Sībawayh on ?imālah (inclination): text, translation, notes and analysis

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMA.LAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT, TRANSLATION, NOTES AND ANALYSIS

Solomon 1. Sara, SJ

EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS

© Solomon I. Sara, S.l., 2007 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh

Contents

Typeset in Times New Roman and Phonetics by Koinonia, Manchester, and printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, King 's Lynn, Norfolk

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 2795 0 (hardback) The right of Solomon I. Sara, S.1. to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Preface

Vll

I Preliminaries Introduction

3

IT Text and Translation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Chapter One (477) Chapter Two (478) Chapter Three (479) Chapter Four (480) Chapter Five (481) Chapter Six (482)

8 34 52 56 82 106

III Analysis 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Analysis of Chapter One Analysis of Chapter Two Analysis of Chapter Three Analysis of Chapter Four Analysis of Chapter Five Analysis of Chapter Six Dialects Conclusions

117 126 13 1 133 141 146 149 158

Appendices List of Technical Terms, Sorted by Arabic List of Technical Terms, Sorted by English List of Technical Terms, Sorted by Transcription List of Examples

167 170 173 176

References Index

186 191

Preface

The study of this treatise on ?ima/ah (inclination), like the study of any part of the massive book by Sibawayh, poses challenges to readers, both native and non-native speakers of Arabic. The challenge for the native, in part, is because this work was the first systematic formalization of the grammar of the language, and in the process of creating it a whole new set of terms and a new paradigm of Arabic linguistics was introduced which was different from the traditional method, and more authentically descriptive. It was the beginning of the Arabic linguistic venture. Though this book captures the native intuitions about the language it poses an even greater challenge to non-native Arabic readers schooled in different traditions, who will encounter not only a new language but a new and different paradigm with its attendant conceptual framework. We consider the Arabic paradigm of doing linguistics not as a replica of the Western or of any other paradigm but as being with its own imagery and its own theoretical scaffolding. The aim of this study is to overcome the obstacles and challenges posed by Sibawayh's treatise. There will surely be greater challenges to those who are not experts in Arabic than to those who are, but this work aims to make the study of Sibawayh as accessible to the non-experts as to experts inArabic. This study, and in particular the translation, follows a 'rich translation format' by including the Arabic technical linguistic terms, in transcription, within the translation. This is a format that has been experimented with in seminars at the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University and been found to be the least intrusive and the most efficient way for readers to gain immediate access to the Arabic original through the medium of English translation. The process poses a minor inconvenience for only the beginning stages and avoids the distractions of an abundance of footnotes or endnotes. Transcriptions of Arabic words included within the English translation are in italics, and their corresponding glosses are enclosed in single quotes " . This is only a small section of the book of Sibawayh, chapters 477-82, Vll

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION)

which deals with ?imiilah in a systematic way, though this does not mean that the concept is not mentioned elsewhere in the book. The format followed for these chapters is that of translation facing the Arabic original. In the belief that the presence of both texts will contribute to a better understanding of the intentions of the author, the translation is accompanied by the original Arabic text on the facing and corresponding pages. Each chapter is followed by an analysis which consists of the main processes and contexts described within that chapter. There are references to dialectal differences throughout the text that are gathered into a separate chapter. Following this, there are several additions to the text and translation, such as glossaries for Arabic, English and linguistic terms and an index of all the examples used in the treatise. Thanks go to Professor Muhammad al-Hawary of Oklahoma University and to Mr Simon Mauck for reading versions of the treatise and recommending both stylistic and substantial changes. Thanks also go to the anonymous reviewers for their judicious observations. Finally, thanks to the commissioning editor, Sarah Edwards, and to James Dale, Felicity Marsh, Mairead McElligott and Stuart Midgley. Earlier versions of parts of the treatise were published in the Journal of Islamic and Arabic Studies, 1994, Volume XI, pp. 58-115 and 37-82. The following are the corresponding IPA transcription symbols for Arabic: Arabic ~

..to

t C

tt .!l

J ~ (:

cP c.j

J .)

