Science Experiments Index for Young People

Science Experiments Index for Young People Mary Anne Pilger LIBRARIES UNLIMITED Science Experiments Index for Young...

Author: Mary Anne Pilger

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Science Experiments Index for Young People

Mary Anne Pilger

LIBRARIES UNLIMITED


This Page Intentionally Left Blank


Third Edition

Mary Anne Pilger

2002 LIBRARIES UNLIMITED A Division of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Englewood, Colorado

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Copyright © 2002 Mary Anne Pilger All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Libraries Unlimited A Division of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. P.O. Box 6633 Englewood, CO 80155-6633 1-800-237-6124 www.lu.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pilger, Mary Anne. Science experiments index for young people / Mary Anne Pilger.-- 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56308-899-1 1. Science--Experiments--Juvenile literature--Indexes. I. Title. Q182.3 .P55 2001 016.507'8--dc21 2001054369

Contents

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Subject Headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Key to Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ENTRIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Books Indexed by Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Books Indexed by Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

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Dedication

I dedicate this book to my brother, Dr. Robert D. Farrell, for his love and kindness to me all these many years.

Acknowledgments

I thank Mary Ann Still for this book and the others. She is a marvelous, bright, energetic, and kind person. She is the best.

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Introduction

A child is surrounded by a living, moving, exciting world of happenings, and a child has many questions needing answers. Ice crackles, snowflakes plop, smoke is blue, green, yellow; flames are blue, red, yellow, white; things go up in the air and down in the air; sparks fly from pavements; worms disappear like lightning down a hole; chipmunks pop up here and then over there; sticks float, rocks sink; an eye sees, an ear hears, a mouth tastes, skin feels. Investigating science means finding answers to questions. The scientific investigation, the scientific process—what do they mean to children? The child has a question and needs an answer; he or she needs to know what to do to get the answer. Children may be unaware that the process of questioning, doing, and finding out will further their knowledge of the subject or that their knowing will lead to more complex questions. The scientific process is inherent in children and their curiosity. It is an ongoing process—finding answers to their problems, finding information and methods or ways to test their ideas. Science grows from observations and each child comes to the process from his or her own point of view. Children encouraged to follow an interest in science will arrive at the serious science fair project stage having already done scientific work. The research and preparation in the elementary grades are a necessary beginning to more intensive scientific investigation. There is an abundance of science information available to children in many books, but at times it is difficult to locate this information. The third edition of Science Experiments Index for Young People fulfills the need for easy access to information. This guide, an index to experiments and activities found in elementary and intermediate-level science books, is intended for use by librarians, teachers, and children. Experiments range from the very simple to rather complex. The nature and range of the projects and activities will assist children in the experience of science from the primary grades upward. The purpose of the index is to guide children in finding information on science experiments for investigative projects, science projects for science fairs, and science projects for those children who want to find answers and are curious to develop methods to test their own ideas. Science experiments will never disappear from our schools as long as we have curious, motivated children eager to find out something. This index guides children to many science experiments but, in particular, helps them explore their ideas to find the right experiment for them. We can only lead children. I hope this science index provides a pathway for each child who is searching.

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Subject Headings

This listing contains all the subject headings used in the text. Consult the text for cross-references between headings. Entries not found here can be found in the second edition of Science Experiments Index for Young People (Libraries Unlimited, 1996). ANIMAL BEHAVIOR ANIMAL CALLS ANIMAL CAMOUFLAGE ANIMAL CELLS ANIMAL HABITATS ANIMAL POPULATIONS 3-D VIEWERS ABACUS ABERRATION OF LIGHT. See LENSES; LIGHT; STARS ABRASION. See EROSION ABRASIVES. See SANDPAPER ABSOLUTE ZERO ABSORPTION ACCELERATION ACCELEROMETER ACID BOGS. See BOGS ACID RAIN ACIDOPHILUS BACTERIA ACIDS AND BASES ACORNS ACOUSTICS ACTION AND REACTION ADAPTATION. See ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ECOSYSTEMS; ENVIRONMENT; GENETICS ADDITION ADDITIVES ADHESION ADHESIVES ADOBE. See BRICKS ADOBE HOUSES ADSORPTION. See CHROMATOGRAPHY AEOLIAN HARP

AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION. See DECOMPOSITION AERODYNAMICS AEROFOILS. See AERODYNAMICS AERONAUTICS AEROSPACE AFRICAN SAVANNA AFTERIMAGES AGRICULTURE AGRONOMY AILERONS. See AERODYNAMICS; AERONAUTICS; AIRPLANES; FLIGHT; GLIDERS AIR AIR—COMPRESSED AIR—CONVECTION AIR—CONVECTION CURRENTS AIR—PRESSURE. See AIR PRESSURE AIR CONDITIONERS AIR INVERSION AIR MASS. See CLOUDS; WEATHER AIR MASSES AIR POLLUTION AIR PRESSURE AIR PUMPS AIR RESISTANCE AIRCRAFT AIRFOILS AIRPLANES AIRSHIPS ALARMS

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ALASKA ALBEDO EFFECT ALBUMEN ALCOHOL ALGAE ALGEBRA ALGEBRA—ABSTRACT ALHAZEN ALKALIES ALKALI FLAT ALKALIS ALKA-SELTZER ALLELOPATHY. See PLANTS—GROWTH; SEEDS—GERMINATION ALLOYS ALTERNATING CURRENT ALUMINUM AMATEUR RADIO. See RADIO AMERICAN PRAIRIES AMINO ACIDS. See PROTEIN AMOEBA AMPERE. See ELECTROMAGNETISM AMPERE, ANDRE AMPHIBIANS AMPLIFIERS ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION. See DECAY; DECOMPOSITION; ROT ANATOMY—HUMAN BODY ANEMOMETER ANEMONE ANEROBIC DECOMPOSITION. See DECAY; DECOMPOSITION; ROT

ANEROID BAROMETER. See BAROMETER ANIMAL BEHAVIOR ANIMAL CAGES. See CAGES ANIMAL CALLS ANIMAL CAMOUFLAGE ANIMAL CELLS ANIMAL HABITATS ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE ANIMAL POPULATIONS ANIMAL REPRODUCTION ANIMAL SKIN ANIMAL SURVIVAL ANIMAL TRACKS ANIMALS ANIMALS—EXTINCT OR ENDANGERED. See ENDANGERED ANIMALS ANIMALS—FOOD ANIMALS—MOUTHS ANIMALS—PROTECTIVE COLORATION. See ANIMAL CAMOUFLAGE ANIMALS—VISION ANIMATION. See FLIP BOOKS; MOTION PICTURES; ZOETROPE ANNUAL RINGS. See TREES ANOLES ANT LIONS ANTHOCYANINS ANTHROPOLOGY ANTIBIOTICS ANTIBODIES ANTIGENS ANTS APHIDS APPLE LEATHER APPLES APPLIANCES. See HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES APPROXIMATION THEORY AQUALUNGS AQUARIUMS AQUATIC ANIMALS AQUATIC INSECTS AQUATIC MICROORGANISMS AQUATIC PLANTS

AQUIFERS ARACHNIDA. See SPIDERS ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHES ARCHIMEDES ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE ARCHITECTURE ARCTIC ANIMALS ARCTIC REGIONS ARCTIC TUNDRA ARCTIC WILDERNESS ARISTOTLE ARITHMETIC. See MATHEMATICS; NUMBERS ARMS ART ACTIVITIES. See ANIMALS—ART ACTIVITIES; NATURE—ART ACTIVITIES; PLANTS—ART ACTIVITIES ARTESIAN WELLS ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS ASCORBIC ACID. See VITAMIN C ASTEROIDS ASTROLABE ASTRONAUTS ASTRONOMY ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ATOMIZERS ATOMS AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS AUTOMOBILES AUTUMN. See SEASONS— FALL AUXINS AVOCADO AXLES BACH, JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACTERIA BAKING POWDER BAKING SODA BALANCE BALL BEARINGS BALLOONS

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BALLOONS—HOT AIR BALL RISER BALLS BANANAS BAR CODE READER BAR GRAPHS. See GRAPHS— BAR BARK MAPS BARK RUBBINGS BAROMETER BASCOM, FLORENCE DR. BASEBALL BASES BASKETBALL BATH SALTS BATHYSCAPH BATHYSPHERES. See DIVING—SUBMARINES BATS BATTERIES BATTERIES AND BULBS. See ELECTRICITY— BATTERIES; BULBS AND BATTERIES BEACH BEACHES BEADS BEAM BRIDGE. See BRIDGES BEAMS BEANS BEARINGS. See BALL BEARINGS BEARS BEAUFORT WIND SCALE BEAVERS BEES BEETLES BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR—ANIMALS BELL CURVE BELL, ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, MABEL BELLOWS BENEDICTUS, EDOUARD BENHAM’S DISK BERLESE FUNNEL BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

BESSBIGS BICARBONATE OF SODA BICYCLES BINOCULARS BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND. See POLLUTION—WATER BIOCHEMISTRY BIOCIDES. See HERBICIDES; PESTICIDES BIODEGRADABILITY BIODEGRADABLE BIODEGRADATION BIOELECTRONICS BIOFILM BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS BIOLUMINESCENCE BIOMASS BIOMES BIOREMEDIATION BIORHYTHMS. See BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; TIME SENSE BIOTIC COMMUNITIES. See ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEMS; HABITATS BIRD FEEDERS BIRD WATCHING BIRDS BIRDS—BEAKS BIRDS—FEATHERS BIRDS—FLIGHT BIRDS—HOUSES BIRDS—MOUTHS BIRDS—NESTS BIRDS—ORPHANS BIRDS—PELLETS BIRDS—POLLUTION BIRDS—SURVEY BIRDS—VISION BIRDS—WATER BIVALVES. See CLAMS BLACK, JOSEPH BLEACH BLIMPS BLIND SPOT BLOOD BOATS

BOATS—SAILS BODY CLOCKS BONES BONES—GAMES BONSAI BOOMERANGS BOREAL FOREST. See TIAGA BOTANY BOTTLE GARDENS BOUNCE BOUNCING. See BALLS BOWS AND ARROWS BOYLE’S LAW BRAILLE ALPHABET BREAD BREATHING BRICKS BRIDGES BRINE SHRIMP BROMELIADS BROWNIAN MOVEMENT BROODERS BUBBLES BUDS BUGS. See INSECTS BUILDING—HOUSE BUILDING BUILDING MATERIALS BULBS BULBS—ELECTRIC BULL ROARER BUOYANCY BURGLAR ALARM BUTANE BUTTER BUTTERFLIES BUTTERFLIES—COLLECTION BUZZERS CABBAGE. See INDICATORS CACTUS CAFFEINE CAGES CALCIUM CALCIUM CARBONATE CALCULATORS CALENDAR CALORIES

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CALORIMETER CAMERA OBSCURA CAMERAS CAMOUFLAGE CAMP COOKER CANALS CANDLES CANDY CANNONS CANYONS CAPILLARY ACTION CARBOHYDRATES CARBON CARBON CYCLE. See BREATHING; PHOTOSYNTHESIS CARBON DIOXIDE CARBONATED DRINKS CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. See CIRCULATORY SYSTEM; HEART CARNIVOROUS PLANTS CAROTENE CARROTS CARS CARTESIAN DIVER CASEIN CASTS CATALYST CATAMARAN BOAT CATAPULTS CATERPILLARS CATNIP CATS CAVERNS. See STALACTITES AND STALAGMITES CAVES CAYLEY, GEORGE SIR CELESTIAL NAVIGATION. See NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS; SOLAR STONE CELESTIAL SPHERE CELLS CELLS AND BATTERIES CELLULOSE CELSIUS, ANDERS CEMENT

CEMETERIES CENTER OF GRAVITY CENTIPEDES CENTRIFUGAL FORCE CENTRIPETAL FORCE CEREALS CEREBELLUM. See HUMAN BODY CFCs. See CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CHALK CHAMELEONS CHAOTIC MOTION CHARCOAL CHARLES, JACQUES CHARTS CHEESE CHEMICAL ATTRACTANTS CHEMICAL CHANGES CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. See ELEMENTS CHEMICAL GARDENS CHEMICAL MAGIC CHEMICAL PESTICIDES. See HERBICIDES; PESTICIDES CHEMICAL REACTIONS CHEMICAL TEST CHEMILUMINESCENCE CHEMISTRY—MAGIC TRICKS CHEMOTROPISM CHEWING GUM CHICKENS CHLORINE CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS. See GREENHOUSE EFFECT CHLOROPHYLL CHLOROPLASTS. See CHLOROPHYLL; PLANTS— CHLOROPHYLL CHOCOLATE CHRISTMAS TREES CHROMATOGRAPHY CHROMOSOMES CICADAS CIGARETTE SMOKE CIGARETTES CILIATES. See PARAMECIUM

CIPHERS CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CITIES—ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS CITRUS FRUITS CITRUS PLANTS CITY WEATHER. See URBAN CITIES— WEATHER CLAMS CLARK, EUGENIE CLASSIFICATION CLAY CLICHE-VERRE. See PHOTOGRAPHY CLICK BEETLES CLIFFS CLIMATE CLIMATE AND PLANTS CLIMATOLOGY. See WEATHER CLINOMETER CLOCKS CLONING CLOTH CLOTHING CLOUD CHAMBER CLOUDS COAL COAL MINING COASTS COBB, JEWEL PLUMMER DR. COCKROACHES COCOONS CODES COFFEE COFFEE FILTERS COINS COLD COLD BLOODED ANIMALS COLD LIGHT (LUMINESCENCE) COLD PACKS COLLISIONS COLLOIDS COLOR. See COLORS COLORATION—PROTECTIVE COLORED FILTERS COLORED LIGHTS

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COLORS COLORS—INSECTS COLUMNS COMBUSTION COMETS COMMUNICATIONS COMPACT DISC COMPASS COMPASS ROSE COMPOST COMPOUNDS COMPRESSED AIR. See AIR—COMPRESSED COMPUTER DISKS COMPUTERS COMPUTERS—PROJECTS CONCRETE CONDENSATION CONDITIONED BEHAVIOR. See GOLDFISH CONDITIONING. See BEHAVIOR; LEARNING CONDUCTION. See HEAT— CONDUCTION CONDUCTORS CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM CONSTELLATIONS CONSTRUCTION CONSUMER GOODS CONSUMER SAFETY CONTINENTAL DRIFT CONTINENTAL PLATES CONTINENTS CONVECTION CONVECTION CURRENTS COOKERS—SOLAR COORDINATION COPPER COPPER PLATING CORAL REEF CORBELS CORIOLIS EFFECT CORIOLIS FORCE CORN CORNHUSK DOLLS CORONA. See ECLIPSES CORROSION

CORROSION OF METALS COSMETICS COSMIC RAYS COTTON CRANE FLIES CRATERS CRAYFISH CRAYONS CREEKS CRESS CRICKETS CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION. See DETECTIVES CROSS STAFF CRUSTACEANS CRYPTOGRAPHY CRYSTALS CURIE POINT CURIE, MARIE CURIE, PIERRE CURRENTS—OCEAN CYANOMETER CYCLAMATES. See ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS CYLINDERS DA VINCI, LEONARDO. See VINCI, LEONARDO DA DAGUERRE, LOUIS J. DAIRY DAIRY PRODUCTS DALTON, JOHN DALTON’S THEORY DAMS DANDELIONS DAPHNIA DARBLING BEETLES. See MEALWORMS DARWIN, CHARLES DATA PROCESSING. See COMPUTERS DAY AND NIGHT DAYLIGHT DECAY DECOMPOSERS DECOMPOSITION DECOMPRESSION. See DIVING—SUBMARINES

DEEP SEA DIVER. See CARTESIAN DIVER DEFORESTATION. See EROSION; RAIN FOREST DEHYDRATION DELTAS DEMESTRAL, GEORGE DENSITIES. See FLOATING AND SINKING; WATER DENSITY DENTIFRICES. See TOOTHPASTE DERMATOGLYPHICS. See FINGERPRINTING DESALINIZATION DESCARTES, RENE DESCARTES DIVER. See CARTESIAN DIVER DESERT ANIMALS DESERT BIOMES DESERT COMMUNITY DESERT GARDEN DESERT PLANTS DESERTIFICATION DESERTS DESMIDS DETECTIVE WORK DETECTIVES DETERGENTS DEW DEW POINT DIAPERS DIATOMS DIFFRACTION. See LIGHT DIFFUSION DIGESTION DINOSAURS DINOSAURS—GAMES DIORAMA DIP NET DIRECTION DIRT. See SOILS DISEASES DISHWASHERS DISINFECTANTS DISSEMINATION. See SEEDS—DISPERSAL DISTANCE DISTILLATION

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DISTURBED HABITATS. See ECOSYSTEMS; HABITATS DIVING BELLS DIVISION DNA PROFILES DOGS DOLPHINS DOORBELL—ELECTRIC DOORBELLS DOPPLER EFFECT DOUGHS DOWSING DRAG DRAGONFLIES DRAWINGS DREDGERS DRIED FLOWERS DRIED FOOD DRILLS DRINK MIXES DRINKING STRAWS DRINKING WATER DRINKING WATER— PURIFICATION DROPS DROUGHT DRUGS DUCKS DUCKWEED DUNCKER EFFECT DUPONT COMPANY DYES EARS EARTH EARTH—CRUST EARTH—GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE EARTH—HORIZON EARTH—ROTATION EARTH—SPEED EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD EARTHQUAKES EARTHWORMS EARWIGS EATING. See DIGESTION; FOOD ECHO ECLIPSES

ECLIPSES—SOLAR ECOLOGY ECOSYSTEMS EDDY CURRENTS EDISON EFFECT (RADIOTUBE). See EDISON’S EXPERIMENT EGGS EINSTEIN, ALBERT EINSTEIN’S NEW LAW OF GRAVITY EL NINO ELASTICITY ELECTRIC ELECTRIC METER ELECTRIC MOTORS ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY—BATTERIES ELECTRICITY—CIRCUITS ELECTRICITY— CONDUCTORS ELECTRICITY—ELECTRIC CURRENT ELECTRICITY—INSULATORS ELECTRICITY—RESISTANCE ELECTRICITY—RESISTANCE TO ELECTRICITY—STATIC ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY—SWITCHES ELECTRICITY—USAGE ELECTROCHEMISTRY ELECTRODES ELECTROLYSIS ELECTROLYTES ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ELECTROMAGNETISM ELECTROMAGNETS ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS ELECTRONIC GAMES ELECTRONICS ELECTRONS ELECTRO-OPTICAL RECOGNITION. See IMAGE RECOGNITION SYSTEM; SCANNERS

ELECTROPHORUS ELECTROPLATING ELECTROSCOPE ELECTROSTATICS ELEMENTS ELEVATORS ELF. See ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ELLIPSES ELODEA EMBRYOLOGY EMBRYOS EMF. See ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EMULSIFIERS EMULSIONS ENDANGERED SPECIES ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENGINES ENTOMOLOGY ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. See ACID RAIN; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIODEGRADATION; LANDFILLS; OIL SPILLS; OZONE LAYER ENZYMES EPSOM SALT EQUINOXES EQUIPMENT—HOW TO MAKE ERATOSTHENES EROSION ESCALATORS ESCHER, M. C. ESPIONAGE. See SPIES ESSENTIAL OILS ESTERS ESTIMATION ESTUARIES ETHYL ALCOHOL ETHYLENE GAS EUGLENA EULER’S CIRCLES. See VENN DIAGRAMS EUTROPHICATION

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EVAPORATION EVERGLADES EVOLUTION EXPERIMENTS. See SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS EYE EYE TRICKS EYEGLASSES FABRIC FAHRENHEIT, GABRIEL FAIRY SHRIMP FALL FALLING BODIES FALLING OBJECTS FARADAY, MICHAEL FARMING FARMS FATS FATS AND OILS FAX MACHINES FEATHERS FEELING. See SENSES— TOUCH FERMENTATION FERNS FERRIES FERTILIZERS FIBER OPTICS FIBERS FIELD OF FORCE. See MAGNETIC FIELDS FILTERS FILTERS AND FILTERING FILTERS AND FILTRATION FINGERNAILS FINGERPRINTS FIRE FIRE EXTINGUISHER FIREFLIES FISH FISH PRINTS FISH SCALES FISHING FISHING INDUSTRY FISSION, NUCLEAR. See NUCLEAR BOMBS; NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION

FLAME TESTS FLAMES FLASHLIGHT FLATWORMS FLAVORS FLEAS FLEMING, SIR ALEXANDER FLEXURE. See PAPER ENGINEERING FLIES FLIES—FRUIT FLIES FLIES—HOUSE FLIES FLIGHT FLIGHT—PRINCIPLES OF. See AERODYNAMICS; AERONAUTICS; AIRPLANES; GLIDERS FLIP BOOKS FLOATING AND SINKING FLOODS FLOUR FLOWER PRESS FLOWERS FLOWERS—ARRANGING FLOWERS—CANDY FLOWERS—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION FLOWERS—DRIED FLOWERS—IDENTIFICATION FLOWERS—POLLINATION FLOWERS—PRESSED FLOWERS—WILD FLUID DYNAMICS FLUIDS FLUORESCENT BULB FLUOROCARBONS. See GREENHOUSE EFFECT FLYING FLYING SAUCERS FOCAL LENGTH FOG FOLDS FOLIAGE. See LEAVES FOOD FOOD—PRESERVATION FOOD—SPOILAGE FOODS—SPOILAGE FOOD—UTENSILS

FOOD CHAINS FOOD WEBS FOOTPRINTS FOOTWEAR FORCE FORCE AND MOTION FORECAST. See WEATHER FORECASTING FORENSIC SCIENCE. See DETECTIVES FOREST FORMICARIUM. See ANTS FOSSIL FUELS FOSSILS FOUCAULT PENDULUM FOUCAULT PENDULUM PRINCIPLE FOUCAULT, JEAN FOUNTAINS FRAGRANCES. See COSMETICS; PERFUMES FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN FREEZING FREEZING POINT FREQUENCY. See SOUND— FREQUENCY FRESHWATER FRICTION FRISBEES FROGS FROST FRUIT. See FRUITS FRUIT FLIES FRUIT JUICES FRUITS FRUITS—DRIED FRUITS—SEEDS FRY, ART FUEL FUNGI FUNGICIDES FUNNELS, BERLESE. See BERLESE FUNNEL FURNACES. See HOUSES— FURNACES FURNACES—SOLAR. See HEATING SYSTEM; SOLAR FURNACES

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FUSES FUSION, NUCLEAR. See NUCLEAR FUELS GALAXIES GALILEO, GALILEI GALILEO’S EXPERIMENTS GALLS GALVANIZATION GALVANOMETER GALVANOSCOPE GAMES GARBAGE GARDENING GARDENS GARDENS—BOTTLE GARDENS—CHEMICAL GARDENS—INDOOR GARDENS—PESTS GARDENS—WINDOW BOX GARDENS WITHOUT SOILS. See HYDROPONICS GARLIC GAS STATIONS GASES GASTROPODS. See SLUGS; SNAILS GEARS GELATIN GENDER GENERATORS GENES GENETICS GEOLOGICAL TIME LINE GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE GEOLOGY GEOMETRIC FIGURES. See FRACTIONS GEOMETRY GEOTAXIS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY. See GEYSERS GEOTROPISM GERBILS GERMINATION GERMS GESNER, ABRAHAM

G-FORCES GIBBERELLINS GILBERT, WILLIAM GIRDERS. See BEAMS; BRIDGES; STRUCTURES GLACIERS GLASS GLIDERS GLOBAL WARMING GLOBES GLOBULES—FAT GLOP GLUES GLUTEN GOATS GODDARD, ROBERT GOLD GOLDEN MEAN GOLDFISH GOLDRING, WINIFRED GOLF GONZALEZ, ELMA DR. GOOBLEK GOODYEAR, CHARLES GOOP GOURDS GRAFTING GRAINS GRAPHITE GRAPHS GRASSES GRASSHOPPERS GRASSLANDS GRAVITATION—HISTORY GRAVITROPISM GRAVITY GRAVITY—CENTER OF GRAVITY GRAYWATER. See WATER— CONSERVATION GREEN LACEWINGS GREENHOUSE EFFECT GREENHOUSES GROTTOES GROUNDWATER GROWTH GUERICKE, OTTO VON GUITAR GUPPIES

GYPSUM GYROSCOPE HABITATS HAIL HAIR—HUMAN HALF-LIFE HAMSTERS HAND HAND GLIDERS. See GLIDERS HAND WARMER HANDEDNESS HARBORS HARD WATER HARDNESS SCALE. See MOHS’ SCALE HARMONOGRAMS. See LISSAJOUS FIGURES HARP, AEOLIAN HATCHING. See EGGS HAWKING, STEPHEN HAY INFUSION HAZELNUTS HEADLANDS HEARING HEART HEAT HEAT—CONDUCTION HEAT—CONVECTION HEAT—CONVECTION CURRENTS HEAT—INSULATORS HEAT—RADIATION HEAT CONSERVATION. See ENERGY CONSERVATION; INSULATION; INSULATORS HEAT LOSS. See ENERGY CONSERVATION HEATERS—SOLAR. See SOLAR ENERGY; SOLAR HEAT; SOLAR WATER HEATERS HEATING HEATING SYSTEM HEAVY METALS HEIGHT HELICOPTERS

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HELIOTROPISM HELIUM HELIX HERBARIUM HERBICIDES HERBS HEREDITY HERO ENGINE HERO’S FOUNTAIN HERSCHEL, CAROLINE HIBERNATION HILDEGARD OF BINGEN HILLS HODGKIN, DOROTHY HODOMETER. See ODOMETER HOME SECURITY SYSTEMS HOMES HONEY HONEYBEES HOOKE’S LAW HORMONES HORSEPOWER HORSES HORSESHOE MAGNETS. See ELECTROMAGNETS HOT AIR BALLOON HOT FRAMES HOT SPRINGS. See GEYSERS HOUSE FLIES HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT HOUSEHOLD MACHINES HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS HOUSEPLANTS HOUSES HOVERCRAFT HUMAN BEHAVIOR HUMAN BODY HUMAN EVOLUTION HUMANS HUMIDITY HUMIDITY—RELATIVE HUMIDITY HUMMINGBIRDS HURRICANES HYDRA

HYDRAULIC MODELS HYDRAULICS HYDROCARBONS HYDRODYNAMICS HYDROELECTRIC POWER HYDROFOILS HYDROGEN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE HYDROGENATION HYDROLOGIC CYCLE HYDROMETER HYDROPONICS HYDROTROPISM HYENAS HYGROMETERS HYGROSCOPIC SUBSTANCES HYPATIA ICE ICE AGE ICE CREAM ICE CUBES ICEBERGS ICEBREAKER ICEHOUSES ICICLES ILLUSIONS INCLINED PLANE INCLINES INCLINOMETER INDICATORS INDOOR POLLUTION INDUCTION INERTIA INERTIA—TRICKS INFECTIONS INFRARED RADIATION INFUSIONS. See HAY INFUSIONS; MICROORGANISMS—INFUSIONS INHERITANCE INK INSECTICIDES INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS INSECTS INSECTS—BEHAVIOR INSECTS—BIOCONTROL INSECTS—CAGES INSECTS—CAMOUFLAGE

INSECTS—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION INSECTS—COLOR INSECTS—DISSECTION INSECTS—FOOD INSECTS—GARDEN PESTS INSECTS—GROWTH INSECTS—NETS INSECTS—NIGHT INSECTS—PHEROMONES INSECTS—PREDATORS INSECTS—PROTECTIVE COLORATION INSECTS—REPELLENTS INSECTS—SOIL INSECTS—STICK INSECTS INSECTS—TRAPS INSECTS—VIEWERS INSECTS—WATER INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOR. See ANIMAL BEHAVIOR INSTRUMENTS. See MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS INSULATION INSULATORS INTELLIGENCE INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE INTERNET PROJECTS INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY. See MARSHES; SEASHORES; TIDAL POOLS INTESTINES INVERTEBRATES INVESTIGATIONS—SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS INVISIBLE INKS INVISIBLE WRITING IODINE IONS IRON IRRIGATION ISOMER PATTERNS ISOPODS ISOPODS JACKSON, SHIRLEY JAPANESE BEETLES

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JELLYFISH JEMISON, MAE DR. JET ENGINES JET PLANES JET PROPULSION JETS JOURNALS JUNGLE TERRARIUM JUPITER KALEIDOSCOPES KALEIDOSCOPES— PROJECTS KAZOO KELP KELVIN SCALE. See THERMOMETERS KIDNEYS KILNS KINETIC ENERGY KINETOSCOPE KING, REATHA CLARK DR. KITCHEN UTENSILS KITES KOVALEVSKAYA, SONYA DR. LABELS LABORATORY EQUIPMENT LACTIC ACID. See MICROBES—BACTERIA; YOGURT LADYBUGS LAENNEC, RENE LAKES LAND LAND—ECOSYSTEM LAND—EROSION LAND BREEZES LANDFILLS LANDFORMS LARVAE. See CATERPILLARS; INSECTS LARYNX LASERS LATENT HEAT LATEX LATITUDE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

LAUNCHER LAUNCHERS LAVA LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAW OF UNIFORM ACCELERATION. See GALILEO’S EXPERIMENTS LAWNS LE CHATELIER PRINCIPLE. See RUBBER BANDS LEAD PENCIL LEAF LITTER LEAF PRINT LEAF RUBBING LEARNING LEATHER LEAVENING AGENTS LEAVES LEAVES—AIR POLLUTION LEAVES—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION LEAVES—COLOR LEAVES—PRESSED LEAVES—TRANSPIRATION LEEUWENHOEK, ANTON VAN LEFT-HANDED. See HANDEDNESS LEGOS LEGUMES LEMMINGS LEMONS LENS—EYE LENSES LENZ, HEINRICH LEVERS LEVITATION LEYDEN JAR LICHENS LIFESAVERS LIFT LIGHT LIGHT—COLORS LIGHT—DIFFRACTION LIGHT—RAYS LIGHT—REFLECTED LIGHT—REFLECTION LIGHT—REFRACTION

LIGHT—WAVES LIGHT BULBS LIGHTNING LIGHTNING BUGS. See FIREFLIES LIMESTONE LIMPETS LINES OF FORCE LIPIDS. See FATS AND OILS LIQUID CRYSTALS LIQUIDS LIQUIDS—DENSITY LIQUIDS—IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS—SURFACE TENSION LISSAJOUS FIGURES LITMUS PAPER. See INDICATORS LITTER LIZARDS LOBSTERS LOCKS LOCKS—WATERWAYS LODESTONES LONGITUDE. See LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE LUBRICANTS LUNAR CRATERS LUNAR ECLIPSES. See ECLIPSES LUNGS MACHINES MACHINES—FARMS MACHINES—HOUSEHOLD MAGDEBURG SPHERE MAGIC MAGIC TRICKS MAGLEV TRAIN MAGNETIC ATTRACTION MAGNETIC COMPASS MAGNETIC FIELDS MAGNETIC INDUCTION. See ELECTROMAGNETS MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE MAGNETISM MAGNETITE MAGNETS MAGNETS—GAMES

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MAGNETS—TRICKS MAGNIFICATION MAGNIFIERS MAGNIFYING GLASS. See LENSES MAMMALS MANGO SEEDS MANNED SPACE FLIGHT. See SPACE FLIGHT MANUFACTURERS MAPLE SUGARING MAPS MARBLE MARINE ANIMALS MARINE BIOFILMS MARINE PLANTS MARKING PENS MARS MASS MATERIALS MATHEMATICS MATTER MATUYAMA, MOTONORI MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK MAYANS MAYFLIES MAZES MCCLINTOCK, BARBARA DR. MEALWORMS MEASUREMENT MEAT MEAT PRESERVATION MECHANICS MEDICINE MEERKATS MEGAPHONE MEIOFAUNA MEMBRANES MEMORY MENDEL, GREGOR MENDELIAL GENETICS MENSURATION MERCURY MERIAN, MARIA SIBYLLE METAL DETECTORS METALS METAMORPHOSIS

METEORITES METEOROLOGICAL OPTICS. See RAINBOWS; RAINDROPS; STARS METEOROLOGY. See WEATHER; WEATHER FORECASTING METEORS METERS METRIC SYSTEM MEXIA, YNES MICE MICROBES MICROBIOLOGY. See MICROBES; MOLDS; YEAST MICROCHIPS MICROCLIMATE MICROHABITAT MICROENCAPSULATION MICROORGANISMS MICROPARTICULATION MICROPHONE MICROSCOPE MICROTOME MICROWAVE OVENS MIGRATION MILK MILKWEED MILKWEED BUGS MILLIPEDES MILLS MINERALS MINI CLIMATES MINING MIRAGES MIRRORS MISSILES. See ROCKETS MITCHELL, MARIA MITOSIS. See CELLULAR REPRODUCTION MIXTURES MOBILES MOBIUS STRIPS MODELS MOEBIUS STRIPS. See MOBIUS STRIPS MOHS’ SCALE

MOIRE PATTERNS MOISTURE MOLDS MOLECULES MOMENTUM MOMENTUM—ANGULAR MONEY MONUMENTS MOON MOON BUGGY MOON MONTH MOON PHASES MOON VEHICLE MORSE CODE MORSE, SAMUEL MOSQUITOES MOSSES MOTHS MOTHS—COCOONS MOTION MOTION PICTURES MOTOR OILS MOTOR VEHICLES MOTORS MOTORS—ELECTRIC MOUSE. See MICE MOUNTAIN BIOME MOUNTAINS MOUTH—HUMAN MOVIES MOVING PICTURES MUD MUD HUTS MULCH MULTIPLICATION MUMMIFICATION MUSCLES MUSHROOMS MUSIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS MYCELIUM. See MOLDS; SPORES MYSTERY POWDERS NAPIER, JOHN NATURAL FREQUENCY NATURAL SELECTION NATURE DIARIES NATURE—ART ACTIVITIES

xxi

NAVIGATION NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS NEGEATIVE GEOTROPISM NEON NEON SIGNS NEPTUNE NERVES NESTING FISH. See CICHLIDS NESTS NETS NETS—INSECTS NEUROPHYSIOLOGY. See HUMAN BODY— BRAIN NEWTON, SIR ISAAC NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION NEWTS NIGHT AND DAY NITRATES. See FERTILIZERS; WATER— POLLUTION NITROGEN FIXATION NITROGEN OXIDE. See ACID RAIN NOCTURNAL ANIMALS NOETHER, EMMY DR. NOISE NOISE—POLLUTION NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID NORTH POLE NORTH STAR NORTHERN HEMISPHERE NOSE. See HUMAN BODY; SENSES—SMELL NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEATION NUMBERS NUTRITION NUTS NYLON OBSERVATION OCEAN OCEAN ANIMALS

OCEAN COLOR OCEAN CURRENTS OCEAN FLOOR OCEAN POLLUTION OCEAN SALINITY OCEAN SHORELINES OCEAN TIDES OCEAN WAVES OCEAN WINDS OCEANOGRAPHERS OCEANOGRAPHY. See DIVING BELLS; SEAWATER ODOMETER ODOR EATERS ODORS OERSTED, HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED’S DISCOVERY OERSTED’S EXPERIMENT OIL OIL POLLUTION. See OIL SPILLS OIL RIGS OIL SLICKS OIL SPILLS OILS AND FATS. See FATS AND OILS ONIONS OOBLECK OOBLIK OPTICAL FIBERS OPTICAL ILLUSIONS OPTICS OPTICS—FIBER. See FIBER OPTICS; OPTICAL FIBERS ORANGES ORBITER SPACE SHUTTLE ORGANIC WASTE ORIGAMI ORION ORRERY OSMOSIS OSMOSIS—PLANTS OUTER SPACE OUTER SPACE—EXPLORATION. See SPACE SCIENCE; SPACE TRAVEL OVENS. See DRYING AND STERILIZING OVEN

OVERPOPULATION. See POPULATION OWL PELLETS OWLS OXIDATION OXIDIZERS OXYGEN OXYGEN—CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE OYSTERS OZONE LAYER PACE. See DISTANCE PACKAGING PAINTING PAINTS PALEONTOLOGIST PANGAEA PANTOGRAPH PAPER PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY PAPER CUTTING TRICKS PAPER MAKING PAPER TOWELS PAPER—MATH MAGIC PAPIER MACHE PARACHUTES PARALLEL CIRCUITS. See ELECTRICITY—CIRCUITS PARAMECIA PARASITOIDS. See WASPS PARCHMENT PASCAL’S LAW PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE PASTE PASTEUR, LOUIS PAULING, LINUS PAVLOV’S THEORY PEANUT BUTTER PEANUTS PELLETS—BIRD PENCILS PENDULUMS PENICILLIN PENS PEPPER’S GHOST PERCEPTION PERCOLATION

xxii

PERFUMES PERIPHERAL VISION PERISCOPES PERSISTENCE OF VISION PEST CONTROL PESTICIDES PESTICIDES PETS PETS—BEHAVIOR pH PHASES OF MOON. See MOON—PHASES PHENAKISTOSCOPE PHENOLPHTHALEIN PHEROMONES PHOSPHATES PHOSPHORESCENCE PHOTOCOPIERS PHOTOGRAMS PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTOPERIODISM PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOTROPISM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS. See SOLAR CELLS PHYSICAL CHANGES PHYSICS PIAGET. See CONSERVATION OF MASS PICTOGRAPHS. See GRAPHS— PICTOGRAPH PIGEONS PIGMENTS PIGPEN CIPHER PILL BUGS PINEAPPLES PINECONES PINHOLE CAMERA PINWHEELS PITCH PITFALL TRAPS PLANARIANS PLANETARIUM PLANETS PLANKTON PLANT LICE. See APHIDS PLANTS PLANTS—ACID RAIN

PLANTS—AIR POLLUTANTS PLANTS—AUXINS PLANTS—BACTERIA PLANTS—CAPILLARY ACTION PLANTS—CARBON DIOXIDE PLANTS—CELLS PLANTS—CHLOROPHYLL PLANTS—CLASSIFICATION PLANTS—CLONING PLANTS—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION PLANTS—COLOR PLANTS—COMMUNICATION PLANTS—DISEASES PLANTS—DYES PLANTS—ELECTRICITY PLANTS—ENERGY SOURCES PLANTS—EROSION PLANTS—EVAPORATION PLANTS—FERNS PLANTS—FERTILIZERS PLANTS—FLOWERS PLANTS—FREEZING PLANTS—FRUITS AND SEEDS PLANTS—GEOTROPISM PLANTS—GERMINATION PLANTS—GRAFTS PLANTS—GRAVITY PLANTS—GROWTH PLANTS—HORMONES PLANTS—HUMIDITY PLANTS—HUMUS THEORY PLANTS—HYDROPONICS PLANTS—INSECT REPELLENTS PLANTS—INSECT PESTS PLANTS—INSECTS PLANTS—LEAVES PLANTS—LICE. See APHIDS PLANTS—LICHENS PLANTS—LIGHT PLANTS—MOVEMENT PLANTS—MUSIC PLANTS—NUTRIENTS PLANTS—OSMOSIS PLANTS—OXYGEN

PLANTS—PHOTOSYNTHESIS PLANTS—PHOTOTROPISM PLANTS—PIGMENTS PLANTS—POLLINATION PLANTS—POLLUTION PLANTS—POTATOES PLANTS—PRESS PLANTS—PROPAGATION PLANTS—RESPIRATION. See PLANTS— OXYGEN PLANTS—ROOTS PLANTS—SEEDS PLANTS—STARCH PLANTS—STEMS PLANTS—STOMATA PLANTS—TOUCH STIMULI PLANTS—TOUCHING PLANTS—TRANSPIRATION PLANTS—TRAVELING. See SEEDS—DISPERSAL PLANTS—TROPISMS PLANTS—VEGATATIVE PROPAGATION PLANTS—VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION PLANTS—VINES PLANTS—WATER PLANTS—WATER POLLUTANTS PLANTS—WEAVING PLASTER CASTS PLASTER OF PARIS PLASTIC WRAPS PLASTICS PLATE TECTONICS PLATELETS PLAY DOUGH PLAYGROUNDS PLIMSOLL LINE PLIMSOLL, SAMUEL PLUMB LINE PLUNKETT, ROY J. PLUTO PNEUMATIC MACHINES POLAR BEARS POLAR BIOMES POLARIS POLARISCOPE

xxiii

POLARIZATION OF LIGHT POLARIZED GLASSES POLARIZED LIGHT POLE STAR. See POLARIS POLLEN POLLINATION POLLS POLLUTION POLLUTION—AIR POLLUTION—NOISE POLLUTION—OIL POLLUTION—WATER POLYETHYLENE POLYMERS POMANDERS PONDS PONDS—ALGAE PONDS—ANIMALS PONDS—ECOSYSTEMS PONDS—INSECTS PONDS—ORGANISMS PONDS—PLANTS PONDS—POLLUTION POPCORN POPULATION—ANIMAL. See ANIMAL POPULATIONS POPULATION—INSECTS POPULATION—PEOPLE PORCUPINES POST-ITS POTATOES POTATOES—SWEET POTENTIAL ENERGY POTPOURRI POULTRY BROODER POULTRY. See CHICKENS POWDERS PRAIRIES PRAIRIES PRAYING MANTIS PRECIPITATES PREDATORS PREDICTIONS PREHISTORIC ANIMALS PRESERVATIVES PRESS—PLANTS PRESSURE PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH

PRIMATES PRINTING PRISMS PROJECTILES PROPAGATION. See PLANTS— PROPAGATION; PLANTS—VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION PROPELLERS PROPRIOCEPTION PROTECTIVE COLORATION PROTEIN PROTISTS PROTOZOA P-TRAPS PULLEYS PULSE PUMPKINS PUMPS PUNNETT SQUARE. See HEREDITY PUPAS PURIFICATION PLANT PURIFICATION WATER. See WATER PURIFICATION PUTTY PYRAMIDS QUADRATS QUANTUM THEORY QUICKSAND QUILL PEN QUIZ BOARD QUIZ BOARD GAMES. See ELECTRONIC GAMES; QUIZ BOARD QUIZ BOARD REAGENTS. See INDICATORS RABBITS RACCOONS RACING CARS RADIANT ENERGY RADIANT HEAT RADIATION RADIO RADIO WAVES RADIOACTIVE ATOMS

RADIOACTIVE DECAY RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS RADIOACTIVITY RADIOMETER RAIN RAIN CYCLE RAIN FOREST RAIN GAUGE RAINBOWS RAINDROPS RAISINS RAMPS RATIO AND PROPORTION RATS REACTION TIME REAGENTS. See INDICATORS RECORD PLAYERS RECYCLING RED BLOOD CELLS REDI, FRANCESCO REFLECTION REFLEX ACTION REFLEXES REFRACTION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATORS REFUSE AND REFUSE DISPOSAL REGELATION. See ICE CUBES REGENERATION REGULATORS RELATIVE HUMIDITY. See HUMIDITY—RELATIVE HUMIDITY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE. See METHANE REPELLENTS RESERVOIRS RESONANCE RESPIRATION RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RETINA RETTING RHEOSTAT RIEMANN, GEORGE F. B. RIGHT-HANDED. See HANDEDNESS

xxiv

RIPPLE TANK. See WAVES RIVERS RIVERS—ECOSYSTEMS ROAD POLLUTION ROADS ROBOTS ROCK CANDY ROCK POOLS ROCKETS ROCKS ROCKS—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION ROCKS—CRAFTS RODENTS ROLLER BLADES ROLLER DERBY ROLLERS ROOFS ROOTS ROOTS—DIRECTION OF GROWTH ROT ROTATIONAL MOTION ROTIFERS RUBBER RUBBER BANDS RUBBINGS RUBBINGS—BARK RUMFORD, COUNT RUST RUTHERFORD, ERNEST SACCHARIN SAFES SAFETY GLASS SAILBOATS SAILBOATS—MODELS SAILS SAKIA SALAMANDERS SALINITY SALINITY—OCEAN SALIVA SALT SALTWATER SALVAGE SAND SAND CLOCKS

SANITARY LANDFILLS. See LANDFILLS SATELLITES SATURN SCALES—MEASUREMENT SCARECROWS SCAVENGERS. See BIODEGRADABILITY SCHOOLS SCHOOLS—ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS SCIENCE FAIR PROJECTS SCIENCE PROJECTS SCINTILLATIONS SCREWS SCULPTURE SCUM SEA BREEZES SEABIRDS SEALS SEASHELLS SEASHORE SEASHORE BIOLOGY. See BARNACLES; LIMPETS; MUSSELS; PERIWINKLES; SEA STARS; SEAWEED SEASHORE ECOLOGY SEASONS SEASONS—FALL SEASONS—SPRING SEASONS—SUMMER SEASONS—WINTER SEAT BELTS SEAWATER SEAWATER SALINITY. See OCEAN SALINITY SEAWEED SECRET MESSAGES SECRET WRITING SEDIMENTARY ROCKS SEDIMENTATION SEDIMENTS. See CLAY; EROSION; DIRT; MUD; ROCKS; SOIL SEED SHRIMP. See OSTRACODS SEEDS

SEEDS—ANATOMY SEEDS—DISPERSAL SEEDS—FRUIT SEEDS—GERMINATION SEEDS—IMBIBITION SEEDS—SPROUTS SEEDS—TREES SEISMOGRAPH SEISMOMETER SENSES SENSES—HEARING SENSES—SIGHT SENSES—SMELL SENSES—TASTE SENSES—TASTE AND SMELL SENSES—TOUCH SENSORY PERCEPTION SEPARATION SEWAGE TREATMENT SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT SEWING MACHINES SEX RATIO SEXTANT SHADOW CLOCKS (SUNDIALS) SHADOWS SHADUF SHAPES SHARKS SHEEP SHELLS SHELLS—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION SHIPS SHOCK WAVES SHOES SHORELINES SHRIMP—BRINE SIAMESE FIGHTING FISH SIDEREAL DAY. See TIME SIGN LANGUAGE SIGNALS SILHOUETTES SILLY PUTTY SILVER SILVERFISH SIMPLE MACHINES

xxv

SIMPLE MACHINES— BALLBEARINGS SIMPLE MACHINES— BELLOWS SIMPLE MACHINES— BLOCK AND TACKLE SIMPLE MACHINES—COGS SIMPLE MACHINES— GEARS SIMPLE MACHINES— INCLINED PLANE SIMPLE MACHINES—LEVERS SIMPLE MACHINES— PULLEYS SIMPLE MACHINES—RAMPS SIMPLE MACHINES— ROLLERS SIMPLE MACHINES—SCREWS SIMPLE MACHINES— WEDGES SIMPLE MACHINES—WHEEL AND AXLE SIMPLE MACHINES— WHEELS SIMPLESSE SINKS SIPHONS SKIN SKY SKYSCRAPERS SLIDE PROJECTORS SLIDES—MICROSCOPE SLIME SLIME MOLDS SLIMES SLOPES SLOPES—NATURAL SLUGS SMOG SMOKE SMOKING SNAILS SNOW SNOWFLAKES SNOWSHOES SOAP SOAP BUBBLES SOAPSTONE

SOCIAL SCIENCE—CONSUMER USE OF SOFT DRINKS. See SOFT DRINKS SODIUM BICARBONATE. See BAKING SODA SODIUM CHLORIDE. See SALT SOFT DRINKS SOIL CONSERVATION. See EROSION; SOILS— EROSION SOILS SOILS—ECOLOGY. See EARTHWORMS SOILS—EROSION SOILS—POLLUTION SOLAR CELLS SOLAR COLLECTORS SOLAR COOKERS SOLAR DISTILLATION. See SOLAR STILL SOLAR ECLIPSES. See ECLIPSES—SOLAR SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR GREENHOUSE SOLAR HEAT SOLAR HEATERS SOLAR HEATING SOLAR HOMES SOLAR OVENS SOLAR RADIATION SOLAR STILL SOLAR SYSTEM SOLAR WATER HEATER SOLENOID SOLID WASTES SOLIDS SOLUBILITY SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS—SUPERSATURATED. See CRYSTALS SOLVENTS SOOT SOUND SOUND—AMPLIFIERS SOUND—DIFFRACTION SOUND—DIRECTION

SOUND—DOPPLER EFFECT SOUND—ECHOES SOUND—EFFECTS. See SOUND EFFECTS SOUND—FREQUENCY SOUND—HUSHERS SOUND—INSULATORS SOUND—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS SOUND—PITCH SOUND—REFLECTION SOUND—REFRACTION SOUND—RESONANCE SOUND—SPEED SOUND—TELEPHONE SOUND—TRAVELS SOUND—VIBRATIONS SOUND—WAVES SOW BUGS SPACE SPACE COLONY SPACE CREATURES SPACE SHUTTLE SPACE STATION SPACE SUITS SPACE TRAVEL SPACECRAFT SPARK PLUGS SPEAKERS. See SOUND— AMPLIFIERS SPECIFIC GRAVITY SPECTROPHOTOMETER SPECTROSCOPE SPECTRUM SPEED SPHERES SPIDER WEBS. See SPIDERS— WEBS SPIDERS SPIDERS—WEBS SPIES SPINNERS SPINNING SPIROGYRA SPITTLEBUGS SPONGES SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

xxvi

SPORE PRINTS SPORES SPORTS SPREADSHEETS SPRING SPRING PEEPERS SPRING SCALES SPRINGS SPROUTS SQUIRRELS STABILITY STAG BEETLES STAIN REMOVERS STAINED GLASS STAINING STAINS STALACTITES AND STALAGMITES STAMENS STARCH STARFISH STARS STARS—CONSTELLATIONS STATIC ELECTRICITY STATISTICS STATUES STEADINESS TESTER STEAM ENGINES STEAM TURBINE ENGINE STEAMBOAT STEEL WOOL STEMS STENTORS. See INFUSORIA; SPIROSTOMA STERILIZATION STETHOSCOPE STICK INSECTS STILTS STOKES’ LAW STOMATA STORAGE BATTERY STORAGE CELL STORMS STOVES STREAM TABLE STREAMLINING STREAMS STREET LIGHTS

STRENGTH STRING INSTRUMENTS STROBOSCOPE STRUCTURAL STRENGTH STRUCTURES SUBMARINES SUBMERSIBLES SUCROSE SUGAR SULFUR SULFUR DIOXIDE SUMMER SUN SUN PRINTS SUN SCREENS SUN SPOTS SUN TEA SUN—ECLIPSES SUNDEW PLANTS SUNDIALS SUNGLASSES SUNLIGHT SUNRISES SUNSCREENS SUNSETS SUNTAN LOTIONS. See SUNSCREENS SURFACE TENSION SURFACTANTS. See DETERGENTS; SOAP; WATER SOFTENERS SURVEYING THEODOLITE SURVEYS SUSPENSIONS SWEET POTATOES SWIMMING SWIMMING POOL SWIMSUITS SWITCHES SYMMETRY SYNODIC TIME. See TIME TADPOLES TAIGA TALEIDOSCOPE TANNIC ACID TANNINS TAP ROOT

TAPE RECORDINGS TARNISH TASTE TASTE AND SMELL TEA TECTONIC PLATES TEETH TEFLON TELEGRAPH TELEPHONE TELESCOPE TELEVISION TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE INVERSION TENEBRIO BEETLES. See MEALWORMS TENNIS TENSILE STRENGTH TERMINAL VELOCITY TERMITES TERRARIUMS TESTS TEXTILES THAUMATROPE THERMAL ENERGY THERMAL POLLUTION THERMAL RADIATION THERMOGEL THERMOMETERS THERMONUCLEAR ENERGY THERMOPLASTICS THERMOSTAT THIGMOTROPISM THOMSON, J. J. THUMB. See HUMAN BODY THUNDER AND LIGHTNING THUNDERSTORMS TIDE POOLS TIDES TIE-DYE TIME TIME CAPSULES TIME LINES TIME ZONES TIMERS TIRES TOADS TOBACCO HABIT. See SMOKING

xxvii

TOMATOES TOOTHPASTE TOPIARY TOPOLOGY TOPS TORNADOES TORRICELLI, EVANGELISTA TOUCH TOYS TRACKS. See TRACKS AND TRACKING TRACKS AND TRAILING TRAFFIC TRAFFIC LIGHTS TRAINS TRANSECT TRANSFORMERS TRANSPORTATION TRAPS TRAPS—INSECTS TRASH TREES TRIBOLUMINESCENCE TROPICAL FISH TROPISMS TROTULA OF SALERNO TSUNAMIS TUBERS. See PLANTS; ROOTS TUNA TUNDRA BIOMES TUNDRA ECOLOGY TURBINES TURBULENCE TURTLES TWIGS TWINING. See PLANTS— VINES; VINES TYNDALL EFFECT TYNDALL, JOHN UFO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ULTRAVIOLET RAYS UNDERGROUND HOMES. See HOUSES UNDERWATER ANIMALS UNDERWATER EXPLORATION

UNDERWATER VIEWER UNIVERSE URANUS URBAN CITIES—WEATHER URBAN ECOLOGY VACUUM VACUUM CLEANERS VALLEYS AND HILLS VALVES VAN GUERICKE, OTTO. See GUERICKE, OTTO VON VAPOR VAPORIZATION. See SOLAR STILL VEGETABLES VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION. See PLANTS— VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION VELCRO VELOCITY VENUS VENUS FLYTRAP VERMICOMPOSTING VERSORIUM VIBRATIONS VIEWERS VINEGAR VISCOSITY VISION VITAMIN C VITAMINS VIVARIUMS VOICE VOLCANOES VOLTA, COUNT ALESSANDRO VOLTMETER VOLUME VOLVOX. See EUGLENA VON GUERICKE, OTTO. See GUERICKE, OTTO VON VULCANIZATION WALKIE TALKIE WALKING

WALKING STICKS. See INSECTS—STICK INSECTS WALLACE, NANCY D. WALNUTS WARTHOGS WASHING MACHINES WASTE WASTE TREATMENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT WATER WATER ANIMALS WATER CLOCKS WATER CONSERVATION WATER CYCLE WATER DROP MAGNIFIER WATER DROPS WATER FLEAS. See MICROSCOPE; DAPHNIA WATER FOUNTAINS WATER LENS WATER MAGNIFIER WATER OF HYDRATION WATER POLLUTION. See WATER— POLLUTION WATER POWER WATER PRESSURE. See WATER—PRESSURE WATER PUMPS WATER PURIFICATION WATER SCOPE WATER SOFTENERS WATER SUPPLY—HOUSES WATER TABLE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS WATER TURBINES WATER VAPOR. See WATER—VAPOR WATER VIEWER WATER WHEELS WATER—ABSORPTION WATER—ADHESION WATER—AQUIFER WATER—BOILING POINT WATER—BUOYANCY WATER—CAPILLARY ACTION

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WATER—CLOCKS. See WATER CLOCKS WATER—COLLECTION WATER—COMPRESSED WATER—CONDENSATION WATER—CONVECTION WATER—DENSITY WATER—DESALINIZATION WATER—DISPERSION WATER—DISPLACEMENT WATER—DISTILLATION WATER—DRINKING WATER—ELECTROLYSIS WATER—EROSION WATER—EUTROPHICATION. See EUTROPHICATION WATER—EVAPORATION WATER—EXPANSION WATER—FILTERS AND FILTERING WATER—FLOATING AND SINKING WATER—FREEZING WATER—FREEZING POINT WATER—HARD AND SOFT WATER—ICE WATER—INSECTSR WATER—LAMINAR FLOW WATER—LEVEL WATER—POLLUTION WATER—PRESSURE WATER—PURIFICATION WATER—SALTWATER WATER—SOFTENERS WATER—SOLUTIONS WATER—SURFACE TENSION WATER—USES WATER—VAPOR WATER—VIEWER WATER—WEIGHT WATERBEDS WATERCLOCKS. See WATER CLOCKS WATERFALLS WATERPROOFING WATERWHEELS WAVES

WAXES WEATHER WEATHER FORECASTING WEATHER INSTRUMENTS WEATHER STATION WEATHER VANES WEATHERING. See EROSION WEAVING WEBS WEDGES WEEDS WEIGHING MACHINES WEIGHT WELLS WET BULB. See HYGROMETER WET CELL BATTERY WETLANDS WETTING AGENTS. See DETERGENTS; SOAP; SURFACTANTS WHALES

WHEAT WHEEL AND AXLE WHEELS WHIRLIGIGS INSECTS WHIRLPOOLS WHISTLES WHOOPING CRANES WILDFLOWERS WILDLIFE OBSERVATION WIND WIND CHILL WIND CHIMES WIND CURRENTS WIND DIRECTION WIND ENERGY WIND SPEED WIND TUNNELS WIND VANES WINDMILLS WINOGRADSKY, SERGE WINTER WIRES

xxix

WOLVES WOOD WOOD LICE WOOD LOUSE. See SOW BUGS WOODS. See FOREST WOOL WORK. See FORCE; ENERGY WORMS WRIGHT BROTHERS WRIGHT, JAMES WRITING INSTRUMENTS WRITING—INVISIBLE WU, CHIENG-SHIUNG, DR. YAMS YEAST YOGURT ZIPPERS ZOETROPE ZOOLOGY

Key to Index

The index is arranged in the following order:

Cross-reference

Subject

Project description

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR. See also Individual Animals ANIMAL CALLS Screamer to imitate animal calls, make from scrap paper 1744:87-88 ANIMAL CAMOUFLAGE Animals color blends into surrounding; pick up colored beads experiment 1581:30-31 Game demonstrates protective coloring camouflage 1603:90-91 ANIMAL CELLS Model that resembles group of animal cells living together experiment, balloons in fish tank 1546:10-11 ANIMAL HABITATS Surveying an animal’s preferred habitat experiment 1571:85-87 ANIMAL POPULATIONS Estimating animal populations with capturerecapture method, how to calculate project 1583:38-42

Book number (refer to “Books Indexed by Number” on page 261).

Page number

After finding an experiment of interest, check the book number in the back of the index to discover the author, title, and publication data for the book in which the experiment is printed.

xxx

&

A

3-D VIEWERS 3-D viewer made from long cardboard tube 1629:34-36 ABACUS. See also ADDING MACHINES Half adder; build a half adder in which EOR and AND gates produce the total experiment 1532:173 Processing unit; make an abacus that adds binary numbers the same way as a processing unit 1532:172 ABERRATION OF LIGHT. See LENSES; LIGHT; STARS ABRASION. See EROSION ABRASIVES. See SANDPAPER ABSOLUTE ZERO Heat flows from warmer outside to colder inside experiment with penny on neck of frozen bottle 1707:24 ABSORPTION. See also FATS How do hot and cold packs work experiment 1567:21-23 How does Silly Putty pull a cartoon from the funny pages experiment 1754:44 How paper towels soak up water easy experiments 1857:62-65 Objects that do and do not absorb water experiment 1970:67 ACCELERATION. See also FORCE; GRAVITY; INERTIA Measure constant acceleration due to gravity using downhill racing car experiment 1839:207-221 Slope of board affects acceleration of toy car experiment 1748:39 Time and distance related to velocity and acceleration of object experiment using Phantom Feet toy 1839:203-206 Two objects with same shape and mass may behave differently when they roll down a hill experiment 1579:42-44 ACCELEROMETER Auto pilot, internal guidance system uses accelerometers experiment, how to make accelerometer 1532:114-115

Measure g-forces on a roller coaster with G-Meter Scale, how to make 1959:56-59 ACID BOGS. See BOGS ACID RAIN Acid eats into rocks experiment 1632:9 Acid effect on plants experiment using strong acid, weak acid and water 1692:19 Acid rain and particulate air pollution, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:116-119 Acid rain effect on plant growth experiment 1638:62-65 Acid rain effect on plants experiment using four dilutions of vinegar and water 1550:49 Acid rain test, how to do 1796:51-52 Bean plant growth harmed by direct contact with acid rain experiment 1569:67-73 Bean plants; effect on three growing bean plants experiment 1603:119 Bedrock; effect of different kinds of bedrock on different kinds of acidity experiment 1550:49-50 Books and activities about acid rain 1741:22-25 Buildings; acid rain damages buildings experiment 1783:28-29 Earthworms; how do earthworms react to acid rain experiment 1921:81-83 Freshwater; how does acid rain in freshwater affect the cell structure of spirogyra experiment 1539:106-108 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:278 Limestone rock affected by acid rain experiment using vinegar and chalk 1751:6 Monuments; how do monuments become worn away simple project 1876:137-144 Origins of acid rain experiment; is there a connection between acid rain and wind currents 1569:81-85 pH of rainwater experiment 1594:38-39 pH test of rainwater experiment 1987:62-63 Pine trees; can limestone be used to protect pine trees from acid rain experiment 1539:100-101 Plants can’t grow with vinegar acid water experiment 1750:14-15 Plants damaged by acids experiment 1632:9

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Plants; acid rain effect on plants experiment 1848:159-161 Ponds; create acid rain from pond water filled with plankton experiment 1820:32-33 Rainwater samples and groundwater tested for acid rain experiment 1915:57-58 Sand Diego County endangered by acid rain project 2012:154-161 Seedlings; effect of acid rain on lettuce seedlings experiment 1739:27 Seeds; effect of acid rain on growth of seeds over 7-day period experiment 1898:113-114 Test rain and water samples for acid experiment 1603:33-34 Test rainwater, pond water and vinegar for acidity 1546:21 Test rainwater for acid experiment with red cabbage indicator 1739:27 Test; red cabbage juice indicator used to test for acid rain 1953:260 What can acid precipitation do experiment 1743:26-27 ACIDOPHILUS BACTERIA. See also BACTERIA ACIDS AND BASES. See also CHEMICAL REACTIONS; INDICATORS; SOLUTIONS Acid plus base liquids neutral experiment 1981:68 Acid-base indicator and basic water solutions experiment 1637:41 Acid-base indicators from fruits and vegetables experiment 1915:58-59 Cabbage juice indicator determines acid or base of substances experiment 2022:111 Carbonated lemonade demonstrates acids and bases experiment 1680:28-29 Chalk fizzes from vinegar experiment 1754:22 Difference between baking soda and baking powder experiment 1804:27-29 Ethane molecular model experiment 2054:116-117 Food; test for acid in different foods experiment 1849:127-129 Food; what happens when you cook broccoli in an acid or base experiment 1568:118-119 Fruit; why does cut fruit turn brown experiment 1804:30-31 Fruits; are fruits acid experiment, use red cabbage indicator 1893:12-13 Household items; test lemon juice, baking soda and other household substances using a red cabbage indicator 1548:40-43 How can you tell an acid from a base experiment using cabbage juice 1568:64-65 Kitchen; identifying acids and bases in the kitchen experiment 1981:63-67

Lemons; why do lemons taste sour easy experiments with red cabbage indicator 1857:40-42 Litmus paper experiment to test for acids and bases 1953:284-286 Methane molecular model experiment 2054:116-117 Neutralize an acid experiment 1743:108-111 Painting acids and bases on red cabbage brew paper experiment 2001:62-63 Pickles; why are pickles sour experiment 1804:32-34 Plant pigments; blue and red plant pigments experiment with acid-base indicator 1637:42 Red cabbage indicator determines acid and base experiment 2001:59-61 Red cabbage indicator identifies pH of different solutions experiment 1933:28-29 Red cabbage indicator test for acids and bases experiment (Primary) 1619:22-23 Red cabbage indicator test for molecules presence of acid experiment 2054:116-117 Red cabbage indicator tests for acids and bases in foods experiment 1627:26-28 Red cabbage indicator used to tell if household substances are an acid or base experiment, chart given 1758:8-9 Red cabbage indicator used to test liquids and juices experiment 1917:52-53 Red cabbage leaves indicator to identify acids and bases experiment 1888:60-64 Red cabbage or beet water used as indicator experiment 1680:28 Red cabbage test for acids and bases experiment 2014:15-18 Red cabbage used to test an acid or base experiment 1934:89-92 Salt; where does salt come from experiment 1906:53-54 Soda; what makes orange soda fizz experiment 1568:106 Soil; test soil to see if it is acidic or alkaline and if it will support animal life experiment 1546:22-23 Substances tested for acid or base using purple cabbage indicator experiment 1833:183 Substances; what does litmus paper tell us about substances experiment 1844:41-42 Teeth; how do acids affect tooth enamel experiment 2037:254 Test rain water, pond water and vinegar for acidity 1546:21 Turmeric dipsticks test for a base experiment 1933:30

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Airplane; Delta Dart model airplane, effect of design modification on flight of airplane experiment (Advanced) 1839:251-256 Airplane; model plane with rubber band driven propeller, how to build 1558:34-35 Airplane; model propeller pushes air backward to push plane forward experiment 1558:32-33 Airplane; triplane experiment, how to make from balsa wood 1558:26-27 Airplanes; why airplanes fly easy experiments to demonstrate with balloons 1857:14-17 Airship experiment using helium filled party balloons experiment 1558:20-21 Bernoulli’s principle; air pressure experiment with blowing air between ping pong balls 1707:10 Birds; phenakistoscope used to show how birds move wings in flight experiment 1558:6-7 Blow out candle placed behind jar or book experiment 1879:102-105 Boomerang; spin of boomerang gives it stability in the air experiment 1558:9 Cannon used to investigate trajectories of cannon balls experiment 1558:12-13 Fan; portable fan becomes aircraft engine experiment 1532:20-21 Flaps on wings and tail control flight direction experiment 1532:110-111 Flights affect accuracy of arrows from crossbow experiment 1558:10-11 Frisbee; spin of Frisbee gives it stability in the air experiment 1558:8 Funnel used to blow out a candle experiment 1879:106-108 Glider uses energy from stretched rubber band for power experiment, how to make 1558:22-23 Glider; swing-wing glider model demonstrates wings at low and high speeds experiment 1558:30-31 Helicopter; rotor of helicopter experiment, make two models to see how helicopter works 1558:40-41 Hot air rises experiment with spinning fan over candles 1558:18 Hot air rises experiment, make hot air balloon to demonstrate 1558:19 Jet balloon models demonstrate jet engines 1558:42-43 Kite experiment based on early work of Mabel Bell and her husband Alexander 1658:42-45 Kites; experiment with forces that keep kite in the air 1558:14-15

Turmeric test for acids and bases experiment 2014:19-21 What are acids and bases experiment 1904:57-61 ACORNS Germinate an acorn experiment 2044:32-33 ACOUSTICS. See also HEARING; SOUND; SOUND—PITCH; SOUND—VIBRATIONS Behavior of confined sound experiment 2045:42-43 ACTION AND REACTION. See also BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE ADAPTATION. See ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ECOSYSTEMS; ENVIRONMENT; GENETICS ADDITION. See also MATHEMATICS ADDITIVES. See also FOOD—ADDITIVES ADHESION. See also COHESION; GLUES; WATER—SURFACE TENSION Oil keeps syrup from sticking to metal experiment 1672:27-28 ADHESIVES. See also GLUES Super adhesive from milk and vinegar, how to make 1801:22-23 ADOBE. See BRICKS ADOBE HOUSES Adobe brick earth house, how to make bricks and build 1599:125-128 ADSORPTION. See CHROMATOGRAPHY AEOLIAN HARP. See also MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION. See DECOMPOSITION AERODYNAMICS. See also AIRPLANES; BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE; BOOMERANGS; GLIDERS; HELICOPTERS; HOT AIR BALLOONS; KITES; PARACHUTES; ROCKETS; STREAMLINING; WINDMILLS Aircraft; backward-moving stream of air drives aircraft through the sky experiment 1532:20-21 Aircraft; vertical take off and landing (VTOL) aircraft experiment, how to make 1558:42-43 Airfoil experiment, how to make airfoil 2043:8-9 Airfoil provides lift that keeps airplane in the air experiment, how to demonstrate 1558:24-25 Airfoil; test for different angles of attack to see which generates most lift of airfoil experiment 1539:158-159

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AGRICULTURE Demonstrate amount of land available for agriculture experiment 1848:188-190 AGRONOMY. See also SOILS AILERONS. See AERODYNAMICS; AERONAUTICS; AIRPLANES; FLIGHT; GLIDERS AIR. See also ATMOSPHERE; CONVECTION; OXYGEN; SOUNDS; WINDS Air and water differ in their ability to store heat experiment 1677:31-33 Air expands and contracts as its density changes experiment 1528:73 Air expands to greater volume when warmed experiment 1528:27 Air expands when heated experiment 1980:46-47 Air has weight experiment 1528:24 Air has weight experiment 1739:14 Air has weight experiment 1878:33-34 Air has weight, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:88-90 Air has weight; how to make a balloon balance experiment 1700:22-23 Air is in water experiment 1883:11-14 Air pushes water out of the way experiment 1980:23-25 Air takes up space and has weight experiment 1832:94-97 Air takes up space easy experiment 1857:6-9 Air takes up space experiment 1613:47-57 Air takes up space experiment 1758:10-11 Air takes up space experiment 1831:41 Air takes up space experiment 1842:4 Air takes up space experiment with balloon in a bottle 1790:105-112 Air takes up space experiment with tissue in cup staying dry experiment 1790:113-117 Air takes up space, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:88-90 Air takes up space; balloon in bottle experiment 1883:8-11 Balloon on bottle demonstrates what happens to heated and cooled air experiment 1753:9 Candle burns oxygen in air and carbon dioxide in lung air experiment 1980:78-81 Carbon dioxide is heavier than air experiment 1980:37-39 Carbon dioxide is more dense than air experiment 1678:19-20 Elastic air in balloon lets balloon bounce experiment 1753:5 Flame needs oxygen to burn experiment using candle burning under jar 1548:18-20

Kites; force of wind makes kite move experiment 1613:207 Kites; high-flying kite experiment 1630:22-24 Kites; three styles of simple paper kites compared to ability to move in the wind 1613:207:220 Parachute demonstrates drag, how to make parachute 2043:12-13 Parachute uses canopy to increase air resistance for slow fall experiment 1558:16 Rocket to launch space shuttle model, how to make 1558:44-45 Shapes affect lift experiment 1842:219-220 Space shuttle model with delta wings to demonstrate high speed flight, how to make 1558:28-29 Wing; flying wing experiment, faster the airflow; more lift wing receives 1532:109 AEROFOILS. See AERODYNAMICS AERONAUTICS. See also AIRPLANES; BALLOONS; BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE; GLIDERS; HELICOPTERS; KITES; PARACHUTES; ROCKETS Airfoil experiment, how to make 2030:12-13 Airfoil; cylinder airfoil versus box wing experiment 2030:14-15 Airplanes; ball suspended in stream of air demonstrates why airplanes fly experiment 1579:3-7 Flying fish, make from paper 1745:43-44 Skimmer from toilet paper tube, rope and straws experiment 1745:39-41 Suspend ball in stream of air experiment 1579:3-7 AEROSPACE. See also FLIGHT AFRICAN SAVANNA Diorama of Savanna; animals, trees, flower and insects, how to do 1807:36 Grass plants, dried and mounted, how to do 1807:30 Grass seeds, how to plant, grow and observe leaves, flowers and roots experiment 1807:13,30 Night hunters have trouble seeing in dim light experiment 1806:22 Stride of animals is key to animal’s escape; compare with your stride experiment 1807:18 AFTERIMAGES Afterimages experiments with one or both eyes and colored filters 1612:117-118 Afterimages: bird in the cage experiment; stare at color and see it change 1576:17-20 Afterimages: flash of light prints lingering image in your eye experiment 1576:3-7

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Fluidics: air flow around shapes experiment 2045:48-49 Food; air in food experiment 1678:27-29 Fruit syrup from berry fruits demonstrates plants and oxygen and carbon dioxide 1678:10-11 Gas; what is a gas experiment 1678:6-9 Gases can dissolve in air experiment 1673:19-23 Gases; which gas passes through a balloon faster—air or carbon dioxide experiment 1673:26-28 Heat causes air to expand experiment 1900:57-58 Heat makes liquid water evaporate and become water vapor experiment 1678:21-23 Heated air takes up more space and pushes apart layers of pastry apple turnovers 1678:15-18 Hot air rises demonstration with balloon over neck of bottle 1649:35 Hot air rises experiment 1700:25 Hot air rises experiment with mobiles 1831:98-99 Insulators; testing air and soil as insulators experiment 1540:65 Magic trick coins jumps on top of bottle experiment 1712:10-11 Mass; measuring the mass of air experiment 1985:36 Mass; measuring the mass of water in air and water experiment 1985:40-42 Microbe populations in your backyard over time experiment 1570:29-30 Microbes; relationship between time of day and microbes in air experiment 1570:152-153 Microbes; speed of travel affects microbes experiment 1570:154-155 Oxygen in air, how much is there experiment 1953:220 Oxygen in air; how to measure the amount experiment 2017:14-15 Oxygen in the air experiment using candle burning under jar 1548:18-20 Oxygen; how much oxygen is there in air experiment 1915:55-56 Oxygen; repeat Lavoisier’s experiment measuring percentage of oxygen in air 1637:19 Pour air experiment 1842:5 Primary science activities with air 1931:50-53 Properties of air experiments 1953:261-282 Soil; can soil hold air, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:91-94 Sucking an egg into a jar demonstrates hot air takes up more space than cool air experiment 1879:108-110

Temperature effect on air volume and air pressure experiment 1980:48-50 Trapped air in confined space experiment 1902:27-29 Warm air expands and cold air contract experiment 1878:30-32 Water can’t get into jar unless air gets out experiment 1546:6-7 Water; can water hold air, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:98-99 Water; when does water get into the air experiment 1905:71-72 Weigh air experiment with balance and balloons 1980:26-23 Weighing air experiment using balance beam (how to build balance beam) 1606:37-40 Weight and pressure of air experiment 1842:8 Weight; air has weight experiment 1842:6-7 Weight; compare weight of carbon dioxide and air in balloons experiment 1606:42 Weight; what does air weigh experiment 1904:121-123 When does air sink experiment 1905:66-68 Wind; which way does the wind blow experiment 1753:12 AIR—COMPRESSED. See also CARTESIAN DIVER Air can be compressed experiment with Cartesian diver in bottle of water 1842:10-11 Air can be squeezed together or compressed experiment 1902:35-37 Air “magically” lifts marble in grabber experiment 1831:32-33 Air pressure makes heat experiment with tire pump and basketball 1906:102-103 Compare differences between compressing air and water experiment 1902:39-42 Magic trick non-bursting balloon experiment 1711:22-23 Pneumatic machines; marble and plastic bags demonstrate pneumatic machine experiment 1831:43 Rabbit pops out of a box trick experiment 1831:50-51 AIR—CONVECTION Hot air rises experiment with spinning fan over candles 1558:18 Hot air rises experiment, make hot air balloon to demonstrate 1558:19 Stimulate air currents, movement due to convection experiment 1861:31 When does air rise experiment 1905:62-65 AIR—CONVECTION CURRENTS Create air currents with hot and cold water and food coloring 1704:29

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Lichens; air pollution effect on lichens experiment 1570:33-34 Lichens; look for different kinds of lichens as a test for air pollution 1721:25 Measure air pollution on rainy day with filter and jar experiment 1826:42 Plants are air filters; they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen experiment 1528:163 Rain water samples filtered for pollution experiment 1970:153 Sea levels rising due to pollution; effect on low-lying islands and coasts experiment 1528:162 Smell pollution of onions taken away by lemon juice experiment 1540:63 Snow pollution experiment 2025:22-23 Survey of air pollution in different places using self-adhesive plastic experiment 1826:43 Test and compare how much dirt collects in Vaseline smeared lids experiment 1632:4 Test for air pollution using transparent tape on cardboard experiment 1883:18-21 Test for air pollution with petroleum jelly and paper plates experiment 1970:149 Test for air pollution with Vaseline coated cards experiment 1603:115-116 Test; rubber bands on coat hanger test for air pollution experiment 1603:117-118 Towns; what section of a town has the most airborne particles pollution experiment 1539:102-103 AIR PRESSURE. See also BAROMETER; PARACHUTES; SIPHONS Air holds up a parachute easy experiment 1857:10-13 Air lifts water when you blow into cut straw experiment 1906:115-117 Air pressure affects water flow experiment 1842:22-23 Air pressure empties bottles of water experiment 1878:35-36 Air pressure makes heat experiment with tire pump and basketball 1906:102-103 Air pressure stops you from inflating balloon in bottle experiment 1606:63-64 Air pump, how to make 1711:41 Air-powered rocket from balloon, how to build 1606:74-75 Aneroid barometer; make to measure air pressure experiment 1758:32 Atomizer; make an atomizer with a drinking straw experiment 1842:39-40 Balloon pump experiment, how it works 1840:131-136

How convection currents are produced experiment 2050:175-179 Rising air in oven experiment, make a lemon cake to demonstrate 1678:12-14 AIR—PRESSURE. See AIR PRESSURE AIR CONDITIONERS Can of hair spray sprayed on thermometer demonstrates principle of air conditioning 1673:22-25 Evaporation of water used for cooling experiment 1787:49-53 Expanding gases can be used for cooling experiment 1787:54-58 Microbes on dirty air conditioning filters experiment 1570:31-32 Salt can be used for heating and cooling experiment 1787:40-44 Shade trees keep things cool experiment 1787:45-48 AIR INVERSION What causes an air inversion experiment 1953:221 AIR MASS. See CLOUDS; WEATHER AIR MASSES Compare heat capacities of sand and water experiment 1528:70 Compare relative temperature and humidity of different air masses 1528:71 Do warm and cool air masses mix experiment 1528:71 Front; making a weather front with water experiment 1528:77 Sinking and rising air experiment 1528:76 AIR POLLUTION. See also LICHENS; POLLUTION—AIR; SMOG Acid rain and particulate air pollution, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:116-119 Air pollution measured using Vaseline coated slides experiment 1876:182 Air pollution tester experiment, make from clear dishes with petroleum 1830:93 Air samples under microscope experiment 2027:74-75 How badly polluted is your air experiment 1739:26 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:232 Indoor air pollution and houseplants; which houseplants best clean the air experiment 1569:105-110 Leaf samples checked for air pollution experiment 1739:26 Leaves; investigate air pollution on tree and bush leaves experiment 1721:23

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Balloon remains inflated with its mouth open experiment 1842:51-52 Barometer used to observe effects of air pressure changes on it experiment 1840:115-122 Barometer; air pressure measured with aneroid barometer experiment; how to make 1528:25 Barometer; how does a barometer predict the weather experiment 1568:35-36 Card on glass of water demonstrates air pressure experiment 1700:19-20 Coin bounces on bottle top from air pressure experiment 1980:44-45 Collapsing can demonstrates air pressure experiment 1820:35 Collapsing can experiment 1606:62-63 Collapsing can experiment 1659:12-14 Collapsing can experiment 1890:44 Collapsing can experiments demonstrates weight of atmosphere 1906:61-63 Collapsing container from outside air pressure experiment 1758:72 Collapsing jug of water experiment demonstrates air pressure 1673:12-15 Create air pressure experiment using bottle, balloon, vinegar and baking powder 2017:19 Crush a bottle with air pressure experiment 1700:15 Crush a gallon can without touching it experiment 1842:15-16 Crush a soda can with air pressure experiment 1842:17-18 Demonstrate air pressure with paint stick on table covered with newspaper 1648:25 Demonstrations of air and water pressure using soda bottles experiment 1550:31 Drinking; how can air help us drink experiment 1842:20-21 Effect of air pressure demonstrated by water fountain experiment 1840:123-130 Effect of air pressure on a sealed can experiment 1980:69-70 Effect of air pressure on pipettes, straws and funnels experiment 1980:60-68 Egg flips from one egg cup to another experiment 1659:6-8 Hydraulic lifter lifts object experiment 1711:40 Index card holds water in upside down glass experiment 1537:29-30 Keeping water in an upside-down glass experiment 1879:111-112 Lift heavy objects with air experiment using book and plastic bag 1753:10 Magdeburg hemispheres experiment repeated 1980:71-73

Magic marble trick demonstrates simple pneumatic lifting machine 1717:12-13 Magic trick fountain defies gravity experiment 1719:14-15 Magic trick rolling ball experiment 1711:14-15 Magic watering can experiment 1640:93 Moving air has lower air pressure than air that is not moving experiment 1839:39-43 Operations of different pumps and compare effectiveness of each pump experiment 1840:131-136 Paper stays dry in water experiment 1753:4 Plastic bottles put in freezer demonstrate air pressure experiments 1978:60-63 Plastic bowls can’t be pulled apart experiment 1820:68-69 Pressure gauge to measure pressure of gas in a balloon, how to build 1606:66-68 Reduced air pressure can lift liquid experiment 1902:57-60 Rocket balloon demonstrates what happen to air under pressure experiment 1753:6 Rocket-powered boat, how to build 1606:75 Shape of an object affects how the object falls through the air experiment 1753:8 Snow; walking on snow experiment 1990:112-114 Squeeze an egg into a soda bottle experiment 1831:40 Strength; how strong is air pressure experiment 1753:7 Suction cup experiment to demonstrate air pressure 1980:74-75 Test to feel air pressure at work experiment 1758:37 Torricelli’s discovery of air pressure experiments 1586:49-53 Upside-down glass of water trick demonstrates how strong air pressure is 1707:13 Vacuum; repeat Von Guericke’s experiment with strength of vacuum 1658:25-26 Water does not spill out of upside down glass of water experiment 1673:9-11 Water stays in upside down mug due to air pressure experiment 1739:15 Water stays inside inverted screen-covered jar experiment 1840:177-182 Water; get water out of the air experiment 1842:50 What is air pressure experiment 1678:24-26 What is reduced air pressure experiment 1904:8-10 Why does a dipping bird drink experiment 1990:110-111

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AIR PUMPS Air pump lifts books experiment 1890:42-43 Air pump lifts person experiment 1890:43 AIR RESISTANCE. See also GLIDERS; PARACHUTES Air friction affects falling objects experiment 2045:52-53 Parachute size affects its fall experiment 1754:77 Parachute uses canopy to increase air resistance for slow fall experiment 1558:16 Spinner demonstrates air resistance experiment, how to make 1558:17 Terminal velocity; measure terminal velocity of falling balloon experiment 1606:49-50 AIRCRAFT. See also AERONAUTICS; AIRPLANES; GLIDERS; HELICOPTERS; JETS AIRFOILS Airfoil experiment with angle of airfoil model 1802:40-41 Airfoil provides lift that keeps airplane in the air experiment, how to demonstrate 1558:24-25 Airfoil provides lift that keeps airplane in the air experiment, how to demonstrate 1558:24-25 Test for different angles of attack to see which generates most lift of airfoil experiment 1539:158-159 AIRPLANES. See also AERONAUTICS; HELICOPTERS; HOT AIR BALLOONS; JETS Airlines; when was the first airline started experiment 1906:2-3 Autopilot, internal guidance system uses accelerometers experiment, how to make accelerometer 1532:114-115 Axes of flight experiment demonstrates pitch, roll and yaw movements 1935:78-79 Backward-moving stream of air drives aircraft through the sky experiment 1532:20-21 Ball suspended in stream of air demonstrates why airplanes fly experiment 1579:3-7 Balsa wood model plane experiment to test weight, drag, thrust and lift 1748:18-19 Cockpit; model cockpit demonstrates how pilot’s controls work experiment 1558:36-37 Delta Dart model airplane, effect of design modification on flight of airplane experiment (Advanced) 1839:251-256 Design an airplane for a special task experiment 1842:235-236 Design; create an airplane of a new design experiment 1842:234 Designing paper airplanes for distance experiment 1935:20-21

Flaps on wings and tail control flight direction experiment 1532:110-111 Glider; swing-wing glider model demonstrates wings at low and high speeds experiment 1558:30-31 Instrument flight; where was the first instrument flight made experiment 1906:8-11 Model plane from paper and drinking straw, how to make 2043:38-39 Model plane with movable flaps and stabilizer experiment 2030:37-39 Model plane with rubber band driven propeller, how to build 1558:34-35 Model propeller pushes air backward to push plane forward experiment 1558:32-33 Paper airplane experiment; modify design to make it fly better 1890:36-37 Pilot’s cockpit controls experiment; make rudder, control stick, central pivot and elevator 1558:36-39 Portable fan becomes aircraft engine experiment 1532:20-21 Rocket bomber from rolled up piece of paper experiment 1630:28 Rudder controls airplane turns experiment 2030:32-34 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:207-220 Speed of paper airplane experiments 1955:27-30 Stunt flyer best ever paper airplane experiment 1630:26 Suspend ball in stream of air experiment 1579:3-7 Triplane experiment, how to make from balsa wood 1558:26-27 What keeps an airplane up experiment 1935:40 What makes an airplane fly experiment 1904:3-7 When was the first airplane flown experiment 1905:9-11 Why airplanes fly easy experiments to demonstrate with balloons 1857:14-17 Wind test baffle test on a balsa wood glider experiment 1864:185-188 Wind tunnel; build wind tunnel to test design of paper airplanes experiment 1770:57 Wind tunnel; will your airplane soar in a wind tunnel experiment 1842:223-224 Windows; polarization and stress analysis of airplane window experiment 1539:160-162 Wing flaps control airplane turns experiment 2030:35-36 Wing; flying wing experiment, faster the airflow; more lift wing receives 1532:109

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ALGEBRA—ABSTRACT Mathematics big ideas experiment; the commutative property of addition 1869:46-53 ALHAZEN Convex lens effect on a image experiment based on Alhazen’s writings 2027:14 ALKALIES. See also ACIDS AND BASES ALKALI FLAT Alkali flat in arid climates; simulate formation experiment 1550:17 ALKALIS Where does salt come from experiment 1906:53-54 ALKA-SELTZER. See also CARBON DIOXIDE Film container with Alka-Seltzer and water moves toy truck experiment 1890:77-78 ALLELOPATHY. See PLANTS—GROWTH; SEEDS—GERMINATION ALLOYS Melting metal experiment using lead-free solder 1674:18-20 ALTERNATING CURRENT. See also ELECTRICITY—ELECTRIC CURRENTS ALUMINUM. See also MINERALS AMATEUR RADIO. See RADIO AMERICAN PRAIRIES Activities, science experiments and craft projects 1550:3-14 AMINO ACIDS. See PROTEIN Sources of amino acids experiment 1849:29-30 Why egg whites become white and foamy when beaten experiment 1849:30-33 AMOEBA. See also MICROSCOPE; PROTOZOA AMPERE. See ELECTROMAGNETISM AMPERE, ANDRE Galvanoscope (Ampere invention) detects electric current experiment 1605:42-43 AMPHIBIANS. See also FROGS; SALAMANDERS; TOADS AMPLIFIERS. See also SOUND—AMPLIFIERS Transistor amplifier works to amplify a weak current experiment 1532:142-143 ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION. See DECAY; DECOMPOSITION; ROT ANATOMY—HUMAN BODY. See also HUMAN BODY ANEMOMETER Anemometer measures wind speed, make from paper plate and cup 1753:116

AIRSHIPS Airship experiment using helium filled party balloons experiment 1558:20-21 When were airships popular experiment 1905:6-8 ALARMS. See also BURGLAR ALARMS; ELECTRIC; FIRE ALARMS Burglar rug alarm, how to make 1657:79-81 Flood alarm, how to make model from tubing, wire, battery and buzzer 1896:26-27 ALASKA Soapstone carving from bar of soap experiment 1817:58 ALBEDO EFFECT How effective is insulation to prevent heat loss experiment 1528:28 Measure and compare albedo effect of two surfaces experiment 1528:29 Percentage of Sun’s energy reflected by surfaces is called its albedo experiment 1528:28 ALBUMEN. See also EGGS ALCOHOL Alcohol as fuel; recycling wastes into energy experiment 1539:87-89 Relationship between alcohol dosage and dependence in a rat experiment 1539:115-117 ALGAE. See also DIATOMS; MICROSCOPE Acid rain; how does acid rain in freshwater affect the cell structure of spirogyra experiment 1539:106-108 Algae and snails left in dark or light for month experiment 1652:112 Algae art, how to collect, dry and mount 1812:27 Classification of fungi, bacteria, algae and protists in pond water experiment 1570:84-85 Color of light affects growth of algae cells experiment 1570:97-98 Electromagnetic radiation harmful to algae experiment 1569:74-80 Grow algae plants experiment, how to do 1555:116 Limpets leave trails in algae experiment 1752:74 Medicine; does algae have any medicinal qualities experiment 1569:116-120 Phosphate detergents effect on freshwater plant and animal life experiment 1864:163-164 Snail’s feeding habits control growth of algae in aquarium tank experiment 1571:152-153 Soils; presence of algae in soils experiment 1570:140-141 ALGEBRA. See also MATHEMATICS

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Mealworms life cycle length affected by temperature, food and moisture experiment 1595:55-61 Mealworms react to light, touch and chemicals experiment 1595:55-61 Owls need both ears to find direction of food experiment 1595:34-38 Sleep; do animals sleep more than humans experiment 1595:72 Sow bugs prefer dry, damp or wet environment experiment 1595:46-49 Sow bugs prefer light or darkness experiment 1595:46-49 Walking straight and balance in the dark experiment 1595:39-42 ANIMAL CAGES. See CAGES ANIMAL CALLS Screamer to imitate animal calls, make from scrap paper 1744:87-88 ANIMAL CAMOUFLAGE. See also COLORATION—PROTECTIVE; PROTECTIVE COLORATION Animals color blends into surrounding; pick up colored beads experiment 1581:30-31 Game demonstrates protective coloring camouflage 1603:90-91 ANIMAL CELLS Model that resembles group of animal cells living together experiment, balloons in fish tank 1546:10-11 ANIMAL HABITATS Surveying an animal’s preferred habitat experiment 1571:85-87 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. See also MAZES ANIMAL POPULATIONS Estimating animal populations with capturerecapture method, how to calculate project 1583:38-42 Estimating the population of an animal species, how to do 1826:32-33 ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Pregnancy, birth and longevity relationships of animals experiment 1571:80-81 ANIMAL SKIN How skin covering protects animals from the cold experiment 1848:86-89 ANIMAL SURVIVAL Cuddling together helps animals stay warm experiment 1938:31-32

Anemometer shows how hard wind is blowing, how to make 1892:37 Cup anemometer, how to make 1953:251 How does an anemometer work experiment 1842:103 Make anemometer from plastic cups, balsa wood and beads 1925:17 Make anemometer from protractor, ruler and ping pong ball 1739:20 Make from corrugated cardboard, paper cups, clay 1537:34-35 Make from straw, paper cups, paper plate, nails and wooden board 1648:62-63 Paper cup anemometer measures wind speed, how to make 2014:150 Recording temperature and effect of wind on it experiment, how to build anemometer 1894:10-11 Robinson anemometer, how to build with straws, cups and pencils 1861:34-35 Wind speed measured by anemometer experiment; how to make 1528:59 Wind speed measured experiment with homemade anemometer 1861:32-35 Wind speed measured with a homemade anemometer, how to make 1842:101-102 ANEMONE Anemone patterns 1834:43 ANEROBIC DECOMPOSITION. See DECAY; DECOMPOSITION; ROT ANEROID BAROMETER. See BAROMETER ANIMAL BEHAVIOR. See also Individual Animals Dog: conditioning your dog to respond to a stimuli (bell, whistle, etc.) experiment 1595:15-16 Earthworms prefer dry or damp soil experiment 1595:50-54 Earthworms prefer light or darkness experiment 1595:50-54 Earthworms prefer sand, soil or dead leaves experiment 1595:50-54 Earthworms react to vinegar or ammonia experiment 1595:50-54 Earthworms respond to red light experiment 1595:50-54 Fish learn to associate sound with food experiment 1546:15 Fish: temperature affects a fish’s gulping (respiration) rate experiment 1595:62-64 Food; ability to find food with three pets experiment; dog, ferret and hamster 1571:10-12

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ANIMATION. See FLIP BOOKS; MOTION PICTURES; ZOETROPE Animation drum or zoetrope turns to produce illusion of moving pictures experiment 1541:24-27 ANNUAL RINGS. See TREES ANOLES Do anoles prefer mealworms or crickets experiment 2020:122-125 How do male anoles respond to their own image in a mirror experiment 2020:126-128 Will anole change color in response to a color change in its surroundings experiment 2020:132-136 Will male anole respond to a photograph of another male, or does the image have to be moving experiment 2020:129-131 ANT LIONS Ant lions given choice between cover and no cover will choose cover experiment 1652:123 Ant lions will choose sand over other materials experiment 1652:123 Do ant lions fling sand and sugar the same distance experiment 1652:129 Experiments with ant lion, data sheets given 1652:115-129 How to catch and keep ant lions 1653:14-17 Hungry ant lion more likely to change location of its pit experiment 1652:129 Will rain cause ant lion to change location of its pit experiment 1652:123-129 ANTHOCYANINS. See also PIGMENTS Anthocyanin pigment experiment 1637:42 Blue and red plant pigments experiment with acid-base indicator 1637:42 ANTHROPOLOGY Discovering your own roots, how to do 1756:111 ANTIBIOTICS Are dandelions as effective as commonly prescribed antibiotics against bacteria experiment 1539:126-128 Comparison of over-the-counter antibiotics experiment 1570:103-105 Effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth experiment 1571:144-146 Effect of antibiotics on different types of bacteria experiment 1570:106-108 ANTIBODIES Do blood donors have to be of same blood type as recipient experiment 1571:64-66

Polar bear keeps warm from stored fat under its coat experiment with thermometer and butter 1581:37-38 Stride of animals is key to animal’s escape; compare with your stride experiment 1807:18 Which type of insulation (hair, down, feathers or lard) is best at retaining heat experiment 1571:132-134 ANIMAL TRACKS. See also TRACKS AND TRAILING How to make casts of animal tracks 1603:93-94 Making cast of animal tracks project 1583:49-53 ANIMALS. See also MAMMALS; MARINE ANIMALS; Names of Individual Animals Are fatter animals warmer experiment 1851:69 Bones; preserving and studying animal bones project 1583:125-126 Color of animal’s hair or feathers affects its body temperature experiment 1851:69 Fat layer under the skin keeps animals warm experiment 1851:68-69 Location of a continent affects its animal life experiment 1850:184-186 Night insects and animals can be observed in grapefruit half left on ground overnight experiment 1546:67 Soil animals; find the animals in soil and leaf litter experiment 1692:24 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:41-52 Winter; how animals keep warm in winter experiment using box of gelatin 1655:22-23 Winter; how do animals stay warm in the winter experiment 1856:42-44 ANIMALS—EXTINCT OR ENDANGERED. See ENDANGERED ANIMALS ANIMALS—FOOD Determine why grass can survive being nibbled by animals experiment 1848:105-107 ANIMALS—MOUTHS Mouths of animals and birds work better for certain foods than others experiment 2041:18-19 ANIMALS—PROTECTIVE COLORATION. See ANIMAL CAMOUFLAGE ANIMALS—VISION How structure of animals eyes helps them survive 1581:31-32 Type of vision in animals whose eyes face forward experiment 2054:54-55

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ANTIGENS Do blood donors have to be of same blood type as recipient experiment 1571:64-66 ANTS Ant farm in a jar experiment, observe ants at work 1603:77-78 Ant farm in a jar, how to set up and take care of 1628:11-12 Ant farm in jar experiment to observe how ants live 2034:19 Ant farm in large jar lets you observe behavior experiment 1830:73 Ant farm lets you observe ants working in colony experiment 1831:85 Ant farm, how to make 2014:269-271 Ant trails to food source project 1864:51-52 Collecting ants, how to do 1870:10-13 Colony, prepare and observe your own ant colony experiment 1852:67 Construct and observe anthill in clear plastic bottle experiment 1967:94-95 Cookies; how do ants respond to cookie crumbs experiment 1751:66 Digging habits of ants experiment; do ants dig more than one hole 1540:34 Do ants know the difference between artificial sweeteners and sugar experiment 1751:67 Feeding ants in a formicarium, how to do 1870:20-21 Feeding preferences of ants in the field project, how to study 1583:75 Food; do ants fight over food experiment 1628:11 Food; does size or color of food affect ants food choices experiment 1730:38 Food; how ants find food and carry it away experiment 1655:6-7 Food; what foods do ants prefer to eat experiment 1643:30 Food; what kinds of food attract ants experiment 1628:10-12 Formicarium to house ants, how to make 1870:16-17 Home or ant farm for ants, how to make 1730:28-35 Housing ants, how to do 1870:14-17 How do ants find food experiment 1852:60-63 How fast can ants find food simple project 1876:103-110 How to collect and care for 1730:26-35 How to keep and observe ants 2021:2-7 Human breath carbon dioxide frightens ants experiment 1959:110-111

Nests; what kind of ants live in an ant nest experiment 1852:64-67 Observe ant colony in jar experiment 1848:24-27 Observe how ants live experiment 1722:29 Reaction of ants to mint plants experiment 1751:82 Resident ants behavior toward intruder ants project, how to study 1583:75 Roadblock on ant trails experiment 1775:27 Studying the behavior of ants project; how to build ant farm or formicarium 1583:72-76 Taste tests to see if ants can tell diet drink from the real thing experiment 1959:108-109 Tunneling structures of ant colony observed project 1864:43-44 Tunnels in anthill, how to observe in paper model anthill 1855:26-29 What do ants like to drink experiment 1730:39 What do ants like to eat experiment 1730:37 What materials ants prefer to build tunnels in experiment 1730:41-42 Would ants rather tunnel in light or darkness experiment 1730:40 APHIDS Beneficial insects used to control insect pests experiment 1571:147-149 Crowded with aphids, the plant will get sick experiment 1652:185 Experiments with aphids and their predators ladybug beetles; data sheets given 1652:177-187 How quickly do aphids breed experiment 1643:30 How to catch and keep aphids 1653:26-28 What will aphids do if plant stem is clipped experiment 1652:186 Which is more effective in controlling aphids, ladybugs or chemicals experiment 1652:187 Will aphids disperse when they get too crowded experiment 1652:185-186 Will ladybugs eat aphids to control population growth experiment 1652:186 APPLE LEATHER. See also FRUIT LEATHER Apple leather, how to make 1684:29 Apple leather, how to make 1760:116-117 APPLES Activities and science experiments 2032:34-37 Develop picture of yourself on an apple experiment 1959:130-132 Keep apples from turning brown experiment 1637:65 Seeds; do all apples have the same number of seeds experiment 1651:104-105

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Aquatic organism viewed under microscope; how to prepare hanging-drop slide 1583:58-62 Compare animals and plant life found in ponds and streams projects 1583:58-62 Plankton net, how to make from pantyhose and coat hanger 1583:61-62 AQUATIC MICROORGANISMS Microbial communities under different light conditions experiment 1570:144-145 AQUATIC PLANTS Road salts harmful to aquatic plant life experiment 1569:43-48 AQUIFERS. See also WATER—AQUIFERS Model aquifer experiment using aquarium, clay, sand and food coloring 1594:23-25 Model water table and aquifer using soil and aquarium 1610:27-29 Pressure from aquifer forces groundwater up through artesian well experiment 2050:152-153 Saltwater; effects of saltwater on some living tissues experiment 1758:26 ARACHNIDA. See SPIDERS ARCHAEOLOGY. See also FOSSILS Archaic bone awl, how to make and use to sew with 1968:18-19 Archaic house, how to build 1968:21 Artifacts, how to study 1756:110-111 Cave paintings, how to do 1756:112 Make plaster forms from a mold like archaeologists do experiment 1771:55-56 Make your own dig, how to do 1756:109-110 Wet-screening dirt, how to do 1968:30 ARCHES. See also BRIDGES; BUILDING Arch shape is strong demonstration with books and cardboard 1946:29 Super strong egg holds up books magic experiment 1717:22-23 ARCHIMEDES. See also BUOYANCY; CARTESIAN DIVER; WATER How a lever works and creates mechanical advantage experiment 1586:12-18 Measure the volume of common objects using water experiment 1771:3-8 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:60-69 Size and shape of boat, salt or freshwater determines boat’s ability to float and carry most weight experiment 1630:18-20 Why does heavy iron ship float experiment 1659:36-39

Shrunken head from apple in salt solution experiment 1657:67-70 Sun-baked apples from a shoe box solar oven, how to build 1831:67 Test for chemical changes in ripening apples using iodine paint experiment 1864:96 APPLIANCES. See HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES APPROXIMATION THEORY About how many activities 1823:10-17 About how tall activities 1823:49 About what length activities 1823:44-47 Approximate cost activities 1823:20-21 Estimating large number activities 1823:18-19 Grouping similar numbers together activities 1823:29-31 How much do containers hold activities 1823:56-58 How to do quick estimate to check math answer 1823:26-28 Multiplying by powers of ten 1823:37 Number pairs activities 1823:22-25 Recognizing estimates activities 1823:6-9 Step off estimates activities 1823:50-54 Thinking about whole numbers to make an estimate activity 1823:32-36 Zero bingo, a game for two players 1823:38-43 AQUALUNGS Underwater breathing gear experiment, how to build 1532:126-127 AQUARIUMS Balanced environment for small fish in water bottle aquarium experiment 1832:127-129 Creek aquarium to keep creek critters for observation, how to do 1916:33 Fish; observe habits of fish in your aquarium experiment 1954:31-36 Freshwater aquarium, how to set up 1546:15 How to construct aquarium and observe plants and animals 1603:102-103 Insect glass aquarium, how to prepare for insects 1583:62-63 Saltwater aquarium; setting up a saltwater aquarium, how to do 1930:74-75 Snail’s feeding habits control growth of algae in an aquarium tank experiment 1571:152-153 AQUATIC ANIMALS Heavy metals in coastal body of water and their effect on aquatic life experiment 1539:109-112 AQUATIC INSECTS. See also INSECTS—WATER Acid rain; aquatic surface insects; effect of oil spills on them experiment 1965:98-101

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ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE Checking up on Archimedes buoyancy idea experiment 1985:43-44 Demonstrate Archimedes principle by weighing water displaced by block of wood 1820:34 Investigate displacement of water experiment 1758:12 Mass, density and volume affect whether soft drink cans float or sink in water experiment (Advanced) 1839:233-237 ARCHITECTURE. See also ARCHES; BRIDGES; BUILDINGS; HOUSES; STRUCTURES ARCTIC ANIMALS Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:3-11 What keeps seal from freezing in icy water experiment 1751:98 ARCTIC REGIONS Things to do to conserve and preserve the Arctic tundra 1798:58-60 Things to look for in the Arctic tundra 1798:45-46 Why tundra plants are dark in color experiment 1798:26-27 ARCTIC TUNDRA Body fat keeps tundra animals warm experiment 1808:31 Diorama of tundra; animals, birds, plants, how to do 1808:36 Lemming tunnel temperature; measure air temperature and temperature in snow experiment 1808:17 Lemmings; how fast do lemmings multiply experiment 1808:29 Lichen, how to identify experiment 1808:25 Permafrost demonstration with gelatin and ice cream 1808:21 Sunlight strikes Arctic tundra at same angle all year long, how to demonstrate 1808:15 Tilt of Earth demonstrated with orange, pencil and light experiment 1808:13,29 ARCTIC WILDERNESS Discover how cold it can get in Antarctica experiment 1669:10 Fish in polar regions have sugars in their blood to keep them from freezing experiment 1669:43 Garbage; what happens to garbage dumped in frozen environment experiment 1669:45 Glacial ice formation experiment 1669:27 How do sea ice and water interact experiment 1669:24

ARISTOTLE Activities, experiments and projects to study gravity and the famous scientist who studied it 1992:1-205 All objects fall at same speed experiment 1885:23-28 Diagram of Aristotle’s universe 2051:24 ARITHMETIC. See MATHEMATICS; NUMBERS ARMS Model of forearm demonstrates third class lever, how to make 1851:43 ART ACTIVITIES. See ANIMALS—ART ACTIVITIES; NATURE—ART ACTIVITIES; PLANTS—ART ACTIVITIES ARTESIAN WELLS Pressure from aquifer forces groundwater up through artesian well experiment 2050:152-153 ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS Aspartame in artichoke hearts demonstrates artificial sweeteners experiment 1864:97-98 Compare sweetness of natural and artificial sweeteners experiment 1849:109-111 Do ants know the difference between artificial sweeteners and sugar experiment 1751:67 Test the sweetness of artificial sweeteners (substitute sugar) experiment 1771:69-73 ASCORBIC ACID. See VITAMIN C ASTEROIDS Airborne particles in atmosphere reflect light experiment 1528:159 Temperature of air drops when airborne particles reflect light back into space experiment 1528:161 ASTROLABE Astrolabe direction finder, how to make 1953:156 How to construct and use experiment 1847:158-161 How to make from protractor, straw and string 1853:28 Make astrolabe, a simple direction finder 1660:36-37 When was the astrolabe first used experiment 1905:30-33 ASTRONAUTS Life-support system for astronaut to fit you, how to make 1697:10-11 Astronaut into the spaceship puppet, how to make rocket and puppet 2049:20-22 Command module and parachute model, how to make 2049:40-41 Magnetic space walk model, how to make 2049:38-39

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Weightlessness demonstration with coin and coat hanger experiment 1885:18-20 ASTRONOMY. See also ASTROLABE; NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS; PLANETS; SOLAR SYSTEM; STARS; TELESCOPES Activities about solar system, planets and outer space 1763:3-32 Astronomer’s flashlight with red filter, how to make 1847:42-44 Celestial sphere used to locate places and stars experiment 1847:14-24 Constellations; make your own constellations project 1869:152-161 Find North Star and Big and Little Dipper experiment 1906:26-28 Horizon; what is your horizon experiment 1904:46-47 Maria Mitchell’s discovery of a comet experiments 1586:120-125 Model of universe, how to make 2015:30-31 North; which way is North experiment 1915:29-32 Parallax principle project using triangulation method 1864:27-29 Parallax shift project 1864:30-33 Sextant; build sextant to chart position of stars experiment 1586:120-125 ATMOSPHERE. See also AIR; CLOUDS; WATER VAPOR; WEATHER Air cooling and warming experiment 1528:19 Air currents; simulate movement of air currents due to convection experiment 1850:151-154 Air expansion in the atmosphere experiment 1528:19 Air has weight experiment 1528:24 Atmospheric circulation affects Earth’s climate experiment 1850:145-154 Atmospheric ingredients, oxygen and carbon dioxide experiment 1528:18 Collapsing can experiments demonstrates weight of atmosphere 1906:61-63 Decay rates of plant matter in a carbon dioxide/ nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:77-80 Evaporation of water vapor from land with a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:62-66 Evaporation rates of different salinity waters in a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:72-76 Heating and cooling of land with a carbon dioxide/ nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:68-71 Heating and cooling of land with a green sky experiment 1534:58-61 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:31

Ideas for science fair projects 2023:7 Layers; observe what happens in different layers of our atmosphere experiment 1883:14-17 Melting rate of ice in a smoke-filled atmosphere experiment 1534:95-98 Particles in atmosphere cause sky to look blue and Sun to look yellow experiment 1861:8-11 Rain in a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere planet experiment 1534:54-57 What is the greenhouse effect experiment 1861:24-27 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. See also AIR PRESSURE; BAROMETER As air expands and contracts its density changes experiment, effects on pressure 1528:73 Low air pressure can be determined by use of barometer experiment, how to make barometer 1861:12-15 Measure atmospheric pressure with home made barometer, how to make 1842:88-89 Measure atmospheric pressure with rubber plungers experiment 1864:137-138 Observe pressure of weight of atmosphere experiment 1902:31-34 Prove the atmosphere exerts pressure experiment 1743:103-105 Self-filling water dish for pets experiment demonstrates atmospheric pressure 1864:141-142 ATOMIZERS Air lifts water when you blow into cut straw experiment 1906:115-117 Reduced air pressure can lift liquid experiment 1902:57-60 ATOMS. See also MOLECULES Atomic packing in crystals model using styrofoam balls 1610:95-99 Atomic stations and sticky soap bubbles experiment 1869:112-119 Atoms and molecule arrangement in minerals experiment 1859:8-11 Atoms join together to make a grain of salt demonstration using marbles and clay 1946:31 Bicycle tire pump changes temperature during use experiment 1672:23-24 Can breads be made from salt water experiment 1672:33-36 Can two liquids be combined to give soil particles experiment 1672:63-65 Can wax filled hair curlers store more energy than solid curler experiment 1672:13 Can you detect an electrical spark with a radio experiment 1672:29-30

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Can you detect the iodine in iodized salt experiment 1672:53-56 Clay models demonstrate atomic orbits experiment 1953:266 Color of balloon changes when balloon is exposed to sunlight experiment 1672:31-32 Crystals; two-dimensional model of crystal imperfections project 1610:105-107 Dalton’s atomic model; concrete model of atoms and molecules 1610:81-84 Does top or bottom of wet paper towel dry quicker experiment 1672:21-22 Freezing temperatures harm plants experiment 1672:69-71 Gravity used to model force that holds electron to atom’s nucleus 1610:89-92 How atoms collide experiment demonstrates momentum 1820:72-73 How do diet and regular cola differ as they evaporate experiment 1672:19-20 Ionic crystal model; one ball and stick model; one spherical model 1610:99-104 Iron ions used to test for hydrogen peroxide experiment 1672:60-62 Is graphite slippery experiment 1672:25-26 Make magnet from iron nail experiment 1672:44-46 Model of gas atoms or molecules in motion experiment 1577:49-51 Model of how ions might pack together to form an ionic crystal experiment 1610:99-105 Model to illustrate the ionization energy of an atom 1610:89-92 Oil keeps syrup from sticking to metal experiment 1672:27-28 Solid ice absorbs more heat than liquid salt water experiment 1672:11-13 Thomson’s plum pudding model of atom tested by Rutherford project 1610:85-89 What evaporates faster; oil or water experiment 1672:16-18 What happens when floating ice cubes touch experiment 1672:14-15

What happens when grapes are placed in water and sugar water experiment 1672:66-68 AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS Automatic light goes on and off like a streetlight experiment 1532:42-43 AUTOMOBILES Brakes on ice experiment 1609:67 Carburetor; simple experiment with straw and water to demonstrate 1532:102 Front and rear brakes on car experiment 1609:65-67 How seat belt reduces danger involved in automobile collision 1609:99-100 Safer crashes into sand filled plastic barrels instead of concrete barriers experiment 1609:100-103 Seat belt model to demonstrate movement of seat belt 1532:103 Steering mechanism experiment; build model rackand-pinion steering mechanism 1532:100-101 Two objects with the same shape and mass may behave differently when they roll down a hill experiment 1579:42-44 AUTUMN. See SEASONS—FALL AUXINS Growth hormones experiment; can you make a plant grow straight 1569:127-132 AVOCADO Grow avocado tree from seed, how to do 1734:41 How to grow an avocado plant experiment 1555:99 How to grow an avocado plant experiment 1830:147 How to grow avocado pit experiment 1757:66-68 How to grow avocado seeds in jars of water 1651:72-74 Plant avocado pit or other fruit seeds in soil experiment 1546:38 AXLES. See also SIMPLE MACHINES—WHEELS

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BACH, JOHANN SEBASTIAN Can mathematical patterns be found in Johann Sebastian Bach’s two-movement preludes and fugues experiment 1539:80-81 BACTERIA. See also FOOD PRESERVATION; MICROBES; MICROSCOPE Antibiotics; are dandelions as effective as commonly prescribed antibiotics against bacteria experiment 1539:126-128 Antibiotics; effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth experiment 1571:144-146 Antibiotics; effect of antibiotics on different types of bacteria experiment 1570:106-108 Blow up balloon with a smashed banana experiment 1667:27-28 Checking water for bacteria experiment 1743:81-82 Classification of fungi, bacteria, algae and protists in pond water experiment 1570:84-85 Clean hands—dirty hands experiment 1869:55-59 Food molds can control growth of different types of bacteria taken from pet rabbit experiment 1539:129-130 Footwear; does footwear provide for growth of bacteria and which type of footwear grows most bacteria experiment 1539:140-141 Garlic; can antibacterial quality of garlic plant be increased by foliar applications of garlic extract solution experiment 1539:148-151 Gas stations; do gas stations affect the soil around them experiment 1539:95-97 Germs multiply into a whole colony of bacteria or molds experiment 1707:88-89 Gums; finding bacteria on your gums that break cells experiment 1570:127-131 Hands; why do we wash our hands before handling food experiment 1843:231-232 Kitchen sponges and dishcloths bacteria amount can be reduced experiment 1539:134-135 Microbes; litmus milk used to classify microbes experiment 1570:79-80 Milk; bacteria in a carton of milk experiment 1934:74-76 Milk; bacteria in milk grow more slowly when refrigerated experiment 1978:49-51 Milk; heat destroys bacteria in milk experiment 1978:49-51

Molds collected from living areas grow in gelatin culture experiment 1933:6-7 Nitrogen fixer effect on growth of a legume experiment 1570:137-139 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria; where can you find it experiment 1934:80-82 Plants; how bacteria help clover plants live experiment 1851:62-63 Predator-prey population relationships experiment 1570:95-96 Salt kills bacteria before it can grow experiment 1707:88-89 Sewage; analysis of bacteria and heavy metal content of sewage before and after treatment experiment 1539:136-137 Spoilage; examining how spoilage occurs in soda ingredients experiment 1914:35-39 Sterilization methods experiment; comparing Pasteur and Tyndall’s methods 1570:59-61 Temperature affect on Brownian movement experiment 1570:77-78 Temperature affects growth rate of bacteria experiment 1570:70-73 Ultraviolet light affects bacteria’s ability to grow experiment 1570:74-76 Ultraviolet radiation; how effective are various items in protecting against ultraviolet radiation experiment 1539:118-120 Water; survey of bacteria from different water samples experiment 1570:156-158 Waterbeds; what substance is most effective for preventing breeding of bacteria in waterbeds experiment 1539:131-133 What is yogurt experiment 1804:70-73 Yogurt warming box, how to make 1628:42-43 Yogurt; bacteria used to make your own yogurt experiment 1637:60 BAKING POWDER Baking powder in water produces carbon dioxide and blows cork out of bottle experiment 1678:30 Difference between baking soda and baking powder experiment 1804:27-29 Gas produced when mixing baking powder and baking soda with liquids experiment 1849:134-137

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Why is baking powder used in baking experiment 1563:14-16 BAKING SODA. See also ACIDS AND BASES Difference between baking soda and powder experiment 1804:27-29 Gas produced when mixing baking powder and baking soda with liquids experiment 1849:134-137 How salt, sugar and baking soda dissolve and crystallize experiment 1833:78 BALANCE. See also MOBILES; SCALES Air has weight; how to make a balloon balance experiment 1700:22-23 Alien model from straw and cardboard tube balances experiment 2000:79 Balance game to see if boys and girls have same balance skills experiment 1659:67-69 Balance stick experiment demonstrates center of gravity 1579:8-10 Balance ten or twelve nails on one nail experiment 1879:75-76 Balancing point; find balancing point of piece of cardboard experiment 1885:34-35 Balancing point; ruler can find its own balancing point experiment 1885:31-34 Balancing points of oddly shaped objects experiment 2045:60-61 Balancing stick experiment demonstrates amount and position of mass affects balance 1839:45-52 Balancing toy made from file folder and metal skewer experiment 1745:81-84 Balancing trick that seems to cheat gravity experiment 1885:38-41 Building better balances experiment 1915:65-67 Center of gravity balance experiments 1953:89-94 Comparing mass using a pan balance experiment 1839:15-18 Eyes play a role in our sense of balance experiment 1571:92-93 Find center of gravity of a long, thin object experiment 1579:29-31 Fork, spoon and match balanced on drinking glass experiment 1659:70-72 High-wire act experiment 1748:30-31 How center of gravity affects balance experiment 1902:77-80 Investigate balance toys to find their centers of gravity experiment (Advanced) 1839:219-225 Measuring mass using a pan balance experiment, data sheet given 1839:19-24 Mobile demonstrates balance experiment 1668:25

