruit tips. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP

SCREEN PERFORATION SIZE FOR 1st Scalp 1st Grade

Geranium, Horseshoe (Metric measure; ISTA)

3.5 R mm, 1.1 S mm

–

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1.0 S mm

0.8 S mm

3, Cylinder Separator: a larger-indent cylinder lifts good seed to separate long trash; a smaller indent may also be used to remove short undesirable trash particles. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Geranium, Horseshoe (Pelargonium zonale Hort.) Metric measure (ISTA): 4.5 mm Lifts good seed to separate fruit wall pieces, etc.

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed. 5. Scarification: After cleaning, the seed (fruit) is scarified or treated with acid to break dormancy. The seed are soaked 4–10 minutes in 93% technical-grade sulfuric acid, then drained and dipped in cold water to rinse the acid off. The seed are then dried. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information


239

Conditioning sequence Receiving Brush Machine (Debearder) Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Acid Scarification Followed by Drying

Treater



99. GERBERA; TRANSVAAL DAISY Gerbera Jamesoni, Gerbera, Transvaal daisy Plant family: Compositae Achenes beaked, pappus of bristles in 2 or more series (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 6,000–7,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information

240



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



100. GEUM Geum spp.and varieties, Geum Plant family: Rosaceae Pistils many, on a conical or cylindrical receptacle, ripening into achenes with long persistent styles which in some species are jointed and sometimes plumose (Bailey). No copyright information


241

Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 7,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



242


101. GILIA Gilia tricolor Bentham, Gilia Plant family: Polemoniaceae Capsules 3-celled and 3-valved, 1- to many-seeded, rupturing the calyx when mature (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 65,630 seed per ounce; 2,315 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




243

102. GLOXINIA Sinningia speciosa, Gloxinia Plant family: Gesneriaceae Capsules 2-valved above (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 800,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




244


103. GODETIA Clarkia amoena (Lehmann) Nelson & Macbride, Godetia Plant family: Onagraceae Capsules linear, straight or curved, somewhat 4-angled, 4-valved. Seed numerous (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 72,860 seed per ounce; 2,570 seed per gram (AOSA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence


Treater





245

104. GOMPHRENA; GLOBE AMARANTH Gomphrena globosa, Gomphrena, globe amaranth Plant family: Amaranthaceae Fruit is a 1-seeded mostly indehiscent utricle (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without perianth, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (2) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 5,500 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


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105. GOURD, BITTER; BITTER CUCUMBER; BITTER MOMORDICA; BALSAM PEAR; BITTER MELON Momordica charantia L., Bitter gourd, bitter cucumber, bitter momordica, balsam pear, bitter melon Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Fruit is oblong or oval and narrowed both ways, 4–8” long, orange-yellow, covered with blunt warts, bursting at maturity and showing the scarlet arils. Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa. Seed about ½” long, cornered at the ends, thick but flat, light gray or brown with prominent patterns (Bailey). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Gourds: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines Dried gourds are opened and seed removed. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Bitter Gourd, Indian varieties (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

28

–

–

2nd Grade 16




247


Treater



106. GOURD, BOTTLE; WHITE-FLOWERED GOURD, CALABASH GOURD, SPAGHETTI SQUASH Lagenaria siceraria Standl., Bottle gourd, white-flowered gourd, calabash gourd, spaghetti squash Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Ovary with 3 placentae, ovules numerous and horizontal. Fruit varies from 3” to 3’ or more long, from disk-like to nearly globular and bottle-shaped, dumbbell-shaped, club-shaped, crook-necked and coiled, sometimes striped or mottled but prevailingly greenish or tan, in some cases knobby or ridged (Bailey). Seed oblong to nearly square, ¾” or less long, ridged on margins and cornered, tan to brown (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). This species also includes the dipper, sugar-trough, Hercules club, calabash, and other gourds. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Gourds: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%.


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Conditioning machines Dried gourds are opened or broken apart, and seed removed from the remains of the dried pulp. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Bitter Gourd, Indian varieties (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

28

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2nd Grade 16


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107. GOURD, VEGETABLE; CHINESE OKRA; RIDGE GOURD; RIBBED GOURD Luffa acutangula (L.). Roxb., Vegetable gourd, Chinese okra, ridge gourd, ribbed gourd Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa. (10) (ISTA Rules). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Gourds: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines Dried gourds are chopped or pulverized, and seed removed from the dried pulp. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Ridge Gourd, Indian varieties (English measure) Ridge Gourd, Indian varieties (Metric measure)


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2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

24

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16

9.50mm

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6.40 mm



250



Treater



108. GOURD, SNAKE Trichosanthes anguina L., Snake gourd Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Fruit 1–6” long, very slender, long-tapering to the point, variously curved or coiled, glabrous, greenish-white (Bailey). Seed are about ½”: long, thick, scalloped on the edges, brownish (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Gourds: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines Dry gourds are chopped or pulverized, and seed removed from the spongy pulp inside. This is often done by hand, as the dry pulp must be cut and shaken to remove seed. However, it can be done mechanically. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



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2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 2. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater



109. GOURD, SPONGE; DISHRAG GOURD; LOOFAH; LUFFAH Luffa cylindrica Roem., Sponge gourd, dishrag gourd, loofah, luffah Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa. (10) (ISTA Rules). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Gourds: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines Dry gourds are chopped or pulverized, and seed removed from the spongy pulp inside. This is often done by hand, as the dry pulp must be cut and shaken to remove seed. However, it can be done mechanically. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information

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1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

–

–

16

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–

6.40 mm

Sponge Gourd, Indian varieties 24 (English measure) Sponge Gourd, Indian varieties 9.50 mm (Metric measure)


Treater



110. GOURD, WAX; WHITE GOURD; TALLOW GOURD; CHINESE PRESERVING MELON Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn, Wax gourd, white gourd, tallow gourd, Chinese preserving melon Fruits large, stalked, ovoid-oblong or ellipsoid, sometimes even globose, rounded above and beneath, dark green or glaucous, thinly hispid or subglabrous, covered with a chalk-white, easily removable layer of wax, 20– 35 cm long, 15–20 cm diameter; flesh 2.5–3.5 cm thick, pure white, succulent, faintly fragrant, in the middle spongy with numerous seed (Ochse et al). No copyright information


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Seed flat, ovate-elliptic, yellowish light brown; base narrowed; apex rounded or obtusely acuminate; 1–1.5 cm long, 0.5–0.7 cm broad, 0.1–0.2 cm thick (Ochse et al). Conditioning machines Dry gourds are chopped or pulverized, and seed removed from the spongy pulp inside. This is often done by hand, as the dry pulp must be cut and shaken to remove seed. However, it can be done mechanically. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


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111. GRASSES Gramineae fruit is a ripened ovary, 1-seeded, mostly forming a hard grain called a caryopsis which is often permanently enveloped in the indurated lemma and palea (Bailey). Seed Unit The seed unit in different species of grasses is as follows: 1. Caryopses and single florets. 2. Multiple florets and spikelets in tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius), oats (Avena spp.), grama grasses (Bouteloua spp.), rhodesgrass, (Chloris gayana), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and bluegrass (Poa spp.). 3. Entire spikelets in Agrostis, Brachiaria ramosa, Oryza, Panicum, Paspalum and Setaria. Entire spikelets which may have attached rachis segments, pedicels and sterile spikelets in Andropogon, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Elymus elymoides, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum, and Sorghum. 4. Spikelet groups that disarticulate as a unit in galleta grass (Hilaria jamesii), spikelet groups that disarticulate as units with attached rachis and internodes in bluestems (Andropogon spp., Bothriochloa ischaemum, Schizachyrium scoparium), side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) and yellow Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans). 5. Fascicles of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) consisting of bristles and spikelets. 6. Burs of buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides). 7. Bulblets of bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa). 8. Multiple units, as defined in the Rules; i.e., a multiple unit is a seed unit that includes: (1) an attached sterile or fertile floret that extends to or beyond the tip of a fertile floret; or (2) a fertile floret with basally attached glume, glumes, or basally attached sterile floret of any length; or (3) a fertile floret with two or more attached sterile and/or fertile florets of any length. (From AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds). Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner, Fairway crested wheatgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 19,450 seed per ounce; 685 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Agropyron desertorum (Link) Schultes, Standard crested wheatgrass Plant family: Gramineae No copyright information


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Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 11,340–12,925 seed per ounce; 400–455 seed per gram (AOSA). 17.6 lb./cu ft; 22 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauvois, Tall wheatgrass (Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 165 seed/gram; 4,650–4,765 seed/ounce (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Agropyron intermedium (Host) Baumgarten var. intermedium, Intermediate wheatgrass (Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. intermedia) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 160–190 (175) seed/gram; 4,595–5,415 seed/ounce (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Agropyron intermedium (Host) Baumgarten var. trichophorum (Link) Halacsy, Pubescent wheatgrass (Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. Barbulata (Schur) A. Love) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 165–190 (180) seed/gram; 4,680–5,445 seed/ounce (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Agropyron smithii Rydberg, Western wheatgrass (Elymus smithii (Rydberg) Gould) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn (28) (ISTA Rules). 7,115 seed per ounce; 250 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. No copyright information

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Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribner & Smith f. inerme (Schribner & Smith) Beetle, Beardless wheatgrass (Elytrigia spicata (Pursh) Dewey) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 275 seed/gram; 7,855 seed/ounce (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) H.F. Lewis, Slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinners) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 8,335 seed per ounce; 295 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Agrostis alba L., Redtop Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (34)(ISTA Rules). 311,850 seed per ounce; 11,000 seed per gram (AOSA). 642 & 770 Kg/cubic meter; 50 & 60 lb. per bushel; 40 & 48 lb./cubic foot. Redtop: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 10.0 10.7 11.0 12.5 13.5 15.0

RH % 55 65 70 75 80 85

Agrostis canina L., Velvet bentgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (34) (ISTA Rules). 675,014 seed per ounce; 23,810 seed per gram (AOSA).



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Agrostis capillaris L. (Agrostis tenuis Sibthorp), Colonial bentgrass, “Astoria”, “Highland”, colonial bentgrasses Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (34) (ISTA Rules). Astoria colonial bentgrass (A. tenuis): 368,175 seed per ounce; 12,985 seed per gram (AOSA). Colonial bentgrass: 383,115 seed per ounce; 13,515 seed per gram (AOSA). Highland colonial bentgrass: 358,850 seed per ounce; 12,660 seed per gram (AOSA). Agrostis tenuis Sibth. Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.3 50% of seed pass: 0.4 100% of seed pass: 0.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.3 50% of seed pass: 0.4 100% of seed pass: 0.6 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.5 50% of seed: 1.8 100% of seed: 2.2 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 138 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Colonial Bentgrass: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 9.8 10.7 11.5 12.5 14.0 14.5


RH % 55 65 70 75 80 85

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Agrostis gigantea Roth, Redtop Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (34) (ISTA Rules). 10,695 seed/gram; 303,200 seed/ounce (AOSA). Floret: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): ): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.3 50% of seed pass: 0.4 100% of seed pass: 0.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 0.8 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.5 50% of seed: 1.9 100% of seed: 2.3 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 480 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 44.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 29.6 100% of seed are carried upward: 22.1 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Spikelet with rachis: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0. 50% of seed pass: 0.4 100% of seed pass: 0.5 No copyright information


259

Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 1.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.6 50% of seed: 3.0 100% of seed: 3.7 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 250 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Spikelet without rachis: Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.9 50% of seed: 2.1 100% of seed: 2.3 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Agrostis palustris L. (Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Hudson) Farwell), Creeping bentgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (34) (ISTA Rules). 13,515 seed/gram; 383,115 seed/ounce (AOSA). Width: 0.4–0.8 mm; thickness: 0.3–0.5 mm; length: 1.5–2.3 mm; floating velocity: 5.0–6.6 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.05 g; shape: long ellipsoid; texture: smooth; color: cream. Floret may still be enclosed between two lower glumes. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Alopecurus pratensis L., Meadow foxtail Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (ISTA Rules). 25,430 seed per ounce; 895 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed without awn: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. No copyright information

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Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): ): all seed (98–100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.4 50% of seed pass: 1.7 100% of seed pass: 2.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.5 50% of seed: 5.3 100% of seed: 6.1 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Seed with awn: Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 7.8 50% of seed: 9.3 100% of seed: 10.5 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 0.7 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.4 100% of seed float (are separated): 3.4 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 95 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 48.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 36.4 100% of seed are carried upward: 28.1 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Width: 1.4–2.7 mm; thickness: 0.5–1.0 mm; length: 4.5–6.1 mm; floating velocity: 4.5–5.6 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.7 g; shape: flat elliptic; texture: very hairy; color: light brown to light green. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. gerardii, Big bluestem Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 9,015 seed per ounce; 320 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information


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Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. paucipilus (Nash) Fernald (Andropogon hallii Hackel), Sand bluestem Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 6,040 seed per ounce; 215 seed per gram (AOSA). Andropogon scoparius L., Little bluestem Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 15,904 seed per ounce; 560 seed per gram (AOSA). Anthoxanthum odoratum L., Sweet vernalgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemmas, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (29) (ISTA Rules). 45,360 seed per ounce, 1,600 seed per gram (AOSA). Without awn: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.6 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.6 50% of seed: 3.3 100% of seed: 3.6 No copyright information

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Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 0.76 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.6 100% of seed float (are separated): 3.8 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 101 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 42.9 50% of seed are carried upward: 32.2 100% of seed are carried upward: 24.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) With awn: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): mostg or all seed (65–100%) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.8 50% of seed: 7.2 100% of seed: 9.8 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J.S. & K.B. Presl., Tall oatgrass, tall meadow oatgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached staminate floret, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (35) (ISTA Rules). Tall oatgrass: 11.2 lb./cu ft; 14 lb./bushel. 11,820 seed per ounce; 417 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.4–2.2 mm; thickness: 0.8–1.8 mm; length: 6.0–9.0 mm; floating velocity: 1.9–2.4 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 3.0 g; shape: long elliptic; texture: hairy, hairy at base, with an awn at back of lemma, 10–17 mm long, at the base often the lower staminate (male) floret is attached, enclosing the higher fertile floret; color: straw with a tinge of purple. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Floret without awn: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. No copyright information


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Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are smooth, iron powder adheres to only 2–35%. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.75 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.4 50% of seed pass: 2.5 100% of seed pass: 3.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 6.8 50% of seed: 7.5 100% of seed: 8.4 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Floret with awn: Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 10.2 50% of seed: 10.8 100% of seed: 12.0 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 2.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.2 100% of seed float (are separated): 5.5 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 195 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 36.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 30.7 100% of seed are carried upward: 24.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Caryopsis: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.3 No copyright information

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Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.0 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 1.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.1 50% of seed: 3.4 100% of seed: 3.6 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 727 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Axonopus affinis Chase, Carpetgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). Carpetgrass: 14.4–19.2 lb./cu ft; 18–24 lb./bushel. 63,275 seed per ounce; 2,230 seed per gram (AOSA). Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng, Yellow bluestem Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 1,945 seed/gram; 55,170 seed/ounce (AOSA). Bouteloua curtipendula (Michaux) Torrey, Side-oats grama Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). Caryopses: 45,640 seed per ounce; 1,605 seed per gram (AOSA). Other than caryopses: 9,950 seed per ounce; 350 seed per gram (AOSA). Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Griffiths, Blue grama Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 45,275 seed per ounce; 1,595 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information


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Brachiaria decumbens Stapf, Brachiaria, signalgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). Thickness: 1.0 mm; length: 4.6 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 5.0 g; specific gravity: 364 g/l; shape: elongate; texture: slightly ribbed; color: straw to pale green. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Bromus arvensis L., Field brome Bromegrass: 11.2 lb./cu ft; 14 lb./bushel. Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 13,210 seed/ounce; 465 seed/gram (AOSA). Without awn: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): main part of seed (65–98%) are smooth, iron powder adheres to only 2–35%. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.3 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.1 50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 2.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 6.4 50% of seed: 7.0 100% of seed: 8.2 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.9 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.8 100% of seed float (are separated): 7.4 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 221


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Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 36.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 28.6 100% of seed are carried upward: 25.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) With awn: Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 10.0 50% of seed: 12.5 100% of seed: 14.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Bromus catharticus Vahl (Bromus unioloides Kunth), Rescuegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 3,230 seed per ounce; 113 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Bromus hordeaceus L., Soft chess Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 15,740 seed/ounce; 555 seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Bromus inermis Leysser, Smooth brome Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 8,475–9,385 seed per ounce, 300–330 (315) seed per gram (AOSA). Floret: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): ): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres.



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Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.5 50% of seed pass: 2.5 100% of seed pass: 3.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 8.5 50% of seed: 11.0 100% of seed: 11.4 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.7 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.8 100% of seed float (are separated): 4.1 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 190 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 36.6 50% of seed are carried upward: 29.2 100% of seed are carried upward: 23.5 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Caryopsis: Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.4 50% of seed pass: 2.0 100% of seed pass: 2.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.9 50% of seed: 6.8 100% of seed: 8.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant.


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Smooth Bromegrass: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 11.0 12.5 13.1 13.8 16.1 18.4

RH % 55 65 70 75 80 85

Bromus marginatus Steudel, Mountain brome Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 4,005 seed per ounce; 140 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Bromus mollis L., Soft chess Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 15,740 seed/ounce; 555 seed/gram (AOSA). Without awn: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100% (main part) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): main part of seed (65– 98%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 2.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.8 50% of seed pass: 2.5 100% of seed pass: 3.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 6.4 50% of seed: 7.4 100% of seed: 8.2 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 2.6 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.6 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.3 No copyright information


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Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 234 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 35.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 30.1 100% of seed are carried upward: 25.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) With awn: Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 10.2 50% of seed: 13.0 100% of seed: 14.5 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Buchloe dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann, Buffalograss Plant family: Gramineae Burs: 3,120 seed per ounce; 110 seed per gram (AOSA). Caryopses: 20,960 seed per ounce; 740 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michaux) Nuttal, Bluejoint 239,842 seed/ounce; 8,461 seed/gram (AOSA). Cenchrus ciliaris L., Buffelgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: fascicle or bur, with or without caryopsis, of 1–5 spikelets with involucre of bristles (spikelet with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma); floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (43) (ISTA Rules). Caryopses: 55,095 seed/ounce, 1,940 seed/gram. Fascicles: 10,120 seed/ ounce, 357 seed/gram (AOSA). Length: 7–10 mm (fascicles); weight of 1,000 seed: 1.2–2.0 g; specific gravity: 18.4 g/l; shape: clusters, 1–3 spikelets enclosed individual roughly in involucre, spherical; texture: bristly; color: straw to reddish. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant.


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Chloris gayana Kunth, Rhodesgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awns(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 133,925 seed per ounce; 4,725 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.6 mm; thickness: 0.2 mm; length: 3.3 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.2–0.3 g; specific gravity: 46.6 g/l; shape: quate, pointed; texture: hairy; color: straw. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon var. aridus Harlan & de Wet, Giant bermudagrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 83,630 seed/ounce, 2,950 seed/gram (AOSA). Cynodon dactylon (L.) Person var. dactylon, Bermudagrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). Hulled: 129,445 seed per ounce; 4,565 seed per gram. Unhulled: 99,140 seed/ ounce, 3,495 seed/gram (AOSA). Hulled bermudagrass: 48 lb./cu ft, 60 lb./bushel. Unhulled bermudagrass: 32 lb./cu ft, 40 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9%. Cynosurus cristatus L., Crested dogtail grass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 53,865 seed per ounce; 1,900 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.8–0.9 mm; thickness: 0.5–0.7 mm; length: 3.0–3.4 mm; floating velocity: 1.7–2.4 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.5 g; shape: narrowly ellipsoid, tapering into a slender awn; texture: very rough; color: straw. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). No copyright information


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Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): ): all seed (98–100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.5 100% of seed pass: 0.85 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.8 50% of seed: 3.6 100% of seed: 4.0 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 2.6 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.2 100% of seed float (are separated): 4.2 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 410 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 30.5 50% of seed are carried upward: 26.8 100% of seed are carried upward: 23.8 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Dactylis glomerata L., Orchardgrass, cocksfoot Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). 23,615–29,825 seed per ounce; 840–1,050 (945) seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.8–1.5 mm; thickness: 0.6–1.1 mm; length: 4.5–6.1 mm; floating velocity: 1.6–4.8 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.0 g; specific gravity: 260 g/l; shape: triangular; texture: mainly scabrous; color: beige. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.).


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Floret: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.85 100% of seed pass: 1.1 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 1.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.5 50% of seed: 5.6 100% of seed: 6.1 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.6 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.9 100% of seed float (are separated): 4.8 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 260 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 33.5 50% of seed are carried upward: 29.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 25.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Spikelet: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.1



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Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.2 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.0 50% of seed: 6.2 100% of seed: 7.0 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 197 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Caryopsis: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.3 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.5 50% of seed: 2.8 100% of seed: 3.3 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 655 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 180 Kg/cubic meter; 14 lb. per bushel; 11.2 lb./cubic foot Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Orchardgrass: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 9.8 10.5 11.1 12.0 13.0 14.9 No copyright information

RH % 55 65 70 75 80 85

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Ehrharta calycina J.E. Smith, Perennial veldtgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemmas, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (29) (ISTA Rules). 18,610 seed ounce, 655 seed/gram (AOSA). Elymus canadensis L., Canada wildrye Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; caryopsis (30) (ISTA Rules). 5,385 seed per ounce; 190 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Elymus cinereus (Scribner & Merrill) A. Love, Basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus (Scribner & Merrill) A. Love) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; caryopsis (30) (ISTA Rules). 9,000 seed/ounce, 317 seed/gram (AOSA). Elymus elymoides (Rafinesque) Swezey, Bottlebrush squirreltail Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; caryopsis (30) (ISTA Rules). 5,400–14,800 seed/ounce, 190–520 (300) seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Elymus junceus Fischer, Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea (Fischer) Nevski) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; caryopsis (30) (ISTA Rules). 9,810–10,515 seed/ounce, 345–370 seed/gram (AOSA).



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Elymus smithii (Rydberg) Gould, Western wheatgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; caryopsis (30) (ISTA Rules). 7,115 seed/ounce, 250 seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinners, Slender wheatgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; caryopsis (30) (ISTA Rules). 8,335 seed/ounce, 295 seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Eragrostis curvula (Schrader) Nees, Weeping lovegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 92,645 seed per ounce; 3,270 seed per gram (AOSA). 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Eragrostis trichodes (Nuttal) Wood, Sand lovegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 101,605 seed/ounce, 3,585 seed/gram (AOSA). Festuca arundinacea Schreber, Tall fescue, Kentucky 31 fescue, Alta fescue Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least one-third the length of the palea, measured from base of rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). Kentucky 31 tall fescue: 19.2 lb./cu ft; 24 lb./bushel. 11,115–14,600 seed per ounce; 390–515 (455) seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.6–1.9 mm; thickness: 0.9–1.2 mm; length: 5.9–8.0 mm; floating velocity: 3.1–5.6 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.7 g; specific gravity: 330 g/l; shape: narrowly ovate; texture: slightly rugous; color: light greyish brown; has awned lemma. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). No copyright information

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Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.3 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 7.1 50% of seed: 7.6 100% of seed: 8.8 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.3 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.1 100% of seed float (are separated): 5.0 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 314 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 32.5 50% of seed are carried upward: 27.8 100% of seed are carried upward: 22.7 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Alta fescue: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 10.5 11.9 12.5 13.2 15.0 17.3


RH % 55 65 70 75 80 85


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Festuca ovina L., Sheep fescue Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least one-third the length of the palea, measured from base of rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). 33,145 seed per ounce; 1,165 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.7–1.4 mm; thickness: 0.5–0.9 mm; length: 3.7–5.2 mm; floating velocity: 3.5–4.3 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.7 g; shape: long ellipsoid; texture: rough; color: cream. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Floret: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.7 50% of seed: 4.5 100% of seed: 5.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Floret with awn: Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.3 50% of seed: 6.3 100% of seed: 7.2 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.5 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.6 100% of seed float (are separated): 3.7


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Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 276 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 31.5 50% of seed are carried upward: 26.9 100% of seed are carried upward: 24.3 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Spikelet: Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.1 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.5 50% of seed pass: 2.25 100% of seed pass: 4.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.7 50% of seed: 6.6 100% of seed: 7.7 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 130 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Spikelet with awn: Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 7.3 50% of seed: 8.4 100% of seed: 11.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 11.2 lb./cu ft; 14 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Festuca ovina L. ssp. cinerea (Vill.) Duyfjes, Hard fescue Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least one-third the length of the palea, measured from base of rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). Width: 0.7–0.8 mm; thickness: 0.4–0.8 mm; length: 3.0–6.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.0 g; shape: long ellipsoid; texture: rough; color: cream. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. No copyright information


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Festuca pratensis Hudson (Festuca elatior), Meadow fescue Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least one-third the length of the palea, measured from base of rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). Meadow fescue: 19.2 lb./cu ft; 24 lb./bushel. 14,090 seed per ounce; 495 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.9–1.7 mm; thickness: 0.6–1.2 mm; length: 4.7–6.8 mm; floating velocity: 3.7–5.0 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.1 g; shape: long ellipsoid; texture: rough; color: cream. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Floret: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed smooth, iron powder adheres to only 2–35%. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.85 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 1.7 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.7 50% of seed: 5.8 100% of seed: 6.8 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.8 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.0 100% of seed float (are separated): 4.7 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 360 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 29.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 25.1 100% of seed are carried upward: 20.8 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) No copyright information

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Spikelet: Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.1 50% of seed pass: 1.3 100% of seed pass: 1.6 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.6 50% of seed pass: 2.75 100% of seed pass: 4.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 6.2 50% of seed: 7.7 100% of seed: 8.7 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 50% of seed float (are separated): 100% of seed float (are separated): Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 151 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Gaudin, Chewings fescue Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least one-third the length of the palea, measured from base of rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). 28,040 seed per ounce; 900 seed per gram (AOSA). Floret: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.75 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 1.5 No copyright information


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Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.6 50% of seed: 6.5 100% of seed: 7.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Floret with awn: Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 6.6 50% of seed: 7.9 100% of seed: 10.0 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.8 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.0 100% of seed float (are separated): 5.0 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 250 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 30.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 25.6 100% of seed are carried upward: 22.7 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Chewings Fescue: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 10.0 11.2 12.1 14.5 16.9

RH % 55 65 70 80 84

Festuca rubra L., Red fescue; Festuca rubra L. subsp. rubra, Creeping red fescue Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least one-third the length of the palea, measured from base of rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). 22,820 seed per ounce; 805–990 seed per gram (AOSA). 11.2 lb./cu ft; 14 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. No copyright information

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Width: 0.8–1.5 mm; thickness: 0.5–0.9 mm; length: 5.6–7.6 mm; floating velocity: 3.6–4.5 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.2 g; shape: long ellipsoid; texture: rough; color: cream. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Creeping Red Fescue: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %


55 65 70 75 80 85

Festuca tenuifolia Sibthorp (Festuca capillata), Hair fescue Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least one-third the length of the palea, measured from base of rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). 90,720 seed per ounce; 3,200 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Festuca trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina, Hard fescue Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least one-third the length of the palea, measured from base of rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). 36,995 seed/ounce, 1,305 seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth., Galleta grass Plant family: Gramineae Other than caryopses: 7,400 seed/ounce, 260 seed/gram; caryopses: 16,500 seed/ounce, 580 seed/gram (AOSA). Holcus lanatus L., Velvetgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached staminate floret, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (35) (ISTA Rules). 95,060 seed per ounce; 3,360 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information


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Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (90–100%) rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.5 100% of seed pass: 0.7 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.0 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.9 50% of seed: 2.2 100% of seed: 2.6 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 0.75 50% of seed float (are separated): 1.1 100% of seed float (are separated): 2.3 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 486 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 44.2 50% of seed are carried upward: 38.5 100% of seed are carried upward: 32.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Lolium x hybridum Haussknecht, Intermediate ryegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least 1/3 the length of the palea, measured from the base of the rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). 9,580 seed/ounce, 338 seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Lolium multiflorum Lamarck, Annual ryegrass, Italian ryegrass (diploid) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least 1/3 the length of the palea, measured from the base of the rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). No copyright information

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11,225–12,560 seed per ounce; 395–445 (420) seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.9–1.8 mm; thickness: 0.5–1.1 mm; length: 4.5–6.5 mm; floating velocity: 1.2–4.9 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.2 g; specific gravity: 280 g/l; shape: rectangular; texture: smooth; color: yellowish grey; awned. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Floret: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 1.1 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 1.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.5 50% of seed: 5.5 100% of seed: 6.5 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.2 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.8 100% of seed float (are separated): 4.9 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 280 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 32.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 27.4 100% of seed are carried upward: 24.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Floret with awn: Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 7.8 50% of seed: 10.1 100% of seed: 13.2 No copyright information


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Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.2 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.8 100% of seed float (are separated): 4.9 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 280 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which 1% of seed are carried upward: 32.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 27.4 100% of seed are carried upward: 24.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. 19.2 lb./cu ft; 24 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Ryegrass: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 11.0 12.1 12.8 14.1 15.7 16.3

RH % 55 65 70 75 80 85

Lolium multiflorum Lamarck, Annual ryegrass, Italian ryegrass (tetraploid) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least 1/3 the length of the palea, measured from the base of the rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.0–2.0 mm; thickness: 0.4–1.3 mm; length: 4.7–7.7 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 4.0 g; shape: rectangular, awned; texture: smooth; color: yellow grey. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Lolium perenne L., Perennial ryegrass (diploid) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least 1/3 the length of the palea, measured from the base of the rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). No copyright information

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13,155–16,895 seed per ounce; 465–595 (530) seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.9–1.8 mm; thickness: 0.5–1.2 mm; length: 5.6–6.9 mm; floating velocity: 1.8–4.9 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.0 g; specific gravity: 317 g/l; shape: rectangular; texture: smooth; color: yellow grey. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 1.8 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.6 50% of seed: 6.3 100% of seed: 6.9 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.8 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.4 100% of seed float (are separated): 4.9 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 317 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 27.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 24.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 21.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 19.2 lb./cu ft; 24 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%.