Name and transcription

Arabic

hamza7 '[7]' 7alif '[A]' ha7 ' [h]' layn '[l]' ha7 ' [h]' yayn '[y]' xa7 '[x]' kaf'[k]' Gaf '[G]'

u .lo. .J

w ,y:> .)

U"'

.Jo ~

d~ad '[d~]'

.!J

giym '[g]' siyn '[s]' ya7 '[y]' lam ' [1]' ra7 '[r]' d~ammah '[u]'

~

'-:-'

i' J


'! ~ Ij I)~ ~J .f'+4~ .) u yJI \~ 0JiSl ysl ~ l.JlAp J..,LiJ .~\.! ~ , ~,&j~':', t(~ ") ~fo ~ts ~. u.Jc lAS t1\1..\ ~ . t.~ • U.Jy-. I _.c ~.

-ilii.s J&jJ/0A J JlA.:J/01< J PJIJc 01<J &J4 01< ~..,! ~jJ .u.\YI I~J ;j.&.J YJli~..,! ~I)I ~ ~ ~J .~J 0JWJ UJW u.\! ~ ~I u.\YI ~ o.Jy.& ~I)I ~ts IjJ A~~.i,,)JI ~ ~~J j.)~ I.S~ ~ts ~ j:.1)1

uY ~jJ

It prevailed here, so naiabta 'you erected' as you did before the ?alif [A]. As for garr 'pull with an [i]', you incline the ?alif [A] whether the first letter is maksuwrun 'broken with an [i]', maftuwbun 'opened with an [a]' or madmuwmun 'closed with a [u]', since it is as though it were two letters maksuwran 'broken-d with an [i]'. You incline here, just as it, the [r], prevailed where maftuwbah 'it was open with an [a]', (L. 5) fa-nai abta62 'so you erected' the ?alif [A], as in your saying min bimariki - min bameriki 'from your-j. ass', min fawarihi - min fawerihi 'from his blindness', min ?al-mufari - min ?al-muferi 'from the borrowed' and min ?al-duwari- min ?al-duweri 'from the dizziness'. It is as though you saidfofalilu - fofelilu. fafalilu - fafelilu. andjifalilu - jifelilu. Of the ones in which the ra? [r] prevails are your saying Garibun - Geribun 'boat', yarimun - yerimun 'debtor' and Moa l aridun - htiOa leridun 'this (is) an expeller'. 63 The behavior is similar with all ?al-mustarlihah 'the raised ones' if the ra? [r] maksuwrah 'is broken with an [i]' after the ?alif[A] that follows it. That is because when ra? [r] is able to

62 The Buwlaq edition has lanaiabat. 63 This and the following three examples illustrate the effect of [ri] on the 7alifs [A]s that precede it, in which the raised letters blocked 7imalah from taking place. [ri] prevails on the preceding 7alifs [A]s to have 7ima/ah take place.

84

85

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

break the ?alif[A] in the fafal/jifal forms in garr 'pull with an [i]' and in thefufal form, as we mentioned, it is due to doubling. It overpowered these ?alifat [A]s, since you put your tongue in the raised position then you descend. The mustafliy ah ' raised ones' (L. 10) here have assumed their status in Gifaf- Gifif' round boats'. You say haoihi naGatun fariGun 'this (is) a distinctive she-camel' and ?aynuGun mafariYGu ' (these are) distinctive she-camels' . You erect with an [a] as you did when you said nafiGun 'crier', munafiGun 'hypocrite' and mantiSiyt'u ' combs ' . They said min Girarika - min Girerika 'from your decision' . It prevailed, just like the Gaf[ G] and its sisters prevailed. It is no stronger than the Gaf[ G] because, even though it is as though it is two letters ' open with an raJ ,' it is still one letter and with its measure; just as the ?alif [A] in f tidin -fedin 'Ad' and the .va? [y] in Giylin 'a saying' are in place of others than them in the radd 'return'. If you diminutized, they are changed back into the waw [w], even if there is in them a liyn ' softness' that is not found in the others. The ra? [r] is likened to the Gaf[G] (L.IS). There is no raising in ra? [r]. It has been rendered 'open with an [a] ' and is opened towards the mustafliyah 'raised' . When it prevails over the Gaf[G] it is stronger than the ra? [r].