Mobile you make demonstrates balance and principle of levers experiment 1541:10-13 Monster cardboard model rocks back and forth experiment 2000:84 Objects balance easily when center of gravity is below support point experiment 1613:181-188 Perching cardboard balancing parrot experiment 2000:73-74 Scale; make a balance scale experiment 1711:13 Skyhook balance toy, how to make 1630:14-15 Skyhook toy demonstrates gravity and balance experiment 1839:53-58 Soda straw and paper clips balance experiment 1983:52-57 Spinning cardboard snake balances itself experiment 2000:69 Straw balance scale, how to make 1953:22 String balance experiment using hanger, ruler and string 1953:69 Super bird balances only by its beak experiment 2000:82 Tightrope balancing act with cardboard symmetrical shapes experiment 2000:71-72 Toy; make a balance toy experiment 1990:12-14 Yardstick balance, how to make 1606:38-39 BALL BEARINGS. See also FRICTION Ball bearing lets object spin easily experiment; how to build 1532:34-35 Effect of ball bearings on friction experiment 1902:89-92 BALLOONS Air pressure stops you from inflating balloon in bottle experiment 1606:63-64 Air-powered rocket from balloon, how to build 1606:74-75 Balloon can be suspended in stream of air experiment 1606:80-81 Balloon car floats on cushion of air with very little friction, how to build 1606:91-94 Balloon submarine experiment 1606:14-15 Balloons and electric charge experiments 1606:84-90 Balloons as sound makers experiment 1606:76-78 Balloons floating or sinking in water affected by water temperature and salty water experiment 1606:10-15 Blow air between two suspended balloons experiment 1606:80-81 Collapsing can experiment 1606:62-63 Collecting carbon dioxide in balloon over bottle of water and seltzer tablets experiment 1606:40-42

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Basketball, the best angle to launch when far from the hoop experiment 1994:103-105 Basketball, the spinning basketball and the hoop experiment 1994:101-102 Basketball; controlling the bounciness of a basketball experiment 1994:93-95 Best angle to launch ball so it goes farthest experiment 1994:37-39 Bounce; how high does a ball bounce experiment 1994:9-12 Bounce; rank balls in order of bounciness experiment 1994:29-31 Bounce; surface affects bounce of ball experiment 1994:28 Bounce; temperature affects bounce of balls made out of polymer experiment 1675:57-59 Bounce; test cold and warm rubber balls for bounce experiment 1771:33-37 Bounce; which ball bounces highest sponge, tennis, wooden or rubber experiment 2035:19 Bounce; which type of ball bounces best experiment 1668:13 Bounce; why balls bounce easy experiments with ball made from borax, water and glue 1857:28-31 Bounce; why some balls bounce better than others experiment 1839:161-168 Can energy from bouncing basketball be transferred to a tennis ball experiment 1567:6-9 Curves; magnus effect; how a curve ball curves experiment 1994:50-53 Curves; throwing curves with a beach ball experiment 1990:73-75 Football kicking; the punt and place kicking experiment 1994:117-122 Football pass with and without spin experiment 1994:111-113 Football; maintaining spin of football; conservation of angular momentum experiment 1994:114-116 Football; odd bounce of the football experiment 1994:108 Football; why does a football tip over easily experiment 1994:109-110 Golf ball rebound ratings experiment 1994:79 Golf; air resistance of a golf ball experiment 1994:80-81 Golf; why does a golf ball have dimples experiment 1994:86-90 Golf; why does the golfer need so many clubs experiment 1994:83-85 How high balls bounce and elasticity or bounce of several types of balls experiment 1839:67-71

Compare densities of air, lung air and carbon dioxide experiment 1606:44 Compare weight of carbon dioxide and air in balloons experiment 1606:42 Experiments with helium balloons 1606:23-36 Frozen balloon experiment 1606:90 Gases affected by changes in temperature experiment 1606:51-56 How to keep a balloon from popping experiment 1831:103 Liquid filled balloons in tub experiment, which sink or float 1606:9-15 Lung air in balloon experiment, does lung air put out a flame or make it burn faster 1606:43-45 Measure buoyancy or “floating strength” of alcohol filled balloon in water 1606:16-18 Measure terminal velocity of falling balloon experiment 1606:49-50 Measure the pressure in water balloon experiment 1606:68-70 Model lung with balloon representing lung experiment 1606:70-73 Pressure gauge to measure pressure of gas in a balloon, how to build 1606:66-68 Rocket-powered boat, how to build 1606:75 Time bomb balloon experiment with heated air 1700:12-13 Weighing air experiment using balance beam (how to build balance beam) 1606:37-40 BALLOONS—HOT AIR. See also HOT AIR BALL RISER. See also BERNOULLI EFFECT BALLS Air resistance (drag) and weight experiment with dropping balls 1994:17-20 Ball sizes and rebound ratings of baseball, basketball, football, golf ball, rubber ball and tennis ball experiment 1994:123-124 Baseball; Bernoulli’s principle and baseball experiment 1994:54-58 Baseball; does temperature affect the rebound rating of a baseball experiment 1994:40-41 Baseball; flight of the baseball at different speeds experiment 1994:43-46 Baseball; getting cold effects how well a baseball bounces experiment 1668:14 Baseball; what is a baseball experiment 1994:34-36 Basketball bounce experiment 1994:96 Basketball bounce pass; topspin and backspin experiment 1994:97-99 Basketball, getting the basketball into the basket experiment 1994:100

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BAROMETER. See also AIR PRESSURE Air pressure measured with barometer experiment; how to make aneroid barometer 1528:25 Aneroid barometer, how to make from jar, straw and ruler 2030:30-31 Aneroid barometer; make to measure air pressure experiment 1758:32 Balloon barometer, how to make 1953:249 Barometer used to observe effects of air pressure changes on it experiment 1840:115-122 Bottle barometer, how to make 1739:16 Bottle barometer, how to make 1953:248 Build barometer to demonstrate Torricelli’s air pressure discovery 1586:51-53 Glass jar or bottle barometer, how to make 1744:101-103 Glass, straw and balloon barometer, how to make 1748:22-23 How a barometer works experiment 2050:187-192 How barometer forecasts the weather experiment 1743:99-102 How barometer predicts the weather experiment 1568:35-36 Jar and balloon barometer, how to make 1950:7 Make a barometer experiment 2014:156 Make barometer from jar, balloon and straws 1613:80-83 Make barometer from plastic container, balloon and straw 1830:96 Make from balloon, wide mouth jar and straw, chart for recording air pressure given 1892:40-41 Make from jar, balloon, toothpick and index card 1648:56-58 Make from large and small jar, balloon and toothpick 1861:14-15 Make from large jar, balloon and straw 1657:38-40 Make from plastic bottle, bowl and clay 1967:154-155 Make from wide-mouthed jar, drinking straw, index card 1537:30-31 Make your own barometer from jar, balloon and straw 1925:11 Measure atmospheric pressure with homemade barometer, how to make 1842:88-89 Medicine dropper in plastic bottle of water acts as barometer experiment 1978:63-64 Soda bottle barometer, how to make 1753:121 When was the barometer invented experiment 1905:57-61 BASCOM, FLORENCE DR. Geology volcano experiment shows volcanic eruptions create land forms 1869:90-99

Kicking; what muscles do you use to kick a ball experiment 1567:17-20 Magic ball stops and starts due to gravity experiment 1770:45 Paddle ball; how gravity affects playing paddle ball experiment 2054:128-129 Rubber band ball, how to make 1785:28 Speed; do balls always fall at the same speed experiment 1994:15-16 Superball and other bouncers experiment 1990:71-72 Superball bounces back to its starting height experiment 1994:21 Tennis ball bounce; rebound angle without spin experiment 1994:73 Tennis ball rebound angle with spin experiment 1994:74-76 Tennis balls and air resistance experiment 1994:67-68 Tennis; fast and slow tennis court surfaces experiment 1994:61-62 Tennis; how spin affects flight of a tennis ball experiment 1994:69-72 Tennis; temperature and the tennis ball bounce experiment 1994:65-66 Tennis; wear and tear on a tennis ball experiment 1994:63-64 BANANAS Banana plant from seeds, how to grow 1695:12-13 Bananas in four bags with yeast and water experiment 1603:106-107 Bananas ripen faster in a bag experiment, how to graph 2039:20-21 Ethylene gas from banana ripens tomato experiment 1906:89-90 How does banana become ripe experiment, test for starch 1934:65-67 Test for glucose sugar in ripe banana experiment 1934:67 BAR CODE READER Make a bar code and bar code reader experiment 1532:166-167 BAR GRAPHS. See GRAPHS—BAR BARK MAPS Birch bark map, how to make 1785:34-35 BARK RUBBINGS Bark rubbing, how to make with paper, tape, crayons 1546:57 How to collect and preserve bark rubbings experiment 2044:15 How to do leaf and bark rubbings 1551:22-23 How to make with paper and crayons 1785:32-33

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BASEBALL Cheating in baseball experiment; do cork, sawdust or rubber ball fillers in bats cause ball to travel farther 1539:169-172 BASES. See also ACIDS AND BASES; SOAP; SOLUTIONS BASKETBALL Can energy from bouncing basketball be transferred to a tennis ball experiment 1567:6-9 BATH SALTS How to make from baking soda, coloring, and perfume 1657:55-57 Ocean waves bath salts, how to make 1702:132 BATHYSCAPH How can depth of a Bathyscaph be controlled experiment 1844:12 BATHYSPHERES. See DIVING—SUBMARINES BATS Bat box house, how to make from wood and tar paper 1967:122-123 Bat house, how to build from wood, patterns given 1702:50-53 Wooden bat house, how to make 2024:48-51 BATTERIES. See also BULBS AND BATTERIES; DRY CELLS; ELECTRICITY—BATTERIES 1.5 volt batteries and 6 volt batteries; what is the difference experiment 2053:40-41 Battery life affected by shortage temperature experiment 1865:73-74 Battery used to store energy experiment 1787:29-33 Battery voltage in series circuit versus battery voltage in parallel circuit experiment 1899:37-40 Battery with enough power to work an alarm clock experiment; how to make 1532:24-25 Coin battery, how to make 2038:83 Food cells produce electricity experiment 1747:12-13 Fruit; electricity from fruit and vegetables experiment 1915:94-95 Fruit; how can you turn a fruit into a battery experiment 1743:42-48 Lemon battery causes sensation on your tongue experiment 1537:57 Lemon battery experiment 1907:39 Lemon battery experiment 2014:72 Lemon battery lights LED light experiment 2053:33-34 Lemon battery lights light bulb experiment 1890:65-66

Lemon battery runs electric clock experiment 1561:8-9 Lemon battery; measuring energy flow in lemon battery with compass and thin copper wire 1537:57-58 Lemon gives you small shock experiment 1879:46-47 Lemon; electricity from lemon experiment 1953:42 Lemon; hear sound from flow of electrons in lemon battery experiment 1674:39-41 Lemon; how can electricity be produced by a lemon experiment 1844:329-330 Lemon; make battery from a lemon experiment 1831:143 Light show with battery and lights demonstrates electricity 1917:44-45 Metals; strips of different metals batteries experiment 1907:39 Polarity indicator experiment using D-cell battery and potato 1864:132-133 Potato; electrolytes in potato battery experiment 1936:66 Repeat how Volta built his battery and test with galvanoscope experiment 1605:46-48 Simple battery from copper and aluminum foil strips, how to make 1710:40-41 Temperature effect on battery life experiment 1936:32-33 Tester; how battery tester works with liquid crystals experiment 1677:49-52 Three cell battery with LED light experiment 2053:30-31 Vinegar solution with wires in it lights LED experiment 1657:72-74 Wet cell battery from lemon experiment 1899:19-22 Wet-cell battery testing electrolytes to make wet cell batteries experiment 1936:31 Wet-cell battery; determining peak power from wet-cell battery as load is applied experiment 1936:64-65 When was the first battery made experiment 1905:110-114 BATTERIES AND BULBS. See ELECTRICITY— BATTERIES; BULBS AND BATTERIES BEACH. See also OCEAN; SEASHORE Catch and observe animals living in upper beach sand 1812:11 Meteorites; find meteorites or cosmic sand at the beach experiment 1959:166-168 Test beach sand to discover where it came from experiment 1959:160-161

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Bumblebee searching strategies experiment 1552:139-143 Dance; do bees dance experiment, dance pattern given 1855:70-73 Drinking straw hive may attract bees experiment 1603:87 Flower fragrance, color or flavor most influential in attracting bees experiment 1539:47-49 Flower visiting bees on a time schedule experiment 1775:35 Honey bees can be trained to come to artificial flower with sugary liquid center experiment 1546:65 Thematic units, activities, experiments and projects 1975:75-77 BEETLES. See also FIREFLIES; LADYBUGS; INSECTS Ground beetles or carabid beetles, how to keep and observe them 2021:70-74 Odors; rose petals or rose leaves and stems attract Japanese beetles experiment 1571:7-9 Tiger beetles, how to keep and observe them 2021:66-69 BEHAVIOR Fear; who knows what we fear project; survey of boys and girls fears 1865:75-77 BEHAVIOR—ANIMALS. See also ANIMAL BEHAVIOR BELL CURVE Marbles in wooden model device demonstrates predictions and Bell curve 1820:86-87 BELL, ALEXANDER GRAHAM Kite experiment based on early work of Mabel Bell and her husband Alexander 1658:42-45 BELL, MABEL Kite experiment based on early work of Mabel Bell and her husband Alexander 1658:42-45 BELLOWS Cardboard box model bellows, how to make 1887:26-27 BENEDICTUS, EDOUARD Perform an experiment like Benedictus’ discovery of safety glass 1771:55-56 BENHAM’S DISK Benham’s disk experiment with cardboard and paper 1953:35 Benham’s disk experiment; rotating black and white disk gives illusion of color 1576:12-16 Demonstrate Benham’s disk experiment 1820:94

Waves; how do waves affect beaches experiment 1535:60-62 BEACHES Slow, low energy waves effect on beaches experiment 2054:98-99 BEADS Clay beads made from clay and fired in primitive kiln experiment 1599:82-83 Recycled paper beads, how to make 1729:130 Tissue paper bead clay, recipe 1670:9 BEAM BRIDGE. See BRIDGES BEAMS. See also BUILDING Reinforced concrete beams, how to make and test strength of each 1532:51 Strongest shape of beams experiment using postcards 1621:30 BEANS. See also SEEDS—GERMINATION Bean soaked, planted grows into bean plant experiment 1772:unp Soaking; how does soaking affect dried beans experiment 1568:23 What’s on the outside and inside of a pinto bean experiment 1851:48-49 BEARINGS. See BALL BEARINGS BEARS Hibernation heartbeat of bears experiment 1805:101 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:74-75 BEAUFORT WIND SCALE Beaufort Scale 1898:19 Beaufort Scale 1950:96-97 Beaufort wind scale for estimating wind speed 1613:210 Beaufort wind speed scale 1550:32 Chart of scale 1664:133 Chart of the Beaufort Scale 1925:15 Force 0 to force 12 wind scales illustrations 1528:58 Speed of wind scale 1953:252 BEAVERS Build beaver lodge from sticks, leaves and mud; test for strength experiment 1805:43 Oil dropped on water rolls off to demonstrate how oil keeps water away from beaver’s skin experiment 1805:46 BEES. See also HONEYBEES Beehive box home for bumblebees, how to build from flower pot, corks and sawdust 1546:65

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BERLESE FUNNEL Berlese funnel exposes soil animals experiment 2041:20-21 Berlese funnel used to study small insects, how to make 1583:63-66 Collect insects in Berlese funnel, how to study and preserve specimens 1583:63-66 Collect soil animals using Berlese Funnel and lamp experiment 1930:20-21 Discover organisms that live in soil experiment, make a Berlese funnel 1793:18-19 BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE Atomizer; make an atomizer with a drinking straw experiment 1842:39-40 Ball suspended in stream of air demonstrates why airplanes fly experiment 1579:3-7 Balloons, ping pong ball and Bernoulli experiment 1990:66-67 Bernoulli spool to demonstrate why airplanes fly 1700:27-28 Bernoulli’s Levitator experiment; suspend an object in the air by blowing down on it 1579:11-15 Bernoulli’s principle and baseball experiment 1994:54-58 Bernoulli’s principle; air pressure experiment with blowing air between ping pong balls 1707:10 Blow air between two suspended balloons experiment 1606:80-81 Faster the air moves, the less pressure it exerts experiment with ping-pong ball and hair dryer 1673:29-32 Hugging paper hearts demonstrates Bernoulli’s Principle 1740:48-49 Magic trick hovering ball experiment 1711:20-21 Ping pong ball floats in air demonstration 1906:113-114 Suspend ball in stream of air experiment 1579:3-7 BESSBIGS How to catch and keep them 1653:68-70 BICARBONATE OF SODA. See also BAKING SODA BICYCLES Bicycle gears allow rear wheel to turn at different speeds experiment 1532:31 Bicycle tire pump changes temperature during use experiment 1672:23-24 Bicycle wheel acts like a giant gyroscope experiment 1579:16-20 Calculate gear ratio on your bicycle, how to do 1532:31 How bicycles stop experiment 1609:62-63 How does a moving bicycle help you balance experiment 1567:24-27

BINOCULARS Observe and discover the universe with binoculars, how to do 1533:18-19 Prism, binoculars and total internal reflection in prisms experiment 1611:44-49 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND. See POLLUTION—WATER BIOCHEMISTRY Growing sugar sweet crystals experiment 1869:162-169 BIOCIDES. See HERBICIDES; PESTICIDES BIODEGRADABILITY Decay; what lasts over time experiment; bury several items to see what has or has not decayed 1816:59 Environmental effects on the biodegradability of plastic bags, paper bags and newspapers experiment 1539:104-105 Landfill; how different materials change in a landfill experiment 1848:174-176 Landfill; which landfill materials are biodegradable experiment 1692:14 Organic matter breaks down in soil experiment 1603:108-109 Soil; what decomposes in soil experiment with eggshells, leaves, paper and plastic 1970:159 Styrofoam cup dissolves using nail polish remover experiment 1659:85-87 BIODEGRADABLE. See also COMPOST BIODEGRADATION Do all biodegradable things decompose at the same rate experiment 1750:22-23 Garbage; which garbage is biodegradable and which is not experiment 1691:10-11 Plastic and non-plastic experiment; compare rate of decomposition 1965:11-13 BIOELECTRONICS. See also PLANTS—GROWTH BIOFILM What can be used to reduce or eliminate biofilm growth experiment 1570:146-148 BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS. See also INSECTICIDES Beneficial insects used to control insect pests experiment 1571:147-149 Biological control of aphids on plants using ladybugs experiment 1826:38-39 How many fruit flies can a praying mantis eat experiment 1965:26-29 BIOLUMINESCENCE. See also FIREFLIES Bioluminescence (flashing lights) created by a firefly produce heat experiment 1571:130-131

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Hummingbird feeder, how to make from soda bottle, artificial flowers (syrup recipe given) 1557:128-129 Juice carton feeder, how to make 1997:120-121 License plate bird feeder, how to make 1702:98-100 Nuts, raisins in simple cup bird feeder, how to make 1662:26-27 Observing birds at feeding station project 1583:53-56 Pine cone bird feeder, how to make 1670:53 Plastic bottles peanut feeder, how to make 1826:45 Plastic milk container feeder, how to make 1603:69 Plastic milk jug and pine cone feeder, how to make 1687:31 Plastic soda bottle feeder, how to make 1555:4-8 Platform feeder, how to make from wood 2024:22-23 Popcorn; do birds prefer popped or unpopped corn experiment 1540:78 Project feeder watch experiment, what birds like to eat 2039:8-9 Pudding for birds, recipe 1864:57 Recipes for birdseed 1670:49-52 Suet feeder, how to make 2024:26 Which foods do birds in your yard prefer experiment 1530:21 Wood and acrylic panel bird feeder, how to make 1572:140-143 Wooden bird table feeder, how to make 1973:50 Wooden feeder, how to make 1603:67 BIRD WATCHING Be a human scarecrow and attract birds experiment 1655:21 Bird watcher; tips and activities to become a bird watcher 1774:7-43 Blind to observe birds, how to build from bamboo poles, fabric and twine 2016:40-41 Blind to watch birds, poles, camouflaged netting, ropes, how to build 1546:75 Field notes on birds in your area, how to take 1581:21-22 Hide for watching birds, how to make 1973:39 Hide to observe birds, sheet, bamboo canes, how to make 2052:40-41 How to sneak up on a bird experiment 1655:20 Make your own bird call from bamboo 1786:99 BIRDS Activities and science experiments 2032:48-66

Chemical reaction produces light in both lightning bugs and light sticks experiment 1613:155-162 Communicating with fireflies with flashlight experiment; record response and sequence of flashes 1571:90-91 BIOMASS Can water be heated with composting plant material experiment 1787:82-85 BIOMES Determine why grass can survive being nibbled by animals experiment 1848:105-107 BIOREMEDIATION. See also OIL SPILLS Indoor air pollution and houseplants; which houseplants best clean the air experiment 1569:105-110 Oil spill; clean up small oil spill experiment 1959:154-155 BIORHYTHMS. See BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; TIME SENSE BIOTIC COMMUNITIES. See ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEMS; HABITATS BIRD FEEDERS Attract wild birds with feeder, how to do 1843:84-85 Attracting birds to your yard; what to feed and what feeders to use 1656:40-44 Behavior of birds at the bird feeder experiment 1552:132-138 Bird cakes from suet, cornmeal, peanut butter, making 1597:35 Bird feeder experiment; stock with different types of food to determine which foods birds prefer 1954:25-30 Bird feeder from recycled materials, how to do 1655:18-19 Bird food recipe 1603:70 Bird pudding mix from kitchen leftovers, how to make 1546:78-79 Bird treat basket from grapefruit halves, seed and yarn 1557:130 Dummy man to make to get birds to eat from you experiment 1597:36-37 Favorite foods different birds like; list given 1597:38-39 Fruit feeder, how to make 2024:26 Hanging bird feeders, how to make 1670:52-55 Hopper feeder, how to make from plastic bowl and coffee can 2024:27-28 How to make from juice carton 1744:61-64 Humming bird feeder demonstrates effect of atmospheric pressure project 1864:49-50

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Songbird parents; observe roles mother and father play in incubation and care of blue jay young experiment 1552:72-76 BIRDS—BEAKS Adaptation of woodpecker to obtain food experiment 1848:70-72 Beaks and mouths of birds help them catch flying insects 1856:28-31 Compare beaks of birds to kitchen utensils and other tools experiment 2041:18-19 How different bird beaks are adapted to getting particular kinds of food experiment 1954:20-24 How do birds adapt to eating experiment 1843:135-136 Why different birds have different beaks project 1729:175-177 BIRDS—FEATHERS Bird feather section under microscope experiment 2027:44-45 Collect and wash feathers to make collages and bookmarks 1557:124-125 Compare regular feather with one soaked in cooking oil experiment 1581:45 Feather collection mounted on corrugated cardboard, how to do 1546:80-81 Feather helicopter demonstrates birds flight feathers 1893:18-19 Oil spilled into water affects swimming birds experiment 1752:5 BIRDS—FLIGHT Flight patterns of different birds experiment 1751:17 Flight; phenakistoscope used to show how birds move wings in flight experiment 1558:6-7 Glider from balsa wood demonstrates how birds glide 1893:22-23 How birds fly 1608:47-50 How birds fly experiment, how to make model bird 2043:26-27 Reconstructing a chicken wing to see how birds wings work 1930:44-45 BIRDS—HOUSES Basic birdhouse blueprint, how to make 1633:27 Birdhouse specifications for bluebird, house wren, chickadee, American kestrel 1597:50-51 Birdhouse specifications for Northern flicker, redheaded woodpecker, downy woodpecker 1597:51 Birdhouse specifications for screech owl, wood duck, purple martin 1597:49 Birdhouse specifications for tufted titmouse, nuthatch, robin, barn swallow, phoebe 1597:48

Bluebird house, how to build, plans and dimensions given 1597:46-47 Bluebird house, how to make 2040:25-27 Chart giving basic house dimensions for summer backyard birds 1656:44-45 Gourd birdhouse, how to make 1633:27 Gourd birdhouse, how to make 1702:32-34 Grow a gourd house for a bird, how to do 1916:29 Make a birdhouse from wood and milk cartons 1843:88-89 Miniature pool for birds, how to make 1633:30 Nest box, how to make from wood, pattern given 2024:33-35 Plastic milk jug, milk carton or dried gourd birdhouses, how to make 1555:46-47 Purple martin apartment house, how to make from plastic bottles 1967:86-87 Purple martin house from gourd, how to make 1760:95-96 Wren house from twigs and plywood, patterns, making 1572:16-17 BIRDS—MOUTHS Mouths of animals and birds work better for certain foods than others experiment 2041:18-19 BIRDS—NESTS Build a bird nest experiment 1655:14-15 Build a nest from materials found on ground experiment 1603:72 Examine old bird nests and prepare poster with samples of materials found experiment 1546:76-77 Help build a bird nest using leaves, yarn, string, and lint 1557:122 Inspect old bird nests to discover materials birds use for nests 1751:84 Make bird’s nest from paper bag, moss, sticks and clay eggs 1685:29 Materials birds use to build nest experiment 1751:20 Nest box for small birds, how to make 1546:76-77 Nest cone for mourning dove nest, how to make from hardware cloth 1916:43 What materials do birds like for their nests experiment 1655:16-17 Wooden nesting box, how to make 1973:52-53 BIRDS—ORPHANS Formula for food for infant orphaned birds, recipe 1786:15 BIRDS—PELLETS. See also OWL PELLETS BIRDS—POLLUTION Detergent pollution effect on buoyancy of freshwater birds project 1864:46

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Cargo; test clay boat’s cargo-carrying capacity to modify boat’s design experiment 1840:59-65 Catamaran boat does not sink easily experiment, how to make boat 1596:14 Catamaran; how to make from plastic bottle, balsa wood and tape 1838:14 Computer printed sail designs, how to make 1789:86-87 Fastest shape for boat experiment 1838:12 Flat-bottom ferry model, make from cardboard, dowels and spool 1896:14-15 Floating; how can boats made of steel float experiment 1609:70 Floating; how does a boat float experiment 1753:109 Floating; why boats float on water experiment with pieces of modeling clay 1867:25 Flow and go boat model demonstrates gravity’s pulling power 2000:65-66 Hulls of different types of materials and different shapes experiment 1802:42 Inflatable boat model, make from balloon and bubble wrap 1896:6-7 Keel on bottom of boat hull helps boat stay upright experiment 1838:13 Keel on bottom of boat hull keeps boat afloat and upright experiment 1596:13 Keels; compare broad keels with slim, narrow ones experiment 1802:43 Mast positions and size important to keep sailing ship stable experiment 1596:18-19 Metal ships experiment, make from aluminum foil, wood and plastic containers 1838:15 Paddle boat floats and goes in water experiment 2007:28-29 Paddle boat model, make from plastic bottle, wood, dowels and spool 1896:20-21 Paddle boat travels forward experiment 2000:24-26 Power a boat with carbon dioxide gas experiment with vinegar and baking soda 2000:21 Remote boat, make from plastic bottle, battery, wire and small motor 1922:20-23 Rocket boat, made from milk carton, moves from balloon power experiment 1890:23-24 Rocket-powered boat, how to build 1606:75 Shape; find the fastest shape experiment using gutter, weight, water 1596:12 Soap boat experiment demonstrates surface tension 1748:20-21 Soap boat powered by liquid shampoo experiment 1829:16-17 Streamlined hulls let water flow around them experiment 1532:104-105

Oil spills effect on birds experiment 1853:142-145 BIRDS—SURVEY Survey and chart birds names and the places your saw them 1723:9 BIRDS—VISION How does bird’s color vision help earthworms survive experiment 1921:38-40 BIRDS—WATER Bath; bird bath from garbage can lid, how to make 1826:44 Bath; trash can bath, how to make 2024:56 Bird drinking fountain, plastic saucer, twine, branches, making 1572:18-19 Bird waterer; make from plastic tub, plastic bottle and wood 1967:83 Birdbath made from bricks and garbage can cover 1633:29 Water bottle for birds, how to make 2024:54 BIVALVES. See CLAMS BLACK, JOSEPH Heat needed to melt ice compared to heat needed to warm water experiment 1915:80-81 BLEACH. See also CHLORINE Bleach effect on blue dye in water experiment, color disappears 1677:53-55 Can bleach be made from salt water experiment 1672:33-36 Does chlorine bleach really clean experiment 1743:112-114 BLIMPS When were airships popular experiment 1905:6-8 BLIND SPOT. See also VISION Hole that blind spot causes in vision experiment 1725:148 BLOOD. See also HEART; HUMAN BODY Finding bacteria on your gums that break cells experiment 1570:127-131 BOATS. See also SHIPS; SUBMARINES Aluminum foil boat demonstrates density effect on floating 1890:56-57 Birch bark boat, how to make 1785:36 Boat hull designs experiment to test for most efficient shape 1864:191-194 Boat shapes that float experiment 1596:12 Carbon dioxide powered boat experiment 2001:54 Cargo amount that boats can carry experiment; aluminum boats, compartments 1596:15-16 Cargo ships; how much cargo will boat carry before it sinks experiment 1838:16

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How to design and build a boomerang 2000:101-102 Make a boomerang from heavy cardboard 1744:73-74 Spin of boomerang gives it stability in the air experiment 1558:9 Tag board boomerang, how to make, pattern given 1970:54-55 Why a boomerang “sticks around” experiment (Advanced) 1839:245-250 BOREAL FOREST. See TIAGA BOTANY Botanical journal, how to keep 1588:25 BOTTLE GARDENS. See also GARDENS—BOTTLE Garden in a large glass jar, how to set up 1631:30-32 How to grow garden in glass jar experiment 1918:112-113 How to make from large plastic jar 1895:23 Rain forest bottle garden, how to make 1551:29 BOUNCE Can energy from bouncing basketball be transferred to a tennis ball experiment 1567:6-9 Getting cold effects how well a baseball bounces experiment 1668:14 How high balls bounce and elasticity or bounce of several types of balls experiment 1839:67-71 Temperature affects bounce of balls made out of polymer experiment 1675:57-59 Test cold and warm rubber balls for bounce experiment 1771:33-37 Which type of ball bounces best experiment 1668:13 Why balls bounce easy experiments with ball made from borax, water and glue 1857:28-31 Why some balls bounce better than others experiment 1839:161-168 BOUNCING. See BALLS BOWS AND ARROWS Flights affect accuracy of arrows from crossbow experiment 1558:10-11 BOYLE’S LAW Marshmallows used to study effect that changing pressure has on volume of gas experiment 1840:209-213 BRAILLE ALPHABET Braille alphabet, how to use and investigate 1822:48-50 How to write your name in Braille 1626:57

Tugboat; make a tugboat that goes in the water from plastic dish, and styrofoam egg carton 1745:45-48 Up-thrust of ships, how to measure experiment 2016:51 Zippy boat races experiment with drop of detergent 2001:112 BOATS—SAILS. See also SAILBOATS BODY CLOCKS. See also BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS BONES. See also HUMAN BODY—BONES Activities and science experiments 2032:67-77 Animals; preserving and studying animal bones project 1583:125-126 Calcium; how much calcium is in a bone experiment 1876:132 Chicken bone soaked in vinegar becomes floppy experiment 1879:2-3 Chicken; bendable bones experiment with chicken bone in vinegar 1889:80-81 Chicken; how to soften a chicken bone and remove minerals with vinegar experiment 1816:25 Chicken; rubber chicken bone experiment 1622:15 Chicken; rubbery chicken bone experiment 1667:7-8 Chicken; rubbery chicken bones experiment 1931:68 Chicken; rubbery chicken bones experiment 2048:92 Cleaning bones, how to do 1622:80-81 How does mammal bone compare with chicken and bird bone experiment 1609:51 Minerals build bones experiment using vinegar and chicken bones 1864:110 Polarized light reveals stress patterns in clear plastic and bones experiment 1578:8-11 Water content; bake bones to determine water content of bones experiment 1622:15 When can bones become flexible experiment 1905:47-48 BONES—GAMES Cup and pin game made from bones, how to do 1622:90 Spinning buzzer game made from bones, how to do 1622:91 BONSAI Grow a bonsai tree 1555:108 BOOMERANGS Cardboard boomerang, how to make, pattern given 1830:44-45 Homemade boomerang that comes back to you experiment 1658:72-75

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BREAD Dehydration and spices protect food against spoilage experiment 1570:36-38 Flat bread, rotis, recipe 1536:25 Gluten; how to make from flour and water experiment 1536:8-9 Heat makes gas expand and bread rises experiment 1679:21-22 Mold on bread and cheeses compared for color and shape experiment 1570:42-43 Mold; grow bread mold experiment 1851:61 Mold; how does bread become moldy experiment 1934:86-88 Mold; repeat Pasteur’s bread mold experiments 1586:143-145 Mold; temperature affect on bread mold growth experiment 1849:184-186 Mold; what is mold experiment using bread mold 1566:18-20 Molds grow on white bread experiment 1603:57 Molds; do preservatives control bread mold growth experiment 1570:88-89 Molds; grow molds on bread, cheese and jam experiment 1695:14-15 Molds; grow molds on piece of bread experiment 1655:42-43 Molds; growing bread mold experiment 1816:13 Spoilage; do foods with more or less water spoil faster experiment 1948:25 What does yeast do in baking bread experiment 1742:52-55 What makes bread soft and fluffy experiment 1831:146-147 What’s your favorite kind of bread poll 1668:20-21 White bread made with yeast experiment 1628:38-40 Why does yeast make bread rise experiment 1804:66-69 Yeast bread, recipe 1536:12-14 Yeast bread, recipe 1671:30 Yeast growth under microscope experiment 2027:70-71 Yeast needs to eat experiment 2041:10-11 Yeast use in baking experiment 1934:83-85 Yeast; how yeast works to make bread rise experiment 1536:10-11 BREATHING. See also HUMAN BODY; RESPIRATION BRICKS Adobe bricks from clay, sand, straw and water, making 1599:125-128

Adobe bricks, how to make 1636:121-122 Adobe bricks, how to make from clay and stray 1550:19 Adobe; how to make a heat-retaining adobe brick experiment 1540:72-73 Are bricks waterproof experiment 1556:22 Build brick walls in various patterns and test for strength experiment 1532:50 Garden edge bricks, how to make with concrete and mortar 1572:40-42 Homemade bricks, how to make 1970:290 How much space does a brick take up experiment using water displacement to measure 1556:25 How much water a brick can soak up experiment 1621:11 Make a damp-proof course for bricks experiment 1556:25 Make bricks from clay and straw experiment 1556:11 Making bricks from clay, straw and water experiment 1603:16 Strongest way to make brick wall experiment using Lego blocks 1621:30 Testing strength of different kinds of mud bricks experiment 1894:17 BRIDGES. See also STRUCTURES Bowstring bridge model; test strength of model experiment 1802:44-45 Build two different bridges and test for strength experiment 1748:32-33 Efficiency of five bridge designs for weigh-bearing capacity and cost project 2012:66-73 How many pennies will your bridge hold experiment 1699:28-29 If you vibrate something at just the right frequency you can get big reaction experiment 1579:76-80 Models of beam bridge, arch bridge, cable stayed bridge; build and test their strengths experiment 1532:66-67 Rivets and welds give strength and stability in long spans experiment 1610:145-147 Sheet of paper bridge holds up book experiment 1879:77-79 Strength of paper bridge holds up heavy train magic experiment 1717:8-9 Strongest bridge experiment with girder bridge, archway bridge, triangular-truss bridge 1864:135-136 Suspension; build bridge to demonstrate ancient Mayan suspension bridge 1658:19-21

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BULBS. See also PLANTS Crocus bulbs grow and flower inside, how to do 1862:24-25 Forcing hyacinth and daffodil bulbs to bloom inside experiment 1695:16-17 Forcing narcissus bulbs to blooms indoors, how to do 1836:30-31 Forcing spring bulbs to flower indoors experiment 1909:24-25 Hyacinth bulb grows in jar of water experiment 1662:9 Hyacinth bulb grows in water or soil, how to do 1862:22-23 Tulip bulbs forced to bloom at Christmas, how to do 1862:20-21 BULBS—ELECTRIC. See also ELECTRIC Build a bulb that really works experiment 1770:47 BULL ROARER Bull roarer converts mechanical energy of rotating wood paddle into sound energy experiment (Advanced) 1839:271-274 BUOYANCY. See also ARCHIMEDES; FLOATING AND SINKING; WATER—BUOYANCY Buoyancy, the ability to stay up experiment 2045:52-53 Checking up on Archimedes’ buoyancy idea experiment 1985:43-44 Demonstrate principle of buoyancy in model ocean liner experiment 1864:200 Diver rises and falls in water experiment 1758:13 Mass, density and volume affect whether soft drink cans float or sink in water experiment (Advanced) 1839:233-237 Measure buoyancy or “floating strength” of alcohol filled balloon in water 1606:16-18 Modeling clay in water demonstrates why ships float experiment 1707:17 Soap bubbles float on cushion of carbon dioxide gas experiment 1579:21-24 BURGLAR ALARM. See also ALARMS; ELECTRIC Burglar alarm experiment, make from foil, cardboard, wire and batteries 1747:17 Burglar alarm warns you when door opens, how to make 1532:86-87 Burglar alarm, how to make from batteries, wire, foil and wood 1908:38-39 BUTANE Butane in lighter is liquid or gas experiment 1840:215-219

BRINE SHRIMP. See also SHRIMP—BRINE Culture fairy shrimp and compare to brine shrimp experiment 1583:103 Digestive system of brine shrimp experiment using food coloring 1583:103 Grow brine shrimp in salt water and observe experiment 1603:88-89 How to grow at home 1601:66-67 Salt concentration level in water affects development of brine shrimp experiment 1583:103 Temperature effect on brine shrimp eggs experiment 1583:101-103 BROMELIADS Bromeliad plants role in the rain forest experiment 1602:40-41 BROWNIAN MOVEMENT Temperature affect on Brownian movement experiment 1570:77-78 BROODERS. See also CHICKENS; EGGS BUBBLES. See also SOAP BUBBLES BUDS. See also TREES BUGS. See INSECTS BUILDING. See also ARCHITECTURE; HOUSES—HOUSE BUILDING Acid rain damages buildings experiment 1783:28-29 Beams; reinforced concrete beams, how to make and test strength of each 1532:51 Build brick walls in various patterns and test for strength experiment 1532:50 Cantilever roof experiment, how to make 1532:52 Escalator; model hand-powered escalator experiment, see how steps are level at top and bottom and become stairs in between 1532:60-61 Folded barrel roof, experiment; how to make from paper, tongue depressors, pencils, thread 1532:53 Strongest shape of beams experiment using postcards 1621:30 Strongest way to make brick wall experiment using Lego blocks 1621:30 Structure needs foundation to stay up in soft ground experiment, plastic bottle, modeling clay, wallpaper paste, large tank 1532:48-49 Water system brings water from water tower or reservoir to faucet in your home experiment, build working model of this system 1532:56-57 BUILDING MATERIALS. See also BUILDING How long do different building materials hold heat simple project 1876:144-145

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BUTTER Homemade butter, how to make 2001:91 Make butter from cream experiment 1637:57 Make butter from cream experiment 1849:175-177 Make butter like your great-grandmother did experiment 2048:51-52 Properties of solids and liquids while making butter experiment 1790:189-195 Turn cream into butter experiment 1699:52-53 BUTTERFLIES. See also CATERPILLARS; MOTHS Black swallowtails, how to catch and keep them 1653:51-53 Butterfly garden to attract butterflies experiment, how to do 1546:46-57 Butterfly proboscis tube similar to elephant’s trunk project 1864:53-54 Caring for pupae, how to do 1731:25 Do butterflies prefer certain colors or kinds of flowers experiment 1731:40-41 Do butterflies prefer sugar water or flower nectar experiment 1731:38-39 Garden for butterflies, how to plant 1773:83-87 Growth wheel model to demonstrate where butterflies come from experiment 1855:32-35 Hatchery for butterflies and moths, cardboard box, screen, cloth, how to make 1572:25-26 House for butterfly made from netting experiment 1855:18-21 How butterflies drink experiment, demonstrate with straw and cup of water 1855:84-86 How caterpillar turns into a butterfly experiment 1934:71-73

Milkweed plant garden for monarch butterflies, how to plant 1773:88-89 Model of butterfly using wax paper, crayons and pipe cleaners, how to make 2008:22 Monarch butterflies in motion mobile, how to make 1773:74 Monarch butterflies, how to catch and keep them 1653:54-58 Monarch butterfly growth graph, how to do 1773:52-53 Monarch butterfly, how to raise 1930:112-113 Monarch butterfly, how to raise 1967:78-79 Monarch butterfly, how to raise and release 1773:47-51 Sugar water mix to feed butterflies and moths 1731:31 Tiger swallowtails, how to catch and keep them 1653:47-50 Where do butterflies come from experiment 1843:120-122 BUTTERFLIES—COLLECTION Butterfly net for collecting butterflies and moths, how to make and use 1731:26-27 Butterfly net; make from gauzy fabric and wire coat hanger 1998:65-66 Collecting and keeping butterflies, moths and their caterpillars, how to do 1731:20-24 Keep net for catching butterflies, how to make 1973:44-45 Setting board to mount butterflies, how to make 2040:110-111 BUZZERS. See also ELECTRIC

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CABBAGE. See INDICATORS CACTUS Cactus dish garden, how to plant 1645:81 Demonstrate how cactus plants store water experiment 1848:113-116 Grafting cactus plants experiment 1631:14-16 Grafting head of one cactus to body of another cactus experiment 1998:111 Grow cactus plants in small desert garden experiment 1695:26-27 How to grow and care for 1836:28-29 Why cacti don’t dry out in desert experiment 1856:86-89 CAFFEINE. See also COFFEE CAGES. See also ANTS; INSECTS—CAGES CALCIUM How much calcium is in a bone experiment 1876:132 Milk has calcium experiment 1849:167-170 CALCIUM CARBONATE Acid test for calcium carbonate in shells, experiment 2052:37 Test for calcium carbonate in marble, slate and limestone using vinegar as acid experiment 1864:87-88 Vinegar dissolves calcium carbonate in seashells experiment 1752:72 CALCULATORS. See also ADDING MACHINES; COMPUTERS Hangman calculator game, how to play 1821:34 How to use electronic calculator 1821:20-59 Napier rods, how to make and use 1821:18-19 Seven-bar display experiment, liquid-crystal display (LCD) shows numbers in dark segment on a light background 1532:176 Slide rule; making and using a simple slide rule 1821:10-17 CALENDAR String calendar from Sumatra, how to make 2038:16 CALORIES Burning peanut or almond demonstrates what a calorie looks like 1707:100 Energy stored in a peanut experiment 1981:40-42

Food is a fuel; burn peanut experiment 1770:25 How many calories do you use experiment 1843:244-245 Measuring food and calories experiment 1982:87-88 Potato chips; how many calories does one potato chip contain experiment 2048:100-104 CALORIMETER Energy content of a peanut measured by simple calorimeter experiment 1725:82-83 Measure solar heat with bag of ice and calorimeter experiment 1637:32 CAMERA OBSCURA. See also CAMERAS Camera obscura demonstrates light travels in straight lines 1611:9-13 Make from potato chip can experiment 1698:32-33 Make from round can, aluminum foil, and film 1657:14-18 Small camera obscura, how to make 1611:9-13 CAMERAS. See also PHOTOGRAPHY; PIN HOLE CAMERA Aperture change affects brightness of image and depth of field, experiment 1709:28-29 Box camera experiment 1913:100-104 Box camera shows how camera works experiment 1758:38 Camera Lucida, how to make 1913:93-94 Cereal box camera, how to make 2014:61-63 Experiments with a box camera; how to make 1913:83-91 Experiments with a camera Lucida 1913:92-100 Experiments with a real camera 1913:105-109 How a lens works experiment, make your own viewer 1709:8-9 Light makes a box camera work experiment, how to make box camera 1831:60-61 Model camera experiment, make to see how it forms an image experiment 1532:134 Pinhole camera from a shoe box experiment 1953:146-147 Pinhole camera from oatmeal box experiment, how to make and develop the pictures 1627:22-24 Pinhole camera from oatmeal box, how to make 1901:95-98

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Miniature canyon in jar demonstrates color combinations of canyon walls experiment 1817:49 CAPILLARY ACTION. See also WATER— CAPILLARY ACTION Paper; which types of paper absorb water the best experiment 1840:75-82 CARBOHYDRATES. See also COMPOUNDS; STARCH; SUGAR Decomposing carbohydrates experiment 1981:49-50 Ripeness affects the taste of fruits experiment 1849:15-16 Testing for starch in food experiment 1981:47-48 CARBON. See also CHARCOAL; COAL Ability of granules of activated carbon to absorb or trap molecules experiment 1676:41-44 Change grape soda to a colorless liquid experiment using carbon granules 1676:41-44 Change sugar into a substance that is mostly carbon experiment 1676:15-18 What is carbon experiment 1904:69-71 CARBON CYCLE. See BREATHING; PHOTOSYNTHESIS CARBON DIOXIDE. See also ALKA-SELTZER; DRY ICE; MOLECULES Alka-Seltzer tablets and popcorn kernels experiment 1970:39 Atmospheric ingredients, oxygen and carbon dioxide experiment 1528:18 Baking powder in water produces carbon dioxide and blows cork out of bottle experiment 1678:30 Balloon blow-up using baking soda and vinegar 1818:60-61 Balloon on bottle inflates from carbon dioxide experiment 1698:4-5 Balloons blow up from carbon dioxide in jar experiment 1933:31 Blow up balloon with carbon dioxide gas experiment 1829:4-5 Blow up balloon, place it under water and release carbon dioxide gas from your lungs experiment 1548:21-23 Boat; carbon dioxide powered boat experiment 2001:54 Boat; power a boat with carbon dioxide gas experiment with vinegar and baking soda 2000:21 Breath; blow into water and indicator to show carbon dioxide content of breath experiment 1667:57-58 Bubble bomb explodes experiment 1698:2-3

Pinhole camera, how it works experiment 1983:37-43 Pin-hole camera, how to make 1709:32-33 Pinhole camera, how to make 2028:65-69 Pinhole camera, how to make from box, paper and black paint 1837:6-7 Pinhole camera, how to make from can, dark cloth and wax paper 1966:33 Shoe box and black paint camera, how to make 2022:65 Shoe box camera, how to make 1890:102-103 Shutter; construct camera shutter to see how it freezes movement experiment 1532:135 Simple model camera, how to make 1611:57-59 CAMOUFLAGE. See also ANIMAL CAMOUFLAGE; ANIMALS—PROTECTIVE COLORATION Animals color blends into surrounding; pick up colored beads experiment 1581:30-31 Camouflage pattern of insects blends into the background experiment 1689:19 Chameleon paper model demonstrates protective coloration 1856:20-23 Compare what you see when camouflaged figure remains still and when it moves experiment 1576:47-49 Demonstrate camouflage with red and green toothpicks experiment 1602:24-25 What is camouflage in nature experiment 1751:68 CAMP COOKER. See also SOLAR COOKERS CANALS. See also LOCKS—WATERWAYS CANDLES Sand candle, how to make 1967:16-17 CANDY Candied violets, how to make 1557:112 Hard candy; what is chemistry of hard candy experiment 1563:10-13 How many colors are really present in a candy experiment 2048:116-118 Sort M & M candies by color and classify experiment 1790:89-96 What food dyes are used to make the colors in candy project 1876:123-131 CANNONS Homemade cannon used to investigate trajectories of cannon balls experiment 1558:12-13 Trajectory: curved path through the air experiment 2045:26-27 CANYONS Erosion test in sand demonstrates formation of canyons experiment 1635:28

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Carbon dioxide and floating bubbles experiment 1607:65-66 Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher puts out fire experiment using baking soda, vinegar and candle 1673:51-53 Carbon dioxide gas from burning candle in jar with baking soda and vinegar experiment 1910:109-110 Carbon dioxide gas from vinegar and baking soda mixture in bottle blows up balloon experiment 1833:181-183 Carbon dioxide gas makes corn dance in glass of water experiment 1770:23 Carbon dioxide gas produced when sugar, yeast and water are mixed together experiment 1987:33-35 Carbon dioxide released from soft drinks experiment using balloon over bottle tops 1548:23-25 Carbon dioxide released from warm and cold soft drinks experiment using balloons over bottle tops 1548:23-25 Carbon dioxide; a heavier gas experiment 1985:47-50 Caves; how caves are formed experiment 1624:23-24 Collecting carbon dioxide experiment 1607:62-65 Collecting carbon dioxide in balloon over bottle of water and seltzer tablets experiment 1606:40-42 Dancing raisins in bubbly soda experiment 2001:54 Density of carbon dioxide gas experiment 1985:52-54 Density; carbon dioxide is more dense than air experiment 1678:19-20 Density; compare densities of air, lung air and carbon dioxide experiment 1606:44 Evaporation of water vapor from land with a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:62-66 Expanding, floating soap bubble in carbon dioxide experiment 1840:245-250 Falling carbon dioxide filled bubbles experiment 1607:62-65 Fire extinguisher; make a fire extinguisher experiment 1844:35-36 Freezing soda and then thawing it, affects carbon dioxide experiment 1540:51 Fruit syrup from berry fruits demonstrates plants and oxygen and carbon dioxide 1678:10-11

Gas produced when mixing baking powder and baking soda with liquids experiment 1849:134-137 Ginger ale experiment, make from water, yeast and flavorings 1628:18-20 Heating and cooling of land with a carbon dioxide/ nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:68-71 Lime water test for carbon dioxide experiment 1815:38 Lime water turns milky in presence of carbon dioxide experiment 1987:35 Molecule model of carbon dioxide made from clay and toothpicks 1548:28-29 Nucleation effect in liquid containing dissolved gas experiment 1637:45 Plant growth; carbon dioxide deficiency in plants experiment 1638:79-83 Plant growth; determine how lack of carbon dioxide affects plant growth experiment 1638:79-83 Plants are air filters; they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen experiment 1528:163 Raisins ride up and down in soda drink experiment 1829:26-27 Raisins rising experiment 1753:42 Raisins swim in can of carbonated soda experiment 1842:79 Remove flame from a candle without putting it out experiment 1844:33-34 Rising raisins demonstrate how submarines dive under water and rise to surface again 1838:23 Soap bubbles float on cushion of carbon dioxide gas experiment 1579:21-24 Solid objects floating and sinking in carbonated liquid experiment 1758:19 Spaghetti moves up and down in baking soda, vinegar and carbonated soda experiment 1659:9-11 Test for carbon dioxide gas using lime water experiment 1710:25 Timing carbon dioxide filled bubbles experiment 1607:64-65 Vinegar and baking soda reaction blows up balloon experiment 1970:37 Vinegar and seltzer tablet produces carbon dioxide gas experiment 1673:16-18 Vinegar and soda mixed together make carbon dioxide experiment 2014:24 Weight; compare weight of carbon dioxide and air in balloons experiment 1606:42 What is carbon dioxide experiment 1904:72-74

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Safer crashes into sand filled plastic barrels instead of concrete barriers experiment 1609:100-103 Seat belt model to demonstrate movement of seat belt 1532:103 Seat belt reduces danger involved in automobile collision experiment 1609:99-100 Steering mechanism experiment; build model rack-and-pinion steering mechanism 1532:100-101 Super car, make from DC motors, wire, batteries and plastic lids 1922:32-35 CARTESIAN DIVER Cartesian diver (eye dropper in bottle of water) demonstrates how submarine works experiment 1601:44-45 Air can be compressed experiment with Cartesian diver in bottle of water 1842:10-11 Cartesian diver experiment, make from soda bottle, eyedropper and water 1890:54-55 Changes in fluid pressure affect buoyancy of a Cartesian diver experiment 1579:36-41 Diver goes up and down in water filled soft drink bottle experiment 1931:140 Diver rises and falls in large jar, experiment 2052:59 Diver rises and falls in water experiment 1758:13 Diving medicine dropper experiment 1906:110-112 Eye dropper diver sinks and floats in bottle of water experiment 1729:267-268 How to make from plastic tube and clay diver 2016:59 Magic trick sinking quid experiment 1711:18-19 Match in modeling clay floats up and down in bottle of water experiment 1947:18-19 Medicine dropper in plastic bottle of water acts as barometer experiment 1978:63-64 CASEIN. See also GLUES; MILK Casein in milk makes plastic experiment 2001:146-150 Plastic from milk and vinegar experiment 2022:105 CASTS. See also PLASTER CASTS; TRACKS AND TRAILING CATALYST. See also ENZYMES Fermentation of yeast in sugar and water catalyst experiment 1710:36-37 CATAMARAN BOAT Catamaran model, make from plastic bottle, balsa wood, dowels and rubber bands 1896:18-19

What makes orange soda fizz experiment 1568:106 Where does salt come from experiment with baking soda and vinegar 1906:53-54 Which gas passes through a balloon faster—air or carbon dioxides experiment 1673:26-28 Yeast and sugar in water creates enough carbon dioxide to inflate a balloon 1585:30 Yeast and sugar produce carbon dioxide experiment 1637:61 Yeast and sugar water in blown up balloon with carbon dioxide gas experiment 1678:30 Yeast plus sugar makes carbon dioxide gas experiment 1628:38 Yeast; why does yeast make bread rise experiment 1804:66-69 CARBONATED DRINKS. See also SOFT DRINKS Ginger ale experiment, make from water, yeast and flavorings 1628:18-20 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. See CIRCULATORY SYSTEM; HEART CARNIVOROUS PLANTS Raise sundews at home, how to do 1882:unp Sundew plant parts grow into new plants experiment 1882:unp Venus fly trap bulb plant, how to plant and care for 1645:83 CAROTENE Carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll pigments in carrots, tomatoes and autumn tree leaves experiment 1637:50 CARROTS Carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll pigments in carrots, tomatoes and autumn tree leaves experiment 1637:50 Why is top of carrot root green experiment 1751:69 CARS. See also AUTOMOBILES Brakes on ice experiment 1609:67 Carburetor; simple experiment with straw and water to demonstrate 1532:102 Effect of different angles of inclined planes on speed and distance of car experiment 1839:25-32 Front and rear brakes on car experiment 1609:65-67 Magnets change the way toy cars act experiment 1839:85-88 Measure constant acceleration due to gravity using downhill racing car experiment 1839:207-221

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Catamaran, how to make from plastic bottle, balsa wood and tape 1838:14 Make a catamaran using plastic bottles, balsa wood and dowels project 1895:18-19 CATAPULTS Build a catapult experiment 1667:46-48 Contraption that flings marshmallows, how to build 2000:120-122 Make from wood, dowels and sponges 1748:28-29 Mouse-a-pult model demonstrates force of catapult 1887:16-17 CATERPILLARS. See also BUTTERFLIES; MOTHS; SILKWORMS Build a caterpillar house to watch it grow into a butterfly experiment 1546:64 Collect cocoon and observe adult emerging experiment 1731:43 Do caterpillars get dizzy experiment 1776:36 Do caterpillars grow faster in warm or cool temperature experiment 1731:36-37 Do caterpillars prefer one direction to another experiment 1776:36 Feeding and housing caterpillars, how to do 1776:10-11 Food; what do caterpillars like to eat experiment 1731:34-35 How caterpillar turns into a butterfly experiment 1934:71-73 How do caterpillars react to wind experiment 1776:38 How fast does a caterpillar go experiment 1776:40 How to raise caterpillars 1930:90-91 Keeping caterpillars, how to do 1973:46-47 Measure growth of caterpillars experiment 1731:42 Model to demonstrate how many legs caterpillars have experiment 1855:42-45 Tent caterpillars, how to catch and keep them 1653:64-67 Tomato and tobacco horn worm caterpillars, how to keep and observe them 2021:40-44 What causes caterpillars to curl up experiment 1776:38 CATNIP Catnip chemical, nepetalactone, made into toy for your cats experiment 1637:54 How to grow 1555:90 Toy for your cat, how to make 1555:90 CATS Are cats right handed simple projects 1876:95-102 Do animals sleep more than humans experiment 1595:72

Do cats eyes glow in the dark experiment 1851:70-71 Do kittens prefer human contact more than cats do experiment 2020:137-142 Do kittens show left or right handedness experiment 2020:155-160 Heated stuffed animal more attractive to a kitten for company than a cool stuffed animal experiment 2020:148-151 Hunting behavior of domestic cats experiment 1552:126-131 Model of cats eye demonstrates how cats eye glows in dark experiment 2003:21 Which chooses human contact more, a kitten or a puppy experiment 2020:143-147 Will a kitten choose another kitten for company experiment 2020:152-154 CAVERNS. See STALACTITES AND STALAGMITES CAVES Diorama of cave; walls, rocks, animals, stalactites and stalagmites, how to do 1809:30-31 How caves are formed experiment 1624:23-24 CAYLEY, GEORGE SIR Sir George Cayley’s model glider, how to make 1877:36-37 CELESTIAL NAVIGATION. See NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS; SOLAR STONE CELESTIAL SPHERE Celestial sphere used to locate places and stars experiment 1847:14-24 Star disk instrument shows which constellations are visible at different latitudes experiment 1847:30-34 CELLS. See also PLANTS—CELLS Animal; model that resembles group of animal cells living together experiment 1546:10-11 Cell membrane and osmosis in action experiment with salt solution and onion cell 1725:29 Cell membrane lets small molecules pass through by osmosis experiment 1725:28 Cells need water to survive experiment; sugar in raisins sucks in water 1546:12 Cell-wall demonstration of semi-permeability 1864:180 Cheek cells under microscope experiment 2027:46-47 Chemicals move through fluid inside cell by “spreading out” process known as diffusion experiment 1725:27

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Can rolls uphill experiment 1953:182 Center of gravity balance experiments 1953:89-94 Center of gravity experiments 1983:9-16 Change center of gravity of object experiment using tennis ball 1753:45 Funnels roll up ramp demonstrating center of gravity experiment 1879:64-65 Hammer defies gravity experiment 1906:108-109 How center of gravity affects balance experiment 1902:77-80 Magic trick with two boxes and hidden weight experiment 1713:8-9 Objects balance easily when center of gravity is below support point experiment 1613:181-188 Weird wand magic trick demonstrates center of gravity 1713:14-15 What is object’s center of gravity experiment 1753:44 What is the center of gravity experiment 1844:73 Where is your center of gravity experiment 1844:74 CENTIPEDES Light or dark experiment; which do centipedes prefer 2034:20-21 CENTRIFUGAL FORCE. See also FORCE Ball on string demonstrates centrifugal force 1902:121-123 Bulging Earth model experiment 1864:152-153 Disappearing dice magic trick demonstrates centrifugal force 1713:20-21 Motion beats power of gravity experiment 1935:41 What is centrifugal force experiment 1844:79-80 CENTRIPETAL FORCE. See also FORCE Darda car on loop-the-loop track demonstrates kinetic energy and centripetal force experiment 1839:141-151 Rotating water has curved surface called parabola experiment 1579:103-107 Water forms funnel-shaped vortex as it drains from bottle experiment 1579:98-102 CEREALS Breakfast cereals compared as to grams of fat per serving experiment 1550:8 Compare breakfast cereals for minerals, vitamins, sugars and fats experiment 1550:8 Compare nutrition facts of different cereals experiment 1849:68-71 How many o-shaped cereal loops can you toss into bowl experiment 2039:15

Cork slice under microscope experiment 2027:28-29 Diffusion in action in cells experiment using ink and water 1725:27 Egg turns into rubbery ball; experiment demonstrates how human cells get food 1831:10 Mix enzyme that breaks starch into glucose and measure amount of glucose present experiment 1571:61-63 Model that shows three parts of a cell experiment, how to construct 1860:5-11 Onion slice under microscope experiment 2027:30-31 Plant cells in thin film of onionskin experiment 1546:11 Salt helps draw water out of cells experiment, using potato, salt and water 1546:13 Seed cells need water and sunlight to start growing experiment 1707:85 Size affects movement of particles through a cell membrane experiment 1860:13-19 Water moves to cells containing sugar experiment 1546:12 Water passes from higher to lower concentrations in osmosis experiment 1571:70-72 What is the difference between light and dark meat experiment 1804:63-65 Why do onions make you cry experiment 1804:60-62 Why do some fruits and vegetables wilt when cooked experiment 1804:58-59 CELLS AND BATTERIES. See also BATTERIES CELLULOSE Writing paper make from recycling newspaper experiment 1637:52 CELSIUS, ANDERS. See also THERMOMETERS CEMENT. See also CONCRETE; MINERALS CEMETERIES Cemetery headstone survey for age, type of stone, erosion and plants experiment 1738:25 CENTER OF GRAVITY. See also GRAVITY— CENTER OF GRAVITY Balance game to see if boys and girls have same balance skills experiment 1659:67-69 Balance several nails on one nail experiment 1844:74 Balance toys used to find their centers of gravity experiment (Advanced) 1839:219-225 Balancing stick experiment demonstrates amount and position of mass affects balance 1839:45-52

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CHEMICAL CHANGES Chalk fizzes from vinegar experiment 1754:22 Changes in state and temperature experiment with water changing to ice and back to water 1710:12-13 Chemical changes help you write secret messages experiment 1844:21 Cream of tartar, raisins and ferric acetate solution experiment 2014:31 Dissolving of solids a physical or chemical change experiment 1844:17-18 Iron; create two kinds of iron using ferrous acetate solution experiment 2014:32 Light-sensitive paper experiment, how to make light-sensitive paper 1840:275-281 Shiny copper pennies from vinegar and salt easy experiment 1857:43-46 Vinegar and soda mixed together make carbon dioxide experiment 2014:24 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. See ELEMENTS CHEMICAL GARDENS. See also GARDENS— CHEMICAL Rainbow garden, make with charcoal briquettes, bluing, salt and ammonia 1971:18 Rainbow garden, make with charcoal briquettes, bluing, salt and ammonia 1972:18 Sponges and charcoal grow flowers overnight experiment 1699:54-55 CHEMICAL MAGIC. See also LIQUIDS CHEMICAL PESTICIDES. See HERBICIDES; PESTICIDES CHEMICAL REACTIONS. See also CARBON DIOXIDE; INDICATORS Aluminum pot shines from boiling water and lemon juice experiment 1906:47-48 Balloon blow-up using baking soda and vinegar 1818:60-61 Blood; bloodstain chemistry experiment 1637:43 Bloody hand experiment 1991:57 Blow up balloon with carbon dioxide gas experiment 1829:4-5 Blow up balloon with vinegar and baking soda experiment 1953:41 Blue bottle experiment 1991:73-74 Bubble bomb explodes experiment 1698:2-3 Burning reaction (exothermic reaction) temperature drops experiment with baking soda and vinegar 1710:31 Candle burning bright experiment 1869:120-125 Carbon dioxide gas from burning candle in jar with baking soda and vinegar experiment 1910:109-110

Iron content of breakfast cereals experiment 1820:45 Iron in breakfast cereals experiment 2048:83-84 Iron; what kind of iron is in cereal experiment using magnet 1659:21-23 Iron; which cereal has the most iron experiment, how to graph 2039:13-14 Package size in buying groceries contributes to trash and waste we discard experiment 1987:58-59 Size and calories of each serving of breakfast cereals experiment 1550:8 Survey of favorite breakfast cereal in your class; bar graph experiment 1550:8 CEREBELLUM. See HUMAN BODY CFCs. See CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CHALK Chalk fizzes from vinegar experiment 1754:22 Make sidewalk chalk experiment 1562:21-23 Make sidewalk chalk from plaster of Paris and tempera paints 1541:21-23 CHAMELEONS Chameleon paper model demonstrates protective coloration 1856:20-23 Observe and record chameleon color changes due to light, temperature, emotions and state of health 1645:129 CHAOTIC MOTION Attraction and repulsion of magnets produces chaotic, unpredictable motion experiment 1579:89-92 CHARCOAL. See also CARBON Lobster shell filters effect in filtering wastewater metallic ions compared to charcoal experiment 1539:68-70 CHARLES, JACQUES. See also CHARLES’ LAW CHARTS. See also GRAPHS CHEESE Cheese dessert from Rennet tablets and milk experiment 1637:62 How to make cheese experiment 1628:6-8 Mold on bread and cheeses compared for color and shape experiment 1570:42-43 Molds; grow molds on bread, cheese and jam experiment 1695:14-15 Turn milk into cheese experiment 2048:34-36 What are curds and whey experiment 1804:48-50 CHEMICAL ATTRACTANTS Odors; rose petals or rose leaves and stems attract Japanese beetles experiment 1571:7-9

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Carbon dioxide gas from vinegar and baking soda mixture in bottle blows up balloon experiment 1833:181-183 Carbon dioxide gas makes corn in glass of water dance experiment 1770:23 Chalk dissolves in vinegar experiment 1660:24 Changing rates of reactions experiment 1710:35 Clean coins with vinegar, salt and lemon juice experiment 1970:40 Clean pennies in vinegar and salt solution experiment 1707:26 Cleaning dirty penny with lemon juice experiment 1879:94-95 Cleaning dirty penny with salt and vinegar experiment 1879:96-97 Cleaning silverware experiment 1657:52-54 Coat a nail with copper experiment 1933:11 Coin cleaner experiment, clean pennies with lemon juice 1890:74 Cold pack demonstrates endothermic chemical reaction, how to make 1890:79-80 Curds whey cheese from Rennet tablets and milk experiment 1637:62 Current flow in potato causes chemical reaction experiment 2053:42 Dancing raisins experiment 1991:51 Disappearing ink experiment 1991:65 Disposable diaper crystals make water disappear experiment 1657:64-67 Egg sucked into bottle with burning candle experiment 1710:5 Electricity; where can you see chemical producing electricity experiment 1906:23-24 Etch name or design on hard boiled egg in vinegar solution experiment 2001:66 Expanding, floating soap bubble in carbon dioxide experiment 1840:245-250 Experiments to demonstrate chemical reactions 1953:283-305 Fermentation of yeast in sugar and water catalyst experiment 1710:36-37 Flame that jumps experiment 1991:71-72 Gas collection from baking soda and vinegar reaction experiment 1710:28-29 Genie in a bottle experiment 1991:52-53 Glue from milk, vinegar and baking soda experiment 1563:17-20 Heat change and formation of new substance in a chemical change experiment 1758:25 How can you make a reaction happen faster experiment 1743:115-117 How do hot and cold packs work experiment 1567:21-23

Iron to copper experiment 1991:63-64 Light sticks; effect of temperature on light sticks experiment 1840:269-274 Magic chemical paper experiment 1991:54-55 Magic red to green to red experiment 1991:61-62 Magical bubbles experiment 1991:58 Oxygen from air combines with iron in steel wool and moisture to form rust experiment 1673:48-50 Pennies in vinegar solution turn bright and shiny experiment 1740:64-65 Pennies turn green experiment 1831:131 Penny corrodes hole in aluminum foil experiment 1659:76-78 Raisins rising experiment 1753:42 Rubber egg experiment 1933:33 Rubber egg, how to make 1786:5 Seashells dissolve in vinegar experiment 1660:25 Shrunken head from apple in salt solution experiment 1657:67-70 Slow-motion cornstarch experiment 1785:62-63 Test food for vitamin C experiment; make liquid vitamin C indicator 1563:6 Turn Aladdin’s lamp oil into ink experiment 1991:66 Vinegar and baking soda erupt in sand volcano experiment 2001:52-53 Vinegar and baking soda reaction blows up balloon experiment 1970:37 Vinegar and seltzer tablet produce carbon dioxide gas experiment 1673:16-18 Water to dragon’s blood to water experiment 1991:56 Weather bunnies reflect changes in humidity by changing color experiment 1840:93-97 What happens when you cook broccoli in an acid or base experiment 1568:118-119 What happens when you soak galvanized nails in vinegar experiment 1743:58-62 What makes orange soda fizz experiment 1568:106 What makes peanut butter smooth experiment to understand chemical process of hydrogenation 1568:140-141 Why is baking powder used in baking experiment 1563:14-16 Written secrets experiment 1991:67-70 Yeast and sugar produce carbon dioxide experiment 1637:61 CHEMICAL TEST. See also INDICATORS CHEMILUMINESCENCE Chemical reaction produces light in both lightning bugs and light sticks experiment 1613:155-162

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CHROMATOGRAPHY Black inks separate into many colors on wet coffee filter experiment 1698:22-23 Black pigments are really mixtures of colors experiment 1613:39-44 Candy; coffee filter with candies in water experiment 2001:26-27 Candy; how many colors are really present in a candy experiment 2048:116-118 Climbing colors on blotter paper from water-soluble markers experiment 1640:134 Coffee filter in colored water experiment 2001:25 Colored inks in felt-tipped pens are actually mixtures of colors experiment 1613:29-32 Colored markers; what makes up color in colored markers experiment 1754:21 Colorful design on T-shirt experiment using black marker 1598:12 Colors in black water soluble marker easy experiment with chromatography 1857:32-35 Flower; make giant chromatography flower experiment 1613:31 Hidden colors in colored marking pens, food colorings, M & M candy, vegetables experiment 1627:34-36 How detectives tell the difference in inks experiment 1876:134 How do detectives use color to solve crimes experiment 1844:133-134 Inks; chromatography test to match inks from pens experiment 1937:15 Inks; coffee filter with felt tip markers in water experiment 2001:26-27 Inks; separate colors experiment with felt markers 2014:88 Inks; what colors make up orange felt tipped pen experiment 2036:21 Is black ink really black experiment 1740:17 Is green really green experiment 1953:34 Leaves; why do leaves change color experiment 2005:10-11 Paper chromatography to separate colors from inks in water experiment 1710:17 Paper chromatography; separate inks from markers experiment 1758:14 Pigments in black marker experiment, white coffee filter, jar of water 1598:10-11 Plant pigments; separating plant pigments experiment 1915:116-117 Plants; colors in plant leaves experiment using chromatography to show colors 1707:80-81

Light sticks; effect of temperature on light sticks experiment 1840:269-274 CHEMISTRY—MAGIC TRICKS. See also MAGIC CHEMOTROPISM. See also PLANTS—TROPISMS CHEWING GUM Does one brand of gum stay tasty longer experiment 1667:49-51 How much sugar does gum contain experiment 2048:111 CHICKENS. See also BROODERS; EGGS; INCUBATORS Bake bones to determine water content of bones experiment 1622:15 Chicken bone soaked in vinegar becomes floppy experiment 1879:2-3 Embryo; measure early heartbeat of chicken embryo without breaking eggshell experiment 1539:178-180 Hatching chickens experiment, how to set up an incubator 1930:50-51 Pecking order system of social structure works in flock of chickens experiment 1552:83-88 Pecking orders in chickens experiment 1552:82-88 Reconstructing a chicken wing to see how birds wings work 1930:44-45 Rubber chicken bone experiment 1622:15 Rubbery chicken bones experiment 1931:68 Soften a chicken bone and remove minerals with vinegar experiment 1816:25 When can bones become flexible experiment 1905:47-48 CHLORINE. See also BLEACH CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS. See GREENHOUSE EFFECT CHLOROPHYLL. See also PLANTS— CHLOROPHYLL Colors in plant leaves experiment using chromatography to show colors 1707:80-81 Find chlorophyll in coleus leaf experiment 1815:22 Light needed for chlorophyll to be made in leaves experiment 1593:53-54 Why is grass green experiment 1751:36 Why is top of carrot root green experiment 1751:69 CHLOROPLASTS. See CHLOROPHYLL; PLANTS—CHLOROPHYLL CHOCOLATE Liquid chocolate cools and turns back into solid experiment 1679:8-9 CHRISTMAS TREES Christmas tree, how to grow experiment 1593:34-35

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. See also BLOOD; GOLDFISH; HEART CITIES—ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Quality of life survey, how to do 1720:33 Traffic flow survey of vehicles, how to do 1720:35 CITRUS FRUITS. See also FRUIT; SEEDS— FRUITS CITRUS PLANTS Citrus seeds germinate and grow into plants, how to do 1862:18-19 How to grow orange and lemon trees 1830:146 CITY WEATHER. See URBAN CITIES— WEATHER CLAMS Are your clams safe to eat experiment 1539:138-139 CLARK, EUGENIE Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:129-138 CLASSIFICATION Classifying scavenger hunt to understand animal kingdom classification 1640:46-47 How to classify things experiment 1540:18 Primary science activities with classifying 1931:24-27 Sort M & M candies by color and classify experiment 1790:89-96 CLAY. See also SOILS Bakers clay, make from flour and salt 1997:142 Bead necklace from clay, how to make 1573:2-5 Bread slice dough, recipe 1670:4 Clay beads made from clay and fired in primitive kiln experiment 1599:82-83 Clay map replica of ancient Babylonian clay tablets project, how to make 1850:17-18 Coffee grounds clay, recipe 1670:6 Crayons made from earth colors of soil and clay experiment 1599:84-85 Finding and preparing clay experiment 1573:8-9 Flour clay, recipe 1670:5 How to hunt for and gather clay and make slip for pottery 1599:76-78 Molding a clay dish, how to do 1573:15 Pearly clay, salt, cornstarch and water, recipe, how to make 1670:2 Pinch pots and animals, how to make from clay in sawdust kiln made from garbage can 1702:13-17 Play clay, how to make 1857:36-39 Quick clay, recipe 1670:5 Sand clay objects dry to rock-hard consistency, how to make 2022:132

Separate colors after they have been mixed up experiment 1753:32 Separate colors from food colors experiment 1906:57-58 Separate colors from green food coloring experiment 1677:56-59 Separate colors from water-soluble felt-tip marking pens experiment 1833:118-119 Separate ink pigments into flower-like color bursts experiment 1840:195-200 Separating colors or pigments experiment 2022:97 Solve crime; analyze ink in pens using chromatography 1820:59-61 What color is black ink experiment 1562:6-9 What colors are in black ink experiment 1541:6-9 Yellow and orange pigments in fall leaves are there all year long experiment 1792:25-26 CHROMOSOMES. See also GENETICS; HEREDITY CICADAS How to catch and keep them 1653:86-89 CIGARETTE SMOKE Effects of second hand smoke project 2012:194-204 Second hand smoking causes decreased lung capacity project 2012:194-204 CIGARETTES. See also SMOKING CILIATES. See PARAMECIUM CIPHERS. See also CODES Alphabet in Morse code, how to use and investigate 1822:51-52 Bar chart to interpret letter frequency, how to make 1822:35-39 Braille alphabet, how to use and investigate 1822:48-50 Cipher wheels, how to make and use 1822:12-22 Code words, how to use 1822:25-26 Codes using numbers for letters, how to do 1822:27-31 Cracking substitution ciphers, how to do 1822:40-41 Factor grids in which to put the letters of a message, how to do 1822:44-45 Grids used with number codes, how to do 1822:32 Invented alphabets, how to make 1822:46-47 Julius Caesar’s cipher, how to decode 1822:9-11 Letter frequency, how to do 1822:34 Random ciphers, how to do 1822:23-24 Scytale device for sending and receiving messages, how to do 1822:33 Transposition ciphers, how to do 1822:42-43

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Sand clay, recipe 1670:9 Scratching, breaking tests to see if object is made from clay 1573:4-5 Soap clay, recipe 1670:4 Thumb pot from clay demonstrates characteristics of mud experiment 1591:28 Tissue paper bead clay, recipe 1670:9 When is clay waterproof experiment 1573:18 CLICHE-VERRE. See PHOTOGRAPHY CLICK BEETLES How to catch and keep them 1653:39-42 CLIFFS Simulate effect of headlands on wave action experiment 1853:92-94 CLIMATE Airborne particles in atmosphere reflect light experiment 1528:159 Ancient climates information; examine pollen grain experiment 1528:155 Ancient climates information; how core drilling works experiment 1528:154 Atmospheric circulation affects Earth’s climate experiment 1850:145-154 Continents and oceans have different rates of cooling and warming experiment 1528:146 Convection cell circulating air experiment 1528:125 Curved shape of Earth affects climate throughout the world experiment 1861:4-7 Demonstrate movement of water between the Earth and the air experiment 1850:172-174 Desert wind-driven sand slowed down by trees experiment, make model 1528:144 Effect of water on climate experiment 1850:155-165 El Nino; how much warm water it takes to create El Nino-Southern oscillation experiment 1528:134 El Nino; make your own El Nino experiment 1528:135 El Nino-Southern oscillation event experiment 1528:134 Frost shattering of rocks experiment 1528:156 Hadley cell; make to demonstrate convection cells experiment 1528:124 How air behaves in the atmosphere when heated by convection experiment 1528:125 How scientists gather clues to climates of the past experiment 1861:80-83 Ice takes more space than water experiment 1528:157 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:194

Jet streams experiment, moving jet streams 1528:128 Monsoon mud fertile soil from flooding experiment 1528:149 Monsoon rain-bearing winds experiment, make model 1528:148 Plate tectonics; movement of plates shifts continents and creates new crust material experiment 1528:152 Region’s location and its landforms affect its climate experiment 1850:167-175 Rings from tree slice give clues to past climate conditions experiment 1861:83 Rossby waves experiment, how to demonstrate 1528:127 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:134-141 Sea levels rising due to pollution; effect on low-lying islands and coasts experiment 1528:162 Solifluction; what happens to rocks and stones as glacier meets experiment 1528:157 Structures affect the Earth’s surface temperature experiment 1861:23 Temperature of air drops when airborne particles reflect light back into space experiment 1528:161 Trade winds experiment, how to demonstrate with colored waters 1528:130-131 What would happen to climate, weather patterns and life forms if Earth were cubical experiment 1539:166-168 Wind blown ocean currents experiment 1528:131 Wind rose, how to make to show prevailing wind 1528:131 CLIMATE AND PLANTS Climate conditions that are best for germination experiment 1528:139 Drought experiment; evaporation of water from soil 1528:151 Earthworms turn leaves into soil experiment 1528:150 Oasis model demonstrates how water collects and seeds grow experiment 1528:145 Plant model demonstrates plants need light experiment 1528:139 Plants adapt to climates experiment 1528:138-139 Plants are air filters; they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen experiment 1528:163 Salination; saltwater on soil surface kills plants experiment 1528:150-151 Temperate climate deciduous plants during drought experiment 1528:140

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Temperate climate plants affected by drying wind and saltwater experiment 1528:141 Temperate climate plants damaged by frost experiment 1528:141 Tropical climate plants coping with too much water experiment 1528:142 CLIMATOLOGY. See WEATHER CLINOMETER. See also HEIGHT; SLOPES Clinometer helps you measure tall objects, how to make 1668:7 Clinometer to measure incline of land, how to make 1746:12 Determine height of any stationery object using clinograph 1864:182-184 How much wood will a tree yield experiment 1550:54-55 CLOCKS. See also SUNDIALS; TIME Candle timekeeper, how to make 2038:38-39 Candle timer experiment 1629:30 Digital clock numbers, how to make 2038:86-87 Electric motor clock, how to make from plywood, magnet and batteries 2038:79-81 Flower clock garden, how to plant 1645:37 Gears that work in clocks, make bottle cap model 2038:62-63 Grandfather clock model from strings and washers, how to make 2038:68-69 Hourglass or 3-minute timer experiment 1629:32 Hourglass timekeepers, how to make 2038:43-44 Jewels as cushions in watches demonstration 2038:66-67 Pendulum clock, how to make 2014:135-137 Pendulum in which each swing takes exactly one second to measure time, how to make 1532:90-91 Sand clock to demonstrate ancient Chinese clock 1658:13-15 Sand clock, how to make 1753:78 Sand clock, plastic bottles, sand, straw, paints, how to make 1599:121-122 Shadow clock experiment, how to do 1587:62-64 Shadow clock from Ancient Egypt, how to make 2038:26-27 Shadow clock, make from stick, thread and spool 1837:15 String timer experiment 1629:30 Sun clock, how to make 1699:68-70 Sun clock, how to make 2014:129 Water clock (the Clepsydra) from Ancient Egypt, how to make 2038:40-41 Water clock demonstration 1972:45

Water clock experiment, how to make from plastic containers, nail and water 1890:58-59 Water timer, how to make 1629:30-32 World clock, how to make 2014:130-133 CLONING. See also PLANTS—PROPAGATION; PLANTS—VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION Clone of root flowering plants experiment 1984:17-20 CLOTH. See also FABRIC; TEXTILES CLOTHING Colored pieces of clothing look different through red cellophane experiment 1537:112 Colors of clothing that absorb the most heat experiment 1542:35 Colors of clothing that absorb the most heat experiment 1612:92 Dark fabrics absorb heat more rapidly than light fabrics experiment 1537:8-9 Evaporation of water vapor from different-colored clothing experiment 1534:113 Heat affects wrinkles in clothing experiment 1672:86-89 Hypothermia; explore how hypothermia works experiment 1550:161 Insulated clothing works in harsh climate of tundra experiment 1550:39-40 Mittens trap body heat to help us stay warm experiment 1613:163-172 Mittens; which one insulates best experiment 1790:79-85 What clothes keep us warmest experiment 1620:111 What kinds of fabric take the most weight experiment 1620:21 CLOUD CHAMBER How to build to capture cosmic rays 1820:88-89 CLOUDS. See also NEPHOSCOPE Cloud cover, how to observe and measure in oktas 1528:180 Cloud in a bottle experiment 1751:8 Cloud in a bottle experiment, how to make 1894:8-9 Clouds affect the strength of the Sun experiment 1752:88 Clouds and condensation nuclei experiment 1528:45 Create a cloud in a jar experiment 1950:23 Fog chamber experiment; make portable cloud in a bottle experiment 1577:45-48 How clouds are formed experiment 1832:22-24 How clouds form experiment with jar, lids, chalk dust, ice cubes 1537:37-38

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Clean pennies in vinegar and salt solution experiment 1707:26 Cleaning dirty penny with lemon juice experiment 1879:94-95 Cleaning dirty penny with salt and vinegar experiment 1879:96-97 Coin cleaner experiment, clean pennies with lemon juice 1890:74 Copper-plated nail experiment with penny and lemon juice 1953:38 Electroplating a dime to look like a penny experiment 1674:36-38 Green pennies; how to make green pennies experiment 1831:131 Metallic luster on coins or polished metal surfaces experiment 1674:59-60 Pennies turn bright and shiny experiment 1699:58-59 Pennies turn green, nails get copper colored and pennies turn copper again experiment 1670:80-81 Penny corrodes hole in aluminum foil experiment 1659:76-78 Shiny copper pennies from vinegar and salt easy experiment 1857:43-46 Shiny pennies experiment with pennies, vinegar and salt 1970:306 COLD Heat and cold; easy demonstrations 1923:9,12,21 Liquid chocolate cools and turns back into solid experiment 1679:8-9 Molecules in frozen popsicle cling together experiment 1679:6-8 Popsicles demonstrate liquid to solid molecules experiment 1679:6-8 COLD BLOODED ANIMALS Why do cold blooded animals lie on rocks experiment 1752:90 COLD LIGHT (LUMINESCENCE). See also FIREFLIES Does the bioluminescence (flashing lights) created by a firefly produce heat experiment 1571:130-131 COLD PACKS How do hot and cold packs work experiment 1567:21-23 COLLISIONS Collisions are elastic, inelastic or partially elastic experiment 1609:89 Identify collisions as elastic, inelastic or partially elastic experiment 1609:96-97 Nearly elastic collisions experiment 1609:95-97

How clouds form experiment, salt, water, covered jar 1682:26 How do raindrops begin experiment 1861:44-47 How does a cloud form experiment 1861:40-43 Make a cloud in a bottle experiment 1987:43-44 Make clouds experiments 1594:44-50 Make your own clouds in a jar experiment 1969:15 Making clouds experiment 1739:5 Making clouds in glass jar experiment 1528:44 Warm air in cold air experiment 1594:51-52 Warm fluids in cold fluids experiment 1594:51-52 Watching and recording clouds experiment 1739:4 What are clouds experiment 1904:80-82 What clouds are and why rain comes from clouds experiment 1613:67-76 COAL Coal; how many layers are there in coal experiment 1535:21-23 COAL MINING Digging chips out of chocolate chip cookies demonstrates destruction of earth from coal mining experiment 1603:120 COASTS Continents and oceans have different rates of cooling and warming experiment 1528:146 Monsoon mud fertile soil from flooding experiment 1528:149 Monsoon rain-bearing winds experiment, make model 1528:148 COBB, JEWEL PLUMMER DR. Yeast growth in sugar and water experiment 1869:28-33 COCKROACHES. See also INSECTS COCOONS. See also BUTTERFLIES; CATERPILLARS; MOTHS Can a pupa survive without its cocoon experiment 1571:138-140 CODES. See also CIPHERS; SIGNALS COFFEE. See also CAFFEINE COFFEE FILTERS Chromatography capillarity; how fast can water move through paper experiment 1801:30-31 COINS Clean coins with vinegar, salt and lemon juice experiment 1970:40 Clean coins with vinegar, salt and water experiment 1657:58-60 Clean pennies in vinegar and salt solution experiment 1639:79

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COLLOIDS. See also TYNDALL EFFECT Gelatin dessert demonstrates colloidal mixture experiment 2014:26 Ice cream demonstrates double colloid, how to make 2001:142-145 Jiggling gelatin worms demonstrate a colloid gel experiment 2001:124-127 Marshmallows used to study effect that changing pressure has on volume of gas experiment 1840:209-213 Ooze from cornstarch and water, how to make 1698:112-113 Solid foam colloid experiments 2001:134-137 Vegetable oil and water in jar with food coloring experiment 1785:64 COLOR. See COLORS COLORATION—PROTECTIVE. See also CAMOUFLAGE COLORED FILTERS Clothing colors look different through red cellophane experiment 1537:112 Colored filter decodes secret messages experiment 1578:21-24 Colored filter gives new look to colored pictures experiment 1578:21-24 Mixing colors with different colored filters or cellophane experiment 1966:44-45 Using filters to view colors experiment 1966:43 What do colored filters do to colors experiment 1844:131-132 COLORED LIGHTS. See also LIGHTS—COLORED Afterimages experiments with one or both eyes and colored filters 1612:117-118 Algae; does color of light affect growth of algae cells experiment 1570:97-98 Brain; colored light effect on concentration and human mind experiment 1612:121 Breaking white light into colors experiment 1983:30-33 Changing color by absorbing light experiment 1612:72-75 Color in colored light experiment 1612:76-77 Colored objects in colored light experiments 1915:50-51 Daphnia; varying wave lengths of light effect on daphnia using colored filters experiment 1583:101 Disco tech lights (strobe-like effect) experiment 2028:56-57 Earthworm’s body part most sensitive to light experiment 1583:87

Earthworms response to different light waves project 1583:85-87 Magic trick magic flashlight with colored filters experiment 1714:22-23 Mixing blue and red light experiment 1608:80 Mixing blue, green and red light experiment 1608:81 Mixing colored lights experiment 1612:69-71 Mixing colored lights experiment 1701:25-32 Mixing colored lights experiment 1915:48-49 Mixing colors with different colored filters or cellophane experiment 1966:44-45 Mixing green and blue light experiment 1608:80 Mixing green and red light experiment 1608:81 Mold; does mold grow better in different colors of light experiment 1876:152-153 Plant growth; four colored lights effect on growth of lima bean seedlings experiment 1934:50 Polarized light passing through sugar water rotates to reveal beautiful colors experiment 1578:94-99 Red lights; why they are red experiment 1612:114-116 Reflected colors and mixing colored light experiment 1608:79-80 Spinning color wheel makes white color experiment 1627:14-16 COLORS Balloon stretched with air has lighter color experiment 1753:28 Bending white light to separate it into colors experiment 1612:61-63 Benham’s disk experiment; rotating black and white disk gives illusion of color 1576:12-16 Bleach effect on blue dye in water experiment, color disappears 1677:53-55 Breaking white light into colors experiment 1983:30-33 Bubbles from colored liquid experiment 1607:76-77 Change grape soda to a colorless liquid experiment using carbon granules 1676:41-44 Chromatography; colors in black water soluble marker easy experiment with chromatography 1857:32-35 Clothing color that absorbs the most heat experiment 1542:35 Clothing colors look different through red cellophane experiment 1537:112 Color affects energy absorbed from light experiment 1844:92-93 Color changes in food experiment 1701:89-90

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Color effect on temperature of black paint and plaster of Paris powder experiment 1895:7 Color filters and spectrum experiment 1701:33-34 Color of balloon changes when balloon is exposed to sunlight experiment 1672:31-32 Colored cellophane’s effect on taking away color experiment 2028:38 Colors and colored images in soap bubbles experiment 1608:76-78 Colors change when placed against different backgrounds experiment 1576:39-42 Colors in a soap bubble experiment 1677:47-48 Colors in soap bubbles; where do they come from experiment 1939:28-29 Colors of clothing that absorb the most heat experiment 1612:92 Create colors with a glass of water experiment 1562:18-20 Crunch aurora and zip lightning with Lifesaver candy experiment 1701:77-78 Darth Fader effect of sunlight on color experiment 1935:84-85 Diffraction grating lets you discover colors in light sources experiment 2028:31-32 Diffraction spectra in an umbrella experiment 1701:69-70 Diffraction; another way to separate white light into colors experiment 1612:64-65 Effect of colors on each another when close together experiment 1940:28 Eyes can be tricked by conditions when looking at colors experiment 1701:48-49 Eyes; color of object depends on color of light reflected to our eyes experiment 1901:47-51 Finger diffraction experiment 1701:65-66 Flower colors come from pigments in their petals experiment 1546:51 Flower petals crushed in water show color pigments experiment 1546:51 Giant bubble colors experiment 1607:74-76 Heat; how do colors react to heat experiment 1753:29 How cloth absorbs colors and how Sun fades colors experiment 1832:47-50 Human color perception experiment using colored lights to make additive color mixtures 1576:16-20 If white is the coolest color, what is the warmest experiment 2025:26-27 Inks; what color is black ink experiment with chromatography 1562:6-9

Light passing through prism produces colors of light experiment 1818:37 Light, heat and color experiment; colored objects absorb more heat than white objects 1612:91 Mathematics of color; subtraction using filters; colored filters subtract some colors of light from a beam of white light experiment 1611:67-68 Mathematics of color; subtraction using food colorings which subtract colors from white light 1611:68-73 Mathematics of colors; colors making up white light can be added together to make other colors 1611:62-66 Mirror in glass of water with Sun hitting mirror produces color spectrum 1640:132 Mixing colored paints experiment 1701:34-38 Mixing primary light colors experiment 2028:34-35 Plants; which colors do plants prefer for photosynthesis experiment 2048:64-66 Primary activities to observe and demonstrate properties of colors 1806:1-48 Rainbow color wheel discs produce white experiment 2028:36-37 Red sunset and blue sky in glass experiment 1701:51-57 Reflections, colors and thin films experiment 1608:78 Secondary colors; how are secondary colors made experiment 1753:26 Seeing colors in plastic with polarized light experiment 1675:23-26 Separate colors experiment with felt markers 2014:88 Shades; without a boundary, it’s hard to distinguish different shades of gray experiment 1576:61-65 Simple activities to demonstrate light and color 1766:4-29 Soap bubbles experiment with iridescent interference colors 1701:62-63 Soap film, under influence of gravity, changes thickness creating every-changing colors 1578:100-104 Solar heat; color changes temperature of solar heat experiment 1540:48 Spectroscope demonstrates that white light is composed of different wave lengths experiment (Advanced) 1839:283-287 Spectrum from a prism experiment 1701:14-16 Spin different colors experiment using color disks 1844:128-130

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COMPACT DISC How sound is produced from the surface of an object experiment 1903:35-38 COMPASS Compass activity; robot game, how to do 1824:24-25 Compass and bar magnet demonstrate properties of magnetic lines of force 1683:23-25 Compass doesn’t always give correct direction experiment 1753:88 Compass experiment, make from styrofoam, needles and magnet 1890:70-71 Compass made from magnetized needle in bowl of water experiment 1549:42-43 Compass needle affected by magnet experiment 1605:18-19 Compass needle forgets North Pole and points to nearby steel instead experiment 1845:44 Compass needles follow magnetic field that is stronger than Earth’s experiment 1577:9-13 Compass stops pointing north when wires are hooked to battery experiment 1820:84-85 Compass used to draw a map experiment 1605:25-26 Compass used to establish direction experiment 1605:25-26 Cork and needle compass in bowl of water, how to make 1845:43-44 Electric current affects a compass experiment 1844:310-311 Electrons moving in wire cause compass needle to move 1672:47-49 Floating compass needle experiment 1660:90 Floating compass, how to make 1908:23 Floating magnetic compass, how to make 1665:8-11 Hanging bar magnet becomes a compass experiment 1660:92 Homemade compass from card, string, magnet, needle and jar, how to make 1640:150-151 Homemade compass from magnet, needle and dish of water 1753:87 How a compass works easy experiments 1857:52-55 How compass needle reacts to magnetic field in current in wire experiment 1758:48 How needle of compass is affected by magnetic fields experiment 1851:76-77 How to use a compass 1683:11-12 Link between electricity and magnetism experiment with coils of wire, compass and D cell 1845:24-26

Spinning colors; how the eye sees colors that move rapidly experiment 1753:31 Sunlight effect on colored objects experiment using plastic bottles filled with different colored water 1934:68-69 Sunlight; how sunlight affects colors experiment 1540:22-23 Sunlight; splitting sunlight into colors experiment 1588:29 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:180-181 Thermal energy heat produced when light is absorbed experiment 1612:89-90 Thin films; another way to separate white light into colors experiment 1612:66-68 Three colors produce white experiment 1940:29 Water prisms experiment 2028:29-30 What color is white experiment 1844:126-127 What do colored filters do to colors experiment 1844:131-132 White or other colors created by mixing few colors experiment 1758:57 COLORS—INSECTS Insects; which colors do insects prefer experiment 1690:25 COLUMNS. See also BUILDING; STRUCTURES COMBUSTION. See also FIRE Burning candle goes out when oxygen is cut off experiment 1758:15 COMETS Airborne particles in atmosphere reflect light experiment 1528:159 Comet ball, aluminum foil, ribbon, how to make 2049:11 Comet in a bag experiment demonstrates how rock fragments, elements and freezing combine to form a comet 1869:60-65 Maria Mitchell’s discovery of a comet experiments 1586:120-125 Model comet with streaming tail, how to make 1974:32-33 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:141-150 Temperature of air drops when airborne particles reflect light back into space experiment 1528:161 COMMUNICATIONS Eye contact in primates using blank and threat stares experiment 1552:21-26 Nonverbal communication in human interactions experiment 1552:103-109

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Decomposition in a compost pile project 1729:87-89 Earthworms used to recycle kitchen wastes into fertile garden soil experiment 1539:90-92 Flower plants grow better in composted soil experiment 1987:56-57 Garbage can compost bin, how to make 1760:109 Indoor compost in plastic bag, how to make 1998:39 Make compost to demonstrate decomposing working experiment 1826:22-23 Make your own compost experiment 1757:12-15 Milk carton composter makes compost experiment 1750:18-19 Natural fertilizers (compost) can replace synthetic fertilizers experiment 1569:32-36 Outdoor compost bins, how to make 1998:40-41 Traditional compost pile, how to make 1760:108-109 Turn garbage into fertilizer experiment 1743:28-30 Water can be heated with composting plant material experiment 1787:82-85 Worm composting, how to do 1760:110-113 COMPOUNDS. See also ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Models of elements, mixtures and compounds experiment 1710:15 COMPRESSED AIR. See AIR—COMPRESSED COMPUTER DISKS What’s inside a computer disk experiment 1699:40-41 COMPUTERS AND and OR computer logic circuits experiment 1936:80-81 Code signal; build basic keyboard that produces electric code signal for each key, how to make 1532:165 Counting binary box changes any decimal number from 0-15 into its binary equivalent, how to make 1532:164 Disc drive; build model of a floppy disk drive that stores data and then retrieves it experiment 1532:171 Half adder; build a half adder in which EOR and AND gates produce the total experiment 1532:173 Numbers; simple working computer adds numbers experiment, how to do 1532:180-181 Processing unit; make an abacus that adds binary numbers the same way as a processing unit 1532:172 RAM chips; model shows how chip has rows of eight memory cells each storing one byte 1532:170

Magic trick magnetic finger compass needle moves experiment 1716:18-19 Magnet; how to make compass from needle experiment (Primary) 1543:16-18 Magnetic compass, how to make 1899:73-76 Magnetic field of solenoid causes compass to lose its sense of direction experiment 1683:49-40 Magnets effect on compass experiment 2053:44-45 Make a compass from magnet, needle and foam ball 1844:260-261 Make compass from magnetized needle and piece of cork experiment 1683:32-33 Make compass from magnetized needle, bottle cap and water experiment 1707:31 Making a compass from needle, bowl of water and magnet 1664:124 Making a magnet and two magnetic compasses experiment 1605:19-22 Making and using a simple compass and a loop compass 1727:26-27 Nail compass, how to make 1614:24-25 Needle and cork compass, how to make 1634:25 Needle compass, how to make 1758:39 Sewing needle compass, how to make 1637:26 Sewing needle magnet, how to make 1964:12 Suspended magnet compass, how to make 1908:22 Water compass in shallow dish, how to make 1863:52-55 COMPASS ROSE Compass rose used to measure direction of a map experiment 1850:87-96 Compass rose, how to make 1850:87-88 Make a compass with a compass rose and use it to locate magnetic north experiment 1850:92-96 COMPOST Buried plant garbage will decompose experiment 1832:85-87 Compost bin, how to make and care for 1707:48-49 Compost can replace or supplement commercial fertilizers experiment 1569:58-63 Compost from household garbage experiment 1987:56-57 Compost heap from vegetable scraps and garden waste experiment 1546:9 Compost heap in box from kitchen scraps experiment 1551:21 Compost heap or worm factory in large garbage can, how to do 1691:14-15

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How conductors and insulators work experiment with flashlight, plastic bag and penny 1707:103 How metals conduct or carry heat from one place to another experiment 1674:9-11 CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM Bicycle wheel acts like a giant gyroscope experiment 1579:16-20 CONSTELLATIONS. See also STARS Activities to study the stars and constellations 2026:87-115 Autumn constellations, how to locate 1847:184-192 Cassiopeia (The Queen) constellation, how to locate 1847:73-83 Cepheid’s change in size model, how to do 1847:89-92 Cepheus (The King) constellation, how to locate 1847:84-92 Circumpolar constellations daily movement model experiment 1847:51-55 Clock; constellation clock; motion of stars throughout the year can reveal the time experiment 1533:22-23 Constellations baked on pancake surface experiment, recipe for pancakes 1627:18 Draco (The Dragon) constellation, how to locate 1847:93-101 Find North Star and Big and Little Dipper experiment 1906:26-28 Hand-made constellations experiment 1818:35 Hercules (The Kneeler) constellation, how to locate 1847:177-183 Hydra (The Sea Monster) constellation, how to locate 1847:162-169 Light box projects group of star-like light spots experiment 1660:40-41 Light box shows constellation patterns, how to make 1953:158 List of constellations 1847:228-229 Locating Northern circumpolar constellations, how to do 1847:45-50 Looking for the Big Dipper and Polaris experiment 1737:23 Make your own constellations project 1869:152-161 Make your own constellations using oatmeal box, needle and flashlight 1751:90 Model constellation, how to make from skewers, clay and foil 1706:15 Model mobile constellation, how to make 1974:30 Night sky, observing in spring, summer, fall and winter experiment 1737:24-27

Search game; follow two search programs to see how they work experiment 1532:174-175 Seven-bar display experiment, liquid-crystal display (LCD) shows numbers in dark segment on a light background 1532:176 Simple working computer demonstrates how computer’s main units fit together and operate 1532:178-179 COMPUTERS—PROJECTS Build mini-ice-house using sawdust as insulator to keep ice from melting experiment 1915:19-20 Can mathematical patterns be found in Johann Sebastian Bach’s two-movement preludes and fugues experiment 1539:80-81 Computer creations and activities 1789:23-127 Counting stars experiment 1915:38-40 Curved mirror experiments 1915:42-45 Global view of Earth, Sun and Moon experiment 1915:26-28 Incident and reflected rays experiment 1915:45-46 Light box to make light rays experiment 1915:42-45 Mapping the Sun’s path experiment 1915:32-34 Moon mapping and watching experiment 1915:34-36 Relationship between origami fold known as “wave” and golden mean or ratio experiment 1539:121-125 Size of the Sun and Moon experiment 1915:36 Solar system mobile made from computer printouts project 1789:98-99 Spreadsheets and graphics; how to use them in your science project 1915:142-146 Stream table model to study water flow and erosion experiment 1915:26-27 Which way is North experiment 1915:29-32 CONCRETE. See also CEMENT Beams; reinforced concrete beams, how to make and test strength of each 1532:51 Garden edge bricks, how to make with concrete and mortar 1572:40-42 Stepping stones from concrete and rocks or shells, making 1572:43-45 CONDENSATION. See also MOISTURE; WATER CONDITIONED BEHAVIOR. See GOLDFISH CONDITIONING. See BEHAVIOR; LEARNING CONDUCTION. See HEAT—CONDUCTION Heat travels on steel wire and makes straight pins fall experiment 1907:17 CONDUCTORS. See also ELECTRONICS Expanding a metal with heat experiment 1674:12-14

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CONSTRUCTION. See also BUILDING CONSUMER GOODS Breakfast cereal favorites survey in your class; bar graph experiment 1550:8 Breakfast cereals compared for grams of fat per serving experiment 1550:8 Breakfast cereals compared for minerals, vitamins, sugars and fats experiment 1550:8 Breakfast cereals; size and calories of each serving of breakfast cereals experiment 1550:8 Bulbs; brightness of bulbs from different manufacturers experiment 1539:82-84 Do a packaging survey for unnecessary layers of wrappings 1691:5 Plastic food wrap as an insulator experiment 1540:75 Plastic wraps that keep food fresh compared experiment 1540:68-69 CONSUMER SAFETY Tamper check for foods experiment 1540:42 CONTINENTAL DRIFT Demonstrate how the continents drifted apart 1853:9-10 CONTINENTAL PLATES Jigsaw of continental plates, how to make model 2016:7 CONTINENTS Continental jigsaw to demonstrate drifting continents, experiment 2052:2-13 Continents and oceans have different rates of cooling and warming experiment 1528:146 Demonstrate how the continents drifted apart 1853:9-10 Identify and locate the seven continents and four oceans of the world experiment 1850:177-187 Jigsaw of continental plates, how to make model 2016:7 Location of a continent affects its animal life experiment 1850:184-186 Monsoon mud fertile soil from flooding experiment 1528:149 Monsoon rain-bearing winds experiment, make model 1528:148 Plates; movement of plates shifts continents and creates new crust material experiment 1528:152 CONVECTION. See also HEAT—CONVECTION Convection in a gas experiment 1907:19

Night sky; observe and record constellations in night sky 1547:35-41 Optical double model to see stars from slight angle experiment 1847:61-63 Orion (The Hunter) constellation, how to locate 1847:214-223 Orion, how to observe 1706:27 Perseus (The Hero) constellation, how to locate 1847:193-200 Planetarium from flashlight and milk carton experiment (Primary) 1557:67 Planetarium from oatmeal box, how to make 1627:18-20 Planisphere star finder model, how to make and use 1802:22-23 Shoe box constellation, how to make 1737:22 Spring constellations, how to locate 1847:150-161 Star box to view constellations, how to make 1688:26-29 Star disk instrument shows which constellations are visible at different latitudes experiment 1847:30-34 Star map of the constellations that circle the Pole Star, how to make 2038:50-51 Star map, how to use to find constellations experiment 1847:35-41 Star scope, how to make to view constellations 2003:12-13 Star tube to observe constellations, how to make 1893:24-25 Summer constellations, how to locate 1847:170-176 Tack board to display constellation pictures, how to make 2049:16-17 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:200-201 Tin can constellations experiment, how to make 2037:258 Ursa Major (Great Bear) constellation, how to locate 1847:56-63 Ursa Minor (Little Bear) constellation, how to locate 1847:64-72 Viewer; oatmeal box constellation viewer, how to make 1970:20 When can you see Orion experiment 1905:36-38 Why constellations appear to decrease in size as they rise above horizon experiment 1847:81-83 Winter constellations, how to locate 1847:201-207 Zodiac constellations, how to locate 1847:102-111 Zodiacal band of constellations model experiment, make from battery pack, polyboard and compasses 1974:28

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Rust or oxidation of nail in salt solution experiment 1906:49-52 CORROSION OF METALS. See also RUST COSMETICS Lavender and rose powder, how to make 1702:133 Lip gloss, how to make 1702:134 Perfumed oil from herb leaves and spice experiment 1651:199-200 COSMIC RAYS How to build a cloud chamber to capture cosmic rays 1820:88-89 COTTON Test strength of nylon compared to cotton experiment 1771:75-79 CRANE FLIES How to catch and keep crane flies 1653:76-78 CRATERS Craters made from dropping rocks into moist dirt experiment 1554:30-32 How Moon got its craters; science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:151-155 Lunar surface model, how to make from salt dough and paints 1697:16-17 Show how craters are formed and the different shapes they take experiment 1533:8-9 CRAYFISH Crayfish trap, how to make from plastic berry boxes 1967:24-25 How to collect and observe crayfish 1930:122-123 How to keep and observe crayfish 2021:98-102 CRAYONS Activities and science experiments 2032:92-102 Crayons affected by heat and cold experiment 1832:51-53 Heating crayons and observing changes of state experiment 1840:25-30 CREEKS Creek aquarium to keep creek critters for observation, how to do 1916:33 CRESS Cress seeds grow in cookie cutters, how to do 1662:14-15 Grow cress eggs experiment 1973:94 CRICKETS Are crickets attracted to light experiment 1652:50 Are crickets lefties or righties experiment 1732:42 Calculate temperature by counting cricket chirps 1633:64 Calculate the air temperature with a cricket experiment 1959:112-113

Convection in a liquid experiment using food coloring in tank of water 1907:18 CONVECTION CURRENTS Simulate movement of air currents due to convection experiment 1850:151-154 COOKERS—SOLAR. See also SOLAR COOKERS COORDINATION Coordination tester experiment, make from shoe box, wire, light bulb and battery 1890:61-63 Hand eye coordination experiment 1725:146 How does being cold affect your coordination experiment 1669:17 COPPER Observe expansion and contraction of copper experiment 1900:83-86 COPPER PLATING. See also ELECTROPLATING CORAL REEF Best material for artificial coral reefs experiment 1569:49-53 Coral patterns 1834:27-28 How coral reefs protect the beach experiment 1752:55 CORBELS. See also BUILDING CORIOLIS EFFECT Model demonstrates curved paths of fluids due to the Coriolis effect experiment 2050:28-30 CORIOLIS FORCE Coriolis forces explained experiment 1983:68-70 What is the Coriolis force experiment 1904:87-89 CORN Activities and science experiments 2032:78-91 Corn and beans; compare stems and root systems of each plant experiment 1854:52-55 Corn and beans; differences between monocots and dicots experiment 1854:52-55 What are the first signs of corn seed germination experiment 1854:52-55 CORNHUSK DOLLS Corn husk doll, how to make 1555:115 CORONA. See ECLIPSES CORROSION Metal corrosion and how it is controlled experiment 1674:31-35 Penny corrodes hole in aluminum foil experiment 1659:76-78 pH level most conducive to corrosion in iron and copper experiment 1539:66-67

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Can crickets learn experiment 1777:38 Can crickets swim experiment 1777:41 Catch and study a cricket, how to do 1928:30-31 Cave or camel crickets, how to keep and observe them 2021:16-18 Cold temperature effects on crickets experiment 1777:37 Collecting and housing crickets and grasshoppers, how to do 1930:24-25 Counting cricket chirps to tell you the temperature, how to do 2003:39 Cricket chirps tell you the temperature, how to count 1753:122 Cricket tells you the temperature experiment 2014:250 Cricket thermometer, how to do 1732:16 Cricket thermometer; tell temperature by number of cricket chirps 1967:159 Do crickets like light or dark experiment 1777:38 Do crickets like to live together experiment 1732:33-34 Do crickets prefer certain colors experiment 1732:37-38 Do crickets prefer damp or dry sand experiment 1652:48-50 Do crickets prefer houses with two doors or one door experiment 1652:45 Do crickets prefer moss, damp grass clippings or damp sand experiment 1652:51 Do crickets stay in houses because they are attracted to darkness experiment 1652:50 Eggs; how to care for cricket eggs 17323:42 Experiments with crickets, data sheets given 1652:41-57 External identifying features of adult insects experiment 1852:12-15 Feeding grasshoppers and crickets, how to do 1871:18-19 Field crickets, how to catch and keep them 1653:82-85 Having female present increases aggression in male crickets experiment 1652:56-59 House for cricket from glass jar, how to make 1855:22-25 How a male cricket sings, observation 1777:28 How crickets communicate through song experiment 1552:40-45 How far can a cricket jump experiment 1777:38 How to collect and care for crickets 1732:28-31 How to collect and keep crickets 1871:12-19 How to tell temperature from cricket chirps 1928:31

Is one male consistently dominant over the other males experiment 1652:54-56 Isolated male cricket is more aggressive than a nonisolated male cricket experiment 1652:56 Jar home for crickets, how to set up 1777:10 Level of aggression in male cricket is affected by previous win or lose fight experiment 1652:57 Male cricket with a house is more aggressive toward intruder experiment 1652:56 Microbial disease in crickets experiment 1570:124-126 Model of cricket, how to make from egg carton and pipe cleaners 1928:32 Observe behavior and eating habits experiment 1603:79-80 Obstacle course or maze for crickets experiment 1641:47 Poster of crickets external and internal parts 1777:22-23 Setting up a cage, how to do 1871:16-17 Telling temperature by cricket chirps, how to do 1793:43 What do crickets eat experiment 1777:40 What food do crickets prefer experiment 1652:51 What makes crickets sing experiment 1732:39-41 What natural surroundings do crickets prefer experiment 1732:35-36 Will crickets avoid snake scent experiment 1777:40 Will crickets choose houses with other crickets or a house to themselves experiment 1652:48 Will crickets go in the water experiment 1777:41 Will crickets make more tunnels in dry or wet sand experiment 1652:50 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION. See DETECTIVES CROSS STAFF. See also LATITUDE CRUSTACEANS. See also BRINE SHRIMP; OSTRACODS; SOW BUGS CRYPTOGRAPHY Alphabet in Morse code, how to use and investigate 1822:51-52 Bar chart to interpret letter frequency, how to make 1822:35-39 Braille alphabet, how to use and investigate 1822:48-50 Cipher wheels, how to make and use 1822:12-22 Code words, how to use 1822:25-26 Codes using numbers for letters, how to do 1822:27-31

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Cracking substitution ciphers, how to do 1822:40-41 Factor grids in which to put the letters of a message, how to do 1822:44-45 Grids used with number codes, how to do 1822:32 Invented alphabets, how to make 1822:46-47 Julius Caesar’s cipher, how to decode 1822:9-11 Letter frequency, how to do 1822:34 Random ciphers, how to do 1822:23-24 Scytale device for sending and receiving messages, how to do 1822:33 Transposition ciphers, how to do 1822:42-43 CRYSTALS. See also GARDENS—CHEMICAL; MELTS; ROCKS Alum crystals experiment, how to grow 1817:17 Alum crystals, how to grow 1666:14-21 Alum crystals, how to grow 1670:63 Alum crystals, how to grow 1738:9 Alum crystals, how to grow 1827:16-17 Atomic packing in crystals model using styrofoam balls 1610:95-99 Baking soda crystals experiment 2035:23 Baking soda crystals, how to make 1670:59 Beautiful crystals, how to grow experiment 2014:49-50 Big crystal experiment using alum 2014:48 Borax crystals, how to make 1670:61 Charcoal crystal garden experiment 1933:8 Coal, salt and ammonia crystal garden experiment 2014:47 Colored crystals, how to grow experiment 2014:51 Compare colorless regular soda and colorless diet soda for crystal formation experiment 1833:78 Compare regular water and sea water for crystal formation experiment 1833:79 Cream of tartar crystals, how to make 1670:62 Crystal garden, how to make using Epsom salt 1879:90-91 Crystal garden experiment using charcoal, salt and ammonia experiment 1951:41-42 Crystal garden in glass bowl experiment 1633:104-105 Crystal garden, how to make 1670:62 Crystal garden, how to make 1670:64 Crystal model, how to make 2050:87-89 Crystal needles from Epsom salt crystals experiment 2022:103 Crystal pictures on paper from different varieties of salt experiment 1840:19-24 Crystal rock garden experiment 1831:106

Crystal theory experiment; what happens in a crystal when atoms arrange themselves 1599:107 Crystals cube-shaped experiment 1859:12-15 Crystals from variety of supersaturated solutions experiment 2001:30-31 Crystals sparkle dough pictures experiment 2022:37 Disposable diaper crystals make water disappear experiment 1657:64-67 Dorothy Hodgkin; repeat her experiments with crystal structures and structure of penicillin 1586:217-219 Effect of temperature on color of liquid crystals in color-changing cars experiment 1840:261-267 Epsom salt crystals grow in bowl of rocks experiment 1631:10-12 Epsom salt crystals grow in Sun experiment 1699:56-57 Epsom salt crystals, how to make 1670:58 Frozen crystals from soap bubble mix experiment 2022:102 Grow several types of crystals experiment 1758:17 Grow some crystals to demonstrate work of Dorothy Hodgkin, Nobel Prize winner 1658:33-35 Grow sucrose crystals called rock candy experiment 1637:63 Grow sugar crystals experiment 1802:32 Grow your own crystals and examine shapes like Pasteur did experiment 1819:108-109 Growing crystals on charcoal or bricks experiment 1879:88-89 Growing Epsom salt crystals experiment 2050:89-90 Growing salt crystals experiment, Epsom salt, salt and alum 1599:108-109 Growing sugar sweet crystals experiment 1869:162-169 Halite crystals, how to make 1746:29 How do crystals form experiment 1842:150-151 How fast do crystals grow experiment 1876:133 How salt, sugar and baking soda dissolve and crystallize experiment 1833:78 Ionic crystal model; one ball and stick model; one spherical model 1610:99-104 Magnetic minerals in sand experiment 1746:30 Make crystals from crystals of salt experiment 1676:19-21 Make large sugar crystals from tiny ones experiment 1844:39-40 Make salt crystals on a string experiment 1833:79

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Sugar crystals, how to make 1670:58 Two-dimensional model of crystal imperfections project 1610:105-107 Washing soda crystals, how to make 1670:61 Watch crystals form in rock candy experiment 1831:102 Water can dissolve just so much sugar experiment 1548:34 What are crystals and how do they grow experiment 1566:24-27 What type of crystals do rocks have experiment 1842:152 CURIE POINT Piece of iron heated to high temperature loses its ability to be magnetized experiment 1577:29-32 CURIE, MARIE Decay process in molecules similar to decay process in radioactive atoms experiment 1755:112-113 Experiment demonstrates how distillation works 1869:84-89 Make a thermometer like Marie Curie’s students 1755:109-110 Measure heat rays experiment 1755:111-112 Repeat Curie’s physical, chemical and magnetic soil experiments 1586:200-204 CURIE, PIERRE Piece of iron heated to high temperature loses its ability to be magnetized experiment 1577:29-32 CURRENTS—OCEAN. See also OCEAN CYANOMETER Measure shades of blue in the sky with cyanometer, how to build and use 1864:14-16 CYCLAMATES. See ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS CYLINDERS Book is supported on one sheet of paper experiment 1879:80-81