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Ryegrass: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 11.0 12.1 12.8 13.4 14.9 16.6

RH % 55 65 70 75 80 85

Lolium perenne L., Perennial ryegrass (tetraploid) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis with or without awn (size of caryopsis at least 1/3 the length of the palea, measured from the base of the rachilla); caryopsis (33) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.1–1.7 mm; thickness: 0.5–1.0 mm; length: 4.5–8.4 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 3.9 g; shape: rectangular; texture: smooth; color: yellow grey. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Melinis minutiflora Beauvois, Molassesgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). 219,765 seed per ounce; 7,750 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roemer & Schultes) Ricker, Indian ricegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; piece of floret containing a caryopsis larger than ½ the original size; caryopsis (31) (ISTA Rules). 10,120 seed per ounce; 355 seed per gram (AOSA). Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Acherson & Schweinfurth, Smilograss, smilo Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; piece of floret containing a caryopsis larger than ½ the original size; caryopsis (31) (ISTA Rules). 57,025 seed per ounce; 2,010 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information

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Panicum antidotale Retzius, Blue panicgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). 38,895 seed per ounce; 1,370 seed per gram (AOSA). Panicum maximum Jacquin var. maximum, Guineagrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). 62,540 seed per ounce; 2,205 seed per gram (AOSA). Panicum maximum Jacquin var. trichoglume Robyns, Green panicgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). 36,995 seed/ounce, 1,305 seed/gram (AOSA). Width: 1.0 mm; thickness: 0.8 mm; length: 2.25–2.5 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.63 g; shape: ellipsoid; texture: fibrous glume; color: pale green to straw. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Panicum virgatum L., Switchgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). 13,780–18,595 seed per ounce; 485–655 (570) seed per gram (AOSA). Paspalum dilatatum Poiret, Dallisgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). Dallisgrass: 8–16 lb./cu ft; 10–20 lb./bushel. 17,575 seed per ounce; 620 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information


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Width: 2.2 mm; thickness: 0.8 mm; length: 2.8 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.7 g; specific gravity: 369 g/l; shape: pointed ovate; texture: smooth, ribbed; color: brown to light green. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Paspalum notatum Fluegge, Bahiagrass, Pensacola, etc., bahiagrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). 19.2 lb./cu ft, 24 lb./bushel. 17,040 seed per ounce; 600 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Paspalum urvillei Steudel, Vaseygrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). 27,550 seed per ounce; 970 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher, Napiergrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: fascicle or burr of 1–5 spikelets with involucre of bristles (spikelet with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryospis, plus attached sterile lemma); floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (43) (ISTA Rules). Pennisetum ruppelianum, Ornamental grass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: fascicle or burr of 1–5 spikelets with involucre of bristles (spikelet with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryospis, plus attached sterile lemma); floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (43) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 14,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book).


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Phalaris arundinacea L., Reed canarygrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemmas, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (29) (ISTA Rules). 33,620 seed per ounce; 1,185 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.5–1.0 mm; thickness: 0.8–1.4 mm; length: 5.6–6.9 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.5 g; shape: laterally flattened; texture: smooth; color: straw to dark greyish brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): main part of seed (65–98%) are smooth, iron powder adheres to only 2–35%. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): main part) of seed (65– 98%)are smooth, iron powder Adheres to only 2–35%. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.3 50% of seed: 3.7 100% of seed: 4.2 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.6 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.7 100% of seed float (are separated): 4.5 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 410 Friction coefficient (inclination of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 28.9 50% of seed are carried upward: 24.9 100% of seed are carried upward: 20.5 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I)



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Reed Canarygrass: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 11.4 12.0 12.4 13.5 14.7 15.5

RH % 55 65 70 75 80 85

Phalaris canariensis L., Canarygrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemmas, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (29) (ISTA Rules). 4,255 seed per ounce; 150 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 2.3 mm; thickness: 1.5 mm; length: 4.6 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 6.7 g; specific gravity: 780 g/l; shape: elongate; texture: smooth (fine hairs); color: cream. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed smooth, iron powder adheres to only 2–35%. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed smooth, iron powder adheres to only 2–35%. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.1 50% of seed pass: 1.5 100% of seed pass: 2.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.6 50% of seed pass: 2.2 100% of seed pass: 3.2 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.5 50% of seed: 5.0 100% of seed: 5.4 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.4 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.6 100% of seed float (are separated): 7.2 No copyright information

292


Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 779 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 26.2 50% of seed are carried upward: 21.4 100% of seed are carried upward: 18.1 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Phalaris stenoptera Hackel (Phalaris tuberosa var. stenoptera), Hardinggrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemmas, with or without awn; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (29) (ISTA Rules). 21,300 seed per ounce; 750 seed per gram (AOSA). Phleum pratense L., Timothy Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). 66,150–77,250 seed per ounce; 2,405–2,725 (2,565) seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.6–1.2 mm; thickness: 0.4–0.9 mm; length: 1.6–2.2 mm; floating velocity: 1.8–3.8 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.4 g; specific gravity: 640 g/l; shape: eggformed; texture: smooth; color: silver grey. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Floret: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.6 50% of seed: 1.85 100% of seed: 2.2 No copyright information


293

Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.8 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.8 100% of seed float (are separated): 3.8 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 640 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 24.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 19.4 100% of seed are carried upward: 13.8 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Caryopsis: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 1.1 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.2 50% of seed: 1.4 100% of seed: 1.5 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 808 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 577 Kg/cubic meter; 45 Lb per bushel; 36 lb./cubic foot. Timothy: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 10.9 11.8 12.6 13.6 14.5 16.1 No copyright information

RH % 55 65 70 75 80 85

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Poa annua L., Annual bluegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (41) (ISTA Rules). 74,730 seed per ounce; 2,635 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all (98–100%) seed rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all (98–100%) seed rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.6 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.5 50% of seed: 2.9 100% of seed: 3.5 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 344 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Bluegrass (general): 180–385 kg/cu m; 11.2–24.0 lb./cu ft; 14–30 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Poa arachnifera Torrey, Texas bluegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (41) (ISTA Rules). 71,000 seed per ounce; 2,500 seed per gram (AOSA). Bluegrass (general): 180–385 kg/cu m; 11.2–24.0 lb./cu ft; 14–30 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Poa bulbosa L., Bulbous bluegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: bulblet (AOSA). No copyright information


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Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (41) (ISTA Rules). 16,640 seed per ounce; 585 seed per gram (AOSA). Bluegrass (general): 180–385 kg/cu m; 11.2–24.0 lb./cu ft; 14–30 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Poa compressa L., Canada bluegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (41) (ISTA Rules). 143,165 seed per ounce; 5,050 seed per gram (AOSA). Bluegrass (general): 180–385 kg/cu m; 11.2–24.0 lb./cu ft; 14–30 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Poa glaucantha Gaudin, Glaucantha bluegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (41) (ISTA Rules). Bluegrass (general): 180–385 kg/cu m; 11.2–24.0 lb./cu ft; 14–30 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Poa nemoralis L, Wood bluegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (41) (ISTA Rules). 122,725 seed per ounce; 4,330 seed per gram (AOSA). Bluegrass (general): 180–385 kg/cu m; 11.2–24.0 lb./cu ft; 14–30 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Poa nevadensis Schribner, Nevada bluegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (41) (ISTA Rules). Bluegrass (general): 180–385 kg/cu m; 11.2–24.0 lb./cu ft; 14–30 lb./bushel. 65,435 seed per ounce; 2,305 seed per gram (AOSA). Bluegrass (general): 180–385 kg/cu m; 11.2–24.0 lb./cu ft; 14–30 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. No copyright information

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Poa palustris L., Swamp meadowgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (41) (ISTA Rules). Width: 0.7–1.0 mm; thickness: 0.3–0.6 mm; length: 1.9–3.0 mm; floating velocity: 4.2–5.1 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.2 g; shape: long ellipsoid; texture: rough; color: cream. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.3 50% of seed pass: 0.4 100% of seed pass: 0.6 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.9 50% of seed: 2.4 100% of seed: 3.0 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 0.8 50% of seed float (are separated): 1.6 100% of seed float (are separated): 2.6 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 36.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 29.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 25.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant.



297

Poa pratensis L., Kentucky bluegrass, smooth-stalked meadow grass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (41) (ISTA Rules). Includes Merion and other turf/lawn types. 63,845–109,885 seed per ounce; 2,250–3,875 (3,065) seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.6–1.0 mm; thickness: 0.4–0.8 mm; length: 2.5–3.2 mm; floating velocity: 1.2–3.6 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.31 g; specific gravity: 357–385 g/l; shape: more or less triangular, hair tuft at seed base; texture: mainly scabrous; color: beige. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.5 100% of seed pass: 0.8 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.5 50% of seed: 2.8 100% of seed: 3.2 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.4 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.2 100% of seed float (are separated): 3.6 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 385 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 38.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 28.8 100% of seed are carried upward: 25.5 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) No copyright information

298


“Bluegrass” (no kind specified): 180–385 kg/cubic meter; 14–30 lb. per bushel; 11.2–24.0 lb./cubic foot. Kentucky bluegrass: 16.8 lb./cu ft, 21 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Kentucky Bluegrass: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 9.7 10.8 11.3 12.7 14.3 16.4

RH % 55 65 70 75 60 85

Poa trivialis L., Rough bluegrass, rough-stalked meadowgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (41) (ISTA Rules). 130,645 seed per ounce; 4,610 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.6–1.0 mm; thickness: 0.4–0.8 mm; length: 2.5–3.2 mm; floating velocity: 1.2–3.6 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.31 g; specific gravity: 357–385 g/l; shape: more or less triangular, hair tuft a seed base; texture: mainly scabrous; color: beige. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.5 100% of seed pass: 0.7 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 0.9 No copyright information


299

Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.0 50% of seed: 2.4 100% of seed: 2.9 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.2 50% of seed float (are separated): 1.9 100% of seed float (are separated): 3.2 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 357 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 38.2 50% of seed are carried upward: 28.6 100% of seed are carried upward: 25.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Bluegrass (general): 180–385 kg/cu m; 11.2–24.0 lb./cu ft; 14–30 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Rough Bluegrass: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 9.4 11.9 13.9 16.2

RH % 55 70 80 85

Psathyrostachys juncea (Fischer) Nevski, Russian wildrye Plant family: Gramineae 9,810–10,515 seed/ounce, 345–370 (360) seed/gram (AOSA). Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash, Little bluestem Plant family: Gramineae 14,855 seed/ounce, 525 seed/gram (AOSA). Setaria sphacelatas (Shum.) Stapf et C.E.Hubb., Kazungula grass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.1 mm; length: 2.4–3.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.6–0.8 g; specific gravity: 226 g/l; shape: broadly ellipsoidal; texture: hairy; color: light greenbrown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). No copyright information

300


Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, Indiangrass, yellow Indiangrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 9,865–12,530 seed per ounce; 350–440 (395) seed per gram (AOSA). Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon, Johnsongrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 7,455 seed per ounce; 265 seed per gram (AOSA). Johnsongrass: 22.4 lb./cu ft; 28 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Sorghum ‘Sorgrass’, Sorgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 3,770 seed/ounce, 135 seed/gram (AOSA). Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torrey) A. Gray, Sand dropseed Plant family: Gramineae 350,005 seed per ounce; 12,345 seed per gram (AOSA). Stipa viridula Trinius, Green needlegrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis 42) (ISTA Rules). 10,490 seed/ounce, 370 seed/gram (AOSA).



301

Zoysia japonica Steudel, Japanese lawngrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with one glume, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis (first glume absent, second glume completely infolding the thin lemma and palea, the palea sometimes obsolete); caryopsis (39) (ISTA Rules). 37,590 seed per ounce; 1,325 seed per gram (AOSA). Zoysia matrella (L.) Merrill, Manilagrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with one glume, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis (first glume absent, second glume completely infolding the thin lemma and palea, the palea sometimes obsolete); caryopsis (39) (ISTA Rules). Conditioning Grass seed, in terms of conditioning, includes types which range from extremely chaffy to non-chaffy; they have quite different conditioning requirements as the degree of chaffiness varies. Chaff includes stems, empty florets, awns, and other plant trash. Chaffy types of grass seed are usually relatively lightweight in density, and have significant amounts of chaff, empty glumes, awns, seed appendages, stems, spikelet clusters, etc. In conditioning, they require a significant amount of pre-conditioning (rethreshing, debearding, scalping, hulling) to put these materials in a condition so that they can flow through the machines and be separated. Conditioning, because of removing so much material, usually involves a considerable loss of weight. These influence the need for, and degree of, scalping, debearding, hulling, etc., and the type and amount of conditioning separations. However, the conditioning separation processes are similar, once the flowability of the seed is improved. In terms of conditioning required, grass seed can be separated into 4 arbitrary but distinct groups: 1. Quite chaffy. rough seed of Merion bluegrass (Poa pratensis) as it comes from harvest sometimes has as much as 70% chaff and plant material which must be brought into condition so the seed material can flow and be separated. 2. Chaffy. 3. Somewhat chaffy. 4. Relatively non-chaffy. Conditioning machines 1. Rethreshing: a stationary thresher or combine is often used to re-clean very chaffy seed (e.g., Merion bluegrass) to help break up clusters, remove some lightweight trash and chaff, and reduce dust before the seed material goes into the conditioning plant’s system. (used only on very chaffy types). Sometimes, a scalper follows the rethresher, and then a second rethreshing operation is done. No copyright information

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2. Scalper: screen-and-air scalper removes much large and small trash, dust, light materials, empty glumes, etc. 3. Debearder: breaks up clusters, removes awns, eliminates appendages on seed hulls, etc., to make seed more free-flowing and easier to condition. (used for chaffy types only; non-chaffy seed are not debearded). 4. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove chaff, large trash, clusters, etc.; grading screens remove dust, dirt, small weed/grass seed, small trash, etc.; airblasts remove lightweight materials and dust. Note: when chaff and inert material is removed in a separating process, some good seed are inevitably lost. It has been found that if all chaff is removed in one separation, a higher percentage of good seed is lost in order to remove all chaff. If several separations are made and a smaller amount of chaff is removed in each separation, there is significantly less loss of good seed. Therefore, chaffy grass seed are often cleaned over 2 or 3 full-size air-screen cleaners in sequence. Each machine removes some of the chaff; at the end of the sequence of machines, all chaff has been removed, with minimum loss of good seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Alkali grass (English measure) Bahiagrass, Argentine (English measure) Bahiagrass, Common (English measure) Bahiagrass, Pensacola (English measure) Bentgrass (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1/18 8

50×50 15×15

22×22 1/16×1/2

45×45 1/13

9

12×12

1/114×1/4

1/15

6

17×17

1/18×1/4

1/17

26×26, 28×28 1.30r

60×60

28×28, 32×32 1.1r

60×60

32×32

0.3 r 36–38 wire mesh 6×24 6×38

38×38

28×28

6×42

6×42 6×42

6×30 1/20

6×40 6×40

6×42

26×26

6×40

6×42

1/18, 24×24

6×40

–

1.75 R mm

0.3 S mm

Bentgrass, creeping (ISTA, metric in mm) Bermudagrass, unhulled 1/18 (English measure) Bermudagrass, hulled 1/25 (English measure) Bermudagrass (English measure) 6×28 Bluegrass, Canadian 1/18 (English measure) Bluegrass, Kentucky 6×28 (English measure) Bluegrass, Kentucky (scalped) 1/16, 1/18 (English measure) Bluegrass, Kentucky 2.1 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 0.8 S mm

0.7slot

Table contd... No copyright information


303

Table contd... CROP Bluegrass, Merion (scalped) (English measure) Blue Panic Grass (English measure) Brachiaria, Signalgrass (Metric measure; ISTA) Bromegrass, Smooth (English measure) Bromegrass (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1/15, 1/16

6×42

1/16, 20×20

6×40

1/19

28×28

17×17

6×34

4.0 R mm

–

–

12, 10

6x24

10

9 tri, 6×26 8 –

1/13×1/2 to 1/16×1/2 1/13×1/2

1.5 to 1.8 S mm 6×24, 9 tri 6×24

Buffalograss (English measure) 18 17 1/16×1/2 Buffelgrass, Walker 12.5 R mm, 10 R mm 3.9 R mm (Metric measure; ISTA) 15.5 R mm Buffelgrass, Nisbet 13–25 R mm, – 4.0 R mm 3–5.0 R mm (Metric measure; ISTA) 10 R mm Bulbous Bluegrass 21 10 20 11 (English measure) Canarygras 1.2–1.8 S mm – – 0.6–1.5S mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.8 R mm Canary Grass, Reed 1/12 6×24 3/64×5/16 1/16 (English measure) Canarygrass, Reed 2.5 R mm, – 1.9 R mm 0.6 S mm (Metric measure; ISTA) 2.0 R mm Canarygrass, Moroccan 7 1/15, 1/14 1/14×1/2 1/14, 1/13 (English measure) Carpetgrass (English measure) 1/13 32×32 6×22 6×40 Carpetgrass (English measure) 1/15 6×40 6×28 6×38 Dallisgrass (English measure) 8, 7 16x16 7, 1/14 3/645×5/16 Dallisgrass (English measure) 8 1/15 3×14 1/14 Dallisgrass, (Metric measure; ISTA) 3.5 R mm, – mm 0.7–1.5 S mm mm Dogstail, Crested 2.0 R mm, – 1.7 R mm 0.3 S mm (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.8 R mm Fescue, Chewings 3/64×5/16 6×32 1/22×1/2 6×30, 5 tri (English measure) Fescue, Hard 3.6 R mm, – 2.8 R mm 0.6 R mm (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.1 S mm Fescue, Kentucky 3/64×5/16 6×32 1/22×1/2 5 tri, 6×30 31 (English measure) Fescue (Alta, Chewings, 3/64×5/16 6×32 1/22×1/2, 6 6×32, Meadow, or Kentucky 31) 5 tri (English measure) Fescue, Meadow (English measure) 1/13x1/2 6x21 1/14×1/4 4×22, 5 tri Fescue, Meadow 4.1 R mm, – 3.2 R mm 1.0 R mm (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.3 S mm Fescue, Creeping Red 1/22×1/2 6×32 1/22×1/2, 6 6×32, (English measure) 5 tri Table contd... No copyright information

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Table contd... CROP


Fescue, Red (Metric measure; ISTA) Fescue, Sheep (Metric measure; ISTA) Fescue, Tall (Metric measure; ISTA) Guinea Grass (English measure) Harding Grass (English measure) Johnsongrass (English measure)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

3.6 R mm, – 1.2 S mm 2.0 R mm, – 1.9 R mm 3.5 R mm, – 3.2 R mm 1/12 6×30 1/13, 1/14 6×30 8 1/17, 1/16

3.0 R mm

0.6 R mm

0.8 S mm

0.3 S mm

1.3 S mm

0.7 S mm

1/18×1/4 1/22×1/2 1/13×1/2

6×28 6×26 1/16, 1/22×1/2 1/16 1.0–1.2 R mm

Johnsongrass (English measure) 10 Kazungula Grass 1.8–2.0 R mm (Metric measure; ISTA) Lovegrass, Boer (English measure) 1/25 Lovegrass, Lehman 1/20 (English measure) Lovegrass, Sand (English measure) 1/29 Lovegrass, Weeping 1/24, 1/25 (English measure) Meadow Foxtail 3.2 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 3.0 R mm Meadowgrass, Rough-Stalked 2.1 R mm, (Metric easure; ISTA) 0.8 S mm Meadowgrass, Swamp 2.0 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.7 R mm Oatgrass, Tall 4.5 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 3.5 R mm, 2.5 S mm Oatgrass, Tall Meadow 1/12×1/2 (English measure) Orchardgrass, cocksfoot 3/64×5/16 (English measure) Orchardgrass (Metric measure; ISTA) Panicgrass, green, (Metric measure; ISTA) Redtop (English measure) Redtop (English measure) Redtop, (removing timothy) (English measure) Redtop, (removing timothy) (English measure) Redtop (Metric measure; ISTA) Rescue Grass (English measure)

3.5 R mm, 1.1 S mm 3.1 R mm, 2.7 R mm 28×28, 30×30 26×26 30×30 26×26

1/18 –

8 –

60×60 40×40

–

30×30 1/25, 32×32 1/23, 1/25 1/25, 6×32 2.8 R mm

6×34 40×40, 6×40 0.5 S mm

–

1.75 R mm

0.3 S mm

–

1.6 R mm 0.3-0.4 S mm

–

2.3 S mm

0.75 R mm

6×30

1/14×1/2

6×28

6×32

6×32, 5 tri

–

1/22×1/2 diagonal, 6; 1/24×/2 2.25 R mm

0.5 S mm

–

2.3 R mm

1.0 R mm

60×60

50×50

60×60 60×60

30×30, 32×32 28×28 6×34

50×50 50×50

60×60

6×34

50×50

0.7 S mm

0.3 R mm

1/13×1/2 to 7/64×3/4

1/18×1/4, 10 tri, 9 tri

32×32 50×50

1.3 R mm, – 1.1 R mm 16, 12 1/18×1/4

50×50 36×36



305

Table contd... CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1/12 2.0–3.5R mm

6×34 1.0 R mm

1/12

1/22×1/2, 4×19 12

6×32, 5 tri 14x14

–

3.0 R mm

0.5 S mm

–

3.4 R mm

0.6 S mm

–

2.75 R mm

0.5 S mm

–

3.25 R mm

0.6 S mm

50×50

45×45

36×36

32×32, 6×36 4×24

18×18

1/14

6×22

6×36

6×34

6×36

1/21 to 1/25, 20×20 1/19, 1/20

6×36

6×20, 6×21

6×36

6×26

6×34

6×34

1/20

6×32

6 ×32

1/20

6 ×30

6×36

1/20

6×34

6×30

1/22

6×34

1/25, 6×26

6×32

–

1.25 R mm

0.4 S mm

6×32, 6×30 6×20, 6×18 6×22, 6×20 4×24

1/18×1/4

6×30, 5 tri 6×18, 9 tri 6×20, 9 tri 4×22

Rhodesgrass (English measure) 6 6×36 Rhodesgrass 2.7–3.5 R mm, – (Metric measure; ISTA) 2.3–3.1 R mm Ryegrass (English measure) 3/64×5/16 6×32 Ryegrass, English 3/64×5/16 (English measure) Ryegrass, Italian Diploid 3.75 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.4 S mm Ryegrass, Italian Tetraploid 4.0 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.5 S mm Ryegrass, Perennial Diploid 3.75 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.1 S mm Ryegrass, Perennial Tetraploid 4.0 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.4 S mm Sand Dropseed Grass 1/25 (English measure) Side-Oats Grama Grass 1/12 (English measure) Switchgrass, Blackwell 1/12 (English measure) Timothy (English measure) 1/20 to 1/23 Timothy (English measure)

1/18

Timothy (removing sorrel) 6×20, 6×21 (English measure) Timothy (removing red clover) 6×24 (English measure) Timothy (removing peppergrass 1/19 (English measure) Timothy (removing black plantain) 1/19 (English measure) Timothy (removing redtop) 1/19 (English measure) Timothy (removing buckhorn) 1/20 (English measure) Timothy (removing alsike clover) 1/20 (English measure) Timothy (Metric measure; ISTA) 2.0, 1.75 R mm, 1.0 S, 1.4 R mm Wheatgrass, Crested 8, (English measure) 1/16×1/2 Wheatgrass, Intermediate 1/13×1/2 (English measure) Wheatgrass, Western 1/13×1/2 (English measure) Wheatgrass, Western 1/13×1/2 (English measure)


1/14×1/2 1/14×1/2 1/14×1/2

6×60

6×34, 6×32 6×34, 6×32

6×30, 6×28

306


5. Second Air-Screen Cleaner (and sometimes a third): very chaffy grass seed (e.g., Merion bluegrass, etc.) is often sent through a second air-screen cleaner. Using more screens permits a closer screening with less loss of good seed, and at higher capacity. (used only for very chaffy grasses with high cleaning losses). 6. Gravity Separator: high side discharge removes any rocks or sand mixed with the seed; low side discharge removes light trash, empty glumes and florets, light immature seed, etc. For especially chaffy grass seed, the combined heavy good seed fraction and middlings fraction from the gravity separator are sometimes sent to a second gravity separator, which makes a closer separation of light undesirable materials with less middling fraction. For very chaffy seed, three gravity separators in sequence are sometimes used. 7. Middlings Gravity Separator: to increase capacity without losing good seed, a heavy middlings fraction is often separated and send to a special middlings gravity separator. This machine salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction. 8. Stoner: used if sand, rocks, or mudballs are mixed with the seed. The stoner receives the heavy mixed fraction from the gravity separator and separates good seed from the sand/rocks/mudballs. 9. Aspirator: (fractionating aspirator) sometimes used to make a seed-byseed (as compared to mass flow on a gravity separator) density separation of some grass seed. For example, the fractionating aspirator can remove wild oat seed from wheatgrass seed, which is not possible on the gravity separator. 10. Disc and/or Cylinder Separator: disc, cylinder or disc/cylinder separators are commonly used on grasses (especially disc separators on chaffy grass seed) to remove short and long undesirable trash, seed, etc. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size English measure 2

3

4

Small pigweed, alsike clover, small dodder, mullenweed,. sand, etc. Small sweet clover, pigweed, dodder, white clover, alsike clover, etc. Timothy, small red or white clover, dodder, hulled watergrass, mustard, sheep sorrel

Rejects

Buckhorn plantain, timothy, black medic, bluegrass (all varieties), alfalfa, crimson clover, lespedeza, etc. Thistles, buckhorn plantain, sticks, alfalfa, red clover, etc. Canada thistle, quackgrass, sticks, alfalfa, bluegrass, etc. Table contd...



307

Table contd... Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size 5 6-½ 8-½ 11 13 19 22 24

Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, etc. Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small , onion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled and broken barley, flax Spring wheat, small durum wheat Wheat, winter wheat, hulled oats, rye, etc. Barley

Metric measure: Bentgrass, creeping (Agrostis stolonifera) 1.5 mm removes small round materials 3.0 mm separates seed from long straw and weed seed. Bluegrass, Kentucky (Poa pratensis L.): 2.0 mm Lifts small trash and weed seed. Separates seed such as Myosotis spp, Stellaria media, Trifolium repens, etc. May have to reclean the liftings on air-screen cleaner to salvage good seed. 1.75 mm Lifts out Poa annua seed, but loss of good seed is high. 1.5 mm Lifts out seed of Capsella bursapastoris and Cerastium vulgatum. Brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf): 2.5–4.0 mm From Brachiaria, lifts short undesirable seed and particles. Canarygrass (Phalaris canariensis L.): 4.5–7.5 mm

Rejects Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Fescue, wheat, rygrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc. Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta fescue Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, pin oats Oats, wild oats, barley, etc. Oats, wild oats Oats, wild oats, barley with beards, etc.

Lifts Canarygrass seed to separate long trash, weed seed such as wild oats (Avena fatua), Lolium spp, etc.

Crested Dogtail Grass (Cynosurus cristatus L.): 2.0–2.25 mm From Crested Dogstail, lifts smaller-seeded species, e.g., Poa pratensis, Poa annua. Table contd...


308


Table contd... Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size

Rejects

4.5 mm

Lifts Crested Dogstail to separate longer straw and grass seed, e.g., Vulpia spp., Lolium spp. Fescue, Hard (Festuca ovina L. ssp. cinerea (Vill.) Duyfjes): 3.25–3.5 mm From Hard Fescue, removes short weed seed, naked caryopses, trash, etc. 3.5 mm From Hard Fescue, removes seed of Poa. 8.5 mm Lifts Hard Fescue to separate straw and long trash. Fescue, Meadow (Festuca pratensis Huds.): 3.5 mm From Meadow Fescue, lifts out short weed and crop seed, dirt balls, trash, broken seed, etc. 7.0 mm Lifts Meadow Fescue to separate longer seed such as awned seed of Lolium spp., straw, etc. Fescue, Red (Festuca rubra L.): 3.25–3.5 mm From Red Fescue, separates short weed seed, naked caryopses, short trash, etc. 5.5 mm Lifts Red Fescue to separate long straw, etc. Fescue, Sheep’s (Festuca ovina L. ssp. ovina): 2.0–2.5 mm From Sheep’s Fescue, separates weed seed, naked caryopses, and short impurities. 4.5 mm Lifts Sheep’s Fescue to separate longer weed seed, straw, etc. Also rejects multiple seed units, which can be salvaged by rebrushing/ redebearding and then recleaning. Fescue, Tall (Festuca arundinacea Schreber): 3.5 mm From Tall Fescue, lifts out short trash and seed such as Rumex spp., Brassica napus, Poa spp., Ranunculus acris Trifolium pratense, Medicago sativa, Silene latifolia, and caryopses of Holcus lanatus, etc. 4.0 mm From Tall Fescue, separates seed of Anthoxanthum odoratum. 4.5 mm From Tall Fescue, separates Dactylis glomerata and Lolium spp. Significant loss of good seed. Table contd... No copyright information


309


Rejects

5.0 mm

From Tall Fescue, separates seed of Alopecurus myosuroides. Significant loss of good seed. Foxtail, Meadow (Alopecurus pratensis L.): 3.5 mm From Meadow Foxtail, lifts out Poa spp and undesirable short particles. 6.0 mm

Lifts Meadow Foxtail, from longer trash, straw, seed, etc. Kazungula Grass (Setaria sphacelata (Shum.) Stapf et C.E.Hubb.): 3.5 mm Lifts good seed to separate long straw, etc. Meadowgrass, Rough-stalked (Poa trivialis L.): 2.0 mm Lifts out short trash and other seed such as Myosotis spp, Stellaria media, and Trifolium repens. Reclean liftings with air-screen to salvage small good seed. 1.75 mm Lifts out Poa annua seed, but heavy loss of good seed. 1.5 mm Lifts out seed of Capsella bursapastoris and Cerastium vulgatum. Meadowgrass, Swamp (Poa palustris L.): 2.0–2.25 mm Use 2.0 mm; if many weed seed or dirt balls, use 22.25 mm, to lift jout weed seed, naked caryopses, dirt balls, short trash, etc. 4.5 mm Lifts good seed to separate multiple florets, long trash, longer weed seed such as Alopecurus geniculatus L., Holcus lanatus L., etc. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.): 3.5 mm From Orchardgrass, lifts small seed and trash. Reclean liftings with indented cylinder 3.0 mm to salvage good seed, if 3.5 mm liftings contain much good seed. 7.5 mm Lifts Orchardgrass seed from longer trash, other grass seed, etc. 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 mm From Orchardgrass, separates seed of Agropyron repens. 2.0 mm From Orchardgrass, lifts out seed of Cuscuta trifolii.. Table contd... No copyright information

310


Table contd... Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size Panicgrass, Green (Panicum maximum Jacq.): 2.5 mm Redtop (Agrostis stolonifera L.) 1.0 mm From Redtop, small undesirable particles. 1.5 mm From Redtop, small undesirable particles. 3.0 mm

Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.): 2.5 mm Lifts out short trash, weed seed, etc. 5.0 mm

Rejects

Lifts Panicgrass to separate long trash.

Redtop seed from long straw and long weed seed. If seed are not brushed, 3.0 mm can remove long seed of Apera spicaventi.

Lifts Reed Canarygrass to separate long trash and long seed of other grass species.

Rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth): 4.0–7.5 mm

Lifts Rhodesgrass seed to separate longer undesirable particles and seed. Ryegrass, Italian (diploid and tetraploid)(Lolium multiflorum Lam.): 4.5 mm From Ryegrass, lifts out short trash and weed seed such as Cuscuta spp., etc. Sometimes, reclean the liftings to salvage good seed, with 3.5–4.5 mm. 4.0 mm From Ryegrass, separates Avena fatua. 8.5–9.0 mm Lifts Ryegrass to separate long trash and grass seed. 7.5 mm Separates Agropyron repens from Ryegrass. Ryegrass, Perennial (diploid and tetraploid) (Lolium perenne L.): 4.5 mm From Ryegrass, lifts out short trash and weed seed, etc. Sometimes, reclean the liftings to salvage good seed, with 3.5–4.5 mm 8.5–9.0 mm Lifts Ryegrass to separate long trash and grass seed. 7.5 mm Separates Agropyron repens from Ryegrass. 2.0 mm To remove Cuscuta, use 2.0 mm after using 4.5 mm. Table contd...



311

Table contd... Crop/Cylinder Lifts Rejects Indent Size 4.0 mm From Ryegrass, separates Avena fatua. Tall Oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P.Beauv.): 5.50 mm From Tall Oatgrass, separates straw, leaves, etc. Timothy (Phleum pratense L.): 1.5 mm Lifts out short weed seed, trash, etc. Sometimes need to reclean the liftings on a 1.4 mm indent to salvage lifted naked good seed. 2.5 mm Lifts Timothy seed to separate long trash, grass seed, etc.

Disc Pocket English measure V 2-½ V3 V 3-½ V 3-¾ V4 V 4-½ V5 V 5-½ V 5-¾ V6 V 6-½ R 3-½ R 3-¾ R4 R 4-½ R5 R 5-½ R6 K L M

Will Lift:


Alsike, timothy, Ladino clover, white clover, etc. Red clover, small sweet clover, etc. Alfalfa, sweet clover, watergrass, etc. Watergrass, mustard, small cockle, small cracked grain, etc. Wild buckwheat, large cockle, vetch, cracked grain, wild onion bulblets Flax, extra large cockle, vetch, small or broken wheat, large wild buckwheat, etc. Watergrass, mustard, smartweed, bentgrass, buckhorn plantain

Buckhorn plantain, Canada thistle Thistle, sticks, etc. Hulled quackgrass, large thistle, flax, etc. Wheat, barley, pin oats, large flax, etc. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, etc.



Large wild buckwheat, broken wheat, broken barley, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum

Wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, rye, etc.



Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, etc. Table contd...


312


Table contd... Disc Pocket AC

J

A MM B RR, SS

Will Lift: wheat, pearled or broken barley, fescue, orchardgrass (to lift Kentucky 31 or alta fescue, use pockets J and A) Spring wheat, small durum wheat, Kentucky 31 fescue, alta fescue, etc. Wheat, winter wheat, durum wheat, barley, etc. small barley, hulled oats, rye, safflower Barley Beardless barley, oats, and all shorter grains



Oats, wild oats, bearded

Oats, wild oats, sticks, etc. Sticks, stems, etc.

11. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings. 12. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, such as most grass seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). (Not commonly done; used only for certain lawn grass species under certain marketing conditions). 13. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.




Re-thresher

Scalper

Re-thresher

Scalper

Debearder

Air-Screen Cleaner Second Air-Screen Cleaner and sometimes Third Air-Screen Cleaner

Disc, Cylinder, or Disc/Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Gravity Separator (Often, second and third Gravity Separator in-line) Middling Gravity

Stoner

Aspirator

Treater




313

314


112. GREVILLEA; AUSTRALIAN SILK OAK Grevillea robusta, Grevillea, Australian silk oak Plant family: Proteaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa, with or without wing; piece of seed larger than ½ the original size, with or without testa (14) (ISTA Rules). Fruit is broad, very oblique, about ¾: long (Bailey). Seed is bordered all around by a membranaceous wing, or narrowly winged at the end or outer margin (Bailey). Approx. 3,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade




315


Treater



112. GUAR Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert, Guar 965 seed/ounce, 35 seed/gram (AOSA). Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa; piece of seed larger than ½ the original size, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed somewhat flattened and circular in outline; surface is roughened by minute blisterlike protuberances. Radicle is equal to the cotyledons and not divergent; hilum is minute (Handbook 219). Seed is obtusely angled or almost circular, flattened, the surface roughened by minute tubercles; length and width about equal, 4–5 mm; color mostly pearl gray or yellowish, some seed purplish or brown. Scar is in a shallow indentation which is usually offcenter (Hbk 30). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information

316



Guar (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

12

7

8/64×3/4

1/13×1/2


Treater



113. HELICHRYSUM; STRAWFLOWER Helichrysum bracteatum monstrosum Hort., Helichrysum, Strawflower Plant family: Compositae Pappus of bristles simple or plumose only at tip (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). No copyright information


317

Approx. 36,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




318


114. HELIOTROPE Valeriana officinalis, Heliotrope Plant family: Valerianaceae Fruit a compressed achene, the rear face 1-nerved, the front face 3-nerved (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without feathery calyx, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (7) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 50,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade




319


Treater



115. HEMP Cannabis sativa L., Hemp Plant family: Moraceae Fruit a somewhat compressed seed-like achene, held in the persistent bract (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA Rules). 1,305 seed per ounce; 45 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 2.7–4.5 mm; thickness: 2.4–4.0 mm; length: 3.6–5.5 mm; floating velocity: 5.6–8.1 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 16.0 g; specific gravity: 553.7 g/l; shape: short ovoid with 2 carinas; texture: smooth; color: greyish green. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. No copyright information

320


Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.0 50% of seed pass: 2.75 100% of seed pass: 4.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.5 50% of seed pass: 3.5 100% of seed pass: 5.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.0 50% of seed: 5.0 100% of seed: 5.6 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.2 50% of seed float (are separated): 6.7 100% of seed float (are separated): 8.3 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 17.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 13.1 100% of seed are carried upward: 8.3 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 565 kg/cu m; 35.2 lb./cu ft; 44 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes considerable large trash such as stems, etc., and small trash such as leaf fragments, pieces of pods, etc. Air blasts remove dust, light trash, and some light seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Hemp (English measure) 14 Hemp (Metric measure; ISTA) 5.0 R mm, 4.8 R mm

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2ndGrade

1/13×1/2 –

12 4.5 R mm

1/12×1/2 2.4 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: cylinder pockets which lift the good seed can separate longer undesirable materials such as pieces of stem. Small pockets which reject the good seed can remove small short undesirable materials.


Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

321

Rejects

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 5.0 mm Lifts Hemp seed to separate barley, oats, wheat, Raphanus raphanistrum, etc.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and seed, and improves germination. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings. 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Cylinder Separator Treater



116. HOLLYHOCK Althea rosea, Annual hollyhock, perennial hollyhock Plant family: Malvaceae Fruit separating into carpels (actually achenes or follicles) (Bailey). Annual hollyhock has approx. 2,000 seed per ounce; perennial has approx. 3,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). No copyright information

322




1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





323

117. IMPATIENS; SULTANA Impatiens holsti, I. sultani, Impatiens, Sultana Plant family: Balsaminaceae Oblong or linear capsule, elastically dehiscent into 5 coiled valves, expelling the seed (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 50,000–60,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



324


118. INDIGO; INDIGO, HAIRY Indigofera hirsuta L., Hairy indigo Plant family: Leguminosae Pod terete or angular, not strongly curved, 1–2” long, with thin partitions between the seed (Bailey). 12,380 seed/ounce, 435 seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove large trash, grading screens remove small trash, airblasts remove dust, light trash and some light seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Indigo, Blanket (English measure) Indigo, Carpet (English measure) Indigo, Early (English measure) Indigo, Hairy (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1/15 1/15 1/12 1/12

20×22 20×22 18×18 18×18

16×16 16×16 1/13 1/13, 1/14

6×26 6×26 6×20 6×20

2. Gravity Separator: removes light seed to improve germination, and light trash. 3. Cylinder Separator: lifting good seed can separate long trash (not always used). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure 4 5

6-½ 8-½ 11


Lifts

Rejects

Timothy, small red or white clover, dodder, hulled watergrass, mustard, sheep sorrel Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, etc.


Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet Broken smallgrain, vetch, small onion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc.

Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass orchardgrass, etc. seed, etc. Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta fescue


325

4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Cylinder Separator

Treater



119. JUTE; JEWS MALLOW Corchorus olitorius L., Jute, Jews mallow Plant family: Tilliaceae Elongated capsule loculicidally dehiscent by 2–5 valves, sometimes with transverse partitions between the seed (Bailey). Capsules elongated, beaked (Bailey) Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Corchorus capsularis L., Jute Plant family: Tilliaceae No copyright information

326


Globose capsule loculicidally dehiscent by 2–5 valves, sometimes with transverse partitions between the seed (Bailey). Capsule globose, not beaked (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: sometimes used to reduce the amount of trash and dust in seed lots. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove large foreign particles; grading screens remove small foreign particles, broken seed, dust, etc.; airblasts remove light materials, dust, and light immature seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Jute (C. capsularis) (English measure) Jute (C. olitorius) (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

6 5, 6

– –

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade – –

4 2/64

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and light low-germinating seed; if seed are threshed on a threshing floor, the gravity can also concentrate and remove a heavy fraction containing the mudballs. 4. Disc or Cylinder Separator: usual use is to lift good seed so small sticks and stems can be removed. small pockets can also separate some small, short undesirable materials. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure 3 4

5

6-½ 8-½


Lifts

Rejects


Thistles, buckhorn plantain, sticks, alfalfa, red clover, etc.


Canada thistle, quackgrass, sticks, alfalfa, bluegrass, etc. Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc.


327

Table contd... Disc Pocket English measure V3 V 3-½ V 3-¾ V4 V 4-½ V5 V 5-½

Will Lift:


Red clover, small sweet clover, etc. Alfalfa, sweet clover, watergrass, etc. Watergrass, mustard, small cockle, small cracked grain, etc. Wild buckwheat, large cockle, vetch, cracked grain, wild onion bulblets

Thistle, sticks, etc. Hulled quackgrass, large thistle, flax, etc. Wheat, barley, pin oats, large flax etc. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, etc.

5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings in soil. 6. Special Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages, a special closed-circuit dehumidified dryer is used to reduce seed moisture content to below 8%. 7. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Scalper

Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Disc or Cylinder Separator Treater




328


120. KALANCHOE Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Kalanchoe Plant family: Crassulaceae Fruit a follicle; pistils 4, distinct or somewhat connate, many-ovuled (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 1,000,000–2,500,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low oisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence


Treater





329

121. KALE; COLLARDS KALE, CHINESE KALE, SIBERIAN Brassica napus var. pabularia (DC.) Reichb., Siberian kale Plant family: Cruciferae 9,215 seed/ounce, 325 seed/gram (AOSA). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC., Collards, kale Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 8,930 seed per ounce; 315 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra (Bailey) Musil, Chinese kale Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large and small undesirable particles, dust, light trash and seed, etc. With careful selection of screens, can remove many weed seed, broken crop seed, etc. Using a partially blanked scalping screen with an oilcloth cover to keep long seed lying flat, many long foreign seed (wild oats, grasses, etc.) can be removed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and immature seed; if seed were threshed on a threshing floor, can remove mudballs. 3. Cylinder Separator: smaller cylinder pocket can remove small short undesirable particles; larger cylinder pocket can lift good seed and reject long trash, wild oats, etc. No copyright information

330

Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size English measure 5

6-½ 8-½ 11

Rejects

Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, etc. Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small onion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed,etc.

Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc. Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta fescue

4. Spiral Separator: removes flat foreign seed (wheat, etc.) and cross-broken crop seed from round crucifer seed (not often used today, but quite useful). 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Cylinder Separator

Spiral Separator

Treater




331

122. KENAF Hibiscus cannabinus L., Kenaf (mesta in India) Plant family: Malvaceae Dry more-or-less dehiscent 5-valved capsule, nearly spherical and bristly, ½ –¾” long (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove larger undesirable materials such as stems and pods; grading screens remove small trash, broken seed, dirt, etc.; airblasts remove dust, light trash, light seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Kenaf (English measure) 14 Mesta (kenaf), Indian vars. 12 (English measure) Mesta (kenaf), Indian variety 1/12 Pusa Kasuri (English measure) Mesta (kenaf), Indian variety 2.1 mm Pusa Kasuri (Metric measure) Mesta (kenaf), Indian variety Pusa 8 Early Bunching (English measure) Mesta (kenaf), Indian variety Pusa 3.25 mm Early Bunching (Metric measure)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

8 –

8/64×3/4 –

1/14×1/2 1/12×3/4

–

–

6×216

–

–

(varies)

–

–

3/64×5/16

–

–

(varies)

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash and lightweight, low-germinating seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.


332



Treater



123. KOCHIA, FORAGE Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrader, Forage Kochia Plant family: Chenopodiaceae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without perianth, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (2) (ISTA). 1,070 seed/gram, 30,300 seed/ounce (AOSA). Maximum moisture content for sate storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade


Air-Screen Cleaner

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


333


Treater



124. KUDZU Pueraria lobata (Willdenow) Ohwi (Pueraria thunbergiana), Kudzu Plant family: Leguminosae Pold long and narrow, more or less flattened, many-seeded (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 2,295 seed per ounce; 80 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes larger and smaller trash and foreign material; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and some light seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information

334



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash and lightweight low-germinating seed. 3. Roll Mill/Magnetic Separator: a large-seeded dodder sometimes found in kudzu seed can be largely removed by the roll mill and/or magnetic separator (not always used). 4. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Roll Mill/ Magnetic


125. LARKSPUR Delphinium ajacis, Larkspur Plant family: Ranunculaceae Pubescent follicle ½–1” long, abruptly beaked by the style. Seed transversely thin-ridged (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA). Approx. 8,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information


335


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



126. LAVANDULA; LAVENDER Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula, lavender Plant family: Labiatae Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. No copyright information

336


Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: 2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





337

127. LEMON MINT FLOWER Monarda citriodora Laagasca, Lemon mint flower Plant family: Labiatae 60,102 seed per ounce; 2,120 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




338


128. LENTIL Lens culinaris Medikus, Lentil Plant family: Leguminosae Pod short, 1-2-seeded, compressed, ½–¾” long, nearly as broad, containing 2 greenish-brown or dark colored seed or lentils. Seed lenticular, convex on both sides, germination hypogeal (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 395–650 seed/ounce, 14–23 (20) seed/gram (AOSA). 770 kg/cu m; 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat-quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: often used on combined and/or windrowed seed to make a rough removal of trash, dirt, dust, etc. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove larger trash and foreign materials; careful selection of scalping screens, with oilcloth cover and partial screen blanking can significantly reduce wild oats, long foreign materials, etc. Grading screens remove smaller trash and foreign materials, small seed, etc. Careful selection of slotted grading screens can make specific separations of weed seed and other undesirable materials. Following the rule of “use the smallest scalping screen perforation which will drop the good seed, and the largest grading screen perforation which will hold up the good seed”, for lentil at least one scalp screen uses a slotted perforation, and grading screens are usually all round perforations (unless a specific separation is being made). Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Lentil (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

18

10, 12

7/64×3/4

10, 12, 13

3. Gravity Separator: removes light trash and lightweight low-quality seed, and removes heavy undesirable materials such as stones or mudballs. 4. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction.



339

5. Stoner: installed just below or after the gravity separator so it receives the heavy fraction (mixed good seed and mudballs/stones) from the gravity, the stoner can separate good seed from this mixture and spout the good seed back into the good seed fraction discharging from the gravity separator. 6. Color Sorter: since the seed are large and of different colors, a color sorter could be effectively used on high-value seed (Breeder, Foundation, etc.) to remove off-color seed (other varieties, diseased, etc.). 7. Treater: applies fungicides, and sometimes insecticides, to protect seed and seedlings. 8. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Scalper

Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity Stoner

Color Sorter



340


129. LESPEDEZA, COMMON LESPEDEZA, KOREAN LESPEDEZA, SERICEA; CHINESE LESPEDEZA LESPEDEZA, SIBERIAN LESPEDEZA, STRIATE Kummerowia stipulacea (Maximowicz) Makino, Korean lespedeza Plant family: Leguminosae 14,885 seed per ounce; 525 seed per gram (AOSA). Pure seed unit: pod, with or without calyx or bracts, with one seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (22) (ISTA). Korean lespedeza: 32 lb./cu ft; 40 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont de Courset) G. Don (Lespedeza sericea), Sericea lespedeza, Chinese lespedeza Plant family: Leguminosae Pod more or less included in calyx, of only 1 fertile joint, oval, 1/12” long (Bailey). Pure seed unit: pod, with or without calyx or bracts, with one seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (22) (ISTA). 23,250 seed per ounce; 820 seed per gram (AOSA). Serecia lespedeza (hulled): 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Lespedeza hedysaroides (Pallas) Kitagawa, Lespedeza juncea (L.f.) Persoon, Siberian lespedeza Plant family: Leguminosae Pod more or less included in calyx, of only 1 fertile joint (Bailey). Pure seed unit: pod, with or without calyx or bracts, with one seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (22) (ISTA). 23,250 seed per ounce; 820 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). No copyright information


341

Lespedeza stipulacea Maximowicz, Korean lespedeza Plant family: Leguminosae Pod more or less included in calyx, of only 1 fertile joint (Bailey). Pure seed unit: pod, with or without calyx or bracts, with one seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (22) (ISTA). 14,885 seed per ounce; 525 seed per gram (AOSA). Korean lespedeza: 32 lb./cu ft; 40 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Lespedeza striata (J.A. Murray) Hooker & Arnott, Common lespedeza, striate lespedeza, (Kummerowia striata (Thunberg) Schindler) Plant family: Leguminosae Pod more or less included in calyx, of only 1 fertile joint, acute, slightly surpassing the calyx lobes (Bailey). Pure seed unit: pod, with or without calyx or bracts, with one seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (22) (ISTA). 21,265 seed per ounce; 750 seed per gram (AOSA). Common lespedeza: 20 lb./cu ft; 25 lb./bushel. Kobe lespedeza: 20 lb./cu ft; 25 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: performs a rough removal of large and small trash, dust, lightweight materials, etc. 2. Huller-Scarifier: hulls seed and can scarify seed with hard seed coats. For hulling, usually installed to receive the seed with hulls (unhulled) scalped off by the air-screen cleaner, remove their hulls, and then spout them back into the air-screen cleaner. For scarification, may be installed before or after the air-screen cleaner. 3. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove large trash, weed seed, pods, etc.; can be set up to separate unhulled seed and send them to a hullerscarifier. Grading screens remove small trash, broken seed, small weed seed, dust, etc. Airblasts remove light materials, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are:


342



1st Grade

Lespedeza, Bicolor (hulled) 7 1/15 (English measure) Lespedeza, Bicolor (unhulled) 14 1/15 (English measure) Lespedeza, Common (unhulled) 6 1/17 (English measure) Lespedeza, Common (hulled) 1/14 6x24 (English measure) Lespedeza, Kobe (unhulled) 8, 9 1/14, (English measure) 1/16 Lespedeza, Kobe (hulled) 1/12 6×22 (English measure) Lespedeza, Korean (unhulled) 6 1/17, 1/18 (English measure) Lespedeza, Korean (hulled) 1/14, 1/15 6×24 (English measure) Lespedeza, Sericea (unhulled) 7 1/15, 1/16 (English measure) Lespedeza, Sericea (hulled) 1/15, 1/16 22×22, (English measure) 6×28

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1/13×1/2

4×16

1/12×1/2

4×16

6×15 3/64×5/16

1/16, 1/15 1/18

1/18×3/4, 1/14, 1/12 6×14 3/64×5/16 1/16 6×15, 1/18×1/4 3/64×5/16

1/16

1/18×3/4, 1/14×1/4 3/64×5/16, 1/16

1/15, 6×26 6×26

1/18

4. Gravity Separator: separates light trash and lightweight seed which are usually of low germination. Heavy fraction discharging from high side of the deck usually concentrates sand and/or mudballs with larger good seed. 5. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction. 6. Stoner: installed to receive the heavy fraction from the gravity separator deck, the stoner can separate good seed from the rocks/mudballs, and spout the salvaged good seed back into the good seed fraction coming from the gravity separator. 7. Disc or Cylinder Separator: removes short trash, weed seed, broken seed, etc. (not always used). 8. Roll Mill: separates dodder, buckhorn plantain, and other weed seed which have a rougher seed coat. Also removes remaining sand, but this erodes the fabric covering the rolls, and is not recommended. 9. Magnetic Separator: makes a more complete separation of dodder and plantain, and other weed seed which are sticky or rough on the surface. Can also separate seed which are mechanically damaged (not often used, but should be used more often). 10. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 11. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. No copyright information


343


Scarifier-Huller

Air-Screen Cleaner Scarifier-Huller


Stoner

Disc or Cylinder

Roll Mill

Magnetic Separator



130. LETTUCE Lactuca sativa L., Lettuce Plant family: Compositae Achenes lenticular to oblong, broadest toward apex, straw-colored or black, flat, plainly 3–5-ribbed on either side, the soft thin white or brown pappus elevated on a long or short beak (Bailey). No copyright information

344


Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with pericarp/ testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA). Seed unit is a fruit, rarely a true seed (AOSA). L. sativa var. capitata L. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.0 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.1 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.0 50% of seed: 3.8 100% of seed: 4.65 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 25,175 seed per ounce; 890 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.3–1.7 mm; thickness: 0.7–0.9 mm; length: 3.1–3.9 mm; floating velocity: 3.0–4.1 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.2 g; specific gravity: 455 g/l; shape: obovoid, very flattened; texture: smooth with longitudinal lines; color: grey to light brown or black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Lettuce: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 2.8 4.2 5.1 5.9 7.1 8.0 9.6 10.0


RH % 10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80


345

Conditioning machines 1. Polisher: adjusted to give a gentle rubbing, helps make seed more flowable so they can be conditioned more closely (used infrequently). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large trash, small trash and undesirable particles; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and light seed. Airblasts must be adjusted to a low level, and carefully set to prevent loss of good seed. Some models have a second drive pulley to provide lower air flow and closer air adjustment. Sometimes, a second in-line air-screen cleaner (instead of a scalper) is used to help remove high trash content without losing good seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Lettuce (English measure) Lettuce, Indian varieties (English measure) Lettuce (Metric measure; ISTA)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

4×18 1/14

24×24 –

6×20 –

20×20 20×20

2.3 R mm, 1.1 S mm

–

1.0 S mm

0.8 R mm

3. Disk/Cylinder Separator: cylinder with smaller pockets removes short foreign particles; second cylinder with larger pockets lifts good seed and rejects longer trash. Chaff may be as much as 60% of the seed lot; disc or cylinder removes small pieces of stem. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 2.0–2.5 mm From Lettuce, lifts out short trash, etc. 4.0 mm Lifts Lettuce to separate chaff, trash. 2.25 mm From Lettuce, lifts out Chenopodium spp., Amaranthus spp., short trash, etc. 2.5–3.0 mm From Lettuce, lifts out most seed of Plantago lanceolata and Picris echioides. 2.5 mm From Lettuce, lifts out seed of Setaria viridis, Medicago sativa, Polygonum persicaria, and Solanum nigrum. Also removes seed of Cichorium spp., Echinochloa crus-galli, and Setaria glauca which were not removed by air-screen scalping screen. Also lifts out dirt balls. 2.75–3.0 mm From Lettuce, removes smaller seed of Lapsana communis. Significant loss of good seed, and does not remove larger seed of Lapsana communis. No copyright information

Rejects

346


4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, low-germinating seed. Air flow must be set low, and discard fractions carefully examined to be sure the minimum amount of good seed is lost. Sometimes, seed do not flow and/or stratify well, so flow across gravity separator’s deck must be slowed down. 5. Aspirator (fractionating aspirator): makes seed-by-seed density separation, to remove mudballs picked up by combining windrowed seed, or light weed seed or crop seed (not often used). 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Polisher


Aspirator

Cylinder Separator

Treater





347

131. LINARIA Linaria maroccana Hook. f., Linaria Plant family: Scrophulariaceae Capsule dehiscent by 1 or more mostly 3-toothed pores or slits below the summit (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (1)(ISTA Rules). 147,595 seed per ounce; 1,730 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade



Treater




348


132. LOBELIA Lobelia erinus, Lobelia Plant family: Lobeliaceae Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled, fruit a 2-valved capsule (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA). Approx. 700,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





349

133. LOTONONIS Lotononis bainesii Baker, Lotononis Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.0 mm; thickness: 0.6 mm; length: 1.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.3 g; specific gravity: 65 g/l; shape: obovoid and asymmetrically heart-shaped; texture: dull, smooth; color: cream to yellow/magenta rose. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Some of the common contaminants (dirt balls, stones, Digitaria spp., Rimbristylis spp., Cynodon dactylon) may also be removed. To salvage good seed, waste fractions may also be recleaned. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Lotononis (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.6–2.0 R mm

1st Grade –

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade –

0.6 R mm

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


350



Treater



134. LUPINE, LUPINE, LUPINE, LUPINE,

BLUE ORNAMENTAL WHITE YELLOW

Lupinus albus L., White lupine Plant family: Leguminosae Pod flattened, mostly constricted or grooved crosswise between the seed, 2.25–4” long, ½–¾” broad, stout beaked, hairy. Seed whitish, nearly orbicular, compressed, 1/3” across (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 200 seed per ounce; 7 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 3.5 50% of seed pass: 5.0 100% of seed pass: 6.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 8.0 50% of seed pass: 10.3 100% of seed pass: 12.25 No copyright information


351

Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 9.0 50% of seed: 12.1 100% of seed: 13.5 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 26.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 22.7 100% of seed are carried upward: 16.4 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates) Lupinus angustifolius L., Blue lupine Plant family: Leguminosae Pod flattened, mostly constricted or grooved crosswise between the seed (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 200 seed per ounce; 7 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates) Lupinus luteus L., Yellow lupine Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). Pod oblong, flat, 2” long, hairy mostly constricted or grooved crosswise between the seed. Seed 4–7, large, dull light gray with brown markings (Bailey). 225 seed per ounce; 9 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.75 50% of seed pass: 5.0 100% of seed pass: 6.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 4.5 50% of seed pass: 6.0 100% of seed pass: 7.5


352


Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.8 50% of seed: 7.5 100% of seed: 8.5 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 24.2 50% of seed are carried upward: 13.6 100% of seed are carried upward: 3.5 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Lupinus polyphyllus, Ornamental lupine Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). Pod flattened, 1–1.5: long, woolly-hair, mostly constricted or grooved crosswise between the seed. Seed about 6, oblong, 1/8–3/16: long, brownblack and glossy (Bailey). Approx. 1,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: makes a rough removal of large and small trash, dust, etc. (not always used). 4. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove larger foreign material; grading screens remove smaller foreign material, dirt, dust, broken seed, etc. Airblasts remove dust, light trash, light seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Blue Lupine (English measure) 24 White Lupine (English measure) 22, 20 Yellow Bitter Lupine (English measure) Yellow Sweet Lupine (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

9/64×3/4 12

10/64×3/4 7/64×3/4

6/64×3/4

20

12

21 20, 13/64×3/4 12/64×3/4

26

12

24

6/64×3/4


353

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and light low-quality seed. 4. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction (not always used). 5. Cylinder Separator: smaller pockets can lift out short and small undesirable particles, broken seed, etc. (not always used). Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size English measure 5

6-½ 8-½ 11

Rejects

Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, etc. Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small onion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc.