Make sugar crystals on a string experiment 1833:78 Model of cubic halite crystal and model of tetragonal zircon crystal experiment 1859:14-15 Model of how ions might pack together to form an ionic crystal experiment 1610:99-105 Models of crystal shapes, how to make 2001:33 Models of crystals, how to make 2014:54 Paper crystal models of four crystal forms experiment 1599:110-112 Rock candy crystals experiment 1972:19 Rock candy crystals experiment, how to make 1829:6-7 Rock candy crystals experiment, how to make from water, sugar, paper clips and string 1548:36-38 Rock candy crystals you can eat experiment 1631:10-12 Rock candy experiment, how to make 1879:86-87 Rock candy; how to make rock candy experiment 1564:10-12 Salt crystals experiment, how to make 2022:100 Salt crystals, how to grow 1828:5 Salt crystals, how to make 1670:57 Salt dissolved in water experiment, does more dissolve in hot or cold water 1548:35 Saltwater crystals experiment 1953:59 Shape of crystals model, how to make 1710:10 Six crystal systems, how to build models 2050:87-90 Star shaped crystals from borax, water and pipe cleaners experiment 2001:28-29 Sugar and gelatin solution grows crystals experiment 1851:103 Sugar crystal candy experiment 1970:48 Sugar crystals (rock candy) experiment 2031:22 Sugar crystals with and without gelatin experiment 1859:10-11 Sugar crystals, how to grow experiment 1951:44-45

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DA VINCI, LEONARDO. See VINCI, LEONARDO DA DAGUERRE, LOUIS J. Produce a simple photographic image experiment 1771:23-28 DAIRY Cows; how cows process food and make milk project 1729:43-48 DAIRY PRODUCTS Butter making project 1729:49-51 Cheese making project, make cottage cheese 1729:52 Compare microbes in various types of milk products experiment 1570:44-46 Make butter from cream experiment 1849:175-177 DALTON, JOHN Dalton’s atomic model; concrete model of atoms and molecules 1610:81-84 DALTON’S THEORY Isotopes; isotropic forms of the elements model 1610:84-85 DAMS Test dam model for strength of curved shape experiment 1635:25 DANDELIONS Are dandelions as effective as commonly prescribed antibiotics against bacteria experiment 1539:126-128 Compound flower experiment using dandelion 1751:89 How much of dandelion root must you pull out to keep it from growing again 1876:71-81 Natural rubber made from dandelions experiment 1637:51 Sap from dandelion dries to form elastic materials experiment 1751:72 Succulent cells of dandelion experiment 1959:140-141 DAPHNIA. See also MICROSCOPE; PROTOZOA; WATER FLEAS Drugs effect on daphnia heartbeat experiment 1583:97-99

Light effect on daphnia behavior experiment 1583:100-101 Population growth of daphnia under fluorescent bulbs versus incandescent bulbs experiment 1583:101 Varying wave lengths of light effect on daphnia using colored filters experiment 1583:101 Water temperature effect on daphnia heartbeat experiment 1583:99 DARBLING BEETLES. See MEALWORMS DARWIN, CHARLES Discovery walk in your own environment, how to do 1919:115-118 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:107-116 Study earthworms like Darwin did experiment 1919:115 DATA PROCESSING. See COMPUTERS DAY AND NIGHT. See also NIGHT AND DAY Day and night demonstrated experiment 1528:17 Where does each new day begin experiment 1906:32-34 Why do we have day and night experiment 1737:6 Why do we have day and night experiment with ball and flashlight 1704:17 DAYLIGHT Daylight hours increase or decrease equally at both ends of day experiment 1587:75-76 DECAY. See also MOLDS; ROT Bananas in four bags with yeast and water experiment 1603:106-107 How does yeast affect decay experiment 1735:39 DECOMPOSERS Insects decompose leaf litter experiment 1691:9 DECOMPOSITION. See also COMPOST; MOLDS; ROT Bananas in four bags with yeast and water experiment 1603:106-107 Buried plant garbage will decompose experiment 1832:85-87

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DENSITIES. See FLOATING AND SINKING; WATER DENSITY. See also LIQUIDS Aluminum foil boat demonstrates density effect on floating 1890:56-57 Balloon submarine experiment 1606:14-15 Behavior of two immiscible liquids and the solubility of dyes in the liquids experiment 1840:235-238 Compare densities of air, lung air and carbon dioxide experiment 1606:44 Compare how objects float in tap water and in saltwater experiment 1840:137-142 Density of different salt solutions experiment using homemade hydrometer 1550:132-133 Density tube toy filled with liquid and glitter experiment 1840:53-58 Egg floats in saltwater and sinks in fresh water experiment 1680:30 Expanding, floating soap bubble in carbon dioxide experiment 1840:245-250 Float egg in saltwater experiment 1879:24-25 Frustration bottles experiment, add liquids to bottles and observe resulting layers 1840:239-243 How liquids float experiment using narrow bottle, oil, alcohol and food colors 1838:30 Identify and control variables that affect the ‘drip period’ of liquid timers experiment 1840:229-233 Layered lemon Jello demonstrates what is density experiment 1680:22-23 Layering colored fluids of different densities experiment 1933:22-23 Liquid filled balloons in tub experiment; which sink or float 1606:9-15 Make hydrometer to measure how things float in different liquids experiment 1838:28 Many layers of liquids in a glass using water, syrup and cooking oil experiment 1879:20-21 Mass, density and volume affect whether soft drink cans float or sink in water experiment (Advanced) 1839:233-237 Measure buoyancy or “floating strength” of alcohol filled balloon in water 1606:16-18 Measure density of your body using Archimedes method 1637:69 Physical properties difference in high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene terephtahalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS) experiment 1840:143-149 Saltwater is denser or heavier than freshwater experiment 1784:13

Bury waste items in soil to check for decomposition experiment 1987:26-27 Cold weather in tundra decomposition problems experiment 1550:38-39 Compare rate of food decomposition in two zip lock bags; one in dark and one in light experiment 1641:48 Decomposers; insects and creatures in dead leaves, how to collect experiment 2044:51 Decomposition by tiny animals experiment 1540:54 Decomposition investigation at crime scene project 1888:93-96 Food decay in clear plastic box experiment 1987:28 Food decomposition affected by light, dark, wet, dry, earthworms experiment 1641:48 Getting worms to eat your garbage experiment 1655:12-13 Making compost to demonstrate decomposing working experiment 1826:22-23 Mold spores cause decay in fruits and vegetables experiment 1802:58-59 Molds rot a red pepper experiment 1546:8 Process of decomposition project 1729:79-85 Repeat Redi’s experiment that bacteria and fungi form by spontaneous generation experiment 1987:30-32 What decomposes in soil experiment with eggshells, leaves, paper and plastic 1970:159 What happens to a leaf after it has fallen experiment 1751:76 Which solids decompose easily project 1842:206-207 Worms eat organic matter and aerate the soil experiment 1602:33-34 Yeast and bananas in plastic bags demonstrate decomposition experiment 1602:27-28 DECOMPRESSION. See DIVING—SUBMARINES DEEP SEA DIVER. See CARTESIAN DIVER DEFORESTATION. See EROSION; RAIN FOREST DEHYDRATION. See also FOOD DELTAS Delta formation, how are deltas formed experiment 1752:68 Make a delta to demonstrate sand deposits into delta region, experiment 2052:29 Make delta model to demonstrate movement of soil into the sea experiment 2016:29 DEMESTRAL, GEORGE Test Velcro experiment 1771:87-88

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Why is desert hot in day and cold at night experiment 1550:17 DESMIDS. See also MICROSCOPE DETECTIVE WORK Ballistics to match bullets to gun project 1888:50-52 Blood identification at crime scene project 1888:64-65 Bone identification at the crime scene project 1888:75-78 Bottom-of-letter handwriting analysis to solve crime project 1888:104-105 Burned documents investigation at crime scene project 1888:68-70 Casts of footprints, shoe prints and tire tracks left at scene of crime project 1888:44-46 Chemistry used to identify unknown substances at crime scene project 1888:55-59 Classifying fingerprints 1888:28-30 Cloth fibers left at scene of crime project 1888:40-42 Collecting tough fingerprints at scene of crime project 1888:33-35 Counterfeit bills, how are they detected project 1888:108-110 Decomposition investigation at crime scene project 1888:93-96 DNA testing at the crime scene project 1888:81-83 Dust and dirt identification at crime scene project 1888:88-89 Dusting for fingerprints project 1888:30-33 Feet reveal height investigation at crime scene project 1888:78-80 Fingerprints left at scene of crime project 1888:25-27 Glass fragments left at scene of crime project 1888:49-50 Hair specimens left at scene of crime project 1888:38-39 Heat loss investigation at crime scene project 1888:91-93 Ink and pen identification from scene of crime project 1888:66-68 Interviewing witnesses project 1888:15-17 Lip prints left at scene of crime project 1888:22-24 Microbes used for testing at crime scene project 1888:83-85 Microorganisms investigation at crime scene project 1888:90-91 Paper fibers left at scene of crime project 1888:42-44

Test clay boat’s cargo-carrying capacity to modify boat’s design experiment 1840:59-65 Two layers with different colors using cooking oil, water and food coloring experiment 1879:26-28 What is the densest object you can find experiment 1743:68-70 DENTIFRICES. See TOOTHPASTE DERMATOGLYPHICS. See FINGERPRINTING DESALINIZATION. See also WATER— DESALINIZATION DESCARTES, RENE. See also CARTESIAN DIVER Changes in fluid pressure affect buoyancy of a Cartesian diver experiment 1579:36-41 DESCARTES DIVER. See CARTESIAN DIVER DESERT ANIMALS Small desert animals get water from seeds of desert plants experiment 1948:31 DESERT BIOMES Demonstrate how some cactus plants store water experiment 1848:113-116 Things to do to conserve and preserve the desert biome 1791:57-60 DESERT COMMUNITY. See also ECOSYSTEMS DESERT GARDEN Grow cactus plants in small desert garden experiment 1695:26-27 DESERT PLANTS Desert plants have leaves that keep in water experiment 1948:29 DESERTIFICATION. See also DESERT; EROSION DESERTS Alkali flat in arid climates; simulate formation experiment 1550:17 Desert wind-driven sand slowed down by trees experiment, make model 1528:144 Heating and cooling of desert soils experiment 1550:17 Mini desert experiment, how to make with sand, gravel, soil, container, small cacti and succulents 1546:42-43 Oasis model demonstrates how water collects and seeds grow experiment 1528:145 Planting trees holds desert soil in place experiment 1927:21 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:65-73 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:163-165

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Paper trail; indented paper investigation at crime scene project 1888:98-99 Predict what objects are in closed box project 1888:9-11 Scene of the crime activities to perform project 1888:12-15 Seeds and spore identification at crime scene project 1888:85-87 Spacing and slant analysis of handwriting to solve crime project 1888:105-107 Teeth impressions at the crime scene project 1888:72-74 Tool impressions left at scene of crime project 1888:47-48 Top-of-letter handwriting analysis to solve crime project 1888:102-103 Trailing a suspect project 1888:18-20 Typewriting analysis to solve crime project 1888:99-101 Voiceprints to help identify person project 1888:35-37 DETECTIVES Chromatography test to match inks from pens experiment 1937:15 Fingerprints, how to get and preserve 1937:41 How do detectives tell the difference in inks experiment 1876:134 DETERGENTS. See also SOAP Brands of dish washing liquids and their effect on soap bubbles experiment 1607:39-55 Compare which detergents clean clothes best experiment 1620:30 Damaging effect of phosphate detergents on freshwater, plant and animal life experiment 1864:163-164 Detergent effect on plant growth experiment 1569:91-95 Detergent is better for washing things than just plain water experiment 1620:30 Do plain or biological detergents clean food stains from clothing experiment 1620:30 How dishwashing liquid cleans away oil experiment 1851:114-115 How well do detergents work experiment 1743:91-94 Making water less sticky experiment 1607:19-20 Needle floats on water until touched with drop of dishwashing liquid experiment 1680:30 Soap film on water pushed away by different household products 1637:37 Soapy water drop on waxed paper experiment 1607:20

Which detergents wash cleanest in cold water experiment 1620:30 DEW Dew evaporating from grass experiment 1528:52 What causes dew experiment 1851:80-81 What causes dew experiment 1861:48-51 DEW POINT. See also WATER Dew point temperature chart 1528:187 How to measure dew point experiment 1953:257 Humidity affects dew point experiment 1851:80-81 Humidity affects dew point temperature experiment 1861:49 Investigate temperature and precipitation and dew point experiment 1550:159-160 Measure dew point experiment 1753:119 Measuring the dew point experiment 1594:56-57 Predicting the dew point experiment 1528:53 Temperature at which dew begins to condense experiment 1739:13 Temperature at which dew forms is called dew point experiment 1861:49 What is the dew point experiment 1904:93-94 DIAPERS Disposable diaper crystals make water disappear experiment 1657:64-67 How much water do things hold experiment with diapers, paper towels and cotton ball 1879:32-34 Super absorbent polymer absorbs liquid experiment 1675:12-13 Super absorber polymers in disposable diapers experiment 1840:221-228 DIATOMS. See also ALGAE; MICROSCOPE Diatoms differences in types found in ponds and streams experiment 1570:99-100 How to collect from pond or ditch mud 1661:39 DIFFRACTION. See LIGHT DIFFUSION. See also MOLECULES Cells; chemicals move through fluid inside cell by “spreading out” process known as diffusion experiment 1725:27 Cells; diffusion in action in cells experiment using ink and water 1725:27 Expanding, floating soap bubble in carbon dioxide experiment 1840:245-250 How does water move through moss experiment 1854:8-12

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Molecules in motion in hot and cold water and food coloring experiment 2001:20-22 Molecules mix together in liquid experiment 1906:55-56 Plastic bubble wrap used to model microencapsulation used in scratch-and-sniff stickers experiment 1840:45-51 Water passes from higher to lower concentrations in osmosis experiment 1571:70-72 DIGESTION. See also HUMAN BODY Acidity of food vacuoles in a paramecium experiment 1570:62-64 Starch; iodine test for presence of starch in cracker from your mouth experiment 1571:23-24 DINOSAURS Apatosaurus model made from plastic bottle and papier mache 1694:20-21 Armor model, bony plates, how to make 1999:28-29 Arms models, how to make 1999:23 Body temperature of cold-blooded dinosaurs affected by the environment experiment 1851:86-87 Brachiosaurus model, how to make with wire and plaster of Paris 1999:32-33 Dinosaur egg models made from clay 1694:22-23 Dinosaur foot model made in clay, how to do 1694:10-12 Dinosaur jaws models, how to make from soft wood 1999:21 Dinosaur skeleton made from cardboard, straws and sand 1694:14-15 Dinosaur tooth fossil made from clay 1694:18-19 Eggs; plaster of Paris dinosaur eggs, how to make 1670:22 Evolutionary dinosaur tree model, how to make 1999:12-13 Excavation site model, how to make 1999:14-15 Flying Pteranodon reptile made from paper and wire 1694:16-17 Footprints; plaster of Paris dinosaur footprints, how to make 1670:24 How were dinosaur tracks made experiment 1851:88-89 Hypsilophodon model, how to make with wire and plaster of Paris 1999:30-31 Landscape; dinosaur landscape model, how to make 1999:10-11 Landscape; make prehistoric landscape from flour, salt dough and paints 1654:8-9 Legs models; how to make 1999:22-23 Nodosaurid model from cardboard, how to make 1745:89-92

Plesiosaurs model, how to make with wire and plaster of Paris 1999:40-41 Plesiosaurus pop-up paper model, how to make 1694:26-27 Prehistoric landscape in box, how to make 1694:6-7 Pteranodon model, how to make with wires, plasticine and cardboard 1999:42-43 Pterosaur, make from cardboard, pipe cleaners and string 1654:22-23 Skeleton of four-legged dinosaur model, how to make 1999:16-19 Stegosaurus model, how to make with wire and plaster of Paris 1999:34-35 Stegosaurus model, make from newspaper, pulp and paints 1654:14-15 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:53-61 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:82-83 Triceratops model, how to make with wire and plaster of Paris 1999:36-37 Tyrannosaurus model, how to make with wire and plaster of Paris 1999:38-39 Tyrannosaurus skull model, how to make 1999:20-21 When did the dinosaurs live experiment 1905:95-98 DINOSAURS—GAMES Extinction of dinosaurs game, make from cardboard and plasticine 1999:44-45 DIORAMA Tide pool diorama, how to make, patterns of animals given 1834:20-23 DIP NET. See also NETS DIRECTION Astrolabe, a simple direction finder, how to make 1660:36-37 Finding North with Sun and stick experiment 1587:53-57 DIRT. See SOILS DISEASES Handshake transmits yeast cell from one hand to another experiment 1571:58-60 Microbes can be spread from one person to another by a simple handshake experiment 1571:58-60 DISHWASHERS Demonstrate rotating spray of dishwasher experiment 1532:80 Do dishwashers or detergents get rid of microbes on eating utensils experiment 1570:120-121

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Dog biscuits, recipe, how to make 1529:50-51 Microbes in human saliva compared to dog saliva experiment 1570:24-26 Observe how domestic dog greets different types of individuals experiment 1552:89-95 Produce sounds similar to a barking dog experiment 1903:27-30 Train your dog to link sound of bell with food experiment 1530:31 Which chooses human contact more, a kitten or a puppy experiment 2020:143-147 DOLPHINS Dolphin-safe tuna in supermarkets and restaurants survey project 1965:86-88 DOORBELL—ELECTRIC. See also ELECTRIC DOORBELLS How your doorbell works experiment 1577:76-79 DOPPLER EFFECT. See also SOUND When does sound tell the direction of a moving object experiment 1905:125-126 DOUGHS Alum dough, recipe 1670:3 Cornmeal dough, recipe 1670:7 Cornstarch-glue dough, recipe 1670:8 Glue-shampoo dough, recipe 1670:7 Oat dough, recipe 1670:10 Salad dressing dough, recipe 1670:6 Silly stuff dough, recipe 1670:3 Soap dough, recipe 1670:8 DOWSING Water witching—which way to the water experiment 1959:32-33 DRAG Drag affects falling objects experiment (Advanced) 1839:239-244 DRAGONFLIES Dragonfly nymphs, how to keep and observe them 2021:46-49 How to raise damselflies and dragonflies 1930:92-93 Model of dragonfly or damselfly demonstrates how they fly 1855:58-61 DRAWINGS Pantograph drawing machine, how to make 1629:22-24 DREDGERS Dredger model, make from wood, cardboard, dowels and spools 1896:24-25 DRIED FLOWERS. See also FLOWERS— COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION

Eating utensils and the microbes on them experiment 1570:120-121 DISINFECTANTS How good are common household disinfectants at reducing microbes experiment 1570:109-112 What substance is most effective for preventing breeding of bacteria in waterbeds experiment 1539:131-133 DISSEMINATION. See SEEDS—DISPERSAL DISTANCE. See also MEASUREMENT Finding lengths and distances by scale drawing activities 1824:51-54 Hodometer measures in meters or in yards, how to make 1668:8-9 Known height used to measure distance indirectly experiment 1982:108-109 Measuring large distances on a globe experiment 1982:112-114 Time and distance related to velocity and acceleration of object experiment using Phantom Feet toy 1839:203-206 Trundle wheel to measure distance, how to make 1634:34 DISTILLATION. See also WATER—DISTILLATION Aromas; distillation experiment to concentrate aromas of spices, citrus fruits and vanilla beans 1914:24-31 Distilling salty water to get pure freshwater, how to do 1664:75 Experiment demonstrates how distillation works 1869:84-89 Heat changes saltwater into rain water experiment 1900:53-55 Make 100 percent pure water experiment 1743:83-88 Saltwater distillation experiment 1710:21 Still from simple materials to use for distillation experiments, how to make 1914:32-34 DISTURBED HABITATS. See ECOSYSTEMS; HABITATS DIVING BELLS. See also DIVING—SUBMARINES DIVISION. See also MATHEMATICS DNA PROFILES DNA testing at the crime scene project 1888:81-83 DOGS Are dogs color blind experiment 1539:181-182 Conditioning your dog to respond to a stimuli (bell, whistle, etc.) experiment 1595:15-16 Do animals sleep more than humans experiment 1595:72

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DRIED FOOD Why do we dry food experiment 1568:46-48 DRILLS Where were drills first used experiment 1906:16-19 DRINK MIXES Which colored dyes are used in powdered drink mix and in colored marking pens experiment 1539:77-79 DRINKING STRAWS. See also STRAWS DRINKING WATER Pollution influence on drinking water experiment 1535:71-73 Well model; build to demonstrate how people get water from wells experiment 1603:25 DRINKING WATER—PURIFICATION. See also WATER—DRINKING; WATER— PURIFICATION DROPS. See also WATER DROPS DROUGHT Desert wind-driven sand slowed down by trees experiment, make model 1528:144 Drought experiment; evaporation of water from soil 1528:151 Oasis model demonstrates how water collects and seeds grow experiment 1528:145 DRUGS Relationship between alcohol dosage and dependence in a rat experiment 1539:115-117 DUCKS Duck feathers reaction to rain experiment 1751:11 Wood duck nesting box, how to make 1811:11 DUCKWEED How to grow in pond water experiment 1692:10 DUNCKER EFFECT False start illusion experiment 1959:66-67

DUPONT COMPANY Teflon frying pan compared to ordinary frying pan experiment 1771:98-99 Test strength of nylon compared to cotton experiment 1771:75-79 DYES Blackberry and onion skin dyes, how to make and use 1572:66-67 Coloring with natural dyes experiment 1540:43 Dye cloth from natural dyes, tea and blueberries experiment 1564:21-24 Dye fabric using mordant and spices experiment 1802:60-62 Dyes from spices, vegetables and flowers experiment 1802:62-63 Eggs dye better when vinegar is added to dye bath experiment 1613:119-128 How cloth absorbs colors and how Sun fades colors experiment 1832:47-50 How fabrics respond to different dye strengths experiment 1753:30 Mordant for treating cloth to be dyed, how to make 2040:156 Natural dyes from onion skins experiment 1802:60-61 Natural dyes from vegetables, berries, tea, how to make 2040:155-157 Natural dyes, recipes 1670:41-48 Paints from foods and spices experiment 2022:130 Paints from nuts, flowers, vegetables and grasses experiment 2022:131 Plant dyes, how to make and dye fabric 1967:180-181 Tie dye handkerchief using onion skins or blackberries experiment 1620:15 Which colored dyes are used in powdered drink mix and in colored marking pens experiment 1539:77-79 Why is vinegar put in the dye when you color eggs simple project 1876:115-122

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EARS. See also HUMAN BODY EARTH Asthenosphere; how does pressure affect rock in the asthenosphere experiment 1851:74-75\ Atmosphere; why atmosphere is warmest near the equator experiment 2050:163-167 Atmospheric circulation affects Earth’s climate experiment 1850:145-154 Binary Sun system experiment to observe heating of Earth by using two model Suns 1534:27-30 Binary Sun system experiment; show how differently substances would heat if two Suns were in sky above planet 1534:23-26 Bulging Earth model experiment 1864:152-153 Circulatory winds of a non-rotating Earth experiment, model shows direction winds would travel 1534:32-35 Compare diameter and volume of Earth and Sun experiment 1587:10-14 Continents; ancient continents jigsaw puzzle demonstrates how continents used to be connected 1599:24-25 Craters; how they are formed and the different shapes they take experiment 1533:8-9 Curved shape of Earth affects climate throughout the world experiment 1861:4-7 Decay rates of plant matter in a carbon dioxide/ nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:77-80 Difference between the circumference of the Earth between equator and north and south poles experiment 1850:40-42 Eratosthenes geometric method to determine circumference and radius of the Earth experiment 2050:57-63 Evaporation of water vapor from land with a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:62-66 Evaporation rates of different salinity waters in a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:72-76 Faults; model of types of faults and types of stress causing them experiment 2050:121-126 Find variation between geographic north and magnetic north experiment 1850:75-85

Flat Earth weather experiment; model shows how flat model Earth would heat and cool 1534:36-39 Global view of Earth, Sun and Moon experiment 1915:26-28 Gravity; demonstrate Earth’s gravity with magnetic model experiment 1974:24 Heating and cooling of land with a carbon dioxide/ nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:68-71 Heating and cooling of land with a green sky experiment 1534:58-61 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:18 Identify and locate the seven continents and four oceans of the world experiment 1850:177-187 Layers of Earth model made from clay experiment 1549:13-15 Layers; elements that make up three outer parts of Earth; lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere experiment 2050:67-71 Layers; model of Earth’s three layers based on chemical composition experiment 2050:73-77 Layers; pie chart of Earth’s three layers, crust, mantle and core experiment 2050:75-77 Layers; zone of partial melting; flowing rock experiment 1864:71-72 Location of a continent affects its animal life experiment 1850:184-186 Mapping a sphere the Earth experiment; comparing globes and flat maps 1850:43-51 Melting rate of ice in smoke-filled atmosphere experiment 1534:95-98 Model of distance between Sun and Earth to scale experiment 1533:10-11 Model of Earth as seen from space project 1610:59-61 Model of Earth demonstrated with hard-boiled egg 1704:23 Model of Earth’s interior experiment 2054:76-77 Model of Eratosthenes’ experiment to measure size of Earth 1610:52-54 Model of planet Earth, how to make using papier mache on balloon 1697:6-7 Northern hemisphere closer to Sun in winter than in summer experiment 1587:15-18 Oceans; model of Earth without oceans experiment 1534:40-44

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Plate tectonics cause Earth’s crust to change experiment 1817:10 Precession; demonstrate Earth’s precession 1847:99-101 Rain in a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere planet experiment 1534:54-57 Rare Earth metals (ferrites) from soil samples project 1864:34-35 Region’s location and its land forms affect its climate experiment 1850:167-175 Scale model of Earth and Moon project 1610:55-56 Spreading the Sun’s light experiment 1528:16 Structures affect the Earth’s surface temperature experiment 1861:23 Systems we live on, soil, air, water, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:95-103 Tectonic plates; sea floor spreading demonstration experiment 2050:127-132 Temperatures of anti-red, anti-blue shadows from a binary star system experiment 1534:91-94 Temperatures on planet Earth might differ if Sun was a different distance experiment 1534:45-51 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:131-140 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:202-203 Thematic units, scientific activities, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:102-117 What is your meridian experiment 1904:51-53 What would happen to climate, weather patterns and life forms if Earth were cubical experiment 1539:166-168 Where is hottest/coldest place on Earth experiment 1906:71-74 Where is the wettest/driest place on Earth experiment 1906:75-78 Where is the windiest place on Earth experiment 1906:79-82 Why large bodies of water have a blue color experiment 1677:45-46 EARTH—CRUST Anticline; model the formation of an anticline experiment 2050:115-119 Convection cell model demonstrates pressure changes and movement in Earth’s crust 1599:20-23 Deformation of Earth’s crust due to stress experiment 2050:115-119 Demonstrate rise of magma and sinking of crust with two models of conveyor belt, how to build 1851:75

Erosion of Earth’s crust by water experiment 2050:97-102 Isostatic model demonstrates rise and fall in Earth’s crust experiment 1827:8-9 Land form shapes on Earth’s crust, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:144-147 Movement of plates shifts continents and creates new crust material experiment 1528:152 Pangaean puzzle of super continent Earth, how to do 1827:10-11 Plate tectonic theory, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:134-138 Specific gravity of a mineral in Earth’s crust experiment 2050:81-86 Water effect on Earth’s crust, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:110-112 EARTH—GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE Model of time line of Earth experiment, paper, paper tubes, paints 1599:98-99 EARTH—HORIZON What is your horizon experiment 1904:46-47 EARTH—ROTATION Angular momentum experiment 1528:46 Coriolis Effect demonstration to show Earth’s rotation effect on moving objects 1600:44 Coriolis effect demonstrated 1528:75 Demonstrate rotation of Earth by building Foucault’s Pendulum experiment 1864:139-140 Earth’s rotation affect movement of stars due to the parallax experiment 2050:43-50 Rotation of Earth affects direction of ocean currents experiment 1853:70-74 Rotation of the night sky and of Earth experiment 1533:28-29 Seasons of the year depend on tilt of the Earth experiment 1660:46-47 Solar day, how to demonstrate 2050:53-54 Spots of sunlight move as Earth rotates experiment 1660:34-35 Tilt of Earth demonstrated with orange, pencil and light experiment 1808:13,29 What causes day and night experiment 1960:13 What causes day and night, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:160-162 Why we have day and night experiment with ball and flashlight 1704:17 Why winter comes to certain areas at certain times of the year experiment 1751:123 EARTH—SPEED How fast is the Earth moving experiment 1960:14

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EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD Dip needle demonstrates that magnets point north and down as well 1683:35-37 Earth map with bar magnet beneath demonstrates Earth’s magnetic field 1864:10-11 How is needle of compass affected by magnetic fields experiment 1851:76-77 Magnetic Earth experiment using model Earth and bar magnet 1908:25 Magnetic field of earth demonstrated with bar magnet, iron filings in jar of oil 1683:34-35 Magnetic fields; when was the Earth first described as a huge magnet experiment 1905:101-105 Model of Earth to show position of the magnetic and geographic poles experiment, how to make 1851:77 Re-creating Earth’s magnetic field experiment 1863:27-28 Trace lines of Earth’s magnetic field by constructing an inclinometer experiment 1864:12-13 EARTHQUAKES. See also SEISMOGRAPH Amplitude of earthquake measured experiment, how to make pendulum 2029:45-46 Building model isolated by pads, how to build and test 2029:80-81 Buildings response to lateral movements produced by earthquakes experiment 2054:88-89 Buildings; Japanese “shaking table” to test how buildings would stand up during earthquake experiment 1658:48-51 Buildings; why all buildings are not equal in an earthquake experiment 1579:72-75 Direction of earthquake affects seismograph produced experiment 1851:91 Duration of earthquake effect on land surface experiment 2054:86-87 Earthquakes effect on unbraced frame structures experiment 2054:108-109 If you vibrate something at just the right frequency you can get big reaction experiment 1579:76-80 Layers of rocks squeezing together cause earthquake experiment 2054:74-75 Liquefaction demonstration using pail of sand, water and brick 2029:19-20 Make a quake demonstration using two bricks and a pen 1738:21 Make a volcano replica from salt flour, paste, rubber tubing and rice 1842:168-170 Model of earthquake made with set of building blocks 1549:37-39

Motion; graphs of earthquake motions presenting horizontal and vertical motions experiment 2029:47-49 Motion; hand pendulum measures Earth’s seismic motion experiment 2029:46-47 Objects of different sizes and stiffness tend to vibrate at different frequencies experiment 1579:72-75 Plates; what happens when plate boundaries move experiment 1535:74-76 Plates; what happens when two plates collide experiment 1535:77-78 P-waves; how energy of seismic P-waves is transmitted through the Earth experiment 1851:92-93 Seismograph measures vibrations and intensity of earthquakes, how to make and use 1599:28-29 Seismograph model shows how magnitude of earthquake is measured experiment 1851:90-91 Seismograph model to measure shaking of Earth, how to make 1550:120 Seismograph, simple, how to make 1953:143 Shear waves strength demonstration 2029:38-39 Shock waves demonstration with salt container and candle 1952:50 What causes an earthquake experiment 1842:166-167 What causes earthquakes demonstration with caramel candy bars 1738:21 EARTHWORMS Adding earthworms to a terrarium experiment 1641:23-31 After a rain earthworms come out of ground looking for air experiment 1581:14-15 Bean plants growing with and without earthworms experiment 1645:125 Can worms convert food into soil experiment 1652:35 Can worms swim; what happens to a worm in water experiment 1782:34 Compost bin, how to set up 1733:27-31 Compost heap or worm factory in large garbage can, how to do 1691:14-15 Determine earthworm’s niche or habitat experiment 1848:17-19 Display worms in viewing container experiment 1733:24-26 Do earthworms in soil improve the health of plants experiment 1652:36 Do earthworms prefer a wet or dry experiment 1921:58-62

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Do earthworms prefer dry or damp soil experiment 1595:50-54 Do earthworms prefer light or darkness experiment 1595:50-54 Do earthworms prefer sand, soil or dead leaves experiment 1595:50-54 Do earthworms prefer some foods over others experiment 1652:39 Do earthworms react to vinegar or ammonia experiment 1595:50-54 Do earthworms respond to red light experiment 1595:50-54 Do worms get along together experiment 1782:34 Do worms like vibrations experiment 1782:36 Do worms prefer damp or dry conditions experiment 1652:31 Do worms prefer light or dark experiment 1652:32 Do worms prefer soil or water experiment 1782:36 Do worms prefer warmth or cold experiment 1652:31 Do worms react equally to light beams of different colors experiment 1652:35 Earthworm farm in a jar to observe earthworms feeding and tunneling, how to make 1814:29 Earthworms effect on soil experiment 1930:15 Earthworms prefer light or darkness experiment 2009:22 Earthworms recycle kitchen wastes into fertile garden soil experiment 1539:90-92 Earthworms turn leaves into soil experiment 1528:150 Exhibit of wonderful things worms do 1729:96-100 Experiments with earthworms, data sheets given 1652:27-40 Fiddling to get worms to come out of the ground experiment 1959:117-119 Foods earthworms prefer to eat experiment 1571:53-55 Getting worms to eat your garbage experiment 1655:12-13 Home for worms; which kind of homes do earthworms like best experiment 1831:88 How do earthworms affect water movement through soil experiment 1921:34-37 How do earthworms react to acid rain experiment 1921:81-83 How do earthworms react to different odors experiment 1921:84-86 How do earthworms react to different types of surfaces experiment 1921:78-80

How do earthworms react to light and darkness experiment 1921:72-74 How do earthworms react to light experiment 1733:32-34 How do earthworms react to red light experiment 1921:90-92 How do earthworms react to sound vibrations experiment 1921:87-89 How do earthworms react to touch experiment 1921:75-77 How do worms react to substances like vinegar, ammonia and alcohol experiment 1782:36 How does a bird’s color vision help earthworms survive experiment 1921:38-40 How does earthworm’s color help it survive experiment 1921:25-27 How does excess water affect earthworms experiment 1921:93-95 How does temperature affect how fast earthworms move experiment 1921:45-47 How earthworms live experiment with jar of soil 1843:96-97 How far can a worm go in a minute experiment 1782:38 How fast can a worm burrow in soil or sand experiment 1782:39 How fast do earthworms grow experiment 1921:31-33 How fast does an earthworm burrow in different types of soil experiment 1921:48-53 How fast does an earthworm move experiment 1921:42-44 How many segments does an earthworm have experiment 1921:15-18 How to keep and observe them 2021:85-88 How to raise and keep earthworms experiment 1757:82-83 How to raise earthworms in gallon jars experiment 1651:139-143 Hunting for earthworms, how to do 1733:20-21 Keeping earthworms in a plastic bottle, how to do 1973:42-43 Keeping earthworms, how to do 1531:45 Listen to sound of an earthworm walking experiment 1959:120-121 Make a wormery (Vermicarium) to study earthworm life project 1583:68-72 Make a wormery to observe earthworms at work experiment 2044:50 Maze; can worms find their food in a maze experiment 1652:36-39 Maze; how fast can earthworm finish a T-maze experiment 1921:54-56

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Observe earthworms in clear container filled with dirt and leaves experiment 1830:72 Observe earthworms in large jar wormery experiment 1722:31 Observe earthworms tunneling and eating 1603:75-76 Observe how earthworms respond to light, heat and touch experiment 1758:92 Observe worm for length, movements, sounds experiment 1733:43-44 Observe worms; what they like, temperature, light, dark, wet or dry 1729:90-92 Outside and inside of a worm; large picture 1729:99-100 Park for worms to play in, how to make 1782:13 Part of earthworm most sensitive to light experiment 1583:87 Part of earthworm most sensitive to odors experiment 1583:87 Plant growth; do earthworms help plants grow experiment 1733:38-42 Rainfall; how does it affect earthworms in the soil experiment 1571:77-79 Reaction of earthworms to ice, bright light and mound of soil experiment 1751:12 Reaction of worm to touching its head and tail experiment 1546:63 Response of earthworms to different light waves project 1583:85-87 Sensory perception; test response to strong smell to see which part of earthworm body responds experiment 1571:94-96 Soil mixed and tilled by earthworms project 1729:93-95 Soils earthworms prefer experiment 1535:88-90 Study earthworms like Darwin did experiment 1919:115 Temperature effect on pulsation of earthworm blood vessels experiment 1583:87-89 Vermicomposting project using earthworms 1660:119-124 Vertical box home with acrylic sheet for viewing, how to build 1631:34-36 What can worms crawl up experiment 1782:34 What do earthworms like to eat experiment 1733:35-37 What kind of food do earthworms like best experiment 1921:67-69 What part of earthworm is most sensitive to light experiment 1921:22-24 What sounds does moving earthworm make experiment 1921:28-30

What type of soil will earthworms tunnel through the most experiment 1652:35 Why is it hard to pull an earthworm out of its burrow experiment 1921:19-21 Why type of soil do earthworms prefer experiment 1921:63-66 Will earthworms eat newspaper experiment 1651:143 Worm farm in aquarium experiment 1970:24 Worm farm in glass jar, make to observe earthworms 1546:27 Worm farm in jar project, how to do 1557:98 Worm farm in large jar, how to make 1967:126-127 Worm farm, how to build in a jar 1667:34-36 Worm farm, how to start and observe worms 2041:6-7 Worm hotel to keep worms, how to make 1733:22-23 Worm palace, how to make 1782:10-12 Wormery in clear plastic bottle allows you to observe earthworms at work experiment 1545:16 Wormery in jar to observe mixing and aerating of soil by earthworms 1827:42-43 Wormery to keep worms, make from wood, plastic sheets and soil 1828:27 Wormery to observe earthworms eating leaves experiment 1943:28-29 Worms change their environment, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875: 41-44 Worms condo for composting, how to build 1760:110-113 Worms eat organic matter and aerate the soil experiment 1602:33-34 Worms in indoor compost bin, how to keep 1998:43 EARWIGS How to keep and observe earwigs 2021:8-11 EATING. See DIGESTION; FOOD ECHO. See also SOUND—ECHOES ECLIPSES Eclipse of Moon demonstration using black paper and flashlight 1704:19 Lunar eclipse demonstrated with flashlight, ping pong ball and balloon 1554:18-20 Lunar eclipse; model of lunar eclipse experiment 1587:45-47 Model of lunar and solar eclipses; eclipsing the Sun and Moon projects 1610:56-58 Model to demonstrate lunar eclipse experiment 1974:20

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ECLIPSES—SOLAR Model of lunar and solar eclipses; eclipsing the Sun and Moon projects 1610:56-58 Model of solar eclipse experiment 1587:42-44 Solar eclipse; thermal radiation travels in straight line experiment 1534:114 What causes a solar eclipse experiment 1851:34-35 ECOLOGY. See also ENVIRONMENT Grass seeds; how to plant, grow and observe leaves, flowers and roots experiment 1807:13-30 Map your school grounds for existing habitats experiment 1723:27 Mini-ecology study, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:45-47 Primary science activities with ecology 1931:58-61 ECOSYSTEMS. See also BIODIVERSITY; HABITATS; LAND—ECOSYSTEM; TERRARIUMS Life in a square of yard or park experiment 1603:99 Make an ecosystem in an aquarium experiment 1751:13 Mini pond to observe interaction of plants and animals, how to make 1826:34-35 Miniature ecosystem in plastic soda bottle experiment 1603:199-101 Prepare sampling plot of ground experiment; preserve plants and flowers, collect and observe insects 1851:52-53 Study a section of an ecosystem experiment 1848:78-81 Where do people fit into an ecosystem project 1842:184-186 EDDY CURRENTS Eddy-current motor experiment using horseshoe magnet, foil pie plate and cork 1864:131 Magnet falls more slowly through a metallic tube than through a nonmetallic tube experiment 1577:33-36 EDISON EFFECT (RADIOTUBE). See EDISON’S EXPERIMENT EGGS. See also BIRDS—EGGS; CHICKENS; INCUBATORS Best way to package an egg experiment 1758:22 Bouncing egg experiment using vinegar 2001:65 Bouncing raw egg in vinegar solution experiment 1670:82 Egg flips from one egg cup to another experiment 1659:6-8 Egg floating in middle of jar filled with salt and freshwater experiment 1786:10

Egg floats in saltwater and sinks in fresh water experiment 1680:30 Egg floats in saltwater experiment 1970:44 Egg floats in salty water experiment 1838:29 Egg in vinegar demonstrates inward and outward flow of materials through egg membrane 1864:63 Egg soaked in vinegar becomes bouncy experiment 1879:4-5 Egg turns into rubbery ball experiment demonstrates how human cells get food 1831:10 Egg whites and food coloring under microscope experiment 2027:76-77 Egg whites help oil mix with water experiment 1879:29-31 Eggs cook at different temperatures experiment 1679:15-17 Eggs dye better when vinegar is added to dye bath experiment 1613:119-128 Eggshell halves support pile of books experiment 1879:82-83 Etch name or design on hard boiled egg in vinegar solution experiment 2001:66 Float egg in saltwater experiment 1879:24-25 How can you tell if an egg is cooked experiment 1637:58 How does an egg breathe experiment 1637:58 How fresh is an egg experiment 1637:58-59 How to prevent green yolks in boiled eggs experiment 1637:59 Make “egg leather” from egg white and tannic acid from tea experiment 1637:64 Molecular structure of eggshell affects its strength experiment 1851:108-109 Rubber egg experiment 1933:33 Rubber egg experiment 1970:43 Rubber egg, how to make 1786:5 Rubbery egg and vinegar experiment 1740:66-67 Shape; why aren’t eggs round experiment 1753:15 Sucking an egg into a jar demonstrates hot air takes up more space than cool air experiment 1879:108-110 Sugar egg experiment demonstrates semi-permeable 1864:64 Super strong egg holds up books magic experiment 1717:22-23 What is inside an egg investigation 1751:19 Why are hard-boiled eggs hard experiment 1804:46-47 Why egg whites become white and foamy when beaten experiment 1849:30-33 Why eggs don’t break under a chicken experiment 1857:74-77

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Why is vinegar put in the dye when you color eggs simple project 1876:115-122 EINSTEIN, ALBERT Activities, experiments and projects to study gravity and the famous scientist who studied it 1992:1-205 Magnetic field; how to demonstrate with magnets and iron filings experiment 1993:110-111 Particles, waves and photons, continuous and separate experiment 1993:111-112 Theory of relativity experiment; imagine space as curved using surface of balloon 1993:112-114 EINSTEIN’S NEW LAW OF GRAVITY Activities, experiments and projects to study gravity and the famous scientist who studied it 1992:1-205 EL NINO El Nino-Southern oscillation event experiment 1528:134 How much warm water it takes to create El NinoSouthern oscillation experiment 1528:134 Make your own El Nino experiment 1528:135 ELASTICITY. See also HOOKE’S LAW; RUBBER BANDS Antigravity device experiment 1657:47-50 Characteristics of elasticity in rubber band experiment 2045:86-87 Roll-back can experiment with coffee can, rubber band, weights and string 1890:17-18 Rubber band expands when heated experiment 1659:15-17 Rubber band roll-back can experiment 1902:113-116 Sap from dandelion dries to form elastic materials experiment 1751:72 Thread spool crawls by winding rubber band inside it experiment 1890:16-17 Why balls bounce experiments with ball made from borax, water and glue 1857:28-31 ELECTRIC. See also BULBS—ELECTRIC; ELECTRICITY Buzzer; electric buzzer experiment, how to make (Advanced) 1584:20-25 Doorbell; how your doorbell works experiment 1577:76-79 Electric buzzer, how to make from batteries, cardboard, wire and clothespins 19222:16-19 Electric fan, how to make from batteries, cardboard tube, wires and small motor 1922:14-15

Electric wiper glasses, make from battery, wire and DC motor 1922:40-45 Fan, make from batteries, wire and DC motor 1922:47 Generator; build an electric generator experiment 1605:62-63 Remote boat, make from plastic bottle, battery, wire and small motor 1922:20-23 Rumble box, make from small box, wire, batteries and DC motor 1922:36-39 Spinning pictures experiment using wood pieces, electric motor, batteries and wire 1560:20-21 Squirt finger, make from plastic bottles, battery, wire and small water pump 1922:24-27 Super car, make from DC motors, wire, batteries and plastic lids 1922:32-35 Tilt on/off light, make from battery, wire and bulb 1922:46 Warning sign, make from batteries, small box, wires and aluminum foil 1922:28-31 ELECTRIC METER How to read an electric meter experiment 1864:118-119 ELECTRIC MOTORS. See also MOTORS— ELECTRIC Build simple electric motor experiment (Advanced) 1665:35-44 Clock; simple electric motor clock, how to make from plywood, magnet and batteries 2038:79-81 Effect of variables on performance of mini electric motor experiment (Advanced) 1839:257-261 Electromagnet interacts with permanent magnet to create electric motor experiment 1577:93-98 Magnet exerts force on current-carrying wire experiment; make an electric motor 1577:80-84 Magnetic field makes motor turn experiment 1899:111-114 Make a simple electric motor from wood, battery, wires and switch 1908:42-43 Motors are the opposite of generators experiment 1936:48 Real electric motor model is battery-powered experiment, 4.5v battery, 2 strong magnets, wire 1532:26-27 Simple DC electric motor, how to build 1899:115-119 Simple electric motor in coffee can experiment, paper clips, magnets, wire, battery 1537:60-62 Simple electric motor to build to illustrate Faraday’s discovery experiment 1605:58-61

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Simple electric motor, based on Faraday’s discoveries, how to make 1683:57-59 Simple motor, how to make 1747:37 Spool and thread motor experiment, how to make 1863:65-73 ELECTRICITY. See also BATTERIES AND CIRCUITS; ELECTRIC; GENERATORS Calculator’s solar cells used to measure light experiment 1936:69 Coordination tester experiment, make from shoe box, wire, light bulb and battery 1890:61-63 Electricity helps us communicate experiment with telegraphs 1844:335-336 Electricity used to help form solids experiment using battery, wire, jar of water and nails 1676:57-60 Electrochemical cell created from wet compost, aluminum foil and pencil experiment 1659:79-81 Food cells produce electricity experiment 1747:12-13 Fruit; electricity from fruit and vegetables experiment 1915:94-95 Heating water requires energy experiment 1987:75 How can you establish a flow of electrons experiment 1743:38-41 Lemon give you small shock experiment 1879:46-47 Light used to generate electricity experiment using photovoltaic cell 1605:73-74 Mechanical energy produces electricity experiment 1844:331-332 Oersted’s discovery experiment, connection between electricity and magnetism 1605:40-42 Onion used to generate electricity experiment 1760:85 Pencil used as part of electric circuit to conduct electricity experiment 1676:54-56 Primary science activities with electricity 1931:62-65 Repeat Franklin’s experiments with static electricity and Leyden jar 1586:84-87 Repeat Oersted’s experiment that electricity is closely connected to magnetism 1665:12-23 Rheostat and lamp tester experiment, how to build 1864:127-128 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:70-79 Simple activities to demonstrate electricity 1762:3-32

Sunlight produces electricity experiment 1844:333-334 Sunlight; can electricity be made from sunlight experiment 1787:75-79 Velocity of water hitting paddle-wheel fins increases voltage output experiment 1936:68 Voltmeter; what does a voltmeter measure experiment 1915:100-101 What materials will conduct electricity experiment 1844:294-295 ELECTRICITY—BATTERIES. See also BATTERIES; BATTERIES AND CIRCUITS Lemon battery experiment 2014:72 ELECTRICITY—CIRCUITS Battery voltage in series circuit versus battery voltage in parallel circuit experiment 1899:37-40 Bouncing spring experiment using saltwater, battery, wire and spring 1864:112-113 Charging time in resistive/capacitive circuit experiment 1936:60-61 Circuit breaker model uses solenoid like real circuit breaker experiment 1532:54-55 Circuit diagrams game, how to make from bulbs, switches and batteries 1747:20-21 Closed circuit experiment with buzzer or light bulb experiment 2053:38-39 Comparing resistors in series and parallel circuits experiment 1936:52-53 Connect lights in parallel circuit and compare to lights connected in series circuit experiment 1899:33-36 Connect lights in series circuit experiment 1899:27-31 Coordination tester experiment, make from shoe box, wire, light bulb and battery 1890:61-63 Design battery and light bulb circuit to light the bulb experiment 1770:27 Difference between series and parallel circuits experiment 1758:41 Doorbell experiment, make from wire, battery, bell and clothespin 1890:63-64 Electric circuit with battery and bulb, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:200-204 Fuse can limit amount of current flowing in circuit experiment 1899:49-52 Generate heat from electricity experiment 1899:45-47 How can you tell if electric current is flowing through a wire experiment, make a galvanometer 1844:323-324

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How does a flashlight work easy experiments 1857:110-113 Make series and parallel circuits experiment 1844:304-307 Making electricity flow; electric circuit from battery, bulb and copper wire experiment 1899:23-26 Open and closed circuits experiment, how to make 1758:40 Operation game board demonstrates structure and components of electric circuit 1839:195-199 Quiz cards game, make from wire, batteries and bulb 1747:14-15 Relays to remotely control other circuits experiment 1936:46-47 Series and parallel circuits experiment 1728:32 Series and parallel circuits experiment with bulbs, switches and batteries 1747:18-19 Short circuit and observe what happens experiment 1899:41-44 Short circuit experiment; what happens when you blow a fuse 1577:89-92 Voltage divider circuits experiment 1936:58-59 What happens when electric current flows through a wire experiment 1844:312-313 What is a circuit experiment 1844:296-297 What is a short circuit experiment 1844:300-301 What is an electrical circuit experiment 1904:24-27 ELECTRICITY—CONDUCTORS Common items tested to see if they are insulators or conductors 1728:34 Create electricity in a conductor by moving magnet against it experiment 1864:125-126 Experiment with materials to see which are conductors or insulators 1758:42 Hot wire cutter experiment, make from wood stand, bulbs, switches and batteries 1747:26-27 Insulator tester tells whether they are insulators or conductors of electricity 1561:30 Investigate difference between electrical conductors and insulators experiment 1899:57-69 Robot tester experiment to demonstrate conductivity 1747:22-23 Test different solids and liquids to see if they conduct electricity experiment 1915:92-93 What will electricity flow through experiment 1770:51 ELECTRICITY—ELECTRIC CURRENT. See also GALVANOMETER; TRANSFORMER Effect of electrical current on magnetic fields experiment 1899:91-94

Electrons moving in wire cause compass needle to move 1672:47-49 Fuse can limit amount of current flowing in circuit experiment 1899:49-52 Fuses protect from excess current flow experiment 1936:38-39 Galvanometer detects electrical current, how to build 1899:99-101 Generate magnetic field using electrical current experiment 1899:95-98 Geography quiz board, how to make 1936:36-37 How does electric current affect a compass experiment 1844:310-311 Insulators become conductors under certain conditions experiment 1936:35 Magic trick eyes of the tiger light up experiment 1716:24-25 Magic trick magic lantern lights experiment 1716:14-15 Magnet effect on current flow by magnet moving past a coil experiment 1936:42 Magnet produces movement in a current-carrying wire experiment 1851:118-119 Make a simple circuit and switch experiment 1728:30-31 Producing electrical current from magnetic fields experiment 1899:103-106 Producing electrical currents from magnets experiment 1899:107-110 Temperature effect on battery life experiment 1936:32-33 Two parallel current-carrying wires have magnetic field that exerts forces on each other experiment 1577:14-17 Understanding the concepts of voltage and amperage experiment 1936:30 Varying flow of electricity; materials that can be used experiment 1899:61-64 Wet-cell battery testing electrolytes to make wet cell batteries experiment 1936:31 Where can you see chemical producing electricity experiment 1906:23-24 Where can you see electricity producing light/heat experiment 1906:20-22 ELECTRICITY—INSULATORS Experiment with materials to see which are conductors or insulators 1758:42 How conductors and insulators work experiment with flashlight, plastic bag and penny 1707:103 Insulator tester tells whether they are insulators or conductors of electricity 1561:30

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Cover a nail with copper experiment 2014:34 Determining peak power from wet-cell battery as load is applied experiment 1936:64-65 Electric liquid experiment, test electric current present during electrolysis 1710:38-39 Electrolytes in potato battery experiment 1936:66 How is electricity produced by chemicals experiment 1844:325-326 Liquid conductors experiment, make from bulbs, switches and batteries 1747:30-31 ELECTROLYTES Current flow in potato causes chemical reaction experiment 2053:42 Test sports drinks and other drinks for electrolytes experiment 1567:10-13 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. See also FARADAY, MICHAEL Galvanometer with electromagnet demonstrates electromagnetic induction experiment 2053:52-53 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION Is electromagnetic radiation harmful to algae experiment 1569:74-80 ELECTROMAGNETISM. See also OERSTED’S DISCOVERY Compare microwave energy absorbed by sugar and water experiment 1677:34-36 Comparing magnetic properties of iron and rust experiment 1936:17 Electric circuit sets up magnetic field to move compass experiment 1728:35-36 Electric current in wire attracts iron filings experiment 1683:46-47 Electric current through wire sets up magnetic field experiment 1908:34 Electrical insulators not necessarily magnetic insulators experiment 1936:16 Electromagnetic current measurer experiment 1747:34-35 Floating platform (magnetic suspension) electromagnetic springs experiment 1863:101-103 Inducing current using south or north magnetic poles experiment 1936:18 Inducing magnetism in iron by stroking with permanent magnet experiment 1936:19 Iron filings form circular patterns around wire with electric current experiment 1683:48-49 Magnetic cars that go bump but don’t touch experiment 1990:53-55 Magnetic field around a solenoid experiment 1908:35

Insulators become conductors under certain conditions experiment 1936:35 Materials that make good insulators and conductors experiment 1878:74-75 Test different solids and liquids to see if they conduct electricity experiment 1915:92-93 ELECTRICITY—RESISTANCE Determining resistance by indirect measurement and computation experiment 1936:56 Resistor strip colors and their values experiment 2053:56-58 Resistors; value of resistor experiment 2053:56-58 What is resistance experiment 1844:308-309 ELECTRICITY—RESISTANCE TO Dimmer switch with variable resistor experiment 1747:24-25 Measure resistance of small resistors experiment 1915:96-98 Resistance in wire can produce heat experiment 1936:50-51 Thermistor resistors experiment 1936:57 Varying flow of electricity; materials that can be used experiment 1899:61-64 ELECTRICITY—STATIC ELECTRICITY. See also ELECTROPHOROUS; TRANSFORMER ELECTRICITY—SWITCHES Can you detect an electrical spark with a radio experiment 1672:29-30 Hook switch, how to make from popsicle stick 1922:11 Make a switch experiment 1844:302-304 Make a switch from battery, light, wire and brass clips 1931:63 Push-button switch, how to make from clothespin 1922:10 Simple switch, how to make 1899:53-56 ELECTRICITY—USAGE How much electricity you use experiment, chart given 1898:95-97 Save on how much electricity you use experiment 1898:98-99 ELECTROCHEMISTRY. See also ELECTROLYSIS; ELECTROPLATING; ELECTROLYTES Electrochemical cell created from wet compost, aluminum foil and pencil experiment 1659:79-81 ELECTRODES. See also BATTERIES ELECTROLYSIS. See also WATER— ELECTROLYSIS Can bleach be made from salt water experiment 1672:33-36

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Magnetic field, how to demonstrate with magnets and iron filings experiment 1993:110-111 Magnetic induction experiment 1936:44-45 Magnetism loss due to heat experiment 1936:20 Make a compass and repeat Oersted’s discovery experiment 1771:17-21 Nail diver in bottle of water sinks or swims with electric current experiment 1683:64-65 Particles, waves and photons, continuous and separate experiment 1993:111-112 Repeat Oersted’s discovery that electric current causes a magnetic field 1683:43-44 Spool and thread motor experiment, how to make 1863:65-73 Tape eraser, electromagnetic tape eraser experiment, how to make 1863:107-109 Turn a screwdriver into a magnet experiment 1743:53-55 What is electromagnetism experiment 1904:33-36 ELECTROMAGNETS “Morse” telegraph device with light and sound signals, how to make (Advanced) 1584:28-45 Build an electromagnet experiment (Advanced) 1665:24-27 Coil of wire with current flowing through it becomes electromagnet experiment 1577:76-79 Copper coils become electromagnetic swings experiment 1577:71-75 Crane; electromagnetic working crane from battery, cardboard box 1614:28-29 Direction of the flow of current affects an electromagnet experiment 1844:321-322 Doorbell; how your doorbell works experiment 1577:76-79 Electric alarm experiment, how to make (Advanced) 1584:26-27 Electric bell; electromagnet for electric bell experiment, how to do (Advanced) 1584:9-13 Electric bell; make using electromagnet you made experiment (Advanced) 1584:14-19 Electric buzzer experiment, how to make (Advanced) 1584:20-25 Electric current has to run in only one direction in electromagnets experiment 1683:53-54 Electricity produces a magnet experiment 1851:120-121 Electromagnet experiment, make from copper wire, nail, 6 volt dry cell battery and paper clips 1890:67-69 Electromagnet interacts with permanent magnet to create electric motor experiment 1577:93-98

Horseshoe electromagnet, how to make experiment 1683:54-55 Iron-nail magnet experiment 2014:73 Link between electricity and magnetism experiment with coils of wire, compass and D cell 1845:24-26 Magic trick clever dog drops ball electromagnet experiment 1716:12-13 Magnet moved through coil of wire moves compass needle experiment 1537:59 Magnetic lines of flux and magnet’s DC polarity experiment 1936:14-15 Make an electromagnet and a stronger electromagnet experiment 1728:36-37 Make an electromagnet experiment 1758:44 Make an electromagnet using bolt, wire and battery experiment 1771:22 Make electromagnet experiment 1727:38-39 Make electromagnet from battery, nail and wire experiment 1639:73 Make electromagnet from battery, nail, wire and paper clips, how to do 1878:82-83 Make electromagnet from battery, wire and nail 1657:88-90 Make electromagnet from nail, wire, D cells and paper clips experiment 1845:20-22 Make electromagnet from wire, nail and battery experiment 1605:57 Make electromagnet from wire, nail, battery, knife switch 1537:59-60 Make electromagnets experiment 1908:37 Make magnet with electricity experiment 1753:41 Make simple electromagnet experiment; battery, wire, nail 1683:51-52 Make simple electromagnet from nail, insulated wire and battery 1561:23 Nail electromagnet experiment, wire, batteries, paper clips 2053:46-47 Repeat Oersted’s experiment with electricity and compass to make electromagnet 1993:108-110 Strength of electromagnet increases with number of times wire is wrapped experiment 1851:120-121 Telegraph; creating two-way telegraph line, how to do 1584:42-45 Turn nail into an electromagnet experiment 1674:47-50 What is an electromagnet experiment 1844:314-315 Wire turns relationship to attraction in electromagnet experiment 1936:12-13

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What happens when magnet drops through copper pipe experiment 1672:50-52 ELECTRO-OPTICAL RECOGNITION. See IMAGE RECOGNITION SYSTEM; SCANNERS ELECTROPHORUS Leyden jar, how to make a simple one 1577:4-5 Store up electric charge, then make sparks experiment 1577:3-8 ELECTROPLATING. See also ELECTROLYSIS Coat nail with layer of copper experiment 1890:75-76 Copper plating a key experiment 1747:32-33 Copper plating a key experiment 1864:114-115 Copper-plated nail experiment with penny and lemon juice 1953:38 Create a family heirloom experiment 1743:49-52 Electricity transforms metals in a liquid experiment; turn nickel green 1770:48-49 Electroplating a dime to look like a penny experiment 1674:36-38 Plating copper experiment 1605:53-54 ELECTROSCOPE. See also ELECTRICITY— STATIC ELECTRICITY; STATIC ELECTRICITY Build electroscope to detect electrical charge experiment 1577:40-44 Electroscope detects presence of electric charge experiment 1758:71 Electroscope you make picks up static charge experiment 1657:75-78 How to make an electroscope 1844:288-289 Make electroscope from corrugated cardboard, paper clip, aluminum foil, comb, wood, cloth 1537:51-52 Make electroscope to detect static electricity experiment 1899:15-18 Measure static electricity experiment, how to make electroscope 1864:116-117 ELECTROSTATICS. See also ELECTRICITY— STATIC ELECTRICITY Law of poles says similar charges repel experiments 1845:27-31 Lightning demonstration with charged balloon and fluorescent bulb experiment 1845:36 Static cling experiment testing several different pieces of clothing experiment 1845:11-13 Static cling experiment with balloon and newspaper 1845:7 Static cling experiment with balloon and puffed rice 1845:9 Store up electric charge, then make sparks experiment 1577:3-8

Wrapping wire coils around nail changes the strength of the electromagnet experiment 1845:22 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Electronic board experiment; resistance to several resistors in a circuit experiment 2053:67-68 Electronic board experiment; standing in your shadow, LED, tiny light bulb, battery 2053:65-66 Electronic board experiment; string of lights in series or parallel circuits 2053:63-64 ELECTRONIC GAMES Electric quiz game light board with questions and answers, how to build 1770:61-63 ELECTRONICS AND and OR computer logic circuits experiment 1936:80-81 Blinking or flashing of LED; working with an integrated circuit oscillator experiment 1936:78-79 Diodes establish directional current flow when using LEDS experiment 1936:74-75 Sound waves used to repel insect pests experiment 1936:82 Speaker can detect diode’s ability to change sine wave form experiment 1936:76-77 Using sensors experiment with LED, LDR, batteries and wire 1747:45 ELECTRONS. See also MOLECULES; STATIC ELECTRICITY Electrons moving in wire cause compass needle to move 1672:47-49 Hear sound from flow of electrons in lemon battery experiment 1674:39-41 Jumping puffed wheat experiment demonstrates static electricity 1864:120-121 Law of poles says similar charges repel experiments 1845:27-31 Lightning demonstration with charged balloon and fluorescent bulb experiment 1845:36 Make electroscope to detect static electricity experiment 1899:15-18 Static cling experiment testing several different pieces of clothing experiment 1845:11-13 Static cling experiment with balloon and newspaper 1845:7 Static cling experiment with balloon and puffed rice 1845:9 Thomson’s plum pudding model of atom tested by Rutherford project 1610:85-89

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ELEMENTS Dalton’s atomic model; concrete model of atoms and molecules 1610:81-84 Ionic crystal model; one ball and stick model; one spherical model 1610:99-104 Mixing oil and water experiment 1710:14 Model of how ions might pack together to form an ionic crystal experiment 1610:99-105 Model of radioactive decay with sugar cubes projects 1610:92-94 Models of elements, mixtures and compounds experiment 1710:15 Two-dimensional model of crystal imperfections project 1610:105-107 ELEVATORS. See also GLIDERS ELF. See ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ELLIPSES Making an ellipse, how to do 1953:215 ELODEA Elodea aquatic plants produce oxygen experiment 1603:51 Elodea plant leaf under microscope experiment 2027:32 EMBRYOLOGY. See also CELLS EMBRYOS Measure early heartbeat of chicken embryo without breaking eggshell experiment 1539:178-180 EMF. See ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EMULSIFIERS Why don’t oil and water mix experiment 1804:23-24 EMULSIONS. See also FOOD—SUSPENSIONS Exploring emulsions experiment 1981:29-30 Mix oil and vinegar experiment 2048:53-54 Salad dressing emulsion experiment 2014:25 Stormy seas in soda bottle experiment 1630:15-16 ENDANGERED SPECIES Endangered species magnets made on computer, how to do 1789:28-29 Fish; demonstrate effect of over-fishing experiment 1848:197-199 ENERGY. See also ATOMS; FORCE; GEYSERS; KINETIC ENERGY; RUBBER BANDS; SOLAR ENERGY Battery can be used to store energy experiment 1787:29-33 Biological energy experiment using grass cuttings 1907:43

Chemical energy experiment; explore energy stored in chemical bonds in baking soda 1955:37-40 Chemical energy in kitchen cup volcano using detergent, baking soda and vinegar 1884:25-27 Converting energy experiment; kinetic and potential energies in objects 1955:18-24 Crawling can with rubber bands experiment 1907:12-13 Energy can be passed along with coins experiment 1884:17-19 Energy content of a peanut measured by simple calorimeter experiment 1725:82-83 Energy in moving object transferred to objects at rest experiment 1902:101-103 Energy-storing toys experiment 1839:169-176 Flowing jets of water from can produces reaction experiment 1902:109-112 Forces necessary to move an object experiment 1902:105-108 Fuel can be made from plant materials experiment 1787:90-94 Heat mobile experiment using tin foil, pie plate, dowel, clay and wire 1560:24-26 Heating and cooling by stretching and unstretching a balloon experiment 1675:36-39 How do potential and kinetic energy compare experiment 1844:45-47 How does a push-n-go toy work experiment 1990:108-109 How much energy does the Sun produce experiment 1787:12-17 How well do you conserve energy at home experiment 1844:81-82 Insulation saves energy experiment 1787:34-38 Light energy experiment, make magic lantern from shoe box, cardboard, tissue paper, batteries, wire and light bulb 1560:27-28 Mechanical energy changed into sound energy using soda-pop cannon experiment 1884:40-42 Moving objects try to maintain same level of energy experiment 1902:125-127 Musical sound energy experiment, make shakers and musical water bottles 1560:29 Plants store energy experiment 1787:86-89 Plastic bottle models demonstrate energy transfer as they swing on strings 2000:130-131 Power a racer with a rubber band experiment 1844:52-53 Radiant energy from solar mitt, black on one side, foil on other experiment 1884:28-32 Ramp makes work easier experiment 1955:31-35

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Read electric meter to calculate energy consumption over period of time experiment 1758:45 Roll back can experiment 1770:41 Rubber band roll back can experiment 1902:113-116 Sound energy makes eardrums move experiment with chicken clucking in a cup 1884:22-25 Spinning pictures experiment using wood pieces, electric motor, batteries and wire 1560:20-21 Stored energy experiment, cork creature on spring leaps into air 1560:14-15 Torque energy storage in a homemade toy experiment 2045:82 Transferring energy experiment, make revolving sea picture from wood pieces, cardboard tubes and rubber bands 1560:22-23 Water can be heated with composting plant material experiment 1787:82-85 Water can be used to store heat energy experiment 1787:18-21 Water-powered picture experiment using plastic bottle, cork, and skewers 1560:16-18 ENERGY CONSERVATION. See also RECYCLING ENGINES. See also TURBINES; WATER WHEELS; WINDMILLS ENTOMOLOGY Art for bug’s sake project; create details and accurate pictures of insects 1869:132-137 ENVIRONMENT. See also ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEMS; POLLUTION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. See ACID RAIN; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIODEGRADATION; LANDFILLS; OIL SPILLS; OZONE LAYER ENZYMES. See also CATALYST; HUMAN BODY Catalase enzyme acts on hydrogen peroxide to convert it to oxygen and water experiment 1637:44 Digestion; plastic bottle, meat and cola act as model of digestion in your stomach experiment 1563:25-27 Enzyme that breaks starch into glucose; measure amount of glucose present experiment 1571:61-63 Enzyme; finding bacteria on your gums that break cells experiment 1570:127-131 Ethylene gas from banana ripens tomato experiment 1906:89-90 Hydrogen peroxide causes bubbles to form on raw meat but not on cooked meat experiment 1879:59-60

Keep apples from turning brown experiment 1637:65 Test for amount of enzyme, diastase, present in seeds experiment 1876:134 Why does cut fruit turn brown experiment 1804:30-31 EPSOM SALT Measure temperature change that occurs when water is added to Epsom salt 1676:29-31 Temperature changes with salt in water experiment using Epsom salt 1676:26-28 EQUINOXES. See also SOLSTICE EQUIPMENT—HOW TO MAKE. See also LABORATORY EQUIPMENT ERATOSTHENES Eratosthenes geometric method to determine circumference and radius of the Earth experiment 2050:57-63 Model of Eratosthenes’ experiment to measure size of Earth 1610:52-53 EROSION. See also SOILS Blow on patch of dirt to demonstrate erosion 1549:29-30 Cemetery headstone survey for age, type of stone, erosion and plants experiment 1738:25 Effects of rocks, plants and contouring on water erosion of land experiment 1599:71-72 Erosion demonstration with seed tray, soil and stones 1827:33 Erosion of Earth’s crust by water experiment 2050:97-102 Erosion on buildings in your town survey 1738:25 Fast flowing water causes erosion damage experiment 1540:44-45 Mechanical weathering experiment 2050:100-101 Ocean wears away and rebuilds coastal shorelines experiment 1660:78 Plant life keeps soil and grass from eroding experiment 1540:70-71 Planting trees holds desert soil in place experiment 1927:21 Plants slow down soil erosion experiment with grass seed in pans of soil 1603:20-21 Raindrops; how do raindrops affect rocks experiment 1859:72-75 River valleys; effect of water erosion in river valleys experiment 1550:66 Sand in soil is from rocks worn down by erosion experiment 1603:10 Sheet erosion landscape project 1864:25

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ESTUARIES How does saltwater mix in an estuary experiment 1539:71-73 ETHYL ALCOHOL Can fuel be made from plant materials experiment 1787:90-94 ETHYLENE GAS Ethylene gas affects plant growth experiment 1569:133-137 Ethylene gas from banana ripens tomato experiment 1906:89-90 Speed up ripening of banana experiment 1849:159-161 Tomato doesn’t ripen using hot water to stop ethylene gas experiment 1959:128-129 EUGLENA. See also PROTOZOA Model of euglena, how to make 1856:17 Ultraviolet light exposure from ozone depletion affects euglena experiment 1569:86-90 EULER’S CIRCLES. See VENN DIAGRAMS EUTROPHICATION. See also ALGAE; LAKES; PONDS; WATER—POLLUTION Fertilizers in pond water cause increased growth of algae in pond experiment 1826:41 EVAPORATION. See also HEAT; WATER— EVAPORATION How do diet and regular cola differ as they evaporate experiment 1672:19-20 EVERGLADES Compare sponge-like qualities of limestone and other rocks experiment 1550:174 Demonstrate how well limestone holds water experiment 1550:174 EVOLUTION. See also GENETICS; HEREDITY Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:107-116 EXPERIMENTS. See SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS EYE. See also HUMAN BODY; VISION Ability of eye’s pupil to change size experiment 1860:85-91 Eye contact in primates using blank and threat stares experiment 1552:21-26 Moving pictures of octopus experiment 2033:25 EYE TRICKS. See also OPTICAL ILLUSIONS; OPTICS EYEGLASSES. See also LENSES Electric wiper glasses, make from battery, wire and DC motor 1922:40-45

Slant of land affects erosion during heavy rainfall experiment 1751:15 Stream table model to study water flow and erosion experiment 1915:26-27 Trees and plant life prevent soil from washing away during heavy rainfall experiment 1751:16 Water poured on patch of dirt demonstrates erosion 1549:313 Weathering affected by amount of surface area experiment 2050:100 Weathering affected by composition of materials experiment 2050:100 Weathering by water and gravity experiment 2050:100-101 What factors affect water erosion experiment 1842:137-138 Wind erosion of soil experiment using sticky tape on paint paddles 1603:18-19 ESCALATORS Model hand-powered escalator experiment, see how steps are level at top and bottom and become stairs in between 1532:60-61 ESCHER, M. C. Illusion puzzle made on computer using M.C. Escher’s techniques 1789:126-127 ESPIONAGE. See SPIES ESSENTIAL OILS. See also PERFUMES ESTERS Catnip chemical, nepetalactone, made into toy for your cats experiment 1637:54 ESTIMATION About how many activities 1823:10-17 About how tall activities 1823:49 About what length activities 1823:44-47 Approximate cost activities 1823:20-21 Estimating large number activities 1823:18-19 Grouping similar numbers together activities 1823:29-31 How much do containers hold activities 1823:56-58 How to do quick estimate to check math answer 1823:26-28 Multiplying by powers of ten 1823:37 Number pairs activities 1823:22-25 Primary science activities with estimating 1931:16-19 Recognizing estimates activities 1823:6-9 Step off estimates activities 1823:50-54 Thinking about whole numbers to make an estimate activity 1823:32-36 Zero bingo, a game for two players 1823:38-43

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FABRIC. See also CLOTH; TEXTILES Colors; how cloth absorbs colors and how Sun fades colors experiment 1832:47-50 Dark fabrics absorb heat more rapidly than light fabrics experiment 1537:8-9 Dye cloth from natural dyes, tea and blueberries experiment 1564:21-24 Dyes; how do fabrics respond to different dye strengths experiment 1753:30 Evaporation of water vapor from different-colored clothing experiment 1534:113 Some materials keep us warmer or cooler than others experiment 1832:14-16 Water-loving and water-fearing polymers in fabrics experiment 1675:9-11 Wrinkles; how does heat affect wrinkles in clothing experiment 1672:86-89 FAHRENHEIT, GABRIEL. See also THERMOMETERS FAIRY SHRIMP Culture fairy shrimp and compare to brine shrimp experiment 1583:103 FALL. See also SEASONS—FALL FALLING BODIES Investigate law of falling bodies experiment 1902:129-132 FALLING OBJECTS. See also GRAVITY Air affects falling object; terminal velocity experiment 1983:91-93 Drag affects falling objects experiment (Advanced) 1839:239-244 Falling feather and coin in vacuum experiment 1579:51-54 Galileo’s inclined plane model of free-fall experiment 1610:110-112 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:26-36 Timing falling objects experiment 1983:86-90 Water “bombs” away experiment 1990:84-85 FARADAY, MICHAEL Activities, experiments and projects to study gravity and the famous scientist who studied it 1992:1-205 Build an electric generator experiment 1605:62-63

Electric generator, based on Faraday’s discoveries, how to make 1683:60-61 Simple electric motor to build to illustrate Faraday’s discovery experiment 1605:58-61 Simple electric motor, based on Faraday’s discoveries, how to make 1683:57-59 FARMING Butter making project 1729:49-51 Cheese making project; make cottage cheese 1729:52 Cows; how cows process food and make milk project 1729:43-48 Cows; what goes in and what comes out of a cow exhibit 1729:53-54 Cows; what they eat and cow by-products project 1729:41-42 From sheep to sweater project 1729:39-40 In the good old days; daily life chores project 1729:32-35 Products from farm animals project 1729:35-36 FARMS Shadoof lifts water from rivers to fields experiment, how to make one 1635:39 FATS Digesting fats experiment 1725:91 Effect of fat on gluten experiment 1849:152-155 Fatty food experiment; test food for fat 1981:43-46 Milk fat percentages affect flow of food coloring in milk experiment 1840:99-104 Test for fat in food experiment 1849:21-25 Test for fats in foods experiment 1864:92-93 Which cooking method removes most fat from hamburger experiment 1628:27 Which foods are high in fat content experiment 1628:26-28 Which foods contain fat experiment 1843:242 FATS AND OILS Blubber from whales is insulating substance experiment 1601:30 Unsaturated fat; measure how unsaturated a fat is experiment 2048:46-50 Why don’t oil and water mix experiment 1804:23-24

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FAX MACHINES Make simple fax machine that sends messages experiment 1532:160-161 FEATHERS Duck feather reaction to rain experiment 1751:11 Flight feathers barbs seem zipped together; observe use experiment 2025:20-21 Flight feathers lift experiment 2025:20-21 Why are feathers special; what purpose do they serve experiment with downy feathers and flight feathers 1843:130-131 FEELING. See SENSES—TOUCH FERMENTATION. See also FOOD; YEAST Cheese dessert from Rennet tablets and milk experiment 1637:62 Yeast and sugar produce carbon dioxide experiment 1637:61 FERNS Fern terrarium, how to make 1973:80-81 Spatter prints from ferns, how to make 1645:79 FERRIES Flat-bottom ferry model, make from cardboard, dowels and spool 1896:14-15 FERTILIZERS Compost can replace or supplement commercial fertilizers experiment 1569:58-63 Fertilizer helps seedling grow experiment 1734:36-37 Fertilizer; do plants grow better with soluble or controlled release fertilizer experiment 1638:103-106 Fertilizers in pond water cause increased growth of algae in pond experiment 1826:41 Houseplant fertilizer that produces best plant growth experiment 1638:95-98 Houseplant fertilizers; can houseplant fertilizers be used as hydroponics nutrient solutions experiment 1638:112-114 Natural fertilizers (compost) can replace synthetic fertilizers experiment 1569:32-36 Plant mineral nutrient deficiency symptoms experiment 1638:115-119 The great American lawn and pristine water; can they coexist experiment 1539:93-94 Turn garbage into fertilizer experiment 1743:28-30 FIBER OPTICS. See also OPTICAL FIBERS Channel beam of light through glass dish experiment to demonstrate fiber optics 1901:121-124 How can you pour light experiment 1844:123-125 Laser beam experiment 1611:75-76

Light guide uses total internal reflection to transmit light experiment 1611:49-53 Total internal reflection experiment; finding critical angle of reflection 1578:30-34 FIBERS. See also MICROSCOPE; TEXTILES FIELD OF FORCE. See MAGNETIC FIELDS FILTERS Carbon filters work in removing dirt and some odors experiment 1658:65-67 Microbes on dirty air conditioner filters experiment 1570:31-32 Sand filter cleans dirty water experiment 1693:41 FILTERS AND FILTERING Water filter test of river water experiment 1635:37 FILTERS AND FILTRATION Sand cleans dirty water experiment 1752:63 FINGERNAILS Determine factors that affect speed of fingernail growth experiment 1571:111-113 FINGERPRINTS Collect fingerprints using talcum powder and pencil lead 1546:87 Detect fingerprints with pencil lead experiment 1879:61-62 Discover your own special pattern of fingerprints experiment 1816:18 Fingerprints under microscope experiment 2027:58-60 How to see what fingerprints look like experiment 1818:23 Lift fingerprints, how to do 1626:34-35 Make fingerprints, how to do 1725:38-39 Reveal hidden fingerprints with glue experiment 1959:17-19 Why fingertips have ridges experiment 1858:6-9 FIRE. See also COMBUSTION; SMOKE Burning candle goes out when oxygen is cut off experiment 1758:15 Candle burns steel wool experiment 1906:104-105 Flame needs oxygen to burn experiment using candle burning under jar 1548:18-20 Oxygen in the air experiment using candle burning under jar 1548:18-20 FIRE EXTINGUISHER Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher puts out fire experiment using baking soda, vinegar and candle 1673:51-53 Make a fire extinguisher experiment 1844:35-36 FIREFLIES Blinking patterns in fireflies experiment 1552:17-20

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Chemical reaction produces light in both lightning bugs and light sticks experiment 1613:155-162 Communicating with fireflies with flashlight experiment; record response and sequence of flashes 1571:90-91 Fireflies flash more on hot nights than cool nights experiment 1959:116 Flash rate changes with temperature changes experiment 1915:126 Flashlight from jar of fireflies you catch experiment (Primary) 1557:62-63 How different species of fireflies communicate with flash signals experiment 1552:17-20 How to catch and keep fireflies 1653:72-75 Lightning bug flashlight experiment 1760:77 Observe fireflies for variations in color and blinking patterns experiment 1751:38 Trick firefly into seeking a flashlight as a mate experiment 1959:114-115 Why do fireflies light up experiment with light stick model 1855:74-77 FISH. See also GOLDFISH Adult flatfish develops to live on the ocean floor experiment 1853:184-186 Age of fish, how to determine from scales experiment 1751:39 Blood circulation in a fish tail experiment 1571:25-27 Breathing rate of fish experiment 1934:70 Breathing; how do fish breathe experiment 1752:18 Breathing; how does a fish breathe experiment 1934:68-70 Calcium carbonate added to fish food dissolves oxygen gas in fish body allowing it to relax in new home 1539:176-177 Dolphin-safe tuna in supermarkets and restaurants survey project 1965:86-88 Ears; demonstrate how a fish hears without external ears experiment 1853:222-223 Eyes; show how fish eyes see objects at different distances experiment 1853:212-214 Fish print T-shirts, how to make 1572:61-63 Gulping rate of fish changes with water temperature experiment 1915:131-132 Heavy metals in coastal body of water and their effect on aquatic life experiment 1539:109-112 How fish swim 1609:52-54 How oils help keep fish from sinking experiment 1609:57 Motion of fish in water, make model to demonstrate 1784:49

Over-fishing; demonstrate effect of over-fishing experiment 1848:197-199 Plaster cast of fish using plaster of Paris experiment, how to do 1550:107-110 Respiration rates of goldfish in waters of varying temperatures experiment 1571:82-84 Rising and sinking of fish experiment, demonstrate with soda bottle 1856:54-57 Scales and bands on fish scales show age and growth periods of fish experiment 1571:118-119 Scales; fish scales under microscope experiment 2027:43 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:22-36 Skeleton; what does skeleton of a fish do experiment 1753:19 Swim bladder allows fish to move up and down in the water experiment 1853:194-195 Swim bladder; how does a fish float experiment 1751:61 Swim bladder; how fish swim bladder works experiment 1947:15 Swimming; how do fish swim experiment 1752:22 Temperature affects fish gulping (respiration) rate experiment 1595:62-64 Temperature effect on fish respiration experiment 1583:108-110 Why does a dead fish float 1667:19-21 FISH PRINTS Fish print using natural plant dyes, how to make 1967:183 How to make and preserve fish prints 1930:82-83 Japanese art of fish printing or gyotaku, how to do 1550:110-112 Print of a fish, how to do 1601:25-26 Printing from fresh, flat fish, how to do 2046:112-113 FISH SCALES. See also FISH Count wide bands on fish scales to determine fish’s age experiment 1581:41 FISHING Compare advantages and disadvantages of different methods of fishing experiment 1550:128 FISHING INDUSTRY Hypothermia; explore how hypothermia works experiment 1550:161 FISSION, NUCLEAR. See NUCLEAR BOMBS; NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION FLAME TESTS Flame test for different metal samples experiment 1710:23

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FLAMES Flame can move through space filled with fuel and oxygen experiment 1673:57-59 Light from a burning gas experiment using metal screen placed in flame 1673:54-56 FLASHLIGHT How does a flashlight work easy experiments 1857:110-113 How to make from battery, wires and cardboard 1922:12-13 FLATWORMS. See also PLANARIANS FLAVORS. See also FOOD—FLAVORINGS AND EXTRACTS FLEAS Flea hoppers made from paper demonstrate how fleas can jump far experiment 1855:66-68 How do fleas hang onto their hosts experiment 1852:44-47 FLEMING, SIR ALEXANDER Grow mold on grapefruit experiment 1771:63-68 FLEXURE. See PAPER ENGINEERING FLIES Flies can grow from decaying bananas experiment 1851:66-67 How do flies eat experiment 1852:48-51 How do flies eat experiment 2054:60-61 Smelling sensitivity of houseflies tested experiment 1583:103-105 Sticky wet feet let flies walk on the ceiling experiment 1855:50-53 What happens to a fly in cold weather experiment 1753:18 FLIES—FRUIT FLIES. See also FRUIT FLIES FLIES—HOUSE FLIES. See also HOUSE FLIES FLIGHT Airfoil provides lift that keeps airplane in the air experiment, how to demonstrate 1558:24-25 Airship experiment using helium filled party balloons experiment 1558:20-21 Birds; how birds fly experiment, how to make model bird 2043:26-27 Boomerang spin gives it stability in the air experiment 1558:9 Cannon used to investigate trajectories of cannon balls experiment, how to make 1558:12-13 Flights affect accuracy of arrows from crossbow experiment 1558:10-11 Forces that keep kite in the air experiment 1558:14-15

Frisbee spin gives it stability in the air experiment 1558:8 Glider uses energy from stretched rubber band for power experiment, how to make 1558:22-23 Hot air rises experiment with spinning fan over candles 1558:18 Hot air rises experiment, make hot air balloon to demonstrate 1558:19 Jet balloon models demonstrate jet engines 1558:42-43 Model plane with rubber band driven propeller, how to build 1558:34-35 Model propeller pushes air backward to push plane forward experiment 1558:32-33 Parachute uses canopy to increase air resistance for slow fall experiment 1558:16 Phenakistoscope used to show how birds move wings in flight experiment 1558:6-7 Rocket to launch space shuttle model, how to make 1558:44-45 Rotor of helicopter experiment, make two models to see how helicopter works 1558:40-41 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:14-25 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:3-13 Space shuttle model with delta wings to demonstrate high speed flight, how to make 1558:28-29 Swing-wing glider model demonstrates wings at low and high speeds experiment 1558:30-31 Triplane experiment, how to make from balsa wood 1558:26-27 Vertical take off and landing (VTOL) aircraft experiment, how to make 1558:42-43 FLIGHT—PRINCIPLES OF. See AERODYNAMICS; AERONAUTICS; AIRPLANES; GLIDERS FLIP BOOKS Make from small pad with gummed edge 1890:105-106 FLOATING AND SINKING. See also ARCHIMEDES; BOATS; BUOYANCY; SHIPS; WATER—BUOYANCY Aluminum foil boat demonstrates density effect on floating 1890:56-57 Archimedes principle demonstrated by weighing water displaced by block of wood 1820:34 Balloon submarine experiment 1606:14-15 Balloons floating or sinking in water affected by water temperature and salty water experiment 1606:10-15 Boat shapes that float experiment 1596:12

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Boats; find the fastest shape experiment using gutter, weight, water 1596:12 Boats; test clay boat’s cargo-carrying capacity to modify boat’s design experiment 1840:59-65 Boats; why boats float on water experiment with pieces of modeling clay 1867:25 Boats; why do boats float easy experiments with fresh and saltwater 1857:70-73 Cargo amount that boats can carry experiment; aluminum boats, compartments 1596:15-16 Catamaran boat does not sink easily experiment, how to make boat 1596:14 Clay boats and aluminum beverage cans experiment 1990:115-116 Density of liquids is different and objects float and sink at different rates experiment 1970:18 Density tube toy filled with liquid and glitter experiment 1840:53-58 Easier to float in the ocean than in a pool experiment 1752:56 Egg floats better in saltwater experiment 1947:20-21 Egg floats in salty water but not in water experiment 1596:29 Egg floats in salty water experiment 1838:29 Float egg in saltwater experiment 1879:24-25 Ice; what makes ice float experiment 1904:62-64 Iceberg experiment shows size of iceberg below water 1596:9 Keel on bottom of boat hull keeps boat afloat and upright experiment 1596:13 Lifting buried treasure with balloon experiment 1596:21 Liquid filled balloons in tub experiment, which sink or float 1606:9-15 Liquids; bottle with oil, water, food colors demonstrates how liquids float 1596:30, 33 Liquids; floating objects in layers of liquids experiment 1879:22-23 Liquids; how liquids float experiment using narrow bottle, oil, alcohol and food colors 1838:30 Liquids; how things float in different liquids using hydrometer experiment 1596:28 Liquids; hydrometer measures how things float in different liquids experiment 1838:28 Liquids; trick with floating liquids experiment 1838:33 Marbling paper using oily paints or inks experiment 1596:34-35 Mass, density and volume affect whether soft drink cans float or sink in water experiment (Advanced) 1839:233-237

Mast positions and size important to keep sailing ship stable experiment 1596:18-19 Measure buoyancy or “floating strength” of alcohol filled balloon in water 1606:16-18 Oil floats on water experiment 1947:29 Ponds; what floats in pond water, simple experiment 1811:15 Primary demonstrations with floating and sinking 1947:3-31 Salt added to water increases its buoyant force experiment 1957:12-18 Shape determines which piece of clay floats experiment 1640:82-83 Shape; which shape floats best experiment 2035:21 Simple experiments to demonstrate 1938:10-13 Size and shape of boat, salt or freshwater determines boat’s ability to float and carry most weight experiment 1630:18-20 Soil particles sink to bottom of jar of water demonstrating rock formation 1596:36 Solid objects floating and sinking in carbonated liquid experiment 1758:19 Water candle stays alight under water experiment 1596:10-11 Water pushes back experiment with a water candle 1838:10-11 Which objects float or sink, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:164-166 FLOODS Driveways; how does a driveway affect runoff experiment 1535:63-65 Flood a river valley experiment 1635:38 Flood alarm, how to make model from tubing, wire, battery and buzzer 1896:26-27 Flood control barriers experiment; build a Thames barrier 1635:42 Monsoon mud fertile soil from flooding experiment 1528:149 Monsoon rain-bearing winds experiment, make model 1528:148 FLOUR. See also WHEAT Effect of fat on gluten experiment 1849:152-155 Using a polymer present in flour to thicken a liquid experiment 1675:27-29 FLOWER PRESS Flower press from cardboard, how to make 1555:110-111 Flower press, how to make and start flower collection experiment 2041:26-27 How to make from pegboard, old belts and blotting paper 1918:110-111

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FLOWERS. See also PLANTS Are all flowers either male or female experiment 1651:120-121 Blooming of many flowers controlled by hours of daylight experiment 1984:87-89 Colored flowers experiment using daisies, carnations, Queen Anne’s lace in food coloring 1557:114 Compound flower experiment using dandelion 1751:89 Crocus flower reacts to light experiment 1751:10 Dissect a flower experiment, how to do 1546:50 Eat major parts of different plants, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:48-69 Edible plants and fruits, Venn diagram game 1875:61-69 Fertilizer produces more flowers on African violets and geraniums experiment 1742:25-28 Flower colors come from pigments in their petals experiment 1546:51 Flower petals crushed in water show color pigments experiment 1546:51 Flower plants grow better in composted soil experiment 1987:56-57 Flower stem under microscope experiment 2027:35-36 Flower types and structure experiment 1758:76-77 Forcing hyacinth and daffodil bulbs to bloom inside experiment 1695:16-17 How do flowers open experiment 1856:104-107 How do plants make seeds and fruit experiment 1854:28-31 Odors; rose petals or rose leaves and stems attract Japanese beetles experiment 1571:7-9 Parts of a flower and their function project 1729:227-232 Parts of a flower examined experiment 1751:40 Parts of flower model and experiment 1854:24-27 Parts of plants have specific functions, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:48-69 Why do flowers smell nice experiment 1856:108-111 FLOWERS—ARRANGING Miniature Japanese lake in bowl with plants experiment 1695:10-11 FLOWERS—CANDY Candied violets, how to make 1557:112 FLOWERS—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION Preserve flowers in silica gel experiment 1546:53 Waxed leaves and flowers, how to do 1785:41

FLOWERS—DRIED Air drying flowers, how to do 1651:183 Dried flower arrangement experiment 1546:52 FLOWERS—IDENTIFICATION Botanical garden site, how to start and keep 1588:39 Botanical journal, how to keep 1588:25 How to use magnifying lens to identify flowers 1588:17 Observe and record all flowers that grow in bare ground over time experiment 1588:36 FLOWERS—POLLINATION Pollen from different flowers, how to collect and compare experiment 2025:42-43 Pollen; trap flowers to catch pollen in the air experiment 1894:21 Pollination; relationship between flowers and their pollinators project 1729:233-236 FLOWERS—PRESSED How to collect and press flowers, how to make plant press 1967:186-187 How to press and preserve flowers experiment 1909:26-27 How to press flowers and preserve them 1973:76-77 Press flowers between sheets of waxed paper experiment 1544:28 Press flowers using blotting paper and heavy books experiment 1546:51 Press flowers, how to do 1651:206-207 FLOWERS—WILD. See also WILDFLOWERS FLUID DYNAMICS. See also PASCAL’S LAW FLUIDS Cornstarch and heat change liquid into pudding experiment 2001:128-129 Stokes’ Law applies to non-spherical objects dropped in viscous fluids experiment 1539:163-165 Weight; compare weights of different fluids experiment 1902:15-17 FLUORESCENT BULB Light from a charged gas experiment 1673:41-43 FLUOROCARBONS. See GREENHOUSE EFFECT FLYING. See also AIRPLANES FLYING SAUCERS. See also UFO Make flying saucers from paper plates 1745:27-28 Make from paper plates and glitter 1708:26-27 FOCAL LENGTH. See also LENS—FOCAL LENGTH; MIRRORS FOG. See also SMOG; WATER Conditions that produce fog demonstration 1550:22

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Fog chamber experiment; make portable cloud in a bottle experiment 1577:45-48 When does fog form experiment 1905:76-77 FOLDS Folds made from clay demonstrate how mountains are formed experiment 1738:18 FOLIAGE. See LEAVES FOOD. See also FATS Acid; test for acid in different food experiment 1849:127-129 Apples; test for chemical changes in ripening apples using iodine paint experiment 1864:96 Calories; how many calories do you use experiment 1843:244-245 Calories; measuring food and calories experiment 1982:87-88 Cereals; compare nutrition facts of different cereals experiment 1849:68-71 Classify fruits and vegetables experiment 1628:34-36 Color changes in food experiment 1701:89-90 Crispness; what keeps lettuce crisp and what makes it wilt experiment 1568:17 Dyes; what food dyes are used to make the colors in candy simple project 1876:123-131 Fat extracted from hamburger meat experiment 2048:89-90 Fat; which cooking method removes most fat from hamburger experiment 1628:27 Fat; which foods are high in fat content experiment 1628:26-28 Fat; which foods contain fat experiment 1843:242 Fats; test for fats in foods experiment 1864:92-93 Food is a fuel; burn peanut experiment 1770:25 Gluten; effect of fat on gluten experiment 1849:152-155 Heat destroys bacteria in milk experiment 1978:49-51 Heat; why some foods hold heat experiment 1540:41 Iodine test for starch in food experiment 1864:105 Iron content of breakfast cereals experiment 1820:45 Milk has calcium experiment 1849:167-170 Minerals build bones experiment using vinegar and chicken bones 1864:110 Model of Food Guide Pyramid, how to make 1849:61-64 Package size in buying groceries contributes to trash and waste we discard experiment 1987:58-59

Paints from foods and spices experiment 2022:130 Paints from nuts, flowers, vegetables and grasses experiment 2022:131 Percentage of water in different types of hot dogs experiment 1659:33-35 Pizza with map of the U.S., how to make 1628:14-16 Protein; test foods for protein experiment 1843:238-239 Protein; test for protein in foods experiment 1864:99-100 Raw food is more nutritious than cooked food experiment 1571:104-107 Salt; how salt affects water in cells experiment 1849:116-118 Soaking; how does soaking affect dried beans experiment 1568:23 Sounds of food experiment 1637:66 Starch test for starch in foods experiment 1670:82 Starch; make starch and turn it into a sugar by heating experiment 1864:103-104 Starch; test for starch in foods experiment 2014:12 Starch; which foods contain starch experiment 1843:241 Sugar; test for natural sugar in foods experiment 1864:94-95 Sugar; which foods contain sugar experiment 1843:240 Temperature affects sweetness of food experiment 1849:93-95 Toast tastes better experiment 1864:106 Vitamin C in food; test for vitamin C experiment; make liquid vitamin C indicator 1563:6 Water in food; how much is there experiment 1724:41 Water in various foods; how much is there experiment 1820:16-17 What are the most common and the most popular foods experiment 1843:235-236 What happens when you cook custard experiment 1568:73 Why ice pops are softer than ice experiment 1849:102-104 Why we cook food experiment, chemical changes make foods, safer, tastier and easier to eat 1864:101-102 FOOD—PRESERVATION Dehydration and spices protect food against spoilage experiment 1570:36-38 Fish pemmican, how to preserve cooked fish 1664:119 Freezing effect on crispness of food experiment 1849:193-195

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Food web mobile, how to make 1826:19 Releasing and measuring food energy in peanuts experiment 1826:21 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:80-81 FOOTPRINTS Person’s height determined from footprints experiment 1571:142-143 FOOTWEAR Does footwear provide for growth of bacteria and which type of footwear grows most bacteria experiment 1539:140-141 FORCE. See also CENTRIFUGAL FORCE; CENTRIPETAL FORCE; NEWTON’S LAW; STRENGTH Balloon on a string demonstrates rocket propulsion 1839:33-38 Bed of nails doesn’t burst balloon magic trick experiment 1713:10-11 Changing direction of a force affects round object experiment 1902:133-135 Constant force and elastic force experiments 1955:12-17 Forces necessary to move an object experiment 1902:105-108 Gears used to change direction and speed of a force experiment 1902:137-140 Kinetic and potential energy experiment 2045:34-35 Kinetic energy and the transfer of energy experiment 2045:38-39 Magnetic force, reaction force, buoyant force experiments 1839:95-100 Marbles in loop the loop experiment 1748:44-45 Measuring forces with a force meter, how to make 1748:12-13 Pulling wagons experiment 1990:103-105 Ramp makes work easier experiment 1955:31-35 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:155-163 Spinning top magic trick, top keeps on spinning 1713:16-17 Torque, changing the direction of force experiment 2045:80-81 FORCE AND MOTION Simple experiments to demonstrate motion, force and energy 1765:3-34 FORECAST. See WEATHER FORECASTING FORENSIC SCIENCE. See DETECTIVES FOREST. See also WOODS Grow small forest from tree fruits and seeds experiment 1644:10

Freezing used to freeze all foods or certain kinds experiment 1540:53 Salt and sugar prevent or control meat from spoiling experiment 1570:113-115 FOOD—SPOILAGE Bread mold; temperature affect on bread mold growth experiment 1849:184-186 Dehydration and spices protect food against spoilage experiment 1570:36-38 pH of different foods effect on food spoilage experiment 1570:39-41 Salt and sugar prevent or control meat from spoiling experiment 1570:113-115 Water; do foods with more or less water spoil faster experiment 1948:25 FOODS—SPOILAGE Bacteria in milk grows more slowly when refrigerated experiment 1978:49-51 FOOD—UTENSILS Do dishwashers or detergents get rid of microbes on eating utensils experiment 1570:120-121 Eating utensils and the microbes on them experiment 1570:120-121 FOOD CHAINS. See also FOOD WEBS Activities to demonstrate how food chains work 1764:3-32 Balance in food chain between consumers and producers experiment 1853:178-179 Construct model of a food chain experiment 1848:41-46 Diversity of plants and animals in small area of ground experiment 1987:11-12 Energy flows through a food chain demonstration 1729:55-58 Energy is transferred in an ecosystem experiment 1842:182 Food web mobile, how to make 1826:19 Game; food chain drama game, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:78-85 Marine food web chart, how to display 1601:9-10 Place each item of food you eat on food chain; can you change your diet experiment 1581:43-44 Poster board food chains projects, how to make 1571:43-48 Releasing and measuring food energy in peanuts experiment 1826:21 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:80-81 FOOD WEBS. See also FOOD CHAINS Energy is transferred in an ecosystem experiment 1842:182

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Layers of plant and animal populations, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:37-40 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:85-86 Things to do to conserve and preserve temperate deciduous forests 1792:58-60 Things to look for in a temperate deciduous forest 1792:46 Yellow and orange pigments in fall leaves are there all year long experiment 1792:26 FORMICARIUM. See ANTS FOSSIL FUELS Experiments with fossils 1953:189-199 FOSSILS Cast of a fossil experiment, how to do 1746:24 Clay fossil model, how to make 1828:15 Dating fossilized bones experiment 2054:104-105 Dinosaur skeleton fossil model, how to make from plaster of Paris 1999:8-9 Formation of a fossil mold experiment 1851:100-101 Formation of a fossil mold experiment 1859:76-79 Fossil cast of shell, modeling clay, plaster of Paris, how to make 1599:95-96 Fossil cast, how to make 1951:79 Fossil cast; made using modeling clay and plaster of Paris experiment 1816:33 Fossil casts of leaves, seed pods, bones, feathers and flowers, how to make 1599:97-98 Fossil mold, how to make 1951:78 Fossils in the Earth experiment 1869:126-131 Geologists envelopes to carry small fossils, sand or rocks, how to make 1746:18-19 How a fossil impression forms experiment 1941:29 How are fossil impressions formed experiment 1751:51 How fossils are made experiment with plaster of Paris 1933:37 Make fossil jacket, to allow moving fossils to a laboratory experiment 1667:13-14 Make fossil using clay, plaster of Paris and shell 1738:16 Make fossils from coffee or tea leaves, how to do 1636:69-71 Make fossils, from cardboard and plaster of Paris 1830:94 Make plaster cast of a fossil 1667:14-15 Make your own fossil form from plaster of Paris experiment 2014:187 Make your own fossils from clay, plaster of Paris 1654:26

Model of fossil made with clay 1549:24-26 Model of fossil made with plaster of Paris 1549:26-27 Mold of shell made using plaster of Paris experiment 1550:78-79 Plaster of Paris fossil model, how to make 1827:24-25 Plaster of Paris fossil, how to make 1670:25 Play dough fossils, how to make 1970:179 Removing the fossil from surrounding rock, how to do 1746:24 Rubbings; how to do using aluminum foil, embossing and clay prints 1967:194-195 Sponges turn into hard “bone-like” fossils in salt water and sand experiment 1659:27-29 FOUCAULT PENDULUM. See also PENDULUMS Demonstrate rotation of Earth by building Foucault’s Pendulum experiment 1864:139-140 Earth rotates experiment 1953:211 FOUCAULT PENDULUM PRINCIPLE. See also GYROSCOPES; PENDULUMS FOUCAULT, JEAN Earth rotates experiment 1953:211 FOUNTAINS Magic trick fountain defies gravity experiment 1719:14-15 FRAGRANCES. See COSMETICS; PERFUMES FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN Dark fabrics absorb heat more rapidly than light fabrics experiment 1537:8-9 Engraving stamps, how to make from potatoes 1537:102-103 Homemade paper from bathroom tissue or tissue paper, how to make 1537:90-91 Ideas to get you observing, thinking, innovating and inventing 1537:8-19 Letter press stamps, how to make from potatoes and paint 1537:99-100 Letter press, how to make from sand, and shoe box 1537:100-102 Lithography shop using paper, crayons, watercolors, how to do 1537:103-104 Repeat Franklin’s experiments with static electricity and Leyden jar 1586:84-87 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:70-79 FREEZING. See also HEAT; ICE; WATER— FREEZING Freezing slows molecules and they join together to make ice crystals experiment 1679:18-20 How sugar affects freezing experiment 1669:43

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FREEZING POINT Salt affects the freezing point of sea water experiment 1600:21-22 What happens to salt water when sea water freezes experiment 1600:24 FREQUENCY. See SOUND—FREQUENCY FRESHWATER. See also LAKES; PONDS; STREAMS Acid rain in freshwater affects the cell structure of spirogyra experiment 1539:106-108 Compare density of ocean and freshwater experiment 1851:85 FRICTION. See also HEAT; SLIDING TOYS; STATIC ELECTRICITY Ball bearing lets object spin easily experiment, how to build 1532:34-35 Ball bearings effect on friction experiment 1902:89-92 Balloon car floats on cushion of air with very little friction, how to build 1606:91-94 Cups and balls magic trick demonstrates friction 1713:22-23 Different surfaces create different amounts of friction, demonstrate with toy cars 1820:62-63 Electric and magnetic forces on a frictionless toy air car experiment 1990:25-30 Forces necessary to overcome static friction and moving friction experiment 1902:85-88 Friction and dry and oily surfaces experiment 2045:12-13 Frictionless toy air car experiment 1990:15-21 Heat from friction experiment using sand in jar with thermometer 1534:108 Hovercraft model; how air can be used to reduce friction experiment 1902:93-96 How do starting friction and sliding friction compare experiment 1844:190-191 How does rolling friction compare with sliding friction experiment 1844:192-193 Lubricants; how lubricants fight friction experiment 1677:21-23 Magic ball stops and starts due to gravity experiment 1770:45 Measure frictional force when various surfaces rub together experiment 1915:68-70 Observe force of friction and devise ways to overcome it experiment 1758:27 Parachute shapes that reduce friction the most experiment 1878:17-20 Race different size containers down a ramp experiment 1878:8-10

Scale device that measures friction on different surfaces experiment 1532:34 Shoes tested for resistance on different materials experiment 1748:15 Slip and grip cardboard rocket experiment to demonstrate friction 2000:33 Surfaces increase or decrease friction experiment 1878:11-14 Wear on everyday things is caused by friction experiment 1540:46 FRISBEES Paper plate Frisbee experiment 2000:103-104 Paper plate Frisbee experiment, how to make 1890:38 Spin of Frisbee gives it stability in the air experiment 1558:8 FROGS. See also TADPOLES Caring for eggs and tadpoles, how to do 1736:25-27 Collecting tadpoles or frog eggs, how to do 1736:22-24 How to collect frog spawn and raise tadpoles in aquarium 1723:15 Keeping frogs in a vivarium, how to do 1736:28-31 Tadpoles grow into frogs in aquarium experiment 1906:91-93 Temperature effect on frog development experiment 1583:110-113 Where do frogs go in winter experiment 1906:94-95 FROST. See also ICE How does frost form experiment 1751:103 How does frost form experiment 1861:52-55 Make frost experiment 1528:54 Make frost with glass, ice cubes and salt experiment 1892:43 Temperature difference between air and object it touches affects formation of frost experiment 1861:54-55 FRUIT. See FRUITS FRUIT FLIES. See also FLIES—FRUIT FLIES Are adult fruit flies attracted to light experiment 1652:175 Catching and keeping fruit flies experiment 1722:13 Do fruit flies detect their food by sight experiment 1652:172-173 Do fruit flies have a tendency to walk upward experiment 1652:176 Does cold affect number of individuals surviving to pupation experiment 1652:175

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Does darkness affect ability of fruit fly population to reproduce experiment 1652:175 Does temperature affect development time of fruit flies experiment 1652:173 Experiments with fruit flies, data sheets given 1652:167-176 Fruit flies can live on fruit alone but not yeast alone experiment 1652:173 Gravity; how do fruit flies respond to gravity experiment 1571:13-15 How many fruit flies can a praying mantis eat experiment 1965:26-29 How to catch and keep fruit flies 1653:99-102 How to collect fruit flies experiment 1631:42-44 Identify male and female fruit flies experiment to get new generation of fruit flies 1631:44 Raise fruit flies in jar of banana pieces experiment 1546:72-73 Will fruit flies come to a jar with fresh fruit or rotting fruit experiment 1652:172 FRUIT JUICES How can you concentrate a solution experiment 2048:22-23 How much vitamin C in orange juice experiment 2048:26-28 FRUITS. See also CITRUS FRUITS; SEEDS— FRUITS Are fruits acid experiment, use red cabbage indicator 1893:12-13 Bananas ripen faster in a bag experiment, how to graph 2039:20-21 Classify fruits and vegetables experiment 1628:34-36 Cranberries tested for freshness experiment 1751:71 Decay rates of plant matter in carbon dioxide/ nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:77-80 Develop picture of yourself on an apple experiment 1959:130-132 Eat major parts of different plants, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:48-69 Edible plants and fruits, Venn diagram game 1875:61-69 How do plants make seeds and fruit experiment 1854:28-31 How fruits ripen experiment 1864:167-168 How to keep fruits and salads fresh experiment 2048:24-25 Mathematical model to determine how much of fruit you eat and how much you throw away 1610:73-76

Nuts; what is the fruit in nuts experiment 1751:73 Parts of plants have specific functions, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:48-69 Reproduction; pineapple plant from pineapple top, how to grow 1651:90-91 Ripeness affects the taste of fruits experiment 1849:15-16 Ripening fruit by heat and light experiment 1540:30 Ripening; speed up ripening of banana experiment 1849:159-161 Starch; how does banana become ripe experiment, test for starch 1934:65-67 Sugar; test for glucose sugar in ripe banana experiment 1934:67 Vitamin C and lemon juice keep fruit from turning dark experiment 1856:96-97 Water in various foods; how much is there experiment 1820:16-17 Why do some fruits and vegetables wilt when cooked experiment 1804:58-59 Why does cut fruit turn brown experiment 1804:30-31 FRUITS—DRIED Fruit dryer, make from cardboard box, aluminum foil and cheesecloth 1967:178-179 Raisins; make your own dried fruit in Sun trap 1631:8 Sun-dried apples experiment 1616:16-17 FRUITS—SEEDS. See also SEEDS—FRUIT All apples have the same number of seeds experiment 1651:104-105 Fruit tree, how to plant and grow experiment 1757:74-75 Grow avocado tree from seed, how to do 1734:41 Grow fruit plants from seeds experiment 1603:45 Grow lemon, orange or grapefruit plants from seeds, how to do 1651:80-81 How do seeds of fruits compare experiment 1751:74 How to grow orange and lemon trees 1830:146 Mango plant from mango seed, how to grow 1651:82-83 Peach plant from peach pit, how to grow 1651:86-87 Plant avocado pit or other fruit seeds in soil experiment 1546:38 Pomegranate plant from seed, how to grow 1651:92-93 FRY, ART Test post-its experiment 1771:89

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FUEL Can fuel be made from plant materials experiment 1787:90-94 FUNGI. See also SLIME MOLDS; SPORES; YEAST Bread mold, how to grow experiment 1735:28-29 Bread mold; growing bread mold experiment 1816:13 Classification of fungi, bacteria, algae and protists in pond water experiment 1570:84-85 Foods; on which foods do molds grow best experiment 1735:35-36 Grow molds on bread, cheese and jam experiment 1695:14-15 Making spore patterns experiment 1893:16 Mold distribution throughout your home experiment 1570:86-87 Mold grows on bread experiment 1750:24-25 Mold spores in vacuum cleaner bags experiment 1570:90-91 Molds from bread, fruits, cheeses and onions under microscope experiment 2027:68-68 Mushroom spore prints, how to make 1735:40 Preservatives control bread mold growth experiment 1570:88-89 Slime molds know where their food is experiment 1652:77 Slime molds; at what distance can slime molds detect food experiment 1652:77-81 Slime molds; experiments with slime molds, data sheets given 1652:73-81 Slime molds; where are slime molds most likely to grow experiment 1735:32-34

Sporangia; will drying induce sporangia to form experiment 1652:81 Sporangia; will lack of food cause sporangia to form experiment 1652:81 Sporangia; will light cause sporangia to form experiment 1652:81 Sporangia; will placing slime on plastic wrap cause sporangia to form experiment 1652:81 Yeast growth in sugar and water experiment 1869:28-33 Yeast growth under microscope experiment 2027:70-71 FUNGICIDES Harmful chemicals can be drawn into plants we eat experiment 1632:23 FUNNELS, BERLESE. See BERLESE FUNNEL FURNACES. See HOUSES—FURNACES FURNACES—SOLAR. See HEATING SYSTEM; SOLAR FURNACES FUSES. See also ELECTRIC; ELECTRICITY— ELECTRIC CURRENT Device to test fuses, how to make 1899:65-68 Fuse can limit amount of current flowing in circuit experiment 1899:49-52 Fuse, make from steel wool, wire, switch and batteries 1747:43 Fuse; make fuse experiment to show how a metal can protect electrical devices 1674:27-30 Fuses protect from excess current flow experiment 1936:38-39 Short circuit experiment; what happens when you blow a fuse 1577:89-92 FUSION, NUCLEAR. See NUCLEAR FUELS

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GALAXIES Balloon with silver stickers demonstrates expanding universe 1974:35 Make a spinning galaxy to show structure of ours and other galaxies 1974:34-35 GALILEO, GALILEI Activities from easy to difficult to study Galileo’s life 2051:2-47 All objects fall at same speed experiment 1885:23-28 Falling balls experiment repeats Galileo’s famous experiment 1878:21-22 Falling feather and coin in vacuum experiment 1579:51-54 Falling objects experiment by dropping balls 2006:109-110 Galilean water clock, how to build 1992:13-17 Galileo’s water thermometer experiment 2006:107-109 Galileo’s drop test to see how fast different weights fall experiment 1586:33-35 Galileo’s inclined plane model of free-fall experiment 1610:110-112 Galileo’s pendulum experiment with string and bolt 2006:110-112 Galileo’s swing of the pendulum experiment 1586:31-33 Galileo’s telescope, how to make from tubes and lenses 2006:112-113 Model of projectile motion based on Galileo’s principle 1610:112-119 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:26-36 GALILEO’S EXPERIMENTS Method of measuring the time a falling object takes to reach the ground 1609:87-88 GALLS Finding and observing galls, how to do 1930:96-97 What’s inside a gall experiment 1852:72-75 GALVANIZATION How thick is the galvanized layer on metal experiment 1743:63-67 What happens when you soak galvanized nails in vinegar experiment 1743:58-62

GALVANOMETER Create electricity in a conductor by moving magnet against it experiment 1864:125-126 Galvanometer detects electrical current, how to build 1899:99-101 Galvanometer used to show flow of electricity through coil of wire experiment 1863:62-64 How compass needle reacts to magnetic field in current in wire experiment 1758:48 How to tell if electric current is flowing through a wire experiment, make a galvanometer 1844:323-324 Simple galvanometer, how to make 1953:43 When was the galvanometer discovered experiment 1905:106-109 GALVANOSCOPE Galvanoscope (Ampere inventions) detects electric current experiment 1605:42-43 GAMES. See also BATTERIES AND CIRCUITS Exploring the universe board game, how to make 1697:26-27 Operation game board demonstrates structure and components of electric circuit 1839:195-199 GARBAGE Compost from household garbage experiment 1987:56-57 Earthworms used to recycle kitchen wastes into fertile garden soil experiment 1539:90-92 Getting worms to eat your garbage experiment 1655:12-13 Heat from burnable trash experiment 1987:96-100 Landfill; how different materials change in a landfill experiment 1848:174-176 Landfill; use graph to show different kinds of trash in landfill experiment 2039:28-29 Waste material in garbage can experiment; what kinds and is it necessary 1721:39 What happens to garbage dumped in frozen environment experiment 1669:45 Which garbage is biodegradable and which is not experiment 1691:10-11 Which solids decompose easily project 1842:206-207 GARDENING. See also HYDROPONICS; SOIL

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GARDENS Food-container garden, how to plant and grow 1720:43 Mexican heritage garden, how to plant 1761:121-123 Salad garden grows sprouts for you 1546:48-49 GARDENS—BOTTLE. See also TERRARIUMS Bottle garden works in similar way to space colony experiment 1802:20-21 Desert bottle garden, how to make 1702:124-125 Green bottle garden, how to make 1702:124-125 GARDENS—CHEMICAL. See also CHEMICAL GARDENS; CRYSTALS Charcoal, salt, food coloring and bluing makes crystal garden experiment 1970:47 Crystal garden from water, bluing, ammonia, salt and a brick experiment 1603:17 GARDENS—INDOOR Vegetable tops grow in dish garden experiment 1555:104 GARDENS—PESTS Scarecrow from plastic jug to keep animals away, how to make 1555:39-40 Windmill from plastic jug scares birds and animals away, how to make 1555:38 GARDENS—WINDOW BOX Create window garden experiment, box and tray, soil, plants 1546:44-45 GARDENS WITHOUT SOILS. See HYDROPONICS GARLIC Can antibacterial quality of garlic plant be increased by foliar applications or garlic extract solution experiment 1539:148-151 Garlic braids, how to make 1761:136-138 Grow garlic plant indoors, how to do 1555:102 How to grow, harvest and braid into garlic braids 1757:78-80 Natural pesticides; can citrus oil, garlic or jalapeno peppers control insect pests experiment 1569:27-31 GAS STATIONS Do gas stations affect the soil around them experiment 1539:95-97 GASES. See also CARBON DIOXIDE; HELIUM; HYDROGEN; OXYGEN Alka-Seltzer tablets and popcorn kernels experiment 1970:39 Balloon in a bottle experiment 1990:69-70 Balloons; hot and cold experiment 1990:68