6. Treater: applies fungicides, and sometimes insecticides, to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Scalper

Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator


Treater



354


135. MARIGOLD MARIGOLD, FRENCH Tagetes spp., Marigold Plant family: Compositae Achenes with pappus of 3–10 unequal scales or bristles (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Tagetes erecta, Marigold Plant family: Compositae Achenes with pappus with 1 or 2 long-awned scales and 2 or 3 shorter blunt ones (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA). Approx. 9,000–10,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Tagetes patula L., French marigold Plant family: Compositae Achenes with pappus of 1 or 2 long awned scales and 2–3 shorter blunt ones (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA). Approx. 9,000–10,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Width: 0.5–1.0 mm; thickness: 0.3–0.4 mm; length: 6.0–10.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 3.0–4.0 g; shape: long, slender, flat; texture: smooth; color: achene black, pappus cream; achenes have a pappus (crown of strawy bracts) about 4 mm long, the pappus is stiff and strongly attached to the achene. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible due to long slender tip of the achene containing the embryo. No copyright information


355

Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines If seed are threshed when too dry, seed may be damaged; seed even chip if they are too dry when threshed. Marigold (Tagetes spp.) seed flow very poorly and bridge easily. Hand-picked seed are debearded to break up heads before air-screen separation. 1. Brush Machine (Debearder): Used to break up the orange petals remaining in the seed material, and to remove part of the pappus from the seed so they are more free-flowing. Use a mantle with no openings, and brush at near the minimum rpm. Heating before brushing may be necessary, to make the pappus more brittle and more easily removed. A second brushing may be required. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Sometimes, a second air-screen cleaner is used to remove more of the inert material. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Marigold, French (Metric measure; ISTA) Marigold, French (Metric measure; ISTA)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

6.0 R mm

–

1.3–1.9 S mm

0.4 S mm

1.3 S mm

–

1.8 mm wire mesh

0.4 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles; a larger-indent cylinder may sometimes be used to lift good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size

Rejects

Marigold, French (Tagetes patula L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 4.5–6.5 mm Lifts out broken seed, small trash, etc.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (seldom used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information

356


Conditioning sequence Receiving Brush Machine (Debearder) Air-Screen Cleaner

Second Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater



136. MARIGOLD, CAPE; AFRICAN DAISY Dimorphotheca sinuata DC., Cape marigold, African daisy Plant family: Compositae Achenes of ray-flowers 3-angled or nearly terete, usually wrinkled or tuberculate; of disk-flowers smooth and with thickened margins (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, with or without wing, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (8) (ISTA). 11,765–22,680 seed per ounce, 415–800 (530) seed per gram (AOSA).



357

Width: 4.0–6.5 mm; thickness: 0.8–1.2 mm; length: 4.5–8.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.2 g; shape: two quite different forms are produced by the same plant— one is flat oval, the second is long and slightly curved; texture: form one is smooth, the second has sawlike edges; color: form one is straw-yellow to medium brown, the second is light brown to black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Marigold, Cape (Metric measure; ISTA)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

9.0 R mm

–

8.8 R mm

3.2 R mm

2. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles. A larger-indent cylinder can also be used to lift good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size

Rejects

Cape Marigold (Dimorphotheca sinuata DC.) Metric measure (ISTA): 4.5 mm If Cape Marigold seed are split into large and small fractions on the air-screen cleaner, smaller impurities can be lifted out of the large-seed fraction. (Cape Marigold seed naturally exist in two forms). 3.0 mm If Cape Marigold seed are split into large and small fractions on the air-screen cleaner, smaller impurities can be lifted out of the small-seed fraction. (Cape Marigold seed naturally exist in two forms).

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed; also separates empty schizocarps or mericarps remaining in the seed lot. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). No copyright information

358


6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater



137. MARIGOLD, POT; CALENDULA Calendula officinalis L., Pot marigold, calendula Plant family: Compositae Ray achenes glabrous, incurved; disk-flower achenes infertile; no pappus (Bailey). Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA). Approx. 3,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Width: 2.0–3.0 mm; thickness: 2.0–3.0 mm; length: 10.0–20.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 5.0–7.0 g; shape: curved, many shapes; texture: rough with spikes; color: straw-colored. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. No copyright information


359

Conditioning machines 1. Brush Machine (or Debearder): uses a closely woven mantle, free of holes, to separate seed from heads and crush some flower parts. Seed may be severely damaged by harsh rubbing. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Grass seed are difficult to remove; use a final grading screen with perforations as large as possible. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Marigold, Pot (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

8.0 R mm, 6.3 R mm

–

6.0 R mm

0.9 S to 1.2 S mm


Lifts

Rejects

Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 10.0–12.5 mm Lifts Pot Marigold seed to separate long trash, etc. 3.5 mm From Pot Marigold, lifts short seed, dirt balls, flower head pieces, etc.

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed; also separates mudballs and other heavy materials. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


360


Conditioning sequence Receiving Brush Machine (Debearder) Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater



138. MARIGOLD, WOOLLY Baileya multiradiata Torrey, Woolly marigold Plant family: Compositae Ray flowers 5–50, persistent on achene and becoming papery and reflexed. Achenes striate and glabrous, no pappus (Bailey). 60,953 seed per ounce; 2,150 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


361


Treater



139. MATRICARIA; FEVERFEW Matricaria capensis, Matricaria, feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium Pers.) Plant family: Compositae Achenes 3–5-ribbed, wingless; pappus a menbranaceous crown or border, or none (Fernald). Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA). Approx. 145,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). No copyright information

362


Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





140. MILLET, MILLET, MILLET, MILLET, MILLET, MILLET,

363

BROWNTOP FOXTAIL JAPANESE PEARL PROSO SIBERIAN

Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf (Panicum ramosum), Browntop millet Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA). (P. fasciculatum) 8,900 seed per ounce; 315 seed per gram (AOSA). Browntop millet: 24 lb./cu ft; 30 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauvois var. frumentacea (Link) Wight (Echinochloa frumentacea Link), Japanese millet Plant family: Gramineae Spikelets awnless, more turgid, with 1 perfect floret with empty lemmas or a staminate floret beneath, the sterile lemma and sometimes the 2nd glume awned, awns ½ to 1.25”long, fruit pointed (Bailey). Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA). 8,930 seed per ounce; 315 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.2 50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 2.0 No copyright information

364


Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.2 50% of seed: 2.7 100% of seed: 4.0 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 2.6 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.0 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.0 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 547 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 32.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 20.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 16.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Japanese millet: 28 lb./cu ft; 35 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates) Panicum miliaceum L., Proso millet Plant family: Gramineae Grain free within the rigid firmly closed lemma and palea. Spikelets ovoid, 4.5–5.5 mm long, turgid; grain about 2 mm broad (Fernald). Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA). 5,300 seed per ounce; 185 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.0 50% of seed pass: 1.75 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.6 50% of seed pass: 2.4 100% of seed pass: 3.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.7 50% of seed: 3.0 100% of seed: 3.3



365

Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.0 100% of seed float (are separated): 7.0 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 21.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 16.2 100% of seed are carried upward: 13.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates) Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown), Pearl millet Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: fascicle or burr of 1–5 spikelets with involucre of bristles, spikelet with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (43) (ISTA Rules). 5,145 seed per ounce; 180 seed per gram (AOSA). Pearl millet: 38.4 lb./cu ft; 48 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates) Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois, Italian millet, foxtail millet, Hungarian millet, golden millet, German millet, Siberian millet Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, plus attached sterile lemma; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis; caryopsis (36) (ISTA). 11,510–15,565 seed/ounce, 405–550 (480) seed/gram (AOSA). Foxtail: 13,325 seed per ounce; 470 seed per gram (AOSA). German: 13,325 seed per ounce; 470 seed per gram (AOSA). Golden: 13,325 seed per ounce; 470 seed per gram (AOSA). Hungarian: 13,325 seed per ounce; 470 seed per gram (AOSA). Siberian: 13,325 seed per ounce; 470 seed per gram (AOSA). Italian: 13,325 seed per ounce; 470 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.6 mm; thickness: 1.2 mm; length: 2.4 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.0 g; specific gravity: 928 g/l; shape: ovate pointed; texture: smooth; color: cream. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). No copyright information

366


Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.75 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.1 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 1.9 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.0 50% of seed: 2.4 100% of seed: 3.0 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 2.9 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.9 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.8 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 21.6 50% of seed are carried upward: 15.3 100% of seed are carried upward: 8.3 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Millet, common and German: 40 lb./cu ft; 50 lb./bushel: Hungarian millet: 616 and 642 kg/cu m; 38.4 and 40 lb./cu ft; 48 and 50 lb./bushel. Siberian millet: 36.85 air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.11. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates) Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: rough cleaning operation removes larger and smaller trash, dust, etc. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust, light trash, light seed, etc. Scalping screens remove larger undesirable particles; grading screens remove smaller undesirable materials such as dust, small trash, broken seed, small weed seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are:



367

SCREEN PERFORATION SIZE FOR 1st Scalp 1st Grade 2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

Millet, Browntop 7 16×16 (English measure) Millet, Cat-tail 7 16×16 (English measure) Millet, Finch 1/12 17×17 (English measure) Millet, Foxtail 1.8–2.0 R mm – (Metric measure; ISTA) Millet, German 8 1/22×1/2 (English measure) Millet, Pearl 9, 8 14×14, (English measure) 1/14 Millet, Proso 9, 14/×14, (English measure) 8 1/14 Millet, Proso (English measure) 9 3/64×5/16 Millet, Red (English measure) 9, 8 14×14 Millet, Siberian 7 1/20 (English measure) Millet (English measure), 12 R (Premier Seed Co., Nigeria) Millet, Indian varieties 8 – (English measure) Millet, Indian varieties 3.25 mm – (Metric measure) Millet, Indian varieties 8 – (English measure) Millet, Indian varieties 3.25 mm – (Metric measure)

1/14×1/2

6×20

6

3/64×5/16

3×16

4×22

–

1.1–1.2 R mm

6

3/64×5/16

8, 1/2×1/2

3×16 Sp, 3×14 3×16 Sp, 3/14 Sp 1/18×1/4 3×16 Sp, 1/15

8, 1/12×1/2 7 8, 1/2×1/2 6, 1/12

7R – – – –

4, 1/20×3/4 1.6 mm 5, 4, 1/18×3/4 1.9 mm, 1.4 mm

5. Cylinder Separator: smaller pockets can lift out small undesirable particles including seed pieces, weed seed, etc. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size English measure 4

5

Timothy, small red or white clover, dodder, hulled watergrass, mustard sheep sorrel Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, etc.

6-½

Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard

8-½

Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc.

Rejects

Canada thistle, quackgrass, sticks, alfalfa, bluegrass, etc. Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc. Table contd...


368



Rejects

11

Broken smallgrain, vetch, small onion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc. 13 Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled and broken barley, flax Metric measure: Millet, Foxtail (Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.): (up to) 3.5 mm

Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta fescue Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, pin oats

Used to lift out good seed when needed to separate longer weed seed.

3. Gravity Separator: removes light low-quality seed and light trash. 4. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction (not always used). 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings in soil. 7. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Scalper Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity

Treater Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine To Storage, Shipping, Distribution



369

141. MONARCH OF THE VELDT; VENIDIUM; MONARCH DAISY Venidium fastuosum, Monarch of the Veldt; venidium; monarch daisy Plant family: Compositae Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



370


142. MORNING GLORY Ipomea spp., Morning glory Plant family: Convolvulaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Convolvulus spp., Morning glory Plant family: Convolvulaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA). Approx. 650 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines In morning glory seed (Ipomoea spp), wild morning glory cannot be separated by machines; it must be removed in the field. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Roll Mill: if there are many hulled seed (due to poor harvesting or handling) or smooth undesirable inert or other particles present, a roll mill can remove most of them (not often used). 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information


371

Conditioning flow diagram Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Roll Mill

Treater



143. MUNGBEAN Vigna radiata (L.) Wiczek var. radiata (Phaseolus radiatus L., Phaseolus aureus), Mungbean Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 680 seed per ounce; 24 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 3.0 mm; length: 4.5 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 41–60 g; specific gravity: 801 g/l; shape: subcylindrical, elongate hilum; texture: smooth; color: blue green. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% (extrapolated; not researched). No copyright information

372


Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalps off large pieces of foreign material; grading screens drop out small particles such as trash, dirt, dust, broken seed, etc.; airblasts remove dust, light trash, light seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Mungbean (English measure) 14 Mungbean, Indian varieties 13 (English measure) Mungbean 3.5–5.5 R mm (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

7 –

13 –

8/64×3/4 8/64×3/4

–

–

2.8–3.0 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: lifts good seed out of longer trash, stems, etc. (not often used; if air-screen cleaner is properly operated, it should remove such trash). Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size

Rejects

Mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 7.5 mm Lifts Mungbean seed to separate long trash, etc. Not commonly used.

3. Gravity Separator: separates lightweight low-quality seed and light trash. 4. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



373


Cylinder Separator




144. MUSTARD, BLACK MUSTARD, INDIAN MUSTARD, SPINACH MUSTARD, WHITE Brassica hirta L., White mustard Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 4,593 seed per ounce; 162 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5% (extrapolated; not researched). Brassica juncea (L.) Czernajew & Cosson, Indian mustard Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 17,690 seed per ounce; 625 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. No copyright information

374


Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5% (extrapolated; not researched). Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch, Black mustard Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 35,610 seed per ounce; 1,255 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5% (extrapolated; not researched). Brassica perviridis (Bailey) Bailey, Spinach mustard Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 15,195 seed per ounce; 535 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5% (extrapolated; not researched). Sinapis alba L., White mustard Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA). 4,595 seed/ounce, 160 seed/gram (AOSA). Width: 1.7–2.8 mm; thickness: 1.1–2.8 mm; length: 1.7–2.8 mm; floating velocity: 5.45–8.40 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 5.2 g; specific gravity: 785 g/l; shape: globose; texture: reticulate; color: light yellow, grey, or dark brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.1 50% of seed pass: 1.75 100% of seed pass: 2.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.4 50% of seed pass: 2.1 100% of seed pass: 2.75 No copyright information


375

Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.0 50% of seed: 2.4 100% of seed: 3.15 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 5.8 50% of seed float (are separated): 7.3 100% of seed float (are separated): 9.4 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 9.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 5.7 100% of seed are carried upward: 2.8 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Mustard (unspecified): Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Mustard: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %


10 20 30 45 60 75

744–770 kg/cu m; 46.4–48.0 lb./cu ft; 58–60 lb./bushel. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large and small undesirable particles, dust, light trash and seed, etc. With careful selection of screens, can remove many weed seed, broken crop seed, etc. Using a partially blanked scalping screen with an oilcloth cover to keep long seed lying flat, many long foreign seed (wild oats, grasses, etc.) can be removed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Mustard, Brown (English measure) Mustard, White (English measure) Mustard,White (Metric measure; ISTA) No copyright information


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

7

1/22

1/12

1/20

9

1/22×1/2

7

3.8 R mm, 3.5 R mm

–

3.25 R mm

3/64×5/16 1.1 S mm

376


2. Cylinder Separator: smaller cylinder pocket can remove small short undesirable particles; larger cylinder pocket can lift good seed and reject long trash, wild oats, etc. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size English measure 5

6-½

8-½

11


Rejects


3. Spiral Separator: removes flat foreign seed (wheat, etc.) and cross-broken or split crop seed from round crucifer seed (not often used today, but quite useful). 4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and immature seed; if seed were threshed on a threshing floor, can remove mudballs. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



Conditioning sequence

377

Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator

Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



145. NASTURTIUM Tropaeolum majus L., Nasturtium Plant family: Tropaeolaceae Pure seed unit: mericarp, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (16) (ISTA). Approx 175 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite resistant. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. No copyright information

378


3. Cylinder Separator: removes undesirable short or long particles, such as seed, broken seed, stems, trash, etc. 4. Draper Belt: if fruit of nightshade (Solanum spp) are in nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) seed, a draper belt must be used to separate them. The nightshade fruits roll down, while nasturtium seed are carried to the top. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence


Cylinder Separator

Draper Belt

Treater



146. NEMESIA Nemesia strumosa Benth., Nemesia Nemesia strumosa suttonii, Nemesia Plant family: Scrophulariaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA). Approx. 90,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). No copyright information


379

Width: 0.4–0.6 mm; thickness: 0.4–0.5 mm; length: 1.0–1.4 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.2–0.3 g; shape: slender ovoid; texture: smooth; color: dark brown to black. The so-called hairy seed that come out of the flowers must be brushed to release the black seed. The hairy skins are cream or light brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Brush Machine (Debearder): removes the white skins to make the seed more cleanable. It may be necessary to dry the seed material before brushing, to make it more brittle and removable. Use a 9×16 hammer mesh mantle with no openings, and brush at near maximum speed. Two brushing passes may be required. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. A second air-screen cleaner is sometimes used, in order to remove more undesirable material with minimum loss of good seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Nemesia (Metric measure; ISTA) main lot Nemesia (Metric measure; ISTA), recleaning small seed


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

2.5 R mm

–

0.5 S mm

0.3 mm

1.1 R mm

–

0.7 R mm 0.6–0.7 R mm

3. Cylinder Separator: a larger-indent cylinder lifts good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size Metric measure (ISTA): Nemesia (Nemesia strumosa Benth.): 2.0 mm Removes small stem, leaf and flower pieces. 4.5 mm

Rejects

Lifts Nemesia seed to separate long pieces of stems, leaves and flower parts.

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and flower head pieces. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). No copyright information

380


6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Brush Machine (Debearder) Air-Screen Cleaner

Second Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater



147. NEMOPHILA, SPOTTED BABY BLUE EYES Nemophila maculata Lindley, Spotted nemophila Plant family: Hydrophyllaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA). 4,678 seed per ounce; 165 seed per gram (AOSA).



381

Nemophila menziesii Hooker & Arnot subsp. insignis, (Douglas) Brand, Baby blue eyes, nemophila Plant family: Hydrophyllaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA). 15,167 seed per ounce; 535 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




382


148. NIEREMBERGIA; CUP-FLOWER Nierembergia spp, Nierembergia, cup-flower Plant family: Solanaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA). Approx. 175,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade



Treater





383

149. OATGRASS, GOLDEN Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv., Golden oatgrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis (28) (ISTA Rules). Width: 0.8–1.0 mm; thickness: 0.3–0.4 mm; length: 2.8–5.6 mm; floating velocity: 1.1–1.5 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.2 g; shape: irregular, leafy, laterally flattened, flaring toward the end; texture: smooth, rachilla very hairy; color: straw, palea whitish; lemma with an awn 5–9 mm long. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Floret: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.2 50% of seed pass: 0.5 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 2.1 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.4 50% of seed: 5.5 100% of seed: 6.8 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 1.4 100% of seed float (are separated): 1.5 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 110 Friction cofefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 55.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 42.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 30.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) No copyright information

384


Floret with awn: Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) are rough, iron powder adheres. Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 8.4 50% of seed: 10.2 100% of seed: 13.1 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 1.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 1.4 100% of seed float (are separated): 1.5 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 110 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 55.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 42.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 30.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible, as caryopses are removed from the glumes if abrasion occurs. Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: removes part of the large/small trash and dust, to facilitate the separation made by the air-screen cleaner. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Seed is difficult to clean because the hairy rachillas and awns on the seed cannot be debearded/brushed off because this operation leaves too many naked caryopses. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Oatgrass, Golden (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

3.8 R mm, 1.2 S mm

–

1.1 S mm

0.4 R mm

3. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Oatgrass, Golden (Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv. ) Metric measure (ISTA) 2.5–3.5 mm Lifts out small weed seed, trash, etc. No copyright information


385

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash, empty seed, and lightweight low-germinating seed. Carefully check light waste materials to be sure they do not contain too much good seed. A second gravity is sometimes used to reclean the middlings product. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (seldom used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence

Receiving Scalper Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity

Treater



150. OATS Avena sativa L., Oats, white oats Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis.(41) (ISTA Rules). No copyright information

386


Red and white oats: 1,000–1,425 seed/ounce, 35–50 seed/gram (AOSA). Seed thickness: width of slotted screen (mm) opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 2.4 100% of seed pass: 3.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.25 50% of seed pass: 3.0 100% of seed pass: 5.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 8.5 50% of seed: 12.2 100% of seed: 14.3 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.0 50% of seed float (are separated): 6.3 100% of seed float (are separated): 8.2 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 26.5 0% of seed are carried upward: 22.6 100% of seed are carried upward: 17.3 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Width: 2.0–3.6 mm; thickness: 1.5–3.1 mm; length: 7.0–16.0 mm; floating velocity: 5.3–6.7 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 56.4 g; specific gravity: 511.6 g/l; shape: lancet; texture: lemma smooth to finely granulate without hairs; color: yellow to dark brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Oats: 411 kg/cu m; 25.6 lb./cu ft; 32 lb./bushel. Victory oats: 47.6% air space in bulk. Specific gravity: Victor 1.05; Red Texas 0.99; Iowar 0.95; Kanota 1.06; 1.05. Red Texas oats; 0.99. Iowar oats: 51.45 air space in bulk; specific gravity 0.95. Kanota oats 50.9% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.06. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. % air space (void in bulk): Victor 47.6; Red Texas 55.5; Iowar 51.4; Kanota 50.9. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates).



387

Oats: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 5.7 8.0 9.6 11.8 13.8 18.5 24.1 @77 oF: 4.1 6.6 8.1 9.1 10.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 19.0 24.1

RH % 15 30 45 60 75 90 100 10 20 30 40 40 60 70 80 90 100

Avena byzantina K. Koch, Red oats Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn, plus attached sterile floret; floret, with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, with or without awn; caryopsis.(41) (ISTA Rules). Red and white oats: 1,000–1,425 seed/ounce, 35–50 seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: does a rough removal of larger and smaller foreign material, dust, etc. 2. Debearder: breaks up clusters, removes awns, wears off excess glumes at tip of seed to make them more flowable and of heavier test weight. Also removes considerable dust. Debearding generates a large amount of dust, which must be handled carefully to avoid affecting working areas. 3. Air-Screen Cleaner: scalping screens remove larger foreign materials; grading screens remove smaller trash, weed seed, broken seed, groats, etc. Careful selection of grading screens can separate many weed seed. Barley cannot be separated completely from oats; however, careful selection of slotted grading screens can drop out thin barley seed (only; not medium or thick seed), if the accompanying loss of oat seed is acceptable. Airblasts remove light trash, empty glumes, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information

388



Oats (Bonda, Rodney, etc.) (English measure) Oats (Clinton, Ajax, etc.) (English measure) Oats (Very large) (English measure) Oats (Large) (English measure)

1st Grade

18

1/13×1/2, 12 or 11 tri 18 1/15×1/2, 12 or 11 tri 24 1/16×1/2, 12 or 11 tri 24 1/16×1/2, 12 or 11 tri Oats (Small) (English measure) 18 1/16×1/2, 12 or 11 tri Oats (Mo O-205) 18 1/18×3/4, (English measure) 11 or 10 tri Oats (removing corn) 10/64×3/4, 1/16×1/2 (English measure) 9/64×3/4 Oats, Indian varieties 22 – (English measure) Oats (Metric measure; ISTA) 7.5 R mm, – 7.0 R mm

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

9/64×3/4

1/12×1/2

9/64×3/4

1/13×1/2, 1/14×1/2 13/64×3/4 1/14×1/2 11/64×3/4

1/14×1/2

9/64×3/4

1/14×1/2

7/64×3/4

1/16×1/2, 1/18×3/4 9/64×3/4, 1/14×1/2 8/64×3/4 – 1/14×1/2, 1/14×3/4 3.3 S mm 2.0 S mm

4. Disc/Cylinder Separator: almost always used on small grain seed (oats, rye, barley, wheat), the disc and/or cylinder separator removes shorter undesirable materials (cross-broken seed, weed seed, wheat, shorter weed seed, etc.; larger pockets lift the oat seed and separate longer pieces of trash, stems, etc. Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size English measure 8-½

11

13

19 22 24

Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small nion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled and broken barley, flax Spring wheat, small durum wheat Wheat, winter wheat, hulled oats, rye, etc. Barley

Metric measure: Oats (Avena sativaL.): 6.0–8.0 mm From Oats, lifts short, small undesirable particles.


Rejects

Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc. Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta fescue Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, pin oats Oats, wild oats, barley, etc. Oats, wild oats Oats, wild oats, barley with beards, etc.

Rejects good oat seed.

Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops Disc Pocket English measure V 4-½ V5 V 5-½ V 5-¾ V6 V 6-½ R 3-½ R 3-¾ R4 R 4-½ R5 R 5-½ R6 K L M AC

J

A MM B RR, SS

389

Will Lift:

Will Reject (Not Lift):

Wild buckwheat, large cockle, vetch, cracked grain, wild onion bulblets Flax, extra large cockle, vetch, small or broken wheat, large wild buckwheat, etc. Watergrass, mustard, smartweed, bentgrass, buckhorn plantain





Large wild buckwheat, broken wheat, broken barley, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled or broken barley, fescue, orchardgrass (to lift Kentucky 31 or alta fescue, use pockets J and A) Spring wheat, small durum wheat, Kentucky 31 fescue, alta fescue, etc. Wheat, winter wheat, durum wheat, small barley, hulled oats, rye, safflower Barley Beardless barley, oats, and all shorter grains

Wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, rye, etc. Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, etc.



Oats, wild oats, bearded barley, etc. Oats, wild oats, sticks, etc. Sticks, stems, etc.