Blow up balloon with a smashed banana experiment 1667:27-28 Blown-out candle can re-light itself experiment 1844:31-32 Butane in lighter is a liquid or a gas experiment 1840:215-219 Carbon dioxide gas experiment with balloon 1829:4-5 Carbon dioxide; a heavier gas experiment 1985:47-50 Collapsing can experiment 1606:62-63 Convection in a gas experiment 1907:19 Density of gases experiment 1985:55-58 Expanding gases can be used for cooling experiment 1787:54-58 Gases affected by changes in temperature experiment 1606:51-56 Gases can dissolve in air experiment 1673:19-23 Helium; a lighter gas experiment 1985:51 Identify matter in each of three states, solids, liquids and gases experiment 1613:59-66 Marshmallows used to study effect that changing pressure has on volume of gas experiment 1840:209-213 Mass; measuring the mass of gases experiment 1985:45-46 Model of gas atoms or molecules in motion experiment 1577:49-51 Nucleation effect in liquid containing dissolved gas experiment 1637:45 Raisins ride up and down in soda drink experiment 1829:26-27 Remove flame from a candle without putting it out experiment 1844:33-34 Steamed vegetable bundles demonstrate water changing from liquid to gas experiment 1680:8-10 Vinegar and baking soda reaction blows up balloon experiment 1970:37 Volume of gases related to pressure when temperature changes experiment 1606:56-57 What happens to gases as they are heated and cooled experiment 1844:65-66 What is a gas experiment 1678:6-9 Which gas passes through a balloon faster—air or carbon dioxide experiment 1673:26-28 GASTROPODS. See SLUGS; SNAILS GEARS. See also SIMPLE MACHINES—GEARS Project to demonstrate basic principles behind gear motion 1864:160-161 What are gears for experiment 1904:16-18

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GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE Model of geological time scale, how to make 1999:6-7 What is a geologic time scale experiment 1535:85-87 GEOLOGY Buildings and structures of different kinds of rocks survey in your town project 1738:24 Geologist’s notebook, paper, cardboard, heavy thread, making 1599:8-10 GEOMETRIC FIGURES. See FRACTIONS GEOMETRY. See also ANGLES; CURVES; TOPOLOGY Polygon; what is a polygon experiment 2054:142-143 What is a triangle experiment and display 1851:142-143 GEOTAXIS How do fruit flies respond to gravity experiment 1571:13-15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY. See GEYSERS GEOTROPISM. See also PLANTS—TROPISMS; ROOTS Direction roots of a plant grow experiment 1934:39-41 Plants know which way is up experiment with bean seeds 1655:28-29 GERBILS Are gerbils territorial experiment 2020:59-63 Can we predict, on the basis of past behavior, which gerbil will back away from confrontation and which one won’t experiment 2020:64-68 Daily food consumption of gerbil studied experiment 1583:113-115 Do gerbils seek the company of other gerbils experiment 2020:37-42 Does the scent of cat affect the amount of exploratory behavior displayed by a gerbil experiment 2020:73-77 Food preferences of gerbil experiment 1583:115 Is a male gerbil more aggressive toward an intruder that is familiar or one that is not familiar experiment 2020:53-56 Which is faster a hamster, gerbil or mouse experiment 2020:32-36 GERMINATION. See also SEEDS— GERMINATION GERMS Germs multiply into a whole colony of bacteria or molds experiment 1707:88-89

GELATIN Flavored gelatin candy experiment 1981:58-60 Gelatin dessert demonstrates colloidal mixture experiment 2014:26 Gelatin used to explore refraction experiment 2028:23-24 Jiggling gelatin worms demonstrate a colloid gel experiment 2001:124-127 What is gelatin experiment 1804:51-53 GENDER Effects of gender identity on short-term memory of varying age children experiment 1539:50-52 GENERATORS Build an electric generator experiment 1605:62-63 Electric generator, based on Faraday’s discoveries, how to make 1683:60-61 Generator produces electricity experiment 1747:38-39 How can mechanical energy produce electricity experiment 1844:331-332 Motors are the opposite of generators experiment 1936:48 Velocity of water hitting paddle-wheel fins increases voltage output experiment 1936:68 GENES. See also HUMAN BODY—GENES Patterns of inherited traits experiment; widow’s peak, rolled tongue, freckles, eye color and others 1571:135-137 GENETICS. See also EMBRYOLOGY; HEREDITY Chances of inheritance experiment using beans 1725:177 Chromosomes and how they pass information on experiment 1889:94-96 Clay balls demonstrate new gene combinations in children 1889:92-94 Earlobe heredity experiment 1934:30-32 Flipping coins chance at work experiment in genetics 2019:107-111 How genetic changes and natural selection work experiment 1571:124-126 Jumping genes project 1869:34-39 Looking for traits in pea plants experiment, how to grow and record results 2019:112-114 Repeat Mendel’s genetic experiments with peas using marbles 1586:160-163 Tongue rolling; compare chances of coin toss to combinations produced in Punnett square experiment 1860:193-201 GEOLOGICAL TIME LINE Model of time line of Earth experiment, paper, paper tubes, paints 1599:98-99

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GLIDERS. See also AIRPLANES Build a simple glider from oak tag and rubber bands 1842:221-222 Design; which glider design glides the best experiment 1758:49-50 Foam flyer experiment 1698:58-61 Glider uses energy from stretched rubber band for power experiment, how to make 1558:22-23 Make a paper glider 1745:25-26 Make glider go up and down in a wind tunnel experiment 1842:223-226 Paper glider, how to make 1877:46 Sir George Cayley’s model glider, how to make 1877:36-37 Wind test baffle test on a balsa wood glider experiment 1864:185-188 GLOBAL WARMING. See also GREENHOUSE EFFECT Ideas for science fair projects 2023:243 Model to simulate the greenhouse effect experiment 1848:143-145 Plants are air filters; they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen experiment 1528:163 Sea levels rising due to pollution; effect on lowlying islands and coasts experiment 1528:162 GLOBES Globe project, how to build 1634:22-23 Mapping a sphere the Earth experiment; comparing globes and flat maps 1850:43-51 GLOBULES—FAT. See also FATS GLOP Recipe for making Glop 1970:289 GLUES. See also ADHESIVES Glue experiment, how to make from milk, vinegar, baking soda and water 1890:73-74 Glue from gluten experiment 1981:56 Glue from milk protein experiment 1981:54-55 Glue from milk, vinegar and baking soda experiment 1563:17-20 Milk glue from milk, vinegar and baking soda experiment 1879:9-11 Milk; glue from milk experiment 2048:37 Recipes for several kinds of glues and pastes, how to make 1670:29-32 Slime from glue and borax experiment 1879:15-18 Super adhesive from milk and vinegar, how to make 1801:22-23 GLUTEN Effect of fat on gluten experiment 1849:152-155 Gluten; how to make from flour and water experiment 1536:8-9

How far do you cough your germs experiment 1570:132-134 Salt kills bacteria before it can grow experiment 1707:88-89 GESNER, ABRAHAM Gesner’s experiment; repeat to compare way different oils burn 1658:38-41 G-FORCES Measure g-forces on a roller coaster with G-Meter Scale, how to make 1959:56-59 GIBBERELLINS Growth hormones experiment; can you make a plant grow straight 1569:127-132 GILBERT, WILLIAM Build Gilbert’s Versorium to test for staticproducing materials experiment 1845:42 Gilbert’s law of poles experiment using compass and bar magnet 1845:41-42 GIRDERS. See BEAMS; BRIDGES; STRUCTURES GLACIERS. See also EROSION; ICE Erosion caused by friction of glacial ice experiment 2045:84-85 Glacial ice formation experiment 1669:27 Glacier model to demonstrate melting experiment 1660:26-27 How did glaciers affect the landscape experiment 1535:54-56 How do glaciers change the environment experiment 1751:105 How is snow compacted into ice to form glaciers experiment 1842:162 Rock fragments picked up by glaciers scrape the surface of the Earth experiment 1751:105 Simulate glaciation (effect of ice on land) experiment 1550:67 Solifluction; what happens to rocks and stones as glaciers meets experiment 1528:157 What happens when glaciers meet experiment 1535:79-81 GLASS Bottle orchestra from recycled bottles filled with different amounts of water experiment 1691:24 Glass bottle reused to make pretty decoration, how to do 1691:23 Hollywood fake glass from sugar experiment 1631:12 Light through colored glass bottles experiment 1559:20 Musical instrument from drinking glasses with water experiment 1559:25

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GOLDRING, WINIFRED Fossils in the Earth experiment 1869:126-131 GOLF Does golf ball bounce influence the distance that it will travel experiment 1539:173-175 GONZALEZ, ELMA DR. Can’t grow wrong experiment with lima beans; roots grow down and stems grow up 1869:66-75 GOOBLEK Cornstarch and water mixture experiment 2001:120-123 GOODYEAR, CHARLES Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:81-93 Test cold and warm rubber balls for bounce experiment 1771:33-37 GOOP Cornstarch and water goop experiment 1970:46 GOURDS Grow a gourd house for a bird, how to do 1916:29 GRAFTING. See also PLANTS—VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION GRAINS Activities and science experiments 2032:115-132 Compare grains for starch content experiment 1550:7 Grain ground by mills experiment, how to grind grain 1898:30 GRAPHITE Is graphite slippery experiment 1672:25-26 GRAPHS Advertising styles and media used to sell soda experiment, how to graph 2039:30-31 Bananas ripen faster in a bag experiment, how to graph 2039:20-21 Cereals; which cereal has the most iron experiment, how to graph 2039:13-14 Film cans and ramp roller derby experiment, how to graph 2039:19-20 Landfill; use graph to show different kinds of trash in landfill experiment 2039:28-29 Primary science activities with making data tables and graphs 1931:32-35 Project feeder watch experiment, what birds like to eat, how to graph 2039:8-9 Survey of what kind of pet owners like best experiment, how to graph 2039:32-33

GOATS Determine why mountain goats are able to move sure-footedly on rocky slopes experiment 1848:120-123 GODDARD, ROBERT Goddard’s experiments with lift and thrust to build a rocket 1586:178-183 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:3-13 GOLD Panning for minerals and gold, how to demonstrate 1738:8 GOLDEN MEAN Relationship between origami fold known as “wave” and golden mean or ratio experiment 1539:121-125 GOLDFISH Breathing rate of fish experiment 1934:70 Breathing; how does a fish breathe experiment 1934:68-70 Breathing; what is the effect of chilling on the breathing rate of a goldfish experiment 2020:98-101 Calcium carbonate added to fish food dissolves oxygen gas in fishes’ bodies allowing them to relax in new home 1539:176-177 Can a goldfish be trained to come to your hand for food experiment 2020:116-118 Can a goldfish be trained to touch a black circle in response to hand signal experiment 2020:119-121 Do fish seek out the company of other fish experiment 2020:112-115 Do goldfish eat fewer guppies when there is elodea throughout the aquarium experiment 2020:102-104 Do goldfish hide experiment 2020:94-97 Fish learn to associate sound with food experiment 1546:15 How genetic changes and natural selection work experiment 1571:124-126 Microbes; what kinds of microbes are found on dead goldfish experiment 1570:27-28 Respiration rates of goldfish in waters of varying temperatures experiment 1571:82-84 Temperature affects fish gulping (respiration) rate experiment 1595:62-64 Temperature changes from warm to ice cold affects goldfish experiment 1581:35-36 Temperature effect on fish respiration experiment 1583:108-110

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GRASSES Compare growing sprout and grass seedlings to see how grass survives cutting by lawnmower 1546:30 Grass seeds grow in sawdust heads, how to do 1862:14-15 Grass seeds planted on sponges and in egg cartons with soil substitutes grow experiment 1631:22-24 Growing grass in light and dark experiment 1984:53 Growing grass on a turntable experiment 1984:40-41 How do grass seedlings respond to light experiment 1851:50-51 How do grass stems grow experiment 1854:60-63 How does grass survive when eaten to ground by animals experiment 1851:54-55 How far will plant stems bend in response to light experiment 1851:51 Location affects kinds of grasses and weeds that grow experiment 1987:13 Paper from grass clippings experiment, how to make 1627:38-40 Plant life keeps soil and grass from eroding experiment 1540:70-71 Rate at which chlorophyll breaks down in covered grass experiment 1854:22-23 Why do grass stems grow experiment 2054:50-51 Why does green grass turn yellow experiment 1854:20-23 Why is grass green experiment 1751:36 GRASSHOPPERS Collecting and housing crickets and grasshoppers, how to do 1930:24-25 Feeding grasshoppers and crickets, how to do 1871:18-19 Grasshopper; house and observe grasshopper in plastic jar house, how to do 1581:24-26 How to collect and care for grasshoppers 1732:28-31 How to collect grasshoppers and keep them 1871:12-19 How to keep and observe grasshoppers 2021:12-15 Model showing stages of grasshopper’s development experiment 1852:32-35 Setting up a cage, how to do 1871:16-17 What kind of eyes do grasshoppers have experiment 1852:35-39 GRASSLANDS Determine why grass can survive being nibbled by animals experiment 1848:105-107

Diorama of Savanna; animals, trees, flower and insects, how to do 1807:36 Discover organisms that live in soil experiment, make a Berlese funnel 1793:18-19 Grass plants dried and mounted, how to do 1807:30 Grass seeds, how to plant, grow and observe leaves, flowers and roots experiment 1807:13-30 Night hunters have trouble seeing in dim light experiment 1806:22 Things to do to conserve and preserve the grassland biome 1793:58-60 Things to look for in a grassland 1793:47-48 GRAVITATION—HISTORY Activities, experiments and projects to study gravity and the famous scientists who studied it 1992:1-205 GRAVITROPISM. See also PLANTS—TROPISMS Bean seed roots respond to gravity experiment 1546:35 GRAVITY. See also FALLING OBJECTS Acceleration caused by gravity affects objects of different weights experiment 1955:7-11 Air affects falling object; terminal velocity experiment 1983:91-93 All objects fall at same speed experiment 1885:23-28 Antigravity device experiment 1657:47-50 Artificial gravity in space station experiment 1885:20-23 Balancing point; find balancing point of piece of cardboard experiment 1885:34-35 Balancing point; ruler can find its own balancing point experiment 1885:31-34 Balancing trick that seems to cheat gravity experiment 1885:38-41 Calibrated money bank toy model demonstrates weighing things 1887:12-13 Cars that loop-the-loop defy gravity experiment 1990:48-50 Cars, hills, brakes and gravity experiment 1990:51-52 Compare gravity and inertia experiment 1842:255 Defy gravity experiment using funnels, dowels and books 1920:115-116 Demonstrate and use gravity using ruler, banana and apple experiment 1771:9-15 Direction changes in moving objects experiment 1839:107-114 Falling balls experiment repeats Galileo’s famous experiment 1878:21-22 Falling feather and coin in vacuum experiment 1579:51-54

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Falling objects experiment by dropping balls 2006:109-110 Flow and go boat model demonstrates gravity’s pulling power 2000:65-66 Force of gravity makes an object accelerate toward Earth experiment 1609:86-87 Free fall experiment with toy model in Plexiglas tube 1820:64-65 Galileo’s drop test to see how fast different weights fall experiment 1586:33:35 Goddard’s experiments with lift and thrust to build a rocket 1586:178-183 Gravity balance; make yardstick balance at different points experiment 1753:47 Gravity causes all objects to fall experiment 1839:11-14 Gravity keeps planets in orbits around the Sun experiment 2050:35 Gravity makes planets into balls experiment with modeling clay 1707:37 Gravity pulls all objects downward at the same speed regardless of their weight experiment 1640:140-141 How do fruit flies respond to gravity experiment 1571:13-15 How does gravity affect heavy and light objects experiment 1844:70-71 How does gravity affect objects falling at the same time experiment 1753:52 Jumping pencils magic trick demonstrates gravity 1713:24-25 Levitating boxes defy forces of gravity magic trick experiment 1717:26-27 Liquid timers; identify and control variables that affect the ‘drip period’ of liquid timers experiment 1840:229-233 Magic trick with two boxes and hidden weight experiment 1713:8-9 Magnetic attraction can balance force of gravity experiment 1660:87 Marble maze project, how to build from wrapping paper tubes 2000:61 Marble moves from one cup to another experiment 1920:113-115 Marble ramp project, how to build from cardboard boxes 2000:59 Marbles and balls on hills experiment 1990:43-44 Measure constant acceleration due to gravity using downhill racing car experiment 1839:207-221 Motion beats power of gravity experiment 1935:41 Parachute man demonstrates how parachutes work experiment 1831:120-121

Race different size containers down a ramp experiment 1878:8-10 Sand and marble in cylinder experiment 1659:46-48 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:49-59 Skyhook toy demonstrates gravity and balance experiment 1839:53-58 Spaceship in orbit around the Earth model 1609:77-78 Spring scale measures force of gravitational pull experiment 1660:83-84 Test gravity with plastic containers experiment 2015:50-51 Timing falling objects experiment 1983:86-90 Toy cars on hills experiment 1990:40-42 Tumbling troll model tumbles down cardboard ramp experiment 2000:63-64 Water stays inside inverted screen-covered jar experiment 1840:177-182 Water tower clock model demonstrates gravity 2000:66-67 Weight on Earth, Moon and planets experiments 1885:15-17 Weightlessness demonstration with coin and coat hanger experiment 1885:18-20 Why do things roll downhill easy experiments 1857:66-69 GRAVITY—CENTER OF GRAVITY. See also BALANCE; CENTER OF GRAVITY Balance stick experiment demonstrates center of gravity 1579:8-10 Balanced rocks; what prevents a balanced rock from falling experiment 1535:91-93 Find center of gravity of a long, thin object experiment 1579:29-31 Roll a can uphill to demonstrate center of gravity experiment 1660:85-86 Stack blocks from top down experiment 1579:93-97 Weird wand magic trick demonstrates center of gravity 1713:14-15 GRAYWATER. See WATER—CONSERVATION GREEN LACEWINGS How to catch and keep green lacewings 1653:22-24 GREENHOUSE EFFECT Bottle garden with plants demonstrates carbon cycle experiment 1826:11 Demonstrate greenhouse effect 2054:122-123 Demonstrate greenhouse effect using container of water 1660:99-100 Demonstrate the greenhouse effect experiment 2050:169-173

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How does pollution influence drinking water experiment 1535:71-73 Model percolation of groundwater experiment 2050:149-154 GROWTH Growth rate pole, how to make 1725:174-175 GUERICKE, OTTO VON Magdeburg hemispheres experiment repeated 1980:71-73 GUITAR. See also MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS GUPPIES Are guppies more attracted to hiding places when predators are present experiment 2020:108-111 Do goldfish eat fewer guppies when there is elodea throughout the aquarium experiment 2020:102-104 GYPSUM Sidewalk chalk experiment, how to make 1562:21-23 Sidewalk chalk from plaster of Paris and tempera paints, how to make 1541:21-23 GYROSCOPE Bicycle wheel acts like a giant gyroscope experiment 1579:16-20 Moving bicycle helps you balance experiment 1567:24-27 Observe stabilizing effects of a gyroscope experiment 1902:117-120

Model to simulate the greenhouse effect experiment 1848:143-145 Observe greenhouse effect experiment 1987:49-50 Plants are air filters; they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen experiment 1528:163 Sea levels rising due to pollution; effect on lowlying islands and coasts experiment 1528:162 Test to see how greenhouse effect works experiment 1632:15 What is the greenhouse effect experiment 1861:24-27 GREENHOUSES Mini greenhouse for indoor seedlings, how to make 1555:24 Mini-greenhouse to grow plants, how to make 1894:24-25 Sun warms a greenhouse experiment 1751:41 Why is it warm in a greenhouse, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:187-189 GROTTOES Different colors of light are bent by water in caves experiment 1550:123 GROUNDWATER Collect water from hole in ground using plastic sheeting and container 1693:38 Detergent pollution effect on buoyancy of freshwater birds project 1864:46 How do wells affect the water table experiment 1535:68-70

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HABITATS. See also ECOSYSTEMS; TERRARIUMS Diversity of plants and animals in small area of ground experiment 1987:11-12 Life in a square of yard or park experiment 1603:99 Neighborhood map of habitats around you, how to do 1723:11 Plants and animals observed in area marked by picture frame 1751:14 Quadrat to survey wildlife in different habitats experiment, how to build, wood, screws and string 1546:12-13 Rock; what lives under a rock experiment 1751:53 Sow bugs; what habitat do sow bugs prefer experiment 2041:16-17 Study a nature square experiment, chart given 1843:75-83 Surveying an animal’s preferred habitat experiment 1571:85-87 Transect used to find patterns within a habitat 1930:70-71 Wood lice; do wood lice like dry or wet, light or dark experiment 1826:26-27 HAIL Grow hailstone on a thread experiment 1861:63 How does hail form experiment 1861:60-63 Individual layers of hailstone shown using water mixed with food coloring experiment 1861:63 Temperature of water drops affect cloudiness of ice layers forming hailstones experiment 1861:62-63 What are rain, snow and hail experiment 1904:83-86 HAIR—HUMAN Hair; determine which is stronger, straight or curly hair experiment 1860:75-83 Human hair is more elastic when wet experiment 1672:90-91 HALF-LIFE Demonstrate importance of half-life dating experiment 1820:82-83 Model of radioactive decay with sugar cubes projects 1610:92-94

HAMSTERS Build maze to see how long it takes mouse or hamster to find food experiment 1530:9 Which is faster a hamster, gerbil or mouse experiment 2020:32-36 Which scents cause a reaction in a hamster 2020:69-72 HAND. See also HUMAN BODY HAND GLIDERS. See GLIDERS HAND WARMER Make from iron filings, salt, vermiculite and water experiment 1657:61-63 HANDEDNESS Are cats right handed simple project 1876:95-102 HARBORS Dredger model, make from wood, cardboard, dowels and spools 1896:24-25 HARD WATER. See also WATER—HARD AND SOFT HARDNESS SCALE. See MOHS’ SCALE HARMONOGRAMS. See LISSAJOUS FIGURES HARP, AEOLIAN. See also MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS HATCHING. See EGGS HAWKING, STEPHEN Activities, experiments and projects to study gravity and the famous scientists who studied it 1992:1-205 HAY INFUSION. See also MICROORGANISMS How to make to get ciliates 1661:50 HAZELNUTS How to grow hazelnuts experiment 1830:151 HEADLANDS Simulate effect of headlands on wave action experiment 1853:92-94 HEARING Hearing through solids experiment 1725:154 Judging the direction of sound experiment 1725:155 HEART. See also BLOOD; HUMAN BODY Timing heartbeat and pulse experiment; do they occur at the same time 1571:28-29

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HEAT. See also COMBUSTION; FIRE; INSULATION; TEMPERATURE; THERMOMETERS Air and water differ in their ability to store heat experiment 1677:31-33 Air pressure makes heat experiment with tire pump and basketball 1906:102-103 Bicycle tire pump changes temperature during use experiment 1672:23-24 Breaking metal experiment with paper clips 1674:15-17 Burning metal experiment using steel wool 1674:21-23 Can a powder be changed into a hard solid experiment 1676:34-37 Change sugar into a substance that is mostly carbon experiment 1676:15-18 Changing solid into a liquid experiment, which is easier table salt or sugar 1676:12-14 Clothing; how does heat affect wrinkles in clothing experiment 1672:86-89 Count Rumford’s theory of heat experiments 1586:104-107 Density of water increases as it gets colder experiment 1977:58-59 Dried wheat swells as it soaks up water experiment 1679:10-11 Dry sand versus wet sand experiment; which heats faster and retains heat better 1534:113 Electricity; generate heat from electricity experiment 1899:45-47 Expanding a metal with heat experiment 1674:12-14 From gas to liquid experiment 1679:12-14 Heat absorbers; types of materials that absorb heat best experiment 1753:34 Heat and cold; easy demonstrations 1923:9,12,21 Heat capacity is measure of ability of substance to store heat energy experiment 1677:31-33 Heat causes air to expand experiment 1900:57-58 Heat change and formation of new substance in a chemical change experiment 1758:25 Heat changes some large molecules experiment 1672:92-94 Heat flow and the rub of friction experiments 1586:104-107 Heat loss investigation at crime scene project 1888:91-93 Heat losses affected by surface area and temperature difference experiment 1915:84-86 Heat makes gas expand and bread rise experiment 1679:21-22 Heat needed to melt ice compared to heat needed to warm water experiment 1915:80-81

Heat shimmer from rising hot air layer refracts light passing through it experiment 1528:37 Heat Solution experiment to discover how it can provide heat 1840:257-260 Heating and cooling by stretching and unstretching a balloon experiment 1675:36-39 Light, heat and color experiment; colored objects absorb more heat than white objects 1612:91 Liquid chocolate cools and turns back into solid experiment 1679:8-9 Liquids and heat energy experiment using dried milk in pasta with cheese sauce experiment 1680:14-16 Melting metal experiment using lead-free solder 1674:18-20 Metal fatigue experiment with paper clips 1674:15-17 Odors; temperature effect on odors experiment 1540:37 Popsicles demonstrate liquid to solid molecules experiment 1679:6-8 Pressure causes heat energy to form and melt ice experiment 1753:35 Salt can be used for heating and cooling experiment 1787:40-44 Sense of touch used to explore heat flow and heat capacities of two different solids experiment 1676:32-33 Sun can be used to heat water experiment 1787:61-65 Temperature effect on light sticks experiment 1840:269-274 Temperature in your home environment experiment 1540:19 Thermal energy heat produced when light is absorbed experiment 1612:89-90 Thermostat to control temperature in a heated jar experiment, how to build 1532:77 Water can be used to store heat energy experiment 1787:18-21 Wire, when heated, will sag experiment 1878:96-97 HEAT—CONDUCTION Beans or peas in butter on spoon handles experiment; demonstrates heat and energy conduction 1659:55-57 Heat conduction and heat sinking experiment 2045:20-21 Heat from stove moves into pot experiment 1679:24-25 Heat from your hands makes quarter jump in bottle with cap experiment 1770:35 Heat travels along metals experiment 1878:100-102

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HEAVY METALS Analysis of bacteria and heavy metal content of sewage before and after treatment experiment 1539:136-137 Presence of heavy metals in coastal body of water and their effect on aquatic life experiment 1539:109-112 HEIGHT Clinometer helps you measure tall objects, how to make 1668:7 Determine height of any stationery object using clinograph 1864:182-184 Height calculation using calculator’s tangent function project 1864:32-33 Height of tree, how to determine experiment 1602:68-69 Indirect measurement of height experiment 1982:102-107 Known height used to measure distance indirectly experiment 1982:108-109 Tree; height of a tree, how to measure 1546:55 Tree; how much wood will a tree yield experiment 1550:54-55 Tree; how to measure height of tree compared to rain forest trees experiment 1944:37 HELICOPTERS Dynamic lift and air resistance experiment using whirligigs, parachutes and helicopters 1864:198-199 Flying propeller helicopter, how to make 1877:50 Helicopter balloon powered rotor experiment 2030:22-23 Helicopter needs two rotors to keep from spinning out of control experiment 1532:112 Helicopter rotor demonstration, how to make 2030:24-26 Helicopter rotor or airfoil experiment, how to make 2030:20-21 Magic trick helicopter rotor turns experiment 1711:16-17 Paper helicopter, how to make 1745:21-22 Rotor of helicopter experiment, make two models to see how helicopter works 1558:40-41 Rotor; model rotor flies up into the air experiment, how to make 1532:112-113 Twirling toy helicopter demonstrates screws 2007:24-25 Very small and very large paper helicopters experiment, which performs best 1630:26-27 Whirly twirler made from straw and paper experiment 1630:27-28 HELIOTROPISM. See also PLANTS—TROPISMS

Heat travels on steel wire and makes straight pins fall experiment 1907:17 Hot Wheels convertible toy car demonstrates effect of heat on metal experiment 1840:157-160 How metals conduct or carry heat from one place to another experiment 1674:9-11 HEAT—CONVECTION. See also CONVECTION Convection; warming fluids to demonstrate convection experiment 1528:26 Heated air makes bag move experiment 1978:44-45 How heat travels experiments 1758:52-53 Temperature and water convection experiment 1540:82-83 What is convected heat experiment 1679:26-28 HEAT—CONVECTION CURRENTS. See also HEAT—CONVECTION Convection currents in water demonstration 1900:39-42 Heat makes things move experiment with mobiles 1831:98-99 Heat mobile experiment using tin foil, pie plate, dowel, clay and wire 1560:24-26 Hot air rises experiment with mobiles 1831:98-99 HEAT—INSULATORS Buildings; how long do different building materials hold heat simple project 1876:144-145 Clothing; colors of clothing that absorb the most heat experiment 1612:92 Dark-colored materials absorb visible and infrared light better than light-colored materials experiment 1577:52-56 Mittens trap body heat to help us stay warm experiment 1613:163-172 R value of different materials experiment 1915:86-88 White huts are cooler than dark huts experiment 1820:22-23 HEAT—RADIATION. See also SOLAR COLLECTORS; SOLAR ENERGY HEAT CONSERVATION. See ENERGY CONSERVATION; INSULATION; INSULATORS HEAT LOSS. See ENERGY CONSERVATION HEATERS—SOLAR. See SOLAR ENERGY; SOLAR HEAT; SOLAR WATER HEATERS HEATING Infrared radiation from an electric heater is another “color” of light experiment 1577:62-65 Thermostat to control temperature in a heated jar experiment, how to build 1532:77 HEATING SYSTEM. See also HOUSES— FURNACES

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HELIUM Experiments with helium balloons 1606:23-36 Falling helium-filled bubbles experiment 1607:60-62 Helium; a lighter gas experiment 1985:51 HELIX. See also ELECTRICITY—ELECTRIC CURRENT HERBARIUM. See also SEAWEED HERBICIDES Harmful chemicals can be drawn into plants we eat experiment 1632:23 HERBS Basil keeps flies out of the house project 1651:156 Basil vinegar, how to make 1651:156 Basil; compare effects of singing, yelling and storytelling on growth of basil plants experiment 1651:155 Basil; how to plant and grow experiment 1651:154-156 Chives; how to grow experiment 1651:157-158 Coriander; how to grow 1651:160 Dill, how to grow 1651:163 Fennel; how to grow 1651:162-163 Flowerpot herb garden, how to grow and identify 1789:36-37 Growing herbs experiment 1818:42-43 Herbal bath water, how to make 1651:188 Herbal tea bags, how to make 1760:119-120 Herbal vinegars, recipes, how to make 1572:47 Herbs grown in potting soil bag, how to do 1836:63-65 How to dry herbs 1555:70 Indoor herb garden, how to grow 1909:28-29 Insect-repelling herbs for pet collar, how to grow and make collar 1836:37-39 Lavender air freshener, how to make 1909:22-23 Mint; how to grow 1651:168-169 Mint; reaction of ants to mint plants experiment 1751:82 Mustard; how to grow 1651:170-171 Parsley; how to grow 1651:173-175 Rose and lavender body powder, how to make 1760:119 Rose petal bath vinegar, how to make 1760:118 Rosemary hair rinse, how to make 1760:118-119 Rosemary; how to grow 1651:176-177 Sage, how to grow 1651:178-179 Sweet marjoram, how to grow 1651:166-167 Thyme, how to grow 1651:180-181 HEREDITY. See also GENETICS Chances of inheritance experiment using beans 1725:177 Earlobe heredity experiment 1934:30-32

Genes; what are chromosome combinations that produce a boy or a girl experiment 1851:58-59 Jumping genes project 1869:34-39 Patterns of inherited traits experiment; widow’s peak, rolled tongue, freckles, eye color and others 1571:135-137 Punnett Square predicts possible gene combinations experiment 1851:56-57 Repeat Mendel’s genetic experiments with peas using marbles 1586:160-163 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:117-128 Tongue rolling; compare chances of coin toss to combinations produced in Punnett square experiment 1860:193-201 HERO ENGINE Hero engine, how to make to demonstrate Newton’s Laws of Motion 1960:16 HERO’S FOUNTAIN Hero’s fountain flows all by itself experiment 1820:48-49 HERSCHEL, CAROLINE Comet in a bag experiment demonstrates how rock fragments, elements and freezing combine to form a comet 1869:60-65 HIBERNATION Where do frogs go in winter experiment 1906:94-95 HILDEGARD OF BINGEN Natural scientist projects 1869:106-111 HILLS. See also SLOPES 3-D model of hill, how to make 2050:21 Elevation of hill, how to measure experiment 2050:18-21 HODGKIN, DOROTHY Grow some crystals to demonstrate work of Dorothy Hodgkin, Nobel Prize winner 1658:33-35 Growing sugar sweet crystals experiment 1869:162-169 Repeat her experiments with crystal structures and structure of penicillin 1586:217-219 HODOMETER. See ODOMETER HOME SECURITY SYSTEMS How a light security system works experiment 2045:64-65 HOMES Temperature in your home environment experiment 1540:19 HONEY How does honey flow experiment to understand viscosity 1568:133-135

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P-traps; design mechanism to control growth of bacteria in P-traps experiment 1539:145-147 P-traps; identify organisms in P-traps, test for presence of anaerobic bacteria experiment 1539:145-147 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES Burglar alarm warns you when door opens, how to make 1532:86-87 Dishwaters; demonstrate rotating spray of dishwasher experiment 1532:80 Fire extinguishers, model fire extinguisher, how to make from glass jar, clay, baking soda, vinegar, straw and plastic bottle 1532:85 Microbalance scale so sensitive it can weigh thread experiment 1532:82 Safe; model safe with combination lock experiment, how to make 1532:89 Spring balance scale experiment, how to make 1532:83 Timer; make pendulum in which each swing takes exactly one second to measure time 1532:90-91 Washing machine; spinning the water out of a washing machine experiment 1532:81 HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS Disinfectants; how good are common household disinfectants at reducing microbes experiment 1570:109-112 Rust; will certain household products prevent rust project 2012:54-56 Toilet tissue; which toilet tissue is sturdiest when wet experiment 1668:27 HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS How can amount of bacteria found on kitchen sponges and dishcloths be reduced experiment 1539:134-135 HOUSEPLANTS Indoor air pollution and houseplants; which houseplants best clean the air experiment 1569:105-110 HOUSES. See also BUILDING HOVERCRAFT Balloon hovercraft, how to make 1907:33 Hovercraft model; how air can be used to reduce friction experiment 1902:93-96 How a hovercraft works experiment 2043:55 Magic trick hovercraft floats along experiment 1711:12-13 Make a hovercraft from a plastic bottle experiment 1962:19 Make hovercraft from balloon, bottle cap and cardboard 1707:20-21

How genetic changes and natural selection work experiment 1571:124-126 HONEYBEES. See also BEES HOOKE’S LAW. See also ELASTICITY HORMONES. See also AUXINS; GIBBERELLINS; PLANTS—HORMONES HORSEPOWER How much horsepower do you have experiment 1844:47 HORSES Observe how behavioral and spatial relationships between foal and its mother change over time experiment 1552:49-54 HORSESHOE MAGNETS. See ELECTROMAGNETS HOT AIR BALLOON. See also BALLOONS— HOT AIR Balloon filled with hot air floats in cold air experiment 1606:18-20 Build hot air balloon experiment, make from plastic bag, paper clips and blow dryer 1890:46-47 Hot air balloon experiment; make from tissue paper, wood or cardboard box, glue and wire 1564:6-9 Hot air balloon, how to make from cardboard and tissue paper 2043:22-23 Hot air rises experiment, make hot air balloon to demonstrate 1558:19 Tissue paper hot air balloon model floats from hot air experiment 1895:8-9 Use Sun to launch a hot air balloon experiment 1959:28-29 When was the first balloon flight experiment 1905:2-5 HOT FRAMES. See also GREENHOUSES HOT SPRINGS. See GEYSERS HOUSE FLIES. See also FLIES—HOUSE FLIES Smelling sensitivity of houseflies tested experiment 1583:103-105 HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES. See also ENERGY CONSERVATION Bottle keeps things cool experiment, two containers, aluminum foil, ice cubes 1532:79 Insulated bottle keeps things cool experiment, how to make 1532:79 Thermostat to control temperature in a heated jar experiment, how to build 1532:77 HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT P-traps are conducive for growth of bacteria experiment 1539:142-144

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Make hovercraft from balloon, cardboard, nail and cork experiment 1818:61 Model hovercraft skims across water experiment 1770:21 HUMAN BEHAVIOR Body language responses in people experiment 1595:67-68 Colors; different people respond to colors in the same or different ways experiment 1595:66-67 Sign language; invent your own sign language experiment 1595:92 HUMAN BODY. See also BLOOD; EARS; EYES; FINGERPRINTS; HAIR; HEART; INTESTINES; KIDNEYS; LUNGS; NAILS; SENSES; SKIN; TEETH Arms; what kind of simple machine is your forearm experiment 1851:42-43 Balance game to see if boys and girls have same balance skills experiment 1659:67-69 Balance; effect spinning body around rapidly has experiment 1860:121-127 Blood; bloodstain chemistry experiment 1637:43 Blood; DNA testing at the crime scene project 1888:81-83 Blood; do blood donors have to be of same blood type as recipient experiment 1571:64-66 Blood; simulate formation of blood clots experiment 1860:143-150 Bones; bones as levers work by mechanical advantage experiment 1725:50 Bones; how to soften a chicken bone and remove minerals with vinegar experiment 1816:25 Bones; identify bones left at the crime scene project 1888:75-78 Bones; knee joints, make knee joint out of poster board to show how leg locks 1725:52-53 Bones; polarized light reveals stress patterns in clear plastic and bones experiment 1578:8-11 Bones; ring of straws design shows how Haversian canal systems are arranged in bone experiment 1725:48 Bones; structural strength of bones experiment 1725:49 Bones; what is a bone like without the mineral material experiment 1843:170 Bones; why are my bones hard experiment 1858:44-47 Bones; why do my arms bend experiment 1858:48-50 Bones; why does my back bend experiment 1858:40-43 Brain; brain can construct a mental picture from sound and touch experiment 1725:127

Brain; colored light effect on concentration and human mind experiment 1612:121 Brain; concentration experiment, test your power of concentration 1860:21-27 Brain; demonstrate body’s automatic balance responses experiment 1860:37-43 Brain; differences between boys and girls brain experiment, puzzles to test 1604:52-53 Brain; how brain interprets messages from sensory receptors in the skin experiment 1860:69-74 Brain; hypothalamus, demonstrate that sensations of cold or hot can be deceiving experiment 1860:45-52 Brain; maze and mirror experiment trying to draw backwards 1889:14-15 Brain; optical illusion trick experiment 1889:12-14 Brain; reflexes; determine if blinking is an involuntary action experiment 1860:53-60 Brain; right brain workout exercises experiment 1604:47 Brain; test your ability to control movements on different sides of your body experiment 1860:29-36 Brain; tricking the eyes and brain experiments 1725:150-151 Brain; visual images activity to see how eyes and brain work together to make sense of what we see 1537:117 Breath; blow into water and indicator to show carbon dioxide content of breath experiment 1667:57-58 Breath; collect one of the gases in your breath experiment 1860:129-134 Breath; when can you see your breath experiment 1905:69-70 Cells; bilayer soap films similar to living cells outer walls experiment 1637:37 Cells; cell membrane and osmosis in action experiment with salt solution and onion cell 1725:29 Cells; cell membrane lets small molecules pass through by osmosis experiment 1725:28 Cells; chemicals move through fluid inside cell by “spreading out” process known as diffusion experiment 1725:27 Cells; diffusion in action in cells experiment using ink and water 1725:27 Cells; model that shows three parts of a cell experiment, how to make 1860:5-11 Cells; size affects movement of particles through a cell membrane experiment 1860:13-19 Cheek; cheek cells under microscope experiment 2027:46-47

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Chest cavity model experiment, how to make 1606:72-73 Chewing and swallowing experiments 1725:88-89 Circulation; how does blood move through body experiment 1858:64-66 Circulation; how much blood in a baby, in a child, and in an adult experiment 1858:66-67 Circulation; why do I get scabs experiment 1858:52-55 Coughing; how far do you cough your germs experiment 1570:132-134 Density; measure density of your body using Archimedes method 1637:69 Digestion; demonstrate how fat is broken into small globules in your body experiment 1849:85-88 Digestion; digesting fats experiment 1725:91 Digestion; digesting proteins experiment 1725:91 Digestion; digesting starches experiment 1725:90 Digestion; ingestion of food and digestion in paramecium experiment 1571:67-79 Digestion; iodine test for presence of starch in cracker from your mouth experiment 1571:23-24 Digestion; mix enzyme that breaks starch into glucose and measure amount of glucose present experiment 1571:61-63 Digestion; plastic bottle, meat and cola act as model of digestion in your stomach experiment 1563:25-27 Digestion; starch test for saliva’s effect on chewed food experiment 1889:40-41 Digestion; where does food we eat go experiment, draw picture of digestive system 1858:100-103 Digestive system; demonstrate squeezing of food from stomach into small intestines experiment 1860:159-165 DNA; activity simulates how messages are contained in DNA experiment 1889:97-100 Eardrum vibration to sounds demonstrated with salt crystals on plastic wrap over bowl 1707:34 Eardrum; how does your ear hear music experiment 1565:10-12 Ears; determine if size of outer ear affects hearing experiment 1860:113-120 Ears; earlobe heredity experiment 1934:30-32 Ears; hearing through solids experiment 1725:154 Ears; judging the direction of sound experiment 1725:155 Ears; model ear from cake pan, tennis ball and straw experiment 1725:152-153 Ears; model of how ear works, how to make from pan, plastic wrap and straws 1724:21

Esophagus; peristalsis experiment showing food being pushed through esophagus 1725:89 Eyes; ability of eye’s pupil to change size experiment 1860:85-91 Eyes; blind spot experiment with marks on poster board, how to do 1546:89 Eyes; blind spot in eye experiment 1576:21-24 Eyes; blind spot in eye experiment 1612:111 Eyes; blind spot in our eyes experiment 1701:47 Eyes; blind spot in your eyes; test to find it experiment 1604:10 Eyes; color fading; cone cells which let you see color do not work in faint light experiment 1725:142 Eyes; correcting nearsighted and farsighted vision with concave or convex lens experiment 1966:37 Eyes; dominant eye test, how to do 1726:47 Eyes; hand eye coordination experiment 1725:146 Eyes; hole that blind spot causes in vision experiment 1725:148 Eyes; how does your eye respond to changes in light experiment 1672:37-40 Eyes; how we see experiment 1966:35 Eyes; human color perception experiment using colored lights to make additive color mixtures 1576:16-20 Eyes; judging distance with one or both eyes experiment 1725:145 Eyes; make an “eye” with a magnifying lens and tracing paper experiment 1725:140 Eyes; model of your eye experiment 1612:109-110 Eyes; model of your eye to demonstrate how iris works experiment 1707:96-97 Eyes; motion detectors in eyes are fatigued when watching rotating spiral experiment 1576:43-46 Eyes; moving pictures of octopus experiment 2033:25 Eyes; peripheral vision test experiment 1604:11 Eyes; pupil reflex, eye adjusts pupil size to let in right amount of light experiment 1725:141 Eyes; retinal rods and cones experiment; make a vision meter 1725:142-143 Eyes; seeing a blur when rod and cone cells are recovering experiment 1725:149 Eyes; seeing your own retina experiment 1725:149 Eyes; test your blind spot by focusing on an object experiment 1546:92 Eyes; three-dimensional images experiment; make glasses with colored filters 1725:144 Eyes; tricking the eyes and brain experiments 1725:150-151

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Eyes; visual images activity to see how eyes and brain work together to make sense of what we see 1537:117 Eyes; what kind of behavior is blinking experiment 1851:44-45 Eyes; why do my eyes look red in some photos experiment 1858:106-109 Eyes; writing without seeing experiment to show eyes and coordination 1725:147 Face and features; is face exactly symmetrical; mirror-image faces experiment 1725:18-19 Feet; length of foot determines your height experiment 1889:88-89 Feet; smelly feet from microbes on your feet experiment 1889:108-110 Fingernails; determine factors that affect speed of fingernail growth experiment 1571:111-113 Fingernails; find growth rate of your fingernails experiment 1637:73 Fingernails; how fast do your nails grow experiment 1725:40 Fingernails; temperature affects growth rate of nails experiment 1851:41 Fingernails; what are different parts of a fingernail experiment 1851:40-41 Footprints; determining person’s height from footprints experiment 1571:142-143 Gender; effects of gender identity on short-term memory of varying age children experiment 1539:50-52 Genes; chromosomes and how they pass information on experiment 1889:94-96 Genes; clay balls demonstrate new gene combinations in children 1889:92-94 Genes; Punnett Square predicts possible gene combinations experiment 1851:56-57 Genes; what are chromosome combinations that produce a boy or a girl experiment 1851:58-59 Germs multiply into a whole colony of bacteria or molds experiment 1707:88 Hair; determine which is stronger, straight or curly hair experiment 1860:75-83 Hair; differences between human hair and animals hair experiment 1889:104-106 Hair; hair sample under microscope experiment 2027:61-62 Hair; human hair is more elastic when wet experiment 1672:90-91 Hair; test hair strength using marbles on weighing stand you build, how to do 1725:41 Hair; why is my hair curly experiment 1858:30-33 Hands; clapping hands make a loud noise experiment 1626:75

Hands; cold hands make it difficult to pick up objects experiment 1751:100 Hands; measure face with your thumb experiment 1626:24-25 Hands; model hand to show how hand works made from wood blocks, screws and rubber bands 1725:66-67 Hands; precise fingertip movements with pencil compared to shoulder movements experiment 1725:66 Hands; skin on your hands reacts to different kinds of pressure experiment 1626:52 Hands; skin stretches when you bend your finger experiment 1626:30 Hands; tendon trick; what happens when middle finger and ring finger don’t work together 1626:18 Hands; why do we wash our hands before handling food experiment 1843:231-232 Hands; wimpy fingertip tricks 1626:19 Heart; anatomy of heart experiment 1912:114-116 Heart; blood flows in one direction in veins experiment, how to build model 1851:65 Heart; hard-working heart experiment 1725:100 Heart; hearing the heart beat with a stethoscope experiment, how to make stethoscope from funnel and plastic tubing 1725:99 Heart; heart pump model demonstrates if your heart pumps as hard as a giraffe 1851:127 Heart; heartbeat and exercise experiment 1912:113-114 Heart; how big is my heart experiment 1858:56-58 Heart; how does my heart sound experiment 1858:60-63 Heart; how much blood moves with each heartbeat experiment 1851:65 Heart; how to measure heart rate 1860:151-157 Heart; make a stethoscope to listen to heartbeats 1758:80 Heart; stethoscope lets you hear your heart, make from plastic tubing and funnel 1753:55 Heart; what does our heart do experiment 1904:112-115 Heart; why does heartbeat of mammals make a sound experiment 1851:64-65 Height; gravity affects person’s height experiment 1851:126-127 Joints; cartilage makes smooth moving joints experiment 1725:51 Lungs; air in balloon experiment; does lung air put out a flame or make it burn faster 1606:43-45 Lungs; model with balloon representing lung experiment 1606:70-73

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Lungs; air you breathe contains water vapor experiment 1725:75 Lungs; alveoli in a lung demonstrated with poster board experiment 1725:73 Lungs; blow up balloon, place it under water and release carbon dioxide gas from your lungs experiment 1548:21-23 Lungs; breath temperature experiment shows exhaled air carries heat 1725:75 Lungs; carbon dioxide leaving your body, how to demonstrate 1889:50-51 Lungs; compare amounts of air you breathe during different activities 1724:47 Lungs; device to measure how much air is in your lungs experiment 2014:298 Lungs; how breathing removes oxygen from the air experiment using candle and jar of exhaled air 1725:74 Lungs; how diaphragm works to fill your lungs experiment 1858:72-73 Lungs; how much air can your lungs hold experiment 1889:48-50 Lungs; how much air do you breathe out experiment 2041:12-13 Lungs; how much breath do I have experiment 1858:74-77 Lungs; how your lungs breathe experiment 1889:52-53 Lungs; lung power experiment, your blowing power pulls car up ramp experiment 1725:76-77 Lungs; measure your lung capacity experiment 1637:70 Lungs; measuring lung capacity experiment 1843:153-160 Lungs; model lungs from plastic bottle, balloons, rubber bands and clay experiment 1725:72-73 Lungs; model of human lung illustrates breathing process 1610:68-79 Lungs; model of lung, how to construct from soda bottle, balloon and plastic bag 1860:135-142 Lungs; model of lungs and diaphragm, how to make 1758:81 Lungs; vital lung capacity, how to measure experiment 1820:42-43 Lungs; what are lungs for experiment 1904:108-111 Lungs; why does chest move when you breathe experiment 1858:70-73 Lungs; why I can see my breath when it’s cold experiment 1858:78-81 Mass; body mass; how to determine your body mass index (BMI) experiment 1849:73-78 Memory booster exercises 1604:42-43

Memory; memory tester machine with colored lights in random sequence, how to make 1725:130-131 Memory; short and long term memory exercises experiment 1604:37 Memory; test person’s memory for human faces experiment 1725:128 Memory; using sensory memory experiment, how it works and how it fades 1725:129 Muscles; locate muscle pairs in the upper arm experiment 1860:177-184 Muscles; muscle stamina and strength experiments 1725:64-65 Muscles; what muscles do you use to kick a ball experiment 1567:17-20 Muscles; working model of an arm with biceps and triceps experiment 1725:62-63 Nails; how fast do your nails grow experiment 1843:176-177 Nose; does your nose help you taste food experiment 1934:18-20 Nose; locate perfume by “following your nose” experiment 1595:70-71 Nose; which smells are easy to identify experiment using foods and non-foods 1725:158 Primary science activities with the human body 1931:66-69 Pulse rate and exercise experiment 1571:33-34 Pulse rate experiment with simple pulse meter made with putty and straw 1546:86 Pulse rate; test your pulse rate experiment using modeling clay and match stick 1816:20 Pulse; can you detect your pulse experiment 1905:82-83 Pulse; effect of exercise on your pulse experiment 1934:24-26 Pulse; how to take your pulse experiment 1934:21-23 Pulse; pulse beat measured using toothpick and clay 1753:54 Pulse; seeing your pulse experiment with drinking straw, clay and stop watch 1725:101 Pulse; timing heartbeat and pulse experiment; do they occur at the same time 1571:28-29 Reflexes; test reactions by trying to catch colored card experiment 1546:89 Reproduction; determine odds of a baby being a boy or a girl experiment 1860:185-192 Saliva; microbes in human saliva compared to dog saliva experiment 1570:24-26 Skeleton; model of skeleton, how to make 1889:82-85

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Skeleton; model of spine, how to make from thread spools 1860:167-175 Skin; bathing effect on skin microbes experiment 1570:21-23 Skin; chart on a grid where you feel cold, pressure and discomfort experiment 1546:93 Skin; how brain interprets messages from sensory receptors in the skin experiment 1860:69-74 Skin; how does our skin protect us experiment 1843:161 Skin; how much skin do you have experiment 1637:71 Skin; how sensitive is your skin to touch experiment 1934:13-15 Skin; how sweat makes you cooler experiment 1860:61-67 Skin; moisturizing lotions and creams soothe and protect skin experiment 1677:18-20 Skin; skin cells under microscope experiment 1725:35 Skin; skin sebum layer experiment 1725:37 Skin; which parts of human skin have the most touch receptors experiment 1571:30-32 Skin; why do I have hair on my body experiment 1858:26-29 Skin; why does skin sweat experiment 1858:22-24 Skin; why does skin tan experiment 1858:18-21 Skin; why skin puckers up when you take a long bath experiment 1858:14-17 Sleep; do animals sleep more than humans experiment 1595:72 Stomach; plastic bottle, meat and cola act as model of digestion in your stomach experiment 1563:25-27 Sweat glands; how the body loses water through the skin experiment 1849:7-10 Sweat; body loses small amount of water all the time experiment using plastic bag over hand 1725:110 Sweating; how sweating keeps our bodies cool experiment 1987:64-66 Teeth; decay on tooth enamel demonstrated with eggs in tea, coffee, cola and water experiment 1970:88 Teeth; identify teeth impressions at the crime scene project 1888:72-74 Teeth; tooth disintegrates in soda experiment 1546:85 Teeth; what does tooth decay look like experiment 1843:248 Teeth; why do I have different shaped teeth experiment, how to make a model that chews 1858:94-95

Temperature; experiment to fool temperature receptors in your hands 1546:93 Temperature; finger temperature changes when you drink hot or cold liquids experiment 1879:57-58 Temperature; where is body temperature warmest and coolest experiment 1735:113 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:91-100 Tongue; how does your tongue taste sugar experiment 1934:16-17 Tongue; how one taste masks another experiment using salt and sugar solutions 1725:161 Tongue; which food you can identify using your taste buds alone experiment 1725:160 Tongue; which part of your tongue is most sensitive to taste experiment 1843:216-217 Urine; invisible wastes from kidneys experiment using table salt and water 1725:108 Vocal chords; determine how you make speech sounds experiment 1860:93-99 Voice; how do I talk experiment 1858:86-89 Walking straight and balance in the dark experiment 1595:39-42 Water; how much of your body is water experiment 1886:8-9 Weight; does your weight change when you lie down experiment 1983:75-76 What are we made of experiment 1843:229-230 HUMAN EVOLUTION What lasts over time experiment; bury several items to see what has or has not decayed 1816:59 HUMANS Nonverbal communication in human interactions experiment 1552:103-109 HUMIDITY. See also HYGROMETERS; MOISTURE; PLANTS Absolute and relative humidity experiment 1915:22-24 Compare wet dry bulb and hair hygrometers experiment 1842:94-95 Evaporation tells us about humidity experiment 1842:92-93 Humidity affects dew point temperature experiment 1861:49 Humidity affects speed of rusting experiment 2050:101-102 Humidity effect on temperature experiment 1753:118 Humidity tester shows changes in humidity experiment, how to make 1528:42 Hygrometer from human hair strand in large jar, how to make 1861:50-51

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Hygrometer measures humidity experiment, how to make 1851:81 Hygrometer measures humidity in air experiment, how to make 1528:43 Hygrometer measures humidity, how to make 1967:156-157 Hygrometer measures humidity, how to make 2017:28-29 Hygrometer measures relative humidity experiment, how to make 1758:33-34 Hygrometer measures relative humidity of air, how to make 1791:24-26 Hygrometer to measure humidity, how to make 1830:101 Moisture in the air measured with homemade hair hygrometer experiment 1842:90-91 Nature’s hygrometer, the pine cone opens and closes with changes in humidity experiment 1528:168 Paper and aluminum foil wrapped around pencil measures humidity in room experiment 1906:64-67 Relative humidity of air below ground level different from air above ground experiment 1528:61 Temperature and humidity changes effect behavior of drinking bird experiment 1840:251-256 Testing humidity indoors and out 1540:80-81 Two thermometers, one wet and one dry experiment 2040:67-68 Weather bunnies reflect changes in humidity by changing color experiment 1840:93-97 Why do you feel cooler when the humidity is low experiment 1751:44 HUMIDITY—RELATIVE HUMIDITY Evaporation tells us about humidity experiment 1842:92-93 Relative humidity chart 1528:187 Two thermometers, one wet and one dry experiment 2040:67-68 HUMMINGBIRDS Feeder and feed (nectar) for hummingbirds, how to make 2024:18-19 Humming bird feeder demonstrates effect of atmospheric pressure project 1864:49-50 HURRICANES Calmness in the eye of a hurricane demonstrated experiment 1850:120-123 Homemade hurricane, how to make 1850:120-123 Hurricane is a vortex demonstration, with bottles and colored water 1528:87

Hurricane tracking; track the path of a hurricane to predict where it will hit land experiment 1850:113-123 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:220 Model hurricane with colored water experiment 1528:84 Rising sea levels during a hurricane demonstration 1528:86 Storm surge demonstration, dishpan, water, fan 1528:85 What is eye of hurricane experiment 2054:96-97 What is the eye of a hurricane experiment 1861:76-79 HYDRA. See also MICROSCOPE; PROTOZOA Food preferences of hydra experiment 1583:108 Hydra observed under hand lens or microscope experiment 1583:105-108 Hydra response to light and vibrations experiment 1583:108 Hydra response to vinegar experiment 1583:108 HYDRAULIC MODELS Water powered hydraulic weight lifter experiment, how to build 1532:40-41 HYDRAULICS Compressing a fluid experiment 2045:78 Magic trick statue rises out of box experiment 1715:22-23 HYDROCARBONS. See also AIR POLLUTION HYDRODYNAMICS Boat hull designs experiment to test for most efficient shape 1864:191-194 HYDROELECTRIC POWER. See also TURBINES; WATERWHEELS; WIND TURBINES Velocity of water hitting paddle-wheel fins increases voltage output experiment 1936:68 Water turbine driven by falling water like that used in hydroelectric power station, how to build 1532:16-17 HYDROFOILS How a hydrofoil works experiment 2043:54 HYDROGEN. See also ELECTROLYSIS; WATER—ELECTROLYSIS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Catalase enzyme acts on hydrogen peroxide to convert it to oxygen and water experiment 1637:44 HYDROGENATION What makes peanut butter smooth experiment to understand chemical process of hydrogenation 1568:140-141

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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE. See also WATER CYCLE Water cycle and its steps project 1729:269-272 HYDROMETER Compare how objects float in tap water and in saltwater experiment 1840:137-142 Density of different salt solutions experiment using homemade hydrometer 1550:132-133 How does a hydrometer work experiment 1844:10-11 How does a hydrometer work to measure density of liquids experiment 1842:73-74 Hydrometer measures density of sea water experiment 2016:19 Hydrometer, how to make to demonstrate sea water is denser than tap water, experiment 2052:12 Make hydrometer to measure how things float in different liquids 1596:28 Make hydrometer to measure how things float in different liquids experiment 1838:28 HYDROPONICS Different plant species change the pH of nutrient solution experiment 1638:120-123 Experiment with hydroponics using tomato, pepper or bean seedlings 1998:141 Grow plants without soil experiment 1660:58-59 Grow spring bulbs hydroponics experiment 1640:42-43 Grow tomatoes hydroponics experiment 1645:49 Growing plants without soil experiment; how to set up 1984:100-103 Houseplant fertilizers; can houseplant fertilizers be used as hydroponics nutrient solutions experiment 1638:112-114 How roots in hydroponics get oxygen experiment 1638:109-111 Hydroponics equipment and nutrient solutions, how to make 1638:135-143 Hydroponics plants grown without bubbling air through the solution experiment 1638:111 Make a hydroponics garden and watch plants grow experiment 1750:10-11 Mung bean sprouts experiment 1637:49 Seedlings and rooted cuttings for hydroponics, how to do 1638:144-145 Simple hydroponics garden experiment using potato, carrot and grass seed 1864:171-172 Temperature of water affects hydroponics plant growth experiment 1569:37-42

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HYDROTROPISM. See also PLANTS—TROPISMS HYENAS Sense of smell game to demonstrate hyenas sense of smell experiment 2008:22 HYGROMETERS Build hygrometer to measure relative humidity of air 1791:24-26 Construct hygrometer from human hair strand in large jar 1861:50-51 Construct hygrometer to measure relative humidity experiment 1758:33-34 Evaporation tells us about humidity experiment 1842:92-93 Hair hygrometer experiment 1950:92-93 How to measure atmosphere’s water content experiment 2050:193-198 Hygrometer measures humidity experiment, how to make 1851:81 Hygrometer measures humidity in air experiment, how to make 1528:43 Hygrometer measures humidity, how to make 1967:156-157 Hygrometer measures humidity, how to make 2017:28-29 Hygrometer measures humidity, make from styrofoam trays 1744:105-111 Hygrometer to measure humidity, how to make 1830:101 Make hygrometer from cardboard, tacks and human hair 1648:60-61 Make hygrometer from index cards, your hair, ruler 1537:35-36 Measure moisture in the air with homemade hair hygrometer experiment 1842:90-91 Milk carton hygrometer, how to make 1953:254-255 Nature’s hygrometer, the pine cone opens and closes with changes in humidity experiment 1528:168 Two thermometers, one wet and one dry experiment 2040:67-68 HYGROSCOPIC SUBSTANCES Effect of glycerin on bubble life span 1607:48-49 Effect of glycerin on bubbles size experiment 1607:50-51 HYPATIA Curve exploration, creating conic sections from a party hat 1869:76-83

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I Why is ice slippery experiment 1753:108 Wind speed effect on melting of snow, ice and icicles experiment 1851:79 Wire move through block of ice magic trick experiment 1831:108-109 ICE AGE Frost shattering of rocks experiment 1528:156 Ice takes more space than water experiment 1528:157 Isostatic model demonstrates rise and fall in Earth’s crust experiment 1827:8-9 Solifluction; what happens to rocks and stones as glaciers meet experiment 1528:157 ICE CREAM. See also SIMPLESSE Freezing point depression process allows you to make ice cream experiment 1563:21-24 Freezing slows molecules and they join together to make ice crystals experiment 1679:18-20 How to make ice cream 1804:16-20 How to make ice cream using rock salt and ice, recipe given 1598:8 Ice cream demonstrates double colloid, how to make 2001:142-145 Ice cream made in plastic bag demonstrates physical changes experiment 1758:24 Make ice cream and change liquid into a solid experiment 1829:12-13 Make ice cream without a freezer experiment 1563:21-24 Which ice cream freezes faster; in freezer or in coffee can in salt ice mixture experiment 1831:112-113 Which is colder: ice or ice cream experiment 1628:30-32 ICE CUBES Compare how fast ice cubes and crushed ice melt experiment 1878:109-111 Design container to keep ice cube from melting experiment 1770:39 Ice cube sticks to string experiment 1751:118 Ice on a string experiment 1970:65 Lift ice cube with piece of string experiment 1829:10-11 Lift ice cube with string and salt experiment 1637:31

ICE. See also FREEZING; SNOW; WATER— FREEZING Activities and science experiments 2032:133-134 Evaporation and condensation require large amounts of latent heat experiment 1528:23 Floating; what makes ice float experiment 1904:62-64 Heat needed to melt ice compared to heat needed to warm water experiment 1915:80-81 Heating point of ice is raised by pressure experiment 1534:112-113 Ice occupies more space than water experiment 1751:108 Ice water below 0 degrees Celsius experiment using crushed ice, salt and thermometer 1534:109 Latent heat experiment 1528:22 Latent heat released when water is frozen experiment 1528:23 Measure the heat to melt ice experiment 1982:82-84 Melting ice faster; heat flow and surface area experiment 1915:21-22 Melting ice; what is the most efficient substance for melting ice experiment 1539:64-65 Melting rate of ice in a smoke-filled atmosphere experiment 1534:95-98 Melting rates of non-floating ice experiment 1534:83-86 Microwave oven; what happens to water and ice in a microwave oven experiment 1637:29 Model of the mineral ice experiment 1859:7 Road crews use salt on icy roads experiment 1751:107 Shoes; testing shoes for grip on ice experiment 1897:20-21 Simulate glaciation (effect of ice on land) experiment 1550:67 Slice through ice block that stays in one piece experiment 1717:10-11 Solid ice absorbs more heat than liquid salt water experiment 1672:11-13 Surface area effect on the time it takes to melt ice experiment 1982:67-68 Water freezing frozen balloon experiment 1606:90 Which is colder: ice or ice cream experiment 1628:30-32 Why ice is slippery experiment 1528:55

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Melting ice cubes in shade and Sun experiment 1833:141-143 Salt melts ice cubes experiment 1640:21 String lifts ice cube experiment 1972:61 Temperature of melting ice cubes experiments 1833:142 What happens when floating ice cubes touch experiment 1672:14-15 ICEBERGS. See also BUOYANCY Demonstrate position of an iceberg in water experiment 1853:162-164 Eliminating dangerous icebergs experiment 1669:35 Floating ice experiment determines percentage of iceberg that is submerged 1677:9-11 How icebergs float and melt experiment 1917:50-51 Iceberg experiment shows size of iceberg below water 1596:9 Make an iceberg experiment 1838:9 Melting rates of icebergs in oceans of different salinity experiment 1534:87-90 Model position of iceberg in water experiment 2054:100-101 ICEBREAKER Icebreaker rides on ice rather than shoving into it experiment 1669:12 ICEHOUSES Build mini-ice-house using sawdust as insulator to keep ice from melting experiment 1915:19-20 ICICLES How icicles form experiment 1832:34-36 How icicles form experiment 1851:78-79 How icicles form experiment 1861:56-59 Make your own icicles experiment 1572:121 Wind speed effect on melting of snow, ice and icicles experiment 1851:79 ILLUSIONS. See also MAGIC; OPTICAL ILLUSIONS INCLINED PLANE. See also SIMPLE MACHINES— INCLINED PLANE; PYRAMIDS INCLINES Clinometer to measure incline of land, how to make 1746:12 INCLINOMETER Trace lines of Earth’s magnetic field by constructing an inclinometer experiment 1864:12-13 INDICATORS. See also CHEMICAL REACTIONS Acid-base indicator and basic water solutions experiment 1637:41

Acid-base indicators from fruits and vegetables experiment 1915:58-59 Anthocyanin red cabbage indicator, recipe 1849:197-198 Blue and red plant pigments experiment with acid-base indicator 1637:42 Cabbage juice indicator experiment 1820:93 Cabbage juice indicator, how to make and test chemicals for acid/base 1890:81-83 Cabbage juice litmus paper, how to make and test foods for acid, base or neutral 1890:83 Carbonated lemonade demonstrate acids and bases experiment 1680:28-29 Painting acids and bases on red cabbage brew paper experiment 2001:62-63 Red cabbage indicator changes color when added to acids and alkalis experiment 1710:26-27 Red cabbage indicator identifies pH of different solutions experiment 1933:28-29 Red cabbage indicator strips, how to make 2001:60 Red cabbage indicator test for acids and bases experiment (Primary) 1619:22-23 Red cabbage indicator tests for acids and bases in foods experiment 1627:26-28 Red cabbage indicator used to tell if household substances are an acid or base experiment, chart given 1758:8-9 Red cabbage indicator, how to make 2001:58 Red cabbage indicator, how to make from red cabbage and water 1548:40-41 Red cabbage juice indicator, how to make 1857:114-115 Red cabbage leaves indicator to identify acids and bases experiment 1888:60-64 Red cabbage litmus paper, how to make 1953:39 Red cabbage or beet water used as indicator experiment 1680:28 Red cabbage test for acids and bases experiment 2014:15-18 Red cabbage used to test an acid or base experiment 1934:89-92 Substances tested for acid or base using purple cabbage indicator experiment 1833:183 Turmeric test for acids and bases experiment 2014:19-21 Turmeric test papers, how to make 1953:197 Why do lemons taste sour experiments with red cabbage indicator 1857:40-42 INDOOR POLLUTION. See also POLLUTION— INDOOR INDUCTION. See also ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION; FARADAY, MICHAEL

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INERTIA. See also NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION Coin falls into jar without touching the coin experiment 1879:68-70 Coin on card over glass demonstrates inertia 1740:54-55 Compare gravity and inertia experiment 1842:255 Demonstrate Newton’s law of inertia 1658:31 Experiments to demonstrate inertia 1953:82-88 Inertia zoom ball experiment 2000:9 Investigate forces necessary to move an object experiment 1902:105-108 Investigate inertia experiment 1758:43 Law of inertia applied to automobile and seat belt safety, crash testing experiment 1839:101-106 Magic trick with bowl of water demonstrates inertia 1719:8-9 Make a stopped ball move experiment 1878:6-7 Move a penny from a stack experiment 1878:4-5 Moving marbles on yardstick demonstrate inertia and momentum 1640:144-145 Nail balanced on roll of tape falls into jar experiment 1879:71-72 Objects at rest tend to remain at rest experiment 1609:10-11 Rotational inertia and variable affecting it experiment 1839:59-65 Simple direction changes in moving objects experiment 1839:107-114 Toppling tower magic trick demonstrates inertia 1713:18-19 What is inertia experiment 1844:77-78 Why do we have to wear seat belts experiments 1857:78-81 INERTIA—TRICKS. See also MAGIC INFECTIONS Can microbes be spread from one person to another by a simple handshake experiment 1571:58-60 Handshake transmits yeast cell from one hand to another experiment 1571:58-60 INFRARED RADIATION Dark-colored materials absorb visible and infrared light better than light-colored materials experiment 1577:52-56 Infrared radiation from an electric heater is another “color” of light experiment 1577:62-65 INFUSIONS. See HAY INFUSIONS; MICROORGANISMS—INFUSIONS INHERITANCE Patterns of inherited traits experiment; widow’s peak, rolled tongue, freckles, eye color and others 1571:135-137

INK. See also CHROMATOGRAPHY; INVISIBLE INKS; SECRET WRITING How detectives tell the difference in inks experiment 1876:134 Separate ink pigments into flower-like color bursts experiment 1840:195-200 What color is black ink experiment with chromatography 1562:6-9 What colors are in black ink experiment 1541:6-9 INSECTICIDES Biological control of aphids on plants using ladybugs experiment 1826:38-39 Harmful chemicals can be drawn into plants we eat experiment 1632:23 Homemade bug spray, how to make 1760:88 INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS Grow pitcher plants and Venus flytrap plants experiment 1695:18-19 How to grow Venus fly trap plants experiment 1881:unp INSECTS Activities about insects for teachers to share with students 1929:1-88 Art for bug’s sake project; create details and accurate pictures of insects 1869:132-137 Body; model of adult insect’s three main body parts experiment 1852:16-29 Bug mobile, patterns given 1929:15-17 Clay model of insects main body parts experiment 2054:52-53 Comparison of creatures captured in sweep net samples project 1583:30-36 Exoskeleton growth of insect; make papier mache model to demonstrate 2054:62-63 Fleas; how do fleas hang onto their hosts experiment 1852:44-47 Flies; sticky wet feet let flies walk on the ceiling experiment 1855:50-53 Flying; how do insects fly experiment, demonstrate with straw and paper 1855:62-65 Insects decompose leaf litter experiment 1691:9 Mantis flies, how to keep and observe them 2021:62-65 Maze; make a maze to learn the abilities of insects 1775:42 Microbes; insects transport microbes from one place to another experiment 1570:118-119 Millipedes and centipedes; which moves fastest experiment 1571:16-18 Observe bugs experiment 1775:39 Sounds; how do some types of insects make sounds experiment 1852:56-59

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Wet preservation of soft-bodied insects experiment 1583:124-125 INSECTS—COLOR Colors that attract insects experiment using sugar and colored plates 1852:38-39 Colors; which colors do insects prefer experiment 1690:25 What colors attract certain insects experiment 1864:58-59 INSECTS—DISSECTION Dissecting an insect project, how to do 1583:126-129 INSECTS—FOOD Attract insects to windowsill garden by planting flowers rich in nectar 1689:17 Attracting insects to sweetened liquids experiment 1540:28 Foods; what foods do insects like experiment 1758:82 Mouth parts an insect will have by the food that it eats experiment 1571:127-129 Nectar feeder for insects, how to make 2004:28-29 INSECTS—GARDEN PESTS Beneficial insects used to control insect pests experiment 1571:147-149 Natural pesticides; can citrus oil, garlic or jalapeno peppers control insect pests experiment 1569:27-31 INSECTS—GROWTH Do eggs and pupal cases of insects survive freezing experiment 1571:114-117 Exoskeleton of a growing insect demonstration 1852:20-23 External identifying features of adult insects experiment 1852:12-15 Life cycle of insect larva under microscope experiment 1911:109-110 Pupa; can pupa survive without its cocoon experiment 1571:138-140 INSECTS—NETS Bug net, wire coat hanger, nylon stockings, how to make 2046:83 Butterfly net; make from gauzy fabric and wire coat hanger 1998:65-66 Collecting net, how to make 1583:35-36 How to make from coat hanger and nylon netting 1603:83-84 Net to catch winged insects, how to make 2040:101-102 Plastic bag net, how to make 1852:4-7

Sounds; what sounds do insects make experiment 1753:22 Teeth; do insects have teeth; demonstrate with pliers 1855:80-83 Walking; toothpick model to demonstrate how insects walk experiment 1855:46-49 INSECTS—BEHAVIOR How do fruit flies respond to gravity experiment 1571:13-15 Test response to strong smell on different animal parts to see which part of animals body responds experiment 1571:94-96 Testing response of insects to various colors and wavelengths of light experiment 1583:36-38 INSECTS—BIOCONTROL. See also BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS Biological control of aphids on plants using ladybugs experiment 1826:38-39 INSECTS—CAGES Cage from milk carton, how to make 1686:31 Insect glass aquarium, how to prepare for insects 1583:62-63 Insect sleeve cage for flying or jumping insects, how to make 1652:8 INSECTS—CAMOUFLAGE Identify how insects camouflage themselves experiment 1954:14-19 INSECTS—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION. See also BERLESE FUNNEL Aspirator collects small insects, how to make 1946:19 Beater tray to hold insects from bushes for observation, how to make 1546:62 Bug bottle to hold a bug for observation, how to do 1757:23 Capture small soil animals from funnel full of soil experiment 1641:19 Collect insects and other plant eaters by shaking branches over white sheet 1689:8 Collect insects in Berlese funnel, how to study and preserve specimens 1583:63-66 Holding jar to observe insects, how to make 1852:7 How to collect and study insects 1633:60-65 Insect aspirator captures insects and other small organisms, how to make 1583:67-68 Insect catcher to observe insects, how to make 2042:14-15 Making an insect collection project using relaxing, pinning, labeling, storing etc. 1583:119-125

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Collect tiny insects in soil experiment 1545:18 Soil insects, how to find and observe 1852:8-11 Soil; discover organisms that live in soil experiment, make a Berlese funnel 1793:18-19 Soil; how many and what different kinds of bugs are in soil experiment 1655:10-11 INSECTS—STICK INSECTS How to catch and keep stick insects 1653:6-9 Walking sticks; how to collect and keep them 1689:7 Why are walking sticks hard to find; demonstrate with pipe cleaners 1855:88-91 INSECTS—TRAPS Beetle trap in ground, how to make 2040:96-97 Berlese funnel used to collect and study and preserve specimens 1583:63-66 Berlese funnel used to study small insects, how to make 1583:63-66 Bug catcher to observe insects on soil surface experiment, how to make 1852:10-11 Bug pit to catch bugs on the ground, how to make 2025:8-9 Bug trap from glass pickle jar, how to make 1744:65-66 Bug trap from small container set in hole in ground to catch bugs, how to make 1916:25 Catch flying insect with wire hanger and plastic bag experiment 1855:14-17 Catch insects with marshmallow trap in plastic cup experiment 1855:10-13 Funnel trap for flying insects, how to make 1652:7 Insect aspirator captures insects and other small organisms, how to make 1583:67-68 Jars in ground collect night crawling insects experiment 1826:29 Pit trap captures small crawling animals during night or day experiment 1571:4-6 Pit trap to collect small animals experiment, how to make from wood and glass jar 1546:24-26 Pitfall trap or drop trap, how to make 1652:7 Pitfall trap to catch mini beast ground crawlers, how to make 1689:12-13 Pitfall trap to catch small insects and ground creatures, how to make 1572:45 Pitfall trap used to study daily activity of small animals project 1583:42-45 Pitfall traps to catch insects, how to make 1664:96 Pitfall traps used to study dispersal and distribution of small animals project 1583:45-47

Sweep net, how to make from wire, stick and pillow case 1967:76-77 INSECTS—NIGHT Light and white sheet used to collect and observe night insects experiment 2004:12-13 Night flying insects, how to observe 2003:30 Night insects and animals can be observed in grapefruit half left on ground overnight experiment 1546:67 Night insects and moths collected using white sheet and light experiment 1797:39-40 Sugaring to attract and collect moths and other nocturnal insects projects 1583:47-49 Trap for nocturnal insects project 1864:47-48 What attracts night-flying insects experiment using heat, light and heat and light combination 1571:97-99 INSECTS—PHEROMONES Pheromones used by Japanese beetles to attract other Japanese beetles experiment 1571:2-3 INSECTS—PREDATORS Praying mantis eats other insects experiment 1571:40-42 Predator and prey experiment; who eats who 1954:38 INSECTS—PROTECTIVE COLORATION Camouflage pattern of insects blends into the background experiment 1689:19 Color protects insects from predators experiment 2054:66-67 Color; how does color protect insects experiment 1852:52-55 INSECTS—REPELLENTS Baking soda and soap detergent spray to get rid of insects experiment 1555:35 Garlic spray to keep insects off plants experiment 1555:34 Garlic spray, how to make and apply 1830:49 Get rid of just the pests experiment 1743:31-33 Pest strips to trap flying insects experiment 1555:37 Slug trap experiment, using dry yeast, sugar and water 1555:36 Soap spray to use on plants infested with insects experiment 1555:33 Sound waves used to repel insect pests experiment 1936:82 INSECTS—SOIL Berlese funnel exposes soil animals experiment 2041:20-21 Berlese funnel used to trap soil parasites project 1864:45

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Pooter device catches fast-moving small animals, how to make 1546:63 Tree-shaking insect trap from bed sheet, how to do 2025:6-7 INSECTS—VIEWERS Insect viewer, plastic container, magnifying glass, how to make 2046:33 INSECTS—WATER How do bugs walk on water experiment using cardboard model 1855:54-57 INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOR. See ANIMAL BEHAVIOR INSTRUMENTS. See MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS INSULATION. See also INSULATORS; WOOL Animals; how animals keep warm in winter experiment using box of gelatin 1655:22-23 Build mini-ice-house using sawdust as insulator to keep ice from melting experiment 1915:19-20 Form of insulation most effective for warming the human body experiment 1539:85-86 How effective insulation is to prevent heat loss experiment 1528:28 How insulated clothing works in harsh climate of tundra experiment 1550:39-40 How insulation keeps animals warm experiment 1954:7-13 Hypothermia; explore how hypothermia works experiment 1550:161 Insulation can save energy experiment 1787:34-38 Measure and compare albedo effect of two surfaces experiment 1528:29 Percentage of Sun’s energy reflected by surfaces is called its albedo experiment 1528:28 R value of different materials experiment 1915:86-88 What keeps seal from freezing in icy water experiment 1751:98 Which type of insulation (hair, down, feathers or lard) is best at retaining heat experiment 1571:132-134 INSULATORS Animals; are fatter animals warmer experiment 1851:69 Animals; color of animal’s hair or feathers affects its body temperature experiment 1851:69 Animals; fat layer under the skin keeps an animal warm experiment 1851:68-69 Blubber under a whale’s skin keeps the animal warm experiment 1853:203-204 Bottle keeps things cool experiment, two containers, aluminum foil, ice cubes 1532:79

Clothes; what clothes keep us warmest experiment 1620:111 Design container to keep ice cube from melting experiment 1770:39 Electrical; difference between electrical conductors and insulators experiment 1899:57-69 Hair or fur keeps mammals warm experiment 1707:64 Insulated bottle keeps things cool experiment, how to make 1532:79 Magnetic fields; materials that block or shield magnetic fields experiment 1863:40-42 Mittens trap body heat to help us stay warm experiment 1613:163-172 Mittens; how do mittens keep hands warm experiment 1840:67-74 Mittens; which one insulates best experiment 1790:79-85 Natural fibers; which keeps you the warmest experiment 1751:122 Plastic food wrap as an insulator experiment 1540:75 Test different insulators experiment 1907:45 Test five different materials for the best insulation quality experiment 1897:16-17 Testing air and soil as insulators experiment 1540:65 Towel keeps heat in jar of warm water experiment 1900:67-70 Water loses heat faster through styrofoam or clear plastic experiment 1987:67-70 Which color insulates the best experiment 1938:26-27 Which cooler is the best insulator experiment 1977:67-68 Which material is the best insulator experiment 1970:155 Which materials insulate the best experiment 1938:27-30 INTELLIGENCE. See also ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE Paper model of date line, how to make and read 2038:72-74 Where does each new day begin experiment 1906:32-34 INTERNET PROJECTS How thick is a soap bubble experiment 1915:26 Stream table model to study water flow and erosion experiment 1915:26-27 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY Burrowers and diggers in sand; how to collect and observe 1812:17

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Create two kinds of iron using ferrous acetate solution experiment 2014:32 Food; magnet used to determine presence of iron in iron-fortified food experiment 1613:107-117 Food; what kind of iron in cereal experiment using magnet 1659:21-23 Iron ions used to test for hydrogen peroxide experiment 1672:60-62 Oxidation effect on iron nails experiment 1915:62-63 Piece of iron heated to high temperature loses its ability to be magnetized experiment 1577:29-32 Tea used to test for iron in water experiment 1672:57-59 Test objects with a magnet to see if they contain iron experiment 1878:76-77 IRRIGATION Shadoof model to bring water from ground experiment 1895:26-27 Watering the fields with model hand pump experiment 1895:24-25 ISOMER PATTERNS How to demonstrate using paper clips 1953:267 ISOPODS Adding isopods (pill bugs, roly-poly, sow bugs) to a terrarium experiment 1641:33-41 Isopod races using sow bug and pill bug experiment 1641:39 ISOPODS. See also PILLBUGS; SOW BUGS; WOOD LICE; ROLY-POLYS

Catch and observe animals living in upper beach sand 1812:11 Diorama of seashore; rocks plants and shore animals, how to do 1812:32 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY. See MARSHES; SEASHORES; TIDAL POOLS INTESTINES. See also HUMAN BODY INVERTEBRATES. See also BRINE SHRIMP; EARTHWORMS Regeneration of single planarian gives two new planarians experiment 1571:120-121 INVESTIGATIONS—SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS. See also SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS INVISIBLE INKS Four recipes for invisible inks experiment 1670:83-86 Invisible ink from milk or lemon juice experiment 1879:98-99 Secret pictures using lemon juice experiment 2022:46 INVISIBLE WRITING. See also INVISIBLE INKS; SECRET WRITING IODINE. See also STARCH IONS Change a solution of ions into a solid experiment 1676:22-25 Model to illustrate the ionization energy of an atom 1610:89-92 IRON. See also MINERALS; RUST Comparing magnetic properties of iron and rust experiment 1936:17

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& JACKSON, SHIRLEY Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:37-48 JAPANESE BEETLES How to catch and keep Japanese beetles 1653:90-93 JELLYFISH Motion of floating jellyfish, make model to demonstrate 1784:48 Play with script, about jellyfish looking for home in ocean 1784:58-62 JEMISON, MAE DR. Gravity is serious business experiment; relationship between distance object falls and speed of that object 1869:138-143 JET ENGINES Backward-moving stream of air drives aircraft through the sky experiment 1532:20-21 Jet balloon models demonstrate jet engines 1558:42-43 Portable fan becomes aircraft engine experiment 1532:20-21 Vertical take off and landing (VTOL) aircraft experiment, how to make 1558:42-43 JET PLANES When was the first jet airplane flown experiment 1905:16-18

J JET PROPULSION. See also NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION; ROCKETS Make jet balloons from straws, balloons and rubber bands 1744:69-71 Rocket balloon demonstrates what happen to air under pressure experiment 1753:6 Torpedo fish model, make from plastic bottle and rubber bands 1896:16-17 JETS. See also AERONAUTICS; AIRCRAFT— JETS; HERO’S ENGINE; TURBOJET ENGINE Jet-prop planes; model demonstrates how they worked experiment 2030:42-44 Turbine experiment, make from aluminum pie plate, dowel and thread spool 2043:47 JOURNALS Accordion fold nature journal, paper, cardboard, making 1572:29-30 JUNGLE TERRARIUM Water vapor condenses on plastic surface placed over plant experiment 1944:15 JUPITER. See also PLANETS

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& KALEIDOSCOPES Barrels and other bodies, how to select 1703:28-29 Chemical kaleidoscope from milk, detergent, food colors experiment 1637:39 Corner reflector from three mirrors sends light back parallel to its original path experiment 1578:25-29 Double vision kaleidoscope, how to make 1703:80-81 How to make a kaleidoscope 1562:14-17 How to make kaleidoscope from cardboard, aluminum foil and glitter 1831:68-69 Kaleidoscope, how to make 1629:38-40 Kaleidoscope; how to make 1608:61-62 Lenses and eye pieces, materials to use 1703:24-25 Make from cardboard, foil and cellophane 1657:7-9 Make from milk carton, mirrors and plastic wrap 1890:97-98 Make from stiff cardboard, foil and colored shapes 1837:36-37 Make kaleidoscope experiment 2014:56-58 Make kaleidoscope from cardboard, mirrors and plastic wrap to demonstrate light reflection 1541:14-17 Make kaleidoscope from cardboard, reflective silver wrapping and wood pieces, how to do 1966:26-27 Mirror systems, materials to use 1703:10-20 Multi-system kaleidoscope, how to make 1703:78 Place yourself inside kaleidoscope for hundreds of images of yourself experiment, how to make 1578:51-53 Reflections are multiplied in simple kaleidoscope, how to make 1753:70 Stuff to choose for object chamber to create beautiful images 1703:32-40 Taleidoscope kaleidoscope, how to make; black tube, microscope slides, plastic wrap 1537:114-115 Use light to create kaleidoscope patterns experiment 1562:14-17 KALEIDOSCOPES—PROJECTS Bamboozle scope, how to make 1703:106-107

K Batteries not included scope, how to make 1703:79 Big quad taper with cylinder scope, how to make 1703:85 Bug face scope, how to make 1703:98-99 Double vision scope, how to make 1703:80-81 Duck in play scope, how to make 1703:111 Freewheeling scope, how to make 1703:82-83 Fuzzy worms scope, how to make 1703:67 Here’s looking at you kid scope, how to make 1703:111 Macaroni chandala scope, how to make 1703:89-91 Marble-ous chorus line scope, how to make 1703:101-102 Multi-system observatory scope, how to make 1703:78 Plentiful pie scope, how to make 1703:92-95 Plumber’s fantasy scope, how to make 1703:103 PVC-oozy scope, how to make 1703:107-110 Quadruple taper with dancing balls scope, how to make 1703:84 Rainbow mailer scope, how to make 1703:96-97 Scope neckline scope, how to make 1703:70-71 Simple teleidoscope, how to make 1703:67 Tapered kaleid-oat-scope, how to make 1703:88 Tubular brass scope, how to make 1703:102 Tumbling spiral scope, how to make 1703:65 Twirling club sandwich scope, how to make 1703:74 Whirling doiles scope, how to make 1703:75 KAZOO. See also MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS KELP Model of kelp, how to build 1848:12-13 KELVIN SCALE. See THERMOMETERS KIDNEYS. See also HUMAN BODY KILNS Simple primitive kiln, how to make and use 1599:79-81 KINETIC ENERGY. See also ENERGY Antigravity device experiment 1657:47-50 Button spinner demonstrates energy change from potential energy to kinetic energy experiment 1753:38 Cars with “springs” that bump experiment 1990:56-59

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Darda car on loop-the-loop track demonstrates kinetic energy and centripetal force experiment 1839:141-151 Device changes kinetic energy to potential energy experiment 1758:46 Kinetic puppet, how to make from string, cardboard and paints 1560:14-15 Measure kinetic energy with ramp and toy car experiment 1907:8-9 Paint pendulum experiment using yogurt cup, metal skewer and string 1560:8-10 Push-n-go toys demonstrate potential energy becoming kinetic energy experiment 1839:123-132 Relationship between speed and stopping distance on roller blades experiment 1567:14-16 Two objects with the same shape and mass may behave differently when they roll down a hill experiment 1579:42-44 Wind-powered dancer experiment 1560:11-12 KINETOSCOPE Home movie projector and movies; kinetoscope, how to make 1629:18-20 KING, REATHA CLARK DR. Candle burning bright experiment 1869:120-125 KITCHEN UTENSILS Gravy skimmer separates oil and water experiment 1977:80-82 KITES Black Mamba kite, how to make with plastic garbage bag 1681:28-29 Box kite, how to make with acoustic tiles 1681:26-27

Box kite, mini model, how to make 2030:76-77 Delta star kite, how to make 1681:32-33 Diamond two-stick kite, how to make 1681:22-23 Dracula’s cloak kite, how to make 1681:18-19 Dynamic lift principle project 1864:195-197 Flat kite, how to make 2043:18-19 Force of wind makes kite move experiment 1613:207 Forces that keep kite in the air experiment 1558:14-15 Hexafringe, 6-sided Greek kite, how to make 1681:35-39 High-flying kite experiment 1630:22-24 Kite experiment based on early work of Mabel Bell and her husband Alexander 1658:42-45 Line travelers or kite ferries experiment using paper plate 1959:156-157 Make from straws and plastic bags 1744:75-78 Paper bag kite, how to make 1868:unp Plastic kite from plastic sheet and wood strips, how to make 1532:122-123 Ringwing kite, how to make 1681:24-25 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:198-206 Simple kite, how to make 2030:78-80 Sled kite, make from plastic garbage bag, duct tape, wooden dowels and string 1890:39-40 Superstunter kite, how to make 1681:30-31 Three styles of simple paper kites compared to ability to move in the wind 1613:207-220 Twin-fin skysled kite, how to make 1681:20-21 KOVALEVSKAYA, SONYA DR. Sequence in a snowflake experiment 1869:144-151

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& LABELS Read the labels for nutritional information activity 1875:75 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT. See also EQUIPMENT—HOW TO MAKE LACTIC ACID. See MICROBES—BACTERIA; YOGURT LADYBUGS. See also INSECTS—CAGES Can ladybugs swim experiment 1778:40 Climbing gym for ladybugs, how to make 1778:12-13 Collecting ladybugs, how to do 1872:10-13 Experiments with aphids and their predators ladybugs beetles; data sheets given 1652:177-187 Feeding ladybugs, how to do 1872:20-21 Home for ladybugs, how to make 1778:10 Housing for ladybugs, how to make 1872:14-17 How fast can ladybugs climb experiment 1778:39 How to catch and keep ladybugs 1653:18-21 How will ladybugs escape from a jar experiment 1778:39 Keep ladybugs in large jar and record number of aphids eaten experiment 1643:16 Keeping ladybugs, how to do 1531:45 Net cage for housing and breeding ladybugs, how to do 1872:16-17 Using beneficial insects to control insect pests experiment 1571:147-149 What plants do ladybugs like experiment 1778:36 Which is more effective in controlling aphids, ladybugs or chemicals experiment 1652:187 Which way will ladybugs climb experiment 1778:40 Will ladybugs eat aphids to control population growth experiment 1652:186 Will ladybugs fly off a pencil experiment 1778:39 Will ladybugs larvae go to aphids experiment 1778:36 LAENNEC, RENE. See also STETHOSCOPE LAKES. See also FRESHWATER; PONDS; STREAMS Acidity; different kinds of bedrock effect on different kinds of acidity experiment 1550:49-50

L Cold current differences in temperature move water experiment 1752:108 Duckweed; how to grow duckweed in pond water experiment 1692:10 Ecology of lake; life in a drop of water experiment 1794:32-33 Tadpoles; how to collect and hatch 1550:165-166 The great American lawn and pristine water; can they coexist experiment 1539:93-94 Wind movement of water called surface current experiment 1752:107 LAND Agriculture; demonstrate amount of land available for agriculture experiment 1848:188-190 Dip and direction (strike) of a piece of land experiment 1746:21 Dip; measure angle of dip of a layer experiment 1746:21 Simulate glaciation (effect of ice on land) experiment 1550:67 Strike; measure the strike of a layer using compass experiment 1746:21 LAND—ECOSYSTEM. See also ECOSYSTEMS LAND—EROSION. See also EROSION LAND BREEZES Determine cause of land and sea breezes experiment 1850:162-165 Effect of water on climate experiment 1850:155-165 Sand and rice used to demonstrate land and sea breezes experiment 1528:65 LANDFILLS. See also BIODEGRADABILITY; GARBAGE; POLLUTION Disposable cups experiment; how much waste could be reduced in landfill if cups were reused 1965:51-53 Graph used to show different kinds of trash in landfill experiment 2039:28-29 How different materials change in a landfill experiment 1848:174-176 Landfill in a bucket experiment 2025:32-33 Landfill in a jar experiment 2014:198 Which landfill materials are biodegradable experiment 1692:14

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LANDFORMS Blue and red Suns experiment to observe heating temperatures of actual land forms 1534:14-18 Heating and cooling of actual land forms with a red, green and blue Sun experiment 1534:99-106 Heating and cooling of land with a carbon dioxide/ nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:68-71 Heating and cooling of land with a green sky experiment 1534:58-61 Land form shapes on Earth’s crust, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:144-147 Pop-up books demonstrate land forms, how to make 1599:40-44 Region’s location and its land forms affect its climate experiment 1850:167-175 Ultraviolet Sun and evaporation of moisture from land forms experiment 1534:10-13 Ultraviolet Sun and heating and cooling of various land forms experiment 1534:7-9 LARVAE. See CATERPILLARS; INSECTS LARYNX. See also HUMAN BODY; VOICE LASERS Coherent light source and incoherent light source experiment 1956:26-30 Laser beam experiment 1611:75-76 LATENT HEAT Evaporation and condensation require large amounts of latent heat experiment 1528:23 Latent heat experiment 1528:22 Latent heat released when water is frozen experiment 1528:23 LATEX. See also RUBBER LATITUDE. See also CROSS STAFF Position of North Star used to determine your latitude using an astrolabe experiment 1852:27-30 What is your latitude experiment 1904:48-50 LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE Difference between the circumference of the Earth between equator and north and south poles experiment 1850:40-42 Position of the star Polaris used to determine latitude of your home experiment 1850:25-29 Where is the prime meridian experiment 1906:35-38 LAUNCHER. See also ROCKETS LAUNCHERS Dart launcher experiment 2000:14 LAVA Make your own miniature lava lite experiment 1699:104-105

LAVOISIER, ANTOINE Carbon dioxide gas from burning candle in jar with baking soda and vinegar experiment 1910:109-110 Repeat Lavoisier’s experiment measuring percentage of oxygen in air 1637:19 Which iron rusts most quickly and which gains most weight experiment 1910:111-112 LAW OF UNIFORM ACCELERATION. See GALILEO’S EXPERIMENTS LAWNS The great American lawn and pristine water; can they coexist experiment 1539:93-94 LE CHATELIER PRINCIPLE. See RUBBER BANDS LEAD PENCIL. See also PENCILS LEAF LITTER Creatures in tree leaf litter and pine tree litter experiment 1943:29 Decomposers; insects and creatures in dead leaves, how to collect experiment 2044:51 How many mini beasts can be found in pile of leaf litter experiment 1689:28 LEAF PRINT. See also LEAVES LEAF RUBBING Create design from leaves and plants, how to do 1830:136 How to do leaf and bark rubbings 1551:22-23 How to do leaf rubbings experiment 1864:178-179 Leaf rubbings, how to do 1590:29 LEARNING. See also GERBILS; MAZES Ability to find food with three pets experiment; dog, ferret and hamster 1571:10-12 Learning to draw experiment 1725:132-133 Writing with the wrong hand experiment 1725:132 LEATHER Make “egg leather” from egg white and tannic acid from tea experiment 1637:64 LEAVENING AGENTS. See also BAKING POWDER; BAKING SODA; YEAST LEAVES. See also STOMATA Book; make your own leaf book using leaves, contact paper, notebook and crayons (Primary) 1557:54-55 Collage of autumn leaves, how to make 1973:86-87 Falling leaves; what happens to a leaf after it has fallen experiment 1751:76 Falling; when do leaves fall experiment 1905:89-90 How many leaves on a tree experiment 1593:55

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Jewelry from leaves, clay, silver, gold powder, and varnish, how to make 1973:88-89 Leaves of plants give off oxygen experiment 1660:48-50 Light needed for chlorophyll to be made in leaves experiment 1593:53-54 Pigments; what stages of color do leaves go through before turning brown experiment 1751:77 Plant growth; how do leaves affect plant growth experiment 1742:69-71 Prints; leaf prints, how to do 1997:42-47 Shapes; leaf shapes and classification, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:13-36 Shapes; leaf shapes and patterns, Venn diagrams 1875:23-36 Skeleton of leaf, how to make using washing soda and water 1546:57 Skeletons; dissolving leaves to get skeleton of vein structure experiment 1864:79-80 Starch; determine condition required for starch to form in leaves experiment 1638:75-78 Starch; test for starch in leaves experiment 1638:75-78 Stomata of leaf examined under microscope experiment 1593:58-60 Stomata; do all leaves have the same “breathing holes” experiment 1876:180 Stomata; find the stomata on leaves experiment 1815:21 Stomata; how leaves put water vapor into the air experiment 1592:29 Surface area of a typical leaf, how to measure experiment 1593:56-57 Transpiration; measure water loss through a leaf experiment 1546:8 Transpiration; water amount given off by leaves experiment 1546:8 Veins in leaves, how to observe and compare experiment 1593:51-52 Water; how do leaves repel water experiment 1864:176-177 Water; proving that tree leaves are waterproof experiment 1540:60-61 What happens to spinach when placed in hot water experiment 1672:72-73 LEAVES—AIR POLLUTION Leaf samples checked for air pollution experiment 1739:26 LEAVES—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION Cat litter blot drying flowers, how to do 1651:186-187 Drying autumn leaves, how to do 1651:184-185

How to collect and press leaves experiment 2044:19 How to collect, identify and keep leaves experiment 1593:46-50 Leaf collection, how to make and keep 1590:28 Pressing leaves to make permanent leaf collection, how to do 1934:93-94 Waxed leaves and flowers, how to do 1785:41 LEAVES—COLOR Carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll pigments in carrots, tomatoes and autumn tree leaves experiment 1637:50 Colors in plant leaves experiment using chromatography to show colors 1707:80-81 What colors can you see in leaves experiment 1742:22-24 Why do leaves change color demonstration 1820:38-39 Why do leaves change color experiment 2005:10-11 Yellow and orange pigments in fall leaves are there all year long experiment 1792:26-27 LEAVES—PRESSED Pressing leaves, how to do 1590:29 LEAVES—TRANSPIRATION Demonstrate transpiration with clear plastic bag placed over leaves experiment 1854:15 How does water move through a leaf experiment 1854:12-15 Leaf in bottle experiment 1953:165 Leaves breathe out water, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:75-77 Water evaporation rate from leaves affects water movement speed through plants experiment 1854:14-15 LEEUWENHOEK, ANTON VAN Life cycle of insect larva under microscope experiment 1911:109-110 Living things in water seen under microscope experiment 1911:107-108 LEFT-HANDED. See HANDEDNESS LEGOS Gear up with a Lego heli-tractor experiment 1839:181-185 Levers built from Legos experiment 1839:177-180 LEGUMES Effect of nitrogen fixer on growth of a legume experiment 1570:137-139 How do bacteria help clover plants live experiment 1851:62-63

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LEMMINGS How fast do lemmings multiply experiment 1808:29 Lemming tunnel temperature; measure air temperature and temperature in snow experiment 1808:17 LEMONS. See also ACIDS; INVISIBLE INKS; SECRET WRITING Aluminum pot shines from boiling water and lemon juice experiment 1906:47-48 Battery from a lemon experiment 1831:143 Electricity can be produced by a lemon experiment 1844:329-330 Energy flow in lemon battery with compass and thin copper wire experiment 1537:57-58 Lemon battery causes sensation on your tongue experiment 1537:57 Lemon battery experiment 1907:39 Lemon battery experiment 2014:72 Lemon battery lights LED light experiment 2053:33-34 Lemon battery lights light bulb experiment 1890:65-66 Lemon battery lights up bulb experiment 1953:42 Lemon battery runs electric clock experiment 1561:8-9 Lemon give you small shock experiment 1879:46-47 Turn a fruit into a battery experiment 1743:42-48 Wet cell battery from lemon experiment 1899:19-22 LENS—EYE. See also EYE; HUMAN BODY LENSES. See also MICROSCOPE; OPTICAL PROJECTORS; TELESCOPES Convex lens effect on a image experiment based on Alhazen’s writings 2027:14 Convex lens, its images and it focal length experiment 1611:28-31 Convex lenses, images and focal lengths experiment 1988:60-68 Design of lenses reduces glare experiment 1901:61-63 Double convex lens; how does it work experiment 1753:95 Drop of water lens, how to make 1537:106-107 Focal length of lens experiment 1956:31-36 Focal point and focal length of lenses experiment 1728:19 Giant lens experiment creates image that hangs in mid-air using Fresnel lens 1578:54-60 How are convex and concave lenses different experiment 1844:107-108 How convex lenses form images experiment 1915:47-48

How does a lens affect the way light travels experiment 1844:104-105 Lens from a drop of water experiment 1844:106 Lenses produce images by refracting light experiment 1612:50 Light through a convex and concave lens experiment 1966:34 Magnifying lens must always be round experiment 1753:98 Microscope; two-lens microscope, how to make 1611:41-43 Model of a convex lens experiment 1612:52-54 Model of overhead projector demonstrates how it works, how to make 1611:35-36 Model of projector demonstrates how it works, how to make 1611:31-36 Model to show how convex lens produces a real image experiment 1610:131-133 Pinholes and lenses demonstrate light travels in straight lines experiment 1612:55 Primary science activities with a magnifying glass 1931:82-85 Telescope from two convex lenses experiment 1611:38-40 Two-dimensional model of concave lens experiment 1610:133-134 Virtual focal point experiment with concave lens 1728:20 Water drop makes things larger experiment 1842:68-69 Water sphere lens experiment with bowl of water 1578:119-122 LENZ, HEINRICH What happens when magnet drops through copper pipe experiment 1672:50-52 LEVERS. See also SIMPLE MACHINES—LEVERS LEVITATION Levitation using static electricity experiment 1839:187-193 LEYDEN JAR. See also ELECTRICITY— STATIC ELECTRICITY Franklin’s experiments with Leyden jar, how to repeat 1586:86-87 How to make a simple Leyden jar 1577:4-5 Store up electric charge, then make sparks experiment 1577:3-8 LICHENS. See also ACID RAIN; AIR POLLUTION Air pollution effect on lichens experiment 1570:33-34 Do more lichens grow on the north side of the tree experiment 1550:53-54

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Examine a lichen for mutualism relationship experiment 1848:32-35 How large a lichen can you find experiment 1751:81 Look for different kinds of lichens as a test for air pollution 1721:25 LIFESAVERS. See also TRIBOLUMINESCENCE LIFT Why a boomerang “sticks around” experiment (Advanced) 1839:245-250 LIGHT. See also COLOR; MICROSCOPE; PLANTS—LIGHT; SHADOWS; SPECTRUM Bronx cheer bulb experiment; light appears to wiggle and flash when you give it the “Bronx Cheer” 1576:25-28 Coherent light source and incoherent light source experiment 1956:26-30 Experiments with bouncing light, bending light 1537:108-109 Eyes; easy demonstrations of light and eyes 1924:15,19 Eyes; how does your eye respond to changes in light experiment 1672:37-40 Eyes; light does not come out of your eyes experiment 1608:22-24 Eyes; what happens when your eyes receive different images experiment 1576:25-28 Fiber optics; channel beam of light through glass dish experiment to demonstrate fiber optics 1901:121-124 Flashing lights for dancing stroboscope experiment 1627:6-8 How light travels experiment 1956:8-12 Inverse square law of light; why world gets dark so fast outside circle of campfire experiment 1578:61-66 Lateral inhibition experiment using cardboard tubes and light 1576:29-34 Light energy experiment, make magic lantern from shoe box, cardboard, tissue paper, batteries, wire and light bulb 1560:27-28 Light from a burning gas experiment using metal screen placed in flame 1673:54-56 Light from a metal experiment using a Magicube flashbulb 1674:24-26 Light is waves of particles experiment 1610:137 Light travels in a straight line experiment 1612:11 Light travels in a straight line experiment 1901:57-59 Light travels in a straight line, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:182-186

Light used to generate electricity experiment using photovoltaic cell 1605:73-74 Light-sensitive paper experiment, how to make light-sensitive paper 1840:275-281 Linear perspective magic trick ghostly tube experiment 1714:10-11 Magic trick amazing black box with plants experiment 1714:12-13 Path; what path does light follow experiment 1844:91 Pinhole images and light paths experiment show light travels in straight lines experiment 1612:12-16 Pinholes and lenses demonstrate light travels in straight lines experiment 1612:55 Primary science activities with light 1931:70-73 Shadow experiment demonstrates light travels in straight lines 1612:18-21 Shadows and time experiments 1612:23-24 Speed; mirrors used to find the speed of light experiment 1608:85-87 Stars; models of twinkling star light experiment 1612:57-58 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:180-181 Thermal energy heat produced when light is absorbed experiment 1612:89-90 Transparent, opaque and translucent materials experiment 2033:8 LIGHT—COLORS Bleach effect on blue dye in water experiment, color disappears 1677:53-55 Breaking white light into colors experiment 1983:30-33 Color affects energy absorbed from light experiment 1844:92-93 Colors and patterns can mix visually on spinning objects experiment 1613:143-145 Colors in a soap bubble experiment 1677:47-48 Colors of clothing that absorb the most heat experiment 1612:92 Colors of light experiment 1956:19-24 Light, heat and color experiment; colored objects absorb more heat than white objects 1612:91 Newton’s experiment with a prism; what color is light experiment 1537:110-111 Red lights; why they are red experiment 1612:114-116 Simple activities to demonstrate light and color 1766:4-29 Visible light divided into colors experiment 1901:125-128

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LIGHT—DIFFRACTION Diffraction; another way to separate white light into colors experiment 1612:64-65 Light can bend around edges experiment; demonstrate diffraction pattern 1578:41-45 Use diffraction grating to view colors of spectrum experiment 1578:105-109 LIGHT—RAYS Compare blocked light rays as they pass through magnifying glass experiment 1901:107-110 How light travels experiment using ray box 1966:8-9 Images of images of images can repeat forever experiment 1578:67-71 Light rays are affected by drops of water experiment 1901:87-89 Magnifying lens affects light rays experiment 1753:94 Ray box produces light beam traveling in one direction, how to make 2028:11-12 Ray box, how to make 1966:7 LIGHT—REFLECTED Curved mirror experiments 1915:42-45 Images in window glass experiment 1608:15 Incident and reflected rays experiment 1915:45-46 Kaleidoscope; use light to create kaleidoscope patterns experiment 1562:14-17 Light and mirrors demonstrates reflected light 1611:17-22 Light box to make light rays experiment 1915:42-45 Light reflected in a raindrop experiment 1594:68-70 Magic and ghosts through images in glass experiment 1608:19-23 Model to show what happens to light that strikes a plane mirror experiment 1610:121-127 Multiple images and reflections in glass experiment 1608:16-17 Outdoor reflections from mirrors and glass experiments 1608:11-14 Reflected light experiment 2045:24-25 Reflected rays of light bounced off different types of mirrors experiment 1966:22-23 What is reflected light experiment 1844:113-114 LIGHT—REFLECTION. See also KALEIDOSCOPES; MIRRORS; PERISCOPES Angle of light always same angle as light reflected experiment 1901:33-35 Angle with which light strikes mirror compared to angle of reflection experiment 1901:37-41 Bouncing light beams experiment 1608:31-33 Candle appears to be burning under water experiment 1612:35

Color of object depends on color of light reflected to our eyes experiment 1901:47-51 Colored objects reflect some colors and absorb the rest experiment 2033:20-21 Compare how different materials reflect light experiment 1901:13-16 Corner reflector from three mirrors sends light back parallel to its original path experiment 1578:25-29 Curved mirrors; concave and convex mirrors experiment 1608:41-43 Curved, convex and concave mylar mirrors experiment 1608:44-48 Funny images in fun house mirrors experiment 1608:49 Glass objects disappear if you eliminate reflection and refraction by that glass object experiment 1578:46-50 How a mirror reflects experiment 1728:13 How can you pour light experiment 1844:123-125 How effective insulation is to prevent heat loss experiment 1528:28 Image distorted by reflecting light on curved surface experiment 1901:25-28 Images on spoons experiment 1608:38-39 Images that are reflected several times experiment 1901:29-32 Kaleidoscope from cardboard, mirrors and plastic wrap demonstrates light reflection 1541:14-17 Law of reflection experiment 1611:15-16 Law of reflection experiment using tennis ball 1608:30-31 Law of reflection from mirrors experiment 1608:37-40 Light bounces back at matching angle experiment 1837:29 Light goes through brick experiment with mirrors 1837:31 Light ray angles experiment 1608:33-34 Light rays reflect images from mirror experiment 1901:17-19 Magic trick transporting box places one watch in two places at same time experiment 1714:26-27 Many reflections of object using mirrors experiment 1878:92-93 Materials that are good or bad at reflecting light experiment 1966:16-17 Measure and compare albedo effect of two surfaces experiment 1528:29 Measure angles of incidence and angles of reflection of light beam experiment 1966:18-19 Model to show how mirrors form images experiment 1612:31-32

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LIGHT—REFRACTION Antigravity illusions and mirages experiment 1608:92-94 Arago white spot experiment, light waves diffracted 1901:75-78 Bend light and observe image produced experiment with coin in water 1901:83-86 Bend light by passing it through different densities of air experiment 1901:71-74 Bend light to show how sunlight is made up of many different colors experiment 1533:14-15 Bending light and sunsets experiment 1528:21 Bending light in liquids experiment 1728:16 Bending light in three liquids, oil, water and alcohol experiment 2027:8-9 Bending light through liquids experiment 1966:30-31 Bending light through water and plastic experiment 1966:28-29 Bending light with pencil in glass of water experiment 1640:131 Bending light with water and coin experiment 2033:15 Bending light; use water to make light go around a corner experiment 1677:41-44 Bending the path of light experiments 1612:45-49 Compare blocked light rays as they pass through magnifying glass experiment 1901:107-110 Convection currents in water create turbulence effects that bend light experiment 1577:21-24 Convex lens, its images and it focal length experiment 1611:28-31 Create colors of spectrum with glass of water and flashlight experiment 1541:18-20 Create colors with a glass of water experiment 1562:18-20 Different colors of light are bent by water in caves experiment 1550:123 Diffraction action experiment, bend light around edges of smooth surface 1901:75-78 Experiment to demonstrate light refraction 1820:78-79 Gelatin used to explore refraction experiment 2028:23-24 Glass disappears experiment 1844:101 Glass objects disappear if you eliminate reflection and refraction by that glass object experiment 1578:46-50 Heat shimmer from rising hot air layer refracts light passing through it experiment 1528:37 How convex lenses form images experiment 1915:47-48

Multiple reflections reverse the image and invert it in corner reflector experiment 1578:25-29 Multiple reflections, two mirrors at different angles experiment 1608:52-53 Multiple reflections; double reflection in a prism experiment 1608:63-65 Multiple reflections; fusing two images into one experiment 1608:53-57 Multiple reflections; kaleidoscope experiment 1608:61-62 Multiple reflections; three mirror experiment 1608:59-60 Multiple reflections; two parallel mirrors experiment 1608:58-59 One-way mirror experiment 1608:48-49 Percentage of Sun’s energy reflected by surfaces is called its albedo experiment 1528:28 Periscope; construct and use periscope experiment 1901:43-46 Prism; breaking light into colors experiment 1608:66-68 Reflect light several times using mirrors experiment 1753:65 Reflected rays form the images you see in mirrors experiment 1608:35-36 Reflecting light alters why oceans warm and cool at different latitudes experiment 1528:21 Reflecting light off a mirror experiment 1878:88-91 Reflection in a plane mirror; changing the path of light experiment 1612:27-29 Reflections from a lens experiment 1608:50-51 Reflections from several mirrors experiment 1758:56 Reflections in mirror maze experiment 1837:23 Reflections of reflections experiment 1612:40-43 Relationship of angle of light on surface and its reflection experiment 2028:13-14 Repeating images of an object when mirrors are placed correctly experiment 1879:38-39 Scatter light and produce colors like the sky experiment 1901:53-56 Seeing reflected light experiment 1966:14-15 Spherical reflections experiment with silver Christmas tree balls 1578:110-113 Thin layer of air trapped between two pieces of Plexiglas produces rainbow colored interference patterns experiment 1578:12-15 Total internal reflection experiment; finding critical angle of reflection 1578:30-34 What affects the quality of reflection experiment 1844:110-111

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How does a lens affect the way light travels experiment 1844:104-105 Light is refracted as it passes through contact between air and water experiment 1956:13-17 Light rays bend when traveling through water experiment 1753:66 Light refracted in a raindrop experiment 1594:71-75 Light refracts or bends as it passes through different materials experiment 1901:65-69 Magic trick bending wire experiment 1714:18-19 Model of a convex lens experiment 1612:52-54 Pencil in glass of water appears bent or split experiment 1879:36-37 Pencil in glass of water demonstrates light refraction 1901:79-82 Rays of light experiment 1766:17 Refraction in the atmosphere experiment 1612:56-57 Refraction of light experiments 1758:54 What bends light experiment 1904:127-130 What makes light bend experiment 1844:98-99 When does light bend experiment 1905:11-17 LIGHT—WAVES Earthworm’s body part most sensitive to light experiment 1583:87 Earthworms response to different light waves project 1583:85-87 Polarized experiment; is scattered light from the sky polarized 1612:84-86 Polarized waves on a rope experiment 1612:80-83 Prism used to see spectrum experiment 1528:36 Rainbow experiment, water, mirror, flashlight 1528:37 Refracting and reflecting light experiment with raindrops 1528:36 Wavelengths; splitting sunlight into colors experiment 1588:29 LIGHT BULBS. See also BULBS—ELECTRIC Comparing light output and power consumption of different watt bulbs experiment 2045:22-23 Comparing waste heat from bulbs experiment 2045:70-71 Differences between brightness of bulbs from different manufacturers experiment 1539:82-84 LED lights up in complete circuit experiment 2053:59-60 LIGHTNING Lightning demonstration with charged balloon and fluorescent bulb experiment 1845:36 Make static electricity to demonstrate lightning experiment 2017:54-55

Static detector experiment, make from glass jar and aluminum foil 1747:11 What causes lightning experiment 1861:64-67 Where does lighting come from experiment 1753:120 LIGHTNING BUGS. See FIREFLIES LIMESTONE Acidity; effect of different kinds of bedrock on different kinds of acidity experiment 1550:49-50 Bubbling limestone experiment using piece of limestone and vinegar 1817:39 Chalk dissolves in vinegar experiment 1660:24 Chalk fizzes from vinegar experiment 1754:22 Compare sponge-like qualities of limestone and other rocks experiment 1550:174 Demonstrate how well limestone holds water experiment 1550:174 How caves are formed experiment 1624:23-24 Limestone cave formation experiment, plastic bottle, sand and sugar 1599:88-89 Limestone rock affected by acid rain experiment using vinegar and chalk 1751:6 Pine trees; can limestone be used to protect pine trees from acid rain experiment 1539:100-101 Test for calcium carbonate in marble, slate and limestone using vinegar as acid experiment 1864:87-88 Test for limestone in chalk and sea shells experiment 1953:149-150 Test for limestone in rocks experiment 1953:41 LIMPETS Limpets leave trails in algae experiment 1752:74 LINES OF FORCE. See also MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE LIPIDS. See FATS AND OILS LIQUID CRYSTALS How battery tester works with liquid crystals experiment 1677:49-52 LIQUIDS. See also FLUIDS; WATER Apricot yogurt ice demonstrates water changing from liquid to a solid experiment 1680:11-13 Banana milk shake demonstrates what is a liquid experiment 1680:6-7 Behavior of two immiscible liquids and the solubility of dyes in the liquids experiment 1840:235-238 Brown color will move from one liquid to another experiment using oil, iodine and water 1879:92-93 Butane in a lighter is a liquid or a gas experiment 1840:215-219

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Can two liquids be combined to give soil particles experiment 1672:63-65 Climbing liquids experiment 1985:88-92 Convection currents in water demonstration 1900:39-42 Convection in a liquid experiment using food coloring in tank of water 1907:18 Cornstarch and water goop experiment 1970:46 Cornstarch and water ooblik experiment 1829:28-29 Dried wheat swells as it soaks up water experiment 1679:10-11 Floating; bottle with oil, water, food colors demonstrates how liquids float 1596:30, 33 Floating; how liquids float experiment using narrow bottle, oil, alcohol and food colors 1838:30 Floating; how things float in different liquids using hydrometer experiment 1596:28 From gas to liquid experiment 1679:12-14 Frustration bottles experiment, add liquids to bottles and observe resulting layers 1840:239-243 Ghee (India Butter) demonstrates filtering experiment 1680:20-21 Goo that seems to be both liquid and solid experiment with cornstarch and water 1879:6-8 Heaping liquids experiment 1985:86-87 Hydrometer measures how things float in different liquids experiment, how to make 1838:28 Identify matter in each of three states, solids, liquids and gases experiment 1613:59-66 Layered liquids experiment 1640:84-85 Layering colored fluids of different densities experiment 1933:22-23 Liquid attraction; consistency of a liquid influences magnetic attraction experiment 1753:92 Liquid chocolate cools and turns back into solid experiment 1679:8-9 Liquids and heat energy experiment using dried milk in pasta with cheese sauce experiment 1680:14-16 Liquids that dissolve in liquids experiment 1981:27-28 Lubricants; how lubricants fight friction experiment 1677:21-23 Make ice cream and change liquid into a solid experiment 1829:12-13 Many layers of liquids in a glass using water, syrup and cooking oil experiment 1879:20-21 Marbling paper by floating oil paints or inks on surface of water experiment 1838:34-35 Measuring surface tension experiment 1985:93-96 Measuring surface tension of liquids experiment 1607:26-29

Miscible or immiscible experiment with water, oil, alcohol and food coloring 2001:84-86 Molecules mix together in liquid experiment 1906:55-56 Nucleation effect in liquid containing dissolved gas experiment 1637:45 Oil keeps syrup from sticking to metal experiment 1672:27-28 Polar and non-polar molecules in properties of water and oil experiment 1677:12-14 Properties of solids and liquids while making butter experiment 1790:189-195 Salad dressing demonstrates why oil and vinegar won’t mix experiment 1838:32 Shapes of liquids and solids under various conditions experiment 1790:97-10 Solid or liquid experiment 1985:99 Solution; butterscotch sauce demonstrates making a solution experiment 1680:18-19 Steamed vegetable bundles demonstrate water changing from liquid to gas experiment 1680:8-10 Substances turn from liquid to solid when pressure is applied experiment 1637:53 Surface tension dissolves between two liquids experiment 1959:50-51 Surface tension; effects of surface tension experiment 1758:28 Temperature changes as a liquid is converted into a solid experiment 1677:37-40 Temperature of liquid affects its viscosity experiment 1851:97 Thixotropy fluid art experiment 2001:130-133 Turning water vapor to liquid experiment 1739:12 Two layers with different colors using cooking oil, water and food coloring experiment 1879:26-28 Viscosity (thickness) experiment 1985:97-98 Viscosity of different liquids experiment using marbles 2037:263 Viscosity of other liquids compared to water experiment 1851:97 Viscosity test for water, cooking oil and alcohol experiment 2001:70-72 Viscosity; how does honey flow experiment to understand viscosity 1568:133-135 Viscosity; what is viscosity experiment 1844:29-30 What happens to liquids as they heated and cooled experiment 1844:63-64 Why liquids don’t flow at the same rate experiment 1753:51

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LIQUIDS—DENSITY Compare liquid density of honey, water and vegetable oil experiment 2001:82 Demonstrate density of liquids experiment 1820:26-27 Density of liquids is different and objects float and sink at different rates experiment 1970:18 Liquids float and sink due to their density experiment 2036:26 Marbling paper demonstrates liquid density experiment 2036:27 LIQUIDS—IMMISCIBLE Three immiscible liquids, water, oil and alcohol have different molecular densities experiment 1864:83-84 LIQUIDS—SURFACE TENSION. See also WATER—SURFACE TENSION LISSAJOUS FIGURES Pendulum moving in two directions creates beautiful designs experiment 1579:45-50 LITMUS PAPER. See INDICATORS Litmus paper experiment to test for acids and bases 1953:284-286 LITTER. See also ECOLOGY—LITTER POLLUTION Disposable cups experiment; how much waste could be reduced in landfill if cups were reused 1965:51-53 What is litter project 1842:196 LIZARDS Can flying dragons (lizards) really fly experiment 1856:49 Observe and record chameleon color changes due to light, temperature, emotions and state of health 1645:129

LOBSTERS Lobster shell filters in filtering wastewater metallic ions compared to charcoal experiment 1539:68-70 LOCKS Model safe with combination lock experiment, how to make 1532:89 LOCKS—WATERWAYS. See also CANALS LODESTONES Experiment with lodestone or homemade magnet 1683:10-11 Lodestone hunt using compass experiment 1863:19-20 LONGITUDE. See LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE LUBRICANTS Ball bearing lets object spin easily experiment, how to build 1532:34-35 Build device that uses scale to measure friction on different surfaces experiment 1532:34 How lubricants fight friction experiment 1677:21-23 Is graphite slippery experiment 1672:25-26 LUNAR CRATERS. See also MOON LUNAR ECLIPSES. See ECLIPSES LUNGS. See also BREATHING; HUMAN BODY; RESPIRATION Compare densities of air, lung air and carbon dioxide experiment 1606:44 Lung air in balloon experiment, does lung air put out a flame or make it burn faster 1606:43-45 Model lung with balloon representing lung experiment 1606:70-73

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& MACHINES. See also FORCE; SIMPLE MACHINES Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:184-197 Spreader; mini spreader model spreads sugar or cinnamon, how to make 1887:18-19 Valve; simple one-way balloon valve lets air stay in balloon as you blow or pump 1532:37 MACHINES—FARMS Archimedes’ screw, how to make 1711:52 Plow model, how to make 1711:53 MACHINES—HOUSEHOLD Can crusher, how to make 1711:44 Vacuum cleaner, working model, how to make 1711:45 MAGDEBURG SPHERE. See also GUERICKE, OTTO VON MAGIC. See also CHEMISTRY TRICKS; INERTIA—TRICKS; MAGNET TRICKS; MATH TRICKS; PAPER CUTTING TRICKS; PAPER TRICKS MAGIC TRICKS Air pressure can be a real crusher experiment 1991:21-22 Balloon in a bottle experiment 1991:13-14 Bloody hand experiment 1991:57 Bottle that will not stop experiment 1991:17-18 Dancing raisins experiment 1991:51 Disappearing glass experiment 1991:86-87 Disappearing ink experiment 1991:65 Flame that jumps experiment 1991:71-72 Floating steel experiment 1991:91-93 Funnel that will not empty experiment 1991:15-16 Genie in a bottle experiment 1991:52-53 Getting a lift with air pressure experiment 1991:19-20 Geyser experiment 1991:23-25 Inverted scene experiment 1991:76-79 Iron to copper experiment 1991:63-64 Magic chemical paper experiment 1991:54-55 Magic mirror experiment 1991:88-90 Magic red to green to red experiment 1991:61-62 Magic yardstick experiment 1991:117-119 Magical bubbles experiment 1991:58 Mysterious pair of balloons experiment 1991:31-32

M Newton, a card, a marble and a bottle experiment 1991:107-108 Newton, a table, a cloth and a glass of water experiment 1991:107-108 Ping pong ball that defies gravity experiment 1991:26-28 Small force can beat a big force experiment 1991:112-113 Start-again stop-again jar experiment 1991:120-121 Switch and twist experiment 1991:100-102 Turning Aladdin’s lamp oil into ink experiment 1991:66 Turning words about experiment 1991:83-85 Underwater bulb experiment 1991:96-97 Upside-down pail of water that does not spill experiment 1991:114-116 Upside-down shadow experiment 1991:80-82 Voice controlled submarine experiment 1991:29-30 Water on a string experiment 1991:94-95 Water to dragon’s blood to water experiment 1991:56 Which falls faster, an object projected or dropped experiment 1991:109-111 Which falls faster, light or heavy experiment 1991:103-104 Written secrets experiment 1991:67-70 MAGLEV TRAIN Floating magnets model experiment 1864:158-159 Model magnetic levitation train experiment, how to build 1532:98-99 MAGNETIC ATTRACTION Horseshoe magnets are stronger than bar magnets experiment 1683:26-27 Magnet attracts small metallic objects experiment 1683:13-14 MAGNETIC COMPASS. See also COMPASS MAGNETIC FIELDS Aluminum and steel effect on magnetic fields experiment 1899:89-90 Comparing force fields with magnet and pin in bottle experiment 1540:35 Compass needles follow magnetic field that is stronger than Earth’s experiment 1577:9-13

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Dip needle demonstrates that magnets point north and down as well 1683:35-37 Electrical current effect on magnetic fields experiment 1899:91-94 Electrical current produced from magnetic fields experiment 1899:103-106 Electrons moving in wire cause compass needle to move experiment 1672:47-49 Following paths of magnetic field from one pole to the other experiment 1899:85-87 Funny face with iron filings and magnets demonstrates magnetic force 1614:20-21 Generate magnetic field using electrical current experiment 1899:95-98 How compass needle reacts to magnetic field in current in wire experiment 1758:48 Iron filings demonstrate magnetic field 1952:8 Iron filings in bottles of liquids react to magnets experiment 1683:22-23 Iron filings in the magnetic field around two bar magnets experiment 1683:16-18 Iron filings on magnetized bar demonstrate magnetic field lines experiment 1605:15-16 Iron filings show how magnetic fields of two magnets affect each other experiment 1863:32-33 Iron filings show magnetic field of horseshoe magnet on light-sensitive paper experiment 1683:20-21 Magnetic Earth experiment using model Earth and bar magnet 1908:25 Magnetic field around magnet demonstrated 1614:22-23 Magnetic field experiment with iron filings 1844:267-268 Magnetic field makes motor turn experiment 1899:111-114 Magnetic field of Earth demonstrated with bar magnet, iron filings in jar of oil 1683:34-35 Magnetic field transforms ball bearings into magnets experiment 1863:43-48 Magnetic fields can pass through nonmagnetic materials experiment 1683:18-19 Materials that block or shield magnetic fields experiment 1863:40-42 Pictures of magnetic fields using iron filings experiment 1863:28-30 Piece of iron heated to high temperature loses its ability to be magnetized experiment 1577:29-32 Plotting fields with a compass and iron filings experiment 1908:20-21

Re-creating Earth’s magnetic field experiment 1863:27-28 Repeat Matuyama’s experiment with magnetic fields 1658:52-54 Seeing magnetism experiment 1727:16-17 Tape eraser, electromagnetic tape eraser experiment, how to make 1863:107-109 Two parallel current-carrying wires have magnetic field that exerts forces on each other experiment 1577:14-17 What are magnetic fields experiment 1904:28-32 What happens when magnet drops through copper pipe experiment 1672:50-52 MAGNETIC INDUCTION. See ELECTROMAGNETS MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE. See also LINES OF FORCE 3-D magnetic field experiment using bar magnets and oil-filled jar with iron filings 1864:146-147 Compass and bar magnet demonstrate properties of magnetic lines of force 1683:23-25 Iron filings line up parallel to a magnetic field in a bottle experiment 1577:66-70 Lines of force within a magnetic field experiment 1758:55 Observing magnetic field of magnet with iron filings on paper experiment 1878:78-79 Trick magnetic lines of force to scatter into unexpected places experiment 1863:42-43 What do magnetic forces look like experiment 1753:85 MAGNETISM. See also COMPASS Causing magnets to lose magnetism experiment 1899:81-84 Create electricity in a conductor by moving magnet against it experiment 1864:125-126 Detecting magnetism experiment 1936:43 Ferromagnetism flow chart to determine what materials stick to magnets experiment 1863:25-26 Flying paper clip experiment 1863:76-78 How magnetism can do work experiment 1844:69 Levitating ladies, floating bar magnets experiment 1863:74-76 Magic trick slithery snake twitches and wriggles experiment 1716:16-17 Magnetic domains experiment using iron filings, magnet and compass 1683:27-29 Magnetic penetration through different materials experiment 1908:12-13 Magnetizing process; how to demagnetize and magnetize experiment 1605:22-23

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Metal object becomes magnet without having another magnet touch it experiment 1683:30-31 Needle floats in air due to magnetism experiment 1906:106-107 Opposite ends of bar magnets are attracted to each other experiment 1683:15-16 Simple activities to demonstrate magnetism 1767:4-29 Water; effect of water on magnetism experiment 2045:7 What is a special property of magnetism experiment 1844:257 What substances can magnetism pass through experiment 1844:253-254 MAGNETITE. See also MAGNETS MAGNETS. See also ELECTROMAGNETS Attracting and repelling objects with magnets experiment 1899:77-79 Attraction and repulsion of magnets produces chaotic, unpredictable motion experiment 1579:89-92 Bouncing spring experiment using saltwater, battery, wire and spring 1864:112-113 Carpenter’s level bubble moves when magnet placed near it experiment; liquid is dimagnetic 1683:40-41 Causing magnets to lose magnetism experiment 1899:81-84 Coin tester made with magnets, how to make 1614:14-15 Compass finds hidden magnet in glove demonstration 1614:26-27 Compass made from magnetized needle in bowl of water experiment 1549:42-43 Compass needle affected by magnet experiment 1605:18-19 Current flow affected by magnet moving past a coil experiment 1936:42 Demagnetizing a magnet by shaking, striking and heating experiment 1908:18-19 Eddy currents of electricity caused by rapid movement of magnetic field experiment 1683:56-57 Effects of magnets on one another as well as on different metals experiment 1674:51-54 Ends of bar magnets affect each other experiment 1753:84 Experiments with magnets 1953:180-188 Ferromagnetic flow chart displays items attracted and not attracted to magnets 1864:154-157 Filter; magnetic filter separates iron particles from sand and soil experiment 1864:36-37

Floating magnets demonstrate if magnet is permanent and repels another magnet 1614:16-17 Floating magnets model experiment 1864:158-159 Flying butterfly made with magnets, how to make 1614:8-9 Flying paper clip experiment 1863:76-78 Food; magnet used to determine presence of iron in iron-fortified food experiment 1613:107-117 Hanging bar magnet becomes a compass experiment 1660:92 Heating causes magnet to lose its magnetism experiment 1683:39-40 How do materials become magnetized experiment 1844:264-265 How magnet holds drawing on refrigerator experiment 1857:48 Iron rod hit by hammer becomes magnet experiment 1683:37-38 Levitating ladies, floating bar magnets experiment 1863:74-76 Levitation experiments with magnet experiment 1908:9 Like poles repel; unlike poles attract experiment (Primary) 1543:26-27 Liquid attraction; consistency of a liquid influences magnetic attraction experiment 1753:92 Lodestone hunt using compass experiment 1863:19-20 Lodestone; experiment with lodestone or homemade magnet 1683:10-11 Lodestones; find the poles of a lodestone experiment 1844:266 Magnet behavior experiment 1899:69-73 Magnet exerts force on a current-carrying wire experiment to make an electric motor 1577:80-84 Magnet falls more slowly through a metallic tube than through a nonmetallic tube experiment 1577:33-36 Magnetic induction experiment; make temporary and permanent magnets 1908:16-17 Magnetize paper clips; easy experiments 1857:55 Magnetized paper clips experiment 1845:19-20 Magnets act through other matter experiment 1605:16-17 Magnets change the way toy cars act experiment 1839:85-88 Magnets stick to some metals and not to others experiment 1845:17-18 Make a magnet and two magnetic compasses experiment 1605:19-22 Make and testing magnets experiment 1727:8-9

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Make magnet experiment 1753:86 Make magnet from iron nail experiment 1672:44-46 Make magnet with electricity from a magnet experiment 2051:29 Needle magnet, how to make experiment 1683:31-32 Painting with magnets experiment 2022:88 Paper clips become temporarily magnetized experiment 1753:91 Poles of magnets attract or repel experiment 1660:91 Primary science activities with magnets 1931:78-81 Primary science activities with magnets 1932:5-61 Producing electrical currents from magnets experiment 1899:107-110 Puppet show on shoe box using magnets to move figures; easy experiment 1857:51 Shielding magnets; testing magnetic shields experiment 1908:14-15 Simple experiments with magnets 1531:26-27 Soil separator experiment, magnet collects ferrite particles in soil experiment 1863:57-59 Sorcerer’s Apprentice test for magnets experiment 1863:30-32 Strength and power of magnet experiment 1727:18-19 Strength of different magnets experiment 1640:153 Strength of magnet, how to measure experiment 1908:10-11 Strength; which is more powerful, a bar magnet or a horseshoe magnet, experiment 1753:90 Stroking magnet makes it stronger, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:190-195 Strong magnets out of nails experiment 1863:12-14 Substances that are affected by magnets and those that are not experiment 1640:147 Tape recordings are made using magnets experiment 1683:63-64 Test if metal object is magnetic experiment 1908:8 Theater model with puppets works with magnets experiment 1908:5 Theft preventer in coin machines experiment 1660:93-94 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:183-184 Treasure hunt experiment made with sand, steel bolts and magnets 1614:18-19 Unlike magnets attract; like magnets repel 1640:148-149 What happens when magnets come near each other, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:190-195

What part of magnet is strongest, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:190-195 Which magnet is the strongest experiment 1844:255 Why magnets push each other away, experiments 1857:56-59 MAGNETS—GAMES Cars move on cardboard; magnet game experiment 1829:8-9 Charmed snake rises from basket game, making 1683:68-69 Electromagnet Olympics game, how to make 1727:42-43 Figure skater on mirror lake game, how to make and play 1863:89-92 Fishing game to see what is attracted to a magnet experiment (Primary) 1543:5-11 Fishing game, how to make 1727:22-23 Fishing games made with magnets, how to make 1614:6-7 Gone fishing game, how to make and play 1863:85-86 Gone fishing magnet game, making 1683:70 Grand prix car race game, how to make from magnets 1727:58-59 Magnetic checkers game, how to make 1863:78-79 Magnetic hockey game, how to make and play 1863:83 Magnetic sculpture game, plastic plate, paper clips, magnet, making 1683:67 Magnetic tugboats game, how to make and play 1863:92-94 Model car racer game, how to make and play 1863:87-88 Movies in shoe box using magnets and paper cutouts 1640:154-155 Pitching washers game, how to make and play 1863:83-84 Racing game made with magnets, how to make 1614:10-11 MAGNETS—TRICKS. See also MAGIC Flying paper clip trick, how to do 1683:72 Magic trick baffling bee sways and spins experiment 1716:26-27 Magic trick memory island nail experiment 1716:20-21 Magic trick pick the straw trick experiment 1716:22-23 Magic trick powered car moves with magnets experiment 1716:10-11 MAGNIFICATION Magnifying lens affects light rays experiment 1753:94

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MAGNIFIERS Compare blocked light rays as they pass through magnifying glass experiment 1901:107-110 Distance of object from a lens affects the objects magnification experiment 1753:100 How does a magnifying lens affect shadows experiment 1753:99 How to operate a magnifying lens 1775:21 How to use magnifying lens to identify flowers 1588:17 Invert image with magnifying glass experiment 1901:103-105 Jar lens magnifies things easy experiment 2033:17 Magnifying glass holder, milk carton, magnifying glass, how to make 2046:32 Pinhole magnifier experiment; using index card and lamp with a dim bulb 1578:80-83 Water drop magnifier; how can single drop of water magnify experiment 1753:97 Water sphere lens experiment with bowl of water 1578:119-122 Why must a magnifying lens always be round experiment 1753:98 MAGNIFYING GLASS. See LENSES MAMMALS Hair or fur keeps mammals warm experiment 1707:64 MANGO SEEDS How to grow mango plant experiment 1830:152 MANNED SPACE FLIGHT. See SPACE FLIGHT MANUFACTURERS Light bulbs; differences between brightness of bulbs from different manufacturers experiment 1539:82-84 MAPLE SUGARING Heartwood to sapwood, how external and internal parts of tree trunk work project 1729:209-210 How much sap is needed to make gallon of syrup project 1729:193-194 Maple sugaring process observation project 1729:183-184 Measure circumference of tree and apply rule which determines number of taps allowed per tree project 1729:191-192 Number of taps to get maple sugar sap from tree determined by circumference of tree project 1729:191 Various tools used to boil down sap to syrup project 1729:197-199

What sugar makers need to consider to help maple trees produce the most sap project 1729:195-196 MAPS 3-D map, how to make 1634:20-21 3-D model of map, how to make 1949:8-9 3-D viewer to view maps in 3-D, how to do 1634:32-33 Bearing board to measure angles, how to make 1634:35 Calculating distances from scales activities 1824:36-39 Clay map replica of ancient Babylonian clay tablets project, how to make 1850:17-18 Compass rose used to measure direction of a map experiment 1850:87-96 Contour map of undersea mountains, how to construct 1850:110-112 Contour mapping; how to determine elevation on a topographic map experiment 1850:105-112 Contoured landscape model, how to make 1634:11 Draw to scale, how to do 1634:9 Finding lengths and distances by scale drawing activities 1824:51-54 Flag map, how to make 1949:31 Food map, how to make 1949:30 Globe project, how to build 1634:22-23 Grid map; how to read and use a grid map experiment 1850:61-66 Grid references activities and games 1824:17-19 Grid used to enlarge a picture experiment 1850:64-66 How to use ancient mapping symbols and techniques project, how to do 1850:13-19 Jigsaw map, how to make 1949:28 Land use map, how to make 1634:19 Legends; how to use a legend when reading a map experiment 1850:67-73 Linear map, how to make 1949:31 Make a compass in bowl of water with needle and straw 1824:23 Make your own map from your measurements 1634:36-39 Map a neighborhood park using symbols and a legend experiment 1850:71-73 Map scale experiment; determining the distance between two points on the Earth 1850:53-60 Mapping a sphere the Earth experiment; comparing globes and flat maps 1850:43-51 Measuring tools, how to use 1634:36-38 Mini-trundle wheel for measuring, how to make 1634:41

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MARS Erosion effects to understand how Mars surface became the way it is experiment 1533:6-7 MASS Comparing mass using a pan balance experiment 1839:15-18 Conservation of angular momentum demonstrated with rotating stool or chair experiment 1579:55-58 Measuring mass using a pan balance experiment, data sheet given 1839:19-24 Rotational inertia and variable affecting it experiment 1839:59-65 MATERIALS Activities to demonstrate that materials are solids, liquids or gases 1768:3-32 Bags of strength, paper, plastic or cotton experiment 2035:9 Easy experiments with materials 2035:3-32 Rubber band and spool demonstrate stretch and springy materials 2035:10-11 Simple activities for exploring properties of materials experiment 1995:4-31 Toy tent from wood and plastic experiment 2035:7 MATHEMATICS. See also DIMENSIONS; GEOMETRY; MEASUREMENT; STATISTICS; TOPOLOGY; VOLUME Relationship between origami fold known as “wave” and golden mean or ratio experiment 1539:121-125 Sequence in a snowflake experiment 1869:144-151 MATTER Ability of granules of activated carbon to absorb or trap molecules experiment 1676:41-44 Aluminum foil boat demonstrates density effect on floating 1890:56-57 Can a powder be changed into a hard solid experiment 1676:34-37 Change a solution of ions into a solid experiment 1676:22-25 Change grape soda to a colorless liquid experiment using carbon granules 1676:41-44 Change sugar into a substance that is mostly carbon experiment 1676:15-18 Changing solid into a liquid experiment, which is easier, table salt or sugar 1676:12-14 Convection of gases and liquids experiment 1985:118-121 Density and floating of matter experiment 1985:33-34 Diffusion experiment 1985:80-84

Model meridians (lines of longitude) on globe experiment 2050:9-14 Offset survey to make accurate plan activities 1824:55-57 Pirate treasure map, use grid references to find it activity 1824:16 Pizza with map of the U.S., how to make 1628:14-16 Projections on maps activities 1824:32-35 Projections; planar, conic and cylindrical projections, how to make 1634:26-27 Projects with maps and mazes 1949:3-32 Salt map mixtures for making maps, recipes 1670:11-13 Scale drawing activities 1824:40-43 Scales on maps activities 1824:28-31 Scaling; measuring long distances with maps experiment 1982:110-111 Self-folding map, how to make 1599:50-52 Statistical map model, how to make 1634:18 Textured maps, how to make 1949:29 Topographic map showing mountains and valleys, how to make with clay 1599:48-49 Trundle wheel to measure distance, how to make 1634:34 Undersea map model in fish tank, how to make 1634:16-17 MARBLE Test for calcium carbonate in marble, slate and limestone using vinegar as acid experiment 1864:87-88 MARINE ANIMALS. See also TIDE POOLS; WATER ANIMALS Balance in food chain between consumers and producers experiment 1853:178-179 Blubber under a whale’s skin keeps the animal warm experiment 1853:203-204 Fish swim bladder allows fish to move up and down in the water experiment 1853:194-195 Flatfish; show how an adult flatfish develops to live on the ocean floor experiment 1853:184-186 MARINE BIOFILMS What can be used to reduce or eliminate biofilm growth experiment 1570:146-148 MARINE PLANTS Marine plants are found in the ocean’s sunlight zone experiment 1853:170-171 MARKING PENS Which colored dyes are used in powdered drink mix and in colored marking pens experiment 1539:77-79

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MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK Activities, experiments and projects to study gravity and the famous scientists who studied it 1992:1-205 Colors and patterns can mix visually on spinning objects experiment 1613:143-145 MAYANS Build bridge to demonstrate ancient Mayan suspension bridge 1658:19-21 MAYFLIES Mayfly nymphs, how to collect and observe 1752:13 MAZES. See also EARTHWORMS; HAMSTERS; MICE; PHOTOTROPISM; RATS; TURTLES Design a maze, how to make 1949:12-14 Directions to get out of maze activity 1824:8-9 Hamster; build maze to see how long it takes mouse or hamster to find food experiment 1530:9 Insects; make maze to learn the abilities of insects 1775:42 Potato grows through box maze to reach light experiment 1659:52-54 Projects with maps and mazes 1949:3-32 Rats; design maze to study conditioned responses in rats experiment 1583:116-117 Worms; can worms find their food in a maze experiment 1652:36-39 MCCLINTOCK, BARBARA DR. Jumping genes project 1869:34-39 MEALWORMS Are mealworms adults attracted to cold or warmth experiment 1652:195 Body parts of a mealworms, what are they experiment 1852:24-27 Caffeine effect on mealworms development experiment 1583:95-96 Can a beetle walk faster on a slick or rough surface experiment 1652:196 Care, feeding and study of behavior of mealworms experiment 1915:126-127 Do mealworms adults huddle together in dry or moist container experiment 1652:195 Do mealworms adults like other foods as well as bran experiment 1652:195-196 Do mealworms larvae prefer light or dark experiment 1652:194 Do mealworms prefer a dark or light substrate experiment 1652:194-195 Do mealworms prefer light or dark habitat experiment 2042:21

Effect of temperature on color of liquid crystals in color-changing cars experiment 1840:261-267 Electrical conductivity experiment 1985:101-104 Feely balloons used to investigate sense of touch experiment 1790:59-65 Heating crayons and observing changes of state experiment 1840:25-30 Ice cream made in plastic bag demonstrates physical changes experiment 1758:24 Identify matter in each of three states, solids, liquids and gases experiment 1613:59-66 Making a liquid appear in a chemical reaction experiment 1985:76-77 Making liquids disappear and reappear experiment 1985:67-69 Making solids disappear and reappear experiment 1985:60-66 Mass and inertia experiment with eggs 1985:29 Mass and volume together; the density of liquids and solids experiment 1985:30-32 Measure the mass in matter experiment 1985:25-28 Measure the volume of matter experiment 1985:17-24 Pencil used as part of electric circuit to conduct electricity experiment 1676:54-56 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:37-48 Sense of touch used to explore heat flow and heat capacities of two different solids experiment 1676:32-33 Silly Putty or funny putty (recipe given) a solid or a liquid experiment 1754:26 Solid changes to a gas without first changing into a liquid experiment 1676:9-11 Sound from plain drinking glass versus lead crystal glass experiment 1676:52-53 Sound-absorbing and sound-reflecting solids experiment 1676:48-51 Temperature change that occurs when water is added to Epsom salt experiment 1676:29-31 Temperature changes with salt in water experiment using Epsom salt 1676:26-28 Temperature effect on solids, liquids and gases experiment 1985:110-115 Thermal (heat) conductivity of solids, liquids and gases experiment 1985:105-109 Water’s strange behavior experiment 1985:116-117 Why salt pours more slowly on humid days experiment 1676:38-40 MATUYAMA, MOTONORI Repeat Matuyama’s experiment with magnetic fields 1658:52-54

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MEASUREMENT. See also DISTANCE; HEIGHT Area and acres experiment 1982:49 Area of a triangle experiment 1982:50 Balance and standard masses experiment 1982:38-40 Bearing board to measure angles, how to make 1634:35 Body parts and ratios experiment 1982:31 Calipers used for measuring experiment, how to make calipers 1946:11 Circles diameters and circumferences experiment 1982:32 Circles; their diameters, circumferences and areas experiment 1982:51-56 Clinometer helps you measure tall objects, how to make 1668:7 Comparing standard units of measure experiment 1982:22-23 Cones; their surface areas and volumes experiment 1982:62-66 Converting units within and between measuring systems experiment 1982:24-26 Cylinders; their areas and volumes experiment 1982:60-61 Hodometer measures in meters or in yards, how to make 1668:8-9 Illusions that can be resolved only by measuring experiment 1982:41-44 Improving the accuracy of measuring small objects experiment 1982:35-37 Indirect measurement of height experiment 1982:102-107 Indirect measurement of thickness experiment 1982:100-101 Known height used to measure distance indirectly experiment 1982:108-109 Measuring large distances on a globe experiment 1982:112-114 Measuring long distances experiment 1982:27-30 Measuring the volumes and surface areas of people experiment 1982:121 Measuring the volumes of irregular objects experiment 1982:117-120 Measuring volume of water in different size bottles experiment 1668:36-38 Measuring wheel from paper plate and ruler, how to make 1640:11 Metric measurement experiment 1982:20-21 Mini-trundle wheel for measuring, how to make 1634:41 Primary science activities with measuring 1931:20-23

Do mealworms prefer wet or dry habitat experiment 2042:20 Does a chilled beetle move more slowly than a warm beetle experiment 1652:196 Does food supply affect speed of development of mealworms larvae experiment 1652:194 Does temperature affect speed of development of mealworms larvae experiment 1652:192 Exoskeletons discarded by molting mealworms experiment 1852:23 Experiments to do with mealworms 2025:12-13 Experiments with mealworms and beetles, data sheets given 1652:189-196 Food preferences of mealworms project 1583:94-97 House and raise mealworms, how to do 2042:6-7 Housing and feeding mealworms, how to do 1852:24-27 How do bodies of pupae and larval stages of darbling beetle compare experiment 1852:27 How mealworms move experiment 1595:55-61 How mealworms react to light, touch and chemicals experiment 1595:55-61 How temperature, food, and moisture affect length of life cycle of mealworms experiment 1595:55-61 How to catch and keep them 1653:95-98 Light and dark effect on development of mealworms experiment 1583:96-97 Light attracts mealworms experiment 1800:22 Light; response of darbling beetle pupae to light experiment 1852:27 Light; response of mealworms to light experiment 1852:27 Molt stages of mealworms experiment 1852:26-27 Observe life cycle of mealworms experiment 1603:85-86 Observe mealworms in container 1581:39-40 Raise mealworms and observe them going through metamorphosis experiment 2041:24-25 Raising mealworms experiment 1758:83 Raising mealworms, how to do 2025:10-11 Stages of development of darbling beetle experiment 1852:28-31 Temperature effect on length of time for complete metamorphosis experiment 1852:31 What do mealworms like to eat experiment 2042:22 Where do mealworms like to live experiment 2042:18-19 Which is better at staying on its feet, pill bug or adult mealworms experiment 1652:196

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MENSURATION About how many activities 1823:10-17 About how tall activities 1823:49 About what length activities 1823:44-47 Approximate cost activities 1823:20-21 Estimating large number activities 1823:18-19 Grouping similar numbers together activities 1823:29-31 How much do containers hold activities 1823:56-58 How to do quick estimate to check math answer 1823:26-28 Multiplying by powers of ten 1823:37 Number pairs activities 1823:22-25 Recognizing estimates activities 1823:6-9 Step off estimates activities 1823:50-54 Thinking about whole numbers to make an estimate activity 1823:32-36 Zero bingo, a game for two players 1823:38-43 MERCURY. See also PLANETS MERIAN, MARIA SIBYLLE Art for bug’s sake project; create details and accurate pictures of insects 1869:132-137 METAL DETECTORS Build working metal detector that finds iron or steel objects experiment 1532:124-125 Metal detector find rust particles in sand experiment 1863:48-50 METALS Breaking metal experiment with paper clips 1674:15-17 Burning metal experiment using steel wool 1674:21-23 Corrosion of metal and how it is controlled experiment 1674:31-35 Corrosion; pH level most conducive to corrosion in iron and copper experiment 1539:66-67 Effects of magnets on one another as well as on different metals experiment 1674:51-54 Electroplating a dime to look like a penny experiment 1674:36-38 Expanding a metal with heat experiment 1674:12-14 Expansion and contraction of metal tube experiment 1577:25-28 Ferromagnetic metals on Earth are a weak magnet experiment 1863:50-51 Flame test for different metal samples experiment 1710:23 Fuse; making a fuse experiment to show how a metal can protect electrical devices 1674:27-30 Hear sound from flow of electrons in lemon battery experiment 1674:39-41

Scaling; measuring long distances with maps experiment 1982:110-111 Surface area effect on the time it takes to melt ice experiment 1982:67-68 Trundle wheel to measure distance, how to make 1634:34 Working with volumes and surface areas experiment 1982:57-59 Your own measuring system experiment 1982:14-19 MEAT What is the difference between light and dark meat experiment 1804:63-65 MEAT PRESERVATION Salt and sugar prevent or control meat from spoiling experiment 1570:113-115 MECHANICS Flowing jets of water from can produces reaction experiment 1902:109-112 MEDICINE Does algae have any medicinal qualities experiment 1569:116-120 MEERKATS Burrow with tunnels to demonstrate meerkat tunnel experiment 2008:22 MEGAPHONE How to make from cardboard and tape 1749:22-23 MEIOFAUNA Tiny animals live between sand grains from seashore experiment 1795:48 MEMBRANES. See also OSMOSIS Movement of liquid or substances through membranes experiment 1758:23 MEMORY Gender identity effects on short-term memory of varying age children experiment 1539:50-52 Short-term memory experiment 1820:52-53 Test for memory using household items and pictures experiment 1724:32-33 MENDEL, GREGOR Flipping coins chance at work experiment in genetics 2019:107-111 Looking for traits in pea plants experiment, how to grow and record results 2019:112-114 Repeat Mendel’s genetic experiments with peas using marbles 1586:160-163 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:117-128 MENDELIAL GENETICS. See also GENETICS

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Heat of Sun makes metals expand experiment 1528:35 Heat travels along metals experiment 1878:100-102 Heat; how metals conduct or carry heat from one place to another experiment 1674:9-11 Hot Wheels convertible toy car demonstrates effect of heat on metal experiment 1840:157-160 Is sound that comes through a metal the same as sound through the air experiment 1674:42-45 Light from a metal experiment using a Magicube flashbulb 1674:24-26 Melting metal experiment using lead-free solder 1674:18-20 Metal fatigue experiment with paper clips 1674:15-17 Metal is colder to hand than Styrofoam experiment 1577:18-20 Metallic luster on coins or polished metal surfaces experiment 1674:59-60 Oxidation effect on iron nails experiment 1915:62-63 Penny corrodes hole in aluminum foil experiment 1659:76-78 Properties that metals share experiment 1743:95-97 Rare Earth metals (ferrites) from soil samples project 1864:34-35 Reflection of radio waves from radio using aluminum foil and newspaper experiment 1674:55-58 Sound from crushing metal aluminum beverage can experiment 1674:46 Turn nail into an electromagnet experiment 1674:47-50 What happens when you soak galvanized nails in vinegar experiment 1743:58-62 METAMORPHOSIS. See also BUTTERFLIES; MOTHS Raise mealworms and observe them going through metamorphosis experiment 2041:24-25 METEORITES Collecting micrometeorites project 1865:57-59 Falling meteorite landing in body of water causes wave and raises water level experiment 1935:80-81 Find meteorites or cosmic sand at the beach experiment 1959:166-168 Meteorites in your backyard, how to find 1876:169-179 Micrometeorite collecting experiment, magnet sweep for particles in rainwater 1863:98-101 Why we don’t need a meteorite umbrella, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:151-155

METEOROLOGICAL OPTICS. See RAINBOWS; RAINDROPS; STARS METEOROLOGY. See WEATHER; WEATHER FORECASTING METEORS Demonstrate why meteors seem to spread out experiment 1974:33 How meteors enter Earth’s atmosphere and burn up experiment 1660:39 Observe a meteor shower, how to do 1533:16-17 Recording a meteor shower experiment 1737:29 METERS Periods of peak use of electric power in the home electric meter experiment 1936:70-71 METRIC SYSTEM. See also MEASUREMENT— METRIC MEXIA, YNES Botany; pressing flowers experiment 1869:100-105 MICE Are male and female mice equally aggressive toward male intruders experiment 2020:43-47 Are mice wall-seekers experiment 2020:1-5 At what age do mice develop a sensitivity to odors experiment 2020:78-83 At what age do mice develop the ability to right themselves when flipped over experiment 2020:84-86 Build maze to see how long it takes mouse or hamster to find food experiment 1530:9 Do mice prefer tunnels of particular diameter experiment 2020:6-10 Do mice prefer tunnels open on one end or two experiment 2020:11-15 Does aggression in a male mouse depend upon the sex of the intruder experiment 2020:48-52 Does mouse development follow the same sequence of stages experiment 2020:87-90 How does food reward affect a mouse’s performance in a complex maze experiment 2020:27-31 How fast can a rodent learn to make the correct turn consistently to find a food treat in a t-maze experiment 2020:16-21 Van Helmont’s recipe for mice experiment 1851:67 When does the ability to rope-climb develop in mice experiment 2020:91-93 Which is faster a hamster, gerbil or mouse experiment 2020:32-36 Which is more aggressive, a resident or an intruder experiment 2020:57-58

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Will a mouse consistently alternate direction in a forced-turn maze experiment 2020:22-26 MICROBES. See also BACTERIA; MOLDS; YEAST Acidity of food vacuoles in a paramecium experiment 1570:62-64 Air conditioners; microbes on dirty air conditioner filters experiment 1570:31-32 Air; relationship between time of day and microbes in air experiment 1570:152-153 Antibiotics effect on bacterial growth experiment 1571:144-146 Antibiotics effect on different types of bacteria experiment 1570:106-108 Bacteria; find bacteria on your gums that break cells experiment 1570:127-131 Biofilm; what can be used to reduce or eliminate biofilm growth experiment 1570:146-148 Classification of fungi, bacteria, algae and protists in pond water experiment 1570:84-85 Compare potato slices to gelatin and agar as growth media for microbes experiment 1570:56-58 Comparison of over-the-counter antibiotics experiment 1570:103-105 Cough; how far do you cough your germs experiment 1570:132-134 Crickets; microbial disease in crickets experiment 1570:124-126 Culture; pure culture of a microbe experiment 1570:65-67 Dehydration and spices protect food against spoilage experiment 1570:36-38 Denaturing common proteins affected by temperature experiment 1570:116-117 Dishwashers or detergents get rid of microbes on eating utensils experiment 1570:120-121 Disinfectants; how good are common household disinfectants at reducing microbes experiment 1570:109-112 Eating utensils and the microbes on them experiment 1570:120-121 Foods; pH of different foods effect on food spoilage experiment 1570:39-41 Freezing effect on crispness of food experiment 1849:193-195 Goldfish; kinds of microbes found on dead goldfish experiment 1570:27-28 Handshake transmits yeast cell from one hand to another experiment 1571:58-60 Handshake; can microbes be spread from one person to another by a simple handshake experiment 1571:58-60

Importance of washing hands before eating or cooking experiment 1819:111-112 Insects transport microbes from one place to another experiment 1570:118-119 Light; microbial communities under different light conditions experiment 1570:144-145 Microbe populations in your backyard over time experiment 1570:29-30 Microbes used for testing at crime scene project 1888:83-85 Milk; compare microbes in various types of milk products experiment 1570:44-46 Milk; litmus milk used to classify microbes experiment 1570:79-80 Mold distribution throughout your home experiment 1570:86-87 Mold on bread and cheeses compared for color and shape experiment 1570:42-43 Mold spores in vacuum cleaner bags experiment 1570:90-91 Predator-prey population relationships experiment 1570:95-96 Preservatives control bread mold growth experiment 1570:88-89 Protozoans move to or away from light experiment 1570:92-94 Saliva; microbes in human saliva compared to dog saliva experiment 1570:24-26 Soil; microbes in different types of soil experiment 1570:142-143 Speed of travel affects microbes experiment 1570:154-155 Spoilage; salt and sugar prevent or control meat from spoiling experiment 1570:113-115 Sterilization methods experiment; comparing Pasteur and Tyndall’s methods 1570:59-61 Temperature affect on bread mold growth experiment 1849:184-186 Temperature affect on Brownian movement experiment 1570:77-78 Temperature affects growth rate of bacteria experiment 1570:70-73 Test for microbes, bacteria or life-forms in your environment experiment 1631:38-40 Washing your hands to reduce number of microbes; best way to do it experiment 1570:18-20 Water; survey of bacteria from different water samples experiment 1570:156-158 What scientists see now (1990’s) under microscope versus the 1680’s experiment 1570:52-55 Why does yeast make bread rise experiment 1804:66-69

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Celery stalk colored with red food coloring under microscope experiment 2027:33-34 Cheek cells under microscope experiment 2027:46-47 Comic strips under microscope experiment 2027:18-19 Cork slice under microscope experiment 2027:28-29 Egg whites and food coloring under microscope experiment 2027:76-77 Elodea plant leaf under microscope experiment 2027:32 Fabric fibers under microscope experiment 2027:63-64 Fingerprints under microscope experiment 2027:58-60 Fish scales under microscope experiment 2027:43 Flower stem under microscope experiment 2027:35-36 Hair sample under microscope experiment 2027:61-62 How to use a microscope and prepare specimens 1725:178 Iodine and saliva effect on starch samples experiment with microscope 2027:66-67 Life cycle of insect larva under microscope experiment 1911:109-110 Living things in water seen under microscope experiment 1911:107-108 Microorganisms; watch population of microorganisms grow experiment 1876:180 Molds from bread, fruits, cheeses and onions under microscope experiment 2027:68-69 Mushroom spores under microscope experiment 2027:72-73 Newspaper letters under microscope experiment 2027:24 Onion slice under microscope experiment 2027:30-31 Plant leaf under microscope experiment 2027:37-38 Sand under microscope experiment 2027:53-54 Sand; does every grain of sand look the same project 1876:157-169 Sewing thread under microscope experiment 2027:25-26 Small rocks under microscope experiment 2027:55-56 Spider web under microscope experiment 2027:42 Stage micrometer experiment, how to use 2027:20-22 Starch under microscope experiment, compare shapes of grains of different starches 2027:66-67

Winogradsky columns and microbe communities experiment (Advanced) 1570:149-151 Yogurt; microbes used to create yogurt and control taste experiment 1570:47-49 Yogurt; what is yogurt experiment 1804:70-73 MICROBIOLOGY. See MICROBES; MOLDS; YEAST MICROCHIPS How an AND gate works inside a microchip model 1532:169 MICROCLIMATE Low level temperature near ground level and in soil experiment 1528:60 Microclimate beneath the soil, at ground level, temperature measurement experiment 1528:60 Relative humidity of air below ground level different from air above ground experiment 1528:61 Solar trap experiment; show microclimate is brighter, drier and warmer than surroundings 1528:61 MICROHABITAT. See also HABITATS MICROENCAPSULATION Plastic bubble wrap used to model microencapsulation used in scratch-and-sniff stickers experiment 1840:45-51 MICROORGANISMS. See also ALGAE; BACTERIA; BRINE SHRIMP; DIATOMS; EUGLENA; HYDRA; LEECHES; OSTRACODS; PARAMECIA; MICROBES; PLANARIANS; SLIME MOLD Bacteria used to make your own yogurt experiment 1637:60 Microbial communities under different light conditions experiment 1570:144-145 Microorganisms investigation at crime scene project 1888:90-91 Observe microorganisms under microscope experiment 1843:100-101 Watch population of microorganisms grow experiment 1876:180 MICROPARTICULATION. See also SIMPLESSE MICROPHONE Make microphone that can record your voice experiment 1532:140-141 MICROSCOPE Air pollution measured using Vaseline coated slides experiment 1876:182 Air samples under microscope experiment 2027:74-75 Bird feather section under microscope experiment 2027:44-45

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Toothpaste under microscope experiment 2027:48-49 Two-lens microscope, how to make 1611:41-43 Using microscope, how to do 2027:22-23 Water from pond, lake or ditch under microscope experiment 2027:39-41 Well slides for microscope, how to make 2027:40 What scientists see now (1990’s) under microscope versus the 1680’s experiment 1570:52-55 When was the microscope first used experiment 1905:84-86 Yeast growth under microscope experiment 2027:70-71 MICROTOME Microtome, how to make experiment 2027:35-36 MICROWAVE OVENS Compare microwave energy absorbed by sugar and water experiment 1677:34-36 Microwaves effect on seeds experiment 1540:20-21 What happens to seeds in a microwave oven experiment 1742:36-38 What happens to water and ice in a microwave oven experiment 1637:29 MIGRATION. See also BIRDS—MIGRATION Flight of wild whooping crane shown on topographic map, how to make 1805:137 MILK. See also BUTTER; CASEIN; CHEESE; ICE CREAM Bacteria in a carton of milk experiment 1934:74-76 Cheese dessert from Rennet tablets and milk experiment 1637:62 Glue from milk experiment 2048:37 Glue from milk protein experiment 1981:54-55 Glue from milk, vinegar and baking soda experiment 1563:17-20 Litmus milk used to classify microbes experiment 1570:79-80 Microbes in various types of milk products experiment 1570:44-46 Milk fat percentages affect flow of food coloring in milk experiment 1840:99-104 Milk glue from milk, vinegar and baking soda experiment 1879:9-11 Milk has calcium experiment 1849:167-170 Milk paint, how to make 2014:93 Mineral; what is the mineral content of milk experiment 2048:38-40 Plastic from milk and vinegar experiment 2022:105

Protein; what is the protein content of milk experiment 2048:41-45 What are curds and whey experiment 1804:48-50 MILKWEED Milkweed seeds, how to collect and grow 1773:90-91 MILKWEED BUGS Box elder bugs, how to keep and observe them 2021:23-26 Crowding effect on adult milkweed bugs projects 1583:89-93 Feeding preferences of adult milkweed bugs experiment 1583:89-93 How to keep and observe them 2021:19-22 Raising milkweed bugs, how to do 1930:94-95 MILLIPEDES Collecting wood lice and millipedes, how to do 1874:14-15 Do under log inhabitants avoid millipedes experiment 1652:66-71 Does stinking millipede deter predators experiment 1652:66 Experiment with millipedes; data sheets given 1652:59-71 Feeding wood lice and millipedes, how to do 1874:20-21 Home to keep wood lice and millipedes, how to make 1874:16-19 How to catch and keep millipedes 1653:36-38 Millipedes need light to find their food experiment 1652:62 Millipedes that eat more, grow bigger and faster experiment 1652:64-66 What foods do your millipedes prefer experiment 1652:66 What type of conditions do millipedes prefer experiment 1652:66 MILLS Grain ground by mills experiment, how to grind grain 1898:30 MINERALS. See also ROCKS AND MINERALS Atoms and molecule arrangement in minerals experiment 1859:8-11 Atoms and molecules; how do atoms and molecules arrange themselves in minerals experiment 1851:102-103 Carbonates identified with vinegar test experiment 1859:32-35 Chalk, is it made from gypsum or from calcium carbonate experiment 1859:32-35

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Chicken bone soaked in vinegar becomes floppy experiment 1879:2-3 Cleavage of minerals experiment 2050:84 Cleavage; how do minerals break apart experiment, make cleavage models 1859:16-19 Difference between rock and mineral experiment 1859:4-7 Egg soaked in vinegar becomes bouncy experiment 1879:4-5 Houseplant fertilizers; can houseplant fertilizers be used as hydroponics nutrient solutions experiment 1638:112-114 How minerals break apart experiment demonstrates cleavage and fracture 2054:80-81 How to label a mineral and rock collection 1859:80-83 Minerals build bones experiment using vinegar and chicken bones 1864:110 Mock magnetic mineral experiment, how to make 1859:36-39 Panning for minerals and gold, how to demonstrate 1738:8 Physical properties of minerals tested, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:130-133 Plant mineral nutrient deficiency symptoms experiment 1638:115-119 Rocks; identifying minerals in rock samples, how to do 1746:26 Scratch test to determine hardness of mineral experiment 1859:20-23 Scratch test to determine hardness of mineral, how to do 1817:18 Specific gravity of a mineral experiment 1859:28-31 Specific gravity of a mineral in Earth’s crust experiment 2050:81-86 Streak test to see how different minerals make different colored streaks, how to do 1817:18 Streak test; mineral color and streak experiment 1859:27 Streaks; how do you determine the streak of a mineral experiment 1859:24-27 Test for hardness of water experiment 1849:46-49 What is the difference between rocks and minerals experiment 2054:78-79 MINI CLIMATES. See also ECOSYSTEMS MINING Froth floatation used in commercial metal separation experiment 2014:35 MIRAGES Models of twinkling star light experiment 1612:57-58

See a mirage on the road experiment 1959:100-101 MIRRORS. See also KALEIDOSCOPES; PERISCOPES “Two-way” mirror lets you see your face with your partners features experiment 1576:50-53 Angle of light always same angle as light reflected experiment 1901:33-35 Angle with which light strikes mirror compared to angle of reflection experiment 1901:37-41 Angles, mirrors and images experiment 2028:14-16 Antigravity illusions and mirages experiment 1608:92-94 Anti-gravity mirror experiment using big plastic mirror 1576:8-11 Bouncing light beams experiment 1608:31-33 Bubbles from colored liquid experiment 1607:76-77 Color of object depends on color of light reflected to our eyes experiment 1901:47-51 Corner reflector from three mirrors sends light back parallel to its original path experiment 1578:25-29 Curved mirror experiments 1915:42-45 Curved mirrors, convex mirrors, concave mirrors experiment 1612:40-43 Curved mirrors; concave and convex mirrors experiment 1608:41-43 Curved, convex and concave mylar mirrors experiment 1608:44-48 Cylindrical mirror lets you see yourself as other see you experiment 1578:35-40 Experiments with mirrors 1699:1-20 Fun house curvy mirror, how to make 1890:100 Funny images in fun house mirrors experiment 1608:49 Ghost images experiment 1608:22 Image distorted by reflecting light on curved surface experiment 1901:25-28 Images in window glass experiment 1608:15 Images of images of images can repeat forever experiment 1578:67-71 Images on spoons experiment 1608:38-39 Images that are reflected several times experiment 1901:29-32 Incident and reflected rays experiment 1915:45-46 Law of reflection experiment using tennis ball 1608:30-31 Law of reflection from mirrors experiment 1608:37-40 Light box to make light rays experiment 1915:42-45 Light goes through brick experiment with mirrors 1837:31

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Light ray angles experiment 1608:33-34 Light rays reflect images from mirror experiment 1901:17-19 Light refracted by air, mirrors and vocations experiment 1608:95 Magic and ghosts through images in glass experiment 1608:19-23 Magic trick mirrored box that is both empty and full experiment 1714:14-15 Many reflections of object using mirrors experiment 1878:92-93 Mirror image experiment 1917:40-41 Mirror images and distance experiment 1608:90-92 Mirror images reversed to see how others see you experiment 1901:21-24 Mirror writing experiment 1608:24-25 Mirror writing experiment 2028:16-17 Mirror writing experiment, how to do 1966:21 Mirrors and symmetry experiment 1608:27 Mirrors at right angles experiment 1608:96 Mirrors used to find the speed of light experiment 1608:85-87 Model to show how concave mirror produces a real image experiment 1610:127-131 Model to show what happens to light that strikes a plane mirror experiment 1610:121-127 Models of concave and convex mirrors experiment 1612:43-44 Multiple images and reflections in glass experiment 1608:16-17 Multiple reflections, two mirrors at different angles experiment 1608:52-53 Multiple reflections; double reflection in a prism experiment 1608:63-65 Multiple reflections; fusing two images into one experiment 1608:53-57 Multiple reflections; kaleidoscope experiment 1608:61-62 Multiple reflections; three mirror experiment 1608:59-60 Multiple reflections; two parallel mirrors experiment 1608:58-59 One-way mirror experiment 1608:48-49 Outdoor reflections from mirrors and glass experiments 1608:11-14 Parabolas experiment; it’s all done with mirrors 1578:76-79 Parallax experiment; distance between mirror images 1983:25-29 Periscope; construct and use periscope experiment 1901:43-46 Primary science activities with mirrors 1931:86-89

Prism; breaking light into colors experiment 1608:66-68 Prisms, water and mirrors used to create rainbows experiment 1613:131-141 Reading signs in a mirror experiment 1608:25-27 Reflected light and the Moon experiment 1608:95-96 Reflected rays form the images you see in mirrors experiment 1608:35-36 Reflected rays of light bounced off different types of mirrors experiment 1966:22-23 Reflecting light off a mirror experiment 1878:88-91 Reflections from several mirrors experiment 1758:56 Reflections in mirror maze experiment 1837:23 Reflections in photographs experiment 1608:95 Repeating images of an object when mirrors are placed correctly experiment 1879:38-39 Spherical reflections experiment with silver Christmas tree balls 1578:110-113 Spring in front of concave mirror illusion experiment; you can see but can’t touch spring 1578:114-118 Testing letters and words in symmetry 1608:27-29 Underwater candle experiment 1608:20-22 Where is the image seen in the mirror experiment 1608:18-19 MISSILES. See ROCKETS MITCHELL, MARIA Make your own constellations project 1869:152-161 Maria Mitchell’s discovery of a comet experiments 1586:120-125 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:141-150 MITOSIS. See CELLULAR REPRODUCTION MIXTURES. See also EMULSIONS; SOLUTIONS Are mixtures homogeneous or heterogeneous experiment using salt, sand, flour, oil, apple juice, water and oil 1833:99-100 Behavior of two immiscible liquids and the solubility of dyes in the liquids experiment 1840:235-238 Chromatography used to separate colors from inks in water experiment 1710:17 Filtration to separate mud from water experiment 1710:16 Frustration bottles experiment, add liquids to bottles and observe resulting layers 1840:239-243 Models of elements, mixtures and compounds experiment 1710:15

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Bread; grow molds on piece of bread experiment 1655:42-43 Bread; growing bread mold experiment 1816:13 Bread; how does bread become moldy experiment 1934:86-88 Bread; mold grows on bread experiment 1750:24-25 Bread; mold spore on three slices of bread experiment 1546:58 Bread; molds grow on white bread experiment 1603:57 Bread; repeat Pasteur’s bread mold experiments 1586:143-145 Bread; speed of growth of mold experiment using bread and vegetables 1742:56-60 Bread; temperature affect on bread mold growth experiment 1849:184-186 Food molds can control growth of different types of bacteria taken from pet rabbit experiment 1539:129-130 Grow mold on grapefruit experiment 1771:63-68 Grow molds on bread, cheese and jam experiment 1695:14-15 Home; mold distribution throughout your home experiment 1570:86-87 Importance of washing hands before eating or cooking experiment 1819:111-112 Light; does mold grow better in different colors of light experiment 1876:152-153 Mold grows on leftover food in glass jar experiment 1699:60-62 Molds collected from living areas grow in gelatin culture experiment 1933:6-7 Molds from bread, fruits, cheeses and onions under microscope experiment 2027:66-68 On which foods do molds grow best experiment 1735:35-36 Penicillin; how can you grow the mold penicillin experiment 1851:60-61 Spoilage; dehydration and spices protect food against spoilage experiment 1570:36-38 Spoilage; examining how spoilage occurs in soda ingredients experiment 1914:35-39 Vacuum cleaner bags; mold spores in vacuum cleaner bags experiment 1570:90-91 Vegetables; molds rot a red pepper experiment 1546:8 Watch food decay in clear plastic box experiment 1987:28 What grows mold experiment 1843:48-51 Which grows mold the fastest, fresh grapes or grape jelly experiment 1598:2-3

Ooblick mixture from cornstarch and water with hidden footprints 1959:25-27 Sumi Nagashi art experiment; behavior of two hydrophobic materials, ink and oil on water 1840:189-194 What are mixtures and solutions experiment 1844:16 MOBILES Hot air rises and moves mobile experiment 1640:94-95 How do artists make mobiles balance experiment 1562:10-13 Mobile demonstrates balance experiment 1668:25 Mobile you make demonstrates balance and principle of levers experiment 1541:10-13 MOBIUS STRIPS Magic bands with Mobius strips of paper experiment 1717:20-21 Mobius strip, how to make 2054:140-141 Paper magic; the Mobius Strip experiment 1953:32 MODELS Making models of famous buildings, structures and airplane using scale drawing 1824:44-47 MOEBIUS STRIPS. See MOBIUS STRIPS MOHS’ SCALE Chart of Mohs’ scale 1599:114 Hardness scale of minerals, how to make with equivalents 1746:27 Mohs’ hardness scale 1842:142 Mohs’ hardness scale 1859:21 Mohs’ hardness scale 1951:48 Mohs’ hardness scale 2050:85 Mohs’ scale of hardness 1802:32 Mohs’ scale of hardness 1817:19 Mohs’ scale of hardness 1827:17 MOIRE PATTERNS Overlap materials with repetitive lines to create moire patterns experiment 1576:74-79 MOISTURE. See also EVAPORATION; HUMIDITY MOLDS. See also FUNGI; SLIME MOLDS Air; relationship between time of day and microbes in air experiment 1570:152-153 Bread and cheese molds compared for color and shape experiment 1570:42-43 Bread mold experiment 1566:18-20 Bread mold, how to grow experiment 1735:28-29 Bread; do preservatives control bread mold growth experiment 1570:88-89 Bread; grow bread mold experiment 1851:61

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MOLECULES. See also MATTER—PROPERTIES; POLYMER MOLECULES Air can be squeezed together or compressed experiment 1902:35-37 Balloon on bottle demonstrates what happens to heated and cooled air experiment 1753:9 Bicycle tire pump changes temperature during use experiment 1672:23-24 Bleach effect on blue dye in water experiment, color disappears 1677:53-55 Can bleach be made from salt water experiment 1672:33-36 Can two liquids be combined to give soil particles experiment 1672:63-65 Can wax filled hair curlers store more energy than solid curler experiment 1672:13 Can you detect an electrical spark with a radio experiment 1672:29-30 Can you detect the iodine in iodized salt experiment 1672:53-56 Carbon dioxide; molecule model of carbon dioxide made from clay and toothpicks 1548:28-29 Color of balloon changes when balloon is exposed to sunlight experiment 1672:31-32 Colors from food colors separated experiment 1906:57-58 Dalton’s atomic model; concrete model of atoms and molecules 1610:81-84 Decay process in molecules similar to decay process in radioactive atoms experiment 1755:112-113 Does top or bottom of wet paper towel dry quicker experiment 1672:21-22 Dried wheat swells as it soaks up water experiment 1679:10-11 Experiments to demonstrate movement of molecules 1953:268-275 Eye; how does your eye respond to changes in light experiment 1672:37-40 Food coloring; molecules of food coloring spread faster through warm water experiment 1548:30-32 Freezing slows molecules and they join together to make ice crystals experiment 1679:18-20 Freezing temperatures harm plants experiment 1672:69-71 From gas to liquid experiment 1679:12-14 Gas; model of gas atoms or molecules in motion experiment 1577:49-51 Gas; what is a gas experiment 1678:6-9

Green vegetables become brown when cooked experiment 1672:74-77 Heat changes some large molecules experiment 1672:92-94 Heat from stove moves into pot experiment 1679:24-25 Heat makes gas expand and bread rise experiment 1679:21-22 How big is a molecule experiment 1915:60-62 How can molecules move through solids experiment 1844:28 How can perfume get into a sealed balloon experiment 1844:26-27 How do diet and regular cola differ as they evaporate experiment 1672:19-20 How does heat affect wrinkles in clothing experiment 1672:86-89 How does hot water change different plastics experiment 1672:80-82 How does plastic bag get stronger as you stretch it experiment 1672:83-85 How does temperature affect solubility experiment 1844:24-25 How does temperature affect the speed of molecules experiment 1844:22-23 How to keep a balloon from popping experiment 1831:103 Human hair is more elastic when wet experiment 1672:90-91 Ice cubes; what happens when floating ice cubes touch experiment 1672:14-15 Iron ions used to test for hydrogen peroxide experiment 1672:60-62 Is graphite slippery experiment 1672:25-26 Liquid chocolate cools and turns back into solid experiment 1679:8-9 Liquids; molecules mix together in liquid experiment 1906:55-56 Measuring strength of a liquid’s skin experiment 1607:31-33 Minerals; atoms and molecules arrangement in minerals experiment 1859:8-11 Molecules in frozen popsicle cling together experiment 1679:6-8 Molecules in motion in hot and cold water and food coloring experiment 2001:20-22 Non polar molecules in bubble gum absorb oil from miniature oil spill experiment 1603:121-122 Oil keeps syrup from sticking to metal experiment 1672:27-28 Onion brings tears to your eyes experiment 1672:78-79

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Polar and non-polar molecules in properties of water and oil experiment 1677:12-14 Popsicles demonstrate liquid to solid molecules experiment 1679:6-8 Rubber band expands when heated experiment 1659:15-17 Salt; molecule model of salt made from clay and toothpicks 1548:29 Size of molecules experiment with water and oil 1710:9 Slime; make slime from glue and borax experiment 1879:15-18 Soap boat powered by liquid shampoo experiment 1829:16-17 Soap film on water pushed away by different household products 1637:37 Solid ice absorbs more heat than liquid salt water experiment 1672:11-13 Spaces between water molecules experiment 2001:23-24 Steamed vegetable bundles demonstrate water changing from liquid to gas experiment 1680:8-10 Tea used to test for iron in water experiment 1672:57-59 Temperature effect on Brownian movement experiment 1570:77-78 Water effect on Earth’s crust, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:110-112 Water molecule model, how to make from clay and toothpicks 1548:27-28 Water; can molecules of water jump, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:100-103 Water; molecular properties of water, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:104-109 Water; molecules in water are held together and attracted to other water molecules experiment 1878:40-41 What evaporates faster; oil or water experiment 1672:16-18 What happens to water and ice in a microwave oven experiment 1637:29 What happens when grapes are placed in water and sugar water experiment 1672:66-68 Why ice pops are softer than ice experiment 1849:102-104 MOMENTUM Changes in linear momentum as mass of projectile car is varied experiment (Advanced) 1839:213-218 Conservation of angular momentum demonstrated with rotating stool or chair experiment 1579:55-58

How atoms collide experiment demonstrates momentum 1820:72-73 How does a moving bicycle help you balance experiment 1567:24-27 Momentum: a product of force times mass experiment 2045:14-15 Moving marbles on yardstick demonstrate inertia and momentum 1640:144-145 Pool table game with checkers demonstrates collision 1748:42-43 MOMENTUM—ANGULAR Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum demonstrated with whirling stopper experiment (Advanced) 1839:227-231 MONEY Paper money contains small amounts of magnetic metals experiment 1659:73-75 MONUMENTS How do monuments become worn away project 1876:137-144 MOON. See also ECLIPSES Craters made from dropping rocks into moist dirt experiment 1554:30-32 Craters; how did the Moon get its craters, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:151-155 Craters; how were the craters formed experiment 1737:15 Creating a moonscape, how to do 1935:34-35 Diameter; calculate the diameter of the Moon experiment 2050:37-42 Does a full Moon always rise and set in the same place experiment 1988:25-27 Eclipse of Moon demonstration using black paper and flashlight 1704:19 Geometric model to measure diameter of Moon project 1610:51-52 Global view of Earth, Sun and Moon experiment 1915:26-28 Gravitational center of orbits experiment 1864:145 How can the Moon block the Sun’s light experiment 2054:36-37 Lunar eclipse demonstrated with flashlight, ping pong ball and balloon 1554:18-20 Lunar surface model, how to make from salt dough and paints 1697:16-17 Make a Moon chart experiment 1737:17 Model of lunar landscape experiment, make from plaster of Paris 1974:21 Model of Moon, how to make 2015:40 Model to demonstrate lunar eclipse experiment 1974:20

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Moon mapping and watching experiment 1915:34-36 Moon planting calendar, how to make 1760:65 Moon shines when light from luminous Sun reflects off it experiment 1847:11-13 Moon surface; study features with binoculars experiment 1737:14 Moonlight effect on plant growth experiment 1998:18-19 Newton’s discovery that two forces act on Moon experiment 1586:66-69 Newton’s First Law of Motion experiment with falling Moon model 1586:66-69 Reflected light and the Moon experiment 1608:95-96 Scale model of Earth and Moon project 1610:55-56 Scale model of the Earth and Moon experiment 1988:43-49 Size of the Moon experiment 1988:40-42 Size of the Sun and Moon experiment 1915:36 Times of moonrise and moonset change almost an hour every day observation 1547:30-33 Why we don’t need a meteorite umbrella, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:151-155 MOON BUGGY Model of moon buggy, egg cartons, foil, tape, how to make 2049:24-26 MOON MONTH Timing the harvest Moon experiment 1988:28-29 MOON PHASES Activities to study the Moon, Moon phases and lunar eclipses 2026:1-24 Model of Moon used to demonstrate phases of the Moon experiment 2015:40-41 Moon box setup used to recognize and name different phases of the Moon experiment 1864:18-20 Observe phases of the Moon and relationship between Earth, Moon and Sun experiment 1533:4-5 Phases of the Moon experiment 1737:16 What causes the phases of the Moon experiment 1820:36-37 MOON VEHICLE. See also SPACE VEHICLES MORSE CODE. See also TELEGRAPH Alphabet in Morse code, how to use and investigate 1822:51-52 Chart of Morse code 1762:22 Morse alphabet 1584:29 Morse code system 1789:23

Telegraph made from wood block, wire, light bulb, knife switch, battery; Morse code given 1537:62-64 MORSE, SAMUEL “Morse” telegraph device with light and sound signals, how to make (Advanced) 1584:28-45 Morse code system 1789:23 Two-way telegraph line, how to do 1584:42-45 MOSQUITOES Larvae development depends on temperature experiment 1571:36-39 Sex ratio of mosquitoes affected by changes in temperature experiment 1571:108-110 MOSSES. See also SPORES How does water move through moss experiment 1854:8-12 Moss and rock garden experiment 1599:74-75 Mosses grow best in shady areas and on north side of trees experiment 1854:11 Sphagnum moss can absorb 10 times its weight in water experiment 1799:36-37 MOTHS. See also BUTTERFLIES; CATERPILLARS Attract mole moths at night experiment 1751:45 Attract moths at night with sugar water painted on tree experiment (Primary) 1557:72 Attract moths with a shining sheet experiment 1916:39 Attract night-flying insects experiment using heat, light and heat and light combination 1571:97-99 Attracting moths at night using white sheet and lights, how to do 1723:43 Butterfly net for collecting butterflies and moths, how to make and use 1731:26-27 Collecting and keeping butterflies, moths and their caterpillars, how to do 1731:20-24 Food mix to attract moths, how to make midnight moth goop 1572:27 Hatchery for butterflies and moths, cardboard box, screen, cloth, how to make 1572:25-26 Light trap for attracting moths at night, how to make 1973:54-55 Mixture to attract moths to trees, how to make 2046:161 Moths are attracted to bright lights experiment 1689:10 Night insects and moths collected using white sheet and light experiment 1797:39-40

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Paper models dance in plastic box charged by rubbing with wool cloth experiment 1537:53-54 Sugar water mix to feed butterflies and moths 1731:31 Sugaring to attract and collect moths and other nocturnal insects projects 1583:47-49 Tent caterpillars, how to catch and keep them 1653:64-67 Trap to catch night-flying moths experiment 1546:69 MOTHS—COCOONS Caring for pupae, how to do 1731:25 MOTION. See also FORCE; GRAVITY; KINETICS; NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION; NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION; NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION; PENDULUMS Attraction and repulsion of magnets produces chaotic, unpredictable motion experiment 1579:89-92 Balloon on a string demonstrates rocket propulsion 1839:33-38 Coin inside balloon makes balloon dance in unusual ways experiment 1878:26-27 Colliding and moving balls experiment with straws and marbles 1878:2-3 Collisions are elastic, inelastic or partially elastic experiment 1609:89 Collisions are elastic, inelastic or partially elastic experiment 1609:96-97 Crawling animals experiment; observe methods of crawling and speed of movement 1609:47 Dart gun experiment, factors affecting horizontal distance traveled by a dart 1839:107-114 Demonstrate Newton’s law of inertia 1658:31 Experiments to demonstrate motion 1953:95-102 Inertia zoom ball experiment 2000:9 Law of inertia applied to automobile and seat belt safety, crash testing experiment 1839:101-106 Magnetic force, reaction force, buoyant force experiments 1839:95-100 Motion in a circle experiment 1839:107-114 Nearly elastic collisions experiment 1609:95-97 Newton’s cradle experiment 1758:59 Push-n-go toys demonstrate potential energy becoming kinetic energy experiment 1839:123-132 Race different size containers down a ramp experiment 1878:8-10

Roll back can experiment 1770:41 Simple direction changes in moving objects experiment 1839:107-114 Simple experiments to demonstrate motion, force and energy 1765:3-34 Surfaces increase or decrease friction experiment 1878:11-14 Walking; determining your walking speed experiment 1609:39-40 Wind-up walking toys experiment; which toy is fastest 1839:115-122 MOTION PICTURES. See also MOVIES; ZOETROPE Home movie projector and movies; kinetoscope, how to make 1629:18-20 Make a stillie, the opposite of a movie experiment 1959:36-38 Projector; make simple movie projector and a circular film with 16 still images 1532:136 Wagon wheel illusion using slots on one wheel and eight images on the other experiment 1532:136-137 MOTOR OILS How are weights of motor oil different 1876:133 MOTOR VEHICLES. See also AUTOMOBILES MOTORS Toy electric motor, how to make 1990:31-33 MOTORS—ELECTRIC. See also ELECTRIC; ELECTRIC MOTORS Electric motor simple experiment, battery, magnet, wires 2053:48-49 MOUSE. See MICE MOUNTAIN BIOME Determine why mountain goats are able to move sure-footedly on rocky slopes experiment 1848:120-123 MOUNTAINS 3-D model of mountain, how to make 2050:15-21 Alpine plant garden in plastic bowl, how to make 1963:19 Faults made from clay demonstrate how a rift valley is formed experiment 1738:19 Folds made from clay demonstrate how mountains are formed experiment 1738:18 Heaving and folding of rock layers experiment with colored modeling clay 1550:65 How are mountains formed experiment using different colors of modeling clay 1751:79 How do mountains affect yearly rainfall experiment 1842:132

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Spore pictures from mushrooms, how to do 1864:173 Spore print experiment, how to make 1546:59 Spore prints from mushrooms, how to do 1813:45 MUSIC Can mathematical patterns be found in Johann Sebastian Bach’s two-movement preludes and fugues experiment 1539:80-81 How to make music with fish line and a box experiment 1844:146-147 Musical science projects and activities 1788:1-96 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:155-163 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:174-183 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. See also SOUNDS— MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Bottle pipes; how to make from glass soda bottles 1537:76-77 Castanets; how to make from spoons 1785:14 Chimes from glasses, how to make 1537:74 Chimes; how do chimes make music; easy experiments with musical glasses 1857:92-95 Drum from coffee can and balloon, how to make 1537:75-76 Drums; how to make from tin cans 1785:14-15 Ear harp; how to make 1986:106-107 Ear harp; how to make from pine board, nails, fishing line 1537:82-83 Flute from plastic pipe, how to make 1532:129 Flute; how to make from bottle 1785:12 Glass musical instrument from drinking glasses with water experiment 1559:25 Glasses filled with different amounts of water make music experiment 1878:58-59 Guitar demonstrates pitch of sound and tension on rubber bands 1839:89-92 Guitar from tin loaf pan and rubber bands, how to make 1890:93-94 Guitar players need good vibrations experiment; make simple wood and wire guitar 1565:24-27 Guitar; four string guitar from wood, how to make 1532:130-131 Guitar; how to make from shoe box and rubber bands 1537:81-82 Guitar; make from box and rubber bands 1785:11 Harmonica; glass harmonica, how to make 1785:13 Hose horn, hose, funnel, rubber faucet connector, how to make 1532:128

Make mountain demonstration from different colored plasticine experiment 1963:6 Range of mountains, how to make from modeling clay 1827:12-13 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:85-93 Slabs of clay demonstrate how mountains are formed 1599:38-39 MOUTH—HUMAN. See also HUMAN BODY; SENSES—TASTE MOVIES. See also MOTION PICTURES Projector; make simple movie projector and a circular film with 16 still images 1532:136 MOVING PICTURES Animation drum or zoetrope turns to produce illusion of moving pictures experiment 1541:24-27 How does animation work experiment; make zoetrope 1562:24-27 Stroboscope experiment; persistence of vision pattern given 1576:107-112 MUD Plaster casts of footprints found in mud, how to make 1591:29 Testing strength of different kinds of mud bricks experiment 1894:17 Thumb pot from clay demonstrates characteristics of mud experiment 1591:28 MUD HUTS How to make heat-retaining adobe brick experiment 1540:72-73 MULCH Which type of mulch is best to control weeds and conserve water experiment 1645:97 MULTIPLICATION. See also MATHEMATICS MUMMIFICATION Mummify potatoes experiment 1959:22-24 MUSCLES. See also HUMAN BODY—MUSCLES What is the difference between light and dark meat experiment 1804:63-65 MUSHROOMS. See also FUNGI; SPORES How to grow mushrooms 1836:26-27 Inspect mushrooms experiment 1751:83 Is there an easy way to see mushroom spores experiment 1742:61-63 Making spore patterns experiment 1893:16 Mushroom spore print, how to make 1916:45 Mushroom spore prints, how to make 1735:40 Mushroom spores under microscope experiment 2027:72-73

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How does length affect a strings sound experiment 1788:22-23 How does tension affect a string’s sound experiment 1788:22 How does thickness affect a string’s sound experiment 1788:20-21 Kazoo from paper tube, how to make 1890:92-93 Kazoo; how to make from plastic comb and wax paper 1537:78-79 Kazoo; make from comb 1785:11 Kazoo; what is a triple-t kazoo, how to make 1844:156 Kettledrum, miniature, how to make 1532:132 Maraca; how to make from melon seeds in small can 1785:15 Maracas from juice can, cardboard, dried beans, how to make 1537:74-75 Musical glasses experiment, how to do 1537:73 Musical science projects and activities 1788:1-96 Pan pipes; how to make from drinking straws, tape and clay 1537:77 Panpipes, how to make 1986:101-102

Panpipes; how to make from straws 1749:32 Pipes make all kinds of music experiment; how to make pipe instrument 1565:20-23 Recorder; make from cardboard tube 1749:33 Slide trombone, how to make 1986:103-104 Slide whistle, copper tubing, dowel, how to make 1629:26-28 Stringed instrument demonstrates sound waves experiment 1629:10-12 Trombone change its tune experiment; how to make pipe instrument 1565:20-23 Tubular bells; make from copper pipe, broom handle and string 1749:37 Whistle from drinking straw, how to make 1890:91-92 Whistle; how to make from two drinking straws 1537:78 Xylophone, wood, dowels, corks, making 1532:133 MYCELIUM. See MOLDS; SPORES MYSTERY POWDERS Chemistry used to identify unknown substances at crime scene project 1888:55-59

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NAPIER, JOHN Napier rods, how to make and use 1821:18-19 NATURAL FREQUENCY How to demonstrate with balls on Plexiglas rods 1820:58 NATURAL SELECTION How genetic changes and natural selection work experiment 1571:124-126 NATURE DIARIES Nature diary of things you have seen and found, how to make 1546:82-83 NATURE—ART ACTIVITIES. See also ANIMALS—ART ACTIVITIES; PLANTS— ART ACTIVITIES NAVIGATION Navigation game to read and draw angles from 0 degrees to 360 degrees, how to do 1550:135-138 NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS Artificial horizon instrument, how to make 2030:27-29 Astrolabe direction finder, how to make 1953:156 Quadrant model experiment; device sailors used to find direction 1974:27 NEGEATIVE GEOTROPISM. See also GEOTROPISM; PLANTS—TROPISMS NEON Neon circuit tester bulb lights up when rubbed against styrofoam cup experiment 1659:64-66 NEON SIGNS Spark experiment with neon lamp and 6V battery 1673:44-47 NEPTUNE. See also PLANETS NERVES. See also HUMAN BODY NESTING FISH. See CICHLIDS NESTS. See also BIRDS—NESTS NETS Fishing net to gather seashore specimens, how to make 1973:64-65 Keep net for watching butterflies, how to make 1973:44-45

Plankton net to catch tiny water creatures, how to make 1973:56-57 Sweep net, how to make from wire, stick and pillow case 1967:76-77 NETS—INSECTS. See also INSECTS—NETS NEUROPHYSIOLOGY. See HUMAN BODY— BRAIN NEWTON, SIR ISAAC. See also GRAVITY; MOTION Activities, experiments and projects to study gravity and the famous scientists who studied it 1992:1-205 Balloon rocket experiment demonstrates Newton’s Laws of Motion 1960:17 Defy gravity experiment using funnels, dowels and books 1920:115-116 Demonstrate and use gravity using ruler, banana and apple experiment 1771:9-15 Demonstrate Newton’s law of inertia 1658:31 Hero engine, how to make to demonstrate Newton’s Law of Motion 1960:16 Marble moves from one cup to another experiment 1920:113-115 Newton’s cradle experiment 1758:59 Newton’s discovery that two forces act on Moon experiment 1586:66-69 Newton’s experiment with a prism; what color is light experiment 1537:110-111 Newton’s First Law of Motion experiment with falling Moon model 1586:66-69 Newton’s rings, the color of light experiment 1920:110-111 Paddle wheel like Newton tried experiment 1920:111-113 Rocket fuel from vinegar and baking soda reaction demonstration Newton’s Laws of Motion 1960:18 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:49-59 NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION Balloon car floats on cushion of air with very little friction, how to build 1606:91-94 Basketball and Newton’s First Law of Motion experiment 1989:35-36 Coin in the cup experiment 1609:12

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Investigate inertia experiment 1758:43 Motion when no force acts experiment 1609:14-15 Objects at rest tend to remain at rest experiment 1609:10-11 Sports and Newton’s First Law of Motion experiments 1989:37-40 NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION Balloon rocket experiment demonstrates Newton’s Law of Motion 1960:17 Balloon rockets on piece of string experiment 1748:40-41 Rocket fuel from vinegar and baking soda reaction demonstration Newton’s Laws of Motion 1960:18 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION Changes in linear momentum as mass of projectile car is varied experiment (Advanced) 1839:213-218 Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum demonstrated with whirling stopper experiment (Advanced) 1839:227-231 Speed of ball in spaceship when constant pull acts on it experiment 1609:17-20 Sports and Newton’s Second Law of Motion experiments 1989:41-44 NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION Action-reaction rocket experiment 2000:18 Balloon filled with colored water moves through water experiment 1609:29 Delta Dart model airplane, effect of design modification on flight of airplane experiment (Advanced) 1839:251-256 Develop more thrust in carbon dioxide rocket on monofilament line experiment 1842:247-248 Experience and observe the Third Law of Motion by trying movements yourself 1609:27-28 Forces affect rockets’ performance experiment 1842:245-246 Paddle boat travels forward experiment 2000:24-26 Power a boat with carbon dioxide gas experiment with vinegar and baking soda 2000:21 Seltzer tablet and water produce carbon dioxide gas that propels plastic bottle along string experiment 1609:29-30 Sports and Newton’s Third Law of Motion experiments 1989:45-47 What type of energy is this, an action reaction experiment 1842:239-240 NEWTS How do newts and salamanders hear without external ears experiment 2054:56-57 NIGHT AND DAY. See also DAY AND NIGHT

NITRATES. See FERTILIZERS; WATER— POLLUTION NITROGEN FIXATION Effect of nitrogen fixer on growth of a legume experiment 1570:137-139 How do bacteria help clover plants live experiment 1851:62-63 Plants grown in nitrogen poor soil versus plants grown in nitrogen rich soil experiment 1826:17 NITROGEN OXIDE. See ACID RAIN NOCTURNAL ANIMALS Night crawler animals, how to observe nighttime activity experiment 2003:31 Underwater night animals, how to observe nighttime activity experiment 2003:31 NOETHER, EMMY DR. Mathematics big ideas experiment; the commutative property of addition 1869:46-53 NOISE Differences between noise and music experiment 1903:23-25 NOISE—POLLUTION. See also POLLUTION— NOISE NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID Corn starch putty used for sense of touch investigations 1790:67-70 Non-Newtonian fluids and slimes, how to make 1670:65-68 Properties of Silly Putty experiments 1840:203-207 Silly Putty or funny putty (recipe given) a solid or a liquid experiment 1754:26 NORTH POLE True North, how to find experiment 1533:24-25 Find variation between geographic north and magnetic north experiment 1850:75-85 Variation indicator, how to make 1850:75-76 NORTH STAR Find North Star and Big and Little Dipper experiment 1906:26-28 Observe and find North star in sky experiment 1547:41-43 Position of North Star determines your latitude using an astrolabe experiment 1852:27-30 Star tracks; how to photograph experiment 1906:29-31 What keeps the North Star from moving experiment 1904:43-45 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE Northern hemisphere closer to Sun in winter than in summer experiment 1587:15-18

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NOSE. See HUMAN BODY; SENSES—SMELL NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION Model of chain reaction using dominoes project 1610:94-95 NUCLEAR POWER Atomic stations and sticky soap bubbles experiment 1869:112-119 NUCLEATION Nucleation effect in liquid containing dissolved gas experiment 1637:45 NUMBERS. See also EULER, LEONARD; MATHEMATICS NUTRITION. See also FOOD Calorie; burning peanut or almond demonstrates what a calorie look like 1707:100 Cereal; what kind of iron in cereal experiment using magnet 1659:21-23

Iron; magnet used to determine presence of iron in iron-fortified food experiment 1613:107-117 Is raw food more nutritious than cooked food experiment 1571:104-107 Model of Food Guide Pyramid, how to make 1849:61-64 Read the labels for nutritional information activity 1875:74 NUTS Plant nut trees the way squirrels do experiment 1805:50 What is the fruit in nuts experiment 1751:73 NYLON Test strength of nylon compared to cotton experiment 1771:75-79

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OBSERVATION Ideas to get you observing, thinking, innovating and inventing 1537:8-19 OCEAN Activities, research projects and experiments 1834:4-80 Balance in food chain between consumers and producers experiment 1853:178-179 Evaporation rates of different salinity waters in a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:72-76 Experiment to demonstrate model of Earth without oceans 1534:40-44 Foam; what causes foam on the ocean experiment 1751:49 Ice; melting rates of non-floating ice experiment 1534:83-86 Icebergs; melting rates of icebergs in oceans of different salinity’s experiment 1534:87-90 Identify and locate the seven continents and four oceans of the world experiment 1850:177-187 Light; reflecting light alters why oceans warm and cool at different latitudes experiment 1528:21 Light; what happens to light as you go deeper and deeper into the ocean experiment using flashlight and green plastic 1553:15-19 Marine plants are found in the ocean’s sunlight zone experiment 1853:170-171 Model of kelp, how to build 1848:12-13 Pressure of water at different depths compared experiment 1853:117-118 Pressure; water flowing from holes in milk carton demonstrates pressure on body in ocean experiment 1553:14 Separate salt from sea water using the Sun experiment 1853:126-127 Stratification of ocean water layers, how to demonstrate experiment 1600:25-26 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:141-156 Two oceans can contain almost the same amount of water even if one has larger surface area experiment 1853:18-21 Water pressure in action in ocean experiment 1600:27

OCEAN ANIMALS Activities, research projects and experiments 1834:4-80 Deep sea animals card game, how to make and play 1784:35-37 Marine food web chart, how to display 1601:9-10 Motion of animals, make zoetrope experiment 1784:46-52 Motion of fish in water, make model to demonstrate 1784:49 Motion of floating jellyfish, make model to demonstrate 1784:48 Ocean food chains game, how to make and play 1784:38-41 Play with script, about jellyfish looking for home in ocean 1784:58-62 Zoetrope; make to see animals in motion, how to do 1784:50-52 OCEAN COLOR Why large bodies of water have a blue color experiment 1677:45-46 OCEAN CURRENTS Atmosphere temperature differences create movement in ocean experiment 1600:46-47 Causes of ocean currents experiment 1751:47 Climate; effect of water on climate experiment 1850:155-165 Cold current differences in temperature moves water experiment 1752:108 Continents and oceans have different rates of cooling and warming experiment 1528:146 Deep-water ocean currents experiment 1528:133 El Nino; how much warm water it takes to create El Nino-Southern oscillation experiment 1528:134 El Nino; make your own El Nino experiment 1528:135 El Nino-Southern oscillation event experiment 1528:134 Monsoon mud fertile soil from flooding experiment 1528:149 Monsoon rain-bearing winds experiment, make model 1528:148 Rotation of Earth affects direction of ocean currents experiment 1853:70-74

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Storms; warm water effect on air movement above it experiment 1853:152-154 Temperature effect on motion of water experiment 1853:107-110 Warm water currents demonstration 1601:56-58 What causes ocean currents, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:141-143 Wind blown ocean currents experiment 1528:131 OCEAN FLOOR 3-D model of features of the ocean floor experiment 1853:53-55 Continents; demonstrate how the continents drifted apart 1853:9-10 Echo-location used to map the ocean floor project 1864:40-41 Map a side view of model of ocean floor to determine depth and graph data experiment 1853:59-63 Map surface of a simulated ocean floor experiment 1850:101-103 Mapping the ocean floor, how to demonstrate 1952:21-22 Model cross-section of the ocean floor, how to do 1600:36 Model the profile of the ocean floor experiment 2050:135-141 Model the use of sonar to determine ocean depths experiment 2050:135-141 Ocean floor mapping experiment, how to determine the depth of the ocean floor 1850:97-104 Ocean floor model, how to make 1784:8 Sedimentary rock formation on ocean floor experiment 1600:39 OCEAN POLLUTION Plant growth; effect of motor oil, detergent, vinegar on plant growth experiment 1601:83-84 Pollutants in the ocean come from land runoff experiment 1853:133-135 Run off of pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers into the ocean experiment 1601:84-86 Water clarity; measure with Secchi disk experiment 1600:29-30 OCEAN SALINITY Rivers effect on ocean salinity experiment 1851:83 OCEAN SHORELINES. See also SEASHORE; SHORELINES OCEAN TIDES. See also TIDES Model representing high and low tides experiment, how to make 1853:107-110 Model tide gauge measures sea level and tides experiment 1600:61-63

OCEAN WAVES. See also WAVES Beaches; how do waves affect beaches experiment 1535:60-62 Demonstrate Tsunami wave with 2 blocks of wood in water 1660:16-17 Headlands; simulate effect of headlands on wave action experiment 1853:92-94 How water molecules behave in waves experiment 1601:52-53 Motion of a water particle with a wave viewer experiment 1863:82-83 Motion of waves, how to demonstrate 1601:53-54 Ocean in a bottle experiment 1603:29 Ocean in bottle experiment 1600:59 Stormy seas in soda bottle experiment 1630:15-16 Surface water moves with each wave experiment 1853:83-85 Wave motion experiment 2045:10-11 Wave projector helps observe properties of waves experiment 1600:52-56 Wave viewer, how to make 1853:80-82 What causes waves in ocean, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:139-140 What happens when waves constantly hit the shore experiment 1601:54-56 OCEAN WINDS Onshore and offshore breezes experiment 1612:94-95 Wind movement of water called surface current experiment 1752:107 OCEANOGRAPHERS Map the ocean floor like oceanographers did before sonar experiment 1601:47-49 OCEANOGRAPHY. See DIVING BELLS; SEAWATER Demonstrate how a submarine can be made to rise experiment 1853:35-37 Method used by early sailors to determine speed of ships experiment 1853:44-46 ODOMETER Hodometer measures in meters or in yards, how to make 1668:8-9 ODOR EATERS How carbon filters work in removing dirt and some odors experiment 1658:65-67 Russian discovery of odor eater chemical experiment 1658:65-67 ODORS. See also SENSES—SMELL Odors; rose petals or rose leaves and stems attract Japanese beetles experiment 1571:7-9

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OIL SPILLS. See also POLLUTION—WATER Aquatic environment; what is the effect of #6 heating oil on Elodea Densa experiment 1539:98-99 Aquatic surface insects; effect of oil spills on them experiment 1965:98-101 Birds; oil spills effect on birds experiment 1853:142-145 Clean up oil spills using different methods experiment 1601:81-82 Clean up small oil spill experiment 1959:154-155 Hard boiled eggs in oil polluted water experiment 1603:114-115 How oil spills can be removed from water experiment 1632:18 Non polar molecules in bubble gum absorb oil from miniature oil spill experiment 1603:121-122 Seabird; what happens when a seabird gets oil on its feathers experiment 1601:79-80 OILS AND FATS. See FATS AND OILS ONIONS Onion breath experiment 1637:55 Onion brings tears to your eyes experiment 1672:78-79 Onion in glass of water grows roots and leaves experiment 1546:36 Onion used to generate electricity experiment 1760:85 Plant cells in thin film of onion skin experiment 1546:11 Why do onions make you cry experiment 1804:60-62 OOBLECK Cornstarch and water oobleck, how to make 1933:16-17 OOBLIK Cornstarch and water ooblik experiment 1829:28-29 OPTICAL FIBERS. See also FIBER OPTICS Light guide uses total internal reflection to transmit light experiment 1611:49-53 Optical fiber light guides, how to make 1608:68-73 Plastic tube and water show how an optical fiber works experiment 1532:159 Water as a light guide experiment 1608:69-73 OPTICAL ILLUSIONS. See also ILLUSIONS; MAGIC Birdcage magic optical illusion, how to make 1537:118-119 Dragging a circle experiment 1991:48-49 Fascinator machine to test optical effects and illusions, how to make 1887:28-29

Plastic bubble wrap used to model microencapsulation used in scratch-and-sniff stickers experiment 1840:45-51 Temperature effect on odors experiment 1540:37 OERSTED, HANS CHRISTIAN. See also ELECTROMAGNETISM Electrons moving in wire cause compass needle to move 1672:47-49 When was the galvanometer discovered experiment 1905:106-109 OERSTED’S DISCOVERY Link between electricity and magnetism experiment with coils of wire, compass and D cell 1845:24-26 Make a compass and repeat Oersted’s discovery experiment 1771:17-21 Oersted’s discovery experiment, connection between electricity and magnetism 1605:40-42 Repeat Oersted’s discovery that electric current causes a magnetic field 1683:43-44 OERSTED’S EXPERIMENT Repeat Oersted’s experiment that electricity is closely connected to magnetism 1665:12-23 Repeat Oersted’s experiment with electricity and compass to make electromagnet 1993:108-110 OIL Gesner’s experiment; repeat to compare way different oils burn 1658:38-41 Observe puddle of oil and puddle of water in hot Sun experiment 1833:28 Oil keeps syrup from sticking to metal experiment 1672:27-28 Polar and non-polar molecules in properties of water and oil experiment 1677:12-14 Reaction between oil and surface tension experiment 1902:7-10 Water and oil do not mix because their molecules are not attracted to each other experiment 1677:18-20 What evaporates faster; oil or water experiment 1672:16-18 OIL POLLUTION. See OIL SPILLS OIL RIGS Models of submersible rig and a semi-submersible rig used at sea experiment, how to make 1532:69 Oil from rig to refinery experiment 1532:70-71 OIL SLICKS Birds; oil spilled into water affects swimming birds experiment 1752:5 Oil slick experiment 1834:18-19

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Hole in your hand experiment 1991:43-44 Hole in your hand illusion, how to do 1537:119 Illusion puzzle made on computer using M. C. Escher’s techniques 1789:126-127 Illusions that can be resolved only by measuring experiment 1982:41-44 Jacques Cousteau in seashells illusion, experiment 1576:66-70 Letter that disappears experiment 1991:38-39 Lost coin that reappears in water experiment 1991:40-42 Magic trick enlarging tunnel illusion 1714:16-17 Make illusions of your own 1612:119-120 Mysterious dye experiment 1991:45-46 Palm of your hand appears to squirm and twist experiment 1576:97-100 Parabolas experiment; it’s all done with mirrors 1578:76-79 Spiral spinner, moving circles and color wheel illusions experiment 1724:16-17 Spring in front of concave mirror illusion experiment; you can see but can’t touch spring 1578:114-118 Your experience of the world influences what you see; lighted-box corners experiment 1576:57-60 Your retaining retina experiment 1991:34-37 OPTICS. See also OPTICAL ILLUSIONS Blind spot experiment 2028:49-50 Construct stroboscope to observe its effect on motion experiment 1758:70 Diffraction grating lets you discover colors in light sources experiment 2028:31-32 Gelatin used to explore refraction experiment 2028:23-24 Near point experiment 2028:50-51 Prism used to see spectrum experiment 1528:36 Rainbow experiment, water, mirror, flashlight 1528:37 Raindrops; refracting and reflecting light experiment with raindrops 1528:36 Water prisms experiment 2028:29-30 OPTICS—FIBER. See FIBER OPTICS; OPTICAL FIBERS ORANGES. See also SEEDS—FRUIT Start orange plant from seeds experiment 1557:105 ORBITER SPACE SHUTTLE. See also SPACE SHUTTLE ORGANIC WASTE. See also COMPOST; EARTHWORMS

ORIGAMI Relationship between origami fold known as “wave” and golden mean or ratio experiment 1539:121-125 ORION. See also CONSTELLATIONS ORRERY. See also PLANETARIUM OSMOSIS Cell membrane and osmosis in action experiment with salt solution and onion cell 1725:29 Cell membrane lets small molecules pass through by osmosis experiment 1725:28 Cells need water to survive experiment; sugar in raisins sucks in water 1546:12 Egg in vinegar demonstrates inward and outward flow of materials through egg membrane 1864:63 Egg turns into rubbery ball experiment demonstrates how human cells get food 1831:10 Movement of liquid or substances through membranes experiment 1758:23 Potatoes; effect of osmosis on potatoes experiment 1693:27 Salt helps draw water out of cells experiment, using potato, salt and water 1546:13 Sugar egg experiment demonstrates semi-permeable 1864:64 Water passes from higher to lower concentrations in osmosis experiment 1571:70-72 What happens when grapes are placed in water and sugar water experiment 1672:66-68 OSMOSIS—PLANTS. See also PLANTS— OSMOSIS OUTER SPACE Space city model experiment, how to make from cardboard box and plastic bottles 1697:8-9 OUTER SPACE—EXPLORATION. See SPACE SCIENCE; SPACE TRAVEL OVENS. See DRYING AND STERILIZING OVEN Baking in mud oven, how to do 1664:117 Cooking on hot rocks, how to do 1664:117 Mud oven in ground, how to make 1664:115 Steam pit in ground, how to make 1664:115 OVERPOPULATION. See POPULATION OWL PELLETS Bone and skull sorting charts for identifying owl pellets bones 2032:75-76 Dissecting owl pellets, how to do 1930:48-49 Examine owl pellets experiment 1622:59 Examine owl pellets for animals skulls, bones and teeth experiment 1546:82-83

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Atmospheric ingredients, oxygen and carbon dioxide experiment 1528:18 Burning candle goes out when oxygen is cut off experiment 1758:15 Candle burns steel wool experiment 1906:104-105 Elodea aquatic plants produce oxygen experiment 1603:51 Flame needs oxygen to burn experiment using candle burning under jar 1548:18-20 Flames; oxygen in air is required for flames to burn experiment 1673:51-53 Fruit syrup from berry fruits demonstrates plants and oxygen and carbon dioxide 1678:10-11 Iron and oxygen experiments using steel wool 2014:28-30 Magic trick rising tide in containers experiment 1711:24-25 Photosynthesis; collect oxygen in test tube as product of photosynthesis experiment 1987:16-20 Pond weeds; oxygen bubbles from pond weeds in inverted glass of water experiment 1551:10 Rocks; oxygen is present in rocks experiment 1660:75 Rust; oxygen from air combines with iron in steel wool and moisture to form rust experiment 1673:48-50 The great American lawn and pristine water; can they coexist experiment 1539:93-94 OXYGEN—CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE How plants can live without animals experiment with plant in jar experiment 1848:56-59 OYSTERS What is inside an oyster shell experiment 1753:20 OZONE LAYER. See also GREENHOUSE EFFECT Increased solar radiation effect simulated in terrariums experiment 1861:27 Model of ozone layer experiment 1660:103-104 Bean plants affected by ultraviolet light from ozone depletion experiment 1569:96-101 Does short term exposure to ultraviolet light from ozone depletion affect euglena experiment 1569:86-90 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:269 Light; effect of ozone layer on light experiment 1848:166-168

Examine owl pellets to see what owl ate experiment 2003:29 Examining owl pellets experiment 2032:74 How to find and examine owl pellets 2046:80 Inspect owl pellets experiment 1595:43-44 Reconstruct a skeleton from owl pellets experiment 1571:20-22 OWLS Chart that compares characteristics of four North American owls 1805:131 Walking straight and balance in the dark experiment 1595:39-42 Why owls need both ears to find direction of food experiment 1595:34-38 OXIDATION. See also COMBUSTION; RUST Bleach effect on blue dye in water experiment, color disappears 1677:53-55 Burning metal experiment using steel wool 1674:21-23 Effects of oxidation on iron nails experiment 1915:62-63 How oxygen weathers and weakens structure of rocks experiment 2054:82-83 Oxygen from air combines with iron in steel wool and moisture to form rust experiment 1673:48-50 Plants; decay rates of plant matter in a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:77-80 Rust or oxidation of nail in salt solution experiment 1906:49-52 Shiny copper pennies from vinegar and salt experiment 1857:43-46 OXIDIZERS Blood; bloodstain chemistry experiment 1637:43 OXYGEN. See also ELECTROLYSIS; WATER— ELECTROLYSIS Air; how much oxygen in there in air experiment 1915:55-56 Air; oxygen in air, how much is there experiment 1953:220 Air; oxygen in air; how to measure the amount experiment 2017:14-15 Air; oxygen in the air experiment using candle burning under jar 1548:18-20 Air; repeat Lavoisier’s experiment measuring percentage of oxygen in air 1637:19

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& PACE. See DISTANCE PACKAGING Best way to package an egg experiment 1758:22 Do a packaging survey for unnecessary layers of wrappings 1691:5 Heat changes some large molecules experiment 1672:92-94 PAINTING Sumi Nagashi art experiment; behavior of two hydrophobic materials, ink and oil on water 1840:189-194 PAINTS Make paint using red pigment from beets experiment 1754:20 Milk paint, how to make 2014:93 Prehistoric paints, how to make from soil, wood ashes, lard or shortening 1572:131-132 Recipes for different kinds of paints 1670:33-40 Solvents; how different solvents affect the paint in paint with water books experiment 1840:87-92 PALEONTOLOGIST Fossils in the Earth experiment 1869:126-131 PANGAEA Pangaea, making, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:134-138 PANTOGRAPH How to make a working model 1851:110-111 Pantograph drawing machine, how to make 1629:22-24 PAPER Color; characteristic color of recycled cardboard experiment 1540:38 “Bursting point” test to find out how strong paper is 1574:25 “Rattle” test to find out if paper is well made 1574:25 How does a fortune-telling fish work experiment 1840:83-85 Light-sensitive paper experiment, how to make light-sensitive paper 1840:275-281 Marble paper by floating oil paints or inks on surface of water experiment 1838:34-35 Marbled paper made from paint, water and starch 1636:37

P Marbled paper, how to make 1670:171 Marbleized paper, how to make 1640:86-87 Marbling paper using oily paints or inks experiment 1596:34-35 Marbling paper, how to do 1574:23 Multicolored paper, how to make 1670:105 Paper molds from old newspaper and tissue paper experiment 2022:33 Starch; when does paper contain starch experiment 1905:49-50 Strength of paper magic experiment with glass jar and paper 1717:24-25 Turn paper back into wood fibers experiment 1644:19 PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY. See also CHROMATOGRAPHY PAPER CUTTING TRICKS. See also MAGIC PAPER MAKING Aged paper, how to make 1670:166 Bleached paper, how to make 1670:104 Cabbage paper, how to make pulp and press 1933:60-61 Colored paper, how to make 1670:106 Deckled paper, how to make 1670:165 Gelatin sizing for homemade paper, how to do 1537:96-97 Grease proof paper, how to make 1574:25 Homemade paper experiment with newspaper, blender and screen 1970:162 Homemade paper from bathroom tissue or tissue paper, how to make 1537:90-91 How to make paper 1953:198-199 How to make paper by hand using pieces of white cotton and dye 1574:16-17 Make paper from old newspapers using moldand-deckle experiment 1574:18-21 Make paper to demonstrate ancient Chinese paper making 1658:10-12 Make your own paper experiment 1864:81-82 Make your own paper from scraps using mold and deckle 1636:90-92 Mold and deckle for homemade paper, how to use 1537:93-95 Paper from grass clippings experiment, how to make 1627:38-40

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Paper from natural materials, how to make 1670:108 Paper from plants, how to make 1670:107 Paper; make from old newspapers and aluminum foil squares, how to do 1660:114-116 Potato paper, how to make 1572:122-125 Rag paper, how to make 1670:104 Recycled paper from old newspaper, how to make 1691:21 Recycled paper from scrap paper, how to make 1550:50 Recycled paper from used paper, how to make 1720:23 Recycled paper, how to make 1758:87 Recycled paper, how to make from natural materials 1729:127-129 Recycled paper; traditional mold and deckle and simple mold and deckle, how to make 1670:100-102 Reuse paper to make new paper experiment 1842:204-205 Rubbing or burnishing homemade paper, how to do 1537:95-96 Sized paper, how to make 1670:105 Starch sizing for homemade paper, how to do 1537:96-97 Toothpaste coating on paper, how to make 1574:25 Watermarked paper, how to make 1670:107 Wax paper coating, how to make 1574:25 Writing paper; make from recycling newspaper experiment 1637:52 PAPER TOWELS Chromatography capillarity; how fast can water move through paper experiment 1801:30-31 Does top or bottom of wet paper towel dry quicker experiment 1672:21-22 How much water do things hold experiment with diapers, paper towels and cotton ball 1879:32-34 How paper towels soak up water easy experiments 1857:62-65 Is “Bounty” really better experiment 1915:25 Test different paper towel brands to see which soaks up the most water easy experiment 1857:65 Water is attracted to wood fibers in paper towels experiment 1915:24-25 Which brand of paper towels absorbs the most water experiment 1938:21-22 Which material soaks up the most liquid experiment 1667:30-31 PAPER—MATH MAGIC. See also MAGIC

PAPIER MACHE Recipes for making papier mache mixtures 1670:14-20 PARACHUTES Air hold up a parachute easy experiment 1857:10-13 Design of parachute affects drop experiment 1935:38-39 Dynamic lift and air resistance experiment using whirligigs, parachutes and helicopters 1864:198-199 Jump; when was the first parachute jump made experiment 1905:12-15 Jump; where was the first parachute jump made experiment 1906:4-7 Magic trick egg in parachute experiment 1711:26-27 Make from kerchief, string and old keys 1745:23-24 Paper cup parachute experiment 1831:36 Parachute man demonstrates how parachutes work experiment 1831:120-121 Parachute uses canopy to increase air resistance for slow fall experiment 1558:16 Paratrooper on parachute experiment, determine best parachute design 1630:30-32 Shape of an object affects how the object falls through the air experiment 1753:8 Shapes of parachutes that reduce friction the most experiment 1878:17-20 Size of parachute affects its fall experiment 1754:77 Terminal velocity experiment 1609:81-83 PARALLEL CIRCUITS. See ELECTRICITY— CIRCUITS PARAMECIA. See also INFUSORIA; MICROSCOPE; PROTOZOA Acidity of food vacuoles in a paramecium experiment 1570:62-64 Ingestion of food and digestion in paramecium experiment 1571:67-79 Model of paramecium, how to make 1856:14-15 Predator-prey population relationships experiment 1570:95-96 Protozoa move to or away from light experiment 1570:92-94 PARASITOIDS. See WASPS PARCHMENT Parchment paper from paper and coffee, how to make 1785:43 PASCAL’S LAW. See also AIR PRESSURE; WATER—PRESSURE

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PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE Air pump lifts books experiment 1890:42-43 PASTE Recipes for several kinds of glues and pastes, how to make 1670:29-32 PASTEUR, LOUIS Activities to study life of Louis Pasteur 2031:3-46 Fermentation of yeast and sugar experiment 1819:110-111 Grow your own crystals and examine shapes like Pasteur did experiment 1819:108-109 Importance of washing hands before eating or cooking experiment 1819:111-112 Repeat Pasteur’s bread mold experiments 1586:143-145 Sterilization methods experiment; comparing Pasteur and Tyndall’s methods 1570:59-61 Sugar crystals (rock candy) experiment 2031:22 PAULING, LINUS How much vitamin C is in common beverages experiment 1658:59-61 PAVLOV’S THEORY Demonstrate stimulus response action using volunteers, cups and pennies 1820:54 PEANUT BUTTER What makes peanut butter smooth experiment to understand chemical process of hydrogenation 1568:140-141 PEANUTS Activities and science experiments 2032:156-169 Energy content of a peanut measured by simple calorimeter experiment 1725:82-83 How to grow peanut plant experiment 1830:154 How to grow peanuts 1555:93 Will peanut plants grow if they lose their seed leaves experiment 1742:32-35 PELLETS—BIRD. See also BIRDS—PELLETS PENCILS. See also LEAD PENCILS; WRITING INSTRUMENTS Pencil; electric pencil, how to make experiment 1659:58-60 PENDULUMS. See also FOUCAULT PENDULUM PRINCIPLE Alter the period of a pendulum experiment 1915:75-77 Amplitude of earthquake measured experiment, how to make pendulum 2029:45-46 Attraction and repulsion of magnets produces chaotic, unpredictable motion experiment 1579:89-92

Copper coils become electromagnetic swings experiment 1577:71-75 Coupled resonant pendulums experiment; motion of one affects motion of other 1579:32-35 Dog’s head acts like pendulum, how to build 2000:127 Effect of one pendulum on motion of another pendulum experiment 1579:32-35 Foucault pendulum model, make to demonstrate relation between Earth’s rotation and inertia of free-swinging objects experiment 2050:25-30 Galileo’s pendulum experiment with string and bolt 2006:110-112 Galileo’s swing of the pendulum experiment 1586:31-33 Hand pendulum measure Earth’s seismic motion experiment 2029:46-47 Make pendulum in which each swing takes exactly one second to measure time 1532:90-91 Massive pendulum swings in very large swings from small forces experiment 1579:68-71 Natural frequency of pendulums experiment 1903:51-54 Paint pendulum experiment using yogurt cup, metal skewer and string 1560:8-10 Paint pendulum pictures experiment 2022:78 Pendulum motion experiment 2045:8-9 Pendulum moving in two directions creates beautiful designs experiment 1579:45-50 Pendulum with longer string will swing in slower arcs experiment 1865:42-43 Period of motion of pendulum depends on its weight, amplitude or length experiment 1539:152-154 Salt pendulum pictures experiment 2022:79 String grandfather clock experiment 1953:68 Super hero model swings back and forth experiment 2000:124-125 Swinging tennis ball demonstrates pendulum 1878:23-25 Weight of pendulum; does it affect time of the swing experiment 1753:49 What affects a pendulum’s swing experiment 1788:84-86 What is a plumb line experiment 1753:50 PENICILLIN Grow the mold penicillin experiment 1851:60-61 Hodgkin, Dorothy; repeat her experiments with crystal structures and structure of penicillin 1586:217-219 PENS. See also WRITING INSTRUMENTS

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PEPPER’S GHOST Magic trick underwater candle burns experiment 1714:20-21 PERCEPTION. See also 3-D; ILLUSIONS; VISION Colored filters decode secret messages experiment 1578:21-24 Human color perception experiment using colored lights to make additive color mixtures 1576:16-20 PERCOLATION. See also SOILS PERFUMES. See also COSMETICS Homemade perfume from plants experiment 1864:61-62 Make your own perfume 1728:86-87 PERIPHERAL VISION. See also VISION What peripheral differences exist between 20/20 vision and visually impaired experiment 2012:187-194 PERISCOPES Box periscope from pocket mirrors and poster board, how to make 1864:38-39 Build a periscope from mirrors and cardboard tube, how to make 1611:25 Construct and use periscope experiment 1901:43-46 Cracker box and mirror periscope, how to make 1931:14 How does a periscope work experiment 1844:121-122 How to make a periscope 1728:15 How to make from cardboard and mirrors 2016:54-55 How to make from milk carton and mirrors 1639:71 Make a periscope from cardboard box and mirrors, how to do 1966:24-25 Make a periscope from cardboard, mirrors, experiment 2052:54-55 Make from milk carton and mirrors 1537:115-116 Make from milk carton and mirrors 1837:34 Make from milk carton, mirrors and tape 1890:99-100 Milk carton and mirror periscope, how to make 1970:14 Milk carton and pocket mirrors periscope, how to make 1699:16-17 Periscope, how to make 2028:75-76 PERSISTENCE OF VISION. See also ZOETROPE Animation drum or zoetrope turns to produce illusion of moving pictures experiment 1541:24-27

Colors and patterns can mix visually on spinning objects experiment 1613:143-145 How does animation work experiment; make zoetrope 1562:24-27 Magic wand persistence of vision experiment; see pictures in thin air 1578:72-75 Persistence of vision experiment 1983:21-23 PEST CONTROL Biological control of aphids on plants using ladybugs experiment 1826:38-39 PESTICIDES Biological control of aphids on plants using ladybugs experiment 1826:38-39 Harmful chemical can be drawn into plants we eat experiment 1632:23 How many fruit flies can a praying mantis eat experiment 1965:26-29 Natural pesticides; can citrus oil, garlic or jalapeno peppers control insect pests experiment 1569:27-31 Run off of pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers into the ocean experiment 1601:84-86 PESTICIDES. See also INSECTICIDES; FUNGICIDES; HERBICIDES PETS Calcium carbonate added to fish food dissolves oxygen gas in fishes’ bodies allowing them to relax in new home 1539:176-177 Insect-repelling herbs for pet collar, how to grow and make collar 1836:37-39 Pets choose between heated and cooled foods experiment 1540:74 Self-filling water dish for pets experiment demonstrates atmospheric pressure 1864:141-142 Survey of what kind of pet owners like best experiment, how to graph 2039:32-33 PETS—BEHAVIOR Ability to find food with three pets experiment; dog, ferret and hamster 1571:10-12 pH Acidity of food vacuoles in a paramecium experiment 1570:62-64 Acidity of soil; how to test experiment 1802:35 Corrosion; pH level most conducive to corrosion in iron and copper experiment 1539:66-67 Different plant species change the pH of nutrient solution experiment 1638:120-123 Litmus milk used to classify microbes experiment 1570:79-80 Litmus paper experiment to test for acids and bases 1953:284-286

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Soils; pH test of soils in your community experiment 1603:35 Soils; test soil pH to determine soil fertility along rivers experiment 1635:34 Spoilage; effect of pH of different foods on food spoilage experiment 1570:39-41 Tea; changing the pH of tea with milk or lemon experiment 1540:56 Test papers for acid or base pH made from turmeric spice experiment 1660:113 Water pH affects various kinds of plankton in aquatic environment experiment 1571:49-52 Why pour baking soda into a swimming pool experiment 1743:106-107 PHASES OF MOON. See MOON—PHASES PHENAKISTOSCOPE Make your own phenakistoscope experiment 1709:58-59 Phenakistoscope used to show how birds move wings in flight experiment 1558:6-7 PHENOLPHTHALEIN. See also INDICATORS PHEROMONES. See also ANTS Ant trails to food source project 1864:51-52 Attract mole moths at night experiment 1751:45 Pheromones used by Japanese beetles to attract other Japanese beetles experiment 1571:2-3 PHOSPHATES. See also WATER—POLLUTION Damaging effect of phosphate detergents on freshwater plant and animal life experiment 1864:163-164 PHOSPHORESCENCE Investigate two different processes by which objects glow experiment 1840:161-168 PHOTOCOPIERS Balloon and talcum powder used to show how photocopier works experiment 1532:156-157 PHOTOGRAMS. See also PHOTOGRAPHY How to make photograms experiment 1611:61-62 Photogram, make your own to record an image 1709:2-21 PHOTOGRAPHY. See also CAMERAS; PINHOLE CAMERA Develop picture of yourself on an apple experiment 1959:130-132 Produce a simple photographic image experiment 1771:23-28 Sunlight photography using dark colored construction paper 1830:139 Zoom lens focal lengths experiment 1709:40-41

PHOTOPERIODISM. See also PLANTS— PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS. See also PLANTS— PHOTOSYNTHESIS Carbon cycle; bottle garden with plants demonstrates carbon cycle experiment 1826:11 Color of light affects growth of algae cells experiment 1570:97-98 Oxygen; collect oxygen in test tube as product of photosynthesis experiment 1987:16-20 Starch test for photosynthesis experiment 1815:44 Sugar produced during photosynthesis stored as starch in leaves experiment 1987:21-23 What is photosynthesis experiment 1904:101-104 Why is top of carrot root green experiment 1751:69 PHOTOTROPISM. See also PLANTS—TROPISMS Bean plant climbs through hole in box as it reaches for light experiment 1546:33 Bean plant grows in shoe box towards light experiment 1740:26-27 Does tip of leaf have effect on its positive phototropism experiment using rye grass seeds 1934:44 Leaves on geranium plant turn toward light experiment 1934:42-44 Maze; can plants grow around obstacles or in a maze experiment 1734:34-35 Maze; how can a plant a “maze” you experiment 1843:28-29 Phototropism; demonstrate with hanging plant turned upside down 1602:60-61 Plants always grow toward the Sun experiment 1660:50-52 Plants grow toward light experiment 1603:52 Plants stretch toward the light experiment 1655:32-33 Plants wrapped in sponges tied upside down grow toward light experiment 1603:53 Potato grows through box maze to reach light experiment 1659:52-54 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS. See SOLAR CELLS PHYSICAL CHANGES Changes in length, width and mass of grow creatures in various salt solutions experiment 1840:221-228 Dissolving of solids is a physical or chemical change experiment 1844:17-18 Ice cream made in plastic bag demonstrates physical changes experiment 1758:24 Salt concentration effect on grow creatures experiment 1840:221-228