5. Spiral Separator: separates undesirable seed which are round and can roll readily to drop out a separate spout; removes vetch, peas, soybeans, etc., from oats. (seldom used today; replaced by disc/cylinder separator, and better field control of broadleaf weeds such as vetch). 6. Precision Grader (Width/Thickness Grader): this special separation can remove most, but not all, barley seed from oats. First the seed are closely graded on slotted screens on the air-screen cleaner. Then, careful selection of slotted recessed perforations in the Precision Grader can drop out thin and medium-width oat seed, while holding up the thicker barley and oat seed and separating them (low capacity with considerable loss of good seed; this separation is used only on small lots of specialvalue seed). 7. Gravity Separator: sometimes used to remove light low-quality seed to upgrade germination, or to concentrate heavier barley seed in the heavy No copyright information

390


seed fraction. (very seldom used, due to cost of low-capacity operation on a high-volume low-per-unit-weight-value seed crop). 8. Treater: applies fungicide and sometimes insecticide to protect seed and seedlings. 9. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Scalper Debearder Air-Screen Cleaner Disc, Cylinder, or Disc/Cylinder Separator

Spiral Separator

Precision Grader

Gravity Separator


151. OKRA Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Okra, gumbo, lady finger Plant family: Malvaceae Pure seed unit: seed (AOSA). 540 seed per ounce, 19 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. No copyright information


391

Okra: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %


10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

Conditioning machines 1. Sheller-Thresher: if okra seed still in the pod is delivered to the plant, a sheller-thresher is used to separate seed from the dried pods. If the conditioning plant has a good sheller-thresher, seed yield and quality is better by delivering seed pods to the plant, because of less seed breakage and better facilities for immediate drying of the shelled/ threshed seed. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: Scalping screens remove larger pieces of pods, etc.; grading screens remove small trash, small and broken seed, dust, etc.; airblasts remove dust and light trash. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Okra (English measure) Okra, Indian varieties (English measure) Okra, Indian varieties (Metric measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

16 15

3/64×5/16 –

14 –

1/18×3/4 11

6.00 mm

–

–

4.35 mm

3. Huller-Scarifier: sometimes used, if remaining percentage of hard seed is high; however, normally not necessary. 4. Gravity Separator: separates light trash and lightweight, low-quality seed. 5. Color Sorter: separates off-color seed (water-damaged, etc.) (seldom used because of low capacity and added cost). 6. Treater: applies fungicides and sometimes insecticides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers).


392


8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Sheller-Thresher

Air-Screen Cleaner

Huller-Scarifier

Gravity Separator

Color Sorter

Treater



152. ONION CHIVES LEEK Allium cepa L., Onion Plant family: Amaryllidaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 9,665 seed per ounce, 340 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 2.0–2.9 mm; thickness: 1.0–2.1 mm; length: 2.3–3.2 mm; floating velocity: 3.7–5.9 m/sec; weight of No copyright information


393

1,000 seed: 3.8 g; specific gravity: 514 g/l; shape: triangular to irregular polyhedral; texture: shriveled, finely punctuated; color: black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.0 50% of seed pass: 1.5 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.5 50% of seed pass: 2.25 100% of seed pass: 3.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.6 50% of seed: 2.7 100% of seed: 3.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Onion: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 4.6 6.8 8.0 9.5 11.2 13.4 14.0

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 75 80

Onion, Welsh: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Onion, Welsh: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 3.4 5.1 6.9 9.4 11.8 14.0


RH % 10 20 30 45 60 75

394


Allium porrum L., Leek Plant family: Amaryllidaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 11,225 seed per ounce, 395 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.7–2.8 mm; thickness: 1.0–2.0 mm; length: 1.7–2.8 mm; floating velocity: 3.9–6.5 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.6 g; specific gravity: 620 g/l; shape: triangular to tetrahedral; texture: shriveled, finely punctuated; color: black (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.3 100% of seed pass: 2.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.3 50% of seed pass: 1.9 100% of seed pass: 2.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.1 50% of seed: 2.75 100% of seed: 3.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Allium schoenoprasum L., Chives Plant family: Amaryllidaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.1–2.1 mm; thickness: 0.5–1.4 mm; length: 2.3–3.0 mm; floating velocity: 3.8–5.6 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.8 g; specific gravity: 280 g/l; shape: triangular; texture: wrinkled; color: black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.9 100% of seed pass: 1.4



395

Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.1 50% of seed pass: 1.5 100% of seed pass: 2.1 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.3 50% of seed: 2.75 100% of seed: 3.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

Chives (Metric measure; ISTA) 3.5 R mm, – 1.2 S mm Leek (Metric measure; ISTA) 3.8 R mm, – 2.9 R mm Onion (English measure) 11 3/64×5/16 Onion, Indian varieties 10 – (English measure) Onion (Metric measure; ISTA) 3.8 R mm – 3.0 R mm

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

2.15 S mm

0.6 S mm, 0.75 S mm 1.7 R mm 1.1 S mm 1/18×3/4 1/14×1/2, 1/14×3/4 2.0 R mm 1.1 S mm 1.2 S mm

2.75 R mm 14 – 2.9 R mm

2. Cylinder Separator: smaller indents lift out small trash and undesirable particles; larger indents lift good seed out of longer trash, stems, etc. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Metric measure (ISTA): Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.): 1.75–2.0 mm From Chives, short undesirable particles. 3.5 mm Chive seed from longer trash, seed, etc. Leek (Allium porrum L.): 3.0–3.5 mm Lifts Leek seed from broken sorghum seed, large or long plant trash, etc. Separates Lolium spp. Onion (Allium cepa L.): 3.5 mm Onion seed from plant trash, broken wheat seed, etc. 4.0–4.5 mm Lifts Onion seed from plant trash, broken wheat seed, etc. Removes Lolium spp. No copyright information

396


2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and seed. 3. Magnetic Separator: if too dry when threshed or cleaned, seed may be chipped and much germination lost. To remove the umbel “buttons” the same size as the seed, use a magnetic separator; sometimes, a “water dip” is used to float out the “buttons”, particularly on small amounts of seed. If a water dip is used, good seed sink and light seed float off. The heavy pieces of receptacle absorb water and swell, so dry the seed quickly and carefully to below 12%, and then use the air-screen cleaner to remove the swollen receptacles. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Magnetic Separator

Water Dip

Treater





397

153. PANSY VIOLET; VIOLA; MINIATURE PANSY Viola tricolor L., Pansy Plant family: Violaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa, with or without strophiole/ caruncle (13) (ISTA Rules). 20,837 seed per ounce, 735 seed per gram (AOSA). Approx. 20,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): main part (65–98%) of seed are smooth, iron powder adheres to only 2–35%. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): main part of seed (65–98%) smooth, iron powder adheres to only 2–35%. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.4 50% of seed: 1.6 100% of seed: 1.8 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.4 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.1 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 517 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 19.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 14.8 100% of seed are carried upward: 10.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%.


398


Viola cornuta L., Viola, violet, miniature pansy Plant family: Violaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa, with or without strophiole/ caruncle (13) (ISTA Rules). 24,948 seed per ounce, 880 seed per gram (AOSA). Approx. 24,000–43,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade



Treater





399

154. PARSLEY Petroselinum crispum (Miller) A.W. Hill, Parsley Plant family: Umbilliferae Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed are present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ th original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). 18,370 seed per ounce, 650 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.9–1.8 mm; thickness: 0.6–1.5 mm; length: 2.2–3.4 mm; floating velocity: 3.9–6.0 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.2–1.5 g; specific gravity: 510–600 g/l; shape: partially drop-formed, slightly bent, ventral side flat, dorsal side vaulted, dropformed; texture: ribbed; color: green grey. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.3 100% of seed pass: 1.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.2 50% of seed: 2.7 100% of seed: 3.4 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines 1. Polisher: adjusted to give a gentle rubbing, helps make seed more flowable so they can be conditioned more closely (used infrequently). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large trash, small trash and undesirable particles; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and light seed. Airblasts must be adjusted to a low level, and carefully set to prevent loss of good seed. Some models have a second drive pulley to provide lower air flow and closer air adjustment. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are:


400

Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning CROP Parsley (Metric measure; ISTA)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2.75 R mm, 2.1, 2.2 R mm

–

1.6 S mm 0.75 S mm

3. Cylinder Separator: cylinder with smaller pockets removes short foreign particles; second cylinder with larger pockets lifts good seed and rejects longer trash (not always used). Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size

Rejects

Metric measure (ISTA): Parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Nym. ex A.W. Hill): 2.0 mm Lifts short trash, seed, etc. Sometimes, can reclean liftings with a 1.75 mm indent cylinder to salvage the short good Parsley seed. 3.5–4.5 mm Lifts Parsley seed to separate long trash, etc.

4. Aspirator (fractionating aspirator): makes seed-by-seed density separation, to remove mudballs picked up by combining windrowed seed, or light weed seed or crop seed (not often used). 5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, low-germinating seed. Air flow must be set low, and discard fractions carefully examined to be sure the minimum amount of good seed is lost. Sometimes, seed do not flow and/or stratify well, so flow across gravity separator’s deck must be slowed down. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



401


Polisher

Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Aspirator

Gravity Separator

Treater



155. PARSNIP Pastinaca sativa L., Parsnip Plant family: Umbelliferae Pure seed unit: schizocarp/mericarp, with or without pedicel (of any length), unless it is obvious that no seed are present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious sthat no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp partially or entirely removed (15) (ISTA Rules). 12,160 seed per ounce, 430 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 3.0–6.0 mm; thickness: 0.5–2.3 mm; length: 3.6–6.3 mm; floating velocity: 1.8–3.4 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 3.0–4.5 g; specific gravity: 200–240 g/l; shape: long, flattened; texture: ribbed, sideribs like bright wings; color: yellow No copyright information

402


brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 3.0 50% of seed pass: 4.5 100% of seed pass: 6.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.5 50% of seed: 5.1 100% of seed: 6.25 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Parsnip: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %


10 20 30 45 60 75

Conditioning machines 1. Polisher/Brush Machine: adjusted to give a gentle rubbing, helps make seed more flowable so they can be conditioned more closely (used infrequently). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Depending on seed size, which varies considerably according to seed development, a set of smaller or larger screen perforations must be used. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Parsnip (Metric measure; ISTA) Parsnip (Metric measure; ISTA) No copyright information


1st Grade

7.5 R mm, 3.0 S mm 8.5 R mm, 8.0 R mm

–

2.75 S mm 2.75 R mm

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

–

7.6 R mm

3.0 R mm


403


Lifts

Rejects

Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 3.5 mm Lifts out short trash, etc. 8.0 mm Lifts Parsnip seed to separate long trash, etc.

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Polisher


Treater




404


156. PEA, FIELD PEA, GARDEN Pisum sativum L., Pea, garden pea Pisum sativum L. var. arvense, Field pea, Canada field pea Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Garden pea: 85 seed per ounce, 3 seed per gram; field pea: 115 seed per ounce, 4 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 6.0–8.5 mm; thickness: 4.0–6.0 mm; length: 5.5–9.25 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 320 g; shape: globular to oval to quadrangular; texture: depending on variety, smooth to very wrinkled; color: depending on variety, yellow, green, brown, or marbled. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Pisum sativum L. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 4.0 50% of seed pass: 6.0 100% of seed pass: 7.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 6.0 50% of seed pass: 7.0 100% of seed pass: 8.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.5 50% of seed: 8.5 100% of seed: 9.25 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 7/8 50% of seed are carried upward: 3.2 100% of seed are carried upward: 1.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Pisum sativum L. convar. speciosum Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 3.75 50% of seed pass: 5.5 100% of seed pass: 6.8



405

Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 4.5 50% of seed pass: 6.0 100% of seed pass: 7.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.6 50% of seed: 6.8 100% of seed: 7.8 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 9.3 50% of seed float (are separated): 11.7 100% of seed float (are separated): 14.1 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 11.6 50% of seed are carried upward: 5.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 1.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Pea: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 5.4 7.3 8.6 10.1 11.0 12.0 15.0

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 65 75

Conditioning machines Mechanical damage of cracking or splitting seed is a serious problem. Seed moisture content during harvest and cleaning is crucial to minimize mechanical injury; most favorable seed moisture content is 12% to 14%. Plants are usually windrowed and then harvested in late morning and afternoon when seed are dry but still in the safer moisture range. A grain combine is too


406


rough; a more gentle combine with two or three cylinders is used. In conditioning—elevating, conveying, loading and unloading—carefully avoid dropping or impacting the seed and causing split/crack damage. Seed moisture content required to minimize mechanical damage in conditioning is too high for safe storage. Drying or aeration is required to bring seed moisture content down to about 10–12%. 1. Scalper: makes a rough removal of dust, large trash, small trash, etc. An air-screen scalper is most common; however, in irrigated dryland areas where seed is combine-harvested, a large amount of sand/dust is often in the seed material, so a stoner-type scalper is also sometimes used to remove most sand/dust before it goes to the air-screen cleaner. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove light trash, dust, light seed, chaff, broken pieces, and shrivelled seed. Scalping screens remove large trash and undesirable particles. Grading screens remove small undesirable materials, pieces of seed, etc. Slotted grading screens can separate some split seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

Pea, Garden & Field, Indian 27 – varieties (English measure) Pea, Garden & Field, Indian 10.5 mm – varieties (Metric measure) Pea, Field, Canada 20 8/64×3/4 (English measure) Pea, Field, Canada 22 10/64×3/4, (English measure) 9/64×3/4 Pea (Metric measure; ISTA) 10.0 R mm, –

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

–

17

–

6.75 mm

18

9/64×3/4

20

10/64×3/4

–

5.5 S mm

Sometimes in large-capacity operations where especially high seed quality is desired, the screens of an air-screen cleaner are used to divide the seed into two or more separate size grades. These are then gravitygraded separately, to get the closer gravity separation which results when the seed are more closely sized. Then, after gravity-grading, the different size grades may be blended back together into one large lot, or may be kept separate as separate lots. 3. Spiral Separator: can separate split seed from whole seed, especially in the round (not wrinkled) varieties (not often used today). 4. Needle Separator: removes seed with weevil holes (not often used today; good field and plant insect control reduce weevil infestation, and the gravity separator removes many weevil-infested seed).



407

5. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, light (immature, shrivelled, insectdamaged, etc.) seed, and separates stones/dirt clods/mudballs in the heavy fraction. 6. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction. 7. Stoner: salvages good seed mixed with the gravity’s heavy fraction of seed mixed with stones/mudballs. 8. Color Sorter: separates off-color undesirable materials such as othervariety seed, water-damaged seed, stained seed, etc. Because the color sorter’s capacity is low, it requires a number of color sorters to match the capacity of the air-screen cleaners, in large-volume operations. 9. Picking Belt: allows removal of visually-identifiable offtype seed, etc. (not often used today). 10. Polisher: often used to remove dust and shine up the seed by rubbing in it a chamber with damp sawdust. However, polishing may cause more splits. 11. Treater: applies fungicides, and sometimes insecticides, to protect seed and seedlings. 12. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 13. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


408


Conditioning sequence Receiving Scalper Air-Screen Cleaner

Spiral Separator

Needle Separator

Gravity Separator (sometimes a 2nd or 3rd in-line Gravity Separator is used) Middlings Gravity

Stoner

Color Sorter

Picking Belt

Polisher

Treater





409

157. PEANUT; GROUNDNUT Arachis hypogaea L., Peanut, groundnut Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is either a seed or a pod with at least one seed. 28–85 seed per ounce, 1–3 seed per gram (AOSA). (Size and shape varies according to variety: following is average for a selection of Virginia Bunch). Width: 7.8 mm; length: up to 16.25 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 1 kg; specific gravity: 604 g/l; shape: cylindrical, ends elongate; texture: smooth through outer skin; color: pink to red. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, type, area and conditions of production, etc). Peanut, in shell: Spanish: 24 lb./cu ft; 30 lb./bushel. Virginia type: 218 kg/cu m; 13.6 lb./cu ft; 17 lb./bushel. Southeastern runner: 269 kg/cu m; 16.8 lb./cu ft; 21 lb./bushel. Southeastern Spanish: 316 kg/cu m; 19.7 lb./cu ft; 25 lb./ bushel. Southwestern Spanish: 318 kg/cu m; 19.8 lb./cu ft; 25 lb./bushel. Virginia: 17.6 lb./cu ft; 22 lb./bushel. White: 17.6 lb./cu ft; 22 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant when in shells; after shelling, extremely susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: below 6%. Peanut: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 2.6 4.2 5.6 7.2 9.8 13.0 In pod @50oF: 5.5 6.1 7.1 8.6 9.8 12.0 Kernels @50 oF: 4.8 5.5 6.0 6.6 7.3 9.0 No copyright information

RH % 15 30 45 60 75 90 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 40 50 60 70 80

410


Conditioning machines Peanut seed will lose viability rapidly after being shelled. If seed are to be shelled, they should be stored over-winter in the shell, and shelled only just before the planting season. If small amounts of seed are to be hand-planted by small farmers, the seed should be cleaned in the shell, left in the shell for delivery to farmers who can hand-shell them immediately before planting. When Seed Are To Remain In Shell (with shells still on the peanuts) 1. Scalper: roughly removes dust, dirt, large and small trash, etc. Sometimes, a stoner is also used as a scalper to remove large amounts of dust/dirt. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust, light trash, small soil particles, and empty pods. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

Groundnut (English measure), 26 R (Premier Seed Co., Nigeria)

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade 14/3/4

3. Gravity Separator: removes pods which contain light immature seed or are empty, heavy particles such as mudballs, etc. 4. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of cleaned seed pods into bags, and then closes them. When Seed Are To Be Shelled (shells removed) 1. Scalper: roughly removes dust, dirt, large and small trash, etc. 2. Stoner/Gravity Density Scalper: removes sand, dirt balls, etc. (not always used). 3. Sheller: shells seed by removing pods. Usually incorporates several screens which also remove empty shells. May also screen off smaller unshelled peanuts and send them to a second sheller which is adjusted to shell smaller peanuts (if the first sheller is adjusted to shell small peanuts, it may damage some of the larger seed). 4. Air-Screen Cleaner: (often some air-screen cleaning is incorporated into sheller; ) airblasts remove dust and light materials. Scalping screens separate large undesirable particles and unshelled pods, etc. Grading screens remove undesirable small materials, small seed, split seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are:




Peanut, shelled, large-seeded (Metric measure; ISTA) (Cylinder screens) Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 2A Grade 3 Splits Peanut, shelled, (Metric measure; ISTA) (flat screens) Large seed Small seed

411

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

–

2nd Grade

over 9.6×38S mm over 8.0×38S mm over 7.2×38S mm over 6.4×38S mm

thru 9.6×38S mm thru 8.0×38Smm thru 7.2×38S mm thru 6.4×38S mm

10.8 R mm

–

10.0 R mm

9.6 R mm

–

8.8 R mm

9.2 (drops 8.0 (drops

R mm splits) R mm splits)

5. Gravity Separator: separates light trash, shriveled light seed, mudballs, rocks, etc. 6. Color Sorter: removes off-color seed, mudballs, “baldheads” (seed without the skin or testa), etc. 7. Picking Belt and/or Screen Machine: makes a final separation to remove split and baldhead seed damaged during conditioning. 8. Treater: applies protectants to the seed (not always used on shelled seed, although it should be; never used on seed delivered in the shell to farmers). 9. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 10. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.


412


Conditioning flow diagrams In Shell (with shells still on the seed):

Receiving Scalper Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Picking Belt (or Screen)


Shelled (shells removed):

Receiving Scalper

Stoner/Density Scalper

Sheller Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Color Sorter

Picking Belt (or Screen)

Treater





413

158. PENSTEMON Penstemon strictus Bentham, Rocky Mountain penstemon Plant family: Scrophulariaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 30,618 seed per ounce, 1,080 seed per gram (AOSA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




414


159. PETUNIA Petunia spp., Petunia Plant family: Solanaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Petunia x hybrida Vilm., Common petunia Plant family: Solanaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 285,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Width: 0.3–0.5 mm; thickness: 0.3–0.5 mm; length: 0.3–0.5 mm;; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.1 g. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Debearder: petunia (Petunia spp.) seed pods which are hand-picked are first broken up in a debearder, to release the seed. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Seed are very small, so are difficult to clean. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Petunia, Common (Metric measure; ISTA)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1.2 R mm, 0.8 R mm

–

0.7 R mm

0.3 R mm

3. Draper Belt: After the air-screen cleaner, a draper belt with a glossy smooth rubber belt is used to roll petunia seed downhill and carry chaff and weed seed over the top. 4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles (mud balls, plant parts) if they occur in the seed lot. (Sometimes the draper or belt separator is used). 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information


415

Conditioning sequence Receiving Debearder Air-Screen Cleaner Draper Belt Gravity Separator

Treater



160. PHACELIA Phacelia campanularia A. Gray, Phacelia Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham, Phacelia Plant family: Hydrophyllaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). P. campanularia: 51,455 seed per ounce, 1,815 seed per gram; P. tanacetifolia: 15,309 seed per ounce, 540 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

416



Treater



161. PHLOX, ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL Phlox drummondii Hooker, Phlox (annual) Plant family: Polemoniaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 14,884 seed per ounce, 525 seed per gram (AOSA). Approx. 14,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Phlox paniculata, Phlox (perennial) Plant family: Polemoniaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 2,500 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. No copyright information


417



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




418


162. PIGEON PEA Cajanus cajan L., Pigeon pea Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove lightweight trash and seed, dust, etc. Scalping screens remove larger undesirable particles. Grading screens remove smaller undesirable materials, broken seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Pigeon Pea (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

24

9/64×3/4


10/64×3/4

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight seed and trash. If threshed on a threshing floor, also removes mudballs. 3. Treater: applies protectants (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence


Treater





419

163. POCKETBOOK PLANT Calceolaria herbeahybrida, Pocketbook plant Plant family: Scrophulariaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 500,000–1,000,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




420


164. POPPY POPPY, OPIUM POPPY, ICELAND POPPY, CORN; POPPY, SHIRLEY Papaver somniferum L., Opium poppy Plant family: Papaveraceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Width: 0.8–1.0 mm; thickness: 0.6–0.8 mm; length: 1.0–1.4 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.3–0.6 g; shape: kidney-formed; texture: reticulate structure; color: white or blue. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.3 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.2 50% of seed: 1.25 100% of seed: 1.45 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Poppy: 590 kg/cu m; 36.8 lb./cu ft; 46 lb./bushel. Papaver spp maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Papaver nudicaule L., Iceland poppy Plant family: Papaveraceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 173,644 seed per ounce, 6,125 seed per gram (AOSA). Approx. 175,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Poppy: 590 kg/cu m; 36.8 lb./cu ft; 46 lb./bushel. Papaver spp Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. No copyright information


421

Papaver orientale L., Poppy Plant family: Papaveraceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 140,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Poppy: 590 kg/cu m; 36.8 lb./cu ft; 46 lb./bushel. Papaver spp maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Papaver rhoeas L., Corn poppy, Shirley poppy Plant family: Papaveraceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 208,089 seed per ounce, 7,340 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.3 50% of seed pass: 0.4 100% of seed pass: 0.7 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 0.8 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 0.6 50% of seed: 0.9 100% of seed: 1.0 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 2.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 2.7 100% of seed float (are separated): 3.7 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 619 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 20.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 18.5 100% of seed are carried upward: 12.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) No copyright information

422


Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Poppy: 590 kg/cu m; 36.8 lb./cu ft; 46 lb./bushel. Papaver spp maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Chenopodium album seed can be separated by replacing the 1.00 mm slotted or 1.20 mm round screen with the 0.9 mm slot or 1.10 mm round screen. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Poppy, Opium (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2.1 R mm, 1.4 R mm

–

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1.0, 1.2 R mm 0.4 S mm

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. The draper (belt) separator is sometimes used to separate undesirable particles; it reportedly can remove seed of Matricaria maritima. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence

Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Gravity Separator (or Draper Belt Separator)

Treater





423

165. POPPY, CALIFORNIA Eschscholzia californica Chamisso, California poppy Plant family: Papaveraceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 14,175–19,987 (16,868) seed per ounce, 500–750 (595) seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




424


166. PORTULACA; MOSS ROSE Portulaca grandiflora Hook., Portulaca, moss rose Plant family: Portulacaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 280,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines If the weed purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is in the portulaca (Portulaca grandiflora Hook.) seed field, it must be removed in the field; it cannot be separated mechanically. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Treater





425

167. PRIMROSE, BEACH EVENING Camissonia cheiranthifolia (Hornemann) Raimann, Beach evening primrose Plant family: Onagraceae 154,366 seed per ounce, 5,445 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed unit is a seed. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




426


168. PRIMROSE, EVENING PRIMROSE, MISSOURI; OZARK SUNDROPS Oenothera agrillicola Mackenzie, Evening primrose Plant family: Onagraceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 70,308 seed per ounce, 2,480 seed per gram (AOSA). Oenothera macrocarpa Nuttal, Ozark sundrops, Missouri primrose Plant family: Onagraceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 5,954 seed per ounce, 210 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade





Treater



169. PRIMULA, ANNUAL PRIMULA, PERENNIAL Primula malacoides, Primula (annual) Plant family: Primulaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 385,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Primula obconica, Primula (annual) Plant family: Primulaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 130,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Seed unit is a seed. Primula veris, Primula (hardy, perennial types) Plant family: Primulaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 28,000–35,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book).


427

428




1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





429

170. PSYLLIUM Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula, Psyllium Plant family: Plantaginaceae Seed unit is a seed. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Psyllium (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

4×18

6×38

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade 6×20

26×26


Treater



430


171. PYRETHRUM; PAINTED DAISY Pyrethrum roseum, Pyrethrum (perennial), painted daisy Plant family: Compositae Approx. 18,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




431

172. RADISH Raphanus sativus L., Radish Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 2,125 seed per ounce, 75 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 2.0–3.0 mm; thickness: 1.2–3.0 mm; length: 2.9–3.9 mm; floating velocity: 6.1–9.2 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 7.5 g; specific gravity: 660–720 g/l; shape: round to egg-formed; texture: plain; color: light brown to light red, often have a greyish cover. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). R. sativus L. Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.1 50% of seed pass: 1.75 100% of seed pass: 2.75 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.6 50% of seed pass: 2.5 100% of seed pass: 3.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.5 50% of seed: 3.25 100% of seed: 3.5 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) R. sativus L. var. albus DC. Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.2 50% of seed pass: 2.0 100% of seed pass: 3.0 No copyright information

432


Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.0 50% of seed pass: 2.5 100% of seed pass: 3.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.9 50% of seed: 3.4 100% of seed: 3.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Radish: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %


10 20 30 45 60 75

Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large and small undesirable particles, dust, light trash and seed, etc. With careful selection of screens, can remove many weed seed, broken crop seed, etc. Using a partially blanked scalping screen with an oilcloth cover to keep long seed lying flat, many long foreign seed (wild oats, grasses, etc.) can be removed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Radish (English measure) Radish, Indian varieties (English measure) Radish (Metric measure; ISTA) Radish, Indian varieties (Metric measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

10 10

1/14 –

9, 8 –

4.5 R mm, 3.75 R mm (varies)

–

3.5 R mm

1/12 1/14×1/2, 1/14×3/4 2.0 R mm

–

–

1.85 mm slot



Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size English measure 5

6-½

8-½

11


Metric measure: Radish (Raphanus sativus L.): 4.5–5.5 mm

433

Rejects


Lifts out Radish seed to separate stems, straw, unbroken siliques (seed pods), etc.

3. Spiral Separator: removes flat foreign seed (wheat, etc.) and cross-broken crop seed from round crucifer seed (not often used today, but quite useful for this separation). 4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and immature seed; if seed were threshed on a threshing floor, can remove mudballs. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


434



Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



173. RAPE, ANNUAL RAPE, BIRD RAPE, TURNIP RAPE, WINTER Rape and Dwarf Essex Rape: 642 and 770 kg/cu m; 40 and 48 lb./cu ft; 50 and 60 lb./bushel. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6–7% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates) Brassica campestris, Bird rape (Brassica rapa L.) Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 12,509 seed per ounce, 425 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible.