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Temperature effect on color of liquid crystals in color-changing cars experiment 1840:261-267 PHYSICS Gravity is serious business experiment; relationship between distance object falls and speed of that object 1869:138-143 PIAGET. See CONSERVATION OF MASS PICTOGRAPHS. See GRAPHS—PICTOGRAPH PIGEONS Observe pigeon courtship behavior in flock experiment 1552:96-102 PIGMENTS. See also CHROMATOGRAPHY; LEAVES; PAINTS Balloon stretched with air has lighter color experiment 1753:28 Coffee filter in colored water experiment 2001:25 Coffee filter with candies in water experiment 2001:26-27 Coffee filter with felt tip markers in water experiment 2001:26-27 Flower colors come from pigments in their petals experiment 1546:51 Flower petals crushed in water show color pigments experiment 1546:51 Leaves; stages of color leaves go through before turning brown experiment 1751:77 Leaves; yellow and orange pigments in fall leaves are there all year long experiment 1792:25-26 Paint; make your own paint using red pigment from beets experiment 1754:20 Pound colors from plants onto fabric, how to do 1970:195 PIGPEN CIPHER. See also SECRET WRITING PILL BUGS. See also SOW BUGS Are roly-poly attracted to dampness experiment 1652:20-22 Are roly-poly attracted to darkness experiment 1652:22 Can a roly-poly dig experiment 1779:34 Can a roly-poly go through a maze experiment 1779:34-35 Can roly-poly survive in water experiment 1779:38 Conduct isopod races between pill bug and sow bug experiment 1641:39 Do pill bugs prefer smooth or irregular surfaces experiment 1652:23-24 Do roly-poly like the dark experiment 1779:34 Experiments with roly-poly, data sheet given 1652:17-25 Hotel for roly-poly, how to make 1779:10 How fast can a roly-poly go experiment 1779:31

How to catch and keep roly-poly 1653:32-35 How to raise and keep in plastic container experiment 1651:144-145 Keep wood lice to observe behavior, how to do 1643:28-29 Moisture preferences of sow bugs projects 1583:76-79 Observe sow bugs and record their behavior 1581:23-24 Pill bugs prefer light or dark, wet or dry places experiment 1722:35 What conditions do wood lice like best experiment 1643:30-31 What dirt do roly-poly like best experiment 1779:36 What type of food do pill bugs like best experiment 1651:146 Which is better at staying on its feet, a pill bug or an adult mealworms experiment 1652:196 Will a roly-poly seek out an enclosed space when in a dry or damp environment experiment 1652:23 Will roly-poly bunch to reduce water loss experiment 1652:22-23 PINEAPPLES How to grow a pineapple plant experiment 1555:101 How to grow pineapple plant experiment 1830:153 How to grow pineapple top experiment 1973:84 How to grow pineapple top indoors experiment 1757:70-73 How to plant and grow a pineapple 1603:46 PINECONES Cones close during rain and open when sunny experiment 2005:7 Humidity and heat effect on pine cone seeds experiment 1854:32-35 Pine cone mobile, how to make using cones, thread and glue (Primary) 1557:58 What are the seeds in pine cones experiment 1751:75 Where are the seeds in a pine cone experiment 1854:32-35 PINHOLE CAMERA. See also CAMERAS; PHOTOGRAPHY How does a camera see the world experiment 1844:102-103 How to make from a shoe box 1660:18-19 PINWHEELS Make from cardboard and paper towel tube 1745:29-31 Make from paper and drinking straw, how to do 1868:unp

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Pinwheel powers windmill model experiment 2000:132-133 What make a pinwheel turn experiment 1831:52 PITCH. See also SOUND—PITCH PITFALL TRAPS Bug pit to catch bugs on the ground, how to make 2025:8-9 Pit trap captures small crawling animals during night or day experiment 1571:4-6 Pit trap to collect small animals experiment, how to make from wood and glass jar 1546:24-26 Pitfall trap to catch mini beast ground crawlers, how to make 1689:12-13 Pitfall trap to catch small animals, how to make 1643:26-27 Pitfall trap to catch small insects and ground creatures, how to make 1572:45 Pitfall trap to catch small insects, how to make 1973:29 Pitfall traps used to study daily activity of small animals projects 1583:42-45 Pitfall traps used to study dispersal and distribution of small animals project 1583:45-47 PLANARIANS Aquatic planarians, how to keep and observe them 2021:89-93 Collecting and keeping planarians, how to do 1930:36-37 Land planarians, how to keep and observe them 2021:94-97 Regeneration of single planarian gives two new planarians experiment 1571:120-121 PLANETARIUM. See also ORRERY Cereal box planetarium, how to make 2038:48-49 Design and build a planetarium, how to do 1533:20-21 Make planetarium from flashlight and milk carton experiment (Primary) 1557:67 Miniature planetarium, how to make from potato chip can 2040:161-162 Planetarium from oatmeal box, how to make 1627:18-20 Planetarium to view stars, how to make from shoe box and flashlight 1847:190-192 PLANETS Activities to study the planets and solar system 2026:56-86 Angle of tilt of planets experiment using clay balls, toothpicks and protractor 1935:58-59 Binary Sun system experiment shows how differently substances would heat it two Suns were in sky above planet 1534:23-26

Binary Sun system experiment to observe heating of Earth by using two model Suns 1534:27-30 Blue and red suns experiment to observe heating temperatures of actual land forms 1534:14-18 Craters; how craters are formed and the different shapes they take experiment 1533:8-9 Data on planets 1960:4 Distance; how far apart are the planets experiment, distance chart given 1737:19 Distances; model to show relative distances of planets from the Sun, how to do 1688:35-50 Gravity keeps planets in orbits around the Sun experiment 2050:35 Gravity makes planets into balls experiment with modeling clay 1707:37 How long does it take each of the nine planets to go around the Sun experiment 1935:50-51 Jupiter; model of Jupiter’s storm surface experiment 1705:23 Jupiter; why Jupiter bulges as it spins experiment 1974:16-17 Mars experiment, test for signs of life, similar to space probe tests 1705:19 Mars; iron filings in water demonstrate rust on Mars experiment 1974:17 Mars; recreate effects of erosion to understand how Mars surface became the way it is experiment 1533:6-7 Mathematical model of universe and planets information 1610:43-47 Mobile of planets made from pompoms, how to do 2049:8-10 Mobile of planets shows relative distance and size, papier mache, making 1599:11-13 Mobile of planets, patterns given 1835:38-42 Models; papier mache planet models, how to make 1970:213 Observing the planets with binoculars experiment 1737:20-21 Orbits of planets, how to draw 1960:11-12 Path; model demonstrates path of the planets around the Sun 1850:9-12 Put the planets in order project, how to do 1688:8-15 Red giant Sun experiment; observe simple convection cycle generated by model “red Sun” 1534:3-6 Rotation of the night sky and of Earth experiment 1533:28-29 Satellite; what keeps a satellite in orbit around a planet experiment 1851:36-37 Saturn; flip the rings on Saturn game, how to make 2049:12-13

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Scale model of planets, how to make 1960:5-7 Sizes; salad to demonstrate relative sizes of planets in solar system, how to make 1633:82 Sizes; what do planets look like experiment showing relative sizes of all planets 1737:18 Ultraviolet Sun and evaporation of moisture from land forms experiment 1534:10-13 Ultraviolet Sun and heating and cooling of various land forms experiment 1534:7-9 Venus; heating of atmosphere of Venus due to friction from blowing dust experiment 1534:19-22 Venus; when can you see Venus experiment 1905:34-35 Why are planets so bright in the sky experiment 2054:34-35 PLANKTON Aquatic organism viewed under microscope; how to prepare hanging-drop slide 1583:58-62 Compare animals and plant life found in ponds and streams projects 1583:58-62 Plankton net, how to make from pantyhose and coat hanger 1583:61-62 Water pH affects various kinds of plankton in aquatic environment experiment 1571:49-52 PLANT LICE. See APHIDS PLANTS. See also ALGAE; FLOWERS; FUNGI; MOSSES; ROOTS; SEAWEEDS; SEEDS; SPORES; and Names of Plants Activities to demonstrate several aspects of plant life 1769:1-32 Eat major parts of different plants, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:48-69 Edible plants and fruits, Venn diagram game 1875:61-69 Parts of plants have specific functions, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:48-69 Primary science activities with plants 1931:90-93 Project ideas with plants 1876:91-92 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:87-90 PLANTS—ACID RAIN Acid rain effect on plant growth experiment 1638:62-65 Plants can’t grow with vinegar acid water experiment 1750:14-15 PLANTS—AIR POLLUTANTS How do plants respond to air pollution experiment 1742:40-42 Photosynthesis can’t take place in polluted air and plant dies experiment 1603:61

Plant leaves covered by pollutant such as petroleum jelly can’s breathe and die experiment 1603:61 PLANTS—AUXINS. See also PLANTS— HORMONES PLANTS—BACTERIA Nitrogen-fixing bacteria; where can you find it experiment 1934:80-82 PLANTS—CAPILLARY ACTION Celery and flowers demonstrate water flow up plant stems experiment 2036:18-19 Celery stalk and food colorings demonstrate how plants feed themselves experiment 1864:166 Celery stalk in colored water experiment 1970:83 Celery stalk in colored water turns red experiment 1740:28-29 Celery stalks demonstrate upward movement of water in plant stem experiment 1984:66-68 Celery stalks in colored water demonstrate capillary action experiment 1707:76-77 Celery stalks in colored water demonstrate capillary action experiment 1750:12-13 Colored water demonstrates how water moves up through plant experiment 1934:54-56 Colored water moves up celery stems experiment 1944:15 Flowers turn red, white and blue experiment with white flowers and food colorings 1918:109-110 How does water move throughout a plant experiment 1742:14-18 How does water travel in plant experiment with celery stalk in colored water 1843:26-27 Plant drinks water experiment with white carnation in red and blue water 1650:30 Plants eat through tubes in plants experiment 1906:87-88 Red rose grows, magic trick demonstrates capillary action 1719:10-11 Stalk of celery in ink colored water demonstrates water traveling through tubes in plant stem 1544:30 White carnation in glass of colored water demonstrates capillary action in plants experiment 1640:26-27 PLANTS—CARBON DIOXIDE Plants are air filters; they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen experiment 1528:163 PLANTS—CELLS Demonstrate difference between plant cell and tissue with plant models 1854:4-7 Freezing temperatures harm plants experiment 1672:69-71

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PLANTS—ENERGY SOURCES Can fuel be made from plant materials experiment 1787:90-94 Can water be heated with composting plant material experiment 1787:82-85 Do plants store energy experiment 1787:86-89 PLANTS—EROSION. See also EROSION Plants slow down soil erosion experiment with grass seed in pans of soil 1603:20-21 PLANTS—EVAPORATION Evapo-transpiration demonstration with plastic bag tied around leafy end of tree branch 1797:20 PLANTS—FERNS. See also FERNS PLANTS—FERTILIZERS Compost replaces or supplements commercial fertilizers experiment 1569:58-63 Natural fertilizers (compost) replace synthetic fertilizers experiment 1569:32-36 Plant mineral nutrient deficiency symptoms experiment 1638:115-119 PLANTS—FLOWERS. See also FLOWERS PLANTS—FREEZING Freeze leaves from lettuce plant, rhododendron or evergreen plant experiment, which one survives 1546:34 Freezing temperatures harm plants experiment 1672:69-71 What happens to plants in freezing weather experiment 1739:10 PLANTS—FRUITS AND SEEDS. See also SEEDS—FRUIT PLANTS—GEOTROPISM. See also PLANTS— TROPISMS PLANTS—GERMINATION. See also SEEDS— GERMINATION Peek-a-boo planter experiment 1818:45 PLANTS—GRAFTS Graft tomato and potato plant together with bubble gum project 1864:169-170 Grafting cactus plants experiment 1631:14-16 Grafting head of one cactus to body of another cactus experiment 1998:111 Will similar plants graft together experiment with cacti plants 1742:19-21 PLANTS—GRAVITY Gravity affects plant growth experiment with pinto beans 2054:44-45 Grow a crooked plant experiment 1984:62-65 What happens to plant that is turned on its side or at an angle experiment 1984:62-65

Gelatin model of plant cell experiment 1854:4-7 Plant cells in thin film of onion skin experiment 1546:11 PLANTS—CHLOROPHYLL. See also CHLOROPHYLL Algae presence in soils experiment 1570:140-141 Find the chlorophyll in coleus leaf experiment 1815:22 Green vegetables become brown when cooked experiment 1672:74-77 Growing grass in light and dark experiment 1984:53 Pigment absorbs and transmits colors of light experiment; measure with spectrophotometer you make 1854:19 Rate at which chlorophyll breaks down in covered grass experiment 1854:22-23 Why are plant leaves green experiment 1854:16-19 Why does green grass turn yellow experiment 1854:20-23 PLANTS—CLASSIFICATION Collect specimens of flowers, seeds and leaves; sort, label and preserve experiment 1802:50-53 Plant classification chart to use for data on plants 1645:29 PLANTS—CLONING Clone or root flowering plants experiment 1984:17-20 Plant cloning used effectively by produce growers experiment 1539:56-57 PLANTS—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION Plaster of Paris plant imprints, how to make 1670:24 PLANTS—COLOR Four colored lights effect on growth of lima bean seedlings experiment 1934:50 PLANTS—COMMUNICATION Can we communicate with plants experiment 1843:22-23 PLANTS—DISEASES Cancer; how effective is beta carotene in fighting cancer in plants experiment 1539:58-63 PLANTS—DYES. See also DYES Dye sheets of light paper with vegetable dyes experiment 1551:27 Make dyes from plants experiment 1876:132 PLANTS—ELECTRICITY Do plants grow better with electricity, simple project 1876:82-90

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What happens to seedlings when they are turned upside down experiment 1984:75-76 PLANTS—GROWTH Acid rain effect on plant growth experiment 1638:62-65 Artificial light effect on growing plants experiment 1742:72-74 Banana plant from seeds, how to grow 1695:12-13 Bean plants affected by ultraviolet light from ozone depletion experiment 1569:96-101 Bean plants grow and climb in flower pot experiment 1695:8-9 Bean plants growth harmed by direct contact with acid rain experiment 1569:67-73 Bean seeds sprout and grow into plants experiment 1650:28-29 Bean seeds strength experiment 1603:56 Beans; can bean plants get too much water experiment 1651:134-135 Beans; do nutrients affect germination starting time experiment 1854:44-47 Beans; do same size lima beans grow at same rate experiment 1651:114-115 Beans; does depth of seed planting affect germination starting time experiment 1854:44-47 Beans; does light affect germination starting time experiment 1854:44-47 Beans; how long does it take pinto beans to start growing experiment 1854:44-47 Beans; where do plants come from experiment, examine inside of bean seeds 1906:84-86 Carbon dioxide lack affects plant growth experiment 1638:79-83 Climate conditions best for germination experiment 1528:139 Climates; how plants adapt to climates experiment 1528:138-139 Crowded plants don’t grow well experiment with radishes 1651:110-111 Dark and Sun affect plant growth experiment 1616:14-15 Dark; how much do plants grow in the dark 2003:42-43 Darkness effect on green plants experiment 1587:85-87 Darkness; compare growth of two plants, one in sunlight and one in permanent darkness experiment 2003:44-45 Desert wind-driven sand slowed down by trees experiment, make model 1528:144 Detergent effect on plant growth experiment 1569:91-95

Difference between mud and soil for growing plants experiment 1631:26-28 Different ways to grow plants from seeds, bulbs and cuttings experiment 1802:54-55 Earthworms in soil improve the health of plants experiment 1652:36 Earthworms turn leaves into soil experiment 1528:150 Ethylene gas affects plant growth experiment 1569:133-137 Fertilizer; do plants grow better with soluble or controlled release fertilizer experiment 1638:103-106 Flower plants grow better in composted soil experiment 1987:56-57 Geotropism; how does gravity affect plant growth experiment 1566:14-17 Grow a dirt garden from soil sample experiment 1655:40-41 Grow plant on kitchen sponge experiment 1831:77 Growth hormones experiment; can you make a plant grow straight 1569:127-132 Houseplant fertilizers that produces best plant growth experiment 1638:95-98 How plants grow in different kinds of soil experiment 2014:232-233 Lawnmowers; compare growing sprout and grass seedlings to see how grass survives cutting by lawnmower 1546:30 Leaching; amount of leaching affects growth of potted plants experiment 1638:58-61 Leaves affect plant growth experiment 1742:69-71 Light amount affects growth of young plant experiment 1984:98-99 Light; plant model demonstrates plants need light experiment 1528:139 Maze; plant grows toward light through cardboard maze experiment 1818:30-31 Measure root and stem growth experiment 1802:56-57 Mini-greenhouse to grow plants, how to make 1894:24-25 Moonlight effect on plant growth experiment 1998:18-19 Nitrogen fixer effect on growth of a legume experiment 1570:137-139 Nitrogen; plants grown in nitrogen poor soil versus plants grown in nitrogen rich soil experiment 1826:17 Nutrients important to the growth of plants experiment 1690:9 Oasis model demonstrates how water collects and seeds grow experiment 1528:145

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PLANTS—HUMIDITY Nature’s hygrometer, the pine cone opens and closes with changes in humidity experiment 1528:168 PLANTS—HUMUS THEORY Repeat Van Helmont’s humus theory experiment 1984:104-105 PLANTS—HYDROPONICS. See also HYDROPONICS Make a hydroponics garden and watch plants grow experiment 1750:10-11 Water temperature affects hydroponics plant growth experiment 1569:37-42 PLANTS—INSECT REPELLENTS Garlic spray, how to make and apply 1830:49 PLANTS—INSECT PESTS. See also INSECTS— GARDEN PESTS PLANTS—INSECTS How insects use plants for food and protection experiment 1569:138-141 PLANTS—LEAVES Colors in plant leaves experiment using chromatography to show colors 1707:80-81 Food (starch) in leaves, how to measure experiment 1984:48-50 Gases released from leaf stomata experiment 1528:40 Number of stomata on bottom of leaf experiment 1984:54-56 Plant leaf under microscope experiment 2027:37-38 Plants need air experiment with petroleum jelly 1655:36-37 Veins or lines running through leaves have different arrangement (venation) experiment 1984:45-47 PLANTS—LICE. See APHIDS PLANTS—LICHENS. See also LICHENS PLANTS—LIGHT Artificial light effect on growing plants experiment 1742:72-74 Bean seedling affected by absence of light experiment 1854:76-79 Collecting light to benefit plant growth experiment 2045:68 Color of light affects growth of bean seedlings experiment using colored cellophane 1854:79 Covering leaf of plant with envelope demonstrates that plants need light experiment 1551:8 Distance from light source affects amount of light plant gets experiment 1854:68-71

Physically stimulating plants increases plant growth experiment 1569:121-126 Potting soils; effect of different types of potting soils on plant growth experiment 1638:92-94 Radish; do radish seedlings always grow toward light experiment 1651:122-123 Rate of growth; plants grow at different rates experiment, beans, corn, pumpkin, radish etc. 1582:21-22 Salination; saltwater on soil surface kills plants experiment 1528:150-151 Salty sea water kills land plants experiment 1784:14 Sea water; can distilled sea water be used to water plants experiment 1569:54-57 Seeds; how can plants grow without seeds experiment 1843:12-13 Soil pH effect on plant growth experiment 1638:99-102 Soil; best soil for raising crops experiment 1550:5 Soil; how do different soils affect plant growth experiment 1742:78-80 Soil; microbes in different types of soil experiment 1570:142-143 Space; plants need space in order to grow properly experiment 1603:50 Strength of plants experiment 1603:55 Sunlight affects plant growth experiment with sweet potatoes 1742:49-51 Temperate climate deciduous plants during drought experiment 1528:140 Temperate climate plants affected by drying wind and saltwater experiment 1528:141 Temperate climate plants damaged by frost experiment 1528:141 Terrarium; plants grow in plastic bottle terrarium experiment 1831:71 Tropical climate plants coping with too much water experiment 1528:142 Watch growth of roots and shoots experiment 1603:44 Water drainage affect on plant growth project 2012:162-173 What plants need experiment with corn seeds 1815:9 What plants need in order to grow experiment with lima beans 1843:24-25 What plants need to grow experiments 1831:72-73 Worm castings experiment with growing plants; which grow best 1760:114 PLANTS—HORMONES. See also AUXINS

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Bean plants growing in sunlight and dark closet demonstrate photosynthesis experiment 1640:33 Beans; grow curly beans by changing light source experiment 1973:80 Can plant live without light experiment with bean plant in closed box 1945:48-50 Carbon dioxide lack affects plant growth experiment 1638:79-83 Climate conditions best for germination experiment 1528:139 Colors plants prefer for photosynthesis experiment 2048:64-66 Cover plant leaf with aluminum foil to demonstrate that plant needs the Sun 1707:68 Cress plants grown in light and in dark experiment 1907:23 Environmental conditions affect rate of photosynthesis in leaf disks experiment 1638:70-74 Grass seeds need light experiment with box and jar coverings 1582:23-24 Investigate what happens to plants in absence of sunlight experiment 1758:85 Leaves blocks out sunshine needed by plant leaves to produce food experiment 1884:8-10 Oxygen bubbles from pond weeds in inverted glass of water experiment 1551:10 Plant in box grows toward light experiment 1750:16-17 Plant model demonstrates plants need light experiment 1528:139 Plants can live without animals experiment with plant in jar experiment 1848:56-59 Plants combine carbon dioxide and water in presence of light to produce food and oxygen experiment 1984:51-52 Plants need light for photosynthesis to take place experiment 1612:103-104 Plants with different systems of photosynthesis compete with each other experiment 1638:84-87 Tattoo a plant’s leaves to demonstrate photosynthesis experiment 2041:8-9 Three major types of photosynthesis, C-D, C-4 and CAM experiment 1638:84-87 What happens when a leaf cannot photosynthesize experiment 1742:55-58 Will plant kept in dark survive with one minute of light per day experiment 1934:50 PLANTS—PHOTOTROPISM. See also PLANTS— TROPISMS Bean plant grows toward light in box maze experiment 1582:25-26

How grass seedlings respond to light experiment 1851:50-51 Photosynthesis; plants need light for photosynthesis to take place experiment 1612:103-104 Phototropism; do roots show positive or negative phototropism experiment 1854:72-75 Phototropism; grass seedling response to light experiment 1854:72-75 PLANTS—MOVEMENT. See also PLANTS—VINES PLANTS—MUSIC Compare effects of singing, yelling and storytelling on growth of basil plants experiment 1651:155 PLANTS—NUTRIENTS. See also FERTILIZERS; PLANTS—FERTILIZERS Nutrients important to the growth of plants experiment 1690:9 PLANTS—OSMOSIS. See also OSMOSIS Celery stalks in sugar, colored and plain water experiment 1582:27-28 How flower drinks water experiment with flower in colored water 1831:80 How plants take in nutrients experiment using celery stalk in food coloring 1568:56 Plants transport water from the roots to the leaves experiment 1758:86 Potato in sugar water demonstrates osmosis 1918:109 Stalk of celery in red food coloring experiment 1603:47 PLANTS—OXYGEN Can hydroponics plants be grown without bubbling air through the solution experiment 1638:111 Collect oxygen released from underwater plant experiment 1826:8-9 Elodea aquatic plants produce oxygen experiment 1603:51 Green plants make oxygen experiment 1707:71 How oxygen is made in oceans, lake and ponds experiment 1752:38 Hydroponics; how roots in hydroponics get oxygen experiment 1638:109-111 Leaves of plants give off oxygen experiment 1660:48-50 Plants need air experiment with petroleum jelly 1655:36-37 PLANTS—PHOTOSYNTHESIS. See also PHOTOSYNTHESIS Bean plant in box maze grows toward light experiment 1690:7

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Maze; movement of plant growth toward light in box maze experiment 1758:84 Maze; potato in box maze grows towards light experiment 1831:57 Seedlings reach for light experiment 1551:9 PLANTS—PIGMENTS Blue and red plant pigments experiment with acid-base indicator 1637:42 Crush leaves and flowers to dye T-shirt experiment 1856:93 Imprints of plant flowers and leaves on fabric by crushing the plants 2022:117 Is green the only pigment in plants experiment 2048:67-70 Pigment absorbs and transmits colors of light experiment; measure with spectrophotometer you make 18554:19 Plant leaves simmered in water release their pigments experiment, use as indicator for acid and base test 1627:30-32 Separating plant pigments experiment 1915:116-117 Why are plant leaves green experiment 1854:16-19 Yellow and orange pigments in fall leaves are there all year long experiment 1792:25-26 PLANTS—POLLINATION How to pollinate flowers experiment 1916:41 PLANTS—POLLUTION Acid effect on plants experiment using strong acid, weak acid and water 1692:19 Effect of #6 heating oil on Elodea Densa in the aquatic environment experiment 1539:98-99 Harmful chemicals can be drawn into plants we eat experiment 1632:23 PLANTS—POTATOES. See also POTATOES PLANTS—PRESS Collecting and preserving plants, how to do 1930:26-27 Plant press, cardboard, waxed paper, belt, how to make 2046:90 Plywood and cardboard plant press, how to make 1603:62-63 PLANTS—PROPAGATION. See also PLANTS— VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION Cutting from plant produces new plant experiment 1909:12-13 Grow ivy plants and spider plants from cuttings experiment 1695:24-25 Grow new geranium plant from old one experiment 1690:11 Grow new plants from leaves experiment 1742:89-91

Grow new plants from runners and cuttings experiment 1645:25-26 Grow philodendron houseplant from cuttings experiment 1660:60-61 PLANTS—RESPIRATION. See PLANTS— OXYGEN PLANTS—ROOTS Bean seed roots respond to gravity experiment 1546:35 Bone meal effect on plant root growth experiment 1742:81-83 Geotropism; direction roots of a plant grow experiment 1934:39-41 How does water get from carrot roots into stems experiment 1651:106-107 How does water get from celery stalk into its leaflets experiment 1651:108-109 How roots grow experiment with popcorn kernels 1742:10-13 Observe plant roots growing experiment 1603:54 Phototropism; do lima bean roots show positive or negative phototropism experiment 1934:44 Plant roots adapt to soil types in order to grow experiment 1602:31-32 Plants know which way is up experiment with bean seeds 1655:28-29 Power of roots experiment with seeds planted in eggshell 1546:37 Roots hold soil in place experiment 1651:124-125 Seeds send roots down and stems up experiment 1750:4-5 Type of plant root affects erosion experiment 1535:33-35 What happens when tip of root is removed experiment 1984:73-74 Where does growth occur on a root experiment 1984:71-72 Will roots respond to substances in soil experiment 1742:81-83 PLANTS—SEEDS Beans; are other beans as hydrophilic (attract water) as pinto beans experiment 1854:40-43 Beans; do bean seeds imbibe water at a constant rate experiment 1854:40-43 Beans; do other beans and peas develop the same as pinto beans experiment 1854:48-51 Beans; does pressure on bean seeds affect imbibition (water absorption) experiment 1854:40-43 Beans; how does imbibition (water absorption) affect seed coat of bean experiment 1854:40-43

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Celery stalk in colored water demonstrates how plants drink 1856:82-85 Celery stalk in glasses of colored water experiment 1785:44 Celery stalks in colored water experiment 1997:168-169 Collecting water from plants experiment 1895:23 Color celery and flowers experiment 1973:83 Color flower by putting it in food-colored water experiment 1690:13 Demonstrate transpiration with clear plastic bag placed over leaves experiment 1854:15 Do all plants transpire at same rate under different sources of light experiment 1539:53-55 Food coloring shows where water goes up flower stems experiment 1546:7 How does water move through a leaf experiment 1851:46-47 How does water move through a leaf experiment 1854:12-15 How leaves put water vapor into the air experiment 1592:29 How much water a plant sucks up experiment 2034:9 How plants drink experiment with celery stalk in colored water 1555:5 How wind, humidity and closing the stomata affect transpiration experiment 1638:54-57 Leaves help pull water up from roots through plant stem experiment 1879:50-51 Loss of water from a plant through its leaves experiment 1984:57-58 Measure amount of transpiration of potted plant experiment 1638:54-57 Observe transpiration as water leaves plant through its leaves experiment 1742:75-77 Plant drinks water experiment with white carnation in red and blue water 1650:30 Plant gives off water through its stomata experiment 1660:53-55 Plants eat through tubes in plants experiment 1906:87-88 Plants take water in through roots and stems, flower in colored water experiment 1528:41 Plants transport water from the roots to the leaves experiment 1758:86 Plastic bag over potted plant collects water drops from leaves experiment 1551:11 Rate at which potted plant loses water experiment 1693:22 Rate of transpiration in potted plants exposed to different conditions experiment 1638:54-57

Beans; how does pinto bean seedling develop experiment 1854:48 Beans; how does water affect pinto bean seeds experiment 1854:40-43 Beans; rate of growth for hypcotyl experiment 1854:48-51 Beans; what’s on the outside of a pinto bean experiment 1854:36-39 Beans; which part of embryo in pinto bean seed develops first experiment 1854:36-39 How do plants make seeds and fruit experiment 1854:28-31 Humidity and heat effect on pine cone seeds experiment 1854:32-35 Pine cone; where are the seeds in a pine cone experiment 1854:32-35 PLANTS—STARCH Determine condition required for starch to form in leaves experiment 1638:75-78 Starch test for photosynthesis experiment 1815:44 Test for starch in leaves experiment 1638:75-78 PLANTS—STEMS. See also STEMS How do grass stems grow experiment 1854:60-63 How do pinto bean plant stems grow experiment 1854:56-58 Stems rate of growth the same during day and night experiment 1854:56-58 Succulent cells of dandelion experiment 1959:140-141 Where does growth occur on a stem experiment 1984:69-70 PLANTS—STOMATA Determine the number and location of stomata on several types of leaves experiment 1638:50-53 Number of stomata on bottom of leaf experiment 1984:54-56 Water vapor released from plants leaves experiment 1603:49 Weigh five coleus plants for water loss experiment 1984:59-61 PLANTS—TOUCH STIMULI. See also PLANTS— TROPISM; THIGMOTROPISM PLANTS—TOUCHING Physically stimulating plants increases plant growth experiment 1569:121-126 PLANTS—TRANSPIRATION Amount of transpiration varies in different plants experiment 1851:47 Catching the water that plants transpire through their leaves experiment 1528:41

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Stalk of celery in red food coloring experiment 1603:47 Transpiration or water loss in plants project 1729:221-222 Twigs; removing leaves on twigs affects ability to transpire water experiment 1875:75-77 Water amount given off by leaves experiment 1546:8 Water evaporates out of openings in leaves called stomata experiment 1582:28-29 Water evaporation rate from leaves affects water movement speed through plants experiment 1854:14-15 Water loss through a leaf experiment 1546:8 Water vapor condenses on plastic surface placed over plant experiment 1944:15 Weigh five coleus plants for water loss experiment 1984:59-61 When do plants give off moisture experiment 1905:91-94 PLANTS—TRAVELING. See SEEDS—DISPERSAL PLANTS—TROPISMS. See also CHEMOTROPISM; GEOTROPISM; GRAVITROPISM; HELIOTROPISM; HYDROTROPISM; PLANTS—GROWTH; PHOTOTROPISM; THIGMOTROPISM Can a lima bean plant move experiment 1934:45-47 Geotropism; bean seed roots respond to gravity experiment 1546:35 Geotropism; direction roots of a plant grow experiment 1934:39-41 Geotropism; gravity affects plant growth experiment with beans in clear jar experiment 1582:34-35 Geotropism; gravity affects plant growth of pinto beans experiment 1854:80-83 Geotropism; gravity effect on seeds project 1729:215-216 Geotropism; how does gravity affect plant growth experiment 1566:14-17 Geotropism; plant grows in response to gravity experiment 1820:24-25 Geotropism; potted plant bends away from gravity, negative geotropism experiment 2037:257 Geotropism; seeds send roots down and stems up experiment 1750:4-5 Geotropism; stems and roots affected by gravity as they grow experiment 1854:82-83 Heliotropism; green shoots from bean sprouts in jar demonstrate heliotropism and geotropism 1972:29 Hydrotropism; root growth in response to water project 1729:217-218

Phototropism experiment with bean plant growing in box 1602:38-39 Phototropism experiment, plant follows maze to seek light 1742:92-94 Phototropism; bean plant climbs through hole in box as it reaches for light experiment 1546:33 Phototropism; bean plant grows in shoe box toward light experiment 1740:26-27 Phototropism; bean plant grows through maze in shoe box towards light experiment 2037:257 Phototropism; can plants grow around obstacles or in a maze experiment 1734:34-35 Phototropism; demonstrate with hanging plant turned upside down 1602:60-61 Phototropism; do lima bean roots show positive or negative phototropism experiment 1934:44 Phototropism; do roots show positive or negative phototropism experiment 1854:72-75 Phototropism; grass seedling response to light experiment 1854:72-75 Phototropism; how can a plant a “maze” you experiment 1843:28-29 Phototropism; how far will plant stems bend in response to light experiment 1851:51 Phototropism; leaves on geranium plant turn toward light experiment 1934:42-44 Phototropism; maze box with plant growing toward light experiment 1729:213-214 Phototropism; plant grows through maze toward light in rain forest experiment 1944:29 Phototropism; plant grows toward light in box maze experiment 2044:23 Phototropism; plant grows toward light in shoe box maze experiment 1987:24-25 Phototropism; plant grows toward light in shoe box maze experiment 1998:25 Phototropism; plant grows toward Sun experiment 1953:164 Phototropism; plant in a box grows toward light experiment 1851:51 Phototropism; plant in black box grows toward light experiment 1826:7 Phototropism; plant reaches for sunlight through maze experiment 2014:235 Phototropism; plants always grow toward the Sun experiment 1660:50-52 Phototropism; plants grow toward light experiment 1603:52 Phototropism; plants wrapped in sponges tied upside down grows toward light experiment 1603:53 Phototropism; positive and negative phototropism experiment 1851:51

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PLANTS—VEGATATIVE PROPAGATION. See also PLANTS—PROPAGATION Rooting plant leaf, how to do 1836:22-23 Rooting tip cuttings, how to do 1836:23-24 African violet plant grows from cutting experiment 1555:27 Coleus plant grows from cutting experiment 1555:28 Grow new vegetables from roots and stems experiment 1742:86-88 New plant from plant cutting experiment 1934:51-53 Succulents grow from cuttings, how to do 1862:12-13 PLANTS—VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION Cloning plants experiment; grow plants from cuttings 1915:119-122 Cuttings in soil or water grow new plants experiment 1546:43 Growing plants from vegetables experiment 1831:76 PLANTS—VINES. See also VINES PLANTS—WATER Cuticle keeps plants from losing too much water experiment 1854:10-11 Desert wind-driven sand slowed down by trees experiment, make model 1528:144 How does water move through moss experiment 1854:8-12 Sea water; can distilled sea water be used to water plants experiment 1569:54-57 Seeds cannot grow into plants without water experiment 1948:17 Temperate climate deciduous plants during drought experiment 1528:140 Temperate climate plants affected by drying wind and saltwater experiment 1528:141 Temperate climate plants damaged by frost experiment 1528:141 Transport of water by the vascular system in plants stems project 1729:219-220 Tropical climate plants coping with too much water experiment 1528:142 PLANTS—WATER POLLUTANTS. See also WATER—POLLUTION PLANTS—WEAVING Woven mats from reed and rush leaves, how to do 1967:188-189 PLASTER CASTS. See also CASTS; TRACKS AND TRAILING Animal; making cast of animal tracks project 1583:49-53

Animal; modeling clay and plaster of Paris casts of tracks, how to make 1630:42-44 Animal; plaster cast of animal tracks, how to make 1546:71 Animal; plaster casts of animal footprints, how to make 1973:32-33 Animal; plaster of Paris track casts, how to make 1810:29 Animal; preserve animal tracks with plaster of Paris experiment 1566:6-9 Fish; plaster cast of fish using plaster of Paris experiment, how to do 1550:107-110 Footprints; plaster casts of footprints found in mud, how to make 1591:29 Fossil; how to make a fossil cast using modeling clay and plaster of Paris experiment 1816:33 Make plaster casts from modeling clay and plaster of Paris 1866:20 Make plaster forms from a mold like archaeologists do experiment 1771:55-56 Plaster of Paris mixed in plastic bag, how to do 1785:57 PLASTER OF PARIS Rock sculpture demonstrates chemistry of plaster of Paris experiment 1667:9-10 Salt added to plaster of Paris makes it harden faster experiment 1667:11-12 PLASTIC WRAPS Compare the plastic wraps that keep food fresh experiment 1540:68-69 Plastic food wrap as an insulator experiment 1540:75 PLASTICS Casein in milk makes plastic experiment 2001:146-150 Create your own plastic and make a plastic toy 1953:48 Differences between high-density and low-density polyethylene experiment 1675:14-16 Environmental effects on the biodegradability of plastic bags, paper bags and newspapers experiment 1539:104-105 Heat effect on polystyrene experiment 1840:151-156 Hot water; how does hot water change different plastics experiment 1672:80-82 How does plastic bag get stronger as you stretch it experiment 1672:83-85 Make plastic from milk and vinegar experiment 1710:43 Make simulated plastic foam experiment 1848:150-151 Metal is colder to hand than Styrofoam experiment 1577:18-20

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PLUMB LINE What is a plumb line experiment 1753:50 PLUNKETT, ROY J. Teflon frying pan compared to ordinary frying pan experiment 1771:98-99 PLUTO. See also PLANETS PNEUMATIC MACHINES Magic trick mouse rises out of hole experiment 1715:16-17 Marble and two plastic bags demonstrate pneumatic machine experiment 1831:43 Rabbit pops out of a box trick experiment 1831:50-51 POLAR BEARS Why fur helps polar bear survive experiment 1805:97 POLAR BIOMES How skin covering protects animals from the cold experiment 1848:86-89 POLARIS. See also NORTH STAR How Polaris appears to be in different positions experiment 1847:69-72 Position of the star Polaris used to determine latitude of your home experiment 1850:25-29 POLARISCOPE Polarization and stress analysis of airplane window experiment 1539:160-162 POLARIZATION OF LIGHT Why sky is blue and sunsets are red experiment 1578:3-7 POLARIZED GLASSES Polarizing material sunglasses experiment 2028:42-43 Polarizing sunglasses reduce glare when polarizing lenses are oriented properly experiment 1578:90-93 Show how polarizing sunglasses block polarized light experiment 1532:121 Stress test in materials using polarized sunglasses experiment 1959:52-53 POLARIZED LIGHT Polarized experiment; is scattered light from the sky polarized 1612:84-86 Polarized light mosaic experiment; make stained glass window without glass 1578:84-89 Polarized light passing through sugar water rotates to reveal beautiful colors experiment 1578:94-99 Polarized light reveals stress patterns in clear plastic and bones experiment 1578:8-11 Polarized waves on a rope experiment 1612:80-83

Milk and vinegar plastic, how to make and compare decomposition with petroleum plastic 1864:77-78 Mold image into piece of plastic experiment 1675:47-49 Physical properties difference in high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene terephtahalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS) experiment 1840:143-149 Plant holder; plastic bottle plant holder, how to make 1691:29 Plastic and non-plastic experiment; compare rate of decomposition 1965:11-13 Plastic blobber is moldable and flexible, how to make 2001:151-155 Plastic from milk and vinegar experiment 2022:105 Shrink plastic or shrinkable polystyrene experiment 1613:87-96 Stress; polarized light reveals stress patterns in clear plastic and bones experiment 1578:8-11 Styrofoam cup shrivels or melts experiment using nail polish remover 1879:12-14 Temperature affects stiffness and flexibility of polymers and plastics 1675:54-56 Temperature; what happens to two different types of plastics at high temperatures experiment 1675:40-43 Thermosetting plastic spoon bends magic trick experiment 1717:16-17 Thin layer of air trapped between two pieces of Plexiglas produces rainbow colored interference patterns experiment 1578:12-15 PLATE TECTONICS How plate tectonics cause Earth’s crust to change experiment 1817:10 Simulate movements of shifting plates with modeling clay experiment 1550:118 PLATELETS. See also BLOOD PLAY DOUGH World’s best play dough recipe 1970:311 PLAYGROUNDS Playground physics, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:167-173 PLIMSOLL LINE Chart of Plimsoll Line 1596:29 Chart of Plimsoll Line for ships 1838:29 PLIMSOLL, SAMUEL Size and shape of boat, salt or freshwater determines boat’s ability to float and carry most weight experiment 1630:18-20

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Seeing colors in plastic with polarized light experiment 1675:23-26 POLE STAR. See POLARIS POLLEN Ancient climates information; examine pollen grain experiment 1528:155 Compare pollen grains from different flowers and tree cones experiment 1593:69-70 Pollen from different flowers, how to collect and compare experiment 2025:42-43 Trap to catch pollen in the air experiment 1894:21 POLLINATION. See also BEES—POLLINATION; PLANTS—POLLINATION How to pollinate flowers experiment 1916:41 POLLS What’s your favorite kind of bread poll 1668:20-21 POLLUTION Plastic and non-plastic experiment; compare rate of decomposition 1965:11-13 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:157-159 POLLUTION—AIR. See also AIR—POLLUTION POLLUTION—NOISE. See also NOISE— POLLUTION POLLUTION—OIL. See also OIL SPILLS POLLUTION—WATER. See also WATER— POLLUTION POLYETHYLENE What is polyethylene experiment 1844:38 POLYMERS Breaking down a polymer experiment with balloons 1675:44-46 Casein in milk makes plastic experiment 2001:146-150 Change length of polymer or rubber band by stretching it experiment 1675:50-53 Changes in length, width and mass of grow creatures in various salt solutions experiment 1840:221-228 Comparing heat insulation of polymer, polystyrene cup and styrofoam cup experiment 1675:33-35 Cornstarch and heat change liquid into pudding experiment 2001:128-129 Differences between high-density and low-density polyethylene experiment 1675:14-16 Flour; using a polymer present in flour to thicken a liquid experiment 1675:27-29 Gluep, polymer putty materials, used to investigate sense of touch experiment 1790:71-77

Heat changes some large molecules experiment 1672:92-94 How does heat affect wrinkles in clothing experiment 1672:86-89 How does hot water change different plastics experiment 1672:80-82 How does plastic bag get stronger as you stretch it experiment 1672:83-85 Jiggling gelatin worms demonstrate a colloid gel experiment 2001:124-127 Make plastic from milk and vinegar experiment 1710:43 Marshmallows are a squishy polymer gel, how to make 1667:40-42 Nonstick polymer, Teflon, experiment 1675:20-22 Observe polymer alligators that expand in water and salt’s effect on growing process 1613:97-106 Odor moving through a polymer plastic bag experiment 1675:30-32 Plastic Blobber is moldable and flexible, how to make 2001:151-155 Play plastic, how to make 1754:27 Polymer model necklace experiment 2001:154 Properties of Silly Putty experiments 1840:203-207 Salt concentration effect on grow creatures experiment 1840:221-228 Silly Putty can act as both a solid and liquid experiment 1675:17-19 Super absorbent polymer absorbs liquid experiment 1675:12-13 Super absorber polymers in disposable diapers experiment 1840:221-228 Temperature affects stiffness and flexibility of polymers and plastics 1675:54-56 Water-loving and water-fearing polymers in fabrics experiment 1675:9-11 POMANDERS Pomander ball from fruits and spices, how to make 1651:202-203 PONDS. See also FRESHWATER; LAKES; STREAMS Build a pond, how to do 1973:62-63 Build pond from plastic sheet for backyard animals 2024:58-59 Build pond using large tough plastic sheet experiment 1723:29 Cold current differences in temperature move water experiment 1752:108 Diorama of pond; plants and animals, how to make 1811:36

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Compare pond water, filtered water and tap water to see how many microscopic plants they contain experiment 1546:16 Diatoms differences in types found in ponds and streams 1570:99-100 Life in a drop of water experiment 1794:32-33 Living things found in pond water experiment 1751:21 Microscopic organisms in pond water collected and examined under microscope 1661:1-84 Muck from pond bottom experiment, examine for living creatures 1811:27 Plankton net to catch tiny water creatures, how to make 1973:56-57 Pond water microorganism zoo, how to set up 1661:10-11 PONDS—PLANTS Duckweed; how to grow duckweed in pond water experiment 1692:10 PONDS—POLLUTION Damaging effect of phosphate detergents on freshwater plant and animal life experiment 1864:163-164 Detergent phosphates effect on pond water experiment 1965:63-66 Filter dirty pond water through flowerpot filled with charcoal, sand and gravel 1546:14 Test rain water, pond water and vinegar for acidity 1546:21 The great American lawn and pristine water; can they coexist experiment 1539:93-94 POPCORN Do birds prefer popped or unpopped corn experiment 1540:78 Grow popcorn seed experiment 1970:305 How to plant and grow popcorn experiment 1757:76-77 Senses used to investigate and enjoy popcorn experiment 1790:186-188 Taste tester; does all plain popcorn taste alike experiment 1651:136-137 Water content of various popcorn brands experiment 2048:108 Water; measure moisture that causes popcorn to pop experiment 2045:56-57 What makes popcorn pop experiment 2048:105-106 Which is best, frozen or room temperature popcorn project 2012:43-48 Which weighs more? Popped or unpopped corn experiment 1938:8-9 Why does popcorn pop experiment 1804:41-43

Make and stock a small pond 1652:9-10 Make pond from heavy plastic sheet, soil, plants and water 1759:21 Mini pond to observe interaction of plants and animals, how to make 1826:34-35 Mini-pond for wildlife project, how to make 1794:59-61 Mini-pond, how to make using bucket, water, plants and rocks 1546:20 Plankton net, how to make from pantyhose and coat hanger 1583:61-62 Pond creatures under floating leaves observation 1811:17 Wind movement of water called surface current experiment 1752:107 PONDS—ALGAE Eutrophication; fertilizers in pond water cause increased growth of algae in pond experiment 1826:41 PONDS—ANIMALS Do pond animals have any preference between light and dark experiment 1652:112 Do pond animals prefer open water or water with submerged plants experiment 1652:105 Does darkness affect the ability of predators to catch their prey experiment 1652:112 Experiments with pond animals; data sheets given 1652:103-112 Life in a pond, how to observe and collect 1723:13 Pond dipping with net to investigate life in pond experiment 1689:26 Prey animals survive when pond plants are present experiment 1652:106-108 Trap underwater animals with lighted lure experiment, funnel, flashlight, glass jar, plastic pipe and string 1546:17 Will predators eat less of one type of prey if other types of prey are present experiment 1652:108-112 PONDS—ECOSYSTEMS Can pond life survive without water experiment 1569:111-115 Compare animals and plant life found in ponds and streams projects 1583:58-62 Jar ponds show interrelationship of plants and animals, how to make 1550:174-175 PONDS—INSECTS. See also WATER INSECTS PONDS—ORGANISMS Aquatic organism viewed under microscope; how to prepare hanging-drop slide 1583:58-62

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POPULATION—ANIMAL. See ANIMAL POPULATIONS POPULATION—INSECTS Sex ratio of mosquitoes affected by changes in temperature experiment 1571:108-110 POPULATION—PEOPLE Density of population demonstrated experiment using paper doll people 1850:196-199 People population and location; how world population has changed experiment 1850:189-200 Predict world population experiment 1987:82-84 PORCUPINES Quill experiment using toothpicks to demonstrate tiny scales act like barbs on fish hook 1805:36 POST-ITS Test post-its experiment 1771:89 POTATOES. See also PLANTS—POTATOES Current flow in potato causes chemical reaction experiment 2053:42 Electrolytes in potato battery experiment 1936:66 Grow potato vine in jar of water 1836:42 Grow potatoes in a flower pot experiment 1695:22-23 Grow potatoes in a sack experiment 1555:92 Grow potatoes in soil or jar of water, how to do 1651:94-95 Osmosis effect on potatoes experiment 1693:27 Outward flow of materials through semi-permeable membrane of potato experiment 1864:65 Potato eye grows into potato plant experiment 1750:8-9 Potato grows through box maze to reach light experiment 1659:52-54 Potato paper, how to make 1572:122-125 Potato prints on paper, how to make 1785:55-56 Potatoes grow in big pot indoors experiment 1909:16-17 Salt helps draw water out of cells experiment, using potato, salt and water 1546:13 Specific gravity of potatoes experiment 1568:82 Starch under microscope experiment, compare shapes of grains of different starches 2027:66-67 Starch; test potato for starch experiment using iodine 1546:35 Water; how to take water out of a potato and measure the amount experiment 1886:10-14 POTATOES—SWEET. See also SWEET POTATOES Grow sweet potato vine in jar of water, how to do 1651:98-99

POTENTIAL ENERGY Button spinner demonstrates energy change from potential energy to kinetic energy experiment 1753:38 Come-back toy demonstrates stored potential energy in rubber bands experiment 1839:133-139 Device changes kinetic energy to potential energy experiment 1758:46 Push-n-go toys demonstrate potential energy becoming kinetic energy experiment 1839:123-132 POTPOURRI Recipe for potpourri 1645:39 Rose petals and spices potpourri, how to make 1651:204-205 POULTRY BROODER. See also BROODERS POULTRY. See CHICKENS POWDERS Can a powder be changed into a hard solid experiment 1676:34-37 PRAIRIES Activities, science experiments and craft projects 1550:3-14 PRAIRIES. See also GRASSLANDS PRAYING MANTIS Baby praying mantis will eat few flies if another praying mantis is present experiment 1652:163 Can a praying mantis learn from experience experiment 1652:147-153 Does shape and color of praying mantis help hide it from enemies experiment 1652:147 Eggs and breeding stick insects, how to do 1873:18-19 Experiments with baby praying mantis, data sheets given 1652:155-163 Experiments with praying mantis, data sheets given 16152:141-153 Feeding stick insects, how to do 1873:20-23 How to catch and keep praying mantis 1653:2-5 How to collect and raise praying mantis 1930:110-111 How to hatch praying mantis experiment 1555:54 How to house and keep praying mantis 1873:17 Praying mantis eat other insects experiment 1571:40-42 What type of prey will praying mantis accept experiment 1652:153 Why do praying mantis climb experiment 1652:147 Will a baby praying mantis that is kept warmer molt sooner experiment 1652:160

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PRISMS. See also SPECTRUM Create colors of spectrum with glass of water and flashlight experiment 1541:18-20 Light passing through prism produces colors of light experiment 1818:37 Mirror in glass of water with Sun hitting mirror produces color spectrum 1640:132 Multiple reflections; double reflection in a prism experiment 1608:63-65 Prism, binoculars and total internal reflection in prisms experiment 1611:44-49 Prisms, water and mirrors used to create rainbows experiment 1613:131-141 Soap bubbles change from spheres and become prisms experiment 1637:38 Water prisms experiment 2028:29-30 PROJECTILES Analyze projectile motion experiment using ramp and launch pad 1915:71-73 Model of path of projectile launched from a ramp experiment 1610:117-119 Model of projectile motion based on Galileo’s principle experiment 1610:112-119 Path of projectiles experiment 1983:80-85 Speed and range of water projectiles experiment 1990:78-83 Do-it-yourself projector, how to make 1709:35 Home movie projector and movies; kinetoscope, how to make 1629:18-20 Magic wand persistence of vision experiment; see pictures in thin air 1578:72-75 Model of projector demonstrates how it works, how to make 1611:31-36 Project shadow on wall from holes cut in paper bag, how to do 1785:72-73 PROPAGATION. See PLANTS—PROPAGATION; PLANTS—VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION PROPELLERS Flying propeller helicopter, how to make 1877:50 Make from cardboard, dowel, cork and thread spool 2043:43 Model plane with rubber band driven propeller, how to build 1558:34-35 Model propeller pushes air backward to push plane forward experiment 1558:32-33 PROPRIOCEPTION Hand eye coordination experiment 1725:146 PROTECTIVE COLORATION Camouflage pattern of insects blends into the background experiment 1689:19 Chameleon paper model demonstrates protective coloration 1856:20-23

Will a praying baby mantis who is fed more molt sooner experiment 1652:160 Will a praying mantis eat a dead insect experiment 1652:146 PRECIPITATES. See also SOLUTIONS Milk glue from milk, vinegar and baking soda experiment 1879:9-11 PREDATORS Beneficial insects used to control insect pests experiment 1571:147-149 Praying mantis eats other insects experiment 1571:40-42 PREDICTIONS Marbles in wooden model device demonstrates predictions and Bell curve 1820:86-87 Primary science activities with predicting 1931:36-39 PREHISTORIC ANIMALS Prehistoric landscape in box, how to make 1694:6-7 Prehistoric landscape terrarium, how to make 1862:28-29 PRESERVATIVES Bread mold; do preservatives control bread mold growth experiment 1570:88-89 Natural preservatives of food experiment 1864:75-76 PRESS—PLANTS. See also PLANTS—PRESS PRESSURE. See also AIR PRESSURE; BAROMETER; WATER—PRESSURE PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH Natural rubber made from dandelions experiment 1637:51 PRIMATES Eye contact in primates using blank and threat stares experiment 1552:21-26 Observe how gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans use and respond to a threat display 1552:21-26 PRINTING Engraving stamps, how to make from potatoes 1537:102-103 Japanese art of fish printing or gyotaku, how to do 1550:110-112 Letter press stamps, how to make from potatoes and paint 1537:99-100 Letter press, how to make from sand, and shoe box 1537:100-102 Lithography shop using paper, crayons, watercolors, how to do 1537:103-104

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Compare what you see when camouflaged figure remains still and when it moves experiment 1576:47-49 Game demonstrates protective coloring camouflage 1603:90-91 Insects; how does color protect insects experiment 1852:52-55 PROTEIN. See also ALBUMEN Blood donors; do blood donors have to be of same blood type as recipient experiment 1571:64-66 Cooking; what happens when you cook custard experiment 1568:73 Denaturing common proteins affected by temperature experiment 1570:116-117 Digesting proteins experiment 1725:91 Digestion; plastic bottle, meat and cola act as model of digestion in your stomach experiment 1563:25-27 Egg white protein experiment 1981:53 Glue from milk protein experiment 1981:54-55 Human hair is more elastic when wet experiment 1672:90-91 Identify protein in food experiment 1981:51-52 Test foods for protein experiment 1843:238-239 Test for protein in foods experiment 1864:99-100 What are curds and whey experiment 1804:48-50 What is gelatin experiment 1804:51-53 Why are hard-boiled eggs hard experiment 1804:46-47 PROTISTS Classification of fungi, bacteria, algae and protists in pond water experiment 1570:84-85 PROTOZOA. See also AMOEBA; DAPHNIA; PARAMECIA; ROTIFERS; SPIROSTOMA; WATER ANIMALS Do some protozoa move to or away from light experiment 1570:92-94 P-TRAPS Design mechanism to control growth of bacteria in P-traps experiment 1539:145-147 Identify organisms in P-traps, test for presence of anaerobic bacteria experiment 1539:145-147

Investigate whether P-traps are conducive for growth of bacteria experiment 1539:142-144 PULLEYS. See also SIMPLE MACHINES— PULLEYS PULSE. See also HEART; HUMAN BODY Pulse rate and exercise experiment 1571:33-34 Timing heartbeat and pulse experiment; do they occur at the same time 1571:28-29 PUMPKINS Activities and science experiments 2032:170-185 Roasted pumpkin seeds, how to do 1785:21 PUMPS Balloon pump experiment, how it works 1840:131-136 Hand-powered water pump experiment, how to make, plastic tubing, plastic beakers, balloon 1532:38-39 Operations of different pumps and compare effectiveness of each pump experiment 1840:131-136 Sakia model to get water from well, how to make 1896:22-23 Shadoof model to bring water from ground experiment 1895:26-27 Watering the fields with model hand pump experiment 1895:24-25 PUNNETT SQUARE. See HEREDITY PUPAS Can pupa survive without its cocoon experiment 1571:138-140 PURIFICATION PLANT Are your clams safe to eat experiment 1539:138-139 PURIFICATION WATER. See WATER PURIFICATION PUTTY Corn starch putty used for sense of touch investigations 1790:67-70 Gluep, polymer putty materials, used to investigate sense of touch experiment 1790:71-77 PYRAMIDS Pyramids built by using ramps to move materials experiment 1658:5-6

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& QUADRATS Quadrat to survey wildlife in different habitats experiment, how to build, wood, screws and string 1546:12-13 QUANTUM THEORY Polarizing plastic sheets and flashlight demonstrate quantum theory 1820:74-75 QUICKSAND Cornstarch mixture demonstrates quicksand experiment 1953:174 Quicksand goop lets you test how quicksand acts experiment 1660:70-71

Q Quicksand; what happens in quicksand experiment 1535:51-53 QUILL PEN How to make quill pen from feather 1785:35 QUIZ BOARD Buzzing board, how to make from pegboard, brass fasteners, wire and battery 1931:64 Geography quiz board, how to make 1936:36-37 QUIZ BOARD GAMES. See ELECTRONIC GAMES; QUIZ BOARD QUIZ BOARD REAGENTS. See INDICATORS

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RABBITS Bacteria; determine if food molds can control growth of different types of bacteria taken from pet rabbit experiment 1539:129-130 RACCOONS Paw print socks, how to make to recognize raccoon tracks 1805:27 RACING CARS. See also AUTOMOBILES RADIANT ENERGY. See also HEAT RADIATION Make solar collector from cardboard box, aluminum foil and plastic wrap 1884:32-36 Radiant energy from solar mitt, black on one side, foil on other experiment 1884:28-32 Radiometer to measure radiant energy, make from glass jar and aluminum foil 1657:31-33 Reflection of radio waves from radio using aluminum foil and newspaper experiment 1674:55-58 RADIANT HEAT Albedo; measure and compare albedo effect of two surfaces experiment 1528:29 Albedo; percentage of Sun’s energy reflected by surfaces is called its albedo experiment 1528:28 Heat loss; how effective is insulation to prevent heat loss experiment 1528:28 Heat of Sun makes metals expand experiment 1528:35 Heat; how do colors react to heat experiment 1753:29 Planets; how a planets surface can be warmed experiment 1528:27 Radiant heat investigated with lamp and thermometers experiment 1907:20-21 RADIATION Different surfaces absorb Sun’s energy differently experiment 1758:51 RADIO Can you detect an electrical spark with a radio experiment 1672:29-30 Crystal radio experiment 1629:14-16 Experiment with radio waves 1802:73

Radio receiver experiment, how to make receiver from corks, wire, cardboard tube and earphones 1802:72-73 Radio tuner experiment using pendulums to represent the electrons in the tuning circuit 1532:146 RADIO WAVES Affecting the range of radio waves experiment 1936:86 Atmospheric radio-frequency noise generated by electrical devices around the home experiment 1936:84 Limiting the direction of radio-frequency radiation experiment 1936:85 Reflection of radio waves from radio using aluminum foil and newspaper experiment 1674:55-58 Transmit radio waves experiment, battery, metal file, electrical wire, portable radio 1532:147 RADIOACTIVE ATOMS Decay process in molecules similar to decay process in radioactive atoms experiment 1755:112-113 RADIOACTIVE DECAY Model of radioactive decay with sugar cubes project 1610:92-94 Radioactive decay model experiment 1577:85-88 RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS Demonstrate importance of half-life dating experiment 1820:82-83 RADIOACTIVITY Repeat Curie’s physical, chemical and magnetic soil experiments 1586:200-204 RADIOMETER Radiometer to measure radiant energy, make from glass jar and aluminum foil 1657:31-33 RAIN. See also WEATHER Bar graph for recording amount of rain or snow, how to do 1892:34 Books and activities about rain 1741:1-15

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Drought experiment; evaporation of water from soil 1528:151 Duck feather reaction to rain experiment 1751:11 Filter dirty pond water through flowerpot filled with charcoal, sand and gravel 1546:14 How do mountains affect yearly rainfall experiment 1842:132 How leaves put water vapor into the air experiment 1592:29 Is rain water pure water experiment 1751:31 pH of rain experiment 2048:62-63 Pollution in rainwater experiment 1632:4 Rain in a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere planet experiment 1534:54-57 Rainfall around the world charted project 1739:7 Rainfall, how to measure with rain gauge experiment 1594:7-11 Rainwater gets filtered as it moves through rocks and soil experiment 1546:14 Rainwater samples filtered for pollution experiment 1970:153 Test rainwater for acid experiment with red cabbage indicator 1739:27 Warm air in cold air experiment 1594:51-52 Warm fluids in cold fluids experiment 1594:51-52 Water cycle in bowl demonstrates how water comes from salty ocean 1592:28-29 What are rain, snow and hail experiment 1904:83-86 What clouds are and why rain comes from clouds experiment 1613:67-76 What happens when rainwater hits the ground experiment 1739:7 What makes rain experiment 1842:115-117 What rain does experiment using model landscape you make 1886:39-42 Where is the wettest/driest place on Earth experiment 1906:75-78 RAIN CYCLE. See also WATER CYCLE RAIN FOREST Aquarium ecosystem, how to make and maintain 1602:79-80 Books and activities about rain forests 1741:18-33 Evapo-transpiration demonstration with plastic bag tied around leafy end of tree branch 1797:20 Growing conditions of a rain forest in large plastic bottle experiment 1550:158

Miniature tropical garden in plastic bottle, how to make 1696:22-23 Night insects and moths collected using white sheet and light experiment 1797:39-40 Plant grows through maze toward light in rain forest experiment 1944:29 Plant roots adapt to soil types in order to grow experiment 1602:31-32 Plants; bromeliad plants role in the rain forest experiment 1602:40-41 Plants; grow rain forest plants from orange, lemon, mango, avocado, pineapple, coffee and ginger seeds experiment 1944:45 Plants; phototropism experiment with bean plant growing in box 1602:38-39 Plants; phototropism; demonstrate with hanging plant turned upside down 1602:60-61 Plants; shapes of rain forest leaves best for collecting water experiment 1948:27 Plants; tropical climate plants coping with too much water, experiment 1528:142 Rain forest bottle garden, how to make 1551:29 Rain forest terrarium, how to set up and maintain 1602:2-3 Relationship of water temperature to evaporation as related to Pacific Northwest experiment 1550:158-159 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:74-81 Soil; nutrients in rain forest soil are depleted rapidly experiment 1602:85-86 Soil; rain forest soil rarely washes away experiment using bean seeds and soils 1602:34-35 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:62-73 Things to do to conserve and preserve a rain forest 1797:57-60 Things to look for in a rain forest 1797:46-47 Trees; how to measure height of tree compared to rain forest trees experiment 1944:37 Trees; role of buttresses in survival of large rain forest tree demonstration 1602:71-72 Weather; investigate temperature and precipitation and dew point experiment 1550:159-160 RAIN GAUGE Can and ruler rain gauge, how to make 1938:14-15 Funnel and jar rain gauge, how to make 1592:28 Glass and ruler rain gauge to measure how much rain has fallen experiment 1818:16 Glass jar and funnel rain gauge experiment 1832:28-30

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How to make from plastic bottle and measuring stick 1830:100 How to make from plastic soda bottle 1739:6 How to make plastic bottle rain gauge 2036:7 Jar and funnel rain gauge, how to make 1602:9-10 Jar and ruler rain gauge, how to make 1950:34 Jar, funnel and ruler rain gauge, how to make 1892:33 Make from coffee can and ruler 1648:65 Make from narrow tube and clay 1537:36-37 Make from plastic motor oil bottle 1744:113-115 Make rain gauge from plastic bottle and ruler 1925:29 Measure rainfall with rain gauge experiment 1842:104 Measure rainfall with rain gauge, how to make 2017:38-39 Plastic bottle rain gauge, how to make 1616:9 Plastic bottle, funnel, markings, how to make 1528:47 Plastic jar rain gauge, how to make 1970:137 Plastic jug gauge with measurements, how to make 2047:18 RAINBOWS. See also PRISMS Bend light to show how sunlight is made up of many different colors experiment 1533:14-15 Bright room rainbow experiment 1594:66-67 Capture a rainbow experiment 1636:16 Change rainbow colors back to white experiment 1966:41 Colors and colored images in soap bubbles experiment 1608:76-78 Create colors with a glass of water experiment 1562:18-20 Create dry rainbow in shoe box with glass of water and light experiment 1657:46 Dark room rainbow experiment 1594:64-65 Dispersion of light produces spectrum experiments 1758:67 How do rainbows form experiment 1739:24 How do water and sunlight create a rainbow experiment 1753:24 Is a rainbow made by rain or Sun experiment 1831:56 Make a rainbow experiment, water, mirror, flashlight 1528:37 Make a rainbow using prism and white paper experiment 1542:27 Make a rainbow using white cards, prism and light 1728:22

Make your own rainbow with mirrors experiment 1770:15 Pan of water with mirror in it experiment to see rainbow 1818:36 Primary science activities with rainbows 1931:94-97 Prism used to see spectrum experiment 1528:36 Prisms, water and mirrors used to create rainbows experiment 1613:131-141 Rainbow experiment with pan of water and mirror (Primary) 1557:30 Rainbow from a prism experiment 1594:62-63 Refracting and reflecting light experiment with raindrops 1528:36 Simplified model of rainbow and falling raindrops projects 1610:31-33 Spectrum created by refracting sunlight through water experiment 1966:40 Split light into a rainbow experiment using flashlight and white cardboard 2017:34-35 Water prisms experiment 2028:29-30 What causes the rainbow of colors on a patch of oil experiment 1753:25 What is a rainbow experiment 1904:96-98 What makes a rainbow experiments 1857:88-90 RAINDROPS Capture a raindrop experiment 2001:110 How do raindrops begin experiment 1861:44-47 How does an updraft (upward moving air) affect raindrops experiment 1861:47 Light reflected in a raindrop experiment 1594:68-70 Light refracted in a raindrop experiment 1594:71-75 Preserve raindrops experiment 1751:22 Rocks; how do raindrops affect rocks experiment 1859:72-75 Shape of raindrops experiment using vacuum cleaner wind tunnel 1594:31-32 Size and shape of raindrops experiment 1616:37 Size of raindrops experiment 1594:26-30 Size; how big are raindrops experiment 1915:14-17 Size; how big do raindrops have to be before they fall experiment 1861:47 Size; measure and compare size of raindrops and drizzle experiment 2050:199-203 Size; measure the size of a raindrop experiment 1953:236 Splash pattern of raindrops experiment 1594:33-37 Stroboscope, device to observe falling water drops and to study their shapes, how to make 1677:21-27

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RAISINS Cells need water to survive experiment; sugar in raisins sucks in water 1546:12 RAMPS. See also INCLINCED PLANES RATIO AND PROPORTION Activities with ratio and proportion 1825:6-60 RATS Conditioned responses in rats experiment 1583:115-117 Design maze to study conditioned responses in rats experiment 1583:116-117 Relationship between alcohol dosage and dependence in a rat experiment 1539:115-117 REACTION TIME Conduct test for reflex speed or reaction time experiment 1758:88 How fast do you react catching a falling stick experiment 1979:52-54 Reaction time measured by dropping and catching ruler experiment 1889:8-10 Record reaction speeds catching a ruler with colored scale experiment 1725:122 Record reaction time when you have to make a decision; build box chute with colored balls 1725:124-125 Time needed to catch falling object experiment 2054:58-59 REAGENTS. See INDICATORS RECORD PLAYERS Play a record without a record player experiment 1565:17-19 RECYCLING. See also SOLID WASTES Barometer from glass jar or bottle, how to make 1744:101-103 Beads; small round beads, how to make 1744:27-29 Bird feeder, how to make from juice carton 1744:61-64 Boomerang from heavy cardboard, how to make 1744:73-74 Bottle orchestra from recycled bottles filled with different amounts of water experiment 1691:24 Bowling game from empty plastic soda bottles, how to make 1744:19-21 Bug trap from glass pickle jar, how to make 1744:65-66 Can smasher, how to make from wood boards and hinge 1970:158 Characteristic color of recycled cardboard experiment 1540:38

Glass bottle reused to make pretty decoration, how to do 1691:23 Hygrometer measures humidity, make from styrofoam trays 1744:105-111 Jet balloons from straws, balloons and rubber bands, how to make 1744:69-71 King of the hill flag from old sheet and broom handle, how to make 1744:23-26 Kite, make from straws and plastic bags 1744:75-78 Miniature planters from small containers, how to make 1744:49-51 Mini-pinball from old shoe box, how to make 1744:27-29 Old food cans and string used to make a telephone 1691:27 Old sock puppy puppet, how to make 1691:31 Penny toss from cereal box, how to make 1744:31-33 Plant starters and protectors from clear soft drink bottles, how to make 1744:59-60 Plastic bottle plant holder, how to make 1691:29 Primary science activities with recycling 1931:58-61 Rain gauge, make from plastic motor oil bottle 1744:113-115 Recycled paper from old newspaper, how to make 1691:21 Recycled paper from old newspapers using moldand-deckle experiment 1574:18-21 Recycled paper from scrap paper, how to make 1550:50 Recycled paper from used paper, how to make 1720:23 Roll-back toy from rubber bands and oatmeal carton, how to make 1744:79-82 Scarecrow for garden from newspaper, pieces of wood and old clothes, how to make 1744:53-58 Screamer to imitate animal calls, make from scrap paper 1744:87-88 Sundial from styrofoam tray and bamboo skewer, how to make 1744:83-85 Team toss game from plastic six-pack carrier, how to make 1744:37-39 Waterwheel from juice carton, styrofoam containers and bamboo skewer, how to make 1744:89-93 RED BLOOD CELLS. See also BLOOD REDI, FRANCESCO Repeat Redi’s experiment that bacteria and fungi form by spontaneous generation experiment 1987:30-32

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REFLECTION. See also LIGHT—REFLECTION REFLEX ACTION. See also REACTION TIME Conduct test for reflex speed or reaction time experiment 1758:88 REFLEXES Eyes; what kind of behavior is blinking experiment 1851:44-45 REFRACTION. See also LIGHT—REFRACTION REFRIGERATION Bacteria in milk grow more slowly when refrigerated experiment 1978:49-51 Heat destroys bacteria in milk experiment 1978:49-51 REFRIGERATORS Bottle keeps things cool experiment, two containers, aluminum foil, ice cubes 1532:79 Insulated bottle keeps things cool experiment, how to make 1532:79 REFUSE AND REFUSE DISPOSAL. See also LANDFILLS Observe creature in tree leaf litter and pine tree litter experiment 1943:29 Wormery to observe earthworms eating leaves experiment 1943:28-29 REGELATION. See ICE CUBES REGENERATION. See also PLANARIANS REGULATORS Growth hormones experiment; can you make a plant grow straight 1569:127-132 RELATIVE HUMIDITY. See HUMIDITY— RELATIVE HUMIDITY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE. See METHANE REPELLENTS. See also INSECTS—REPELLENTS RESERVOIRS Model reservoir filtering systems using fine and coarse sand and pebbles and filters project 1610:29-31 RESONANCE. See also SOUND—RESONANCE If you vibrate something at just the right frequency you can get big reaction experiment 1579:76-80 Massive pendulum swings in very large swings from small forces experiment 1579:68-71 Objects of different sizes and stiffness tend to vibrate at different frequencies experiment 1579:72-75 Why all buildings are not equal in an earthquake experiment 1579:72-75

RESPIRATION. See also BREATHING; HUMAN BODY; LUNGS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. See also RESPIRATION Lung; model lungs from plastic bottle, balloons, rubber bands and clay experiment 1725:72-73 RETINA. See also BLIND SPOT; EYE; VISION RETTING. See also ROT RHEOSTAT. See also ELECTRICITY—ELECTRIC CURRENT Dimmer switch experiment 1657:82-84 Varying flow of electricity; materials that can be used experiment 1899:61-64 RIEMANN, GEORGE F. B. Activities, experiments and projects to study gravity and the famous scientists who studied it 1992:1-205 RIGHT-HANDED. See HANDEDNESS RIPPLE TANK. See WAVES RIVERS. See also EROSION Animals; how clean is your river experiment; determine what animals are in the water 1721:16-17 Canyons; erosion test in sand demonstrates formation of canyons experiment 1635:28 Delta experiment demonstrates formation of delta 1635:41 Delta formation, how are deltas formed experiment 1752:68 Delta; make delta to demonstrate sand deposits into delta region, experiment 2052:29 Drainage patterns of rivers experiment; make model of river, tributaries and drainage patterns 1635:12-13 Dredger model, make from wood, cardboard, dowels and spools 1896:24-25 Flood a river valley experiment 1635:38 Flood control barriers experiment; build a Thames barrier 1635:42 Flow of river experiment; make flow meter to measure 1635:30 Flow; how fast does a river flow experiment 1752:110 Flowing water energy from river experiment; make waterwheel that works 1635:22-23 How rivers shape the land experiment 1707:46 Ocean salinity; rivers effect on ocean salinity experiment 1851:83 Path; how does path of river change experiment; do gradient test 1635:33

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River load or type of material it picks up and carries experiment 1635:18 Riverbed; how is a riverbed formed experiment 1535:57-59 Sediment measure of a river experiment using wood strips, jars, funnels and tubing 1635:18 Sediment; in what order do materials settle in water experiment 1842:139 Shadoof lifts water from river to fields experiment, how to make one 1635:39 Silt from river; how to make silt 1759:15 Soil; test soil pH to determine soil fertility along rivers experiment 1635:34 Stream table model to study water flow and erosion experiment 1915:26-27 Water filter test of river water experiment 1635:37 Water flows downhill but not in straight line demonstration 1948:11 Waterfall model demonstrates waterfall, plunge pool and rapids, how to make 1635:20-21 RIVERS—ECOSYSTEMS. See also ECOSYSTEMS ROAD POLLUTION Road salts harmful to aquatic plant life experiment 1569:43-48 ROADS Why do road crews use salt on icy roads experiment 1751:107 ROBOTS Make a shiny robot from milk carton and foil 1708:16-17 Make robot from packaging boxes and papier mache 1636:121-122 ROCK CANDY Crystals from sugar saturated water experiment 1971:19 Grow sucrose crystals called rock candy experiment 1637:63 How to make rock candy experiment 1564:10-12 Rock candy crystals experiment, how to make 1829:6-7 Rock candy crystals experiment, how to make from water, sugar, paper clips and string 1548:36-38 Rock candy crystals you can eat experiment 1631:10-12 Rock candy experiment, how to make 1879:86-87 Rock candy from sugar and water, how to make 1599:104 Watch crystals form in rock candy experiment 1831:102

ROCK POOLS Rock pools observation of animals and sea life experiment 1973:70-71 ROCKETS Action-reaction rocket experiment 2000:18 Air-powered rocket from balloon, how to build 1606:74-75 Ascending rockets; to what height experiment 1990:86-92 Balloon on a string demonstrates rocket propulsion 1839:33-38 Balloon rocket and booster rocket experiment 2030:118-119 Balloon rocket leaves trail of smoke experiment 2030:120-121 Balloon rocket on string zooms experiment 1970:53 Balloon rocket shoots upward on tight string experiment 1831:37 Balloon rocket travels horizontally on stretched string experiment 1890:24-25 Balloon rocket travels vertically on stretched string experiment 1890:26-27 Bottle rocket pressurizes water to drive it upward experiment 1532:22-23 Build and fly rocket model experiment 1902:43-48 Goddard’s experiments with lift and thrust to build a rocket 1586:178-183 Make from plastic bottle, funnel, cork and plastic tubing 2043:58-59 Marble in orbit experiment 1990:93-95 Racing rocket model, how to make 2049:30-31 Retrorockets experiments 2030:121-124 Roaring rocket, how to make from cardboard tube 1708:6 Rocket boat, made from milk carton, moves from balloon power experiment 1890:23-24 Rocket ship, launcher and rocket fuel experiment 1630:10-12 Rocket to launch space shuttle model, how to make 1558:44-45 Rocket-powered boat, how to build 1606:75 Space rocket model, how to make from towel tube and foil 1697:14-15 Straw rocket to make and launch yourself, experiment 2049:27 Two-stage rocket experiment with balloons, paper cup and string 1890:28-29 Water rocket experiment, make from plastic bottle, cork and bicycle pump 1890:49-51 What makes a rocket go experiment 1904:11-15

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ROCKS. See also CRYSTALS; MELTS Activities and science experiments 2032:186-199 Atoms and molecule arrangement in minerals experiment 1859:8-11 Balanced rocks; what prevents a balanced rock from falling experiment 1535:91-93 Bedrock; effect of different kinds of bedrock on different kinds of acidity experiment 1550:49-50 Breccia rock formation experiment 2050:105 Buildings and structures of different kinds of rocks survey in your town project 1738:24 Calcium deposits in rocks experiment using vinegar 2037:269 Canyons; miniature canyon in jar demonstrates color combinations of canyon walls experiment 1817:49 Cemetery headstone survey for age, type of stone, erosion and plants experiment 1738:25 Coal; how many layers are there in coal experiment 1535:21-23 Conglomerate rock formation experiment 2050:105 Conglomerate rock out of pebbles and sand experiment, how to make 1599:64-65 Conglomerate rock; what is a conglomerate rock experiment 1842:153 Crystals; what are crystals and how do they grow experiment 1566:24-27 Crystals; what type of crystals do rocks have experiment 1842:152 Density; measure the density of rock experiment 1842:158-159 Electricity; which rocks conduct electricity experiment 1842:146-147 Erosion on buildings in your town survey 1738:25 Evaporite halite (rock salt) formation experiment 2050:106 Filter dirty pond water through flowerpot filled with charcoal, sand and gravel 1546:14 Freezing and weathering experiment 1897:14 Freezing; split a stone with freezing water project 1864:26 Frost shattering of rocks experiment 1528:156 Glaciers; how did glaciers affect the landscape experiment 1535:54-56 Glaciers; solifluction; what happens to rocks and stones as glaciers meet experiment 1528:157 Granite, an igneous rock, what is granite made of experiment 1738:12 Granite; model of a slice of granite rock experiment 1859:44-47

Grouping rocks by their characteristics experiment 1540:39 Hardness scale of minerals, how to make with equivalents 1746:27 Hardness; how do rocks compare in hardness experiment, Mohs’ scale given 1842:141-142 Hardness; testing rocks for hardness experiment 1738:11 Hardness; what color streak does a rock make experiment 1842:143 How are rocks alike and different experiment 1751:86 How can rocks be dissolved in water experiment 1842:148-149 How do rocks react to vinegar experiment 1842:144 How oxygen weathers and weakens structure of rocks experiment 2054:82-83 How seeds break rocks apart experiment 2054:84-85 Ice takes more space than water experiment 1528:157 Igneous rock; how are they formed experiment 1535:10-12 Igneous rock; how is igneous rock formed experiment 1851:98-99 Igneous rock; how is igneous rock formed experiment 1859:60-63 Limestone; bubbling limestone experiment using piece of limestone and vinegar 1817:39 Limestone; do your rocks fizz in vinegar experiment 1738:11 Limestone; test for limestone in rocks experiment 1953:41 Lodestone hunt using compass experiment 1863:19-20 Magnetic; which rocks are attracted by a magnet experiment 1842:145 Melting; can solid rock melt experiment 1859:56-59 Metamorphic rock; how is metamorphic rock formed experiment 1859:52-55 Metamorphic rocks; how are they formed experiment 1535:13-15 Metamorphic; how can metamorphic rock be formed from sedimentary rock experiment 1851:98-99 Minerals; identifying minerals in rock samples, how to do 1746:26 Model difference between porphyritic rock and other types of igneous rocks experiment 2050:91-95

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Observe and collect roadside rocks and fossils projects 1865:69-71 Oxygen is present in rocks experiment 1660:75 Primary science activities with rocks 1931:98-101 Pumice, an igneous rock, how heavy is it, does it float experiment 1738:12 Rain water gets filtered as it moves through rocks and soil experiment 1546:14 Raindrops; how do raindrops affect rocks experiment 1859:72-75 Rock cycle, how to demonstrate formation of rocks experiment 2050:94-95 Rock slides; demonstrate downhill sliding of a rock slide experiment 1859:73-75 Rust; why rocks have rust on them experiment 1817:30 Sandstone rock model, how to make 1827:23 Sandstone; how does water affect sandstone experiment 1535:82-84 Sandstone; what happens when you rub rocks together experiment 1535:18 Sandstone; what hold sandstone together experiment 1535:16-17 Scratch test to determine hardness of mineral, how to do 1817:18 Sedimentary rock (limestone) acid test for carbonates experiment 1827:22 Sedimentary rock formation experiment 2050:103-107 Sedimentary rock formation on ocean floor experiment 1600:39 Sedimentary rock model using colored sands, how to make 1636:130 Sedimentary rock, how is sedimentary rock formed experiment 1859:48-51 Sedimentary rock, how to make 1951:22-23 Sedimentary rock; chemical sedimentary rock formation experiment 2050:105-106 Sedimentary rock; how are ripple marks formed in sedimentary rock experiment 1738:14 Sedimentary rock; how are they formed experiment 1535:7-9 Sedimentary rock; how is sedimentary rock formed from igneous rock experiment 1851:98 Sedimentary rock; lithification process by which sediment is converted to sedimentary rock experiment 2050:105 Shattering of rocks experiment; which is the strongest rock 1738:26 Size; what is the difference between a boulder, cobble and pebble experiment 1535:24-26 Slate, a metamorphic rock, why does slate split experiment 1738:13

Small rocks under microscope experiment 2027:55-56 Soil particles experiment to find out how rocks are formed 1838:36 Soil particles sink to bottom of jar of water demonstrating rock formation 1596:36 Specific gravity; calculating the specific gravity of your rocks experiment 1746:22-23 Splitting of rock; can seeds break rocks apart experiment 1859:64-67 Streak test to see how different minerals make different colored streaks, how to do 1817:18 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:161-162 Tumbler, homemade rock tumbler polishes rocks, how to make 1864:148-149 Water absorption; do your rocks soak up water experiment 1738:11 Water; can rocks absorb water experiment 2037:254 Weathering; how does oxygen and water weather a rock experiment 1859:68-71 Weathering; large boulders or rocks are broken down into tiny pebbles by freezing water experiment 1603:32 Weathering; sand in soil is from rocks worn down by erosion experiment 1603:10 What is difference between rock and mineral experiment 1859:4-7 What is the difference between rocks and minerals experiment 2054:78-79 What lives under a rock experiment 1751:53 Why rocks in streams and rivers are smooth experiment 1751:87 ROCKS—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION Classifying, labeling and arranging your rock and mineral collection, how to do 1746:32-33 Collect, clean and organize rocks into groups 1549:19-22 Collect, label and classify rocks, how to do 1802:30-31 Geologists envelopes to carry small fossils, sand or rocks, how to make 1746:18-19 How to collect and label rocks 2018:47-54 How to collect and store your rocks (Primary) 1557:20-21 How to collect, sort and classify rocks 1640:114-115 How to label a mineral and rock collection 1859:80-83 How to start a rock collection 1842:154-155

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Make a museum for your rocks and crystals, how to do 1738:7 Sifting screen to sift dirt, wooden frame, cloth, how to make 2046:31 Sifting soil to find rocks, how to set up rock collection 2046:85-86 Taking samples from rocks, how to do 1746:19 ROCKS—CRAFTS Mobile of small, pretty rocks, how to make 1599:117-118 Rock necklace or ring, rocks, soft wire, string, making 1599:91-92 RODENTS. See also MICE; RATS; SQUIRRELS ROLLER BLADES What is relationship between speed and stopping distance on roller blades experiment 1567:14-16 ROLLER DERBY Film cans and ramp roller derby experiment, how to graph 2039:19-20 ROLLERS Non-round rollers experiment; flat panel rolls smoothly on non-circular rollers 1579:59-67 ROOFS. See also DOMES Cantilever roof experiment, how to make 1532:52 Folded barrel roof experiment, how to make from paper, tongue depressors, pencils, thread 1532:53 Simple demonstration of weight of roof spread out over walls 1783:14-15 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria; where can you find it experiment 1934:80-82 Power of roots experiment with seeds planted in eggshell 1546:37 Root hairs suck up more water than one large root experiment 1540:64 ROOTS. See also PLANTS—ROOTS ROOTS—DIRECTION OF GROWTH. See also PLANTS—TROPISMS ROT. See also DECAY; MOLDS Mold rots a red pepper experiment 1546:8 Rotting tree trunk experiment, what can be found there 1751:88 Will it rot experiment using 4 holes in soil with fruit, newspaper, plant leaf and piece of plastic wrap 1545:28

ROTATIONAL MOTION Conservation of angular momentum demonstrated with rotating stool or chair experiment 1579:55-58 ROTIFERS. See also PROTOZOA Collect tardigrada or water bears by soaking moss or lichens in water experiment 1661:69 RUBBER. See also ELASTICITY; LATEX Natural rubber made from dandelions experiment 1637:51 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:81-93 Test cold and warm rubber balls for bounce experiment 1771:33-37 RUBBER BANDS Change length of polymer or rubber band by stretching it experiment 1675:50-53 Characteristics of elasticity in rubber band experiment 2045:86-87 Come-back toy demonstrates stored potential energy in rubber bands experiment 1839:133-139 Heat affects movement of molecules in rubber band experiment 1851:122-123 Merry-go-round powered by rubber band experiment 2000:112-113 Power a racer with a rubber band experiment 1844:52-53 Rattle mouth model makes loud noise experiment 2000:118 Roll back can demonstrates rubber band transforming energy experiment 1851:125 Roll back can experiment 1753:82 Roll back can experiment demonstrates energy 1938:49-50 Roll back can experiment with coffee can, rubber band, weights and string 1890:17-18 Roll back can experiment, how to make 1931:157 Roll back toy from rubber bands and oatmeal carton, how to make 1744:79-82 Rubber band expands when heated experiment 1659:15-17 Rubber band roll back can experiment 1902:113-116 Stretching rubber band causes it to heat up experiment 1884:20 Stretching rubber band changes chemical energy into heat energy experiment 1884:20 Thread spool crawls by winding rubber band inside it experiment 1890:16-17

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Twister; cardboard, rubber band and paper clip twister experiment 1884:12-16 RUBBINGS Bark and leaf rubbings, how to do 1973:26 City design rubbings, how to make 1830:137 RUBBINGS—BARK. See also BARK RUBBINGS RUMFORD, COUNT Count Rumford’s theory of heat experiments 1586:104-107 RUST. See also IRON; OXIDATION Air or oxygen needed for rusting experiment using nails buried in ground 1987:61 Effect of salt, vinegar, cold and oil on rust experiment 1938:34-36 Factors that affect rusting; nails in water, vinegar and ammonia experiment 1987:60-61 Humidity affects speed of rusting experiment 2050:101-102 Magnetic properties of iron and rust compared experiment 1936:17

Oxygen from air combines with iron in steel wool and moisture to form rust experiment 1673:48-50 Rust or oxidation of nail in salt solution experiment 1906:49-52 What causes rusting experiment 1710:33 What is rust experiment with steel or iron metal 1864:85-86 What is rust experiment with steel wool, jars and water 1844:19-20 Which iron rusts most quickly and which gains most weight experiment 1910:111-112 Why rocks have rust on them experiment 1817:30 Will certain household products prevent rust project 2012:54-56 RUTHERFORD, ERNEST Thomson’s plum pudding model of atom tested by Rutherford project 1610:85-89

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& SACCHARIN Test the sweetness of artificial sweeteners (substitute sugar) experiment 1771:69-73 SAFES Model safe with combination lock experiment, how to make 1532:89 SAFETY GLASS Perform an experiment like Benedictus’ discovery of safety glass 1771:55-56 SAILBOATS. See also BOATS—SAILS Dynamic lift principle project 1864:195-197 Hulls; testing hulls for staying upright experiment 1895:16-17 Masts; best size and position for mast on sailing ship experiment 1838:18-19 Sails; which sails make boat go faster experiment 1838:18 Size and shape of boat, salt or freshwater determines boat’s ability to float and carry most weight experiment 1630:18-20 SAILBOATS—MODELS Matchbox sailboat harnesses the wind experiment 1890:34-35 SAILS. See also SAILBOATS; BOATS—SAILS SAKIA Sakia model to get water from well, how to make 1896:22-23 SALAMANDERS Homemade clay salamanders, how to make 1805:116 How do newts and salamanders hear without external ears experiment 2054:56-57 How to keep salamander in a terrarium 1916:21 SALINITY Density of different salt solutions experiment using homemade hydrometer 1550:132-133 Saltwater is denser or heavier than freshwater experiment 1784:13 Salty sea water kills land plants experiment 1784:14 Sea water contains dissolved salt experiment 1784:12

S SALINITY—OCEAN. See also OCEAN—SALINITY SALIVA. See also HUMAN BODY Iodine and saliva effect on starch samples experiment with microscope 2027:66-67 SALT Changing solid into a liquid experiment, which is easier table salt or sugar 1676:12-14 Clean pennies in vinegar and salt solution experiment 1707:26 Crystals; how salt, sugar and baking soda dissolve and crystallize experiment 1833:78 Crystals; make crystals from crystals of salt experiment 1676:19-21 Crystals; make salt crystals on a string experiment 1833:79 Crystals; saltwater crystals experiment 1953:59 Evaporation of ocean water produces sea salt experiment 1795:27 How much solute can be dissolved into a certain volume of water experiment 1693:17 How salt affects water in cells experiment 1849:116-118 How to get salt from sea water experiment 1895:12-13 How to get salt from sea water experiment 1961:17 How to get salt from sea water experiments with evaporation 1857:24-27 Iodine; can you detect the iodine in iodized salt experiment 1672:53-56 Molecule model of salt made from clay and toothpicks 1548:29 Ocean; collecting salt from ocean waters experiment 1540:52 Road salts harmful to aquatic plant life experiment 1569:43-48 Salinity of sea water experiment, how to prepare three solutions 1851:83 Salt affects the freezing point of sea water experiment 1600:21-22 Salt dissolved in water experiment, does more dissolve in hot or cold water 1548:35 Salt effect on freezing point of water experiment 1693:13

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Salt helps draw water out of cells experiment, using potato, salt and water 1546:13 Salt is more soluble in hot water experiment 1833:61 Salt kills bacteria before it can grow experiment 1707:88-89 Salt solution recipes 1840:223 Saltern, place where salt is produced by the solar process, how to demonstrate 1851:82-83 Separate salt from sea water using the Sun experiment 1853:126-127 Sun used to separate salt from saltwater experiment 1851:82-83 Taste; test you ability to taste salt experiment with six different strengths of salty water 1546:91 What happens to saltwater when sea water freezes experiment 1600:24 Where does salt come from experiment 1906:53-54 Which is more soluble in water, salt or sugar experiment 1833:60 Why do road crews use salt on icy roads experiment 1751:107 Why salt pours more slowly on humid days experiment 1676:38-40 SALTWATER. See also SEAWATER; WATER— SALT WATER Can bleach be made from saltwater experiment 1672:33-36 Carrot sinks or floats in fresh or saltwater experiment 1886:14-17 Collecting salt from ocean water experiment 1540:52 Compare how objects float in tap water and in saltwater experiment 1840:137-142 Density of different salt solutions experiment using homemade hydrometer 1550:132-133 Density of saltwater lets egg float experiment 1528:129 Effects of saltwater on some living tissues experiment 1758:26 Egg floats better in saltwater experiment 1947:20-21 Egg floats in saltwater and sinks in freshwater experiment 1680:30 Egg floats in saltwater experiment 1838:29 Egg floats in saltwater experiment 1879:24-25 Egg floats in saltwater experiment 1970:44 Egg floats in saltwater experiment 1997:169 Estuary; how does saltwater mix in an estuary experiment 1539:71-73 Freshwater made from saltwater experiment 1657:44-46

Get salt out of water experiment 1886:17-19 How can salt be removed from ocean water experiment 1752:51 Make sea water experiment 2052:18 Plants; can distilled sea water be used to water plants experiment 1569:54-57 Purify sea water to get drinking water experiment 1528:128-129 Remove salt from saltwater experiment 1603:30-31 Rivers effect on ocean salinity experiment 1851:83 Salt added to water increases its buoyant force experiment 1957:12-18 Salt dissolves in water and warm water experiment 1948:13 Salt melts ice cubes experiment 1640:21 Saltwater distillation experiment 1710:21 Saltwater freezes more slowly than freshwater experiment 1680:30 Separate salt from saltwater experiment 1601:4-5 Separate salt from water experiment 1637:34 Solid ice absorbs more heat than liquid saltwater experiment 1672:11-13 Water purification of saltwater experiment 1540:59 Which freezes first; salt or plain water experiment 1640:21 Why is it easier to float in the ocean than in a swimming pool experiment 1751:37 SALVAGE Lifting buried treasure experiment 1838:21 SAND Beach; find meteorites or cosmic sand at the beach experiment 1959:166-168 Beach; test beach sand to discover where it came from experiment 1959:160-161 Classifying grains of sand experiment 1746:16 Color; what color is sand experiment 1751:50 Colored sand in layers in jar, how to make 1640:118-119 Does every grain of sand look the same project 1876:157-169 Dry sand versus wet sand experiment; which heats faster and retains heat better 1534:113 Explore behavior of sand coated with a waterproof material experiment 1840:183-188 Hardness of different sands experiment, make sandpaper for each type 1550:93 Heat capacities of sand and water compared experiment 1528:70

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SCIENCE FAIR PROJECTS. See also SCIENCE FAIRS; SCIENCE PROJECTS 400 ideas for science fair projects 1539:185-194 Completing an award winning project 1539:38-43 Conducting an experiment 1539:16-20 Getting started on science fair projects 1539:10-15 Guide to science fair projects; at the fair what happens 1539:7-9 How to choose, plan and complete a science fair project 1865:all Organizing and displaying the data 1539:21-26 SCIENCE PROJECTS. See also SCIENCE FAIR PROJECTS Conducting an experiment 1841:76-86 Graphing and analyzing your data 1841:96-101 How to display science projects 1541:10-13 How to display your project 1563:28-29 How to display your project 1565:28-29 How to display your project 1566:28-29 How to display your project 1567:28-29 How to display your projects 1562:28-29 How to follow the scientific method for your experiment 2012:137-145 How to select, research and present a project 1802:6-15 Organize your project for deadlines and schedules, how to do 2012:74-82 Planning your project 1841:54-64 Preparing your project for display 1841:102-110 Preparing your report 1841:87-95 Presenting your project 1841:111-120 Project display, how to present your project 2012:205-213 Project question and hypothesis, how to do 2012:133-136 Results and conclusions, how to organize and interpret your data 2012:174-186 Scientific processes used by scientists 1841:65-75 Selecting a topic, how to do 1841:10-31 Spreadsheets and graphics; how to use them in your science project 1915:142-146 Statistics and how to use them in your science project 1915:136-141 Types of projects to choose, planning, doing, writing and exhibiting the project 1979:7-104 Types of projects to undertake 1841:32-53 Writing the background research paper, how to do 2012:87-98 SCINTILLATIONS. See also STARS

Magnetic minerals in sand experiment 1746:30 Quicksand; cornstarch mixture demonstrates quicksand experiment 1953:174 Sand clay objects dry to rock-hard consistency, how to make 2022:132 Sand compacted in balloon experiment 1659:30-32 Sand goop for sculptures, how to make 1967:17 Sand is made up of crushed rocks and minerals demonstration 1817:29 Sand under microscope experiment 2027:53-54 Tiny animals live between sand grains from seashore experiment 1795:48 What is sand experiment 1751:52 SAND CLOCKS Sand clock, plastic bottles, sand, straw, paints, making 1599:121-122 SANITARY LANDFILLS. See LANDFILLS SATELLITES. See also MODELS SATURN. See also PLANETS SCALES—MEASUREMENT Balance scale measures small objects, how to make 1668:22-23 Calibrated money bank toy model demonstrates weighing things 1887:12-13 Microbalance scale so sensitive it can weigh thread experiment 1532:82 Rubber band scale used to compare weights of small objects experiment 1668:24 Simple ruler and rubber band scale, how to make 1938:6-7 Spring balance scale experiment, how to make 1532:83 SCARECROWS How to make scarecrow from old clothes, two sticks and stuffing 1757:84-87 SCAVENGERS. See BIODEGRADABILITY SCHOOLS Map your school grounds for existing habitats experiment 1723:27 SCHOOLS—ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Survey to investigate use of materials in your school 1720:17 What recycling and what energy conservation is done in your school 1720:17 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS. See also INVESTIGATIONS—SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS

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SCREWS. See also SIMPLE MACHINES— SCREWS SCULPTURE Sculpture formula for making carved sculptures 2001:57 SCUM What can be used to reduce or eliminate biofilm growth experiment 1570:146-148 SEA BREEZES. See also OCEAN WINDS Determine cause of land and sea breezes experiment 1850:162-165 Effect of water on climate experiment 1850:155-165 Sand and rice used to demonstrate land and sea breezes experiment 1528:65 SEABIRDS What happens when a seabird gets oil on its feathers experiment 1601:79-80 SEALS What keeps seal from freezing in icy water experiment 1751:98 SEASHELLS. See also OCEAN SHORELINES; SHELLS Seashell wind chime, how to make 1572:31 Seashells dissolve in vinegar experiment 1660:25 Showcase to display shells you find at seashore, how to make 1546:18-19 SEASHORE Beach transect to measure life at different beach levels experiment 1973:68-69 Different types of shorelines and tide changes experiment 1957:38-43 Fishing net to gather seashore specimens, how to make 1973:64-65 Rock pools observation of animals and sea life experiment 1973:70-71 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:37-48 Tide pool viewer to observe inhabitants experiment, plastic pipe, Plexiglas, tape 1546:17 SEASHORE BIOLOGY. See BARNACLES; LIMPETS; MUSSELS; PERIWINKLES; SEA STARS; SEAWEED SEASHORE ECOLOGY Burrowers and diggers in sand; how to collect and observe 1812:17 Catch and observe animals living in upper beach sand 1812:11

Diorama of seashore; rocks, plants and shore animals, how to do 1812:32 Tiny animals live between sand grains from seashore experiment 1795:48 SEASONS Angles of Sun’s rays affect their strength experiment 1753:71 Curved shape of Earth affects climate throughout the world experiment 1861:4-7 How the Sun affects the seasons experiment 1850:125-134 Microbe populations in your backyard over time experiment 1570:29-30 Seasons of the year depend on tilt of the Earth experiment 1660:46-47 Summer; why is it hotter in summer experiment 1737:9 When does solar energy change the seasons experiment 1905:73-75 Why do seasons happen experiment 1737:8 Why we have seasons experiment 1953:214-215 Winter; why are the days so short in winter experiment 1737:10 Winter; why the Earth is cooler in winter experiment 1850:132-134 Winter; why winter comes to certain areas at certain times of the year experiment 1751:123 SEASONS—FALL. See also FALL SEASONS—SPRING. See also SPRING SEASONS—SUMMER. See also SUMMER SEASONS—WINTER. See also WINTER SEAT BELTS How seat belt reduces danger involved in automobile collision 1609:99-100 Law of inertia applied to automobile and seat belt safety, crash testing experiment 1839:101-106 Ride safely on a toy car experiment 1990:60-61 Safer crashes into sand filled plastic barrels instead of concrete barriers experiment 1609:100-103 Seat belt model to demonstrate movement of seat belt 1532:103 Why do we have to wear seat belts experiments 1857:78-81 SEAWATER. See also SALTWATER Colors of light; different colors of light are bent by water in caves experiment 1550:123 Crystals; compare regular water and sea water for crystal formation experiment 1833:79

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Density of different salt solutions experiment using homemade hydrometer 1550:132-133 Density of saltwater lets egg float experiment 1528:129 Density; compare density of ocean and freshwater experiment 1851:85 Evaporation of ocean water produces sea salt experiment 1795:27 Evaporation rates of different salinity waters in a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:72-76 Floating in salt and freshwater experiment 1895:14-15 Freshwater from saltwater using solar still experiment 1600:68-69 How to get salt from sea water experiment 1895:12-13 How to get salt from sea water experiment 1961:17 How to get salt out of sea water experiments with evaporation 1857:24-27 Hydrometer measures density of sea water experiment, how to make 2016:19 Hydrometer, how to make to demonstrate sea water is denser than tap water, experiment 2052:12 Hypothermia; explore how hypothermia works experiment 1550:161 Make sea water experiment 2052:18 Plants; can distilled sea water be used to water plants experiment 1569:54-57 Plants; salty sea water kills land plants experiment 1784:14 Purify sea water to get drinking water experiment 1528:128-129 Salinity of sea water experiment, how to prepare three solutions 1851:83 Salt affects the freezing point of sea water experiment 1600:21-22 Saltwater is denser or heavier than freshwater experiment 1784:13 Sea water contains dissolved salt experiment 1784:12 Separate salt from sea water using the Sun experiment 1853:126-127 Sun used to separate salt from saltwater experiment 1851:82-83 What happens to saltwater when sea water freezes experiment 1600:24 SEAWATER SALINITY. See OCEAN SALINITY SEAWEED. See also ALGAE Does algae have any medicinal qualities experiment 1569:116-120

Dried seaweed print, how to make 2022:126 Forecast the weather with seaweed experiment 1752:43 How seaweed sticks to rocks experiment 1752:42 How to collect, preserve and mount seaweed 1845:10-14 Photographs of seaweed that are easy to find 1846:16-30 Pressed seaweed experiment 1633:141 Pressing seaweed, how to do 1930:78-79 Seaweed pictures, how to do 1973:73 Seaweed press, how to make 1601:15-16 SECRET MESSAGES Chemical changes help you write secret messages experiment 1844:21 Colored filter decodes secret messages experiment 1578:21-24 How to write and read secret messages experiment 1831:130 Lemon juice secret message experiment 1967:110 Lemon juice secret messages experiments 1740:62-63 Lemon juice secret messages experiments 1953:36-37 SECRET WRITING. See also CHEMISTRY— TRICKS; INVISIBLE INKS; PIGPEN CIPHER SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. See also ROCKS SEDIMENTATION. See also EROSION SEDIMENTS. See CLAY; EROSION; DIRT; MUD; ROCKS; SOIL SEED SHRIMP. See OSTRACODS SEEDS Drying frame for seeds, how to make 1572:104-105 Enzyme; test for amount of enzyme, diastase, present in seeds experiment 1876:134 How seeds break rocks apart experiment 2054:84-85 Key to classify seeds found in your kitchen, how to do experiment 1918:113-114 Lima bean; why is a lima bean a seed experiment 1934:33-35 Lima beans; how much water do lima beans absorb experiment 1984:15 Nutrients in seeds, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:70-74 Save some seeds from your garden vegetables and fruits, how to do 1555:122

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Starch; does lima bean or corn seed contain starch experiment 1984:16 SEEDS—ANATOMY Lima bean seeds; examine for embryo or small plant inside experiment 1603:39-40 Parts of seed experiment using lima bean 1751:23 Structures of lima beans, red kidney beans and corn seeds, how to examine experiment 1984:11-14 What’s inside a seed experiment 2048:74-76 SEEDS—DISPERSAL Airborne seeds of dandelions sprout and germinate experiment 1742:84-85 Collect seeds on socks over your shoes experiment 1750:26-27 Hitchhiking seeds on your sock experiment 1655:30-31 How do seeds travel experiment 1843:10-11 How do seeds travel, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:48-60 How does a dandelion plant spread experiment 1934:57-59 How seeds spread experiment, make model of tree seeds 1893:14-15 How you affect spreading of plant seeds in your environment experiment 1848:8-11 Pine cones react to wet weather to protect seeds experiment 1751:7 Seed collecting sticky wristband experiment 1582:11-12 Socks; collect seeds on white socks worn outside experiment 1864:165 Socks; plant seeds hitch a ride on socks experiment, magnifying glass needed 1707:73 Socks; seed hitchhikers, gather from your socks and plant experiment 1734:38 Traveling seeds experiment 1645:22-23 Unknown plants in your backyard, how to plant and grow seeds to identify the plants experiment 1865:62-64 Which seeds blow the farthest experiment 1582:19 SEEDS—FRUIT. See also FRUITS Plant avocado pit or other fruit seeds in soil experiment 1546:38 SEEDS—GERMINATION Acid rain effect on growth of seeds over 7-day period experiment 1898:113-114 Air needed for seeds to germinate experiment; coat seeds with Vaseline 1984:27-28 Air; how does air affect seed growth experiment 1734:26

Alfalfa seeds sprout in eggshells experiment 1531:37 Bean seed and colored water experiment to demonstrate parts of seed 1582:12-13 Bean seed germinates and grows in glass of water letting you see what happens experiment 1546:33 Bean seed power experiment, plant grows through plaster of Paris 1998:65 Bean seeds continue to grow into plants without cotyledon experiment 1582:31 Bean seeds germinate and grow experiment 1909:14-15 Bean seeds grow in plastic sandwich bag, how to do 1555:25 Bean seeds grown in the dark and in the light experiment 1631:18 Bean seeds in jars experiment; which will grow, fresh beans, canned beans, frozen beans or dried beans 1642:9-10 Bean seeds lift pennies as they grow experiment 1555:91 Bean seeds need what amount of water and air to grow experiment 1546:31 Bean seeds sprout and grow into plant experiment 1650:28-29 Bean seeds sprout in paper towels in jar experiment 1971:29 Bean seeds without cotyledons; can they grow experiment 1984:33-36 Bean seeds; breaking down seed coats experiment 1540:26-27 Bean soaked, planted grows into bean plant experiment 1772:unp Bean sprouts in salad experiment 1642:10-11 Beans sprout in clear glass jar experiment 1531:36 Beans; are other beans as hydrophilic (attract water) as pinto beans experiment 1854:40-43 Beans; can bean plants get too much water experiment 1651:134-135 Beans; do bean seeds imbibe water at a constant rate experiment 1854:40-43 Beans; do bean seeds need moisture to start growing experiment 1651:116-117 Beans; do lima bean seeds need rich soil to start growing experiment 1651:130-131 Beans; do nutrients affect germination starting time experiment 1854:44-47 Beans; do other beans and peas develop the same as pinto beans experiment 1854:48-51 Beans; does depth of seed planting affect germination starting time experiment 1854:44-47

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Beans; does light affect germination starting time experiment 1854:44-47 Beans; does pressure on bean seeds affect imbibition (water absorption) experiment 1854:40-43 Beans; how does imbibition (water absorption) affect seed coat of bean experiment 1854:40-43 Beans; how does pinto bean seedling develop experiment 1854:48 Beans; how does water affect pinto bean seeds experiment 1854:40-43 Beans; how long does it take pinto beans to start growing experiment 1854:44-47 Beans; rate of growth for hypcotyl experiment 1854:48-51 Beans; which part of embryo in pinto bean seed develops first experiment 1854:36-39 Beans; will bean plants grow in salted soil experiment 1651:126-127 Can’t grow wrong experiment with lima beans roots grow down and stems grow up 1869:66-75 Carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption by germinating seeds experiment 1638:43-48 Citrus seeds germinate and grow into plants, how to do 1862:18-19 Corn and beans; compare stems and root systems of each plant experiment 1854:52-55 Corn and beans; differences between monocots and dicots experiment 1854:52-55 Corn; what are the first signs of corn seed germination experiment 1854:52-55 Cotyledon removal; determine how seedlings are affected by removal of cotyledons experiment 1638:36-38 Cress seeds germination affected by light, temperature, water and soil experiment 1909:8-9 Cress seeds need light to germinate experiment 1909:8-9 Depth of planting seeds affects germination and plant growth experiment 1984:38-39 Depth; can seeds be planted too deep experiment 1651:112-113 Do seeds planted upside down know up from down experiment 1734:32-33 Fertilizer; will fertilizer help seedling grow experiment 1734:36-37 Freezing temperatures effect on germinating seeds experiment 1984:29-30 Fruit; grow fruit plants from seeds experiment 1603:45

Germinate seeds to observe their cotyledons experiment 1758:89 Germination percentage of different types of seeds experiment 1638:31-35 Grass seeds grow in hollowed out potato experiment 1685:30 Grass seeds grow in sawdust heads, how to do 1862:14-15 Grass seeds grown in eggshell experiment 1640:34-35 Grass seeds planted on sponges and in egg cartons with soil substitutes grow experiment 1631:22-24 Grow seeds in a jar to observe growth experiment 1942:28-29 Grow small flower seeds experiment 1909:10-11 Growing grass on a turntable experiment 1984:40-41 Growing tip of plant is strong experiment 1750:6-7 Herbs; make an indoor herb garden 1909:28-29 How to start seeds growing indoors or out experiment 1757:6-9 Kitchen seeds sprout experiment 1856:72-75 Light affects germination of radish seeds experiment 1984:31-32 Light on soil needed for mustard seed germination experiment 2054:46-47 Light on the soil needed to germinate mustard seeds experiment 1854:64-67 Light; how does light affect seed growth experiment 1734:28 Lima bean seeds in plastic bag sprout experiment 1970:79 Lima bean seeds planted in ordinary sand and seashore sand experiment 1984:42 Lima bean; how lima bean seed grows into a plant experiment 1934:36-38 Lima beans sprout experiment 1729:211-212 Microwaves effect on seeds experiment 1540:20-21 Mini greenhouse for indoor seedlings, how to make 1555:24 Moisture needed to germinate seeds experiment 1540:29 Mung bean sprouts experiment 1637:49 Name spelled with germinating seeds experiment 1603:48 Name; grow your name from seeds experiment 1555:82 Names; grow your own name with cress seeds experiment 1695:20-21 Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels change when seeds respire experiment 1638:43-48

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Peas; do pea plants need light to start growing experiment 1651:118-119 Plant seeds and place some in refrigerator, in a warm room, in a warm dark room, with no water experiment 1984:25-26 Planting seeds in containers, how to do 1734:20-21 Plants know which way is up experiment with bean seeds 1655:28-29 Propagator for germinating seeds, how to make from plastic bottle 1695:29 Pumpkin seeds; how to grow 1538:unp Radish seeds; what do they need to germinate on different materials experiment 1582:15 Root hairs on germinating seeds experiment 1593:75-77 Seed cells need water and sunlight to start growing experiment 1707:85 Seeds germinate in glass jar with paper towels and water experiment 1984:23-24 Seeds need light and warmth to grow experiment 1938:59-60 Seeds need to take in water to start growing experiment 1603:43 Seeds send roots down and stems up experiment 1750:4-5 Seeds sprout if placed on water-soaked sponge experiment 1660:56-57 Seeds sprout with or without soil experiment 1832:63-65 Sensitive plant, mimosa pudica seeds, how to germinate 1862:4-5 Soils; different kinds of soils affect on germination experiment 1984:37 Soils; do seeds grow in different kinds of soil experiment 1894:22-23 Sowing depth; determine best depth for different kinds of seeds experiment 1638:39-42 Sprout head in decorated eggshells experiment 1546:41 Temperature, light and water are needed for seeds to germinate experiment 1984:25-26 Temperature; cold, cool or warm air makes difference to seed starting experiment 1651:102-103 Temperature; how does temperature affect seed growth experiment 1734:27 Watch growth of roots and shoots experiment 1603:44 Watch seeds grow in light and dark experiment 1843:8-9 Water amount is important to bean seeds experiment 1998:22

Water helps seeds sprout experiment, one seed pot with and one without water 1867:25 Water; how does water affect seed growth experiment 1734:25 Water; how much water do lima bean seeds need to sprout experiment 1742:43-45 Water; how much water do seeds need experiment 2041:14-15 Watercress seeds sprout in little carton trains, how to do 1862:26-27 Ways to make seeds germinate faster experiment 1742:29-31 What do plants need in order to grow experiment with lima beans 1843:24-25 What does a seed need to germinate and grow experiment 2034:14-15 What happens if seed leaves are removed after sprouting experiment 1734:31 What happens if seed leaves are removed before planting experiment 1734:29-30 What happens to seeds in a microwave oven experiment 1742:36-38 What is most important to seed growth—light, warmth or water experiment 1826:25 What seeds need to begin growing experiment 1603:41-42 Will seeds sprout in a refrigerator experiment 1742:46-48 SEEDS—IMBIBITION Bean seed imbibition experiment 1638:25-30 Imbibition pressure; determine how much pressure imbibing seeds can generate experiment 1638:28-29 Measure rate of seed mass increase during imbibition experiment 1638:26-28 Measure rate of seed volume increase during imbibition experiment 1638:25-26 SEEDS—SPROUTS. See also SPROUTS SEEDS—TREES. See also TREES Pine cones; what are the seeds in pine cones experiment 1751:75 SEISMOGRAPH. See also EARTHQUAKES Graphs of earthquake motions presenting horizontal and vertical motions experiment 2029:47-49 Seismograph measures vibrations and intensity of earthquakes, how to make and use 1599:28-29 Seismograph model shows how magnitude of earthquake is measured experiment 1851:90-91

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Seismograph model to measure shaking of Earth, how to make 1550:120 Simple seismograph, how to make 1953:143 SEISMOMETER Two types of seismometers to measure horizontal and vertical motions, how to build 2020:42-44 SENSES. See also GERBILS Fruits recognized by using all the senses experiment 1540:12-13 Primary activities to observe and demonstrate the five senses 1880:1-48 Properties of solids and liquids while making butter experiment 1790:189-195 Senses used to investigate and enjoy popcorn experiment 1790:186-188 Sight, touch and smell test of foods 1728:67 Touch and smell, three experiments to test food 1728:68-69 Where are our sense organs experiment 1906:96-99 SENSES—HEARING. See also HEARING Big Ben noise amplifier toy experiment 1790:121-125 Paper cup telephone demonstrates sound travels through solids experiment 1790:127-132 SENSES—SIGHT. See also VISION Air takes up space experiment with balloon in a bottle 1790:105-112 Air takes up space experiment with tissue in cup staying dry experiment 1790:113-117 Shapes of liquids and solids under various conditions experiment 1790:97-100 Sort M & M candies by color and classify experiment 1790:89-96 SENSES—SMELL Different smells travel through wall of balloon experiment 1840:37-44 Faint and strong smells experiment 1728:72-73 Food; is smell important to taste in many different kinds of food or only a few 1571:100-101 Get well smells used in medicines experiment 1728:82-83 How sniffing affects the intensity of smells experiment 1860:101-106 Identifying substances by smell experiment 1790:135-140 Locate perfume by “following your nose” experiment 1595:70-71 Releasing smells experiment 1728:76-77

Scents can travel through wall of balloon experiment 1790:141-150 Scratch and sniff stickers; bubble wrap used to model microencapsulation used in scratchand-sniff stickers experiment 1840:45-51 Scratch-and-sniff challenge to identify substances by smell experiment 1790:151-158 See how fast odors travel using scent recipes 1840:31-36 Smell tests on food 1728:70-71 Smell threshold concentration experiment with flavoring extracts 1725:159 Smells that make you cry experiment 1728:77 Test response to strong smell on different animal parts to which part of animals body responds experiment 1571:94-96 Which smells are easy to identify experiment using foods and non-foods 1725:158 SENSES—TASTE. See also SENSES—TASTE AND SMELL; TASTE Can’t taste what you can’t smell experiment with jellybeans 1604:16-17 Does your nose help you taste food experiment 1934:18-20 Fading or diminishing flavor experiment; demonstrate habituation of taste with solutions of sugar 1725:162 Foods that pop experiments with Zotz candy, Pop Rocks 1790:177-181 How does tongue taste food experiment 1889:30-32 How does tongue taste sugar experiment 1934:16-17 How one taste masks another experiment using salt and sugar solutions 1725:161 Is smell important to taste in many different kinds of food or only a few 1571:100-101 Lemon flavored potato experiment; confuse brain by combining flavor of one food with texture of another 1725:162 Salt; test you ability to taste salt experiment with six different strengths of salty water 1546:91 Sense of sight can fool us in identifying gelatin flavors experiment 1790:161-166 Strength or concentration of flavor has effect on how much we like it experiment 1725:163 Using taste to identify four white solids experiment 1790:167-175 When don’t your taste buds work experiment 1905:87-88 Which food you can identify using your taste buds alone experiment 1725:160 Why do foods taste different experiment 1858:110-113