435

Brassica campestris vars., Turnip rape( Brassica rapa L., biennial turnip rape) Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Biennial turnip rape: 15,196 seed per ounce, 536 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Brassica napus L. var. annua Koch, Annual rape Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 9,810 seed per ounce, 345 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.7–2.6 mm; thickness: 1.2–2.5 mm; length: 1.8–2.7 mm; floating velocity: 5.1–8.4 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 5.0 g; shape: round; texture: reticulate structure; color: dark brown to blue black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. B. napus (var. not specified) Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.2 50% of seed pass: 1.85 100% of seed pass: 2.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.65 50% of seed pass: 2.1 100% of seed pass: 2.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.75 50% of seed: 2.1 100% of seed: 2.85 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 5.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 6.5 100% of seed float (are separated): 8.4 No copyright information

436


Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 9.2 50% of seed are carried upward: 4.2 100% of seed are carried upward: 1.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Brassica napus L. var. biennis (Schubler & Martyn) Reichenbach, Winter rape Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 6,520 seed per ounce, 230 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.7–2.6 mm; thickness: 1.2–2.5 mm; length: 1.8–2.7 mm; floating velocity: 5.1–8.4 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 5.0 g; shape: round; texture: reticulate structure; color: dark brown to blue black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large and small undesirable particles, dust, light trash and seed, etc. With careful selection of screens, can remove many weed seed, broken crop seed, etc. Using a partially blanked scalping screen with an oilcloth cover to keep long seed lying flat, many long foreign seed (wild oats, grasses, etc.) can be removed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Rape, Dwarf Essex (English measure) Rape, German (English measure) Rape, winter annual (Metric measure; ISTA) Rape, summer annual (Metric measure; STA)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

7

1/23

1/12

2nd Grade 1/22

9

1/18

7

1/16

3.25 R mm, 2.8 R mm 3.25 R mm, 2.65 R mm

–

2.65 R mm

–

2.5 R mm

1.4 R mm, 1.1 S mm 1.4 R mm, 1.1 S mm



Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size English measure 5

6-½

8-½

11

437

Rejects

Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, Meadow fescue, wild brome, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, large buckhorn plantain, etc. quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Small broken grain, small wild Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, buckwheat, small vetch, small wheatgrass, hulled cockle, wild mustard orchardgrass, flax, etc. Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, sudangrass, small sugarbeet orchardgrass, etc. seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta onion, small garlic, wild winter fescue peas, coffeeweed, etc.

3. Spiral Separator: removes flat foreign seed (wheat, etc.) and split (half) crop seed from round whole good seed (not often used today, but quite useful). 4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and immature seed; if seed were threshed on a threshing floor, can remove mudballs. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.


438



Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



174. RHUBARB SORREL Rheum rhaponticum L. (Rheum rhubarabarum L.), Rhubarb Plant family: Polygonaceae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without perianth, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (2) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, rarely a naked seed (AOSA). 1,700 seed per ounce, 60 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Rumex acetosa L., Sorrel Plant family: Polygonaceae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without perianth, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (2) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, rarely a naked seed (AOSA).



439

30,590 seed per ounce, 1,080 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): most (65–98%) seed are smooth, iron powder adheres only to 2–35%. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): most (65–98%) seed are smooth, iron powder adheres only to 2–35%. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.3 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.4 50% of seed: 1.6 100% of seed: 1.8 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 2.8 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.8 100% of seed float (are separated): 4.7 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 662 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 25.8 50% of seed are carried upward: 22.2 100% of seed are carried upward: 17.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust, light materials, and light seed. Scalping screens remove larger undesirable particles. Grading screens remove smaller undesirable particles, small low-quality seed, broken seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

440


2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash and lightweight low-quality seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater



175. RICE; PADDY Oryza sativa L., Rice, paddy Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes, lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; floret, with or without sterile lemmas, with lemma and palea enaclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; floret with lemma and palea enclosing a caryopsis, excluding entire awn when the length of the awn is longer than the length of the floret; caryopsis (38 ISTA Rules). There are long grain, medium grain, and short grain types, and many varieties within each type. In addition, there are local varieties of scented No copyright information


441

(aromatic) rice, colored rice, etc. Significant variations in seed length (and thickness) differences require different adjustments and components in conditioning. 1,870 seed per ounce, 65 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 3.2–3.6 mm; thickness: 2.0–2.4 mm; length: 6.0–10.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 24–29 g; shape: flat long elliptic, may have awns; texture: very rough; color: straw. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed unit is a caryopsis with hull (hulled caryopses seldom germinate and grow well in the field). 577 Kg/cubic meter; 45 lb. per bushel; 36 lb./cubic foot Specific gravity: Honduras 1.11; Wataribune 1.12 % Air space (void in bulk): Honduras 50.4; Wataribune 46.5 Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Rice (rough; seed): Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 6.8 9.0 10.7 12.6 14.4 16.0 18.1 23.6 Rough. @ 32 oF: 8.22 9.9 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 Rough, @ 77 oF: 4.6 6.5 7.9 9.4 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 Rough, @ 111oF: 10.0 12.0 14.0 17.0 No copyright information

RH % 15 30 45 60 75 80 90 100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 60 70 80 90

442


Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant, in glumes. Excessively rapid drying causes “sun checking”, or breaking or cracking of endosperm; if this occurs across the embryo, it is usually damaged. However, limited research showed that when rice seed still in the glumes (hulls) are placed in a moist environment and germination processes occur, the cracks in the endosperm are sealed as the starch is transformed for use by the embryo. Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: makes a rough removal of trash, dust, empty glumes, etc. 2. Special Drying System: rice seed will get “sun checks” and crack and break if it is dried too rapidly in either sun or artificial dryers. To prevent this, rice seed is usually dried in a special drying system in which a small percentage of moisture is removed in each pass through the dryer; the seed is then put in bins to “temper” for several hours (i.e., allow remaining seed moisture to equilibrate—move within the seed, so that the seed surface has about the same moisture content as the seed’s center)—so that it does not crack or sun-check in further drying. This process is repeated several times, each removing a small amount of moisture, and then tempering the seed, until seed moisture content is brought down to 11–12%. 3. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust, light trash, empty glumes, light seed, etc. Scalping screens remove large trash. Grading screens remove small seed and trash. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Rice (Paddy) 22 (English measure) Rice (unhulled, long grain) 14, 12 (English measure) Rice (unhulled, short grain) 14 (English measure) Rice (Premier Seed Co., Nigeria) 9/64×3/4 Rice (hulled—not for seed) 14 (English measure) Rice (Paddy), Indian varieties 7/64×1/2, (English measure) 7/64×3/4 Rice (Paddy), Indian varieties 2.8 mm slot (Metric measure) Rice (Paddy) 8.5–9.0 R mm (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

6, 7

20, 21

6, 6.5

12, 8/64×3/4 12, 8/64×3/4 12

1/14×1/2, 1/13×1/2 1/16x×/2, 1/15×1/2 1/13x×/2, 1/14×1/2 1/14×1/2 14×14

– – –

1/14×1/2, 1/14×3/4 1.85 mm slot

6, 6.5

1/12, 15×15 – – – –

6.0 R mm 1.8–2.0 S mm

4. Disc/Cylinder Separator: removes short trash and long trash. Also removes cross-broken seed, small weed seed, etc.


Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size

443

Rejects

English measure 5

Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, Meadow fescue, wild brome, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, large buckhorn plantain, etc. quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. 6-½ Small broken grain, small wild Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, buckwheat, small vetch, small wheatgrass, hulled cockle, wild mustard orchardgrass, flax, etc. 8-½ Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, sudangrass, small sugarbeet orchardgrass, etc. seed, etc. 11 Broken smallgrain, vetch, small Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta onion, small garlic, wild winter fescue peas, coffeeweed, etc. 13 Spring wheat, small or broken Durum wheat, large spring durum wheat, pearled and wheat, barley, pin oats broken barley, flax 19 Spring wheat, small durum Oats, wild oats, barley, etc. wheat 22 Wheat, winter wheat, hulled Oats, wild oats oats, rye, etc. Metric measure (ISTA): Rice (Paddy) (Oryza sativa L.): 6.0 mm Lifts out cross-broken seed, short trash, weed seed, etc. 10.0 mm Lifts Rice seed to separate long trash, straw, etc. Disc Pocket English measure V4 V 4-½ V5 V 5-½ V 5-¾ V6 V 6-½ R 3-½ R 3-¾ R4 R 4-½ R5 R 5-½ R6

Will Lift:


Watergrass, mustard, small cockle, small cracked grain, etc. Wild buckwheat, large cockle, vetch, cracked grain, wild onion bulblets Flax, extra large cockle, vetch, small or broken wheat, large wild buckwheat, etc. Watergrass, mustard, smartweed, bentgrass, buckhorn plantain

Wheat, barley, pin oats, large flax, etc. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, etc.



Unhulled quackgrass, pin oats, wheat, barley, oats, rye, etc. Flax, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc.


444


Table contd... Disc Pocket K L M AC

J

A MM

Will Lift:


Large wild buckwheat, broken wheat, broken barley, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled or broken barley, fescue, orchardgrass (to lift Kentucky 31 or alta fescue, use pockets J and A) Spring wheat, small durum wheat, Kentucky 31 fescue, alta fescue, etc. Wheat, winter wheat, durum wheat, small barley, hulled oats, rye, safflower

Wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, rye, etc. Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, etc.



5. Dockins Grader: separates short/medium varieties from long-grain varieties; separates red rice seed if red rice seed differ from the variety (not widely used because it is not generally available or widely known; however, it has major potential and does an excellent separation). 6. Spiral Separator: removes round weed seed (not often used today; replaced by better field weed control and the length separator). 7. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash, light chalky seed, empty seed, heavy mudballs if the seed is threshed on a threshing floor, etc. (seldom used, because it is too costly; primarily used on small lots of high-value seed such as Foundation seed). 8. Stoner: salvages good seed from the heavy discard fraction discharged from the gravity separator (normally used only when gravity is used; however, it can remove dirt clods and mudballs from rice seed threshed on a ground/mud threshing floor). 9. Color Sorter: removes off-color rice seed (used on food rice, but seldom used on seed rice because of low capacity and high cost; used only on some operations involving Foundation seed). 10. Treater: applies fungicides, and sometimes insecticides, to protect seed and seedlings. 11. Final Dryer System: after the seed is treated, it is sometimes redried to bring seed moisture down to a low level safe for storage (not often used, because seed is normally planted relatively soon after conditioning, so lower moisture content is not essential). 12. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.



445


Dryer System

Air-Screen Cleaner Disc, Cylinder, or Disc/Cylinder Separator

Dockins Grader

Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator Stoner

Treater

Final Dryer System


176. RIVER-DAISY, SWAN Brachycome iberidifolia Bentham. Swan river daisy Plant family: Compositae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without wing and/or pappus or bristle, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/ testa partially or entirely removed (5) (ISTA Rules). 166,698 seed per ounce, 5,880 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information

446




1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





447

177. CICER MILKVETCH CROWNVETCH Astragalus cicer L., Cicer milkvetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 7,660 seed/ounce, 270 seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Coronilla varia L., Crownvetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: pod, with seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (21) (ISTA Rules). 8,635 seed/ounce, 305 seed/gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) of seed are smoot, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) of seed are smooth, iron powder. Does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.4 50% of seed pass: 1.7 100% of seed pass: 2.1 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.1 50% of seed: 3.9 100% of seed: 4.8 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.4 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.9 100% of seed float (are separated): 7.2 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 827 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 22.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 20.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 17.1 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) No copyright information

448


Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: Crownvetch Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %

Temperature not specified: 9.9 14.2 18.1

70 80 85

Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: makes a rough removal of dust, large trash, and light trash (not always used). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove light materials, dust and light seed pieces. Scalping screens remove larger undesirable materials. Grading screens remove smaller undesirable particles, broken seed, small weed seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

3. Spiral Separator: removes broken seed, flat undesirable seed such as wheat, flat trash and weed seed. (now seldom used). 4. Disc/Cylinder Separator: removes small grains, sticks, broken seed, etc. (not always used). 5. Gravity Separator: removes light seed and light trash. 6. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed from the middlings fraction discharged from the main gravity separator. 7. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 8. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers) (seldom used). 9. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.



Conditioning sequence Receiving Scalper Air-Screen Cleaner

Spiral Separator

Disc or Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity Separator

Treater



178. RYE RYE, MOUNTAIN Secale cereale L., Rye (common, spring, winter) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: caryopsis (40) (ISTA Rules). 1,135 seed per ounce, 40 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 2.6 100% of seed pass: 3.25 No copyright information

449

450


Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.25 50% of seed pass: 3.5 100% of seed pass: 4.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 6.6 50% of seed: 8.1 100% of seed: 9.3 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 5.5 50% of seed float (are separated): 7.4 100% of seed float (are separated): 9.0 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 22.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 19.5 100% of seed are carried upward: 16.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 719 kg/cubic meter; 45 lb. per bushel; 44.8 lb./cubic foot. Specific gravity 1.23; 41.2% air space (void in bulk). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Common rye: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Rye: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 7.0 8.7 10.5 12.2 13.0 14.8 20.6 26.7 @ 77oF: 5.2 7.6 8.7 9.9 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 21.0 No copyright information

RH % 15 30 45 60 65 75 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90


451

Secale montanum Gussone, Mountain rye Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: caryopsis (40) (ISTA Rules). 2,500 seed/ounce, 90 seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: makes a rough removal of dust, trash, and light materials (used if raw seed is trashy). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove light trash, light seed, and dust. Scalping screens remove large undesirable particles. Grading screens remove small weed seed, small rye seed, small trash, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Rye (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

12

1/18×3/4

12, 1/16×1/2 7/64×3/4 12 1/14×1/2 7/64×3/4 9

Rye (English measure) 14 Rye (removing some, not all, 7/64×3/4 vetch) (English measure) Rye, Florida Black 12 (English measure)

1/16×1/2 8 1/22×1/2

11

3/64×5/16

3. Disk/Cylinder Separator: removes small weed seed, some wheat seed, cross-broken rye seed, etc. Larger pockets can lift rye to separate it from the longer trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure 5 6-½ 8-½ 11 13 19 22 24 No copyright information

Life

Rejects

Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, etc. Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small onion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled and broken barley, flax Spring wheat, small durum wheat Wheat, winter wheat, hulled oats, rye, etc. Barley

Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc. Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta fescue Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, pin oats Oats, wild oats, barley, etc. Oats, wild oats Oats, wild oats, barley with beards

452

Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning Disc Pocket English measure V 4-½ V5 V 5-½ V 5-¾ V6 V 6-½ R 3-½ R 3-¾ R4 R 4-½ R5 R 5-½ R6 K L M AC

J

A MM B RR, SS

Will Lift:


Wild buckwheat, large cockle, vetch, cracked grain, wild onion bulblets Flax, extra large cockle, vetch, small or broken wheat, large wild buckwheat, etc. Watergrass, mustard, smartweed, bentgrass, buckhorn plantain Small seed, cracked grain, wild buckwheat, bluegrass, buckhorn plantain


Large wild buckwheat, broken wheat, broken barley, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled or broken barley, fescue, orchardgrass (to lift Kentucky 31 or alta fescue, use pockets J and A) Spring wheat, small durum wheat, Kentucky 31 fescue, alta fescue, etc. Wheat, winter wheat, durum wheat, small barley, hulled oats, rye, safflower Barley Beardless barley, oats, and all shorter grains

Unhulled quackgrass, pin oats, wheat, barley, oats, rye, etc. Flax, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc. Wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, rye, alta fescue, meadow brome, etc. Wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, rye, etc. Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, etc.


Oats, wild oats, bearded barley, etc. Oats, wild oats, sticks, etc. Sticks, stems, etc.

4. Spiral Separator: removes round weed seed such as vetch (seldom used today). 5. Gravity Separator: removes light trash and lightweight rye seed. Can also be used to size the seed closely to remove most (but not all) oats, wild oats, barley, etc., in the heavier fraction (seldom used, because of relative cost/capacity). 6. Treater: applies fungicides, and sometimes insecticides, to protect seed and seedlings. 7. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.



453


Scalper


Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator


179. SAFFLOWER Carthamus tinctorius L., Safflower Plant family: Compositae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). 825 seed/ounce, 30 seed/gram (AOSA). Width: 3.4–4.0 mm; thickness: 2.6–3.6 mm; length: 7.2–8.2 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 38–40 g; shape: long ovoid; texture: smooth; color: white. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6–7 (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates).


454


Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove light trash, light seed, dust, etc. Scalping screens remove large trash. Grading screens remove small trash, broken seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Safflower (English measure) Safflower (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

18 7.25 R mm, 7.0 R mm

8 –

11/64×3/4 4.5 S mm

6/64×3/4 1.1 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: removes short undesirable materials, broken seed pieces, etc.; large-pocket cylinders lift good seed and reject longer pieces of stems and trash (not always used). 3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash, light unfilled seed, etc. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings. 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers) (seldom used). 6. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator Treater





455

180. SAGE, GARDEN SAGE, MEALYCUP; BLUE BEDDER Salvia officinalis L., Garden sage Plant family: Labiatae Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). 3,435 seed per ounce, 120 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 2.2–2.6 mm; thickness: 2.2–2.6 mm; length: 2.6–3.2 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 5.0–9.0 g; shape: broad, ellipsoid, almost globose; texture: smooth; color: black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 2.0 100% of seed pass: 2.75 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.9 50% of seed pass: 2.5 100% of seed pass: 3.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.3 50% of seed: 2.7 100% of seed: 3.05 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Salvia spp: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Salvia farinacea Bentham, Mealycup sage, blue bedder Plant family: Labiatae Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). 21,262 seed per ounce, 750 seed per gram (AOSA). Salvia spp, flowering sage: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. No copyright information

456


Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Sage, Garden (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

4.7 R mm, 4.5 R mm

–

3.3 R mm

1.7 S mm

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot (not always used). 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Gravity Separator

Treater





457

181. SAINFOIN Onobrychis viciifolia Scopoli, Sainfoin Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: pod, with seed; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (21) (ISTA Rules). 1,420 seed per ounce, 50 seed per gram (AOSA). (Fruits) Width: 3.5–6.5 mm; thickness: 0.7–1.75 mm; length: 5.0–7.0 mm; floating velocity: 5.2–7.1 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 23.1 g; specific gravity: 340.4 g/l; shape: roundly obovate, teeth on the rounded ridge; texture: reticulate-veined sides; color: greenish grey to light reddish brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Pods Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.25 50% of seed pass: 3.0 100% of seed pass: 4.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 4.5 50% of seed pass: 5.5 100% of seed pass: 7.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 6.0 50% of seed: 7.2 100% of seed: 8.2 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.0 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.3 100% of seed float (are separated): 5.4 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 359 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 30.1 50% of seed are carried upward: 25.9 100% of seed are carried upward: 15.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I)


458


Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove light trash and dust. Scalping screens remove large undesirable particles. Grading screens remove small undesirable particles, broken seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Sainfoin (unhulled) (English measure) Sainfoin (hulled) (English measure) Sainfoin, fruits (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

20

8

10/64×3/4

1/12×1/2

9

12×12

4×8.5

7.5 R mm, 7.0 R mm

–

6.5 R mm

6×14 2.0 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: removes short undesirable materials such as trash, broken seed, some weed seed, etc. Large-pocket cylinder can lift good seed and reject long undesirable particles such as stems (not always used). 3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight low-quality seed, light trash, etc. 4. Treater: applies materials to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater




459

182. SALPIGLOSSIS Salpiglossis Ruiz & Pav. spp., Salpiglossis Plant family: Solanaceae Capsule oblong or ovoid, the valves 2-cleft (Bailey). Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed small (Bailey). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7% Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




460


183. SALSIFY SALSIFY, BLACK Scorzonera hispanica L. Black salsify Plant family: Compositae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.3–5.0 mm; thickness: 0.8–2.2 mm; length: 10.8–15.6 mm; floating velocity: 3.6–5.9 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: about 10.0 g; specific gravity: 260–270 g/l; shape: lengthy, cylinder-formed, hair tuft at top of seed; texture: finely ribbed; color: yellow. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.75 50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.3 50% of seed pass: 3.25 100% of seed pass: 5.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 10.7 50% of seed: 13.0 100% of seed: 15.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Tragopogon porrifolius L., Salsify Plant family: Compositae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). 1,870 seed per ounce, 65 seed per gram (AOSA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes larger and smaller foreign particles, dust, light seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information


461


Salsify, Black (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

9.0 R mm, 2.75, 2.4S mm

–

2.25 S mm

0.8 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Salsify, Black (Scorzonera hispanica L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 9.0 mm Lifts out short trash, seed, particles, etc.

3. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight low-germinating seed. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings in soil (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater




462


184. SALVIA Salvia spp., Salvia Plant family: Labiatae Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 7,500 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade



Treater




463

185. SCABIOSA; SCABIOSUS PINCUSHION FLOWER Scabiosa spp., Scabiosa, scabiosus, pincushion flower Plant family: Dipsaceae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without involucel, calyx or beak, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/ testa partially or entirely removed (6) (ISTA Rules). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9%. Scabiosa atropurpurea, Scabiosa (annual), pincushion flower Plant family: Dipsaceae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without involucel, calyx or beak, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/ testa partially or entirely removed (6) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 4,500 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9%. Scabiosa caucasica, Scabiosa (perennial), pincushion flower Plant family: Dipsaceae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without involucel, calyx or beak, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/ testa partially or entirely removed (6) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 2,400 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9%. Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: removes much of the larger or smaller trash, and some dust. Scabiosa (Scabiosa spp.) may have over 80% chaff in the harvested seed material. Alternatively, seed may be cleaned twice (or more) on an airscreen cleaner. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information

464



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

3. Cylinder Separator: smaller indents lift out small trash; larger indents lift out good seed to separate it from longer trash. 4. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. A second gravity is often used to reclean the middlings product to salvage good seed it contains; this also helps increase separating precision and capacity, and helps remove more of the inert material. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Scalper (or additional Air-Screen Cleaner) Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity

Treater





465

186. SCHIZANTHUS; BUTTERFLY FLOWER Schizanthus spp., Schizanthus, butterfly flower Plant family: Solanaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 60,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




466


187. SEA LAVENDER SEA LAVENDER, NOTCHLEAF Limonium sinuatum (L.) Miller, Notchleaf sea lavender Plant family: Plumbaginaceae Pure seed unit: flower head, with or without pedicel, unless it is obvious that no achenes are present; achene, with or without perianth, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (27) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.0–1.4 mm; thickness: 0.8–1.2 mm; length: 4.2–5.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 2.5 g; shape: slender, ellipsoid, the seed are enclosed in a tough woody cluster (comb) of flowers; texture: smooth; color: dark purple with light tip. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Limonium spp., Statice, sea lavender (annual or perennial) Plant family: Plumbaginaceae Pure seed unit: flower head, with or without pedicel, unless it is obvious that no achenes are present; achene, with or without perianth, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (27) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 13,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Brush Machine (Debearder): breaks up the stiff flower clusters (“combs”) so the seed can be removed and cleaned. In commerce, the seed are sold “naked”, removed from the combs. The combs may need to be dried before brushing to make them more brittle so they will break up adequately. Drying and brushing may be required for more than one pass, and removal of naked seed between passes. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Sea Lavender, Notchleaf (Metric measure; ISTA)



1st Grade

2.6 R mm, 1.2 S mm

–

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1.0 S mm 0.3–0.5 S mm


467


Lifts

Rejects

Sea Lavender, Notchleaf (Limonium sinuatum (L.) Miller) Metric measure (ISTA): 2.25–3.5 mm Separates small trash, comb pieces. 3.5–4.5 mm Separates small trash, comb pieces.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Brush Machine (Debearder) Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater




468


188. SERRADELLA Ornithopus sativus Brot., Serradella Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: one-seeded segment of pod or siliqua, with or without stalk or termial beak; seed, provided a portion of the testa is attached (23) (ISTA Rules). Width: 2.0–2.6 mm; thickness: 0.8–1.5 mm; length: 2.8–3.6 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 3.5 g; shape: flat, oblong; texture: veined; color: greenish to reddish brown; the true seed are enclosed in a segment of the pod; this description is of the pod segment, which may still bear a beak of up to 3.6 mm long. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Pod segments: Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.7 50% of seed pass: 2.25 100% of seed pass: 3.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.5 50% of seed: 2.9 100% of seed: 3.5 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 2.5 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.3 100% of seed float (are separated): 5.9 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 460 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 29.6 50% of seed are carried upward: 23.9 100% of seed are carried upward: 15.7 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information


469


Serradella (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

4.0 R mm, 1.9 S mm

– –

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade 3.5 R mm –

1.6, 1.8 R mm

2. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles; a larger-indent cylinder lifts good seed to separate long trash (not always needed). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) Metric measure (ISTA): 2.5 mm Lifts out small undesirable particles.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot (not always needed). 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence

Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater




470


189. SESAME Sesamum indicum L. (Sesamum orientale L.), Sesame Plant family: Pedaliaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 10,205 seed per ounce, 360 seed per gram (AOSA). 590 kg/cu m; 36.8 lb./cu ft; 46 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat-to-quite susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust and lightweight materials. Scalping screens remove large undesirable materials such as trash, hulls, stems, etc. Grading screens remove small undesirable particles such as trash, small weed seed, broken seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

Sesame (English measure)

6

17×17

1/20×1/2

Sesame (English measure)

6

4×26

1/18×1/4

1/16, 6×24 1/16

2. Cylinder Separator: removes short undesirable materials. If the cylinder system is complete, the cylinder with larger pockets can lift out the good seed and reject long materials such as stems (not always used). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure 3

4

5

6-½

8-½


Lifts

Rejects


Thistles, buckhorn plantain, sticks, alfalfa, red clover, etc.


Canada thistle, quackgrass, sticks, alfalfa, bluegrass, etc. Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc.


471

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and seed to improve both purity and germination. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



190. SESBANIA Sesbania exaltata (Rafinesque) A.W. Hill, Sesbania (Sesbania macrocarpa Muhlenberg), Sesbania Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 2,980 seed per ounce, 105 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information

472


Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove light trash, immature seed, dust, etc. Scalping screens remove large trash. Grading screens remove broken seed, small seed, small trash, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Sesbania (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

10

1/18×1/4

9, 8

1/18×3/4

2. Cylinder Separator: separates small short undesirable particles, and long undesirable trash if the system includes a lifting cylinder (not always used). 3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight immature seed, and light trash. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater





191

473

SIRATRO

Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urgan, Siratro Plant family: Leguminosae Width: 2.5 mm; thickness: 2.0 mm; length: 4.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 13.3 g; specific gravity: 81l g/l; shape: flattened ovoid; texture: dull, smooth; color: light brown to black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, some weed seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Siratro (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

4.3 R mm, 3.9 R mm

–

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade 3.5 R mm

2.1 R mm

2. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles including some weed seed; a larger-indent cylinder may also be used to lift good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urban) Metric measure (ISTA): 3.25–4.0 mm From Siratro, lifts small trash, weed seed, short and broken seed, etc.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles, which are common in suction-harvested seed. Some weed seed are also removed. 4. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine To Storage, Shipping, Distribution


474


192. SNAPDRAGON Antirrhinum majus L., Common snapdragon, greenhouse snapdragon, annual snapdragon, outdoor snapdragon Plant family: Scrophulariaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 180,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Width: 0.5–0.8 mm; thickness: 0.5–0.8 mm; length: 0.7–0.9 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.1 g; shape: broad ovoid, almost round; texture: network of sharp ridges, looks like a miniature dry raisin; color: dark brown to black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Conditioning machines 1. Rethreshing: may sometimes be needed to remove beards and chaff. 2. Debearder: a gentle rubbing helps remove beards and chaff. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Tetraploid seed are larger than diploid, and need larger screen perforations. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Snapdragon, Common (Metric measure;

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

1.5 R mm, ISTA)

– 1.2 R mm

1.1 R mm

0.5 S mm

3. Cylinder Separator: smaller indent separates short undesirable particles; a larger-indent cylinder lifts good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Snapdragon, Common (Antirrhinum majus L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 1.75–2.00 mm Lifts Common Snapdragon seed from stem and leaf parts.

4. Belt (Band, or Draper) Grader: can separate long/flat trash, etc. (sometimes used). 5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and soil and mudballs. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be No copyright information


475

carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Rethreshing Debearding Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator

Belt (Band) Grader

Gravity Separator

Treater




476


193. SORGHUM ALMUM SORGHUM, GRAIN SORGHUM, SWEET BROOMCORN SORGHUM-SUDANGRASS SUDANGRASS Sorghum x almum L. Parodi, Almum sorghum, sorghum almum Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 4,225 seed/ounce, 150 seed/gram (AOSA). 22.4 lb./cu ft; 28 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Sorghum vulgare), Sorghum (grain and sweet) Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis withor without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). Grain and sweet sorghum: 850–2,270 seed per ounce, 30–80 (55) seed per gram (AOSA). Thickness: 2.8 mm; length: 4.6 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 100 g; specific gravity: 824 g/l; shape: slightly pointed spherical with flattened sides; texture: smooth; color: from orange to cream yellow. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). 642 Kg/cubic meter; 50 lb. per bushel; 40 lb./cubic foot. Kaffir corn (grain sorghum); 719 and 642 kg/cu m; 40 and 44.8 lb./cu ft; 50 and 56 lb./bushel. Grain sorghum (Kafir, Milo, Hegari) 719 and 642 kg/cu m; 44.8 and 40.0 lb./cu ft; 56 and 50 lb./bushel. Yellow Milo grain sorghum: 37% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.22. Blackhull Kafir grain sorghum: 36.8% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.26. Sweet sorghum (Sorgho, syrup sorghum, cane): 642 kg/cu m; 40 lb./cu ft; 50 lb./ bushel. No copyright information


477

Sorghum: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Sorghum: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 6.4 8.6 10.5 12.0 13.0 15.2 18.8 21.9 Sorghum bicolor @ 30 oF: 8.2 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 16.0 Sorghum bicolor @ 77 oF: 4.4 7.3 8.6 9.8 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 21.9 Sorghum bicolor @ 90 oF: 7.0 8.7 10.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 Sorghum, kafir @ 40 oF: 6.8 8.5 9.7 11.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 17.0

RH % 15 30 45 60 65 75 90 100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Table contd...


478


Table contd... Seed Moisture % Sorghum kafir @ 70 oF: 6.0 7.7 9.1 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 Sorghum, kafir @ 90 oF: 5.0 7.0 8.4 9.6 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 17.0

RH % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Sorghum vulgare var. technicum), Broomcorn Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis withor without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 1,705 seed per ounce, 60 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. 565–642 Kg/cubic meter; 44–50 lb./bushel; 35.2–40.0 lb./cubic foot. Sorghum x drummondii (Steudel) Millsp. & Chase, Sorghum-sudangrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 1,080 seed/ounce, 38 seed/gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant.



479

Sorghum x drummondii (Steudel) Millspaugh & Chase (Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense), Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf, Sudangrass Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: spikelet, with glumes enclosing a caryopsis with or without hyaline palea or lemmas, rachis segment(s), pedicel(s), awn(s), attached sterile or fertile floret(s); floret, with lemma and palea, with or without awn; caryopsis (42) (ISTA Rules). 2,355–3,175 seed/ounce, 85–110 (100) seed/gram (AOSA). 513 kg/cu m; 32 lb./cu ft; 40 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Sudangrass: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %

Piper; Temperature not specified: 10.8 11.8 14.4 15.6

55 70 80 85

Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust and light trash. Scalping screens remove large pieces of trash. Grading screens remove small trash, broken seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Sorghum, Atlas (English measure) 12 Sorghum, Indian varieties 12 (English measure) Sorghum, Indian varieties 4.75 mm (Metric measure) Sorghum, Grain 7.25 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 5.8 R mm Sorghum Grain (English measure), 18 R (Premier Seed Co., Nigeria) Cane (Sweet Sorghum) 12 (English measure) Hegari (Grain Sorghum) 14 (English measure) Kaffir Corn (Grain Sorghum) 14 (English measure) Milo Maize (Grain Sorghum) 14 (English measure) Sudangrass (English measure) 10 Sudangrass (English measure) 12 Sudangrass, Piper 10 (English measure) Sudangrass, Sweet 11 (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

1/13×1/2 –

10 –

– –

2nd Grade

1/12×1/2 9, 1/12×1/2 – 3.5 mm, 2.1 mm slot 5.25 R mm 2.0 S mm 14 R

1/15×12

10

1/14×1/2

1/13×1/2

12

1/12×1/2

1/14×1/4

12

1/12×1/2

1/13×1/2

12

1/12×1/2

1/15 1/112×1/2 3/64×5/16 1/22×1/2 10 3/64×5/16 1/13 5.5/64×3/4, 1/20×1/2 1/12×1/2 1/12 6/64×3/4 1/18×3/4

480


2. Cylinder Separator: larger indents can lift sorghum seed out of longer trash, weed seed, etc. (seldom used; proper use of air-screen cleaner should remove most of this). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Metric measure (ISTA): 5.0 mm Lifts Sorghum seed to separate longer trash, some Ipomea seed, etc. (Not often used).

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight seed and trash. 4. Treater: applies fungicides, and sometimes insecticides, to protect seed and seedlings. 5. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator Treater Bagger-Weigher To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

194. SOYBEAN; SOJA; SOYABEAN Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Soybean, soyabean, soya, soja Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 175–435 seed per ounce, 6–13 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed size and dimensions vary widely among varieties. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 3.0 50% of seed pass: 4.25 100% of seed pass: 6.0 No copyright information


481

Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 4.5 50% of seed pass: 5.5 100% of seed pass: 7.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 4.9 50% of seed: 6.85 100% of seed: 9.35 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 14.9 50% of seed are carried upward: 10.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 2.6 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) 642 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Manchu soybean: 36.1% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.18. Wilson soybean: 33.8% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.13. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite-extremely susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Soybean: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 4.3 6.5 7.4 9.3 11.0 13.1 16.0 18.8 @ 77oF: 5.5 6.5 7.1 8.0 9.3 12.0 15.0 19.0


RH % 15 30 45 60 65 75 80 90 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

482


Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust, light trash, and some light seed. Scalping screens remove large trash. Grading screens remove Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Soybean, Arksoy, Black Hawk, 22 Clemson, Lincoln, Perry, Ralsoy, S-110 (English measure) Soybean, Hawkeye, Odgen 24 (English measure) Soybean, Kingway 20 (English measure) Soybean, Laredo 16 (English measure) Soybean, Laredo 12 (Small Tennessee) (English measure) Soybean, Mammoth Brown 26 (English measure) Soybean, Red Tanner 18 (English measure) Soybean, Large Yellow 22 (English measure) Soybean, Small Black 20 (English measure) Soybean, Black Flat 18 (English measure) Soybean (removing wild morning 1 8 glory) (English measure) Soybean, Virginia Brown 18 (English measure) Soybean, Wilson 18 (English measure) Soybean, Woods Yellow 28 (English measure) Soybean, Indian varieties 20, 21 (English measure) Soybean, Large 28, 26 (English measure Soybean, Medium 24, 22, 20 (English measure) Soybean, Small (English measure) Soybean (English measure), (Premier Seed Co., Nigeria)


18, 16, 12

18 R

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

10/64×3/4

20

11/64×3/4

10/64×3/4

22

11/64×3/4

12, 11

18

7/64×3/4

10, 10.5

9/64×3/4

1/12×1/2

9.5

7/64×3/4

5/64×3/4

11/64×3/4

24

12/64×3/4

10.5, 11

16

7/64×3/4

10/64×3/4

20

11/64×3/4

6/64×3/4

18

7/64×3/4

7/64×3/4

16

8/64×3/4

7/64×3/4

16

11, 12

12

17

6.5/64×3/4

12

17

6.5/64×3/4

12/64×3/4

26

13/64×3/4

–

–

10/64×3/4

12/64×3/4, 11/64×3/4 10/64×3/4, 12

26, 24

13/64×3/4

11, 10

20, 18, 17

12/64×3/4, 11/64×3/4, 7/64×3/4 16, 6/64×3/4, 11/64×3/4, 5.5/64×3/4, 7/64×3/4 4.87/64×3/4 9/64×3/4


483

2. Spiral Separator: removes split soybean seed, moonvine and other flat weed seed (not often used today, but makes an excellent separation). 3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight materials, mudballs, immature and moisture-damaged seed, etc. (infrequently used, as low capacity is considered uneconomic as compared to high volume and low cost of soybean seed). 4. Color Sorter: removes some offtype and diseased beans (used only on high-value seed such as Foundation or Breeder stock, because of low capacity and high cost). 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator

Color Sorter

Treater




484


195. SPIDER PLANT; CLEOME Cleome spinoso, Spider plant, cleome Plant family: Capparidaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 12,500 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





485

196. SPINACH Spinacia oleracea L., Common spinach Plant family: Chenopodiaceae Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA Rules). There are round-seeded and sharp-seeded types. 2,835 seed per ounce, 100 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 2.1–5.0 mm; thickness: 1.4–4.0 mm; length: 2.6–5.1 mm; floating velocity: 4.8–9.3 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 10.0 g; specific gravity: round seed—520– 580 g/l, sharp seed—375–500 g/l; shape: round-flattened, sharp-seeded kinds taper to two points; seed size differs widely in both types and between varieties; texture: plain; color: grey brown to grey green. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.4 50% of seed pass: 2.0 100% of seed pass: 4.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.1 50% of seed pass: 3.0 100% of seed pass: 5.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.6 50% of seed: 3.1 100% of seed: 5.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8%. Spinach: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 4.6 6.5 7.8 9.5 11.1 12.0 13.2 14.5


RH % 10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

486


Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust, light trash, light seed, etc. Scalping screens remove large trash. Grading screens drop out small undesirable particles such as trash, broken seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

1/14 –

11, 12 –

Spinach (English measure) 14 Spinach, Indian varieties 14 (English measure) Spinach, Indian varieties 5.5 mm (Metric measure) Spinach, Round-seeded 5.0 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 4.0–4.5R mm Spinach, Sharp-seeded 8.0–9.0R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 7.0–7.5R mm

– – –

2nd Grade

1/12 1/14×1/2, 1/14×3/4 – 1.85 mm slot 3.75–4.0Rmm 2.25–2.5 Rmm 6.0 R mm 2.5–3.3 R mm

2. Cylinder Separator: larger indents can lift good seed out of longer trash, weed seed, etc. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Metric measure (ISTA): Spinach, Round-seeded (Spinacea oleracea L.): 5.5–6.5 mm Spinach, Sharp-seeded (Spinacea oleracea L.): 6.5–7.0 mm

Rejects

Lifts good seed to separate longer trash, etc. Lifts good seed to separate longer trash, etc.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash, empty seed materials, etc. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings. 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



487


Cylinder Separator




197. SPINACH, NEW ZEALAND Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze, New Zealand spinach Plant family: Aizoaceae Pure seed unit: nut-like fruit, with enclosing perianth, unless it is obvious that no seed is presesnt; piece of fruit larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (19) (ISTA Rules). 370 seed per ounce, 13 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: Airblasts (two or more most useful) remove dust, light trash, lightweight unfilled/immature seed, etc. Scalping screens remove larger trash, grading screens remove smaller trash, seed pieces, small seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

488


2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight materials and seed to improve purity and germination. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings. 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 5. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator Treater



198. SPURRY, CORN Spergula arvensis L., Corn spurry Plant family: Caryophyllaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Width: 1.2–1.4 mm; thickness: 0.8–1.4 mm; length: 1.3–1.5 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.5 g; shape: discoidal with sharp edge; texture: smooth; color: black with whitish papilae. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): main part (65– 98%) of seed is rough, iron powder adheres to them. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): main part (65–98%) of seed is rough, iron powder adheres to them. No copyright information


489

Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 1.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.3 50% of seed: 1.4 100% of seed: 1.8 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.0 50% of seed float (are separated): 3.9 100% of seed float (are separated): 5.3 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 652 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 18.3 50% of seed are carried upward: 12.2 100% of seed are carried upward: 8.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, some weed seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Spurry, Corn (Metric measure; ISTA)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

2.8 R mm, 1.6 S mm

–

1.5 S mm

1.0 R mm

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). No copyright information

490



Treater



199. SQUASH PUMPKIN; VEGETABLE MARROW Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne) Poiret, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Cucurbita pepo L., Squash Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 395 seed per ounce, 14 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Squash: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Winter, Temperature not specified: 3.0 4.3 5.6 7.4 9.0 10.8


RH % 10 20 30 45 60 75


491

Cucurbita pepo L., Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne) Poiret, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Vegetable marrow, pumpkin Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 115 seed per ounce, 5 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 12.4–12.8 mm; thickness: 4.0–4.8 mm; length: 18.0–20.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 60–480 g; shape: oblong to ovate, flat; texture: smooth; color: white. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed unit is a true seed. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Seed from wet fruits To harvest seed of cucurbits mechanically, vine seed threshers chop up the fruits and separate seed from the pulp and juice. Seed is then washed on agitating screens or revolving screen cylinders, and dried in rotary dryers at 35°C or less. Usually require only air-screen and gravity to remove light seed and pieces of pulp. However, if sclerotia from rotten fruit, of the same size as seed, are present, they may have to be picked out by hand or electronic color sorters. Squash and pumpkin seed have membranes that are difficult to remove. Polishing is usually required to remove the membranes. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove light trash, empty seed, etc. Scalping screens remove large trash. Grading screens drop out small trash, small seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Pumpkin (English measure) Squash (English measure) Squash, vegetable marrow (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

36 34 8.0 R mm

18 20 –

32 32 6.5–7.5 R mm

2nd Grade 20 23 2.0 R mm

2. Cylinder Separator: smaller indents used to lift out cross-broken seed and short pieces of inert material. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Squash, Vegetable Marrow (Cucurbita pepo L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 3.0–4.0 mm From Marrow seed, lifts out broken seed.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight materials, unfilled seed, etc. No copyright information

492


4. Color Sorter: removes discolored seed (seldom used). 5. Picking Belt: allows operators to see and remove undesirable seed and particles which differ visually (not often used). 6. Polisher: used to rub off remaining dried membranes, and improve seed appearance. 7. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (sometimes not used). 8. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 9. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Color Sorter

Picking Belt

Polisher

Treater





493

200. STOCK; MATTHIOLA Matthiola incana, Stock, Matthiola Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 16,000–20,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




494


201. STYLOSANTHES STYLOSANTHES, TOWNSVILLE Stylosanthes guianensis (Aublet) Sw., Stylo, stylosanthes Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: pod, with or without beak, unless it is obvious that no seed is present (24) (ISTA Rules). Width: 2.0 mm; thickness: 0.9 mm; length: 1.75–3.8 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 3.7 g; specific gravity: 623 g/l; shape: asymmetrically sub-reniform; texture: ribbed; color: yellow/brown; does not have curled beak. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (extrapolated; not researched). Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K., Townsville stylo Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: pod, with or without beak, unless it is obvious that no seed is present (24) (ISTA Rules). Length: (unhulled) 7–10 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: unhulled 3.3–3.6 g, hulled 2.0–2.5 g; specific gravity: (varies) 623 g/l; shape: squarish with curled beak; texture: hairy; color: yellowish brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant.

A. STYLO Conditioning machines 1. Scarifier (Scarifier-Huller): sometimes used to scarify seed. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, some weed seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Stylosanthes (Metric measure; ISTA)



1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

3.1 R mm, 2.7 R mm

–

2.3 R mm

1.0 R mm


495

3. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles and some weed seed; a larger-indent cylinder may also be used to lift good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis (Aublet) Sw.) Metric measure (ISTA): 1.5–1.9 mm Lifts out short weed seed, trash, etc.

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 5. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Scarifier-Huller

Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Bagger-Weigher To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

B. TOWNSVILLE STYLO 1. Scarifier (Scarifier-Huller): scarifies seed; may use a belt or drum scarifier or gentle hammermill or debearder treatment. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, some weed seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Stylosanthes, Townsville (Metric measure; ISTA)



1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

3.1 R mm, 2.7 R mm

–

2.3 R mm

1.0 R mm

496


3. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles and some weed seed; a larger-indent cylinder may also be used to lift good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Stylo, Townsville (Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K.) Metric measure (ISTA): 1.5–1.9 mm Lifts out small trash, dirt, etc.

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 5. Enever Cleaner: used on vacuum-harvested seed which contains much soil. The Enever cleaner uses the curled hooks on stylo seed to lift them out of the mixture. 6. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Scarifier-Huller

Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Enever Cleaner Bagger-Weigher To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

202. SUGARBEET Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris, Sugarbeet Plant family: Chenopodiaceae Pure seed unit: cluster, or piece of cluster, with or without seed, including attached stalk pieces not protruding from the cluster more than the width of the cluster, retained on a rectangular sieve of at least 200 mm × 300 mm with No copyright information


497

square-ended slots 1.5 mm × 20 mm when shaken for 1 minute. If genetic monogerm cultivars: cluster, or piece of cluster, including attached stalk pieces not protruding from the cluster more than the width of the cluster, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed. (46) (ISTA Rules). Seed unit is a fruit, a seed ball consisting of fused flower parts and one (in monogerm types) to many (in multigerm types) seed. 1,530 seed per ounce, 55 seed per gram (AOSA). There are monogerm (one embryo) and multigerm types. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 3.5 100% of seed pass: 6.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.5 50% of seed pass: 4.5 100% of seed pass: 7.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.6 50% of seed: 4.25 100% of seed: 6.4 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.4 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.6 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.1 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Sugarbeet: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %

@ 40oF: 10.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 18.0 22.0

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

8.0 9.1

30 40

@ 80oF:

Table contd...


498


Table contd... Seed Moisture %

RH %

10.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 18.0 @100 o F: 7.0 8.3 9.2 10.0 12.0 13.0 16.0

50 60 70 80 90 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Conditioning machines 1. Decorticator: breaks up seed clusters, rubs the seed units to reduce amount of “cork” (not needed on monogerm seed). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust and undesirable light particles. Scalping screens remove larger undesirable particles. Grading screens drop out small trash, small seed, pieces of seed material, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Sugar Beet, Indian varieties (English measure)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

20

–

–

2nd Grade 8

3. Cylinder Separator: removes short undesirable particles such as trash, seed pieces, etc. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure 6-½

8-½

11

13


Lifts

Rejects

Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small onion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled and broken barley, flax

Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc. Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta fescue Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, pin oats


499

4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and seed materials. 5. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed which discharge from the gravity separator in the middlings fraction. 6. Draper Belt: removes pieces of stems, which is difficult because of the variable size of the beet seed balls. The seed material is poured onto the draper belt near the top; flat stem pieces are carried to the top end and discharged. The more rounded beet seed balls roll down the draper belt and discharge at the lower end. 7. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings. 8. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 9. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Decorticator

Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Middlings Gravity Separator

Draper Belt Treater




500


203. SUMMER SAVORY Satureja hortensis L., Summer savory Plant family: Labiatae Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). 49,700 seed per ounce, 1,750 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.1 100% of seed pass: 1.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.1 50% of seed: 1.5 100% of seed: 2.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust and light trash. Scalping screens remove large undesirable particles. Grading Screens remove small undesirable particles such as trash, broken seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). No copyright information


501


Treater



204. SUNFLOWER Helianthus annuus L., Sunflower Plant family: Compositae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without beak, or with or without pappus, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (4) (ISTA Rules). Width: 3.5–6.5 mm; thickness: 2.8–4.9 mm; length: 8.0–12.3 mm; floating velocity: 6.6–8.4 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 55.8 g; specific gravity: 465.6 g/l; shape: obovate; texture: smooth; color: black to dark grey, solid color or striped, some cultivars with white linear markings. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). 308 and 411 kg/cu m; 19.2 and 25.6 lb./cu ft; 24 and 32 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6% (extrapolated; not researched).


502


Sunflower: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %

Temperature not specified: 5.1 6.5 8.0 10.0 15.0

30 45 60 75 90

Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove light trash, dust, empty seed, etc. Scalping screens remove larger pieces of trash. Grading screens drop out small trash, small seed, seed pieces, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Sunflower, Large 30 (English measure) Sunflower, Small 26 (English measure) Sunflower (English measure) 24 to 32 Sunflower, Common 9.0 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 8.5 R mm

1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

12

28

13

10

24

11

10 –

24 to 32 8.0 R mm

11 2.4 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: removes short pieces of trash, broken seed, etc. (not always used). 3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and empty seed. 4. Treater: applies protectants to protect seed and seedlings. 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.



503


Cylinder Separator




205. SWEET PEA Lathyrus odoratus L., Sweet pea Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 350 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Lathyrus odoratus L. & L. latifolius L.: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9%. Conditioning machines 1. Debearder: when nightshade fruits (Solanum spp.) are present, debearding breaks up the night shade fruits, and then they can be separated on the air-screen cleaner (not used if nightshade fruits are not in the seed lot). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove light trash, dust, empty seed, etc. Scalping screens remove larger pieces of trash. Grading screens drop out small trash, small seed, seed pieces, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are:


504



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

3. Spiral Separator: separates round sweet pea seed from dirt clods and split seed (not always used). 4. Cylinder Separator: removes short pieces of trash, dirt clods, broken seed, etc. (not always used). 5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and empty seed. 6. Treater: applies protectants to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving

Debearder

Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Spiral Separator






505

206. SWEET WILLIAM Dianthus barbatus L., Sweet William Plant family: Caryophyllaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 25,515 seed per ounce, 900 seed per gram (AOSA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




506


207. TARRAGON Artemisia dracunculus L., Tarragon Plant family: Compositae Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA Rules). Width: 0.3–0.7 mm; thickness: 0.3–0.4 mm; length: 1.3–1.9 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.25 g; shape: thin ovoid tapering to base; texture: smooth; color: reddish brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 100% of seed pass: 0.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 50% of seed pass: 0.6 100% of seed pass: 0.8 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.1 50% of seed: 1.4 100% of seed: 1.85 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: quite susceptible, the seed is small and fragile. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Tarragon (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

1.3 R mm, 0.8 S mm

–

0.7 S mm

0.4 R mm

2. Cylinder Separator: larger-indent cylinder lifts good seed to separate long pieces of leaves and stems. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 2.0 mm Lifts Tarragon seed to separate leaf and stem parts.



507

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater



208. THUNBERGIA Thunbergia spp., Thunbergia Plant family: Acanthaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 500–1,100 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book).


508




1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





509

209. THYME, GARDEN Thymus vulgaris L., Garden thyme Plant family: Labiatae Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; pieces of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). Width: 0.8–1.2 mm; thickness: 0.4–0.8 mm; length: 0.5–1.1 mm; floating velocity: 3.3–5.2 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.3 g; specific gravity: 670–700 g/l; shape: round to flattened; texture: faintly aureolate; color: light to dark brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.5 100% of seed pass: 0.75 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 50% of seed pass: 0.8 100% of seed pass: 1.2 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 0.5 100% of seed: 1.1 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 50% of seed float (are separated): 100% of seed float (are separated): Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 50% of seed are carried upward: 100% of seed are carried upward: (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Thyme, Garden (Metric measure; ISTA) No copyright information


1st Grade

3.0 R mm, 2.1 R mm

–

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

2.0 R mm 0.5–0.6 R mm

510


2. Cylinder Separator: a larger-indent cylinder lifts good seed to separate long trash. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Thyme, Garden (Thymus vulgaris L.) Metric measure (ISTA): 1.75 mm Lifts out good seed to separate longer stems, trash, etc.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (seldom used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater





511

210. TIDY-TIPS-DAISY Layia platyglossa (Fischer & Meyer) A. Gray, Tidy-tips-daisy Plant family: Compositae 21,262 seed per ounce, 750 seed per gram (AOSA). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




512


211. TINAROO; COOPER GLYCINE Neonotonia wightii (Arn.) Lackey, Tinaroo, Cooper glycine Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa. Width: 2.4 mm; thickness: 1.3 mm; length: 2.9 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 6.3–7.6 g; specific gravity: 775 g/l; shape: oblong/rounded corners, laterally compressed; texture: smooth; color: olive green to light green. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Tinaroo (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

3.0 R mm, 1.8 R mm

– –

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade – –

2.0 S mm, 1.5 S mm

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight lowgerminating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater




513

212. TOBACCO Nicotiana L. spp., Tobacco (Crop and ornamental) Nicotiana tabacum L., Tobacco Plant family: Solanaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 442,970 seed per ounce, 15,625 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 0.5–0.7 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 0.06 g; specific gravity: 482 g/l; shape: ellipsoid; texture: slightly dimpled; color: brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Tobacco: Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7–8% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Nicotiana affinis, Flowering tobacco (ornamental plant) Plant family: Solanaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 300,000–400,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. The seed are so small that only air-screen cleaning is used, often only with hand screens. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Tobacco (English measure)


1st Grade

30×30

50×50

32×32

–

1.0 R mm

Tobacco (Metric measure; ISTA) 3.5 R mm

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade 40×40, 50×50 0.5 R mm

2. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 3. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging: the small seed are usually weighed by hand into or packets, and then closed by hand.


514




Weighing/Packaging To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

213. TOMATO Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Farwell, Tomato Plant family: Solanaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 11,480 seed per ounce, 405 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 2.0–2.4 mm; thickness: 0.8–1.2 mm; length: 3.2–3.6 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 3.0–4.0 g; shape: flat ovate to round; texture: hairy; color: glossy straw colored. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.5 50% of seed pass: 1.2 100% of seed pass: 1.75 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 2.75 100% of seed pass: 4.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.6 50% of seed: 3.4 100% of seed: 4.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant.



515

Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5.5–6% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Tomato: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 3.2 5.0 6.3 7.8 9.2 10.0 11.1 12.0

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

Seed from wet fruits Tomato fruits are harvested and taken in bulk to a juice-removing facility. The fruits are squeezed to remove juice, typically in a juicer with a conical separator which has holes which are smaller than the seed. Squeezing is not so hard, to avoid damaging seed by the squeezing; some juice is left with the seed and skins (solid part left after removing juice). Seed are then extracted from the skins, which still contain some juice. Seed extraction may be (1) immediately washed to separate seed from pulp, or (2) fermented 1–2 days (depending on temperature) to control seedborne bacterial canker, and then washed. Commercial grade hydrochloric acid at 8 liters per ton may be added to the water, to brighten the color of the seed. Washing is usually in flumes through which water runs. Seed settle behind riffles in the flume; juice, skin, pulp and light seed float over the riffles and are carried away in the flowing water. When the water runs clean, the riffles are lifted out and seed are removed by washing them into a centrifuge basket. They are then centrifuged to remove surface water, and then dried in a rotary dryer at a temperature below 35°C. This series of operations leaves the seed clean and bright, individual seed separated, and without clusters of seed stuck together. Drying in a rotary dryer rubs off some of the fuzz; if necessary, seed may also be passed through an enclosed auger or scarifier to remove more fuzz. Conditioning machines 1. Polisher/Brush Machine: adjusted to give a gentle rubbing, helps make seed more flowable so they can be conditioned more closely (used infrequently). It also separates seed which stuck together after the washing operation. 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large trash, small trash and undesirable particles; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and light seed. No copyright information

516


Airblasts must be adjusted to a low level, and carefully set to prevent loss of good seed. Some models have a second drive pulley to provide lower air flow and closer air adjustment. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Tomato (English measure) Tomato, Indian varieties (English measure) Tomato, Indian varieties (Metric measure) Tomato (Metric measure; ISTA)

1st Scalp

1st Grade

2nd Scalp

12 10

1/14 –

10 –

2nd Grade 1/12 1/12

4.00 mm

–

–

2.10 mm

5.0 R mm, 4.7 R mm

–

4.0 R mm 1.8–2.2 R mm

3. Aspirator (fractionating aspirator): makes seed-by-seed density separation. 4. Cylinder Separator: cylinder with smaller pockets removes short foreign particles; second cylinder with larger pockets lifts good seed and rejects longer trash (not always used). 5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, low-germinating seed. Air flow must be set low, and discard fractions carefully examined to be sure the Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten ex Farw.) Metric measure (ISTA): 6.5 mm Lifts Tomato seed to separate fruit parts, trash, skin, etc.

minimum amount of good seed is lost. Sometimes, seed do not flow and/or stratify well, so flow across gravity separator’s deck must be slowed down. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



517


Polisher/Brush Machine


Aspirator

Cylinder Separator

Treater



214. TOMATO, HUSK Physalis pubescens L., Husk tomato Plant family: Solanaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 35,155 seed per ounce, 1,240 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: fairly resistant. Seed from wet fruits Seed are removed from wet fruits, polished and dried, similar to the operations for tomato.