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SEWING MACHINES Drum machine model demonstrates movement of sewing machine 1887:14-15 SEX RATIO Sex ratio of mosquitoes affected by changes in temperature experiment 1571:108-110 SEXTANT Build sextant to chart position of stars experiment 1586:120-125 SHADOW CLOCKS (SUNDIALS). See also SUNDIALS Make from cardboard, stick and clay experiment 2033:11 Shadow clock experiment, how to do 1587:62-64 SHADOWS Activities with shadows 1837:8-13 Capture your shadow on paper 1639:76-77 Closeness to light affects shadow size experiment 1844:87-88 Drawing shadows, how to do 1785:33-34 How can the Moon block the Sun’s light experiment 2054:36-37 How does a magnifying lens affect shadows experiment 1753:99 Human color perception experiment using colored lights to make additive color mixtures 1576:16-20 Length of shadow outside in sunlight measurements during day experiment 1547:15-18 Measure and record your shadow at different times during the day experiment 1818:33 Night creatures experiment using cutouts 1917:38-39 Objects, Sun and shadows experiment 1587:22-25 Primary science activities with shadows 1931:70-73 Same objects cast different shadows throughout the day experiment 1753:72 Shadow box experiments using artificial and sunlight and compare results 1913:43-46 Shadow box game experiments with 2-D and 3-D objects 1913:47-60 Shadow box game experiments with transparent objects 1913:66-79 Shadow box game experiments with wire shapes 1913:60-65 Shadow box, small laboratory to experiment with shadows, how to make 1913:37-46 Shadow experiment demonstrates light travels in straight lines 1612:18-21 Shadow map; trace shapes to follow path of Sun experiment 1531:31

SENSES—TASTE AND SMELL. See also SENSES—TASTE; TASTE Determine if smell and taste are linked senses experiment 1860:107-112 Taste test for sense of smell and taste working together experiment 1726:51 SENSES—TOUCH. See also TOUCH Blurring the sense of touch experiment 1725:167 Body map or homunculus of touch cortex experiment 1604:20-21 Chart on a grid where you feel cold, pressure and discomfort experiment 1546:93 Corn starch putty used for sense of touch investigations 1790:67-70 Experiment to fool temperature receptors in your hands 1546:93 Experiment with sense of touch using feathers 1617:13 Feely balloons used to investigate sense of touch experiment 1790:59-65 Gluep, polymer putty materials, used to investigate sense of touch experiment 1790:71-77 How sensitive is your skin to touch experiment 1934:13-15 Identify things by touch alone experiment 1725:166 Map touch sensors on your body; where are the fewest and the most experiment 1879:55-56 Reading by touch experiment with map pins stuck into cork tiles 1725:167 Touch gauge to measure what parts of body are most sensitive to touch experiment, how to make gauge 1725:164-165 Touch test to identify objects experiment 1726:54 Trick sense of touch with bowls of water at different temperatures 1751:112 Which parts of human skin have the most touch receptors experiment 1571:30-32 SENSORY PERCEPTION Test response to strong smell on different animal parts to see which part of animals body responds experiment 1571:94-96 SEPARATION. See also MIXTURES SEWAGE TREATMENT. See also WASTE TREATMENT SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT Analysis of bacteria and heavy metal content of sewage before and after treatment experiment 1539:136-137

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Shadow puppets demonstrate what happens when object blocks path of light 1640:128-129 Shadow theater, how to do 1699:76-79 Shadows and time experiments 1612:23-24 Shadows change direction and size during the day, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:148-150 Shadows in artificial light experiment 1913:27-35 Shadows in sunlight experiments 1913:17-26 Shadows that grow and shadows that don’t grow experiment 1587:26-30 Shape of shadow changes in sunlight experiment 1751:55 Shapes and sizes of shadows experiment 1699:74-75 Sharp and fuzzy shadows experiment 1587:35-38 Temperatures of anti-red/anti-blue shadows from a binary star system experiment 1534:91-94 What can you make with a shadow experiment 1844:85-86 Why does my shadow change size experiments 1857:84-87 SHADUF Shaduf model, make from sticks, clay, string and stone 1896:8-9 SHAPES Non-round rollers experiment; flat panel rolls smoothly on non-circular rollers 1579:59-67 Shapes of liquids and solids under various conditions experiment 1790:97-10 Stokes’ Law applies to non-spherical objects dropped in viscous fluids experiment 1539:163-165 Wooden stool demonstrates strength of shapes, how to build experiment 1802:46-47 SHARKS Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:129-138 SHEEP Observe differences in maternal behavior of experienced and inexperienced sheep mothers experiment 1552:66-71 SHELLS. See also SEASHELLS Imprint; make a permanent shell imprint in plaster of Paris experiment 1842:160-161 See inside a shell experiment, using sandpaper to scrape holes in shells 1546:19 Vinegar dissolves seashells experiment 1752:72 What does inside of shell look like experiment 1751:43

What is inside a shell, experiment 2052:37 SHELLS—COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION Collecting shells at seashore and making shell tracings, how to do 1812:15 Shell collection; how to clean, identify and store 1812:34 Showcase to display shells you find at seashore, how to make 1546:18-19 SHIPS. See also BOATS Boat hull designs experiment to test for most efficient shape 1864:191-194 Buoyancy; demonstrate principle of buoyancy in model ocean liner experiment 1864:200 Cargo ships; how much cargo will boat carry before it sinks experiment 1838:16 Floating; modeling clay in water demonstrates why ships float experiment 1707:17 Hull shapes tested for speed in water experiment 1748:17 Metal ships experiment, make from aluminum foil, wood and plastic containers 1838:15 Speed; determine method used by early sailors to determine speed of ships experiment 1853:44-46 Streamlined hulls let water flow around them experiment 1532:104-105 Up-thrust of ships, how to measure experiment 2016:51 SHOCK WAVES Shock waves effect experiment 1903:71-74 SHOES Activities and science experiments 2032:200-209 Testing shoes for grip on ice experiment 1897:20-21 SHORELINES. See also OCEAN SHORELINES Different types of shorelines and tide changes experiment 1957:38-43 What happens when waves constantly hit the shore experiment 1601:54-56 SHRIMP—BRINE. See also BRINE SHRIMP SIAMESE FIGHTING FISH Aggressive behavior of Siamese fighting fish experiment 1552:33-39 SIDEREAL DAY. See TIME SIGN LANGUAGE Invent your own sign language experiment 1595:92 SIGNALS. See also CODES; MORSE CODE SILHOUETTES Use sunshine to make silhouettes 1830:140

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SILLY PUTTY How does Silly Putty pull a cartoon from the funny pages experiment 1754:44 Properties of Silly Putty experiments 1840:203-307 Recipe for making Silly Putty 1970:289 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:94-103 Silly Putty can act as both a solid and liquid experiment 1675:17-19 Silly Putty or funny putty (recipe given) a solid or a liquid experiment 1754:26 SILVER Cleaning silverware experiment 1657:52-54 Remove silver tarnish experiment 1864:122-123 SILVERFISH Keeping and observing silverfish experiment 1722:15 SIMPLE MACHINES Paddle boat floats and goes in water experiment 2007:28-39 Primary science activities with simple machines 1931:74-77 The simple machine challenge experiment 1743:72-75 Where were machines first used experiment 1906:12-15 SIMPLE MACHINES—BALLBEARINGS. See also BALLBEARINGS SIMPLE MACHINES—BELLOWS Cardboard box model bellows, how to make 1887:26-27 SIMPLE MACHINES—BLOCK AND TACKLE. See also BLOCK AND TACKLE SIMPLE MACHINES—COGS Cog machine changes movement from one direction to another experiment 1887:24-25 SIMPLE MACHINES—GEARS. See also GEARS Belt drive turns an axle at different speeds experiment 1711:31 Bicycle gears allow rear wheel to turn at different speeds experiment 1532:31 Bicycle; calculate gear ratio on your bicycle, how to do 1532:31 Fascinator machine to test optical effects and illusions, how to make 1887:28-29 Gear up with a Lego heli-tractor experiment 1839:181-185 Gear wheels experiment, how to make 1711:30 Gears affect each other’s speed and direction of motion experiment 1851:130-131

Gears are used to change direction and speed of a force experiment 1902:137-140 How do gears work experiment 1753:79 How does water wheel work experiment 1753:39 Magic trick weird gears experiment 1715:12-13 SIMPLE MACHINES—INCLINED PLANE. See also INCLINED PLANE Effect of different angles of inclined planes on speed and distance of car experiment 1839:25-32 Inclined plane makes lifting object easier experiment 2054:132-133 Moving object up a hill or ramp experiment 1878:15-16 Put inclined plane to work pulling cars up ramp experiment 2007:20-21 Pyramids built using ramps to move materials experiment 1658:5-6 Screw jack experiment, how to make 1711:22-23 Water flows up plastic tubing experiment to demonstrate inclined plane 2007:22-23 What is an inclined plane experiment 1844:234-237 SIMPLE MACHINES—LEVERS. See also LEVERS Balance forks in cork, on match stick and on stretched string experiment 1890:8-9 Build big lever to demonstrate three classes of levers experiment 1532:28-29 Catapult, make from wood, dowels and sponges 1748:28-29 Desktop lever show how levers work experiment 1890:6-7 Effort required to lift a load with a first-class lever experiment 1844:198-200 First-class lever experiment 2045:30 First-class lever experiment 2054:130-131 First-class lever experiments 1976:52-57 Floating chair magic trick demonstrates levers 1713:26-27 Gripper lever experiment, how to make 1711:12 How a lever works and creates mechanical advantage experiment 1586:12-18 How is a second-class lever different from a firstclass lever experiment 1844:205-206 Investigate different types of levers experiment 1902:73-76 Lever helps lift objects experiment 1753:74 Levers built from Legos experiment 1839:177-180 Magic trick batty balance bar experiment 1715:18-19 Magic trick magic grabber experiment 1715:14-15 Magic trick using puppet experiment 1715:26-27

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Magic trick, down the box trap experiment 1715:8-9 Mobiles; how do artists make mobiles balance experiment 1562:10-13 Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:60-69 Second and third class levers experiments 2045:30-33 Second class lever experiments 1976:61-63 Spoon jumps into glass experiment 1890:7-8 Three types of levers experiment using cardboard models 1894:26-27 Waving arms model toy, how to make 1887:6-7 What do we lose as we gain force with a lever experiment 1844:201-204 What is a third class lever experiment 1844:210-211 What is the advantage of a first class lever experiment 1844:194-195 SIMPLE MACHINES—PULLEYS. See also PULLEYS Block and tackle experiment, how to make 1711:27 Block and tackle with one fixed and one moving group of pulleys experiment and how to build 1532:32-33 Broomstick pulley demonstrates strength of pulley experiment 1890:11-12 Construct pulley conveyor belt experiment 1758:64 Cookie crusher machine model, how to make 1887:22-23 Double pulley experiment, how to make 1711:26 Magic trick spooky cylinder experiment 1715:10-11 Magic trick super-strong pull on poles experiment 1715:24-25 Observe and compare lifting power of fixed and movable pulley experiment 1902:81-84 Pulley lifts objects experiment 1753:81 Pulley used to move objects across a room experiment 1753:80 Spool pulley used to lift load in bucket experiment 1890:12-13 Toy elevator lifts bucket experiment 2007:14-15 Two-pulley system experiment, make from thread spools, wires, bucket and weights 1890:14 What are pulleys for experiment 1904:19-23 What can be gained by combining fixed and movable pulleys experiment 1844:230-233 What is a fixed pulley experiment 1844:220-223 What is a movable pulley experiment 1844:224-227 SIMPLE MACHINES—RAMPS. See also RAMPS Effect of different angles of inclined planes on speed and distance of car experiment 1839:25-32

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Effect of ramp height on movement of a toy car experiment 1613:189-195 Pyramids built using ramps to move materials experiment 1658:5-6 Ramp makes work easier experiment 1955:31-35 SIMPLE MACHINES—ROLLERS Mystery roller machine model, how to make 1887:8-9 SIMPLE MACHINES—SCREWS. See also SCREWS Magic trick Archimedean screw magic tube make water flow uphill experiment 1715:20-21 Magic trick magic tube makes water flow uphill experiment 1715:20-21 Twirling toy helicopter demonstrates screws 2007:24-25 What is a screw experiment 1844:240-241 What kind of simple machine is the screwdriver experiment 1844:242 SIMPLE MACHINES—WEDGES. See also WEDGES A simple machine experiment 2045:76-77 What is a wedge experiment 1844:238-239 SIMPLE MACHINES—WHEEL AND AXLE Screwdriver and screw experiment to demonstrate wheel and axle 1976:70-73 What is the wheel and axle experiment 1844:215-217 Wheel and axle, a simple machine experiment 2045:28-29 Wheels help car move up using ramp experiment 2007:8-9 Windmill turning causes string to lift up candy experiment 2007:10-11 SIMPLE MACHINES—WHEELS. See also WHEELS Capstan wheel experiment, how to make 1711:16-17 Wheels decrease friction experiment 1753:75 SIMPLESSE. See also MICROPARTICULATION SINKS Design mechanism to control growth of bacteria in P-traps experiment 1539:145-147 Organisms in P-traps, test for presence of anaerobic bacteria experiment 1539:145-147 P-traps are conducive for growth of bacteria experiment 1539:142-144 SIPHONS Air pressure demonstrated by water fountain experiment 1840:123-130 How a siphon works experiment 1753:77

Do slime molds know where their food is experiment 1652:77 Experiments with slime molds, data sheets given 1652:73-81 Slime mold races experiment 1959:152-153 Where are slime molds most likely to grow experiment 1735:32-34 Will drying induce sporangia to form experiment 1652:81 Will lack of food cause sporangia to form experiment 1652:81 Will light cause sporangia to form experiment 1652:81 Will placing slime on plastic wrap cause sporangia to form experiment 1652:81 SLIMES Absorbing slimes experiment 1728:56-57 Animal slimes experiment 1728:63-64 Are watery slimes less slimy experiment 1728:55 Colors of slimes experiment 1728:58 Compare slimes experiment 1728:52 Dissolving slimes experiment 1728:56 Do slimes dry out experiment 1728:48 Effect of cold and warmth on slimes experiment 1728:49 Filtering slimes experiment 1728:57 How creepy are slimes experiment 1728:47 How runny are slimes experiment 1728:42-43 How sticky are slimes experiment 1728:44-45 How stringy are slimes experiment 1728:46 Making powdered slimes experiment 1728:54 Plant slimes experiment 1728:62 Pouring slimes experiment 1728:53 Slimes in pipes experiment 1728:59 Slimometer measures viscosity of slimes experiment, how to make 1728:50-51 Turn an egg into slime experiment 1728:61 SLOPES Erosion; how does planting around a hill affect soil erosion experiment 1535:39-41 Erosion; how does planting up and down the slope of hill affect soil erosion experiment 1535:36-38 Measuring height of a slope with jar of water and stick experiment 1599:46-47 Why are south-facing slopes warmer in the northern hemisphere experiment 1739:9 SLOPES—NATURAL. See also HILLS SLUGS. See also SNAILS How to collect, identify and keep slugs and snails 1623:4-29

Magic trick glass that never fills up experiment 1719:20-21 Removing water without pouring experiment 1878:37-39 SKIN. See also HUMAN BODY—SKIN Skin; moisturizing lotions and creams soothe and protect skin experiment 1677:18-20 SKY “Red sky at morning, sailors take warning. Red sky at night, sailors delight.” Determine accuracy of the saying project 2013:26-33 Blue skies and sunsets, scattering of light experiment 1528:20 Blue sky, yellow Sun and red sunsets and particles scattering experiment 1612:78-79 Light makes sky look blue experiment 1753:67 Measure shades of blue in the sky with cyanometer, how to build and use 1864:14-16 Night sky, how to make model 2015:16 Night sky; how to observe safely 1737:13 Night sky; observing in spring, summer, fall and winter experiment 1737:24-27 Observe sky for clouds and other conditions project 2013:34-37 Particles in atmosphere cause sky to look blue and Sun to look yellow experiment 1861:8-11 Red sunset and blue sky in glass experiment 1701:51-57 Scatter light and produce colors like the sky experiment 1901:53-56 Show rotation of the night sky and of Earth experiment 1533:28-29 What is your horizon experiment 1904:46-47 Why sky is blue and sunsets are red experiment 1578:3-7 Why the sky is blue, why do sunrises and sunsets glow with color experiment 2028:39-40 SKYSCRAPERS Model miniature skyscraper experiment, how to build 1532:62-63 SLIDE PROJECTORS. See also PROJECTORS SLIDES—MICROSCOPE. See also MICROSCOPE SLIME Make slime from glue and borax experiment 1879:15-18 Silly slime, how to make from borax and Elmer glue 1933:18-19 SLIME MOLDS. See also MICROSCOPE; MOLDS At what distance can slime molds detect food experiment 1652:77-81

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Keep snails and slugs to observe behaviors and speeds of different kinds experiment 1643:29 Keeping snails and slugs, how to do 1973:41 Slugs and snails, how to keep and observe them 2021:81-84 Test response to strong smell on different animal parts to see which part of animals body responds experiment 1571:94-96 Three slug traps to put in your garden experiment; which works better 1689:21 Which foods do slugs like best experiment 1643:31 SMOG. See also AIR POLLUTION; POLLUTION— AIR How clean is your air experiment using filtered rainwater 1969:11 Making smog experiment 1739:13 What causes smog experiment 1953:239 SMOKE. See also FIRE; FIRE ALARMS Melting rate of ice in a smoke-filled atmosphere experiment 1534:95-98 SMOKING. See also CIGARETTES Effects of second hand smoke project 2012:194-204 Second hand smoking causes decreased lung capacity project 2012:194-204 SNAILS. See also SLUGS Age; determine relative ages of snails experiment 1753:15 Algae and snails left in dark or light for month experiment 1652:112 Can land snails swim experiment 1780:36 Can snails remember their favorite food experiment 1780:42 Corral to hold snails, how to make 1780:10 Do all snail shells coil in the same direction experiment 17525:71 Do snails like water experiment 1780:35 Do snails prefer dark places experiment 1780:35 Do snails return to the same place each night experiment 1643:31 How do snails eat and travel experiment 1603:73-74 How does snail move about experiment 1751:57 How fast does a snail travel experiment 1780:38 How much weight can a snail pull experiment 1780:39 How to collect, identify and keep slugs and snails 1623:4-29 How to make a snail come out of its shell experiment 1780:34 How to raise and keep garden snails in plastic container experiment 1651:147-149

Keep snails and slugs to observe behaviors and speeds of different kinds experiment 1643:29 Keeping snails and slugs, how to do 1973:41 Keeping snails, how to do 1531:45 Land snail, how to keep and care for 1814:34 Land snails; how to house and observe 1930:16-17 Observe snails experiment 1843:98-99 Obstacle course for garden snails experiment 1641:46 Parts, speed, shell and weight of snails observations, how to record data 1780:16-17 Race snails on board, how to do 1689:15 Sensory perception; test response to strong smell on different animal parts to see which part of animals body responds experiment 1571:94-96 Slime, how to make to demonstrate snails use slime 2010:22 Slugs and snails, how to keep and observe them 2021:81-84 Snail aquarium to observe how snails eat and move experiment 1722:33 Snail slime, how to make 2008:22 Snail’s feeding habits control growth of algae on an aquarium tank experiment 1571:152-153 Track how far snails travel by numbering them experiment 1546:72 Tracking snails experiment 1973:41 SNOW Albedo effect; measure and compare albedo effect of two surfaces experiment 1528:29 Albedo effect; percentage of Sun’s energy reflected by surfaces is called its albedo experiment 1528:28 Amount of air in snow experiment 1637:30 Books and activities about snow 1741:70-101 Glaciers; how is snow compacted into ice to form glaciers experiment 1842:162 How cold is snow at different depths experiment 1751:120 Insulation; how effective is insulation to prevent heat loss experiment 1528:28 Keep snow from melting experiment 1594:92-93 Measuring snowfall experiment 1594:84-85 Melting snow faster experiment 1594:91 Pollution in the snow around you experiment 1892:44 Pollution in the snow experiment 2025:22-23 Ski trails; cup of water on very cold day demonstrates snow making on ski trails 1959:133-135

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SOAP. See also DETERGENTS Bilayer soap films similar to living cells outer walls experiment 1637:37 Brands; comparing how long different brands of soap last experiment 1540:14-15 Can fat really become soap experiment 1743:89-90 Hard water affects ability of soap to clean experiment 1751:18 Recipes for making different kinds of soap 1670:88-91 Soap boat powered by liquid shampoo experiment 1829:16-17 Soap film on water pushed away by different household products 1637:37 Thin films; another way to separate white light into colors experiment 1612:66-68 SOAP BUBBLES. See also BUBBLES Air resistance and area affect falling bubbles experiment 1607:59 Big bubble hemispheres experiment 1607:40-42 Big bubbles experiment, recipe for mix and how to make blower 1698:6-7 Big bubbles, how to make giant bubble wand experiment 1607:12-14 Blow bubbles with homemade bubble machines experiment 1633:71 Blow rainbow bubbles in sunlight experiment (Primary) 1557:31 Blowing bubbles, how to make mixture 2036:16-17 Breaking and non-breaking bubbles experiment 1607:15 Bubble bath make water soapy and stretchy easy experiments with bubbles 1857:18-21 Bubble blowers, how to make 1953:75 Bubble brew and blowers, how to make 2001:115-116 Bubble brew makes big, super-big, floaters and other variations of bubbles experiment 1630:6-8 Bubble chains and clusters experiment 1607:91-93 Bubble in a bubble, in a bubble experiment 1953:79 Bubble loop makes the biggest and best bubbles experiment 1637:36 Bubble machine that blows bubbles, how to make 1887:20-21 Bubble makers, make from styrofoam tray, soda bottles and straws 1744:95-97 Bubble mix recipes 1953:74 Bubble pipe, how to make 1607:10-12

Sleet versus snow, comparing speed at which they fall experiment 1528:49 Snow crystals experiment; make artificial snowflakes in freezer 1528:48 Snowfall; measuring snowfall experiment; make snow gauge 1528:49 Soap clay snow, recipe 1670:4 Temperature of melting snow experiment 1594:86-87 Volume of snow less when snow melts experiment 1971:71 Water amount difference between packed and unpacked snow experiment 1751:114 Water amount in melted snow project 1729:137-138 Water content of snow experiment 1832:37-38 Water; how much of snow is water experiment 1972:71 Weight; measure cup of snow for weight and water content experiment 1892:35 What are rain, snow and hail experiment 1904:83-86 What happens to plants in freezing weather experiment 1739:10 Wind speed effect on melting of snow, ice and icicles experiment 1851:79 SNOWFLAKES Catch a snowflake project to observe and classify different types 1729:133-136 Catch and observe snowflakes experiment 1972:68 Catch and preserve snowflakes on microscopic slides experiment 1915:18-19 Collect and examine snow flakes on dark fabric or paper 1557:134 Examining snowflakes experiment 1594:88-90 How do snowflakes differ experiment 1751:101 Make snowflakes from folded paper, how to do 1557:135 Make snowflakes from paper for project display, how to do 1861:58-59 Sequence in a snowflake experiment 1869:144-151 Snow catcher to observe snowflakes experiment 2025:28-29 Swan like snowflakes from computer printouts project 1789:78-79 What shape are snowflakes experiment 1739:11 SNOWSHOES Model snowshoes to demonstrate how snowshoes work experiment 1897:22-23

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Bubble solutions and bubble frames, how to make 1670:69-74 Bubble thickness and rate of fall experiment 1607:58 Bubbles avoid electric shock from Van de Graaf generator experiment 1959:46-47 Bubbles contain air and surface tension holds air in bubble experiment 1832:124-126 Bubbles from colored liquid experiment 1607:76-77 Bubbles that float experiment 1990:117-120 Bubbles, images and curved mirrors experiment 1607:80-84 Capture soap bubble prints on paper using tempera paint 1636:35 Carbon dioxide and floating bubbles experiment 1607:65-66 Check wind and wind direction with soap bubbles experiment 1550:34 Collecting carbon dioxide experiment 1607:62-65 Colors and colored images in soap bubbles experiment 1608:76-78 Colors in a soap bubble experiment 1677:47-48 Colors in soap bubbles, how to see experiment 1698:12-13 Colors in soap bubbles; where do they come from experiment 1939:28-29 Diluted bubble solutions and bubble life span experiment 1607:47-48 Diluted bubble solutions and bubble size experiment 1607:44-46 Double bubbles and shrinking bubbles experiment 1607:90-91 Draining bubble films on bubble wand experiment 1607:73-77 Effect of glycerin on bubbles size experiment 1607:50-51 Effect of substances such as sugar, Jell-O, KoolAid on bubble life span 1607:52 Experiments with all kinds of soap bubbles 1580:1-end Experiments with soap bubbles, bubble formula given 1682:14-17 Falling air-filled bubbles of different size and thickness experiment 1607:57-59 Falling carbon dioxide filled bubbles experiment 1607:62-65 Falling helium-filled bubbles experiment 1607:60-62 Fast frozen bubbles on a cold winter day experiment 1959:136-137 Formulas or recipes for bubble mixtures 1580:80-84

Frames for soap bubbles, how to make 1682:39 Giant bubble colors experiment 1607:74-76 Giant bubbles experiment 1579:25-28 Giant floating bubbles experiment 1640:90 Glycerin in soap solution makes bubbles last longer experiment 1967:100-101 How does soap make bubbles experiment 1754:23 How thick is a soap bubble experiment 1915:26 How thick is a soap bubble experiment 1990:117-120 How to make bottle blower, bubble pipe and bubble mixture 1830:14-15 Humidity and temperature effect on bubbles experiment 1607:52-53 Ice bubbles experiment; do on below 32 degree winter day 1933:9 Life span of bubbles experiment 1607:42-43 Life span of soap bubbles extended under varying temperature and atmospheric conditions experiment 1539:74-76 Measuring strength of a liquid’s skin experiment 1607:31-33 Moving bubbles with electricity experiment 1607:68-72 Negative soap bubbles; bubble of air in water experiment 1939:29 Plain water bubbles experiment 1607:16 Predicting a bubble’s burst experiment 1607:79 Recipes for bubble making solutions 1607:53-55 Shapes of bubbles from cube, pyramid and prism shaped frames 1607:86-90 Soap bubbles change from spheres and become prisms experiment 1637:38 Soap bubbles experiment with iridescent interference colors 1701:62-63 Soap bubbles experiments 2014:106-112 Soap bubbles float on cushion of carbon dioxide gas experiment 1579:21-24 Soap bubbles put out candle flame experiment 1607:29-30 Soap bubbles recipe and experiments 1531:16-17 Soap film, under influence of gravity, changes thickness creating every-changing colors 1578:100-104 Sugar added to soap solution makes bubbles stronger 1636:36 Super large bubbles, how to make 1953:76 Timing carbon dioxide filled bubbles experiment 1607:64-65 Timing falling bubbles experiment 1607:57-58 Why are bubbles round experiment, how to make bubble blower 1831:110-111

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Winter affects soap bubbles blown outside in the cold experiment 1751:121 SOAPSTONE Soapstone carving from bar of soap experiment 1817:58 SOCIAL SCIENCE—CONSUMER USE OF SOFT DRINKS. See SOFT DRINKS SODIUM BICARBONATE. See BAKING SODA SODIUM CHLORIDE. See SALT SOFT DRINKS Advertising styles and media used to sell soda experiment, how to graph 2039:30-31 Aromas; concentrate aromas of spices, citrus fruits and vanilla beans experiment 1914:24-31 Carbon dioxide released from soft drinks experiment using balloon over bottle tops 1548:23-25 Carbon dioxide released from warm and cold soft drinks experiment using balloons over bottle tops 1548:23-25 Color; extracting natural color pigments from fruits and vegetables experiment 1914:15-20 Color; measuring color in commercial sodas experiment 1914:80-84 Colorless regular soda and colorless diet soda compared for crystal formation experiment 1833:78 Designing your own soft drink experiment 1914:61-78 Diet and regular cola differ as they evaporate experiment 1672:19-20 Drink machine model, how to make from cardboard, wood and plastic cup 1896:28-29 Electrolytes; test sports drinks and other drinks for electrolytes experiment 1567:10-13 Fizz; dissolving soda gas with water experiment 1914:54-59 Fizz; making soda gas with chemicals experiment 1914:48-54 Fizz; making soda gas with yeast experiment 1914:42-48 Fizzy orange soda pop, how to make 1585:40 Flavor; extracting natural flavor from fruits, vegetables, vanilla beans and spices experiment 1914:21-23 Flavor; measuring flavor and sweetness in commercial sodas experiment 1914:91-93 Freezing soda and then thawing it affects carbon dioxide experiment 1540:51 Gas; measuring gas in commercial sodas experiment 1914:84-91

Ginger ale experiment, make from water, yeast and flavorings 1628:18-20 Ginger ale, how to make experiment 1831:140-141 Ginger soda, how to make experiment 1760:104 Lemon soda pop, how to make 1585:40 Recipe for your own soft drink experiment 1914:62-66 Solid objects floating and sinking in carbonated liquid experiment 1758:19 Solute; how can you get rid of a solute in soda experiment 2048:29 Spoilage; examining how spoilage occurs in soda ingredients experiment 1914:35-39 Survey sheets to test for flavor, sweetness, color, texture, how to design 1914:67-78 Taste tests to see if ants can tell diet drink from the real thing experiment 1959:108-109 Testing your own soft drink on other people experiment using survey sheets 1914:66-78 Unicola cola, how to make 1585:41 Volume of large size soft drink compared to volume of small size soft drink. Which is better to buy experiment 1668:38 Weight; do diet sodas weigh less than sugared colas experiment 1659:40-42 SOIL CONSERVATION. See EROSION; SOILS— EROSION SOILS. See also COMPOST Acidity of soil; how to test experiment 1802:35 Air; can soil hold air, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:91-94 Air; how much air is in different soils experiment 1603:11 Air; how to determine the amount of air in soils 1660:69 Algae; presence of algae in soils experiment 1570:140-141 Alkali flat in arid climates; simulate formation experiment 1550:17 Animals; Berlese funnel collects soil animals experiment 2014:184 Animals; collect soil animals for observation, how to do 1810:33 Animals; find the animals in soil and leaf litter experiment 1692:24 Animals; soil animals react when their underground world changes experiment 1546:28 Animals; what living things are found in the soil experiment 1921:96-98 Beaches; how do waves affect beaches experiment 1535:60-62 Best soil for raising crops experiment 1550:5

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Bury waste items in soil to check for decomposition experiment 1987:26-27 Compaction; how does soil compaction affect water movement in soil experiment 1535:48-50 Compaction; soil compaction test experiment 1729:66 Components; exploring soil for its components experiment 1817:27 Composition; some samples investigated to determine composition of soil experiment 1758:29 Compost; simple compost pile in plastic box experiment 1545:10 Crayons made from earth colors of soil and clay experiment 1599:84-85 Creeping soil experiment, measure amount of creeping soil down a hillside 1864:150-151 Decomposition in a compost pile project 1729:87-89 Decomposition process project 1729:79-85 Deserts; heating and cooling of desert soils experiment 1550:17 Deserts; why is desert hot in day and cold at night experiment 1550:17 Do all soils have the same ingredient mixture experiment 1651:128-129 Drain test for amount of water different soils let through experiment 1738:23 Drain test for soils to see which are best for growing plants experiment 1738:23 Drought experiment; evaporation of water from soil 1528:151 Earthworms turn leaves into soil experiment 1528:150 Earthworms; how do earthworms affect water movement through soil experiment 1921:34-37 Earthworms; how fast does an earthworm burrow in different types of soil experiment 1921:48-53 Earthworms; what soil do earthworms prefer experiment 1535:88-90 Earthworms; what type of soil do earthworms prefer experiment 1921:63-66 Experiments with soils 1953:170-179 Fertilizers; can natural fertilizers (compost) replace synthetic fertilizers experiment 1569:32-36 Filter dirty pond water through flowerpot filled with charcoal, sand and gravel 1546:14 Frost shattering of rocks experiment 1528:156 Frozen soil experiment 1897:15

Garden soil for growing plants is best when it is a mixture of different soils experiment 1751:32 Germinate seeds in five different types of soil experiment; potting soil, garden soil, peat moss, clay and sand 1582:33-34 Glaciers; how did glaciers affect the landscape experiment 1535:54-56 Grading; soil grading experiment 1827:34-35 Grow a dirt garden from soil sample experiment 1655:40-41 Health of soils in your area experiment with wildflower seeds 1827:45 Hot, dry soil will not sustain animal life experiment 1546:23 How different soils affect plant growth experiment 1742:78-80 How is soil created experiment 1751:24 How is soil made experiment 1842:135-136 Ice takes more space than water experiment 1528:157 Insects in soil, how to find and observe 1852:8-11 Insects; Berlese funnel used to trap soil parasites project 1864:45 Insects; bug catcher to observe insects on soil surface experiment, how to make 1852:10-11 Insects; collection of tiny insects in soil experiment 1545:18 Insects; how many and what different kinds of bugs are in soil experiment 1655:10-11 Insulators; testing air and soil as insulators experiment 1540:65 Kinds; different kinds of soils in plastic containers demonstrates soil composition experiment 1996:24-25 Layer of soil affects water holding capacity experiment with topsoil and sub soils 1535:42-44 Layers of different kinds of materials in soil experiment 1549:9-11 Layers of soil experiment using “soil shake” method 1729:72-73 Layers of soil experiment using jar of soil and water 1810:35 Layers of soils in jar of water experiment 1582:32 Layers of soils profile in bottle experiment 1827:39 Layers; analyze soil strata or layers experiment 1802:34-35 Layers; profile of soil layers where you live experiment 1550:4-5

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Porosity and permeability of soils experiment 2050:111-113 Potting soils; effect of different types of potting soils on plant growth experiment 1638:92-94 Properties of soil and importance of soil project 1729:61-66 Quicksand; what happens in quicksand experiment 1535:51-53 Rain water gets filtered as it moves through rocks and soil experiment 1546:14 Rain; after a rain earthworms come out of ground looking for air experiment 1581:14-15 Relative humidity of air below ground level different from air above ground experiment 1528:61 Riverbed; how is a riverbed formed experiment 1535:57-59 Rivers; test soil pH to determine soil fertility along rivers experiment 1635:34 Roots; do roots hold soil in place experiment 1651:124-125 Roots; will roots respond to substances in soil experiment 1742:81-83 Rot experiment using 4 holes in soil with fruit, newspaper, plant leaf and piece of plastic wrap 1545:28 Salination; saltwater on soil surface kills plants experiment 1528:150-151 Sandy soil; how much sand is in your soil experiment 1528:153 Sifting screen to sift dirt, wooden frame, cloth, how to make 2046:31 Silt from river; how to make silt 1759:15 Soil animals react when their underground world changes experiment 1546:28 Soil particles sink to bottom of jar of water demonstrating rock formation 1596:36 Soil profile test to observe layers and different components of soil experiment 1641:11-12 Soil samples in jars of water demonstrate soil composition experiment 1602:29-30 Soil separator experiment, magnet collects ferrite particles in soil experiment 1863:57-59 Soil testing with hydrangeas experiment 1760:30 Soil testing with violets experiment 1760:28-29 Solarizing soil to fumigate the soil experiment 1534:110 Solifluction; what happens to rocks and stones as glaciers meet experiment 1528:157 Streak color of different soils smeared on paper experiment 1738:22 Temperature of ground from one to four feet down on cold winter day and hot summer day chart 1791:38

Layers; soil in jars of water settles into layers experiment 1660:67-68 Layers; soil is made up of different layers experiment 1603:15-16 Layers; what are different layers of soil experiment 1751:58 Life in soil examined using bright light over funnel in glass jar experiment 1546:26 Loam; how much loam is in your soil experiment 1743:15-19 Make some dirt or soil for your plants experiment 1750:20-21 Microbes in different types of soil experiment 1570:142-143 Microclimate beneath the soil, at ground level, temperature measurement experiment 1528:60 Nutrients in rain forest soil are depleted rapidly experiment 1602:85-86 Nutrients or food in soil can wash away during rain experiment 1603:13-14 Organic matter; how can you determine organic material in soil experiment 1535:30-32 Organisms in soil survey experiment 1827:37 Organisms; discover organisms that live in soil experiment, make a Berlese funnel 1793:18-19 Organisms; which animals or organisms are in different layers of soil experiment 1758:90 Particles of different size affect soil water drainage and water retention project 1729:71-73 Particles; soil particles experiment to find out how rocks are formed 1838:36 Percolation; soil percolation test experiment 1729:66 Permafrost demonstration with gelatin and ice cream 1808:21 Permeability of soil experiment 1603:23-24 pH effect of soil on plant growth experiment 1638:99-102 pH test of soils in your community experiment 1603:35 pH; test soil to see if it is acidic or alkaline and if it will support animal life experiment 1546:22-23 pH; what is the pH of your soil experiment 1743:20-25 Pit trap to collect small animals experiment, how to make from wood and glass jar 1546:24-26 Plant life keeps grass and soil from eroding experiment 1540:70-71 Plants; what is the difference between mud and soil for growing plants experiment 1631:26-28

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Temperature of soil tested at surface and beneath surface of soil experiment 1546:23 Temperature; low level temperature near ground level and in soil experiment 1528:60 Texture of soil and shape of its particles experiment 2050:109 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:161-162 Try making soil of your own experiment 1631:27 Type of soil test using jars, funnels and gauze experiment 1545:22 Types of soils compared, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:123-126 Types; how can you determine the type of soil, sand or clay experiment 1535:27-29 Types; what substances make up soil experiment, soil samples, glass jar 1546:29 Water absorbing properties of soils, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:123-126 Water holding and draining capacities of soils project 1729:67-69 Water retaining ability of soils experiment 1550:4-5 Water travels through different soils at different rates experiment 1603:23-24 Water; how much water can soil hold experiment 1751:25 Water; how much water different soil samples can hold experiment 1758:30-31 Water; how much water is in soil experiment 1603:12 Water; what kind of soil holds the most water experiment 1566:21-23 Water; which soils hold most, least or right amount of water experiment 1660:76-77 Water; which soils hold the most water experiment 1550:50 Water; which soils hold the most water experiment 1953:175 What is in soil experiment 1738:23 What is in soil experiment 1751:26 What is soil and are all soils the same experiment 1738:22 Which warms faster, water or soil experiment 1861:20-23 Wormery in clear plastic bottle allows you to observe earthworms at work experiment 1545:16 SOILS—ECOLOGY. See EARTHWORMS SOILS—EROSION. See also EROSION Blow on patch of dirt to demonstrate erosion 1549:29-30 Compare amount of soil washed away between barren soil and grass covered soil experiment 1965:40-42

Compare methods to stop erosion; contour farming, terracing experiment 1953:179 Contour farming reduces soil erosion experiment 1660:79-80 Control of soil erosion project 1729:77-78 Do some soils erode faster than others project 2012:146-153 Driveways; driveway affects water runoff experiment 1535:63-65 Mars; recreate effects of erosion to understand how Mars surface became the way it is experiment 1533:6-7 Planting; how does planting around a hill affect soil erosion experiment 1535:39-41 Planting; how does planting up and down the slope of hill affect soil erosion experiment 1535:36-38 Plants slow down soil erosion experiment with grass seed in pans of soil 1603:20-21 Rain forest soil rarely washes away experiment using bean seeds and soils 1602:34-35 Roots; type of plant root affects erosion experiment 1535:33-35 Sand in soil is from rocks worn down by erosion experiment 1603:10 Slant of land affects erosion during heavy rainfall experiment 1751:15 Soil erosion model with wooden tray filled with various mixtures of soils experiment 1610:24-26 Water poured on patch of dirt demonstrates erosion 1549:313 Water; fast flowing water causes erosion damage experiment 1540:44-45 Weathering of soil by wind experiment 1751:33 Wind erosion of soil experiment using sticky tape on paint paddles 1603:18-19 Wind wears away soil experiment 1751:33 Windbreak; how does a windbreak affect soil erosion experiment 1535:45-47 SOILS—POLLUTION Gas stations; do gas stations affect the soil around them experiment 1539:95-97 SOLAR CELLS Calculator solar cells used to measure light experiment 1936:69 Electricity from light using solar (photovoltaic) cells experiment 1987:91-95 How sunlight produces electricity experiment 1844:333-334 Light used to generate electricity experiment using photovoltaic cell 1605:73-74

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Solar cell used to light small light bulb experiment 1965:109-112 Solar cells connected in parallel increases amount of current experiment 1936:67 SOLAR COLLECTORS Make solar collector from cardboard box, aluminum foil and plastic wrap 1884:32-36 Miniature solar collector heats water, how to build 1987:88-90 Model of solar collector, how to make using cardboard, aluminum foil 1587:88-92 Model solar collector, how to make 1612:96-98 Solar collector boils water experiment 1953:194-195 Solar collector heats water experiment 1660:108-110 Solar collectors from tin cans get heat from Sun experiment 1901:129-131 SOLAR COOKERS Brew Sun tea experiment 2014:41 Shoe box and aluminum foil cooker, how to make 1706:7 Shoe box solar oven, how to make 2046:148 Solar cooker collects and concentrates solar energy experiment 1758:65-66 Solar hot dog cooker, how to make 1720:21 Solar hot dog cooker, how to make from oatmeal box 2040:57-58 Solar oven to cook with; make from potato chip canister and aluminum foil 1657:27-30 Solar oven to cook with; make from shoebox and aluminum foil 1657:27-30 Sun can be used for cooking experiment 1787:66-70 Sun cooker from aluminum foil covered box, how to do 1916:15 Three different solar cookers, how to make 1629:42-44 Toast marshmallows in solar cooker experiment 2028:9 Toast marshmallows in solar cooker, how to make from shoe box, wire and aluminum foil 1770:59 SOLAR DISTILLATION. See SOLAR STILL SOLAR ECLIPSES. See ECLIPSES—SOLAR SOLAR ENERGY. See also SUN Color affects absorption of Sun’s energy experiment 1587:78-79 Darkness effect on green plants experiment 1587:85-87 Different surfaces absorb Sun’s energy differently experiment 1758:51

Electricity can be made from sunlight experiment 1787:75-79 Energy; how much energy does the Sun produce experiment 1787:12-17 Light, heat and color experiment; colored objects absorb more heat than white objects 1612:91 Radiant energy from solar mitt, black on one side, foil on other experiment 1884:28-32 Salinity of sea water experiment, how to prepare three salinities 1851:83 Seasons; when does solar energy change the seasons experiment 1905:73-75 Solar energy can be concentrated experiment 1787:71-74 Solar panels, simple, how to make from foil containers, black paint and thermometer 1907:41 Solar tea, how to make 1760:122 Solar trap experiment demonstrates microclimate is brighter, drier and warmer than surroundings 1528:61 Strawberry jam, how to make using solar heat experiment 1830:118 Sun tea, how to make using solar heat experiment 1830:113 Sunlight causes newspaper inks and dyes to disappear experiment 1770:11 Thermal energy heat produced when light is absorbed experiment 1612:89-90 Why the equator is hotter than the North Pole experiment 1953:207 SOLAR GREENHOUSE Raisins; make your own dried fruit in Sun trap 1631:8 Sun trap or greenhouse to grow plants, heat water or dry fresh fruit experiment, how to make 1631:6-8 SOLAR HEAT Clothing color that absorbs the most heat experiment 1542:35 Color changes temperature of solar heat experiment 1540:48 Colors of clothing that absorb the most heat experiment 1612:92 Colors; how do colors react to heat experiment 1753:29 Compare thermometer readings in black paper and white paper lined boxes experiment 2040:42 Compare thermometer readings in dirt filled and foil lined boxes experiment 2040:44-45

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Magic solar still filter changes food colored water into clear water experiment 1770:13 Quick solar still to collect water experiment 1770:13 Remove salt from saltwater experiment 1603:30-31 Solar still uses Sun to purify water experiment 1637:33 Solar still uses Sun to purify water experiment 1637:33 Sun used to separate salt from saltwater experiment 1851:82-83 SOLAR SYSTEM. See also METEORS; MOON; PLANETS; STARS; SUN Activities about solar system, planets and outer space 1763:3-32 Activities and experiments about the solar system 1688:1-80 Activities to study the planets and solar system 2026:56-86 Eat your solar system experiment with fruits 1705:9 Gravity keeps planets in orbits around the Sun experiment 2050:35 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:18 Mathematical model of universe and planets information 1610:43-47 Miniature solar system, make from balls 1704:9 Mobile of planets shows relative distance and size, papier mache, making 1599:11-13 Mobile of solar system made from computer printouts project 1789:98-99 Mobile of solar system, how to make 1697:12-13 Model demonstrates path of the planets around the Sun 1850:9-12 Model of distance between Sun and Earth to scale experiment 1533:10-11 Model of solar system experiment 2014:166-168 Model of solar system, how to make 1974:14-15 Model shoe box solar system to show difference between sizes of bodies in the solar system experiment 1533:12-13 Models of solar system, make and interpret past and present models 1850:5-12 Movement of Sun across the sky demonstrated using a heliocentric model experiment 2050:31-36 Observe and discover the universe with binoculars, how to do 1533:18-19 Planets; put the planets in order project, how to do 1688:8-15 Primary science activities with the solar system 1931:102-105

Compare thermometer readings in dirt filled and water filled plastic jugs experiment 2040:43 Energy; how can you get the most heat energy from the Sun experiment 1844:57-58 Focused sunlight creates heat experiment 1587:82-84 Fruit dryer, make from cardboard box, aluminum foil and cheesecloth 1967:178-179 Heat absorbers; types of materials that absorb heat best experiment 1753:34 Heat transfer from one medium to another experiment 2045:16-17 Measure solar heat with bag of ice and calorimeter experiment 1637:32 Simple experiment to see how Sun’s heat warms metal and wood 1686:29 Solar radiation experiment 2045:36-37 Sun warms things experiment using bowls of water and thermometer (Primary) 1557:26-27 Sun’s rays give us heat experiment, using glass, water, thermometer and aluminum foil 1547:10-13 Sun-dried apples experiment 1616:16-17 SOLAR HEATERS Color best for absorbing the most heat in solar panels experiment 1632:11 Solar heater experiment using a flower pot, aluminum foil pans and thermometers 1802:18-19 Solar heater; make from plastic bottle and tubing 1739:25 SOLAR HEATING Passive solar heating experiment using black cans 1987:101-102 SOLAR HOMES Model solar home, how to make 1612:99-102 SOLAR OVENS Cook with the Sun, how to make solar oven from a shoe box 1831:66-67 Sun-baked apples from a shoe box solar oven experiment 1831:67 SOLAR RADIATION Black surfaces absorb heat and pale surfaces reflect heat experiment 1589:28 Increased solar radiation effect simulated in terrariums experiment 1861:27 SOLAR STILL Freshwater from hole in ground and sheet of plastic experiment 2040:56-57 Freshwater from saltwater using solar still experiment 1600:68-69

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Scale model of solar system on paper tablecloth 1640:100 Scale model of solar system project 1610:61-63 Scale model of solar system, how to make 1960:8 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:204-205 What force holds the solar system together, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:156-158 SOLAR WATER HEATER Solar water heater, how to build using lamp for Sun 1532:58-59 Sun can be used to heat water experiment 1787:61-65 Sun heats water experiment 1752:85 SOLENOID. See also ELECTROMAGNETS Magnetic field around a solenoid experiment 1908:35 Magnetic field of solenoid causes compass to lose its sense of direction experiment 1683:49 SOLID WASTES. See also GARBAGE Tundra decomposition problems in cold weather experiment 1550:38-39 Which solids decompose easily project 1842:206-207 SOLIDS Apricot yogurt ice demonstrates water changing from liquid to a solid experiment 1680:11-13 Can a powder be changed into a hard solid experiment 1676:34-37 Can two liquids be combined to give soil particles experiment 1672:63-65 Change a solution of ions into a solid experiment 1676:22-25 Changing solid into a liquid experiment; which is easier table salt or sugar 1676:12-14 Cornstarch and water goop experiment 1970:46 Cornstarch and water ooblik experiment 1829:28-29 Dried wheat swells as it soaks up water experiment 1679:10-11 Electricity used to help form solids experiment using battery, wire, jar of water and nails 1676:57-60 Expanding a metal with heat experiment 1674:12-14 Feely balloons used to investigate sense of touch experiment 1790:59-65 Goo that seems to be both liquid and solid experiment with cornstarch and water 1879:6-8

How metals conduct or carry heat from one place to another experiment 1674:9-11 Identify matter in each of three states, solids, liquids and gases experiment 1613:59-66 Light from crushing Life Saver experiment 1676:45-47 Liquid chocolate cools and turns back into solid experiment 1679:8-9 Make ice cream and change liquid into a solid experiment 1829:12-13 Properties of solids and liquids while making butter experiment 1790:189-195 Shapes of liquids and solids under various conditions experiment 1790:97 Solid changes to a gas without first changing into a liquid experiment 1676:9-11 Substances turn from liquid to solid when pressure is applied experiment 1637:53 Temperature changes as a liquid is converted into a solid experiment 1677:37-40 What happens to solids as they are heated and cooled experiment 1844:62 Why salt pours more slowly on humid days experiment 1676:38-40 SOLUBILITY Brown color will move from one liquid to another experiment using oil, iodine and water 1879:92-93 Does temperature affect solubility experiment 1981:22-24 Frustration bottles experiment, add liquids to bottles and observe resulting layers 1840:239-243 Things that dissolve in water and things that don’t experiment 1663:30 SOLUTIONS Air and solutions experiment, amount of air in water is reduced as water temperature rises 1710:19 Butterscotch sauce demonstrates making a solution experiment 1680:18-19 Demonstrate suspension and solutions with water, soil and salt experiment 1953:272 Dissolving rates of sugar at different temperatures 1758:27 Hard candy; what is chemistry of hard candy experiment 1563:10-13 Heat Solution TM experiment to discover how it can provide heat 1840:257-260 How much solute can be dissolved into a certain volume of water experiment 1693:17 Is salt more soluble in hot water experiment 1833:61

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Liquids that dissolve in liquids experiment 1981:27-28 Molecules in motion in hot and cold water and food coloring experiment 2001:20-22 Precipitation and precipitates experiment 1981:19-21 Rock candy; how to make rock candy experiment 1564:10-12 Salad dressing from oil vinegar and garlic experiment 2001:16-18 Salt dissolved in water experiment, does more dissolve in hot or cold water 1548:35 Salt solution recipes 1840:223 Saturated solutions and solubility experiments 1981:16-17 Saturated solutions experiment with temperature versus amount of solute experiment 1851:116-117 Soluble or insoluble experiments with cornstarch and water 1981:14-15 Solution of sugar and water in hot and cold water experiment 1710:18 Solutions, solvents and density experiments 1981:18 Solvents other than water experiment 1981:25-26 Sugar, salt and water; solutions and the Tyndall effect experiment 1981:12-13 Temperature affects dissolving experiment 2048:30-31 Water can dissolve just so much sugar experiment 1548:34 What are mixtures and solutions experiment 1844:16 Which is more soluble in water, salt or sugar experiment 1833:60 SOLUTIONS—SUPERSATURATED. See CRYSTALS SOLVENTS How do different solvents affect the paint in paint with water books experiment 1840:87-92 Water as a solvent; can you un-pepper the salt experiment 1886:31-33 Waves in a bottle experiment, how to make 1886:33-35 SOOT. See also CARBON; COMBUSTION Leaf print from soot collected on greasy bottle experiment 1659:82-84 SOUND. See also ACOUSTICS; HEARING; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; TELEPHONE Behavior of confined sound experiment 2045:42-43

Easy sound demonstrations 1926:7,10,15,19 How can sounds be heard more clearly experiment 1844:175-176 Intensity of sound experiment 1986:87-88 Lemon battery; hear sound from flow of electrons in lemon battery experiment 1674:39-41 Mechanical energy changed into sound energy using soda-pop cannon experiment 1884:40-42 Musical science projects and activities 1788:1-96 Noise thermometer shows how many decibels produced by different sounds 1537:80 Pleasant sounds versus noise experiment 2045:44-45 Primary science activities with sound 1931:110-113 Recording sound experiment 1802:70-71 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:174-183 Sound can be controlled experiment 1844:168-169 Sound energy makes eardrums move experiment with chicken clucking in a cup 1884:22-25 Sound from crushing metal aluminum beverage can experiment 1674:46 Sound from plain drinking glass versus lead crystal glass experiment 1676:52-53 Sound-absorbing and sound-reflecting solids experiment 1676:48-51 Transmission of sound experiment 1986:61-63 SOUND—AMPLIFIERS Amplifying sound experiment 2045:46-47 Big Ben noise amplifier toy experiment 1790:121-125 Hearing hat trick amplifies sound experiment 1718:12-13 How can you play a record without a record player experiment 1565:17-19 Transistor amplifier works to amplify a weak current experiment 1532:142-143 Turn up volume without touching radio dial 1718:24-25 SOUND—DIFFRACTION Diffraction of sound experiment 1986:77-78 SOUND—DIRECTION Determining sound direction experiment 1540:86 Direction; judging the direction of sound experiment 1725:155 Disappearing water trick uses 2 bottles of water; one hidden 1718:26-27

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SOUND—REFLECTION Amplifying sound through use of sounding board experiment 2045:66-67 Angles of bounce of sound waves experiment 1802:66-67 Control path of sound waves by directing them along cardboard tubes experiment 1802:66-67 Hearing around corners experiment 1749:27 Reflection of sound experiment 1986:71-74 SOUND—REFRACTION Refraction of sound experiment 1986:75-76 SOUND—RESONANCE Make music with a wine glass experiment 1565:13-16 Seashells roar of sea if held to your ear experiment 1673:38-40 Sound and resonance experiment 1986:18-21 SOUND—SPEED Speed of sound experiment measuring echoes 1958:24-29 Speed of sound experiments 1986:64-69 Speed of sound measured using resonance, using tuning forks and air columns experiment (Advanced) 1839:263-269 SOUND—TELEPHONE Thread helps carry your voice experiment, paper cup telephone 1844:160-161 SOUND—TRAVELS Sound travels in all directions, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:178-181 SOUND—VIBRATIONS. See also MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Amazing vacuum jar trick demonstrates sound vibrations in vacuum 1718:8-9 Balloons as sound makers experiment 1606:76-78 Blow out candles with sound vibrations experiment 1878:64-65 Can sound make water move, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:174-177 Coat hanger on a string produces unusual sound experiment 1878:62-63 Dancing rice demonstrates sound vibrations 1831:14 Eardrum vibration to sounds demonstrated with salt crystals on plastic wrap over bowl 1707:34 Feeling sound experiment 1986:17 Focusing sound makes whisper sound like a shout experiment 1820:90

SOUND—DOPPLER EFFECT Doppler effect experiment 1986:79-80 SOUND—ECHOES. See also ECHOES SOUND—EFFECTS. See SOUND EFFECTS SOUND—FREQUENCY Make music with a wine glass experiment 1565:13-16 SOUND—HUSHERS Deaden sound; ways to do it experiment 1802:66-67 SOUND—INSULATORS Determine which objects make sounds louder or softer experiment 1878:53-55 Insulating sound experiment 1986:85-86 SOUND—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. See also MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Chimes; length of metal chimes related to pitch of their sound experiment (Advanced) 1839:275-281 Harp; wire harp experiment, how to make 1986:90 Make music with fish line and a box experiment 1844:146-147 Musical sound energy experiment, make shakers and musical water bottles 1560:29 Pipes of pan experiment 1986:83-84 Wind chimes experiment, how to make 1986:91-92 SOUND—PITCH Find the ball trick demonstrates pitch of note 1718:20-21 Guitar demonstrates pitch of sound and tension on rubber bands 1839:89-92 Guitar; why do guitar players need good vibrations experiment; make simple wood and wire guitar 1565:24-27 High or low pitched sound is easier to hear experiment 1878:51-52 Length and tension affect pitch of tone experiment; music with stretched string 1958:6-11 Musical sounds by changing pitch experiment with water glasses and bottles of water 1903:39-46 Pipes make all kinds of music experiment; how to make pipe instrument 1565:20-23 Stringed and percussion instruments demonstrate pitch experiment 1758:69 Trombone; how does a trombone change its tune experiment; how to make pipe instrument 1565:20-23

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Glass moves from tapping glass beside it experiment 1878:68-69 Is sound that comes through a metal the same as sound through the air experiment 1674:42-45 Kazoos, why do kazoos make sound experiment 1831:47 Percussion instrument demonstrates sound vibrations experiment 1758:60 Pick the card trick with sound traveling through wood 1718:16-17 Play a record with a sewing needle experiment 1844:177-179 Salt dances due to sound vibrations experiment 1903:1-4 Seeing sound experiment in dark room with flashlight and coffee can 1788:74-75 Singing balloon experiment with coin inside balloon 1878:66-67 Singing glasses and moving playing cards demonstrates sound vibrations 1718:10-11 Slide whistle, copper tubing, dowel, how to make 1629:26-28 Sound and strings vibrations experiment 1986:26-28 Sound is produced by vibrating objects experiment 1613:221-232 Sound vibrations used to move paper experiment 1878:44-46 Sound, air and a vacuum experiment 1986:22-23 Soundascope from can, balloon, rubber band and aluminum foil, how to make 1770:29 Sources of vibrations and sound experiment 1986:13-15 Stereo speakers let you feel sound waves experiment 1673:36-37 Tele-porting trick using string telephone 1718:18-19 Tin can howler, make with can and string 1890:88 Vibrations and sound experiment 1986:11-12 Vibrations, sound and air experiment 1986:16 Water glass music, how to make and play 1788:5-7 When does a drinking glass sing experiment 1905:127-128 SOUND—WAVES Demonstrate sound waves with a rope 1537:70-71 How sound waves travel experiments 1758:61-62 Multiple air pulses and a molecular model experiment 1986:31-34

Pulse of air experiment 1986:30 Ripples in water create patterns similar to sound waves experiment 1906:118-119 Seeing vibrations of sound experiment 1958:18-23 Shock waves effect experiment 1903:71-74 Slinky; how is a slinky like a sound wave experiment 1565:6-9 Sound cannon concentrates sound wave experiment 1958:12-17 Sound cannon demonstrates sound energy; blows sugar on table 1618:11 Sound conducted in solid materials experiment 1958:30-35 Sound in a jar; atmosphere’s affect on how sound waves travel experiment 1958:36-42 Sound waves and a horn experiment 1986:43 Sound waves blow out candle experiment 1770:32 Standing waves on a rope experiment 1986:47-50 Stringed instrument demonstrates sound waves experiment 1629:10-12 Talking puppet from sound through tube trick 1718:14-15 Telephone; make simple telephone using magnet and copper wire 1802:68-69 Transverse waves experiment 1986:38-42 Water waves experiment using ripple tank, how to make 1986:51-59 Wave machine to see vibrations experiment, how to make 1749:6-7 Waves from back-and-forth motion experiment 1986:44-45 Waves; a model for sound experiment 1986:35-37 What are sound waves experiment 1904:134-136 When does sound tell the direction of a moving object experiment 1905:125-126 Whispering box trick; radio vibrations heard in second box 1718:22-23 SOW BUGS. See also PILL BUGS Do sow bugs prefer dry, damp or wet environment experiment 1595:46-49 Do sow bugs prefer light or darkness experiment 1595:46-49 Do wood lice like dry or wet, light or dark experiment 1826:26-27 Estimate population size of sow bugs in a chosen area project 1583:79 How to catch and keep sow bugs 1653:32-35 Keeping sow bugs or pill bugs, how to do 1531:45 Light or dark experiment; which do sow bugs prefer 2034:20-21

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Space helmet model, plastic jug, cardboard, paper bags, how to make 2049:34-35 SPACE TRAVEL. See also ROCKETS Escape velocity model experiment 1864:143-144 SPACECRAFT Astronaut into the spaceship puppet, how to make rocket and puppet 2049:20-22 Command module and parachute model, how to make 2049:40-41 Launching spacecraft demonstration 2030:116-118 Model spaceship, how to make 1625:18-19 Moon lunar module model, how to make 1697:16 Moon lunar rover model, how to make 1697:16-17 Space capsule reentry landing, how to demonstrate 2030:86-88 Space rocket model, how to make from towel tube and foil 1697:14-15 Spaceship in orbit around the Earth model 1609:77-78 Sputnik I satellite model moves around earth, how to make 2049:18-19 Weightless box model to demonstrate “weightless” astronauts 2049:36-37 Weightlessness experiment 1609:80-81 Weightlessness; how does weightlessness feel experiment 1842:256-257 SPARK PLUGS Making a spark experiment with neon lamp and 6V battery 1673:44-47 SPEAKERS. See SOUND—AMPLIFIERS SPECIFIC GRAVITY. See also HYDROMETER Compare density of object with density of water to determine specific gravity experiment 1902:23-25 Potatoes; determine the specific gravity of potatoes experiment 1568:82 Rocks; calculating the specific gravity of your rocks experiment 1746:22-23 SPECTROPHOTOMETER Pigment absorbs and transmits colors of light experiment; measure with spectrophotometer you make 1854:19 SPECTROSCOPE Spectroscope demonstrates that white light is composed of different wave lengths experiment (Advanced) 1839:283-287 SPECTRUM. See also COLORS; PRISMS; RAINBOWS Bend light to show how sunlight is made up of many different colors experiment 1533:14-15

Moisture preferences of sow bugs project 1583:76-79 Observe sow bugs and record their behavior 1581:23-24 Observing wood lice in light, dark and dry environments 1893:26-27 Sow bugs like dry or moist, light or dark experiment 1546:66-67 Temperature, light and moisture conditions sow bugs like best experiment 1915:127-128 What habitat do sow bugs prefer experiment 2041:16-17 Wood lice seek damp places to live experiment 1973:31 Wood lice, how to raise and observe 1930:120-121 SPACE Activities to study space 2026:116-148 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:142-152 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:185-197 SPACE COLONY Bottle garden works in similar way to space colony experiment 1802:20-21 SPACE CREATURES Aliens; model of aliens, how to make 1697:20-21 SPACE SHUTTLE Rocket thrusters for astronauts to maneuver in space experiment 1658:56-58 Space shuttle model with delta wings demonstrates high speed flight, how to make 1558:28-29 Space shuttle model, make from plastic bottle, yogurt containers and foil 1697:22-23 SPACE STATION Artificial gravity in space station experiment 1885:20-23 Control panel, how to make from cardboard 1708:14 Space city model experiment, how to make from cardboard box and plastic bottles 1697:8-9 Space station control model, how to make from cardboard boxes, paper tubes and paints 1697:24-25 Where can we get energy while in space experiment 1906:39-41 SPACE SUITS Jet pack; how to make from cereal boxes 1708:8

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Create colors of spectrum with a glass of water experiment 1562:18-20 Create colors of spectrum with glass of water and flashlight experiment 1541:18-20 Demonstrate colors of spectrum experiment 1619:12-13 Diffraction grating used to view colors of spectrum experiment 1578:105-109 Diffraction; another way to separate white light into colors experiment 1612:64-65 Dispersion of light produces spectrum experiments 1758:67 Magic trick crazy color wheel mixes colors experiment 1714:24-25 Mathematics of color; subtraction using filters; colored filters subtract some colors of light from a beam of white light experiment 1611:67-68 Mathematics of color; subtraction using food coloring which subtract colors from white light 1611:68-73 Mathematics of colors; colors making up white light can be added together to make other colors 1611:62-66 Mirror in glass of water with Sun hitting mirror produces color spectrum 1640:132 Newton’s experiment with a prism; what color is light experiment 1537:110-111 Prism used to see spectrum experiment 1528:36 Rainbows; making a rainbow experiment, water, mirror, flashlight 1528:37 Rainbows; refracting and reflecting light experiment with raindrops 1528:36 Spectroscope demonstrates that white light is composed of different wave lengths experiment (Advanced) 1839:283-287 Spectrum from a prism experiment 1701:14-16 Thin films; another way to separate white light into colors experiment 1612:66-68 Visible light divided into colors experiment 1901:125-128 SPEED From length and time to speed experiment 1982:97-98 How fast does a wind-up walking toy walk experiment 1990:106-107 Measure speed of toy cars down ramp experiment 1748:36-37 Measure terminal velocity of falling balloon experiment 1606:49-50 Push-n-go toys demonstrate potential energy becoming kinetic energy experiment 1839:123-132

Walking; determining your walking speed experiment 1609:39-40 Wind-up walking toys experiment; which toy is fastest 1839:115-122 SPHERES Spherical reflections experiment with silver Christmas tree balls 1578:110-113 SPIDER WEBS. See SPIDERS—WEBS SPIDERS American house spiders, how to keep and observe them 2021:76-80 Are spiders insects experiment 1852:76-79 Are spiders insects, demonstrate with spider model 1855:98-101 Clay spider model, how to make 1852:79 Climbing spider model, how to make 1640:72-73 Collecting spiders and spider webs projects 1583:79-83 Daddy longlegs or harvest men, how to catch and keep them 1653:43-45 Do all spiders ignore prey if they are not in a web experiment 1652:139 Do particular kinds of spiders prefer certain types of prey experiment 1652:140 Experiments with spiders, data sheets given 16152:131-140 How does darkness affect prey capture experiment 1652:140 Jumping spiders, how to catch and keep them 1653:10-13 Keeping and observing spiders experiment 1722:23 Light or dark experiment; which do spiders prefer 2034:20-21 Play music to attract a spider experiment 1959:122-123 Straw-wrapper spider, how to make 1785:58-59 Where do spiders come from; paper model demonstrates 1855:102-105 SPIDERS—WEBS Collect a spider web, how to do 1856:35 Collect and display spider webs project 1864:55-56 Collect and mount spider webs, how to do 1645:133 Collect and mount spider webs, how to do 1830:76 Collect and preserve spider web to determine type of web experiment 1751:27 Collecting spiders webs, how to do 1973:27 Compare webs of spiders; does size of spider affect web size experiment 1571:74-76

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Do spiders have preferences about where they build their webs experiment 1652:139 Does funnel weaver or other web-building spiders have to have its web to catch prey experiment 1652:138-139 How to preserve spider webs experiment 1603:81-82 If web is damaged will spider move the location of its web experiment 1625:139 Make spider web from string pinned onto cardboard square, how to do 1546:68 Observe how spiders use their webs to capture insects experiment 1552:113-118 Preserving a spider web, how to do 2025:16-17 Spider web under microscope experiment 2027:42 Spiders don’t get caught in their own webs experiment 1856:32-35 Why are spider webs sticky demonstration 1855:106-109 Why don’t spiders get caught in their own webs demonstration 1855:110-113 Will spiders build webs in the cold experiment 1652:140 Will spiders build webs in the dark experiment 1652:140 Will two funnel weavers in same jar build a web together if no room for two webs experiment 1652:139-140 SPIES Alarm system for your room, how to do project 1891:39-41 Alarm to protect your secret meeting from someone sneaking up, how to do project 1891:64-67 Bug listening devices, how to make project 1891:59-61 Check to see if something has been touched, how to do project 1891:41-43 Codes to hide secret messages, how to do project 1891:98-100 Compass; how to find North without a compass project 1891:30-32 Covers or disguise for being a spy, how to do project 1891:4-7 Cracking the secret code, how to do project 1891:105-108 Etched egg invisible message, how to do project 1891:87-89 Hear through doors device, how to do project 1891:56-58 Hiding places for information, how to do project 1891:37-39

Internet, how to use to gather information project 1891:16-19 Invisible message using lemon juice, how to do project 1891:82-83 Invisible message using milk, how to do project 1891:83-85 Julius Caesar cipher code, how to do project 1891:103-105 Key pictures to copy locked room key, how to do project 1891:33-35 Legends or acting out part of spy, how to do project 1891:7-10 Magnifying lens in emergency, how to do project 1891:54-56 Mapping skills for spy, how to do project 1891:28-30 Miniature writing to get secret information to a contact, how to do project 1891:77-81 Morse code message, how to do project 1891:111-114 Opening letters; how to open envelopes using science project 1891:22-24 Page grills secret messages, how to do project 1891:92-95 Paper tube to see out window, how to do project 1891:51-53 Parabolic microphone listening device, how to make project 1891:61-64 Periscope to see around corners, how to make project 1891:46-49 Photographs during spy mission; how to do without being noticed project 1891:35-37 Scytale, dowel and tack device, to send secret message, how to do project 1891:89-92 Secret codes and passwords, how to use them project 1891:10-12 Simple code to send secret messages, how to do project 1891:101-102 Spray starch and iodine invisible message, how to do project 1891:85-87 Sunglasses with mirrors to see objects behind you, how to do project 1891:49-51 Symbols simple code, how to do project 1891:109-111 Tailing a person in order to gain information project 1891:25-27 Torn dollars; one way spies make contact; how to do project 1891:72-74 Tracking device to track a tricycle, how to do project 1891:67-69 Transfer information without making contact, how to do project 1891:74-77

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SPORTS Baseball; baseball or softball bat, its COG and its sweet spot experiment 1989:72-74 Baseball; curve balls experiment 1989:55-57 Baseball; friction and “English” experiment 1989:78-80 Baseball; impulse and catching experiment 1989:86-90 Baseball; lefties and the distance to first base experiment 1989:120-121 Baseball; speed on the base paths experiment 1989:12-13 Baseball; throwing speed from the outfield experiment 1989:16-17 Basketball and Newton’s First Law of Motion experiment 1989:35-36 Basketball; are passes really faster experiment 1989:18 Basketball; shooting distances experiment 1989:118-119 Basketball; shooting from different angles experiment 1989:116-117 Bicycling; how does a moving bicycle help you balance experiment 1567:24-27 Can energy from bouncing basketball be transferred to a tennis ball experiment 1567:6-9 Collision between surfaces and balls used in sports experiment 1989:91-93 Collisions and mass experiments 1989:102-106 Follow-through and momentum experiment 1989:83-85 Football; a football’s center of gravity and kicking experiment 1989:71 Football; a football’s center of gravity and passing experiment 1989:68-70 Football; friction and football cleats experiment 1989:76-77 Football; how to kick a football the maximum distance experiment 1989:27-30 Hockey; how a goalie reduces the shooting angle experiment 1989:114-115 Hockey; how fast can you shoot a hockey puck experiment 1989:21 Hockey; shooting from different angles experiment 1989:111-113 Home field; is there a home field advantage in sports computer project 2012:22-36 How do hot and cold packs work experiment 1567:21-23 Ice skating is easier to do on a warm day than on a very cold day experiment 1659:3-5 Ice skating; making circles on ice experiment 1989:51-54

Trash treasures project; how to get information from trash 1891:19-21 SPINNERS Button spinner demonstrates energy change from potential energy to kinetic energy experiment 1753:38 Several experiments with spinners 2000:89-110 Spinner demonstrates air resistance experiment, how to make 1558:17 Spinning color wheel makes white color experiment 1627:14-16 Spinning top magic trick, top keeps on spinning 1713:16-17 Twirler, make from cardboard and string 1745:41-42 SPINNING Conservation of angular momentum demonstrated with rotating stool or chair experiment 1579:55-58 SPIROGYRA How does acid rain in freshwater affect the cell structure of spirogyra experiment 1539:106-108 SPITTLEBUGS How to catch and keep spittlebugs 1653:29-31 SPONGES Isolating spicules of sponges experiment 1930:72-73 Reaggregation experiment with sponges 1930:72-73 SPONTANEOUS GENERATION Can flies grow from decaying bananas experiment 1851:66-67 Repeat Redi’s experiment that bacteria and fungi form by spontaneous generation experiment 1987:30-32 Van Helmont’s recipe for mice experiment 1851:67 SPORE PRINTS Mushroom spore print, how to make 1916:45 SPORES. See also FUNGI; MOSSES; MUSHROOMS; SLIME MOLDS Is there an easy way to see mushroom spores experiment 1742:61-63 Make spore patterns experiment 1893:16 Mushroom spores under microscope experiment 2027:72-73 Spore print experiment, how to make 1546:59 Spore prints experiment 2025:36-37

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Mung beans or alfalfa seeds sprout in jar in the dark experiment 1631:18 Mustard seeds sprout on sponge experiment 1640:25-26 Salad garden grows sprouts for you 1546:48-49 Seeds sprout with or without soil experiment 1832:63-65 Sprouts from seeds experiment, how to do 1555:60 SQUIRRELS Can squirrels really fly experiment 1856:46-49 How feeding strategy of gray squirrels differs as distance from cover increases experiment 1552:119-125 Plant nut trees the way squirrels do experiment 1805:50 STABILITY. See also BALANCE STAG BEETLES How to catch and keep stag beetles 1653:79-81 STAIN REMOVERS. See also STAINS How well do all stain removers work experiment 1876:133-134 STAINED GLASS Polarized light mosaic experiment; make stained glass window without glass 1578:84-89 STAINING. See also MICROSCOPE STAINS. See also STAIN REMOVERS STALACTITES AND STALAGMITES. See also CRYSTALS Cave icicles experiment, how to make 1864:66-67 Demonstrate formation of stalactites and stalagmites experiment 1859:43 Grow stalagmites and stalactites in model cave experiment 1659:49-51 How are stalactites and stalagmites formed experiment 1751:78 How are they formed experiment using Epsom salt and string 1738:15 How do stalactites and stalagmites grow experiment 1876:153 Humidity and temperature affects formation of stalactites and stalagmites experiment 1859:42-43 Limestone cave formation experiment, plastic bottle, sand and sugar 1599:88-89 Make a stalactite experiment with washing soda crystals and water 1635:15 Make stalactites and stalagmites experiment 1802:32-33 When do stalactites and stalagmites form experiment 1905:44-46

Ice skating; speed on ice experiment 1989:14-15 Object’s center of gravity experiment 1989:60-63 Protection for collisions experiment 1989:98-101 Roller blades; what is relationship between speed and stopping distance on roller blades experiment 1567:14-16 Soccer; shooting from different angles experiment 1989:108-110 Soccer; what muscles do you use to kick a ball experiment 1567:17-20 Speed and running surface experiment 1989:31 Sports and Newton’s First Law of Motion experiments 1989:37-40 Sports and Newton’s Second Law of Motion experiments 1989:41-44 Sports and Newton’s Third Law of Motion experiments 1989:45-47 Sports drinks and other drinks tested for electrolytes experiment 1567:10-13 SPREADSHEETS Spreadsheets and graphics; how to use them in your science project 1915:142-146 SPRING. See also SEASONS—SPRING Science experiments and projects for spring 1894:6-30 SPRING PEEPERS. See also FROGS SPRING SCALES. See also SCALES— MEASUREMENT SPRINGS Stored energy experiment, cork creature on spring leaps into air 1560:14-15 SPROUTS. See also SEEDS—SPROUTS Alphabet sprouts; grow sprouts on paper alphabet cut outs experiment 1557:109 Bean sprouts in salad experiment 1642:10-11 Bean sprouts, how to grow 1997:100-102 Bean sprouts; how do bean sprouts grow experiment 1568:125-126 Compare growing sprout and grass seedlings to see how grass survives cutting by lawnmower 1546:30 Green hair sprouts experiment 1639:71 Grow bean sprouts experiment 2014:204-205 Grow plants on kitchen sponge experiment 1831:77 Grow sprout head in decorated eggshells experiment 1546:41 How to grow sprouts experiment 1734:42 Kitchen seeds sprout experiment 1856:72-75 Mung bean sprouts experiment 1637:49

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STAMENS. See also FLOWERS STARCH. See also COMPOUNDS; IODINE Apples; test for chemical changes in ripening apples using iodine paint experiment 1864:96 Cornstarch and heat change liquid into pudding experiment 2001:128-129 Digesting starches experiment 1725:90 Enzyme mix that breaks starch into glucose and measure amount of glucose present experiment 1571:61-63 Food; test for starch in foods experiment 1670:82 Foods; test for starch in food experiment 1981:47-48 Foods; test for starch in foods experiment 1934:62-64 Foods; test for starch in foods experiment 2014:12 Foods; which foods contain starch experiment 1843:241 Grains; compare grains for starch content experiment 1550:7 How does banana become ripe experiment, test for starch 1934:65-67 Iodine test for presence of starch in cracker from your mouth experiment 1571:23-24 Iodine test for starch experiment 1934:60-61 Iodine test for starch in food experiment 1864:105 Leaves; determine condition required for starch to form in leaves experiment 1638:75-78 Leaves; sugar produced during photosynthesis stored as starch in leaves experiment 1987:21-23 Leaves; test for starch in leaves experiment 1638:75-78 Make starch and turn it into a sugar by heating experiment 1864:103-104 Paper; when does paper contain starch experiment 1905:49-50 Potato; test potato for starch experiment using iodine 1546:35 Toast tastes better experiment 1864:106 What is a starch experiment 1904:65-68 What makes pudding and gravy lumpy experiment 1804:38-40 STARFISH Regeneration of single planarian gives two new planarians experiment 1571:120-121 STARS Activities to study the stars and constellations 2026:87-115 Astrolabe, how to construct and use experiment 1847:158-161

Astronomer’s flashlight with red filter, how to make 1847:42-44 Azimuth and altitude of a star, how to measure experiment 1847:156-161 Brightness of stars, how brightness is compared 1847:141-149 Compass rose, how to make with protractor and paper plate 1847:157-158 Constellations baked on pancake surface experiment, recipe for pancakes 1627:18 Coordinates; determine the coordinates of a star experiment 1847:21-24 Counting stars experiment 1915:38-40 Dark nebula, how to simulate experiment 1847:221-223 Distance of a star from the Earth affects its parallax distance experiment 2050:45-46 Distance of star affects its apparent magnitude experiment 1847:147-149 Earth’s rotation affects movement of stars due to the parallax experiment 2050:43-50 Eclipsing binary stars, how to demonstrate 1847:197-200 How parallax works to determine distance of stars from earth experiment 1660:42-43 Jar of stars, make from corn syrup, food coloring and foil stars 1708:22-23 List of stars 1847:230-231 Mobile of stars, how to make 2015:17 Model of eclipsing double star, how to make 1974:31 Models of twinkling star light experiment 1612:57-58 Mural; star mural for wall, how to make 1697:18-19 Parallax; distances of different stars from the Earth experiment 1953:159 Photographing the stars experiment 2015:10-11 Planetarium from oatmeal box, how to make 1627:18-20 Planetarium to view stars, how to make from shoe box and flashlight 1847:190-192 Simulate refraction patterns of distant stars project 1864:23-24 Slide show of stars, how to make from shoe box and black paint 1706:17 Star clock, use to observe movement of the Big Dipper’s stars experiment 2050:47-50 Star map of the seasons 1847:224-227 Star tracks; how to photograph experiment 1906:29-31 Star trails; how to photograph experiment 1566:10-13

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Electrophorus device to collect and hold charges of static electricity experiment 2053:23-24 Electroscope detects presence of electric charge experiment 1758:71 Electroscope detects static charges experiment, how to build 2053:20-21 Electroscope detects static electricity experiment, how to make 1899:15-18 Electroscope measures static electricity experiment, how to make electroscope 1864:116-117 Electroscope you make picks up static charge experiment 1657:75-78 Electroscope; build electroscope to detect electrical charge experiment 1577:40-44 Electrostatic flower demonstrates principles of static electricity 1864:129 Electrostatic generation using Van de Graaff generator experiment 1936:27 Fill a stocking without putting a leg into it experiment 1844:285 Fluorescent tube glows from static electricity experiment 1899:11-13 How does rubbing with wool affect plastic strips experiment 1844:276 How does water behave with static electricity 1637:29 Investigate conditions that create static electricity experiment 1899:1-6 Jumping puffed wheat experiment demonstrates static electricity 1864:120-121 Law of poles says similar charges repel experiments 1845:27-31 Levitation using static electricity experiment 1839:187-193 Leyden jar holds charges experiment, how to build 2053:25-27 Lightning demonstration with charged balloon and fluorescent bulb experiment 1845:36 Lightning jumps from balloon to your hair experiment 1564:25-27 Magic trick electric snowstorm in a box experiment 1716:8-9 Magnetic properties of static electrons experiment 1936:28 Materials that make biggest charge of static electricity, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:196-199 Moving bubbles with electricity experiment 1607:68-72 Neon circuit tester bulb lights up when rubbed against styrofoam cup experiment 1659:64-66 Nylon stocking and plastic bag demonstrates static electricity 1864:130

Stars tell time experiment, make star time teller, directions given 2038:54-57 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:200-201 Twinkling stars, how to simulate experiment 1847:205-207 What makes a star twinkle experiment 1904:39-42 Why light from distant stars appears to twinkle project, construct a star bowl 1864:21-22 STARS—CONSTELLATIONS. See also CONSTELLATIONS Star disk instrument shows which constellations are visible at different latitudes experiment 1847:30-34 Star map, how to use to find constellations experiment 1847:35-41 STATIC ELECTRICITY. See also ELECTRICITY— STATIC ELECTRICITY; ELECTROSCOPE; ELECTROSTATICS; LEYDEN JAR Balloon charged by rubbing with wool fabric separates pepper from salt 1537:54-55 Balloon moves can experiment 1879:44-45 Balloon rubbed on woolen sweater makes static electricity experiment 1561:9 Balloons and electric charge experiments 1606:84-90 Balloons stick to wall experiment 1879:42-43 Bend water experiment 1844:286 Bubbles avoid electric shock from Van de Graaff generator experiment 1959:46-47 Build Gilbert’s Versorium to test for staticproducing materials experiment 1845:42 Cereal dances in clear plastic covered box experiment 1630:15 Charged balloon and rice cereal demonstrates static electricity experiment 1839:73-78 Charged balloon attracts different materials experiment 1839:79-83 Charging things experiment 1605:32-36 Dancers made from tissue paper jump and whirl around experiment 1864:124 Dancing bits in bottle dance around from static electricity experiment 1531:25 Effects of static electricity experiments 1758:68 Electric charge bends water experiment 1753:36 Electric dancing flea circus from static electricity experiment 1577:37-39 Electrical balloons, get charged up experiment 1990:64-65 Electrical charge affects running water experiment 1899:7-9

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Nylon stocking filled with static electricity acts like a ghost experiment 1659:61-63 Opposites attract experiment with balloons 2053:13-14 Paper spider legs move on charged balloon experiment 1537:52-53 Piezoelectric rocks produce sparks called triboluminescence experiment 2053:18-19 Plastic comb charged by rubbing with wool fabric attracts stream of water experiment 1537:54 Producing light without a filament experiment 1899:11-13 Puffed rice scooters experiment 1884:36-38 Removing static charges in clothing by grounding experiment 1936:26 Static cling experiment testing several different pieces of clothing experiment 1845:11-13 Static cling experiment with balloon and newspaper 1845:7 Static cling experiment with balloon and puffed rice 1845:9 Static detector experiment, make from glass jar and aluminum foil 1747:11 Static detector lights fluorescent bulb experiment 2053:22-23 Static electricity can make objects stick together experiment 1613:173-177 Static electricity from rubbing balloon lights up florescent tube experiment 1564:25-27 Static electricity generator experiment, how to build 2053:27-28 Static electricity in clothing materials experiment 1936:25 Static electricity on TV screens experiment 1936:22 Thunderstorms; detecting approaching thunderstorms experiment 1936:23-24 Triboelectric sequence from most positive to most negative for static charge experiment 2053:8-10 Versorium, static electricity detector experiment, how to make 2053:11-12 Water bender experiment with balloon attracting water 1747:7 What changes the way balloons react to each other experiment 1844:277 What will a comb do to puffed rice experiment 1844:279-280 Why does hair stick to comb experiments with static electricity 1857:106-109 Why does paper leap for a balloon experiment 1844:281

STATISTICS Statistics and how to use them in your science project 1915:136-141 STATUES. See also ACID RAIN; MONUMENTS STEADINESS TESTER Coordination tester experiment, make from shoe box, wire, light bulb and battery 1890:61-63 STEAM ENGINES Make steam engine experiment 1907:37 When was the steam engine first put to use experiment 1905:21-24 STEAM TURBINE ENGINE. See also TURBINES STEAMBOAT Metal can and candle steamboat moves in water experiment 1831:124-125 STEEL WOOL. See also RUST STEMS. See also PLANTS—STEMS STENTORS. See INFUSORIA; SPIROSTOMA STERILIZATION Create a pure culture of a microbe experiment 1570:65-67 Methods of sterilization experiment; comparing Pasteur and Tyndall’s methods 1570:59-61 STETHOSCOPE. See also LAENNEC, RENE Funnel and rubber tubing stethoscope, how to make 1831:15 Funnel stethoscope to hear beating of your heart, how to make 1890:89 Hear heartbeat through a stethoscope, make from funnel and plastic tubing 1726:25 Heart; stethoscope lets you hear your heart, make from plastic tubing and funnel 1753:55 Make from plastic tubing and funnel 1749:23 Simple stethoscope from funnel and tubing, how to make 1878:56-57 Testing two stethoscopes to see which is better for listening to sounds experiment 1618:16 STICK INSECTS Eggs and breeding stick insects, how to do 1873:18-19 Feeding stick insects, how to do 1873:20-23 How to house and keep stick insects 1873:17 STILTS How to make juice can stilts 1745:77-78 STOKES’ LAW Stokes’ Law applies to non-spherical objects dropped in viscous fluids experiment 1539:163-165 STOMATA. See also LEAVES Plants need air experiment with petroleum jelly 1655:36-37

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What happens to spinach when placed in hot water experiment 1672:72-73 STORAGE BATTERY. See also BATTERIES STORAGE CELL. See also BATTERIES STORMS Stormy seas in soda bottle experiment 1630:15-16 STOVES Build a thermostat to control temperature in a heated jar experiment 1532:77 Heat from stove moves into pot experiment 1679:24-25 STREAM TABLE. See also STREAMS Stream table model to study water flow and erosion experiment 1915:26-27 STREAMLINING Streamlined hulls let water flow around them experiment 1532:104-105 STREAMS. See also FRESHWATER; PONDS; LAKES Aquatic organism viewed under microscope; how to prepare hanging-drop slide 1583:58-62 Compare animals and plant life found in ponds and streams projects 1583:58-62 Diatoms differences in types found in ponds and streams 1570:99-100 In what order do materials settle in water experiment 1842:139 Net to catch living things in streams, how to make 1970:115 Plankton net, how to make from pantyhose and coat hanger 1583:61-62 Pollution in stream experiment, how to investigate 1603:26-27 Speed and volume of stream; how to measure experiment 1550:48 The great American lawn and pristine water; can they coexist experiment 1539:93-94 Velocity or speed of water in stream measured experiment 1751:93 STREET LIGHTS Automatic light goes on and off like a streetlight experiment 1532:42-43 STRENGTH. See also FORCE STRING INSTRUMENTS. See also MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS STROBOSCOPE Construct stroboscope to observe its effect on motion experiment 1758:70 Device to observe falling water drops and to study their shapes, how to make 1677:21-27

Flashing lights for dancing stroboscope experiment 1627:6-8 Pulses of light on moving object experiment, make simple stroboscope 1901:115-119 Stroboscope experiment; persistence of vision pattern given 1576:107-112 STRUCTURAL STRENGTH. See also COMPRESSIONAL STRENGTH; PAPER ENGINEERING Beams; model beam tests strength and stability experiment 1610:145 Book is supported on one sheet of paper experiment 1879:80-81 Dollar bill holds up four quarters experiment 1639:77 Eggs demonstrate strength of arch 1783:20-21 Eggshell halves support pile of books experiment 1879:82-83 Magic wand has strength but crushes easily magic trick experiment 1717:18-19 Molecular structure of eggshell affects its strength experiment 1851:108-109 Push straw through potato experiment 1879:73-74 Pylon tower strength demonstration 1783:18-19 Rivets and welds give strength and stability in long spans experiment 1610:145-147 Sheet of paper bridge holds up book experiment 1879:77-79 Simple demonstration of weight of roof spread out over walls 1783:14-15 Straw through potato demonstrates 1970:71 Stresses; models of five basic types of stresses experiment 1610:142-144 Super strong egg holds up books magic experiment 1717:22-23 Tent strength demonstration 1783:24-25 Why don’t eggs break under a chicken experiment 1857:74-77 Wooden stool demonstrates strength of shapes, how to build experiment 1802:46-47 STRUCTURES. See also ARCHITECTURE; BUILDING Beams; reinforced concrete beams, how to make and test strength of each 1532:51 Make models of famous buildings, structures and airplane using scale drawing 1824:44-47 Roofs; cantilever roof experiment, how to make 1532:52 Roofs; folded barrel roof, experiment and how to make from paper, tongue depressors, pencils, thread 1532:53

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Skyscrapers; model miniature skyscraper experiment, how to build 1532:62-63 Structure needs foundation to stay up in soft ground experiment, plastic bottle, modeling clay, wallpaper paste, large tank 1532:48-49 Walls; build brick walls in various patterns and test for strength experiment 1532:50 SUBMARINES. See also DIVING—SUBMARINES Balloon submarine experiment 1606:14-15 Cartesian diver (eye dropper in bottle of water) demonstrates how submarine works experiment 1601:44-45 Cartesian diver demonstrates why submarines work 1983:50-51 Compressed air experiment, submarine sinks and rises 1838:23 Demonstrate how a submarine can be made to rise experiment 1853:35-37 How a submarine floats experiment 1803:12-13 How submarine floats and sinks experiment 1753:76 Lemon peel in jar of water with balloon cover demonstrates submarine’s rise and fall 1596:23 Make a submarine from plastic bottle experiment 1961:21 Model submarine dives and resurfaces by using water and air experiment 1802:38-39 Plastic bottle submarine in tank of water rises and falls experiment 1596:25 Rising raisins demonstrate how submarines dive and surface experiment 1596:22 Rising raisins demonstrate how submarines dive under water and rise to surface again 1838:23 SUBMERSIBLES. See also DIVING— SUBMARINES Build submersible using modeling clay and a plastic tube experiment 1532:107 SUCROSE Test the sweetness of artificial sweeteners (substitute sugar) experiment 1771:69-73 SUGAR Cells need water to survive experiment; sugar in raisins sucks in water 1546:12 Change sugar into a substance that is mostly carbon experiment 1676:15-18 Changing solid into a liquid experiment, which is easier table salt or sugar 1676:12-14 Compare sweetness of natural and artificial sweeteners experiment 1849:109-111

Cookies; how much sugar does one cookie contain experiment 2048:109-110 Dissolving rates of sugar at different temperatures 1758:27 Do ants know the difference between artificial sweeteners and sugar experiment 1751:67 Do diet sodas weigh less than sugared colas experiment 1659:40-42 Enzyme; mix enzyme that breaks starch into glucose and measure amount of glucose present experiment 1571:61-63 Gum; how much sugar does gum contain experiment 2048:111 Hollywood fake glass from sugar experiment 1631:12 How much solute can be dissolved into a certain volume of water experiment 1693:17 How salt, sugar and baking soda dissolve and crystallize experiment 1833:78 Make sugar crystals on a string experiment 1833:78 Rock candy crystals experiment, how to make from water, sugar, paper clips and string 1548:36-38 Rock candy crystals you can eat experiment 1631:10-12 Sugar and gelatin solution grows crystals experiment 1851:103 Test for glucose sugar in ripe banana experiment 1934:67 Test for natural sugar in foods experiment 1864:94-95 Test the sweetness of artificial sweeteners (substitute sugar) experiment 1771:69-73 Water can dissolve just so much sugar experiment 1548:34 Water moves to cells containing sugar experiment 1546:12 Which foods contain sugar experiment 1843:240 Which is more soluble in water, salt or sugar experiment 1833:60 SULFUR. See also CARBON SULFUR DIOXIDE. See also ACID RAIN SUMMER. See also SEASONS—SUMMER Books and activities about sunny days 1741:104-135 Science experiments and projects for summer 1895:6-29 SUN Activities to study the Sun and solar eclipses 2026:25-55

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Angles of Sun’s rays affect their strength experiment 1753:71 Binary Sun system experiment that shows how differently substances would heat it two Suns were in sky above planet 1534:23-26 Binary Sun system experiment to observe heating of Earth by using two model Suns 1534:27-30 Blue and red Suns experiment to observe heating temperatures of actual land forms 1534:14-18 Blue sky, yellow Sun and red sunsets and particles scattering experiment 1612:78-79 Compare diameter and volume of Earth and Sun experiment 1587:10-14 Daylight hours increase or decrease equally at both ends of day experiment 1587:75-76 Diameter of Sun; finding diameter of Sun project using pinhole image 1610:49-51 Energy; how much energy does the Sun produce experiment 1787:12-17 Finding North with Sun and stick experiment 1587:53-57 Geometric model to estimate distance from Earth to Sun project 1610:38-43 Global view of Earth, Sun and Moon experiment 1915:26-28 Gravitational center of orbits experiment 1864:145 Gravity keeps planets in orbits around the Sun experiment 2050:35 Heating/cooling of actual land forms with a red, green and blue Sun experiment 1534:99-106 Height of the Sun experiment 1737:11 Look at Sun safely, how to do 1542:12 Map Sun’s path across the sky experiment 1587:69-72 Map the Sun’s path experiment 1915:32-34 Mapping sunspots experiment 1974:23 Midday according to Sun’s shadow experiment 1587:73-74 Model explains why skies are blue and sunsets red project, how to make 1610:33-35 Model of distance between Sun and Earth to scale experiment 1533:10-11 Northern hemisphere closer to Sun in winter than in summer experiment 1587:15-18 Observing the Sun experiment 1974:22 Particles in atmosphere causes sky to look blue and Sun to look yellow experiment 1861:8-11 Planets; how a planets surface can be warmed experiment 1528:27 Red giant Sun experiment; observe simple convection cycle generated by model “red Sun” 1534:3-6

Relationship between motion of the Sun and time experiment 1850:141-144 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:118-125 Seasons; how the Sun affects the seasons experiment 1850:125-134 Shadows that grow and shadows that don’t grow experiment 1587:26-30 Shadows; objects, Sun and shadows experiment 1587:22-25 Shadows; when longest and shortest from Sun experiment 1542:19 Size of the Sun and Moon experiment 1915:36 Spreading the Sun’s light experiment 1528:16 Sun dapples recorded experiment 1587:31-34 Sun’s rays give us heat experiment, using glass, water, thermometer and aluminum foil 1547:10-13 Sunspots; how to observe safely experiment 1737:12 Temperatures of anti-red/anti-blue shadows from a binary star system experiment 1534:91-94 Temperatures on planet Earth might differ if Sun was a different distance experiment 1534:45-51 Tracking or following wavelengths of light coming from Sun experiment 1660:44-45 Tracking the Sun’s movement experiment 1935:46 Ultraviolet Sun and evaporation of moisture from land forms experiment 1534:10-13 Ultraviolet Sun and heating and cooling of various land forms experiment 1534:7-9 Why the Earth is cooler in winter experiment 1850:132-134 SUN PRINTS Sun print of nature objects experiment 1916:13 SUN SCREENS How effective are various items in protecting against ultraviolet radiation experiment 1539:118-120 SUN SPOTS Why the Earth is cooler in winter experiment 1850:132-134 SUN TEA Make tea from solar power, how to do 1555:71 Sun tea and mint lemonade, how to make 1916:35 SUN—ECLIPSES. See also ECLIPSES SUNDEW PLANTS Raise sundews at home, how to do 1882:unp Sundew plant parts grow into new plants experiment 1882:unp

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SUNDIALS Flowerpot and skewer sundial, how to make 1657:41-43 Flowerpot sundial, how to make 1616:12-13 Flowerpot sundial, how to make 1831:62-63 Flowerpot sundial, how to make 2022:53 Garden sundial from old car tire, how to make 1836:61-62 Garden sundial, how to make 2015:36 How do sundials work experiment 1737:4 How to make and use sundial 1640:104-105 How to make sundial 1917:42-43 Make a sundial from paper plate and straw 1557:18-19 Make sundial from styrofoam tray and bamboo skewer 1744:83-85 Make sundial with cardboard and stick 1547:20-22 Make your own sundial from ball, stick and cardboard 1542:21 Patio block or wood sundial, how to make 1830:87 Plywood sundial, how to make 1587:65-68 Portable sundial, how to make 2015:37 Portable sundial, how to make from ball point pen 1633:81 Shadow meter, to tell time on sunny day; how to make 1737:5 Stick and stone sundial experiment 1660:30-33 Sundial clock, how to make 1938:68-69 Sundial from triangles, dimensions given for sections of the U.S. 1630:38-40 Tell time from Sun by building your own sundial experiment 1533:26-27 Wood and cardboard sundial, how to make 1967:66-67 Wooden bowl sundial, how to make 1633:80 SUNGLASSES Design of lenses reduces glare experiment 1901:61-63 How effective are various items in protecting against ultraviolet radiation experiment 1539:118-120 Mirrored sunglasses, how to make with cardboard frames 1699:10-12 Polarizing material sunglasses experiment 2028:42-43 Polarizing sunglasses reduce glare when polarizing lenses are oriented properly experiment 1578:90-93 Show how polarizing sunglasses block polarized light experiment 1532:121

Show how sensitivity photochronic glasses react to sunlight 1532:120 SUNLIGHT Bend light to show how sunlight is made up of many different colors experiment 1533:14-15 Blue skies and sunsets, scattering of light experiment 1528:20 Color of balloon changes when balloon is exposed to sunlight experiment 1672:31-32 Darth Fader effect of sunlight on color experiment 1935:84-85 Electricity can be made from sunlight experiment 1787:75-79 Focusing heat from Sun experiment 1528:34 Heat of Sun makes metals expand experiment 1528:35 Insulation; how effective insulation is to prevent heat loss experiment 1528:28 Length of shadow outside in sunlight measurements during day experiment 1547:15-18 Measure and compare albedo effect of two surfaces experiment 1528:29 Percentage of Sun’s energy reflected by surfaces is called its albedo experiment 1528:28 Rate of evaporation of water in direct sunshine and shade experiment 1528:35 Solar collectors from tin cans get heat from Sun experiment 1901:129-131 Splitting sunlight into colors experiment 1588:29 Sunlight affects colors experiment 1540:22-23 Sunlight effect on colored objects experiment using plastic bottles filled with different colored water 1934:68-69 When can sunlight distill water experiment 1905:122-124 Where can we get energy while in space experiment 1906:39-41 SUNRISES Make sunrise and sunset chart 1547:25-28 Why the sky is blue, why do sunrises and sunsets glow with color experiment 2028:39-40 SUNSCREENS How does sunscreen work experiment 1752:83 How well different strengths of sunscreens work experiment 1658:70-71 SUNSETS Bending light and sunsets experiment 1528:21 Blue skies and sunsets, scattering of light experiment 1528:20 Blue sky, yellow Sun and red sunsets and particles scattering experiment 1612:78-79

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Make sunrise and sunset chart 1547:25-28 Milk and water in dish demonstrates color of sunsets 1820:28-29 Model explains why skies are blue and sunsets red project, how to make 1610:33-35 Red sunset and blue sky in glass experiment 1701:51-57 Why are sunsets red experiment 1542:29 Why sky is blue and sunsets are red experiment 1578:3-7 Why the sky is blue, why do sunrises and sunsets glow with color experiment 2028:39-40 Why we see the Sun after it sets experiment 1953:212 SUNTAN LOTIONS. See SUNSCREENS SURFACE TENSION. See also LIQUIDS; WATER—SURFACE TENSION Effects of surface tension experiment 1758:28 Tension surface dissolves between two liquids experiment 1959:50-51 SURFACTANTS. See DETERGENTS; SOAP; WATER SOFTENERS SURVEYING THEODOLITE. See also THEODOLITE SURVEYS Survey of what kind of pet owners like best experiment, how to graph 2039:32-33

SUSPENSIONS. See also EMULSIONS Cornstarch and water mixture experiment 2001:120-123 Demonstrate suspension and solutions with water, soil and salt experiment 1953:272 SWEET POTATOES. See also PLANTS—SWEET POTATOES; POTATOES—SWEET Grow sweet potato vine, how to do 1555:100 How does sunlight affect plant growth experiment with sweet potatoes 1742:49-51 How to grow potato vine in jar of water 1836:42 How to grow sweet potatoes experiment 1757:68 SWIMMING Which swimsuit materials have the least drag to help a swimmer go faster project 2012:37-41 SWIMMING POOL Why would anyone pour baking soda into a swimming pool experiment 1743:106-107 SWIMSUITS Which swimsuit materials has the least drag to help a swimmer go faster project 2012:37-41 SWITCHES. See also ELECTRIC; ELECTRICITY— SWITCHES SYMMETRY Mirrors and symmetry experiment 1608:27 Testing letters and words in symmetry 1608:27-29 What is radial symmetry experiment 1851:140-141 SYNODIC TIME. See TIME

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TADPOLES. See also FROGS Caring for eggs and tadpoles, how to do 1736:25-27 Collecting tadpoles or frog eggs, how to do 1736:22-24 Do tadpoles like to hide under cover experiment 1736:41 Do tadpoles prefer cover experiment 1652:94 Experiments with tadpoles and toads, data sheets given 1652:85-101 Food; how does food availability affect growth rate of tadpoles experiment 1652:92 Food; what do tadpoles like to eat experiment 1736:36-37 Food; where do tadpoles like to feed experiment 1736:38-39 How to collect frog spawn and raise tadpoles in aquarium 1723:15 Light; are tadpoles attracted to light experiment 1736:40 Observe tadpoles for sizes, species and growth experiment 1736:42-43 Tadpoles grow into frogs in aquarium experiment 1906:91-93 Tadpoles; how to collect and hatch 1550:165-166 Temperature; how does temperature affect growth rate of tadpoles experiment 1652:92-94 Temperature; what temperatures are best for tadpoles experiment 1736:34-35 What is a tadpole experiment 1843:115-116 TAIGA Acid rain test, how to do 1796:51-52 Observe and record changes in tracks you make in tracking area over period of time experiment 1796:33 Things to do to conserve and preserve the taiga biome 1796:57-60 What to look for in a taiga biome 1796:44-45 TALEIDOSCOPE. See also KALEIDOSCOPES Taleidoscope/kaleidoscope, how to make; black tube, microscope slides, plastic wrap 1537:114-115 TANNIC ACID Make “egg leather” from egg white and tannic acid from tea experiment 1637:64

TANNINS Tea used to test for iron in water experiment 1672:57-59 TAP ROOT. See also ROOTS TAPE RECORDINGS Magnets affect cassette tape recordings experiment 1851:134-135 Tape recordings are made using magnets experiment 1683:63-64 TARNISH Remove silver tarnish experiment 1864:122-123 TASTE. See also SENSES—TASTE TASTE AND SMELL. See also SENSES—TASTE AND SMELL Sniff and taste test using fruit and fruit juices experiment 1724:26-27 TEA Make “egg leather” from egg white and tannic acid from tea experiment 1637:64 pH of tea changes with milk or lemon experiment 1540:56 Tea used to test for iron in water experiment 1672:57-59 TECTONIC PLATES Demonstrate sea floor spreading experiment 2050:127-132 Jigsaw puzzle of Earth’s plates, how to make 1802:29 Models of plates on ocean floor experiment 2050:127-132 Shifting plates demonstration using modeling clay 1802:28 What happens when plate boundaries move experiment 1535:74-76 What happens when two plates collide experiment 1535:77-78 TEETH. See also HUMAN BODY—TEETH How do acids affect tooth enamel experiment 2037:254 TEFLON Nonstick polymer, Teflon, experiment 1675:20-22 Teflon frying pan compared to ordinary frying pan experiment 1771:98-99

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TELEGRAPH. See also MORSE CODE “Morse” telegraph device with light and sound signals, how to make (Advanced) 1584:28-45 Electricity helps us communicate experiment with telegraphs 1844:335-336 Make telegraph from wood block, wire, light bulb, knife switch, battery; Morse code given 1537:62-64 Tin can telegraph, how to make 1629:6-8 Two-way telegraph line, how to do 1584:42-45 TELEPHONE Construct and use telephone from string and styrofoam cups 1903:109-111 Cup and string telephone, how to make 1788:38-39 Cup and string telephone, how to make 1907:24-25 Cup and thread telephone helps carry your voice experiment 1844:160-161 Cup phones experiment, make from paper cups and string 1970:307 Cup telephone demonstrates sound travels through solids experiment 1790:127-132 Food cans and string used to make a telephone 1691:27 Garden hose telephone, how to make 1903:63-65 How does a telephone work experiments with string telephone 1857:96-99 Make telephone from box, wire, battery and earphone 1657:85-87 Make telephone from funnels and plastic tubing 1970:12 Make telephone from wire, plastic cups and magnets 1749:44-45 Optical fibers; plastic tube and water show how an optical fiber works experiment 1532:159 Tin can and cord telephone, how to make 1967:111 Tin can telephone made from two cans and string 1745:85-86 Transmitting sound by vibrating materials experiment 2045:40-41 TELESCOPE Galileo’s telescope, how to make from tubes and lenses 2006:112-113 How does a telescope work experiment 1753:102 Make a telescope experiment using lenses and cardboard tube 2015:62-63 Make telescope from two convex lenses 1611:38-40 Open design telescope to see where image is formed and where it is magnified experiment 1956:37-43 Reflecting telescope, how to make 1988:76-81 Reflecting; build a simple reflecting telescope, how to do 1901:111-114

Reflecting; importance of diameter in a reflecting telescope experiment 1608:84 Refracting telescope experiment using two magnifying glasses 1935:75 Refracting; build refracting telescope from 2 magnifying lenses, wooden ruler and clay 1657:19-22 Simple telescope experiment, how to make 1988:69-72 Simple telescope, how to make 2028:71-73 Telescope from cardboard tubes and convex lenses, how to make 1988:73-75 When was the telescope first used experiment 1905:27-29 TELEVISION Model picture tube using flashlight to represent electron guns and cellophane strips to represent phosphor strips 1532:150-151 Scanning breaks a television picture into lines experiment 1532:148-149 TEMPERATURE Color effect on temperature of black paint and plaster of Paris powder experiment 1895:7 Crayons affected by heat and cold experiment 1832:51-53 Daily; how much temperature change is there every day project 1739:8 Dark fabrics absorb heat more rapidly than light fabrics experiment 1537:8-9 Drinking bird; effect of changing temperature and humidity on behavior of drinking bird experiment 1840:251-256 Earth; where is hottest/coldest place on Earth experiment 1906:71-74 Eggs cook at different temperatures experiment 1679:15-17 Heat flows from warmer outside to colder inside experiment with penny on neck of frozen bottle 1707:24 Hot drinks; how do you keep a cup of hot tea hot experiment 1668:34-35 Hot drinks; temperature of fingers changes when you drink hot or cold liquids experiment 1879:57-58 Land; heating/cooling of actual land forms with a red, green and blue Sun experiment 1534:99-106 Light sticks; effect of temperature on light sticks experiment 1840:269-274 Low level temperature near ground level and in soil experiment 1528:60 Measure temperature changes in water and sand, indoors and out experiment 2017:44-45

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Basic terrarium, how to make 1645:11 Cactus plant terrarium, how to prepare 1631:31 Fern terrarium, how to make 1973:80-81 Habitat; building a terrarium habitat experiment 1641:15-21 How to make a terrarium 1633:93-94 How to make a terrarium experiment 2014:264-265 Plants grow in plastic bottle terrarium experiment 1831:71 Prehistoric landscape terrarium, how to make 1862:28-29 Rain forest terrarium, how to set up and maintain 1602:2-3 Rain forest terrarium, make from soda bottle, soil and plants 1970:23 Solar radiation increase effect simulated in terrariums experiment 1861:27 Tabletop terrarium, how to make 1639:80 Terrarium in glass jar, how to make 1572:128-129 What is a terrarium experiment 1843:20-21 Woodland terrarium experiment, how to make with soil, leaves, branches, wood, pine cones 1546:60-61 TESTS. See also INDICATORS TEXTILES. See also CLOTH; FABRICS; FIBERS THAUMATROPE Make from pencil, paper and cardboard 1890:104-105 THERMAL ENERGY Colors of clothing that absorb the most heat experiment 1612:92 Light, heat and color experiment; colored objects absorb more heat than white objects 1612:91 THERMAL POLLUTION. See also WATER— POLLUTION; WATER POLLUTION THERMAL RADIATION Thermal radiation travels in straight line experiment 1534:114 THERMOGEL Temperature changes as a liquid is converted into a solid experiment 1677:37-40 THERMOMETERS. See also HEAT; TEMPERATURE Alcohol and water thermometers compared experiment 1534:109 Bottle thermometer demonstrates how thermometer works experiment, how to make 1861:18-19 Bottle thermometer, how to make 2054:125 Cricket chirps tell you the temperature, how to count 1753:122

Metal is colder to hand than Styrofoam experiment 1577:18-20 Metals; expansion and contraction of metal tube experiment 1577:25-28 Microclimate beneath the soil, at ground level, temperature measurement experiment 1528:60 Mittens trap body heat to help us stay warm experiment 1613:163-172 Mittens; how do mittens keep hands warm experiment 1840:67-74 Odors; effect of temperatures on odors experiment 1540:37 Pretzel recipe where temperature counts 1668:32 Sex ratio of mosquitoes affected by changes in temperature experiment 1571:108-110 Temperature above ground and underground differs on a hot day experiment 1751:42 Temperature changes with salt in water experiment using Epsom salt 1676:26-28 Which warms faster, water or soil experiment 1861:20-23 Wind; recording temperature and effect of wind on it experiment, how to build anemometer 1894:10-11 Your temperature, measuring experiment 1982:79-82 TEMPERATURE INVERSION. See also AIR POLLUTION; SMOG TENEBRIO BEETLES. See MEALWORMS TENNIS Can energy from bouncing basketball be transferred to a tennis ball experiment 1567:6-9 TENSILE STRENGTH. See also STRUCTURAL STRENGTH Testing tensile strength experiment 2045:18 TERMINAL VELOCITY Falling feather and coin in vacuum experiment 1579:51-54 TERMITES How do termite mounds keep the insects inside cool experiment 1852:68-71 How to catch and keep termites 1653:60-63 TERRARIUMS. See also ECOSYSTEMS Adding earthworms to a terrarium experiment 1641:23-31 Adding isopods (pill bugs, roly-poly, sow bugs) to a terrarium experiment 1641:33-41 Animals; keep small animals in a terrarium experiment 1843:93-95 Backyard terrarium from fish tank, soil, plants, rocks and soil animals, how to make 1810:36

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Dyed water used to demonstrate principle of thermometer experiment 1758:58 Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometers experiment 1906:68-70 Fahrenheit thermometer model, how to make 2054:124-125 Fahrenheit thermometer model, how to make on poster board 1861:16-19 Galileo water thermometer experiment, how to make 2006:107-109 Make a thermometer like Marie Curie’s students 1755:109-110 Make a thermometer, paper copy 1897:8-9 Make from glass bottle, cork, straw and water 1657:24-26 Make from plastic bottle and food coloring experiment 2014:37 Make from plastic bottle, straw and food coloring 2017:9 Make from plastic bottle, straw, alcohol and food coloring 1537:27-28 Make from plastic tubing and food coloring experiment 1842:86-87 Make simple bottle thermometer to measure temperature experiment 1832:7-9 Safe thermometer without glass or mercury, how to make 1648:57-59 When was the thermometer invented experiment 1905:53-56 THERMONUCLEAR ENERGY Use thermonuclear energy to burst a balloon experiment 1959:31 THERMOPLASTICS Effects of heat on polystyrene experiment 1840:151-156 THERMOSTAT Build a thermostat to control temperature in a heated jar experiment 1532:77 THIGMOTROPISM. See also PLANTS— TROPISMS THOMSON, J. J. Thomson’s plum pudding model of atom tested by Rutherford project 1610:85-89 THUMB. See HUMAN BODY THUNDER AND LIGHTNING Demonstrate thunder with paper bag experiment 1903:13-15 How far away is the lightning experiment 1878:49-50 How far away is the lightning experiment 1903:9-12 How far away is the storm experiment 1953:243

How far away is the thunderstorm experiment 1739:23 Light from a charged gas experiment using fluorescent light bulb 1673:41-43 Looking at lightning research project 2013:38-43 Make lightning static electricity experiment 1528:50 Photograph; how to photograph lightning 1647:26 Thunder explosion demonstrated with paper banger experiment 1528:51 What causes thunder experiment 1861:68-71 THUNDERSTORMS Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:126-133 TIDE POOLS Observation of tidal pool, how to do 1795:42-43 Seaweed press, how to make 1601:15-16 Tidal pool model to demonstrate effect of tide flow 1784:24-25 Tide pool diorama, how to make, patterns of animals given 1834:20-23 Viewer to observe inhabitants experiment, plastic pipe, Plexiglas, tape 1546:17 TIDES. See also OCEAN TIDES Gauge; model tide gauge measures sea level and tides experiment 1600:61-63 High and low; model representing high and low tides experiment, how to make 1853:107-110 Shorelines; different types of shorelines and tide changes experiment 1957:38-43 Tide table, how to make to keep track of tide in your area 1812:7 TIE-DYE Tie-bleach T-shirt experiment 1627:42-44 TIME. See also CLOCKS; NIGHT AND DAY; SHADOWS; SUNDIALS Candle timekeeper, how to make 2038:38-39 Day; where does each new day begin experiment 1906:32-34 Finger time; use fingers, Sun and horizon line to tell time experiment 1831:94 Midday according to Sun’s shadow experiment 1587:73-74 Noon marks, small beam of light at noon experiment 2038:32-33 Prime meridian; where is the prime meridian experiment 1906:35-38 Relationship between motion of the Sun and time experiment 1850:141-144 Shadows and time experiments 1612:23-24 Solar day, how to demonstrate 2050:53-54 Stars tell time experiment, make star time teller, directions given 2038:54-57

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Sundial; tell time from Sun by building your own sundial experiment 1533:26-27 Sunlight; spots of sunlight move as Earth rotates experiment 1660:34-35 Time and distance related to velocity and acceleration of object experiment using Phantom Feet toy 1839:203-206 Time, frequency and period experiment 1982:92-96 Water clock (the Clepsydra) from Ancient Egypt, how to make 2038:40-41 Water clock experiment, how to make from plastic containers, nail and water 1890:58-59 TIME CAPSULES How to make a time capsule 1633:134-135 Shoe box time capsule filled with things from your life, how to do 1785:77-78 TIME LINES History of Earth school yard time line demonstration 1704:35 TIME ZONES Compare differences in time for a traveler going East or West experiment 1850:135-144 Time zones map, how to design experiment 2050:54-55 TIMERS Candle timer experiment 1629:30 Egg timer from jars and light corn syrup demonstrate viscosity experiment 1659:43-45 Hourglass or 3-minute timer experiment 1629:32 Hourglass timekeepers, how to make 2038:43-44 Identify and control variables that affect the ‘drip period’ of liquid timers experiment 1840:229-233 String timer experiment 1629:30 Water timer, how to make 1629:30-32 TIRES Bicycle tire pump changes temperature during use experiment 1672:23-24 TOADS Can toad be trained to look for food in response to signals experiment 1652:96 Do toads prefer a jumble of plants to a bare space experiment 1652:99 Do toads prefer dark or light substrate experiment 1652:101 Do toads prefer dry sandy soil or wet leaves and moss experiment 1652:101 Do toads prefer moving prey experiment 1652:94-96 Experiments with tadpoles and toads, data sheets given 1652:85-101

Garden toad house, how to make 1615:12-13 Will a toad stay in a house experiment 1652:99 TOBACCO HABIT. See SMOKING TOMATOES Ethylene gas from banana ripens tomato experiment 1906:89-90 Tomato doesn’t ripen using hot water to stop ethylene gas experiment 1959:128-129 TOOTHPASTE Foam at the mouth experiment 1667:1-3 Minty toothpaste, how to make 1529:28-29 Toothpaste under microscope experiment 2027:48-49 Which tooth cleaner best protects teeth from sugars and acids experiment 1539:113-114 TOPIARY How to grow plant into a certain shape experiment 1555:106 TOPOLOGY What is topology experiment 2054:140-141 TOPS Rotational inertia and variable affecting it experiment 1839:59-65 Spinning top magic trick, top keeps on spinning 1713:16-17 TORNADOES Bottled tornado experiment reproduces powerful vortex of tornado motion 1864:73-74 How does a tornado spin experiment 1751:29 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:208 Make a tornado experiment using carbonated water 1528:82 Make your own tornado in plastic soda bottle 1646:34-35 Mini tornado in glass of soda water and salt experiment 1925:27 Shape; what is shape of a tornado experiment 1861:72-75 Simulate tornado by creating vortex in soda bottle experiment 1550:30 Tornado in bottle of soap and water demonstration 1740:35 Vortex in jar of water demonstrates tornado 1528:83 Water forms funnel shaped vortex as it drains from bottle experiment 1579:98-102 What makes a tornado demonstration 1831:95 TORRICELLI, EVANGELISTA Torricelli’s discovery of air pressure experiments 1586:49-53