518


Conditioning machines 1. Polisher: adjusted to give a gentle rubbing, helps make seed more flowable so they can be conditioned more closely (used infrequently). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large trash, small trash and undesirable particles; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and light seed. Airblasts must be adjusted to a low level, and carefully set to prevent loss of good seed. Some models have a second drive pulley to provide lower air flow and closer air adjustment. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

3. Aspirator (fractionating aspirator): makes seed-by-seed density separation. 4. Cylinder Separator: cylinder with smaller pockets removes short foreign particles; second cylinder with larger pockets lifts good seed and rejects longer trash (not always used) 5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, low-germinating seed. Air flow must be set low, and discard fractions carefully examined to be sure the minimum amount of good seed is lost. Sometimes, seed do not flow and/or stratify well, so flow across gravity separator’s deck must be slowed down. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



519


Polisher

Air-Screen Cleaner

Aspirator

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



215. TORENIA; WISHBONE FLOWER Torenia fournieri, Torenia, Wishbone flower Plant family: Scrophulariaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 375,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are:


520



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



216. TREEMALLOW, HERB Lavatera trimestris L., Herb treemallow Plant family: Malvaceae Pure seed unit: mericarp, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of mericarp larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (16) (ISTA Rules). 4,252 seed per ounce, 150 seed per gram (AOSA). No copyright information


521



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




522


217. TREFOIL, BIG TREFOIL, BIRDSFOOT Lotus corniculatus L., Birdsfoot trefoil Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 23,115 seed per ounce, 815 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.0–1.7 mm; thickness: 0.7–1.7 mm; floating velocity: 4.0–6.0 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 1.2 g; specific gravity: 829 g/l; shape: oval to globulous; texture: smooth; color: green to dark brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.4 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.4 100% of seed pass: 1.7 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.3 50% of seed: 1.5 100% of seed: 1.8 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 4.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 5.7 100% of seed float (are separated): 7.9 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 820 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 16.5 50% of seed are carried upward: 8.4 100% of seed are carried upward: 3.9 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) No copyright information


523

Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Birdsfoot Trefoil: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 8.3 10.4 13.9 17.2

RH % 70 75 80 85

Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr, Big trefoil Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 55,210 seed per ounce, 1,945 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.4 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 0.9 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.7 50% of seed pass: 1.0 100% of seed pass: 1.3 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.0 50% of seed: 1.2 100% of seed: 1.4 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 3.25 50% of seed float (are separated): 4.3 100% of seed float (are separated): 6.6 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 870 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 17.5 50% of seed are carried upward: 7.8 100% of seed are carried upward: 5.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. No copyright information

524


Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: makes a rough separation of dust, trash, etc. (used when raw seed material is very trashy). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust, light trash, light seed, etc. Scalping screens remove larger pieces of trash. Grading screens drop out smaller undesirable particles such as trash, sand, weeds, broken seed, small seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Trefoil, Birdsfoot 1/16 (English measure) Trefoil, Birdsfoot 1/14 (English measure) Trefoil, Birdsfoot 2.25 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 1.8 R mm Trefoil (Yellow or Black Medic) 1/17 (Hulled) (English measure) Trefoil (Yellow or Black Medic) 6 (Unhulled) (English measure)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

22×22

3/64×5/16

6×24

6×26

1/16

6×24

–

1.3 S mm

20×22

3/64×5/16

6×30

18×18

1/18×3/4

6×30

0.7 S mm

3. Huller-Scarifier: scarifies hard seed (not always used; threshing may scarify seed adequately). 4. Cylinder Separator: can remove small undesirable particles; if a complete system is used, the cylinder with larger pockets can lift out the good seed and reject longer pieces of trash (not always used). Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure 2

3

4

5

Lifts

Rejects

Small pigweed, alsike clover, small dodder, mullenweed, sand, etc.

Buckhorn plantain, timothy, black medic, bluegrass (all varieties), alfalfa, crimson clover, lespedeza, etc. Thistles, buckhorn plantain, sticks, alfalfa, red clover, etc.


Canada thistle, quackgrass, sticks, alfalfa, bluegrass, etc. Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Table contd...



525

Table contd... Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Metric measure: Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.): 2.25–2.5 mm From Birdsfoot Trefoil, separates seed of Centaurea spp., Cirsium vulgare, Lolium spp., Lapsana communis. Partly removes seed of Medicago sativa, Medicago lupulina in pods, Trifolium pratense, Melilotus spp., and Plantago lanceolata. (not commonly used in commercial seed cleaning because of loss of good seed).

5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and seed. If sand or mudballs are present, it concentrates them in the heaviest fraction. 6. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction. 7. Stoner: salvages good seed from the heaviest fraction, a mixture of sand/ mudballs and good seed discharging from the high end of the gravity separator. 8. Roll Mill: removes rough-surfaced weed seed and particles. Follows the gravity separator, so sand and dirt can be removed by the gravity before it reaches the roll mill. This prevents undue wear of the roll covering. 9. Magnetic Separator: does a fine separation of rough or sticky weed seed; removes some rough-surfaced particles; removes some damaged seed (not always used, but should be commonly used because of its utility). 10. Treater: applies protective treatments (seldom used). 11. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 12. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.


526



Scalper

Air-Screen Cleaner

Scarifier-Huller

Disc or Cylinder


Stoner

Roll Mill

Magnetic Separator

Treater


218. TURNIP RUTABAGA; SWEDE Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Reichenbach, Rutabaga, Swede Plant family: Cruciferae 12,135 seed per ounce, 4308 seed per gram (AOSA). Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules).



527

Width: 1.2–2.5 mm; thickness: 0.9–2.3 mm; length: 1.6–2.2 mm; floating velocity: 5.1–8.5 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 3.0 g; specific gravity: 650–750 g/l; shape: round; texture: reticulate structure; color: brown black to blue black. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.9 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.2 50% of seed pass: 1.75 100% of seed pass: 2.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.6 50% of seed: 1.8 100% of seed: 2.15 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 50% of seed float (are separated): 100% of seed float (are separated): Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward 50% of seed are carried upward 100% of seed are carried upward (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%. Turnip: Equilibrium Moisture Content


528

Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning Seed Moisture % Temperature not specified: 2.6 4.0 5.1 6.3 7.4 8.0 9.0 10.0

RH % 10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

Brassica rapa L., Turnip, annual turnip rape (bird rape), biennial turnip rape Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 15,195 seed per ounce, 535 seed per gram (AOSA). B. rapa L. var. silvestris (Lam.) Briggs Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed are smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 11.5 100% of seed pass: 2.1 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.1 50% of seed pass: 1.75 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.4 50% of seed: 1.9 100% of seed: 2.45 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 5.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 6.4 100% of seed float (are separated): 8.4 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 7.6 50% of seed are carried upward: 4.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 2.1 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) No copyright information


529

B. rapa L. var. rapa Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): 98–100% of seed smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.8 50% of seed pass: 1.3 100% of seed pass: 2.0 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.2 50% of seed pass: 1.6 100% of seed pass: 2.25 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.4 50% of seed: 1.7 100% of seed: 2.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large and small undesirable particles, dust, light trash and seed, etc. With careful selection of screens, can remove many weed seed, broken crop seed, etc. Using a partially blanked scalping screen with an oilcloth cover to keep long seed lying flat, many long foreign seed (wild oats, grasses, etc.) can be removed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Swede (Brassica napus) (Metric measure; ISTA) Turnip (English measure) Turnip, Indian varieties (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

3.0 R mm, 2.8 R mm 1/12 1/14

–

2.6 R mm

1.0 S mm

1/22 –

1/14 –

1/20 1/20



530

Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning Crop/Cylinder Lifts Indent Size English measure 5

6-½

8-½

11

Rejects

Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, Meadow fescue, wild brome, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass, large buckhorn plantain, etc. quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks, etc. Small broken grain, small wild Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, buckwheat, small vetch, small wheatgrass, hulled cockle, wild mustard orchardgrass, flax, etc. Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, sudangrass, small sugarbeet orchardgrass, etc. seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta onion, small garlic, wild winter fescue peas, coffeeweed, etc.

3. Spiral Separator: removes flat foreign seed (wheat, etc.) and cross-broken crop seed from round crucifer seed (not often used today, but quite useful). 4. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and immature seed; if seed were threshed on a threshing floor, can remove mudballs. 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them.



531


Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater


Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine

To Storage, Shipping, Distribution

219. VELVET BEAN Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill, Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wight) Burck (Stizolobium deeringianum), Velvet bean Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 55 seed per ounce, 2 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed color may be cream, black, white-black mottled, or brown-black mottled, depending on variety/ landrace. Hulled velvetbean: 770 kg/cu m; 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat-quite susceptible. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust and lightweight materials; if cleaner has a mechanism for increasing force of airblast, increase it until an occasional good seed is lost. Scalping screens remove large trash, pieces of No copyright information

532


pods, etc. Grading screens drop out small trash, small seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

Velvet Bean (English measure)

34

19

32

Velvet Bean, Osceola (English measure)

40

24

36

2nd Grade 9/64×3/4 to 13/64×3/4 16/64×3/4

2. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight seed and trash. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 4. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Treater


220. VERBENA Verbena spp., Verbena Verbena hybrida Voss, Verbena Verbena hortensis, Verbena Plant family: Verbenaceae Pure seed unit: nutlet, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of nutlet larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (18) (ISTA Rules). V. hortensis has approx. 10,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Verbena hybrida Voss seed resemble sticks. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 5%.



533

Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: airblasts remove dust and lightweight materials; if clean has a mechanism for increasing force of airblast, increase it until an occasional good seed is lost. Scalping screens remove large trash, pieces of pods, etc. Grading screens drop out small trash, small seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Cylinder Separator: lifts out dirt and stem pieces from the good seed, especially in V. hybrida seed, which are like sticks in appearance. 3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight seed and trash. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator

Treater




534


221. VETCH, BLACKPOD VETCH, COMMON VETCH, HAIRY VETCH, HUNGARIAN VETCH, MONANTHA VETCH, NARROWLEAF VETCH, PURPLE VETCH, WINTER VETCH, WOOLLYPOD Vicia angustifolia, Narrowleaf vetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 1,700 seed per ounce, 60 seed per gram (AOSA). Vetch: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Vicia articulata Hornemann, Monantha vetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Vetch: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Vicia benghalensis L. (Vicia articulata), Purple vetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 625 seed per ounce, 22 seed per gram (AOSA). Vetch: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Vicia dasycarpa, Woollypod vetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 709 seed per ounce, 25 seed per gram (AOSA). Vetch: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible.



535

Vicia pannonica Crantz, Hungarian vetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 680 seed per ounce, 24 seed per gram (AOSA). Vetch: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Erhart, Blackpod vetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 1,700 seed/ounce, 60 seed/gram (AOSA). Vetch: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Vicia sativa L. subsp. sativa, Common vetch, narrow-leaved vetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 540 seed per ounce, 19 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 3.2–5.2 mm; thickness: 2.8–4.3 mm; floating velocity: 8.5–11.0 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 53.1 g; specific gravity: 704.1 g/l; shape: spherical, somewhat flattened; texture: smooth; color: variable, commonly reddish brown. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.5 50% of seed pass: 3.75 100% of seed pass: 5.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 3.0 50% of seed pass: 4.5 100% of seed pass: 6.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 3.4 50% of seed: 4.8 100% of seed: 7.2 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 7.4 50% of seed float (are separated): 10.0 100% of seed float (are separated): 12.4 No copyright information

536


Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 11.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 4.6 100% of seed are carried upward: 1.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible. Common and spring vetch: 770 kg/cu m; 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Vicia villosa Roth subsp. varia (Host) Corbiere, Winter vetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 710 seed/ounce, 25 seed/gram (AOSA). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 3.0 100% of seed pass: 4.5 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.25 50% of seed pass: 3.5 100% of seed pass: 4.75 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.4 50% of seed: 3.8 100% of seed: 5.1 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 7.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 9.6 100% of seed float (are separated): 12.1 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 4.7 50% of seed are carried upward: 1.5 100% of seed are carried upward: 1.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Vetch: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible.



537

Vicia villosa Roth subsp. villosa, Hairy vetch Plant family: Leguminosae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Hairy vetch: 770 kg/cu m; 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. 1,020 seed per ounce, 35 seed per gram (AOSA). V. villosa Roth Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): all seed (98– 100% smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) smooth, iron powder does not adhere. Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.25 50% of seed pass: 3.0 100% of seed pass: 4.3 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.5 50% of seed pass: 3.5 100% of seed pass: 4.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 2.9 50% of seed: 3.7 100% of seed: 4.5 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 7.1 50% of seed float (are separated): 9.6 100% of seed float (are separated): 12.1 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 846 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 4.7 50% of seed are carried upward: 2.5 100% of seed are carried upward: 1.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Vetch: 770 kg/cubic meter; 60 lb. per bushel; 48 lb./cubic foot. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat susceptible.


538


Hairy Vetch: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %

Temperature not specified: 11.0 13.0 17.4 18.7

70 75 80 85

Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: makes a rough removal of large and small trash, weed seed, etc. (used only if raw seed is very trashy). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable materials both larger and smaller than the good vetch seed, small immature vetch seed, some weed seed, etc., and light trash, dust and seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP Vetch (English measure)


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

16

6/64×3/4

14

5.5/64×3/4 5.5/64×3/4 –

12 13 6.0 R mm

6/64×3/4, 7/64×3/4 6/64×3/4 6/64×3/4 2.3 S mm

–

6.0 R mm

2.3 S mm

Vetch, Hairy (English measure) 14 Vetch, Purple (English measure) 14 Vetch, Common 7.0 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA 6.5 R mm Vetch, Narrow-leaved 7.0 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 6.5 R mm

3. Spiral Separator: removes broken vetch seed, wheat and other flat seed, and flat trash (not often used today). 4. Cylinder Separator: separates small broken seed and trash; a complete system with a second cylinder can lift good seed and reject longer materials such as wheat, trash, barley, etc. 5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash, light immature vetch seed, etc. If mudballs are present, it concentrates them in the heaviest fraction discharging from the high side of the deck. 6. Middlings Gravity Separator: salvages good seed discharged from the main gravity separator in the middlings fraction. 7. Stoner: salvages good seed in the heavy mixture discharging from the high side of the gravity deck (used only if mudballs are present in the raw seed material). 8. Treater: applies protective treatments (seldom used). 9. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.



539


Scalper

Air-Screen Cleaner

Cylinder Separator

Spiral Separator


Stoner

Treater


222. VINCA; PERIWINKLE Vinca rosea, Vinca, periwinkle Plant family: Apocynaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 21,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: screens remove undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are:


540



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater



223. VIOLET, AFRICAN Saintpaulia ionantha, African violet Plant family: Gesneriaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 1,000,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book).



541



1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater




542


224. WALLFLOWER Erysimum X allionii Hortorum, Wallflower Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: seed, with testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 21,688 seed per ounce, 765 seed per gram (AOSA). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade


Treater





543

225. WATERCRESS Nasturtium officinale R. Brown, Watercress Plant family: Cruciferae Pure seed unit: Seed, with or without testa; piece of seed larger than one-half the original size, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). Seed in 2 rows in pods, many and small, usually marginless, the cotyledons accumbent. Watercress 5,170 seed per gram, 146,625 seed per ounce (AOSA Rules rev. 2009).

Conditioning machines 1. Polisher: adjusted to give a gentle rubbing, helps make seed more flowable so they can be conditioned more closely (used infrequently). 2. Air-Screen Cleaner: screening removes large trash, small trash and undesirable particles; airblasts remove dust, light trash, and light seed. Airblasts must be adjusted to a low level, and carefully set to prevent loss of good seed. Some models have a second drive pulley to provide lower air flow and closer air adjustment. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

3. Aspirator (fractionating aspirator): makes seed-by-seed density separation, to remove mudballs picked up by combining windrowed seed, or light weed seed or crop seed (not often used). 4. Cylinder Separator: cylinder with smaller pockets removes short foreign particles; second cylinder with larger pockets lifts good seed and rejects longer trash (not always used) 5. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight, low-germinating seed. Air flow must be set low, and discard fractions carefully examined to be sure the minimum amount of good seed is lost. Sometimes, seed do not flow and/or stratify well, so flow across gravity separator’s deck must be slowed down. 6. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used). 7. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 8. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. No copyright information

544



Polisher

Air-Screen Cleaner

Aspirator

Cylinder Separator

Gravity Separator

Treater



226. WATERMELON CITRON Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai var. citroides (Bailey) Mansfeld, Citron Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 310 seed per ounce, 11 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant.



545

Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai var. lanatus (Schrader) Mansfeld (Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai var. caffer (Schrader) Mansfeld, Citrullus vulgaris), Watermelon Plant family: Cucurbitaceae Pure seed unit: seed, with or without testa (10) (ISTA Rules). 310 seed per ounce, 11 seed per gram (AOSA). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 6%. Watermelon: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture %

RH %


10 20 30 45 60 65 75 80

Seed from wet fruits Vine seed threshers chop up the fruits and separate seed from the pulp and juice, usually by revolving cylindrical screens. Seed is then washed on agitating screens or revolving screen cylinders; water may flow through the screen system which separates the seed. Seed are then dried in rotary dryers at 35°C or less. Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash, small/light trash and small lowquality seed, pieces of fruit, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


Watermelon (English measure) 28 Watermelon, Indian varieties 16 (English measure) Watermelon, Indian varieties 6.00 mm (Metric measure)

1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

14 –

24 –

–

–

16 1/14×1/2, 1/14×3/4 1.85 mm slot

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature or unfilled seed, etc. 3. Color Sorter: separates off-color (diseased, etc.) seed (not often used).


546


4. Picking Belt: allows operators to hand-remove discolored, etc., seed (not often used). 5. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (not always used, although it should be). 6. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 7. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Gravity Separator

Color Sorter

Picking Belt

Treater





547

227. WHEAT, COMMON WHEAT, DURUM WHEAT, EMMER, SPELT, CLUB, POLISH Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol, Common wheat Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: caryopsis (40 ) (ISTA Rules). 7,109 seed per ounce, 25 seed per gram (AOSA). Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 1.75 50% of seed pass: 2.25 100% of seed pass: 3.25 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 2.5 50% of seed pass: 3.5 100% of seed pass: 4.5 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 5.25 50% of seed: 6.4 100% of seed: 7.25 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 5.8 50% of seed float (are separated): 8.2 100% of seed float (are separated): 9.9 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 23.4 50% of seed are carried upward: 17.3 100% of seed are carried upward: 13.0 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Width: 2.7–4.0 mm; thickness: 2.2–3.8 mm; length: 5.0–7.5 mm; floating velocity: 7.4–8.7 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 47.9 g; specific gravity: 796.1 g/l; shape: ovate with rounded apex with brush; texture: fairly smooth, some faint wrinklings on the dorsal surface; color: yellowish to reddish. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Wheat: 770 kg/cu m; 48 lb./cu ft; 60 lb./bushel. Turkey winter hard wheat: 42.6% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.3. Turkey Yellow hard wheat: 40.1% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.29. Harvest Queen soft wheat: 39.6% air space in bulk; specific gravity 1.32. No copyright information

548


Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 8–9% (the higher level in cooler climates, the lower level in warmer climates). Wheat: Equilibrium Moisture Content Seed Moisture % Kind not specified, @ 30oF: 6.9 9.2 10.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 16.0 Kind not specified, @ 77oF: 5.8 7.6 9.1 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 21.0 Kind not specified, @104 oF: 4.6 6.2 7.4 8.6 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 White, @ 77 oF: 5.2 7.5 8.6 9.4 11.0 12.0 14.9 16.0 20.0 26.3 Durum, @ 77 oF: 5.1 7.4 8.5

RH % 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 Table contd...


Conditioning of Seed of Specific Crops Table contd... Seed Moisture % 9.4 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 19.0 26.7 Soft Red Winter @ 32 oF: 11.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 Soft Red Winter @ 77oF: 4.3 7.2 8.6 9.7 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 20.0 25.6 Hard Red Winter, @ 77oF: 4.4 7.2 8.5 9.7 11.0 13.0 14.0 16.0 20.0 25.0 Hard Red Spring, @ 77oF: 4.4 7.2 8.5 9.8 11.0 13.0 14.0 16.0 20.0 25.0


RH % 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

549

550


Triticum durum, Durum wheat Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: caryopsis (40) (ISTA Rules). 710 seed per ounce, 25 seed per gram (AOSA). Width: 1.3–3.2 mm; thickness: 1.4–3.1 mm; length: 5.5–9.0 mm; floating velocity: 6.2–8.5 m/sec; weight of 1,000 seed: 41.6 g; specific gravity: 782.8 g/l; shape: ovate, apex somewhat pointed, without brush; texture: fairly smooth, some faint pattern; color: amber to gold. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Triticum spp., Emmer wheat, spelt wheat, club wheat, Polish wheat Plant family: Gramineae Pure seed unit: caryopsis (40) (ISTA Rules). 710 seed per ounce, 25 seed per gram (AOSA). Spelt: 513 kg/cu m; 32 lb./cu ft; 40 lb./bushel. Susceptibility to mechanical injury: somewhat resistant. Conditioning machines 1. Scalper: performs a rough removal of large and small trash, dust, lightweight chaff, etc. (not often used; used only if raw seed is very trashy, which seldom occurs with properly-combined or threshed seed). 2. Debearder: breaks up “white caps”, which are seed with glumes still on them (seldom used). 3. Air-Screen Cleaner: Removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, small (shriveled, immature, etc.) low-quality wheat seed, light trash and dust, many weed seed, etc. With triangular screens, can remove triangular weed seed such as dock; partially blanked scalping screen can remove many wild oat seed. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

Wheat (English measure)

16

14

Wheat (removing oats) (English measure) Wheat (plump) (English measure) Wheat (thin) (English measure)

12

1/13×1/2, 8, 9 1/13×1/2

1/13×1/2, 10 tri 1/13×1/2

16 14

5/64×3/4, 12 or 11 tri 1/14×1/2, 11 or 10 tri

11

14, 5.5/64×3/4, 9/64×3/4 6/64×3/4 12, 1/13×1/2 8/64×3/4 Table contd...



551

Table contd... CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

Wheat (Metric measure; ISTA) Wheat, Durum (English measure) Wheat, Durum (Metric measure; ISTA) Wheat, Indian varieties (English measure)

6.0 R mm, 5.5 R mm 18 12 or 11 tri 6.0 R mm, 5.5 R mm 14

–

3.75 S mm

5.5/64×3/4, 10/64×3/4 –

16,

2.3–2.6 S mm 6/64×3/4

3.5 S mm

2.3 S mm

–

–

Wheat, Indian varieties (Metric measure)

5.5 mm

–

–

1/13×1/2, 1/13×3/4, 1/12×1/2 2.1 mm

4. Disc, Cylinder, or Disc//Cylinder Separator: smaller pockets lift out short weed seed, cross-broken seed, small trash, etc. Larger pockets lift out good seed, to separate it from longer trash, barley and oats which still have beards, etc. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size English measure 4 5 6-½ 8-½ 11 13 19 22

Lifts

Rejects

Timothy, small red or white clover, dodder, hulled watergrass, mustard, sheep sorrel Red clover, alfalfa, small flax, watergrass, mustard, bluegrass,etc.


Small broken grain, small wild buckwheat, small vetch, small cockle, wild mustard Buckwheat, cockle, vetch, sudangrass, small sugarbeet seed, etc. Broken smallgrain, vetch, small onion, small garlic, wild winter peas, coffeeweed, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled and broken barley, flax Spring wheat, small durum wheat Wheat, winter wheat, hulled oats, rye, etc.

Meadow fescue, wild brome, large buckhorn plantain, quackgrass, cheat, chess, sticks,etc. Fescue, wheat, ryegrass, wheatgrass, hulled orchardgrass, flax, etc. Wheat, rye, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc. Spring wheat, rye, rice, alta fescue Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, pin oats Oats, wild oats, barley, etc. Oats, wild oats

Metric measure: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.): 5.0–5.5 mm Lifts out shorter weed seed, trash, etc. 7.0 mm Lifts oats, Wheat, Durum (Triticum durum Desf.): 5.0–5.5 mm Lifts out shorter weed seed, trash, etc. 7.0–8.0 mm Lifts oats,


wheat seed to separate barley, long trash, etc.

wheat seed to separate barley, long trash, etc.

552

Seed Conditioning: Crop Seed Conditioning Disc Pocket English measure V 4-½ V5 V 5-½ V 5-¾ V6 V 6-½ R 3-½ R 3-¾ R4 R 4-½ R5 R 5-½ R6 K L M AC

J

A MM

Will Lift:


Wild buckwheat, large cockle, vetch, cracked grain, wild onion bulblets Flax, extra large cockle, vetch, small or broken wheat, large wild buckwheat, etc. Watergrass, mustard, smart weed, bentgrass, buckhorn plantain Small seed, cracked grain, wild buckwheat, bluegrass, buckhorn plantain


Large wild buckwheat, broken wheat, broken barley, etc. Spring wheat, small or broken durum wheat, pearled or broken barley, fescue, orchardgrass (to lift Kentucky 31 or alta fescue, use pockets J and A) Spring wheat, small durum wheat, Kentucky 31 fescue, alta fescue, etc. Wheat, winter wheat, durum wheat, small barley, hulled oats, rye, safflower

Unhulled quackgrass, pin oats, wheat, barley, oats, rye, etc. Flax, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, etc. Wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, rye, alta fescue, meadow brome, etc. Wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, rye, etc. Durum wheat, large spring wheat, barley, oats, pin oats, etc.



5. Spiral Separator: removes round weed seed such as vetch. (seldom used today; replaced by length separators and better field control of broadleaf weeds). 6. Gravity Separator: removes mudballs from threshing floors, lightweight trash, light immature wheat seed, etc. (seldom used, because of low capacity and considered-as-high operating cost; used only for valuable seed such as Breeder or Foundation; however, it can remove jointgrass seed, which resemble pieces of stem). 7. Treater: applies fungicides, and sometimes insecticides also, to protect seed and seedlings. 8. Bagger-Weigher: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags, and then closes them.



553


Scalper

Debearder


Spiral Separator

Gravity Separator


228. YARROW, COMMON Achillea millefolium L., Common yarrow Plant family: Compositae Pure seed unit: achene, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is presesnt; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (1) (ISTA Rules). 179,314 seed per ounce, 6,325 seed per gram (AOSA). Surface structure: Wet procedure (both water and iron powder applied): 65–98% (main part) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. Dry procedure (only R55 iron powder applied): all seed (98–100%) of seed are rough, iron powder adheres. No copyright information

554


Seed thickness: width (mm) of slotted screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.3 50% of seed pass: 0.4 100% of seed pass: 0.6 Seed width: diameter (mm) of round screen opening through which: 0% of seed pass: 0.6 50% of seed pass: 0.7 100% of seed pass: 1.0 Seed length, in mm, which includes: 1% of seed: 1.4 50% of seed: 1.8 100% of seed: 2.2 Seed floating velocity: wind velocity in m/second at which: 1% of seed float (are separated): 0.94 50% of seed float (are separated): 1.40 100% of seed float (are separated): 2.20 Liter mass (i.e, specific gravity) in grams/liter: 480 Friction coefficient (inclination in degrees of a rubber band traveling at 0.6 m/sec) at which: 1% of seed are carried upward: 29.0 50% of seed are carried upward: 27.0 100% of seed are carried upward: 22.2 (ISTA Handbook for Cleaning, Part I) Conditioning machines 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes undesirable particles both larger and smaller than the good seed, and the airblasts remove light trash, dust, light immature crop seed, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: CROP


1st Grade

2nd Scalp 2nd Grade

2. Gravity Separator: removes light trash, lightweight immature and damaged seed. 3. Treater: applies fungicides to protect seed and seedlings (seldom used). 4. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). No copyright information


555


Treater



229. ZINNIA Zinnia elegans Jacq., Common zinnia Plant family: Compositae Pure seed unit: achene, with or without brdistles, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; piece of achene larger than ½ the original size, unless it is obvious that no seed is present; seed, with the pericarp/testa partially or entirely removed (9) (ISTA Rules). Approx. 2,500–10,000 seed per ounce (Ball Red Book). Width: 3.0–4.0 mm; thickness: 0.5–1.0 mm; length: 6.0–8.0 mm; weight of 1,000 seed: 5.5–8.0 g; shape: long flat and tapering; texture: warty and rough; color: brown and black; two slender points may be present at the top. (ISTA Small Scale Machine Cleaning Handbook, Part II; some of these may vary significantly according to variety, area and conditions of production, etc.). Maximum moisture content for safe storage in vaporproof containers: 7%. Conditioning machines Seed size varies considerably among different varieties. 1. Air-Screen Cleaner: removes large trash and pieces of pods, small trash and broken seed, dust, etc. Suggested screen sizes (approximate; change as required for specific lots) are: No copyright information

556



1st Grade

Zinnia, Common 5.5 R mm, (Metric measure; ISTA) 5.0 R mm

–

2nd Scalp

2nd Grade

2.2–2.5 Smm 1.0–1.7 S mm

2. Cylinder Separator: separates short undesirable particles; a larger-indent cylinder lifts good seed to separate long trash. If too many good seed are removed, reclean the waste products to salvage the good seed; a 1.9 or 2.0 mm slotted screen can sometimes salvage much good seed from the waste fraction. Crop/Cylinder Indent Size

Lifts

Rejects

Zinnia, Common (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) Metric measure (ISTA): 4.5–6.0 mm Lifts out short pieces of stem, trash, etc., to improve purity. However, loss of good seed may be high; to salvage good seed, reclean on air-screen cleaner using smaller slotted screen perforations. 10.0 mm Lifts Zinnia seed to separate long trash.

3. Gravity Separator: removes lightweight trash and lightweight low-germinating seed, and heavy undesirable particles if they occur in the seed lot. 4. Treater: applies fungicides to protect both seed and seedlings (seldom used). 5. Dehumidified Dryer: if seed are to be sealed in vaporproof packages (especially useful or essential for seed in hot-humid climates, seed to be carried over, or for safekeeping of high-value seed), they are dried to low moisture contents (8% for starchy seed, 6% for oily seed) before bagging in vaporproof bags (or containers). 6. Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine: weighs the proper amount of seed into bags or packets, and then closes them. Conditioning sequence Receiving Air-Screen Cleaner Cylinder Separator Gravity Separator Treater

Dehumidified Dryer (for vaporproof packaging) Bagger-Weigher/Packaging Machine To Storage, Shipping, Distribution


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