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TOUCH. See also SENSES—TOUCH TOYS Ascending rockets; to what height experiment 1990:86-92 Balance; make a balance toy experiment 1990:12-14 Beach ball; throwing curves with a beach ball experiment 1990:73-75 Cars that loop-the-loop defy gravity experiment 1990:48-50 Cars with “springs” that bump experiment 1990:56-59 Cars, hills, brakes and gravity experiment 1990:51-52 Circling wagons on the move experiment 1990:98-102 Clay, boats and aluminum beverage cans experiment 1990:115-116 Dipping bird; why does a dipping bird drink experiment 1990:110-111 Electric and magnetic forces on a frictionless toy air car experiment 1990:25-30 Friction; make a frictionless toy air car experiment 1990:15-21 How does a push-n-go toy work experiment 1990:108-109 How fast does a wind-up walking toy walk experiment 1990:106-107 Magnetic cars that go bump but don’t touch experiment 1990:53-55 Marble in orbit experiment 1990:93-95 Marbles and balls on hills experiment 1990:43-44 Motor; make a toy electric motor 1990:31-33 Projectiles; speed and range of water projectiles experiment 1990:78-83 Ride safely on a toy car experiment 1990:60-61 Slinky; how is a slinky like a sound wave experiment 1565:6-9 Snow; walking on snow experiment 1990:112-114 Toy cars on hills experiment 1990:40-42 Wagons; pulling wagons experiment 1990:103-105 Water “bombs” away experiment 1990:84-85 TRACKS. See TRACKS AND TRACKING TRACKS AND TRAILING Animals; copy animals tracks using plaster of Paris, how to do 2046:82 Animals; making cast of animal tracks project 1583:49-53 Animals; plaster cast animal tracks, how to do 1967:97 Animals; plaster cast of animal tracks, how to make 1546:71

Animals; plaster casts of animal footprints, how to make 1973:32-33 Animals; plaster casts of footprints found in mud, how to make 1591:29 Animals; plaster casts of tracks, how to do 1796:33 Animals; plaster of Paris copies of animal tracks experiment 1830:84 Animals; preserve animal track with plaster of Paris, how to do 1557:92-93 Animals; preserve animal tracks with plaster of Paris experiment 1566:6-9 Animals; stamps and prints of animal tracks, how to make 1729:163-167 Animals; track tray filled with damp sand and left outside may get animal footprints 1546:70 Casts; modeling clay and plaster of Paris tracks, how to make a cast 1630:42-44 Designs; finger paint recipe for creating track designs, how to make 1636:44 Observe and record changes in tracks you make in tracking area over period of time experiment 1796:33 TRAFFIC Determining traffic patterns on your street experiment 1540:16-17 Do cars follow too closely projects 2012:57-66 Traffic flow survey of vehicles, how to do 1720:35 TRAFFIC LIGHTS Red lights; why they are red experiment 1612:114-116 TRAINS Model magnetic levitation train experiment, how to build 1532:98-99 TRANSECT Beach transect to measure life at different beach levels experiment 1973:68-69 TRANSFORMERS Investigating transformers experiment 1908:41 TRANSPORTATION. See also AUTOMOBILES; AIRPLANES; BOATS; CANOES; RAFTS; RAILROADS TRAPS Crayfish trap, how to make from plastic berry boxes 1967:24-25 TRAPS—INSECTS. See also INSECTS—TRAPS TRASH. See also GARBAGE; SOLID WASTES TREES Activities and science experiments 2032:210-219 Age of a tree, how to measure experiment 1546:55

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Age of tree by measuring circumference experiment 1690:20 Age; how old is a tree experiment 1973:21 Age; how to determine age of tree experiment 1593:30-33 Amber; make fake amber experiment 1667:54-55 Bark rubbing, how to make with paper, tape, crayons 1546:57 Bark; how does the bark of trees differ experiment 1751:96 Buds; see buds burst open inside experiment 1546:54 Buds; trees can be identified by the arrangement and shape of their buds experiment 1751:99 Christmas tree, how to grow experiment 1593:34-35 Classification of trees; science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:10-12 Density; testing wood for heaviness or density experiment 1593:37-41 Evapo-transpiration demonstration with plastic bag tied around leafy end of tree branch 1797:20 Evergreen trees don’t lose their leaves in winter experiment 1751:102 Fruit tree, how to plant and grow experiment 1757:74-75 Ground temperature under different kinds of trees compared experiment 1540:66 Grow a tree from seeds experiment 1973:22-23 Grow small forest from tree fruits and seeds experiment 1644:10 Growth; what parts of a tree grow experiment 1593:80-81 Hardness; testing wood for hardness experiment 1593:36 Healing; how does a tree heal itself 1751:91 Height of a tree, how to measure 1546:55 Height of tree, how to determine experiment 1602:68-69 Height; how tall is a tree experiment 1973:20 Height; how to measure height and circumference of a tree experiment 1593:24-29 Height; how to measure height of tree compared to rain forest trees experiment 1944:37 Height; measuring a trees height experiment 2044:6-7 Height; measuring height of tree, how to do 1916:51 Height; measuring trees crown experiment 2044:7 Insects in different kinds of trees, how to collect experiment 1826:31 Insects; how to observe and collect insects from tree branches 1723:23

Leaf shapes and classification, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:13-36 Leaf shapes and patterns, Venn diagrams 1875:23-36 Leaves; how to collect and press leaves experiment 2044:19 Leaves; proving that tree leaves are waterproof experiment 1540:60-61 Life in a tree, how to observe experiment 1973:24-25 Oak; germinate an acorn experiment 2044:32-33 Osmosis; trees pump water; how osmosis works experiment 2044:10-11 Patterns made by grain and knots show up with crayon rubbings, how to do 1644:6 Pine tree age, how to determine without counting rings experiment 1751:119 Pine trees; can limestone be used to protect pine trees from acid rain experiment 1539:100-101 Plant a tree from tree seeds in flower pots experiment 1546:56 Plant a tree, from seed or young plant, how to do 1721:13 Pollution; investigate air pollution on tree and bush leaves experiment 1721:23 Rings from tree slice give clues to past climate conditions experiment 1861:83 Rings of trees tell life of tree project and exhibit 1729:123-126 Rings; what do rings in a tree show experiment 1904:105-107 Role of buttresses in survival of large rain forest tree demonstration 1602:71-72 Root hairs on germinating seeds demonstrate tree root hairs experiment 1593:75-77 Rotting tree trunk experiment, what can be found there 1751:88 Sap oozes when tree stem is snapped experiment 1546:36 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:55-64 Shade trees; how can shade trees keep things cool experiment 1787:45-48 Solar panels machine, how to measure energy from tree experiment 1864:174-175 Sprout your own tree experiment 1831:78-79 Stumps; what can a tree stump tell you experiment 1751:92 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:85-86 Transpiration; collect water vapor from tree leaves to demonstrate transpiration experiment 2044:22

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Transpiration; trees breathe out water; demonstrate with twigs, leaves, oil, water and colored water experiment 2025:44-45 Wind protection for your home with and without trees experiment 1540:76-77 Wood; how much wood will a tree yield experiment 1550:54-55 TRIBOLUMINESCENCE. See also STATIC ELECTRICITY Piezoelectric rocks produce sparks called triboluminescence experiment 2053:18-19 TROPICAL FISH Aggressive behavior of Siamese fighting fish experiment 1552:33-39 Calcium carbonate added to fish food dissolves oxygen gas in fishes’ bodies allowing them to relax in new home 1539:176-177 Observe how and why fish school experiment 1552:79-82 TROPISMS. See also CHEMOTROPISM; GEOTROPISM; GRAVITROPISM; HELIOTROPISM; HYDROTROPISM; PHOTOTROPISM; PLANTS—TROPISMS; THIGMOTROPISM TROTULA OF SALERNO Clean hands—dirty hands experiment 1869:55-59 TSUNAMIS Demonstrate Tsunami wave with 2 blocks of wood in water 1660:16-17 Tsunami tub game demonstration of tsunami wave 2029:28-29 TUBERS. See PLANTS; ROOTS TUNA Dolphin-safe tuna in supermarkets and restaurants survey project 1965:86-88 TUNDRA BIOMES How skin covering protects animals from the cold experiment 1848:86-89 TUNDRA ECOLOGY Diorama of tundra; animals, birds, plants, how to do 1808:36

How insulated clothing works in harsh climate of tundra experiment 1550:39-40 Things to do to conserve and preserve the Arctic tundra 1798:58-60 Things to look for in the Arctic tundra 1798:45-46 Tundra decomposition problems in cold weather experiment 1550:38-39 Why tundra plants are dark in color experiment 1798:26-27 TURBINES. See also STEAM TURBINES; WATER WHEELS Turbine experiment, make from aluminum pie plate, dowel and thread spool 2043:47 Water turbine driven by falling water like that used in hydroelectric power station, how to build 1532:16-17 TURBULENCE Attraction and repulsion of magnets produces chaotic, unpredictable motion experiment 1579:89-92 TURTLES Loafing platform for turtles and other animals, how to make from cedar logs 1916:17 TWIGS. See also TREES Budding twig blossoms in middle of winter experiment 1695:6-7 Measuring twig growth experiment 1593:86-88 Removal of terminal bud effect on twig’s growth experiment 1593:89-90 Removing leaves effect on twigs ability to transpire water experiment 1875:75-77 Twigs and buds from different trees experiment 1593:82-85 TWINING. See PLANTS—VINES; VINES TYNDALL EFFECT. See also COLLOIDS; SKY Sugar, salt and water; solutions and the Tyndall effect experiment 1981:12-13 TYNDALL, JOHN Methods of sterilization experiment; comparing Pasteur and Tyndall’s methods 1570:59-61

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& UFO. See also FLYING SAUCERS ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT Bean plants affected by ultraviolet light from ozone depletion experiment 1569:96-101 Short term exposure to ultraviolet light from ozone depletion affects euglena experiment 1569:86-90 ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION How effective are various items in protecting against ultraviolet radiation experiment 1539:118-120 ULTRAVIOLET RAYS How well different strengths of sunscreens work experiment 1658:70-71 UNDERGROUND HOMES. See HOUSES UNDERWATER ANIMALS Trap underwater animals with lighted lure experiment, funnel, flashlight, glass jar, plastic pipe and string 1546:17 UNDERWATER EXPLORATION Water flowing from holes in milk carton demonstrates pressure on body in ocean experiment 1553:14 What happens to light as you go deeper and deeper into the ocean experiment using flashlight and green plastic 1553:15-19 UNDERWATER VIEWER Coffee can viewer, how to make 1930:32-33

U How to make from plastic pipe and clear contact paper experiment 2016:7 Pond underwater viewer; how to make 1811:23 Underwater viewer, plastic pipe, contact paper, how to make 2052:7 View underwater with large coffee can with plastic wrap on one end experiment 1581:18-19 UNIVERSE Model of universe, how to make 2015:30-31 URANUS. See also PLANETS URBAN CITIES—WEATHER City streets “Urban Canyon” wind funnel experiment 1528:64 City winds experiment 1528:62 Hot city nights experiment 1528:62 Humidity in the city experiment 1528:62 Wind patterns in the city experiment 1528:62 URBAN ECOLOGY Adopt a vacant lot and plant plants to cover junk and rubble experiment 1723:41 Air pollution on tree and bush leaves experiment 1721:23 Plant a tree, from seed or young plant, how to do 1721:13 Study and observe plant and animal life in urban lot experiment 1723:39 Water filter; make filter to clean muddy water experiment 1721:35

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& VACUUM Container collapses from outside air pressure experiment 1758:72 Torricelli’s discovery of air pressure experiments 1586:49-53 VACUUM CLEANERS Mold spores in vacuum cleaner bags experiment 1570:90-91 VALLEYS AND HILLS Faults made from clay demonstrate how a rift valley is formed experiment 1738:19 VALVES Operations of different pumps and compare effectiveness of each pump experiment 1840:131-136 Simple one-way balloon valve lets air stay in balloon as you blow or pump 1532:37 VAN GUERICKE, OTTO. See GUERICKE, OTTO VON VAPOR. See also WATER—VAPOR VAPORIZATION. See SOLAR STILL VEGETABLES. See also GARDENING; Individual Names of Vegetables, Plants Beet plant from beets in water, how to grow 1651:75 Carrot top; how to start a carrot plant experiment 1538:unp Classify fruits and vegetables experiment 1628:34-36 Cooking; what happens when you cook broccoli in an acid or base experiment 1568:118-119 Crispness; what keeps lettuce crisp and what makes it wilt experiment 1568:17 Do vegetables grow when you pick them experiment 1568:95 Dried beans; how does soaking affect dried beans experiment 1568:23 Eat major parts of different plants, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:48-69 Edible plants and fruits, Venn diagram game 1875:61-69 Fruits; why do some fruits and vegetables wilt when cooked experiment 1804:58-59 Ginger root plant, how to grow 1651:78-79 Green vegetables become brown when cooked experiment 1672:74-77

V Grow pots of vegetables from seeds experiment 1546:39 Grow sprouts from onions, potatoes and carrots experiment 1540:55 Hot water; what happens to spinach when placed in hot water experiment 1672:72-73 Leaves; do all vegetable leaves have the same pattern experiment 1651:132-133 Onion brings tears to your eyes experiment 1672:78-79 Onion in glass of water grows roots and leaves experiment 1546:36 Onion plants in jar of water, how to grow 1651:84-85 Onions; why do onions make you cry experiment 1804:60-62 Parts of plants have specific functions, science principles, activities and data sheets 1875:48-69 Pigments; carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll pigments in carrots, tomatoes and autumn tree leaves experiment 1637:50 Potatoes; grow potatoes in soil or jar of water, how to do 1651:94-95 Vegetable tops grow experiment, turnips, radishes, carrots, parsnips 1546:32 Vegetable tops grow in dish garden experiment 1555:104 Vegetables contain water experiment 1680:30 Water in various foods; how much is there experiment 1820:16-17 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION. See PLANTS— VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION VELCRO Test Velcro experiment 1771:87-88 VELOCITY. See also SPEED Drag affects falling objects experiment (Advanced) 1839:239-244 Terminal velocity experiment 1609:81-83 Time and distance related to velocity and acceleration of object experiment using Phantom Feet toy 1839:203-206 VENUS. See also PLANETS When can you see Venus experiment 1905:34-35

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VENUS FLYTRAP Grow pitcher plants and Venus flytrap plants experiment 1695:18-19 How to grow a Venus flytrap in a jar experiment 1555:88 How to grow Venus flytrap plants experiment 1881:unp Venus flytrap bulb plant, how to plant and care for 1645:83 Venus flytrap, how to grow 1862:16-17 VERMICOMPOSTING Vermicomposting project using earthworms 1660:119-124 VERSORIUM Build Gilbert’s versorium to test for staticproducing materials experiment 1845:42 VIBRATIONS If you vibrate something at just the right frequency you can get big reaction experiment 1579:76-80 Objects of different sizes and stiffness tend to vibrate at different frequencies experiment 1579:72-75 Why all buildings are not equal in an earthquake experiment 1579:72-75 VIEWERS 3-D viewer to view maps in 3-D, how to do 1634:32-33 Slide viewer, make from small box and black paint 2022:58 VINEGAR. See also ACIDS VISCOSITY. See also LIQUIDS Egg timer from jars and light corn syrup demonstrates viscosity experiment 1659:43-45 Honey; how does honey flow experiment to understand viscosity 1568:133-135 Identify and control variables that affect the ‘drip period’ of liquid timers experiment 1840:229-233 Liquids don’t flow at the same rate experiment 1753:51 Temperature of liquid affects its viscosity experiment 1851:97 Viscosity of other liquids compared to water experiment 1851:97 Viscosity test for water, cooking oil and alcohol experiment 2001:70-72 VISION. See also EYE; OPTICAL ILLUSIONS; PERCEPTION; SENSES—SIGHT “Two-way” mirror lets you see your face with your partners features experiment 1576:50-53

Afterimages experiments with one or both eyes and colored filters 1612:117-118 Afterimages: bird in the cage experiment; stare at color and see it change 1576:17-20 Afterimages: flash of light prints lingering image on your eye experiment 1576:3-7 Animation; how does animation work experiment; make zoetrope 1562:24-27 Blind spot experiment with marks on poster board, how to do 1546:89 Blind spot in eye experiment 1576:21-24 Blind spot in our eyes experiment 1701:47 Blind spot in your eyes; test to find it experiment 1604:10 Blind spot test by focusing on an object experiment 1546:92 Blur; seeing a blur when rod and cone cells are recovering experiment 1725:149 Bronx cheer bulb experiment; light appears to wiggle and flash when you give it the “Bronx Cheer” 1576:25-28 Color fading; cone cells which let you see colors do not work in faint light experiment 1725:142 Color shades; without a boundary, it’s hard to distinguish different shades of gray experiment 1576:61-65 Color; what happens if you stare at one color for a long time experiment 1753:59 Depth perception comes when using two eyes; thread the needles experiment 1576:101-103 Distance; judging distance with one or both eyes experiment 1725:145 Dragging a circle experiment 1991:48-49 Eyes play a role in our sense of balance experiment 1571:92-93 Eyes; ability of eye’s pupil to change size experiment 1860:85-91 Eyes; correcting nearsighted and farsighted vision with concave or convex lens experiment 1966:37 Eyes; how does your eye respond to changes in light experiment 1672:37-40 Eyes; how we see experiment 1966:35 Eyes; model of your eye to demonstrate how iris works experiment 1707:96-97 Face seen upside down experiment 1576:104-106 Hole in your hand experiment 1991:43-44 Hole that blind spot causes in vision experiment 1725:148 Jacques Cousteau in seashells illusion, experiment 1576:66-70 Lateral inhibition experiment using cardboard tubes and light 1576:29-34

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Letter that disappears experiment 1991:38-39 Lost coin that reappears in water experiment 1991:40-42 Motion detectors in eyes are fatigued when watching rotating spiral 1576:43-46 Mysterious dye experiment 1991:45-46 Object without a sharp edge can fade from your view experiment 1576:54-56 Palm of your hand appears to squirm and twist experiment 1576:97-100 Peculiar sensations are felt when brain expects to see one thing and sees another experiment 1576:71-73 Peripheral vision experiment 1576:80-84 Peripheral vision test experiment 1604:11 Persistence of vision experiment 1576:85-87 Persistence of vision; cartoon strip inside cardboard cylinder to demonstrate 1820:14-15 Pupil of eye changes size to control amount of light entering eye experiment 1576:88-91 Pupil reflex, eye adjusts pupil size to let in right amount of light experiment 1725:141 Retina; seeing your own retina experiment 1725:149 Retina; your retaining retina experiment 1991:34-37 Retinal rods and cones experiment; make a vision meter 1725:142-143 Stroboscope experiment; persistence of vision pattern given 1576:107-112 Three-dimensional images experiment; make glasses with colored filters 1725:144 Trick brain into thinking two similar objects of different sizes are the same size 1576:92-96 What happens when your eyes receive different images experiment 1576:25-28 Writing without seeing experiment to show eyes and coordination 1725:147 Your experience of the world influences what you see; lighted-box corners experiment 1576:57-60 VITAMIN C. See also VITAMINS How much vitamin C does orange juice contain experiment 2048:26-28 How much vitamin C in different fruits and green pepper experiment 1864:90-91 How much vitamin C is in common beverages experiment 1658:59-61 How much vitamin C is in different fruit juices experiment 1876:134 Test food for vitamin C experiment; make liquid vitamin C indicator 1563:6 Vitamin C and lemon juice keep fruit from turning dark experiment 1856:96-97

Vitamin C prevents browning of fruit experiment 1849:39-42 VITAMINS. See also VITAMIN C How effective is beta carotene in fighting cancer in plants experiment 1539:58-63 Is raw food more nutritious than cooked food experiment 1571:104-107 VIVARIUMS Keeping frogs in a vivarium, how to do 1736:28-31 VOICE. See also LARYNX VOLCANOES Airborne particles in atmosphere reflect light experiment 1528:159 Baking soda and vinegar erupt in sand volcano experiment 2001:52-53 Baking soda and vinegar erupting volcano experiment 1785:63-64 Baking soda eruption in sand covered bottle experiment 1827:14-15 Blow-your-top volcano experiment 1640:123 Cardboard volcano, how to build 2029:93-94 Chemical energy in kitchen cup volcano using detergent, baking soda and vinegar 1884:25-27 Density effect on movement of magma experiment 2054:90-91 Erupting play dough volcano, how to make 1931:152 Erupting soil volcano experiment, how to make 2022:99 Erupting steam cone volcano experiment 1660:21-22 Erupting volcano experiment 1639:70 Erupting volcano experiment 1952:64 Erupting volcano experiment with food coloring, baking soda and vinegar 1907:26-27 Erupting volcano experiment with vinegar and baking soda 1970:38 Erupting volcano experiment, how to make 1704:27 Erupting volcano from red food coloring, baking soda and vinegar experiment 1904:131-135 Erupting volcano model experiment 1933:26-27 Erupting volcano, how to make 2014:188 Flow rate of lava is different when it contains particles of solid experiment 1851:97 Hawaiian eruption volcano, how to make 1670:77 Intrusive volcanism changes shape of the Earth’s crust experiment 1851:94-95 Lava flow volcano experiment 1864:70 Lava; viscosity of lava affects its flow rate experiment 1851:96-97 Make your own from papier mache cone, baking soda and red food coloring 1866:11

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VOLTA, COUNT ALESSANDRO Electricity transforms metals in a liquid experiment; turn nickel green 1770:48-49 Repeat how Volta built his battery and test with galvanoscope experiment 1605:46-48 When was the first battery made experiment 1905:110-114 VOLTMETER What does a voltmeter measure experiment 1915:100-101 VOLUME. See also MEASUREMENTS Displacement of water used to measure volume of your thumb experiment 1838:11 Objects; measuring the volumes of irregular objects experiment 1982:117-120 People; measuring the volumes and surface areas of people experiment 1982:121 Water used to measure the volume of common objects experiment 1771:3-8 Water; measuring volume of water in different size bottles experiment 1668:36-38 VOLVOX. See EUGLENA VON GUERICKE, OTTO. See GUERICKE, OTTO VON Repeat Von Guericke’s experiment with strength of vacuum 1658:25-26 VULCANIZATION Test cold and warm rubber balls for bounce experiment 1771:33-37

Pelean eruption volcano, how to make 1670:79 Plaster of Paris volcano model, how to make 1670:28 Rock; can solid rock melt experiment 1859:56-59 Shooting papier mache volcano experiment 1864:68-69 Soda and vinegar exploding volcano experiment 1599:32-33 Spewing volcano experiment, how to build 2029:89-92 Steam cone erupting volcano; make from cardboard, hydrogen peroxide and yeast 1953:148 Strombolian erupting volcano, how to make 1670:76 Temperature affect on movement of magma experiment 2054:92-93 Temperature of air drops when airborne particles reflect light back into space experiment 1528:161 Tiltmeter demonstration shows how tiltmeter works 1952:80 Undersea erupting volcano experiment, how to make 1601:41-42 Underwater volcano experiment 1933:25 Vinegar volcano, how to make 1917:54-55 Vulcanian eruption volcano, how to make 1670:78 What causes volcanoes to erupt experiment 1904:131-135 Why do volcanoes erupt experiment, make an erupting volcano model 1831:132-133

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WALKIE TALKIE. See also TELEPHONES WALKING Determining your walking speed experiment 1609:39-40 WALKING STICKS. See INSECTS—STICK INSECTS WALLACE, NANCY D. Time-motion studies experiment 1869:40-45 WALNUTS How genetic changes and natural selection work experiment 1571:124-126 WARTHOGS Smelling test to demonstrate warthog’s sense of smell experiment 2008:22 WASHING MACHINES Spinning the water out of a washing machine experiment 1532:81 WASTE. See also GARBAGE; ORGANIC WASTE WASTE TREATMENT. See also RECYCLING; SEWAGE TREATMENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT Filters effect of lobster shell in filtering wastewater metallic ions compared to charcoal experiment 1539:68-70 WATER. See also FLUIDS; ICE; RAIN; SIPHONS Air; can water hold air, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:98-99 Air; when does water get into the air experiment 1905:71-72 Body; how much of your body is water experiment 1886:8-9 Boiling point of water; boil water in a paper cup experiment 1842:60-61 Chemical we call water, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:113-115 Climate; effect of water on climate experiment 1850:155-165 Crystals; compare regular water and sea water for crystal formation experiment 1833:79 Diffusing water experiment 1710:11 Easy experiments with water 2036:3-32 Heat; air and water differ in their ability to store heat experiment 1677:31-33

Heat; compare heat capacities of sand and water experiment 1528:70 Heat; how can water be used to store heat energy experiment 1787:18-21 Heat; which warms faster, water or soil experiment 1861:20-23 Microwave oven; what happens to water and ice in a microwave oven experiment 1637:29 Molecule model of water, how to make from clay and toothpicks 1548:27-28 Molecules in water are held together and attracted to other water molecules experiment 1878:40-41 Molecules of food coloring spread faster through warm water experiment 1548:30-32 Molecules; can molecules of water jump, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:100-103 Molecules; polar and non-polar molecules in properties of water and oil experiment 1677:12-14 Molecules; spaces between water molecules experiment 2001:23-24 Molecules; water and oil do not mix because their molecules are not attracted to each other experiment 1677:18-20 Oceans; why large bodies of water have a blue color experiment 1677:45-46 Oobleck experiment, how to make with water and cornstarch 1729:264 Osmosis; cells need water to survive experiment; sugar in raisins sucks in water 1546:12 Osmosis; water moves to cells containing sugar experiment 1546:12 Osmosis; what happens when grapes are placed in water and sugar water experiment 1672:66-68 Primary science activities with water 1931:106-109 Rotating water has curved surface called parabola experiment 1579:103-107 Soils; water travels through different soils at different rates experiment 1603:23-24 Soils; what kind of soil hold the most water experiment 1566:21-23

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States of water, solid, liquid or gas experiments 1548:9-16 Static electricity; how does water behave with static electricity 1637:29 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:159-160 Vibrations; glass chimes experiment 1971:21 Water effect on Earth’s crust, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:110-112 Weather experiments with rain, hail, sleet and snow 1953:231-244 What is water experiment 1904:75-78 WATER ANIMALS Presence of heavy metals in coastal body of water and their effect on aquatic life experiment 1539:109-112 Trap underwater animals with lighted lure experiment, funnel, flashlight, glass jar, plastic pipe and string 1546:17 WATER CLOCKS. See also CLOCKS Make from plastic bottle, dowel and spool 1896:10-11 WATER CONSERVATION Dripping water experiment; how much water does single dripping faucet lose 1965:122-123 How much water is going down the drain while you shower experiment 1668:39 Leaky faucet wastes water and money experiment 1987:75-76 Reduce amount of water to flush toilet experiment 1987:76 Test water amount used for brushing teeth, leaky toilets and dripping faucets experiment 1791:50-51 Water survey chart lists all things that use water in your home and how often projects 1691:16-17 Which requires more water; shower or bath experiment 1987:74-75 WATER CYCLE. See also RAIN Demonstrate movement of water between the Earth and the air experiment 1850:172-174 Demonstrate the water cycle experiment 1848:63-65 How does the water cycle work experiment 1751:30 How water is recycled experiment 1832:25-27 Miniature water cycle, how to make 1987:41-42 Model aquifer experiment using aquarium, clay, sand and food coloring 1594:23-25 Model of water cycle experiment 1613:71-72 Model the hydrologic cycle of water cycle experiment 2050:155-159

Molecular properties of water, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:104-109 Plants; how much water does plant lose to the atmosphere in a day experiment 1826:14-15 Rain; what makes rain experiment 1842:115-117 Temperature and surface area affect on evaporation of water experiment 1894:17-18 Water cycle and its steps project 1729:269-272 Water cycle experiment to show evaporation, condensation and precipitation 1957:6-11 Water cycle in bowl demonstrates how water comes from salty ocean 1592:28-29 WATER DROP MAGNIFIER. See also MAGNIFIERS WATER DROPS Drop of water magnifies an image experiment 1901:99-102 How big is a drop experiment 1982:116 Light rays are affected by drops of water experiment 1901:87-89 Make a lens from a drop of water experiment 1844:106 Optics of a water drop experiment 2027:10-11 Water drop magnifier; how can single drop of water magnify experiment 1753:97 Water drop makes things larger experiment 1842:68-69 What happens when water drop comes in contact with hot metal surface experiment 1677:28-30 What is the shape of a drop of water experiment 1844:8-9 Why does water form drops experiment 1753:104 WATER FLEAS. See MICROSCOPE; DAPHNIA WATER FOUNTAINS Effect of air pressure demonstrated by water fountain experiment 1840:123-130 WATER LENS Water sphere lens experiment with bowl of water 1578:119-122 WATER MAGNIFIER Make a water scope from a large tin can 1655:44 When can water magnify experiment 1905:11-12 WATER OF HYDRATION. See also CRYSTALS WATER POLLUTION. See WATER— POLLUTION WATER POWER. See also TURBINES; WATERWHEELS WATER PRESSURE. See WATER—PRESSURE

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WATER PUMPS Hand-powered water pump experiment, how to make, plastic tubing, plastic beakers, balloon 1532:38-39 WATER PURIFICATION. See also WATER— PURIFICATION WATER SCOPE How to make water scope from plastic container and plastic wrap 1967:50 Make a water scope from a large tin can 1655:44 Make from plastic container and plastic wrap 1970:10 WATER SOFTENERS. See also WATER— SOFTENERS WATER SUPPLY—HOUSES Water system brings water from water tower or reservoir to faucet in your home experiment, build working model of this system 1532:56-57 WATER TABLE How do wells affect the water table experiment 1535:68-70 Model water table and aquifer using soil and aquarium 1610:27-29 WATER TREATMENT PLANTS Clean water machine experiment with clay pot, paper filters and dirt 1970:151 Make a water treatment plant from pans, sand, rocks and tubing 1842:208-209 WATER TURBINES Water turbine driven by falling water like that used in hydroelectric power station, how to build 1532:16-17 WATER VAPOR. See WATER—VAPOR WATER VIEWER Under water viewer, milk carton, plastic wrap, how to make 2046:34 WATER WHEELS How does water wheel work experiment 1753:39 Simple water wheel experiment 1907:34-35 Simple water wheel from yogurt cup, how to make 1759:26 Water wheel experiment, make from styrofoam ball, plastic spoons, wire and straws 1890:52-53 Water wheel lifts small weight experiment 1711:35 Water wheel model, make from cardboard, dowels and plastic pieces 1896:12-13 Working plastic wheel model 2054:111

WATER—ABSORPTION Fibers of tissue absorb water experiment 1948:23 How much water do things hold experiment with diapers, paper towels and cotton ball 1879:32-34 Which material will soak up the most liquid experiment 1667:30-31 Which types of paper absorb water the best experiment 1840:75-82 WATER—ADHESION Adhesion and cohesion demonstrated with water flowing down string experiment 2001:94-95 Adhesive and cohesive properties of water on different kinds of paper project 1729:251-252 WATER—AQUIFER. See also AQUIFERS WATER—BOILING POINT Paper cup with water in it doesn’t burn experiment 1820:11 WATER—BUOYANCY. See also ARCHIMEDES; BUOYANCY; FLOATING AND SINKING; WATER—FLOATING AND SINKING Buoyancy; does carrot sink or float in fresh or saltwater experiment 1886:14-17 WATER—CAPILLARY ACTION Absorbent paper experiment, dip and dye paper in food coloring experiment 2001:98-99 Capillary attraction experiment with narrow glass tubes 1682:13 Celery stalks in colored water experiment 1971:55 Tinted celery in glasses of colored water experiment 1972:55 Water climbs up ball point pen tube experiment 1637:28 Water climbs up narrow tubes experiment 2001:96-97 WATER—CLOCKS. See WATER CLOCKS WATER—COLLECTION Collecting dew, how to do 1664:70 Digging for water, how to do 1664:70 Solar still used to extract water from soil, how to do 1664:71 Water from a vine, how to do 1664:73 Water from cactus, how to do 1664:73 Water from ice and snow, how to do 1664:73 Water from tree roots, how to do 1664:73 Water from vegetation, how to do 1664:71 WATER—COMPRESSED Compare differences between compressing air and water experiment 1902:39-42 WATER—CONDENSATION Experiments with condensation of water 1833:42-44

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Get water out of the air experiment 1842:58 WATER—CONVECTION Convection currents in water create turbulence effects that bend light experiment 1577:21-24 Temperature and water convection experiment 1540:82-83 Warm water rises experiment 1972:40 WATER—DENSITY Compare density of object with density of water to determine specific gravity experiment 1902:23-25 Density of water increases as it gets colder experiment 1977:58-59 Egg floats between two layers of water experiment 1971:20 Egg floats in saltwater and sinks in freshwater experiment 1680:30 Egg floats in saltwater experiment 1997:169 Egg floats in salty water experiment 1838:29 Egg in saltwater floats experiment 1842:72 How a hydrometer works to measure density of liquids experiment 1842:73-74 How waters of different densities stay separated experiment 1957:19-25 Layers; how can one kind of water float on another experiment 1751:62 Magic trick egg sinks or floats experiment 1719:26-27 Salt; what happens to water when you add salt experiment 1844:3-4 Why is it easier to float in the ocean than in a swimming pool experiment 1751:37 WATER—DESALINIZATION. See also DESALINIZATION Freshwater from saltwater using solar still experiment 1600:68-69 Freshwater made from saltwater experiment 1657:44-46 WATER—DISPERSION Food coloring and water in glass of water experiment 1971:16 WATER—DISPLACEMENT Bathyscaph; how can the depth of a Bathyscaph be controlled experiment 1844:12 Boats; size and shape of boat, salt or freshwater determines boat’s ability to float and carry most weight experiment 1630:18-20 Brick; how much space does a brick take up experiment using water displacement to measure 1556:25

Clay will sink or float depending on its shape experiment 1606:18-20 Compare how objects float in tap water and in saltwater experiment 1840:137-142 Displacement of water used to measure volume of your thumb experiment 1838:11 Investigate displacement of water experiment 1758:12 Magic trick with plastic bottle, red and yellow water experiment 1719:12-13 Objects; measure the volume of common objects using water experiment 1771:3-8 Placing finger in a cup of water makes the cup heavier experiment 1879:66-67 Ships; modeling clay in water demonstrates why ships float experiment 1707:17 Ships; why does a heavy iron ship float experiment 1659:36-39 WATER—DISTILLATION. See also DISTILLATION; SOLAR STILL Extract or distill water from different mixtures experiment 1758:18 Make freshwater out of saltwater experiment 1886:19-22 Remove salt from saltwater experiment 1603:30-31 Sunlight distills water experiment 1905:122-124 Water condensation from soil experiment; why armadillos can find water deep in the ground 1805:18 WATER—DRINKING. See also FILTERS; WATER—FILTERS AND FILTERING; WATER TREATMENT PLANTS Bacteria; survey of bacteria from different water samples experiment 1570:156-158 Compare pond water, filtered water and tap water to see how many microscopic plants they contain experiment 1546:16 Pollutants concentration in parts per million of treated water project 1729:295-296 Tap water; dilution experiment for actual concentration of substances in water 1729:295-296 Two kinds of water; salt and fresh; how much of each in the world project 1729:292-294 Water contains dissolved chemicals and tiny organisms experiment 1546:16 Water filter test of river water experiment 1635:37 Well model; build to demonstrate how people get water from wells experiment 1603:25 WATER—ELECTROLYSIS. See also ELECTROLYSIS; HYDROGEN; OXYGEN Electrolysis experiment, electric current sent through body of water (Advanced) 1665:32-34

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WATER—EROSION. See also EROSION Effect of water erosion in river valleys experiment 1550:66 WATER—EUTROPHICATION. See EUTROPHICATION WATER—EVAPORATION. See also EVAPORATION Comparing evaporation indoors and out experiment 1540:24-35 Does top or bottom of wet paper towel dry quicker experiment 1672:21-22 Dried wheat swells as it soaks up water experiment 1679:10-11 Effect of evaporation on rate at which water cools experiment 1693:34 Evaporation experiment to show that mulches keep moisture in soil by slowing down evaporation 1760:45 Evaporation of plain water versus saltwater experiment 1594:13-14 Evaporation of water can be used for cooling experiment 1787:49-53 Evaporation of water vapor from different-colored clothing experiment 1534:113 Evaporation of water vapor from land with a carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmosphere experiment 1534:62-66 How does water disappear experiment 1842:55 How to get salt out of sea water easy experiments with evaporation 1857:24-27 Observe puddle of oil and puddle of water in hot sun experiment 1833:28 Observe puddle of saltwater and puddle of regular water in hot Sun experiment 1833:28 Rate of evaporation of water in direct sunshine and shade experiment 1528:35 Solar energy required to evaporate water experiment 1787:12-17 Surface area determines rate of evaporation experiment 1540:47 Temperature and surface area affect on evaporation of water experiment 1894:17-18 Ultraviolet Sun and evaporation of moisture from land forms experiment 1534:10-13 What evaporates faster; oil or water experiment 1672:16-18 Which puddle of water disappears faster experiment 1833:27 Why water in some puddles evaporates faster than others experiment 1867:11 WATER—EXPANSION Heat; water expands when it’s heated experiment 1770:37

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WATER—FILTERS AND FILTERING Filter make dirty water clean, make from sand, pebbles, gravel and cotton 1803:28-29 Filter pond water through flowerpot of charcoal, sand and gravel experiment 1826:13 Filter dirty pond water through flowerpot filled with charcoal, sand and gravel 1546:14 Filter dirty water experiment, metal strainer, coffee filter 1598:26 Filtering muddy water experiment 1820:54 Ghee (India Butter) demonstrates filtering experiment 1680:20-21 Model reservoir filtering systems using fine and coarse sand and pebbles and filters project 1610:29-31 Rain water gets filtered as it moves through rocks and soil experiment 1546:14 Sand filter cleans dirty water experiment 1693:41 Simple water filtration system experiment 1660:72-74 Soil used to clean water experiment 2025:30-31 Water filter test of river water experiment 1635:37 Water filter to clean dirty water experiment, how to make 1691:18 Water filter to strain muddy water experiment, how to do 1867:15 Water filter; make filter to clean muddy water experiment 1721:35 WATER—FLOATING AND SINKING. See also WATER—BUOYANCY WATER—FREEZING. See also FREEZING; ICE; WATER—ICE Apricot yogurt ice demonstrates water changing from liquid to a solid experiment 1680:11-13 Expanding frozen water experiment 1739:10 Expansion of ice below 39 degrees experiment 1758:21 Freezing rate of pure and not pure water experiment 1865:65-67 Frost shattering of rocks experiment 1528:156 Frozen building collapses when ice melts magic experiment 1717:14-15 How cold can water get experiment 2048:18-21 Ice cubes; melting ice cubes in shade and Sun experiment 1833:141-143 Ice cubes; temperature of melting ice cubes experiments 1833:142 Ice occupies more space than water experiment 1751:108 Ice takes more space than water experiment 1528:157 Icicles; how do icicles form experiment 1861:56-59

WATER—LEVEL Magic trick water seeks its own level 1719:22-23 Water seeks its own level experiment 1753:111 WATER—POLLUTION. See also PHOSPHATES; POLLUTION—WATER Bacteria; survey of bacteria from different water samples experiment 1570:156-158 Biotic Index of Water Quality organisms (macro invertebrates) used to determine water quality project 1729:277-280 Birds; detergent pollution effect on buoyancy of freshwater birds project 1864:46 Clean up bucket of water filled with dirt, twigs, plastic bag, oil and food coloring experiment 1805:81 Discovering invisible pollution in water experiment 1540:62 Drinking water; how does pollution influence drinking water experiment 1535:71-73 Freshwater animals; test water for them in water sample experiment 1927:43 Make polluted water experiment with detergent and oil 1970:150 Microbial communities under different light conditions experiment 1570:144-145 Ocean; pollutants in the ocean come from land runoff experiment 1853:133-135 Percolation of water in soils, science principles, activities, data sheets 1875:120-122 Plankton; pH of water change affects various kinds of plankton in aquatic environment experiment 1571:49-52 Plants; effect of motor oil, detergent, vinegar on plant growth experiment 1601:83-84 Ponds; jars of pond water and algae with detergent, motor oil and vinegar experiment 1603:112-113 Rivers; how clean is your river experiment; determine what animals are in the water 1721:16-17 Road salts harmful to aquatic plant life experiment 1569:43-48 Substances added to water affect pollution experiment 1848:136-137 Toxic marine paints on boats and ships reduce algae growth experiment 1965:76-78 Ways water is polluted and steps to clean it up project 1729:289-291 Wetlands; how wetlands filter water experiment 1707:43 WATER—PRESSURE. See also CARTESIAN DIVER; PASCAL’S LAW Carry glass of water upside down experiment 1637:28-29

Large boulders or rocks are broken down into tiny pebbles by freezing water experiment 1603:32 Salt melts ice cubes experiment 1640:21 Saltwater freezes more slowly than freshwater experiment 1680:30 Solifluction; what happens to rocks and stones as glaciers meets experiment 1528:157 Split a stone with freezing water project 1864:26 Temperature’s expansion/contraction effect on freezing water experiment 2045:74 Water expands as it freezes; make an ice balloon experiment 1687:30 What can happen when water freezes experiment 2048:13-17 What happens when water changes to a solid experiment 1842:76-77 Which freezes first; salt or plain water experiment 1640:21 WATER—FREEZING POINT Freezing points of several liquids experiment 1758:16 Lowering the freezing point of water experiment 1758:20 Salt effect on freezing point of water experiment 1693:13 When can you lower the freezing point of water experiment 1905:41-43 WATER—HARD AND SOFT. See also WATER— SOFTENERS How can you determine if water is hard or soft experiment 1535:66-67 Test for hardness of water experiment 1849:46-49 Test the hardness of several water samples experiment 1693:19 Test water from various sources for hard or soft water experiment 1820:18-19 WATER—ICE. See also WATER—FREEZING Solid ice absorbs more heat than liquid saltwater experiment 1672:11-13 WATER—INSECTS. See also INSECTS—WATER How do bugs walk on water experiment using cardboard model 1855:54-57 Scavenger beetles, how to keep and observe them 2021:54-57 Water scope to observe water insects, how to make 2004:9 Water striders, how to keep and observe them 2021:58-60 WATER—LAMINAR FLOW Laminar flow experiment with plastic bottle, soap and food coloring 1699:112-113

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Cartesian diver experiment, make from soda bottle, eyedropper and water 1890:54-55 Cartesian diver; eye dropper diver sinks and floats in bottle of water experiment 1729:267-268 Compare pressure of water at different depths experiment 1902:19-22 Demonstrations of air and water pressure using soda bottles experiment 1550:31 Density of water determines water pressure experiment 1851:85 Depth affects pressure of water experiment 1851:84-85 How water creates pressure experiment 1957:26-31 Lift book with water pressure experiment 1748:24-25 Measuring the pressure in a water balloon experiment 1606:68-70 Model measures water pressure at different depths experiment 1864:189-190 Pressure of water at different depths compared experiment 1853:117-118 Pressure of water increases with depth experiment 2022:29 Repeat Martine de Beausoleil’s experiment how water moves under pressure 1869:16-21 See water pressure experiment in a can with holes 1842:62 Shoot water without a squirt gun experiment 1667:65-57 Water can’t get into jar unless air gets out experiment 1546:6-7 Water flowing from holes in milk carton demonstrates pressure on body in ocean experiment 1553:14 Water pressure and depth experiment with milk carton 1729:265-266 Water pressure at different depths experiment 1758:73 Water pressure demonstrated with holes in can of water experiment 1980:52-53 Water rocket experiment, make from plastic bottle, cork and bicycle pump 1890:49-51 Water spouts from milk carton experiment 1972:51 WATER—PURIFICATION. See also DISTILLATION; FILTERS; FILTERS AND FILTRATION; WATER—FILTERS AND FILTERING Model reservoir filtering systems using fine and coarse sand and pebbles and filters project 1610:29-31 Solar still uses Sun to purify water experiment 1637:33

Water purification of saltwater experiment 1540:59 WATER—SALTWATER. See also SALTWATER WATER—SOFTENERS. See also WATER— HARD AND SOFT Soft water; how to make soft water experiment 1743:78-80 WATER—SOLUTIONS Butterscotch sauce demonstrates making a solution experiment 1680:18-19 How much solute can be dissolved into a certain volume of water experiment 1693:17 Solutions and suspensions project 1729:263-264 Water as a solvent; can you un-pepper the salt experiment 1886:31-33 WATER—SURFACE TENSION. See also SURFACE TENSION Boat; use paper boat to demonstrate 1740:58-59 Boat; zippy boat races experiment with drop of detergent 2001:112 Bubble bath make water soapy and stretchy experiments with bubbles 1857:18-21 Can you see surface tension break experiment 1886:30-31 Change surface tension of water experiment 1753:105 Cohesion; does soap affect cohesion experiment 2037:254 Colored liquid soap on surface of water demonstrates 1596:26 Crazy colors on milk surface experiment 1838:26 Detergent and soap breaks water tension experiment 1639:81-82 Experiment to demonstrate surface tension 1953:111-120 Floating paper clip experiment 1902:3-6 Heaping water experiment 1607:18-19 How can surface tension be disturbed experiment 1842:64 How many drops of water can you fit on a penny experiment 1886:22-26 How many nails can you put into a full glass of water experiment 1842:63 Magic trick shooting stars on water experiment 1719:24-25 Make water less sticky experiment 1607:19-20 Measure strength of a liquid’s skin experiment 1607:31-33 Measure surface tension of liquids experiment 1607:26-29 Mixing liquids experiment 1680:25-27 Needle floats on water until touched with drop of dish washing liquid experiment 1680:30

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Nine experiments on effects of surface tension 1840:169-175 Oil and soap bubbles solution on water surface experiment 1607:26 Paper clip or needle floats on surface of water experiment 1971:14 Pepper moves across water experiment 1607:21-24 Pin floats on water demonstration 1682:10 Plastic berry basket floats or sinks experiment 1886:27-28 Pulling power of surface tension stretching water experiment 1902:11-14 Reaction between oil and surface tension experiment 1902:7-10 Soap film on water pushed away by different household products 1637:37 Soap motorboat demonstrates surface tension experiment 1842:65-66 Soapy water drop on waxed paper experiment 1607:20 Spinning snowman model on water experiment 1838:27 Spinning snowman using moth balls, wood pieces demonstrates 1596:27 Surface tension boat experiment with cardboard boat and soap 1748:20-21 Surface tension demonstrated with string, toothpick and detergent 1659:18-20 Thread moves on water surface experiment 1607:24-25 Toothpicks react to sugar and detergent experiment 1933:20 Water drops on waxed paper experiment 1607:20 Water stays inside inverted screen-covered jar experiment 1840:177-182 What is surface tension experiment 1904:119-120 Why water wets (spreads out on) or does not wet a surface experiment 1677:15-17 WATER—USES How much water do you use project and mural exhibit 1729:287-288 Measure water you use everyday experiment 1867:24 Test water amount used for brushing teeth, leaky toilets and dripping faucets experiment 1791:50-51 Water usage around world project; water available on different continents 1729:281-282 Water usage per day in our homes project 1729:283-286

WATER—VAPOR. See also HUMIDITY Gases can dissolve in air experiment 1673:19-23 Heat makes liquid water evaporate and become water vapor experiment 1678:21-23 Making water vapor visible experiment 1540:79 Steamed vegetable bundles demonstrate water changing from liquid to gas experiment 1680:8-10 Turning water vapor to liquid experiment 1739:12 When does water get into the air experiment 1905:71-72 WATER—VIEWER How to make from plastic pipe and clear contact paper experiment 2016:7 WATER—WEIGHT Weight; how does water affect an object’s weight experiment 1753:110 WATERBEDS What substance is most effective for preventing breeding of bacteria in waterbeds experiment 1539:131-133 WATERCLOCKS. See WATER CLOCKS WATERFALLS Waterfall model demonstrates waterfall, plunge pool and rapids, how to make 1635:20-21 WATERPROOFING Hypothermia; explore how hypothermia works experiment 1550:161 WATERWHEELS Flowing water energy from river experiment; make waterwheel that works 1635:22-23 Make from juice carton, styrofoam containers and bamboo skewer, how to make 1744:89-93 Paddle wheel like Newton tried experiment 1920:111-113 Plastic plate waterwheel demonstration 1972:52 Working waterwheel model experiment using rain gutter, wood, dowel 1635:22-23 WAVES. See also OCEAN WAVES Coastline; sand and water in tank demonstrate how water wears away sand coastline experiment 2016:28 How are waves made experiment 1751:63 How water molecules behave in waves experiment 1601:52-53 How waves work and how energy moves from one water molecule to the next 1957:32-37 Model the parts of a water wave experiment 2050:143-147

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Motion of waves, how to demonstrate 1601:53-54 Primary science activities with waves 1931:110-113 Shoreline; what happens when waves constantly hit the shore experiment 1601:54-56 Wave motion in bottle experiment 1740:32-33 Wave projector helps observe properties of waves experiment 1600:52-56 Waves in a bottle experiment, how to make 1886:33-35 WAXES Heating crayons and observing changes of state experiment 1840:25-30 WEATHER. See also AIR; RAIN; SNOW; WINDS Activities, experiments and data collection charts 1892:1-79 Air currents demonstrated with hot and cold water and food coloring 1704:29 Air expands to greater volume when warmed experiment 1528:27 Air has weight experiment 1528:24 Air mass; what can we learn from a convection box about air mass movements experiment 1842:113-114 Air masses; compare relative temperature and humidity of different air masses 1528:71 Air masses; do warm and cool air masses mix experiment 1528:71 Air pressure measured with barometer experiment, how to make aneroid barometer 1528:25 Air pressure; as air expands and contracts its density changes experiment 1528:73 Air temperature drops when airborne particles reflect light back into space experiment 1528:161 Air; sinking and rising air experiment 1528:76 Airborne particles in atmosphere reflect light experiment 1528:159 Albedo effect; measure and compare albedo effect of two surfaces experiment 1528:29 Albedo effect; percentage of Sun’s energy reflected by surfaces is called its albedo experiment 1528:28 Ancient climate information; examine pollen grain experiment 1528:155 Ancient climate information; on how core drilling works experiment 1528:154 Barometer; how does a barometer predict the weather experiment 1568:35-36 Breezes; sand and rice used to demonstrate land and sea breezes experiment 1528:65 City winds experiment 1528:62

Cloud cover, how to observe and measure in oktas 1528:180 Clouds and condensation nuclei experiment 1528:45 Clouds; making clouds in glass jar experiment 1528:44 Cold front experiment, how to make 1528:78 Cold front; what is a cold front experiment 1842:118-120 Continents and oceans have different rates of cooling and warming experiment 1528:146 Convection cell circulating air experiment 1528:125 Convection cell; make a Hadley cell to demonstrate convection cells experiment 1528:124 Convection; how air behaves in the atmosphere when heated by convection experiment 1528:125 Convection; warming fluids to demonstrate convection experiment 1528:26 Cubical Earth; what would happen to climate, weather patterns and life forms if Earth were cubical experiment 1539:166-168 Curved shape of Earth affects climate throughout the world experiment 1861:4-7 Desert wind-driven sand slowed down by trees experiment, make model 1528:144 Dew evaporating from grass experiment 1528:52 Dew point; predicting the dew point experiment 1528:53 Drought experiment; evaporation of water from soil 1528:151 El Nino; how much warm water it takes to create El Nino-Southern oscillation experiment 1528:134 El Nino; make your own El Nino experiment 1528:135 El Nino-Southern oscillation event experiment 1528:134 Evaporation and condensation require large amounts of latent heat experiment 1528:23 Evaporation; measuring rate of evaporation of water in direct sunshine and shade experiment 1528:35 Experiments with weather 1953:200-216 Flat Earth weather experiment; model shows how flat model Earth would heat and cool 1534:36-39 Front; making a front with water experiment 1528:77 Fronts; moving air masses, how to model experiment 2050:181-185

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Fronts; what are fronts experiment 1861:36-39 Fronts; what are highs, lows and fronts experiment 1904:90-92 Frost shattering of rocks experiment 1528:156 Germination; which climate conditions are best for germination experiment 1528:139 Glaciers; solifluction; what happens to rocks and stones as glacier meets experiment 1528:157 Heat loss; how effective insulation is to prevent heat loss experiment 1528:28 Heat of Sun makes metals expand experiment 1528:35 Heat shimmer from rising hot air layer refracts light passing through it experiment 1528:37 Heat; compare heat capacities of sand and water experiment 1528:70 Hot city nights experiment 1528:62 Humidity in the city experiment 1528:62 Humidity tester shows changes in humidity experiment, how to make 1528:42 Humidity; hygrometer measures humidity in air experiment, how to make 1528:43 Hurricane is a vortex demonstration, with 2 bottles and colored water 1528:87 Hurricane model with colored water experiment 1528:84 Hurricane; rising sea levels during a hurricane demonstration 1528:86 Ice takes more space than water experiment 1528:157 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:43 Jet streams experiment; moving jet streams 1528:128 Latent heat experiment 1528:22 Latent heat released when water is frozen experiment 1528:23 Monsoon mud fertile soil from flooding experiment 1528:149 Monsoon rain-bearing winds experiment; make model 1528:148 Oasis model demonstrates how water collects and seeds grow experiment 1528:145 Ocean currents; wind blown ocean currents experiment 1528:131 Planets; how a planets surface can be warmed experiment 1528:27 Plants; how plants adapt to climates experiment 1528:138-139 Plates; movement of plates shifts continents and creates new crust material experiment 1528:152 Predicting minimum high temperature, how to do 1528:182

Primary activities to explore rain, snow, clouds, wind and temperature 2047:1-47 Primary science activities with weather 1931:114-117 Rainbow; making a rainbow experiment, water, mirror, flashlight 1528:37 Raindrops; refracting and reflecting light experiment with raindrops 1528:36 Rossby waves experiment, how to demonstrate 1528:127 Salination; saltwater on soil surface kills plants experiment 1528:150-151 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:134-141 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:184-197 Sea levels rising due to pollution; effect on low-lying islands and coasts experiment 1528:162 Solar heat; focusing heat from Sun experiment 1528:34 South-facing slopes warmer in the northern hemisphere experiment 1739:9 Storm surge demonstration, dishpan, water, fan 1528:85 Storms; warm water effect on air movement above it experiment 1853:152-154 Structures affect the Earth’s surface temperature experiment 1861:23 Temperate climate deciduous plants during drought experiment 1528:140 Temperate climate plants affected by drying wind and saltwater experiment 1528:141 Temperate climate plants damaged by frost experiment 1528:141 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:119-130 Thunder and lightning weather; tracking the storm experiment 1528:80 Trade winds experiment, how to demonstrate with colored waters 1528:130-131 Tropical climate plants coping with too much water, experiment 1528:142 Visibility; estimating visibility, how to do 1528:180 Weather calendar, how to make from poster board and markers (Primary) 1557:24 Weather log, make from file folder and old magazine scenes 1744:123-125 Wettest; where is the wettest/driest place on Earth experiment 1906:75-78 Wind patterns in the city experiment 1528:62 Wind rose, how to make to show prevailing wind 1528:131

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Wind; prediction of weather by wind direction experiment 1540:32-33 Wind; temperature and effect of wind on it experiment, how to build anemometer 1894:10-11 Wind; where is the windiest place on Earth experiment 1906:79-82 WEATHER FORECASTING. See also WEATHER INSTRUMENTS How accurate is your weather forecaster projects 2013:20 Ideas for science fair projects 2023:129 Make a television forecast chart project 1739:29 Stevenson screen, ventilated box on legs, how to make, wood, measurements given 1528:172-173 Test and record weather each day with instruments you make 1739:28 Weather instruments used to measure, record and predict the weather project 2013:13-19 WEATHER INSTRUMENTS. See also ANEMOMETER; BAROMETERS; WIND VANES Create your own weather instruments, barometer, thermometer, wind sock and rain gauge, how to do 2013:6-12 WEATHER STATION Building a weather station; how to make the different instruments 1953:245-260 Make your own weather station, barometer, thermometer, hygrometer, anemometer, weather vane, rain gauge, shelter, how to make 1648:56-67 Operate a weather station experiment, sample weather chart given 1842:105 Weather diary, how to keep 1528:177 WEATHER VANES. See also WIND VANES Block of wood, spool and cardboard weather vane, how to make 1830:88-89 Cork tile, cardboard and plastic straw weather vane, how to make 1894:12-13 Flowerpot weather vane, how to make 1616:54-55 Flowerpot, straw, wire weather vane, how to make 1953:250 Make from wood board, nail, straw and cardboard 1648:64-65 Make simple one from cardboard, pencil and plastic container 1662:22-23 Make weather vane to measure wind direction experiment 1739:18 Make weather vane using plastic container, straws, plywood and compass 2017:22-23

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Paper plate and string weather vane, how to make 1861:35 WEATHERING. See EROSION WEAVING Loom from cardboard, how to make and weave on it 1575:21-23 Simple weaving pattern on cardboard loom, how to do 1575:25 WEBS. See also SPIDERS—WEBS WEDGES. See also INCLINED PLANE WEEDS Grow a dirt garden from soil sample experiment 1655:40-41 How much of dandelion root must you pull out to keep it from growing again 1876:71-81 Location affects kinds of grasses and weeds that grow experiment 1987:13 Show how weeds help moisten soil experiment 1848:50-51 WEIGHING MACHINES Microbalance scale so sensitive it can weigh thread experiment 1532:82 Spring balance scale experiment, how to make 1532:83 WEIGHT. See also MEASUREMENT Does your weight change when you lie down experiment 1983:75-76 How does water affect an object’s weight experiment 1753:110 Person can lie on bed of nails experiment, how to demonstrate 1820:12-13 Spring scale measures force of gravitational pull experiment 1660:83-84 Which weighs more? Popped or un-popped corn experiment 1938:8-9 WELLS How do wells affect the water table experiment 1535:68-70 Sakia model to get water from well, how to make 1896:22-23 Shadoof model to bring water from ground experiment 1895:26-27 Watering the fields with model hand pump experiment 1895:24-25 Well model; build to demonstrate how people get water from wells experiment 1603:25 WET BULB. See HYGROMETER WET CELL BATTERY. See also BATTERIES

WETLANDS Backyard wetlands, how to build 1702:39-40 How wetlands filter water experiment 1707:43 Miniature wetlands ecosystem in plastic soda bottle experiment 1603:100-101 Sphagnum moss can absorb 10 times its weight in water experiment 1799:36-37 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:165-168 Things to do to conserve and preserve wetlands 1799:67-71 Wetland project with products from wetlands 1799:55 WETTING AGENTS. See DETERGENTS; SOAP; SURFACTANTS WHALES Blubber from whales is insulating substance experiment 1601:30 Blubber under whale skin keeps the animal warm experiment 1853:203-204 Scientific activities, thematic units, games, puzzles, children’s literature 1945:12-21 Thematic units, activities, experiment and projects 1975:77-80 WHEAT. See also FLOUR Flat bread, rotis, recipe 1536:25 Gluten; how to make from flour and water experiment 1536:8-9 How yeast works to make bread rise experiment 1536:10-11 Yeast bread, recipe 1536:12-14 WHEEL AND AXLE. See also SIMPLE MACHINES—WHEELS AND AXLES WHEELS. See also SIMPLE MACHINES— WHEELS; WATERWHEELS; WINDMILLS Circling wagons on the move experiment 1990:98-102 Primary science activities with wheels 1931:118-121 Two objects with same shape and mass may behave differently when they roll down a hill experiment 1579:42-44 WHIRLIGIGS INSECTS How to keep and observe whirligigs 2021:50-53 WHIRLPOOLS Model whirlpool, how to make 1886:36-38 WHISTLES Willow whistle, how to make 1572:34-36 WHOOPING CRANES Flight of wild whooping crane shown on topographic map, how to make 1805:137

WILDFLOWERS. See also FLOWERS—WILD Blooming of many wildflowers controlled by hours of daylight experiment 1984:90-91 Growing wildflowers, how to do 1973:48-49 WILDLIFE OBSERVATION Observe wildlife, how to do 1781:7-43 WIND. See also ANEMOMETER; WEATHER Activities and science experiments 2032:220-229 Air flows from high to low pressure area experiment 1528:57 Anemometer from plastic cups, balsa wood and beads, how to make 1925:17 Books and activities about wind, storms, flight and windmills 1741:38-67 Breezes; when do off-shore breezes blow experiment 1905:78-80 City streets “Urban Canyon” wind funnel experiment 1528:64 City winds experiment 1528:62 City; wind patterns in the city experiment 1528:62 Experiments with wind 1953:217-230 Explore wind with kite or windsock experiment (Primary) 1557:28 Force of moving air or wind experiment 1758:63 Hot air rises demonstration with balloon over neck of bottle 1649:35 Hot air spirals create the wind experiment 1892:39 Ice; effect of wind speed on melting of ice experiment 1861:58 Monsoon mud fertile soil from flooding experiment 1528:149 Monsoon rain-bearing winds experiment, make model 1528:148 Ocean currents; wind blown ocean currents experiment 1528:131 Onshore and offshore breezes experiment 1612:94-95 Red giant Sun experiment; observe simple convection cycle generated by model “red Sun” 1534:3-6 Sailboat harnesses the wind experiment 1890:34-35 Streamer rings show wind direction experiment 2022:39 Temperature and effect of wind on it experiment, how to build anemometer 1894:10-11 Temperature of air affects the wind experiment 1898:9-10 Temperature of elements, water, Earth or air affects the wind experiment, chart given 1898:7-8

255

Make windsocks to demonstrate visual effects of wind 1613:202 Most common wind direction project 1739:19 Prediction of weather by wind direction experiment 1540:32-33 Weather vane measures wind direction experiment, how to make 1739:18 Which way does the wind blow experiment 1753:12 Wind vane measures wind direction experiment, how to make 1528:59 WIND ENERGY. See also WINDMILLS Air wheel or “wind roller” demonstrates using wind to move objects experiment 1613:202 Kites; force of wind makes kite move experiment 1613:207 Kites; three styles of simple paper kites compared to ability to move in the wind 1613:207:220 Pinwheel; power of the wind spins pinwheel experiment 1632:12 Sailboats demonstrate that wind can be used to do work experiment 1613:197-205 Wild wind inside empty plastic bottle experiment 1770:19 Wind energy catcher experiment, how to make from large soda bottle 1883:40-42 Wind energy used to turn something experiment 1844:54-56 Windmill model performs work experiment 1848:180-182 Windmill; can wind be used as a source of energy; construct a windmill experiment 1787:24-28 Windmill; wind produces energy experiment, make paper windmill 1753:40 WIND SPEED Anemometer from protractor, ruler and ping pong ball, how to make 1739:20 Anemometer measures speed of wind experiment 2054:94-95 Anemometer measures wind speed, make from paper plate and cup 1753:116 Anemometer tells how hard wind is blowing, how to make 1892:37 Anemometer; how does an anemometer work experiment 1842:103 Propeller measures wind speed, how to make 1739:21 Speed; measure speed of wind experiment with homemade anemometer 1861:32-35 Speed; measure wind speed with a homemade anemometer, how to make 1842:101-102

Trade winds experiment, how to demonstrate with colored waters 1528:130-131 Waves; how are waves made experiment 1751:63 Weather vane from cork tile, cardboard and plastic straw, how to make 1894:12-13 What causes wind experiment 1861:28-31 What makes a pinwheel turn experiment 1831:52 Wind catcher, how to make from gallon cardboard milk container and yarn 1868:unp Wind near ground is slowed by friction experiment 1528:56 Wind protection for your home with and without trees experiment 1540:76-77 Wind ring from plastic lid and colored ribbons, how to make 1531:13 Wind rose, how to make to show prevailing wind 1528:131 Wind sock shows direction of wind, how to make 1892:38 Windbreak; how does a windbreak affect soil erosion experiment 1535:45-47 Windiest; where is the windiest place on Earth experiment 1906:79-82 WIND CHILL Chart to use to determine wind chill 1648:28 Wind chill effect on temperature experiment 1753:117 WIND CHIMES Chime from silverware, embroidery hoop, string and glue, how to make 1868:unp Make from metal objects 2022:42 Make from recycled computer disks, how to do 1789:55 Plastic milk jug and chiming items, how to make 1997:140-141 WIND CURRENTS Origins of acid rain experiment; is there a connection between acid rain and wind currents 1569:81-85 WIND DIRECTION Air currents; how do heating and cooling affect air currents experiment 1842:110-112 Check wind and wind direction with soap bubbles experiment 1550:34 Circulatory winds of a non-rotating Earth experiment, model shows direction winds would travel 1534:32-35 Direction of winds experiment; make a wind recorder 1802:26-27

256

Speed; measure wind using the Beaufort Scale 1898:18-20 Wind speed effect on melting of snow, ice and icicles experiment 1851:79 Wind speed measured by anemometer experiment, how to make 1528:59 WIND TUNNELS Airflow velocity meter to measure air speed in wind tunnel experiment 1610:150-153 Build small wind tunnel using fan and cardboard boxes experiment 1610:150-154 Build wind tunnel to test design of paper airplanes experiment 1770:57 Device to measure wind speed in wind tunnel, how to make 1610:150-153 How to turn and make glider go up and down in a wind tunnel experiment 1842:223-226 What is a wind tunnel experiment 1842:217-218 Will your airplane soar in a wind tunnel experiment 1842:223-224 WIND VANES Cardboard wind vane, how to make 2014:148-149 Make from pencil; index card, coffee stirrers, paper clips, drinking straw 1537:33-34 Make from straws, paper and dowel 1898:17-18 Make wind vane from straw and card 2011:11 Make wind vane to measure wind direction experiment 1758:35 What does a wind vane do and how can you make one experiment 1842:96-99 Which way does wind vane point experiment 1883:24-26 Which way the wind is blowing experiment, how to make a wind vane 1892:36 Wind vane used to predict the weather experiment 1883:26-30 WINDMILLS Grain ground by mills experiment, how to grind grain 1898:30 Model windmill lifts weight 1890:32-33 Paper model demonstrates how windmill works 2054:110-111 Pinwheel demonstrates wind in action experiment 1640:96-97 Pinwheel powers windmill model experiment 2000:132-133 Rotor windmill experiment, make from cardboard tube, wire coat hanger and thread spools 1890:31-32 Wind can be used as a source of energy; construct a windmill experiment 1787:24-28

Wind produces energy experiment, make a simple paper windmill 1753:40 Windmill demonstrates wind power, how to make 1711:34 WINOGRADSKY, SERGE Winogradsky columns and microbe communities experiment (Advanced) 1570:149-151 WINTER. See also SEASONS—WINTER Insects; do eggs and pupa cases of insects survive freezing experiment 1571:114-117 WIRES Wire, when heated, will sag experiment 1878:96-97 WOLVES Attitude survey about people’s feelings about wolves 1550:42 Facial and tail expressions of wolves experiment 1552:27-32 WOOD Are composites of wood stronger than solid wood experiment 1539:155-157 Compare dry and wet pieces of wood experiment 1644:25 Density; testing wood for heaviness or density experiment 1593:37-41 Different patterns made by grain and knots show up with crayon rubbings, how to do 1644:6 Hardness; compare hardness of different small pieces of wood by driving nails into them experiment 1644:25 Hardness; testing wood for hardness experiment 1593:36 How much wood will a tree yield experiment 1550:54-55 How strong is wood experiment 1644:15 Log raft model to show how wood floats experiment 1644:25 Paint; which kinds of paint cover wood samples best experiment 1644:25 Paper; turn paper back into wood fibers experiment 1644:19 Particle board, how to make experiment 1644:17 Water absorption in nine selected woods project 2012:48-53 WOOD LICE. See also SOW BUGS Collecting wood lice and millipedes, how to do 1874:14-15 Feeding wood lice and millipedes, how to do 1874:20-21

257

Home to keep wood lice and millipedes, how to make 1874:16-19 WOOD LOUSE. See SOW BUGS WOODS. See FOREST WOOL Carding wool, how to do 1575:14-15 Dampness test for wool and manmade fibers experiment 1575:6 Feeling, pulling and smelling test for wool and manmade fibers experiment 1575:4-5 How to dye wool using onion skins for dye and aluminum and cream of tartar for mordants 1575:12-13 How to spin wool using a spinner 1575:16-17 Ice cube test for wool and manmade fibers, experiment 1575:7 Loom from cardboard, how to make and weave on it 1575:21-23

Simple weaving pattern on cardboard loom, how to do 1575:25 WORK. See FORCE; ENERGY WORMS. See also EARTHWORMS WRIGHT BROTHERS Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:14-25 WRIGHT, JAMES Science curriculum links and science activities 2002:94-103 WRITING INSTRUMENTS. See also PENCILS; PENS WRITING—INVISIBLE. See also INVISIBLE INKS; SECRET WRITING WU, CHIENG-SHIUNG, DR. Atomic stations and sticky soap bubbles experiment 1869:112-119

258

&

Yeast and sugar water in blown up balloon with carbon dioxide gas experiment 1678:30 Yeast bread, recipe 1536:12-14 Yeast growth in sugar and water experiment 1869:28-33 Yeast growth under microscope experiment 2027:70-71 Yeast is a plant that needs food such as sugar to grow experiment 1603:58 Yeast plus sugar makes carbon dioxide gas experiment 1628:38 YOGURT How to make yogurt experiment 1938:32-34 Make your own yogurt experiment 1934:77-79 Microbes used to create yogurt and control taste experiment 1570:47-49 What is yogurt experiment 1804:70-73 Yogurt warming box, how to make 1628:42-43

Y

YAMS. See also SWEET POTATOES YEAST Carbon dioxide gas produced when sugar, yeast and water are mixed together experiment 1987:33-35 Fermentation of yeast and sugar experiment 1819:110-111 Ginger ale experiment, make from water, yeast and flavorings 1628:18-20 Grow yeast plants from yeast, sugar and water experiment 1555:117 Handshake transmits yeast cell from one hand to another experiment 1571:58-60 Heat makes gas expand and bread rise experiment 1679:21-22 How does yeast affect decay experiment 1735:39 How yeast works to make bread rise experiment 1536:10-11 Observe yeast, water and sugar mixture experiment 1818:12 Temperature affects yeast growth experiment 1735:37-38 Use of yeast in baking experiment 1934:83-85 Watch population of microorganisms grow experiment 1876:180 Watching yeast at work in plastic bag experiment 1893:17 What does yeast do experiment 1628:38 What does yeast do in baking bread experiment 1742:52-55 What makes bread soft and fluffy experiment 1831:146-147 White bread made with yeast experiment 1628:38-40 Why does yeast make bread rise experiment 1804:66-69 Yeast and sugar in water creates enough carbon dioxide to inflate a balloon 1585:30 Yeast and sugar produce carbon dioxide experiment 1637:61

&

Z

ZIPPERS When was the zipper first used experiment 1905:19-20 ZOETROPE Animation drum or zoetrope turns to produce illusion of moving pictures experiment 1541:24-27 How does animation work experiment; make zoetrope 1562:24-27 How to make zoetrope from baking pan, clay, dart and pictures 1657:10-13 Motion of animals, make zoetrope experiment 1784:46-52 ZOOLOGY Comparison of creatures captured in sweep net samples project 1583:30-36

259


Books Indexed by Number

See “Books Indexed by Author” for an alphabetical list of books by author. 1528.

1529.

1530. 1531. 1532.

1533.

1534.

1535.

1536. 1537.

1538.

1539.

1540. Bonnet, Bob. Science Fair Projects: The Environment. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1995. 1541. Coulter, George. Science in Art. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995. 1542. Bourgeois, Paulette. The Sun. Toronto, Ontario, Kids Can Press, 1995. 1543. Branley, Franklyn M. What Makes a Magnet. New York, HarperCollins Publishers, 1996. 1544. Bryant-Mole, Karen. Flowers. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1996. 1545. Bryant-Mole, Karen. Soil. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1996. 1546. Burnie, David. 101 Nature Experiments. New York, Dorling Kindersley Publishing, 1996. 1547. Burns, George. Exploring the World of Astronomy. New York, Franklin Watts, 1995. 1548. Burns, George. Exploring the World of Chemistry. New York, Franklin Watts, 1995. 1549. Burns, George. Exploring the World of Geology. New York, Franklin Watts, 1995. 1550. Butzow, Carol M. Intermediate Science Through Children’s Literature: Over Land and Sea. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1994. 1551. Byles, Monica. Experiment with Plants. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Lerner Publications Co., 1994. 1552. Cain, Nancy Woodard. Animal Behavior Science Projects. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. 1553. Carey, Helen H. Under the Sea. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Raintree Publishers, 1990. 1554. Carey, Helen H. The Moon. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Raintree Publishers, 1990.

Allaby, Michael. How the Weather Works. Pleasantville, New York, Reader’s Digest Association, 1995. Gillis, Jennifer Storey. Tooth Truth: Fun Facts and Projects. Pownal, Vermont, Storey Communications, 1996. Morgan, Sally. Animals and Their World. New York, Kingfisher, 1996. Allison, Linda. Pint-Size Science. New York, Little, Brown and Company, 1994. Ardley, Neil. How Things Work. Pleasantville, New York, Reader’s Digest Association, 1995. Asimov, Isaac. Astronomy Projects. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1996. Baker, Thomas Richard. Two Suns and a Green Sky: 22 Out-of-This-World Weather Models and Experiments. New York, Tab Books, 1994. Barrow, Lloyd H. Adventures with Rocks and Minerals; Book II: Geology Experiments for Young People. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995. Baskerville, Judith. Bread. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1991. Ben Franklin Book of Easy and Incredible Experiments, Franklin Institute Science Museum Book. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. Berenstain, Stan & Jan. The Berenstain Bears Grow-It. New York, Random House, 1996. Bochinski, Julianne Blair. The Complete Handbook of Science Fair Projects, rev. ed. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

261

1555.

1556. 1557.

1558. 1559. 1560. 1561. 1562. 1563. 1564.

1565. 1566. 1567. 1568.

1569.

1570.

1571.

Carlson, Laurie. Green Thumbs: A Kid’s Activity Guide to Indoor and Outdoor Gardening. Chicago, Illinois, Chicago Review Press, 1995. Cash, Terry. Bricks. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1990. Castaldo, Nancy Fusco. Sunny Days & Starry Nights: A Little Hands Nature Book. Charlotte, Vermont, Williamson Publishing Co., 1995. Challoner, Jack. Flight. New York, Thomson Learning, 1995. Chandler, Jane. Glass. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1991. Charman, Andrew. Energy. New York, Franklin Watts, 1993. Clemence, John. Electricity. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1991. Coulter, George. Science in Art. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995. Coulter, George. Science in Food. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995. Coulter, George. Science in History. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995. Coulter, George. Science in Music. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995. Coulter, George. Science in Nature. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995. Coulter, George. Science in Sports. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995. D’Amico, Joan. The Science Chef Travels Around the World: Fun Food Experiments and Recipes for Kids. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. Dashefsky, H. Steven. Botany: High-School Science Fair Projects. New York, Tab Books, 1994. Dashefsky, H. Steven. Microbiology: 49 Science Fair Projects. New York, Tab Books, 1994. Dashefsky, H. Steven. Zoology: 49 Science Fair Projects. New York, Tab Books, 1994.

1572.

1573. 1574. 1575. 1576.

1577.

1578.

1579.

1580. 1581.

1582.

1583.

1584.

1585.

1586.

262

Diehn, Gwen. Kid Style Nature Crafts: 50 Terrific Things to Make with Nature’s Materials. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1995. Dixon, Annabelle. Clay. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1990. Dixon, Annabelle. Paper. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1991. Dixon, Annabelle. Wool. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1990. Doherty, Paul. The Cheshire Cat and Other Eye-Popping Experiments on How We See the World. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. Doherty, Paul. The Cool Hot Rod and Other Electrifying Experiments on Energy and Matter. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. Doherty, Paul. The Magic Wand and Other Bright Experiments on Light and Color. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. Doherty, Paul. The Spinning Blackboard and Other Dynamic Experiments on Force and Motion. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. Durant, Penny Raife. Bubblemania. New York, Avon Books, 1994. Durant, Penny Raife. Exploring the World of Animals. New York, Franklin Watts, 1995. Durant, Penny Raife. Exploring the World of Plants. New York, Franklin Watts, 1995. Dykstra, Mary. The Amateur Zoologist: Explorations and Investigations. New York, Franklin Watts, 1994. Electromagnets in Action. Hauppauge, New York, Barron’s Educational Services, 1994. Erlbach, Arlene. Soda Pop. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Lerner Publications Co., 1993. Haven, Kendall F. Great Moments in Science. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1996.

1587.

1588.

1589.

1590.

1591.

1592.

1593.

1594.

1595.

1596. 1597.

1598.

1599.

1600.

1601.

Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About the Sun. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997. Ross, Michael Elsohn. Flower Watching with Alice Eastwood. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Carolrhoda Books, 1997. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Sunlight. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1997. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Leaves. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1997. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Mud. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1997. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Rain. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1997. Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About Trees. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997. Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About Rain. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997. Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About Animal Behavior. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997. Taylor, Barbara. Liquid and Buoyancy. New York, Warwick Press, 1990. Harrison, George H. Backyard Bird Watching for Kids. Minocqua, Wisconsin, Willow Creek Press, 1997. Markle, Susan. Super Science Secrets: Exploring Nature Through Games, Puzzles and Activities. Atlanta, Georgia, Longstreet Press, 1997. Anderson, Alan H. Geology Crafts for Kids. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1996. Fleisher, Paul. Our Oceans: Experiments and Activities in Marine Science. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1995. Fredericks, Anthony D. Exploring the Oceans. Golden, Colorado, Fulcrum Publishing, 1998.

1602.

1603.

1604. 1605.

1606.

1607.

1608.

1609.

1610.

1611. 1612.

1613.

1614.

1615.

1616.

263

Fredericks, Anthony D. Exploring the Rainforest: Science Activities for Kids. Golden, Colorado, Fulcrum Publishing, 1996. Fredericks, Anthony D. Simple Nature Experiments with Everyday Materials. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1995. Funston, Sylvia. It’s All in Your Brain. New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1995. Gardner, Robert. Electricity and Magnetism. New York, Twenty-First Century Books, 1994. Gardner, Robert. Experiments with Balloons. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995. Gardner, Robert. Experiments with Bubbles. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995. Gardner, Robert. Experiments with Light and Mirrors. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995. Gardner, Robert. Experiments with Motion. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995. Gardner, Robert. Making and Using Scientific Models. New York, Franklin Watts, 1993. Gardner, Robert. Optics. New York, TwentyFirst Century Books, 1994. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Light. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1994. Gertz, Susan E. Teaching Physical Science Through Children’s Literature. Middletown, Ohio, Terrific Science Press, 1996. Gibson, Gary. Playing with Magnets. Brookfield, Connecticut, Copper Beech Books, 1995. Gillis, Jennifer Storey. Green Beans and Tambourines. Pownal, Vermont, Storey Communications, 1995. Gillis, Jennifer Storey. Puddle Jumpers: Fun Weather Projects for Kids. Pownal, Vermont, Storey Communications, 1996.

1617.

1618. 1619. 1620. 1621. 1622.

1623. 1624. 1625. 1626.

1627.

1628.

1629.

1630.

1631.

Glover, David. The Super Science Book of Life Processes. New York, Thomson Learning, 1994. Glover, David. The Super Science Book of Sound. New York, Thomson Learning, 1994. Gordon, Maria. Fun with Color. New York, Thomson Learning, 1995. Govier, Heather. Clothes. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corporation, 1991. Govier, Heather. Buildings. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corporation, 1991. Grant, Lesley. Discover Bones: Explore the Science of Skeletons. Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1991. Greenaway, Theresa. Slugs and Snails. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1999. Greenberg, Judith E. Caves. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Raintree Publishers, 1990. Greenberg, Judith E. Space. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Raintree Publishers, 1990. Gryski, Camilla. Hands On, Thumbs Up. Reading, Massachusetts, AddisonWesley Publishing Co., 1990. Hands-On Science, Color and Light: Step-byStep Science Activity Projects from the Smithsonian Institution. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1993. Hands-On Science, Food and the Kitchen: Stepby-Step Science Activity Projects from the Smithsonian Institution. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1993. Hands-On Science, Fun Machines: Step-by-Step Science Activity Projects from the Smithsonian Institution. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1993. Hands-On Science, Games, Puzzles and Toys. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1993. Hands-On Science, Things that Grow: Step-byStep Science Activity Projects from the Smithsonian Institution. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1993.

1632. 1633.

1634. 1635. 1636.

1637.

1638. 1639. 1640.

1641.

1642. 1643. 1644. 1645.

1646.

1647.

264

Harlow, Rosie. Pollution and Waste. New York, Kingfisher, 1995. Hart, Avery. Kids and Weekends: Creative Ways to Make Special Days. Charlotte, Vermont, Williamson Publishing Co., 1992. Haslam, Andrew. Maps. Chicago, Illinois, World Book, 1996. Haslam, Andrew. Rivers. Chicago, Illinois, World Book, 1996. Hauser, Jill Frankel. Kids’ Crazy Concoctions: 50 Mysterious Mixtures for Art and Craft Fun. Charlotte, Vermont, Williamson Publishing, 1994. Hayward, Douglas. It’s Elementary: Investigating the Chemical World. Vancouver, Canada, Pacific Educational Press, University of British Columbia, 1994. Hershey, David R. Plant Biology Science Projects. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. Hetzer, Linda. Rainy Days & Saturdays. New York, Workman Publishing, 1995. Hirschfeld, Robert. The Kids’ Science Book: Creative Experiences for Hands-On Fun. Charlotte, Vermont, Williamson Publishing, 1995. Hosoume, Kimi. Terrarium Habitats. Berkeley, California, Lawrence Hall of Science, University of California at Berkeley, 1994. Jennings, Terry. Beans. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corporation, 1994. Jennings, Terry. Small Garden Animals. Chicago, Illinois, Childrens Press, 1988. Jennings, Terry. Wood. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corporation, 1991. Jurenka, Nancy Allen. Beyond the Bean Seed: Gardening Activities for Grades K-6. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1996. Kahl, Jonathan D. Storm Warning: Tornadoes and Hurricanes. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Lerner Publications Co., 1993. Kahl, Jonathan D. Thunderbolt: Learning About Lightning. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Lerner Publications Co., 1993.

1648.

1649.

1650. 1651.

1652.

1653.

1654. 1655.

1656. 1657.

1658.

1659.

1660.

1661.

1662.

Kahl, Jonathan D. Weather Watch: Forecasting the Weather. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Lerner Publications Co., 1996. Kahl, Jonathan D. Weatherwise: Learning About the Weather. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Lerner Publications Co., 1991. Kalman, Bobbie. How a Plant Grows. New York, Crabtree Publishing Co., 1997. Kite, L. Patricia. Gardening Wizardry for Kids. Hauppauge, New York, Barron’s Educational Series, 1995. Kneidel, Sally. Creepy Crawlies and the Scientific Method: Over 100 Hands-On Science Experiments for Children. Golden, Colorado, Fulcrum Publishing, 1993. Kneidel, Sally. Pet Bugs: A Kids Guide to Catching & Keeping Touchable Insects. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1994. Lambert, David. Dinosaurs. New York, Franklin Watts, 1991. Lang, Susan S. Nature in Your Backyard. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1995. Lerner, Carol. Backyard Birds of Summer. New York, William Morrow and Co., 1996. Levine, Shar. Everyday Science: Fun and Easy Projects for Making Practical Things. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. Levine, Shar. Science Around the World: Travel Through Time and Space with Fun Experiments and Projects. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. Levine, Shar. Silly Science: Strange and Startling Projects to Amaze Your Family and Friends. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. Loeschnig, Louis V. Simple Earth Science Experiments with Everyday Materials. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1996. Loewer, H. Peter. Pond Water Zoo: An Introduction to Microscopic Life. New York, Atheneum Books, 1994. Lynn, Sara. Rain and Shine. New York, Thomson Learning, 1994.

1663. 1664.

1665.

1666.

1667.

1668.

1669. 1670.

1671. 1672.

1673.

1674. 1675.

1676. 1677.

1678.

265

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1952.

273

Bonnet, Bob. Science Fair Projects with Electricity and Electronics. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1996. Bowers, Vivien. Crime Science: How Investigators Use Science to Track Down the Bad Guys. Toronto, Canada, Greey de Pencier Books, 1997. Brynie, Faith Hickman. Six-Minute Nature Experiments. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1999. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Bubbles. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1998. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Colors. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1998. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Fossils. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1999. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Seeds. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1999. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Waste. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1999. Burton, John A. Jungles and Rainforests. San Diego, California, Thunder Bay Press, 1996. Butzow, Carol M. More Science Through Children’s Literature. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1998. Challoner, Jack. Big and Small. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1997. Challoner, Jack. Floating and Sinking. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1997. Challoner, Jack. Wet and Dry. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1997. Chapman, Gillian. Maps and Mazes. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1993. Christian, Spencer. Can It Really Rain Frogs? New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Christian, Spencer. Is There a Dinosaur in Your Backyard? New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1998. Christian, Spencer. Shake, Rattle and Roll: The World’s Most Amazing Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Other Forces. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

1953.

1954.

1955.

1956.

1957.

1958.

1959.

1960.

1961. 1962.

1963. 1964. 1965.

1966. 1967. 1968. 1969.

Churchill, E. Richard. 365 Simple Science Experiments with Everyday Materials. New York, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 1997. Cobb, Allan B. Super Science Projects About Animals in Their Habitats. New York, Rosen Publishing Group, 1999. Cobb, Allan B. Super Science Projects About Energy and Motion. New York, Rosen Publishing Group, 2000. Cobb, Allan B. Super Science Projects About Light and Optics. New York, Rosen Publishing Group, 2000. Cobb, Allan B. Super Science Projects About Oceans. New York, Rosen Publishing Group, 2000. Cobb, Allan B. Super Science Projects About Sound. New York, Rosen Publishing Group, 2000. Cobb, Vicki. Don’t Try This At Home!: Science Fun for Kids on the Go. New York, Morrow Junior Books, 1998. Cole, Joanna. The Magic School Bus Lost in the Solar System. Huntington Beach, California, Teacher Created Materials, 1996. Coster, Patience. Seas and Oceans. Danbury, Connecticut, Childrens Press, 1997. Coster, Patience. Transportation and Communication. Danbury, Connecticut, Childrens Press, 1997. Crewe, Sabrina. Hills and Mountains. Danbury, Connecticut, Childrens Press, 1997. Crewe, Sabrina. Maps and Globes. Danbury, Connecticut, Childrens Press, 1997. Dashefsky, H. Steven. Kids Can Make a Difference!: Environmental Science Activities. New York, Tab Books, 1995. Day, Trevor. Light. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1998. Drake, Jane. The Kids’ Summer Handbook. New York, Ticknor & Fields, 1994. Duke, Kate. Archaeologists Dig for Clues. New York, HarperCollins Publishers, 1997. Dunn, Andrew. Fog, Mist and Smog. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1998.

1970.

1971.

1972.

1973. 1974. 1975.

1976. 1977. 1978. 1979.

1980.

1981.

1982.

1983.

1984.

1985.

274

Feldman, Jean R. Science Surprises: Readyto-Use Experiments and Activities for Young Learners. West Nyack, New York, The Center for Applied Research, 1995. Fiarotta, Noel. Great Experiments with H2O. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1997. Fiarotta, Noel. Water Science, Water Fun: Great Things to Do with H2O. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1996. Fitzsimons, Cecilia. 50 Nature Projects for Kids. New York, Smithmark Publishers, 1995. Ford, Henry. The Young Astronomer. New York, DK Publishing, 1998. Fredericks, Anthony D. Science Adventures with Children’s Literature: A Thematic Approach. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1998. Friedhoffer, Bob. Physics Lab in a Hardware Store. New York, Franklin Watts, 1996. Friedhoffer, Bob. Physics Lab in a Housewares Store. New York, Franklin Watts, 1996. Friedhoffer, Bob. Physics Lab in the Home. New York, Franklin Watts, 1997. Gardner, Robert. Science Fair Projects: Planning, Presenting, Succeeding. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999. Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About Air. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Kitchen Chemistry. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Methods of Measuring. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Physics in the Home. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Plants. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Solids, Liquids and Gases. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000.

1986.

1987.

1988.

1989.

1990.

1991.

1992.

1993.

1994.

1995. 1996. 1997. 1998.

1999. 2000.

Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Sound. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About the Environment and Ecology. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999. Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About the Moon. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About the Physics of Sports. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About the Physics of Toys and Games. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About the Science Behind Magic. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000. Gilbert, Harry. Gravity: The Glue of the Universe: History and Activities. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1997. Goldenstern, Joyce. Albert Einstein: Physicist and Genius. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995. Goodstein, Madeline. Sports Science Projects: The Physics of Balls in Motion. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999. Gordon, Maria. Fun with Materials. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1996. Gordon, Maria. Rocks and Soil. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1996. Hamilton, Leslie. Child’s Play in Nature. New York, Berkley Publishing Group, 1998. Hart, Avery. Kids Garden: The Anytime, Anyplace Guide to Sowing and Growing Fun. Charlotte, Vermont, Williamson Publishing Co., 1996. Haslam, Andrew. Dinosaurs. Chicago, Illinois, World Book, 1996. Hauser, Jill Frankel. Gizmos and Gadgets: Creating Science Contraptions That Work. Charlotte, Vermont, Williamson Publishing Co., 1999.

2001.

2002.

2003.

2004.

2005.

2006.

2007. 2008. 2009. 2010. 2011. 2012.

2013.

2014. 2015. 2016. 2017.

275

Hauser, Jill Frankel. Super Science Concoctions: 50 Mysterious Mixtures for Fabulous Fun. Charlotte, Vermont, Williamson Publishing Co., 1997. Haven, Kendall F. Stepping Stones to Science: True Tales and Awesome Activities. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1997. Hickman, Pamela. The Night Book: Exploring Nature After Dark with Activities, Experiments and Information. Buffalo, New York, Kids Can Press, 1996. Hickman, Pamela. Starting with Nature Bug Book. Buffalo, New York, Kids Can Press, 1998. Hickman, Pamela. Starting with Nature Tree Book. Buffalo, New York, Kids Can Press, 1999. Hightower, Paul. Galileo: Astronomer and Physicist. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997. Hodge, Deborah. Simple Machines. Buffalo, New York, Kids Can Press, 1998. Holmes, Kevin J. Butterflies. Mankato, Minnesota, Bridgestone Books, 1998. Holmes, Kevin J. Earthworms. Mankato, Minnesota, Bridgestone Books, 1998. Holmes, Kevin J. Snails. Mankato, Minnesota, Bridgestone Books, 1998. Humphrey, Paul. Weather. Danbury, Connecticut, Childrens Press, 1997. Iritz, Maxine Haren. Super Science Fair Sourcebook. New York, Learning Triangle Press, 1996. Jones, Lorraine. Super Science Projects About Weather and Natural Forces. New York, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2000. Kenda, Margaret. Science Wizardry for Kids. Hauppauge, New York, Barron’s, 1992. Kerrod, Robin. Astronomy. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1998. Kerrod, Robin. The Sea. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1998. Kerrod, Robin. Weather. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1998.

2018.

2019.

2020.

2021. 2022.

2023.

2024.

2025.

2026.

2027. 2028.

2029.

2030.

2031. 2032.

Kittinger, Jo S. A Look at Rocks from Coal to Kimberlite. New York, Franklin Watts, 1997. Klare, Roger. Gregor Mendel, Father of Genetics. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997. Kneidel, Sally. Classroom Critters and the Scientific Method. Golden, Colorado, Fulcrum Resources, 1999. Kneidel, Sally. More Pet Bugs. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Kohl, Mary Ann F. Science Arts: Discovering Science Through Art Experiences. Bellingham, Washington, Bright Ring Publishing, 1993. Konvicka, Tom. Teacher’s Weather Sourcebook. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1999. Koontz, Robin Michal. The Complete Backyard Nature Activity Book. New York, Learning Triangle Press, 1998. Lang, Susan S. More Nature in Your Backyard: Simple Activities for Children. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1998. Letwinch, Joanne C. Soaring Through the Universe: Astronomy Through Children’s Literature. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1999. Levine, Shar. The Microscope Book. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1996. Levine, Shar. The Optics Book: Fun Experiments with Light, Vision and Color. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1998. Levy, Matthys. Earthquake Games. New York, Margaret K. McElderry Books, Simon & Schuster Publishing, 1997. Loeschnig, Louis V. Simple Space and Flight Experiments with Everyday Materials. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1998. Louis Pasteur. Irving, Texas, Living History Productions, 1995. MacDonald, Sharon. Everyday Discoveries: Amazingly Easy Science and Math. Beltsville, Maryland, Gryphon House, 1998.

2033. 2034. 2035. 2036. 2037.

2038.

2039. 2040. 2041. 2042.

2043. 2044. 2045.

2046.

2047. 2048.

2049.

2050.

276

Madgwick, Wendy. Light and Dark. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1999. Madgwick, Wendy. Living Things. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1999. Madgwick, Wendy. Super Materials. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1999. Madgwick, Wendy. Water Play. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1999. Mailbox Superbook, Grade 5. Greensboro, North Carolina, The Education Center, 1998. Mandell, Muriel. Simple Experiments in Time with Everyday Materials. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1997. Markle, Sandra. Discovering Graph Secrets. New York, Atheneum Books, 1997. Markle, Sandra. Exploring Summer. New York, Atheneum Books, 1987. Mason, Adrienne. Living Things. Toronto, Ontario, Kids Can Press, 1997. Mason, Adrienne. Mealworms: Raise Them, Watch Them, See Them Change. Buffalo, New York, Kids Can Press, 1997. Mellett, Peter. Flight. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1998. Mellett, Peter. Trees. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1998. Bonnet, Bob. Science Fair Projects: Physics. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1999. Carlson, Laurie. Kids Camp!: Activities for the Backyard or Wilderness. Chicago, Illinois, Chicago Review Press, 1995. Flagg, Ann. Weather. New York, Scholastic Professional Books, 1997. Tocci, Salvatore. Science Fair Success Using Supermarket Products. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000. Ross, Kathy. Crafts for Kids Who Are Wild About Outer Space. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1997. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s A+ Projects in Earth Science. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

2051.

Johnson, M. G. Ron. Galileo. Irving, Texas, Nest Entertainment, 1997. 2052. Kerrod, Robin. The Sea. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1998.

2053.

2054.

277

Levine, Shar. Shocking Science: Fun and Fascinating Electrical Experiments. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1999. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Guide to More of the Best Science Fair Projects. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.


Books Indexed by Author

The bold number indicates the book number. See “Books Indexed by Number” for a numerical list of books. Adams, Richard C. Ideas of Science Projects, rev. ed. New York, Franklin Watts, 1997, 1915. Allaby, Michael. How the Weather Works. Pleasantville, New York, Reader’s Digest Association, 1995, 1528. Albert, Toni. A Kid’s Summer Ecojournal: With Nature Activities for Exploring the Season. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, Trickle Creek Books, 1998, 1916. Allison, Linda. Pint-Size Science. New York, Little, Brown, 1994, 1531. Amazing Activities and Things to Do. New York, Anness Publishing Co., 2000, 1917. Anderson, Alan H. Geology Crafts for Kids. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1996, 1599. Anderson, Margaret J. Carl Linnaeus: Father of Classification. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997, 1918. Anderson, Margaret J. Charles Darwin, Naturalist. Hillside, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1994, 1919. Anderson, Margaret J. Isaac Newton: The Greatest Scientist of All Time. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1996, 1920. Ardley, Neil. How Things Work. Pleasantville, New York, Reader’s Digest Association, 1995, 1532. Asimov, Isaac. Astronomy Projects. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1996, 1533. Baker, Thomas Richard. Two Suns and a Green Sky: 22 Out-of-This-World Weather Models and Experiments. New York, Tab Books, 1994, 1534. Barrow, Lloyd H. Adventures with Rocks and Minerals; Book II: Geology Experiments for Young People. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995, 1535.

Barrow, Lloyd H. Science Fair Projects Investigating Earthworms. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000, 1921. Bartholomew, Alan. Electric Gadgets and Gizmos: Battery-Powered Buildable Gadgets That Go. Buffalo, New York, Kids Can Press, 1998, 1922. Baskerville, Judith. Bread. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1991, 1536. Baxter, Nicola. Hot or Not. Chicago, Illinois, Childrens Press, 1995, 1923. Baxter, Nicola. Living with Light. Chicago, Illinois, Childrens Press, 1995, 1924. Baxter, Nicola. Rain, Wind and Storm. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1998, 1925. Baxter, Nicola. Sound Not Silence. Chicago, Illinois, Childrens Press, 1995, 1926. Ben Franklin Book of Easy and Incredible Experiments, Franklin Institute Science Museum Book. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995, 1537. Bender, Lionel. Heat and Drought. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1998, 1927. Berenstain, Stan & Jan. The Berenstain Bears GrowIt. New York, Random House, 1996, 1538. Berger, Melvin. Chirping Crickets. New York, Harper Collins Publishers, 1998, 1928. Bernard, Robin. The Bug Book. New York, Scholastic Professional Books, 1994, 1929. Big Book of Nature Projects. New York, Thames and Hudson, 1997, 1930. Bittinger, Gayle. 1-2-3 Science: Science Activities for Working with Young Children. Everett, Washington, Warren Publishing House, 1993, 1931.

279

Bittinger, Gayle. Play and Learn with Magnets. Everett, Washington, Warren Publishing House, 1994, 1932. Blakey, Nancy. Lotions, Potions and Slime: Mudpies and More. Berkeley, California, Tricycle Press, 1996, 1933. Bleifeld, Maurice. Adventures with Biology: Biology Experiments for Young People. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997, 1934. Bochinski, Julianne Blair. The Complete Handbook of Science Fair Projects, rev. ed. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 1539. Bonnet, Bob. Science Fair Projects: Flight, Space and Astronomy. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1997, 1935. Bonnet, Bob. Science Fair Projects: Physics. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1999, 2045. Bonnet, Bob. Science Fair Projects: The Environment. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1995, 1540. Bonnet, Bob. Science Fair Projects with Electricity and Electronics. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1996, 1936. Bourgeois, Paulette. The Sun. Toronto, Ontario, Kids Can Press, 1995, 1542. Bowers, Vivien. Crime Science: How Investigators Use Science to Track Down the Bad Guys. Toronto, Canada, Greey de Pencier Books, 1997, 1937. Branley, Franklyn M. What Makes a Magnet. New York, HarperCollins Publishers, 1996, 1543. Bryant-Mole, Karen. Flowers. Austin, Texas, SteckVaughn Publishers, 1996, 1544. Bryant-Mole, Karen. Soil. Austin, Texas, SteckVaughn Publishers, 1996, 1545. Brynie, Faith Hickman. Six-Minute Nature Experiments. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1999, 1938. Burnie, David. 101 Nature Experiments. New York, Dorling Kindersley Publishing, 1996, 1546. Burns, George. Exploring the World of Astronomy. New York, Franklin Watts, 1995, 1547. Burns, George. Exploring the World of Chemistry. New York, Franklin Watts, 1995, 1548.

Burns, George. Exploring the World of Geology. New York, Franklin Watts, 1995, 1549. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Bubbles. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1998, 1939. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Colors. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1998, 1940. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Fossils. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1999, 1941. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Leaves. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1997, 1590. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Mud. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1997, 1591. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Rain. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1997, 1592. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Seeds. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1999, 1942. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Sunlight. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1997, 1589. Burton, Jane. The Nature and Science of Waste. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1999, 1943. Burton, John A. Jungles and Rainforests. San Diego, California, Thunder Bay Press, 1996, 1944. Butzow, Carol M. Intermediate Science Through Children’s Literature: Over Land and Sea. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1994, 1550. Butzow, Carol M. More Science Through Children’s Literature. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1998, 1945. Byles, Monica. Experiment with Plants. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Lerner Publications Co., 1994, 1551. Cain, Nancy Woodard. Animal Behavior Science Projects. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995, 1552. Carey, Helen H. The Moon. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Raintree Publishers, 1990, 1554.

280

Carey, Helen H. Under the Sea. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Raintree Publishers, 1990, 1553. Carlson, Laurie. Green Thumbs: A Kid’s Activity Guide to Indoor and Outdoor Gardening. Chicago, Illinois, Chicago Review Press, 1995, 1555. Carlson, Laurie. Kids Camp!: Activities for the Backyard or Wilderness. Chicago, Illinois, Chicago Review Press, 1995, 2046. Cash, Terry. Bricks. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1990, 1556. Castaldo, Nancy Fusco. Sunny Days & Starry Nights: A Little Hands Nature Book. Charlotte, Vermont, Williamson Publishing Co., 1995, 1557. Challoner, Jack. Big and Small. Austin, Texas, SteckVaughn Publishers, 1997, 1946. Challoner, Jack. Flight. New York, Thomson Learning, 1995, 1558. Challoner, Jack. Floating and Sinking. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1997, 1947. Challoner, Jack. Wet and Dry. Austin, Texas, SteckVaughn Publishers, 1997, 1948. Chandler, Jane. Glass. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1991, 1559. Chapman, Gillian. Maps and Mazes. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1993, 1949. Charman, Andrew. Energy. New York, Franklin Watts, 1993, 1560. Christian, Spencer. Can It Really Rain Frogs? New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1997, 1950. Christian, Spencer. Is There a Dinosaur in Your Backyard? New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1998, 1951. Christian, Spencer. Shake, Rattle and Roll: The World’s Most Amazing Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Other Forces. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1997, 1952. Churchill, E. Richard. 365 Simple Science Experiments with Everyday Materials. New York, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 1997, 1953. Clemence, John. Electricity. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1991, 1561.

281

Cobb, Allan B. Super Science Projects About Animals in Their Habitats. New York, Rosen Publishing Group, 1999, 1954. Cobb, Allan B. Super Science Projects About Energy and Motion. New York, Rosen Publishing Group, 2000, 1955. Cobb, Allan B. Super Science Projects About Light and Optics. New York, Rosen Publishing Group, 2000, 1956. Cobb, Allan B. Super Science Projects About Oceans. New York, Rosen Publishing Group, 2000, 1957. Cobb, Allan B. Super Science Projects About Sound. New York, Rosen Publishing Group, 2000, 1958. Cobb, Vicki. Don’t Try This At Home!: Science Fun for Kids on the Go. New York, Morrow Junior Books, 1998, 1959. Cole, Joanna. The Magic School Bus Lost in the Solar System. Huntington Beach, California, Teacher Created Materials, 1996, 1960. Coster, Patience. Seas and Oceans. Danbury, Connecticut, Childrens Press, 1997, 1961. Coster, Patience. Transportation and Communication. Danbury, Connecticut, Childrens Press, 1997, 1962. Coulter, George. Science in Art. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995, 1541, 1562. Coulter, George. Science in Food. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995, 1563. Coulter, George. Science in History. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995, 1564. Coulter, George. Science in Music. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995, 1565. Coulter, George. Science in Nature. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995, 1566. Coulter, George. Science in Sports. Vero Beach, Florida, Rourke Publications, 1995, 1567. Crewe, Sabrina. Hills and Mountains. Danbury, Connecticut, Childrens Press, 1997, 1963. Crewe, Sabrina. Maps and Globes. Danbury, Connecticut, Childrens Press, 1997, 1964. D’Amico, Joan. The Science Chef Travels Around the World: Fun Food Experiments and Recipes for Kids. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 1568.

Dashefsky, H. Steven. Botany: High-School Science Fair Projects. New York, Tab Books, 1994, 1569. Dashefsky, H. Steven. Kids Can Make a Difference!: Environmental Science Activities. New York, Tab Books, 1995, 1965. Dashefsky, H. Steven. Microbiology: 49 Science Fair Projects. New York, Tab Books, 1994, 1570. Dashefsky, H. Steven. Zoology: 49 Science Fair Projects. New York, Tab Books, 1994, 1571. Day, Trevor. Light. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1998, 1966. Diehn, Gwen. Kid Style Nature Crafts: 50 Terrific Things to Make with Nature’s Materials. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1995, 1572. Dixon, Annabelle. Clay. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1990, 1573. Dixon, Annabelle. Paper. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1991, 1574. Dixon, Annabelle. Wool. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corp., 1990, 1575. Doherty, Paul. The Cheshire Cat and Other EyePopping Experiments on How We See the World. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995, 1576. Doherty, Paul. The Cool Hot Rod and Other Electrifying Experiments on Energy and Matter. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 1577. Doherty, Paul. The Magic Wand and Other Bright Experiments on Light and Color. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1995, 1578. Doherty, Paul. The Spinning Blackboard and Other Dynamic Experiments on Force and Motion. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 1579. Drake, Jane. The Kids’ Summer Handbook. New York, Ticknor & Fields, 1994, 1967. Duke, Kate. Archaeologists Dig for Clues. New York, HarperCollins Publishers, 1997, 1968. Dunn, Andrew. Fog, Mist and Smog. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1998, 1969. Durant, Penny Raife. Bubblemania. New York, Avon Books, 1994, 1580.

Durant, Penny Raife. Exploring the World of Animals. New York, Franklin Watts, 1995, 1581. Durant, Penny Raife. Exploring the World of Plants. New York, Franklin Watts, 1995, 1582. Dykstra, Mary. The Amateur Zoologist: Explorations and Investigations. New York, Franklin Watts, 1994, 1583. Electromagnets in Action. Hauppauge, New York, Barron’s Educational Services, 1994, 1584. Erlbach, Arlene. Soda Pop. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Lerner Publications Co., 1993, 1585. Feldman, Jean R. Science Surprises: Ready-to-Use Experiments and Activities for Young Learners. West Nyack, New York, The Center for Applied Research, 1995, 1970. Fiarotta, Noel. Great Experiments with H2O. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1997, 1971. Fiarotta, Noel. Water Science, Water Fun: Great Things to Do with H2O. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1996, 1972. Fitzsimons, Cecilia. 50 Nature Projects for Kids. New York, Smithmark Publishers, 1995, 1973. Flagg, Ann. Weather. New York, Scholastic Professional Books, 1997, 2047. Fleisher, Paul. Our Oceans: Experiments and Activities in Marine Science. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1995, 1600. Ford, Henry. The Young Astronomer. New York, DK Publishing, 1998, 1974. Fredericks, Anthony D. Exploring the Oceans. Golden, Colorado, Fulcrum Publishing, 1998, 1601. Fredericks, Anthony D. Exploring the Rainforest: Science Activities for Kids. Golden, Colorado, Fulcrum Publishing, 1996, 1602. Fredericks, Anthony D. Science Adventures with Children’s Literature: A Thematic Approach. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1998, 1975. Fredericks, Anthony D. Simple Nature Experiments with Everyday Materials. New York, Sterling Publishing Co., 1995, 1603.

282

Friedhoffer, Bob. Physics Lab in a Hardware Store. New York, Franklin Watts, 1996, 1976. Friedhoffer, Bob. Physics Lab in a Housewares Store. New York, Franklin Watts, 1996, 1977. Friedhoffer, Bob. Physics Lab in the Home. New York, Franklin Watts, 1997, 1978. Funston, Sylvia. It’s All in Your Brain. New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1995, 1604. Gardner, Robert. Electricity and Magnetism. New York, Twenty-First Century Books, 1994, 1605. Gardner, Robert. Experiments with Balloons. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995, 1606. Gardner, Robert. Experiments with Bubbles. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995, 1607. Gardner, Robert. Experiments with Light and Mirrors. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995, 1608. Gardner, Robert. Experiments with Motion. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995, 1609. Gardner, Robert. Making and Using Scientific Models. New York, Franklin Watts, 1993, 1610. Gardner, Robert. Optics. New York, Twenty-First Century Books, 1994, 1611. Gardner, Robert. Science Fair Projects: Planning, Presenting, Succeeding. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999, 1979. Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About Air. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997, 1980. Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About Animal Behavior. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997, 1595. Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About Rain. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997, 1594. Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About the Moon. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997, 1988. Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About the Sun. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997, 1587.

Gardner, Robert. Science Project Ideas About Trees. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1997, 1593. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Kitchen Chemistry. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999, 1981. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Light. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1994, 1612. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Methods of Measuring. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000, 1982. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Physics in the Home. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999, 1983. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Plants. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999, 1984. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Solids, Liquids and Gases. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000, 1985. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About Sound. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000, 1986. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About the Environment and Ecology. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999, 1987. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About the Physics of Sports. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000, 1989. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About the Physics of Toys and Games. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000, 1990. Gardner, Robert. Science Projects About the Science Behind Magic. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 2000, 1991. Gertz, Susan E. Teaching Physical Science Through Children’s Literature. Middletown, Ohio, Terrific Science Press, 1996, 1613. Gibson, Gary. Playing with Magnets. Brookfield, Connecticut, Copper Beech Books, 1995, 1614. Gilbert, Harry. Gravity: The Glue of the Universe: History and Activities. Englewood, Colorado, Teacher Ideas Press, 1997, 1992.

283

Gillis, Jennifer Storey. Green Beans and Tambourines. Pownal, Vermont, Storey Communications, 1995, 1615. Gillis, Jennifer Storey. Puddle Jumpers: Fun Weather Projects for Kids. Pownal, Vermont, Storey Communications, 1996, 1616. Gillis, Jennifer Storey. Tooth Truth: Fun Facts and Projects. Pownal, Vermont, Storey Communications, 1996, 1529. Glover, David. The Super Science Book of Life Processes. New York, Thomson Learning, 1994, 1617. Glover, David. The Super Science Book of Sound. New York, Thomson Learning, 1994, 1618. Goldenstern, Joyce. Albert Einstein: Physicist and Genius. Springfield, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1995, 1993. Goodstein, Madeline. Sports Science Projects: The Physics of Balls in Motion. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, Enslow Publishers, 1999, 1994. Gordon, Maria. Fun with Color. New York, Thomson Learning, 1995, 1619. Gordon, Maria. Fun with Materials. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1996, 1995. Gordon, Maria. Rocks and Soil. Austin, Texas, SteckVaughn Publishers, 1996, 1996. Govier, Heather. Buildings. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corporation, 1991, 1621. Govier, Heather. Clothes. Ada, Oklahoma, Garrett Educational Corporation, 1991, 1620. Grant, Lesley. Discover Bones: Explore the Science of Skeletons. Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1991, 1622. Greenaway, Theresa. Slugs and Snails. Austin, Texas, Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 1999, 1623. Greenberg, Judith E. Caves. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Raintree Publishers, 1990, 1624. Greenberg, Judith E. Space. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Raintree Publishers, 1990, 1625. Gryski, Camilla. Hands On, Thumbs Up. Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1990, 1626.

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Tolman, Marvin N. Hands-on Earth Science Activities for Grades K-8. Nyack, New York, Parker Publishing Co., 1995, 1842. Tolman, Marvin N. Hands-on Life Science Activities for Grades K-8. Nyack, New York, Parker Publishing Co., 1996, 1843. Tolman, Marvin N. Hands-on Physical Science Activities for Grades K-8. Nyack, New York, Parker Publishing Co., 1995, 1844. Tomecek, Steve. Simple Attractions: Phantastic Physical Phenomena. New York, W. H. Freeman and Co., 1995, 1845. Treat, Rose. The Seaweed Book: How to Find and Have Fun with Seaweed. New York, Star Bright Books, 1995, 1846. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s A+ Projects in Earth Science. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1998, 2050. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Constellations for Every Kid. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1997, 1847. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Ecology for Every Kid. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 1848. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Food and Nutrition for Every Kid. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, 1849. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Geography for Every Kid. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1993, 1850. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Guide to More of the Best Science Fair Projects. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 2000, 2054. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Guide to the Best Science Fair Projects. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1997, 1851. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Insects and Spiders. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1997, 1852. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Oceans for Every Kid. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 1853. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Plants. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 1854. VanCleave, Janice. Janice VanCleave’s Play and Find Out About Bugs. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1998, 1855.

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Watts, Barrie. Keeping Minibeasts, Stick Insects. New York, Franklin Watts, 1991, 1873. Watts, Barrie. Keeping Minibeasts, Wood Lice and Millipedes. New York, Franklin Watts, 1991, 1874. Wee, Patricia Hachten. Science Fair Projects for Elementary Schools. Lanham, Maryland, The Scarecrow Press, 1998, 1876. Weiner, Esther. Dirt-Cheap Science: Activity-Based Units, Games, Experiments and Reproducibles. New York, Scholastic Professional Books, 1992, 1875. Weiss, Harvey. Strange and Wonderful Aircraft. Boston, Massachusetts, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1995, 1877. Wellnitz, William R. Be A Kid Physicist. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania, Tab Books, 1993, 1878. Wellnitz, William R. Homemade Slime and Rubber Bones!: Awesome Science Activities. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania, Tab Books, 1993, 1879. West, Tracey. 5 Senses. New York, Scholastic Professional Books, 1997, 1880. Wexler, Jerome. Secrets of the Venus’s Fly Trap. New York, Dodd, Mead & Company, 1981, 1881. Wexler, Jerome. Sundew Stranglers: Plants That Eat Insects. New York, Dutton Children’s Books, 1995, 1882. White, Lawrence B. Air: Simple Experiments for Young Scientists. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1995, 1883. White, Lawrence B. Energy: Simple Experiments for Young Scientists. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1995, 1884. White, Lawrence B. Gravity: Simple Experiments for Young Scientists. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1995, 1885. White, Lawrence B. Water: Simple Experiments for Young Scientists. Brookfield, Connecticut, The Millbrook Press, 1995, 1886. Whittle, Fran. Simple Machines. Austin, Texas, SteckVaughn Publishers, 1997, 1887. Wick, Walter. A Drop of Water. New York, Scholastic Press, 1996, 1682.

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Science Experiments Index for Young People

Science Experiments Index for Young People

Science Experiments Index for Young People

Environmental Science Experiments (Experiments for Future Scientists)

Weather Projects for Young Scientists: Experiments and Science Fair Ideas

Young Homeless People

Young Homeless People

Contentious Issues: Discussion Stories for Young People

The Code Book for Young People

Fitness for Young People Step-By-Step

Experiments and Thought Experiments in Natural Science

Chemistry Experiments (Facts on File Science Experiments)

Biology Experiments for Children (Dover science books)

Health Science Experiments

Physical Science Experiments

101 Science Experiments

Ecology Experiments (Facts on File Science Experiments)

Electronic Science Experiments

Marine Science Experiments (Facts on File Science Experiments)

Environmental Science Experiments (Facts on File Science Experiments)

Journal Keeping with Young People

Journal Keeping with Young People:

Environmental Science Experiments (Facts on File Science Experiments)

Physical Science Experiments (Facts on File Science Experiments)

Physical Science Experiments (Facts on File Science Experiments)

Stereotypic Beliefs about Young People

Young People and Mental Health

Young People, Crime and Justice

Counselling Young People in School

Young people making a life

Working with Young Homeless People

Science Experiments Index for Young People