86

87

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

Know that those who say masiigidu - masegidu 'mosques' and fabidun - febidun 'worshiper' erect with an [a] all that you inclined with the ra7 [r]. KnowthatsomeArabpeople say 7al-ktifiruwn -7al-kefiruwn 'infidels' , ra7aytu 7al-ktifiriyn - ra7aytu 7al-kefiriyn 'r saw the infidels', 7al-ktifir - 7al-kefir 'the infidel' and hiya 7al-manabiru - hiya 7al-manebiru 'they (are) the pulpits' . When the rii7 [r] is distanced and there is between it and the 7alif[A] a letter, it does not have the power of the 'raised' , because it is from the position of lam 64 and it is close to the ya7 [y]. Don't you notice that the lisper makes it a ya7 [y]? When that was the case (L. 20) the kasrah 'break [i]' did its work, since there was no ra7 [r] after it. Some other people erected the 7alif[A] in the ra./f 'raise' and the na/b 'erect' and gave it its status, since there does not occur kasrun 'a break' between it and the 7alif[A]. They made that no barrier to the nas rb ' erect' , as it was not prohibited to the Gal [G] and its sisters. They inclined in garr 'pull', just as they 'inclined' where there is nothing between it and the 7alif[A]. (p. 291). It was primary with them, where there was a letter before it, to incline due to it, if there was no ra7 [r] after it. There are, however, some who say marartu bi-l-himari-

64 The lam is the third radical in the triradical paradigmatic rootjfl.

88

89

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

marartu bi-/-liimeri '1 passed by the ass' and who also say marartu bi-lklifiri '1 passed by the infidel' : they erect the 1alif[ A]. The reason is that you may forego the inclination in the na/b 'erect' and the rajf 'raise' the way you forego it with the Gaf[G). When it became like the Gaf[G] in this the speaker left it in its state in garr 'pull', where it was erected in most of the cases, that is, in the na/b ' erect' and the rajf ' raise' . It was part of their speech (L. 5) to erect as with rabid 'worshiper' . The letter that is before the ral [r) caused it be distanced from being inclined, just as some people did when they said huwa klifir -+ huwa kefir 'he (is) an infidel', and distanced it from being erect with an [a]. Since it was distanced, and the na/b 'erect' is more frequent among them, they left it in its state, since it is part of their speech to say rabidun 'worshiper '. The original in the falil form is that you erect the lalif [A), but it is inclined for the reason that 1 mentioned to you. Don't you notice that it is not inclined in tabalin 'spice'? Since that was the original, they left it in its state, in the rajf 'raise' and in the na/b 'erect'. This language is less frequent in the speech of those who say rabid -+ rebid 'worshiper' and ra/im -+ relim 'scientist'. Know that those who (L. 10) say haoa Garibun -+ haoa Geribun ' this (is) a boat' also say marartu bi-Gadirin '1 passed by Qadir': they ' erect' the lalif[A) ,

90

91

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

and they do not make it strong when it is distanced, just as it is in the language ofthose who say marartu bi-kiifirin 'I passed by an infidel'. It is not strong enough for inclination when it is distanced, for the reason that we mentioned. Some people whose Arabic is acceptable said marartu biGadirin Gablu -+ marartu bi-Gedirin Gablu 'I passed by Qadir before', because of the ra? [r], when it is maksuwrah 'broken with an [i]'. They also say Garibun -+ Geribun 'boat' and garim -+ gerim 'the harvester of dates'. So the Gaf[ G] and the others have been equalized. When he said marartu bi-Giidirin -+ marartu bi-Gedirin 'I passed by Qadir' he wanted to make it like your saying marartu bi-kiifirin -+ marartu bi-kefirin ' I passed by an infidel' . He makes them equal here, just as he makes them equal there. We heard from a person whom we trust from among the Arabs (L. 15), quoting from the poet Hudba bin Khasram (tfawiyl)

w t " wL/.ll .' - --v -. ~ -. . J' (,J~ ~

rasa?al-lahu yuyniy ran bi/adi bni Giidirin -+ Gedirin bi-munhamirin gawni ?al-rababi sakuwbin Would that God would dispense with a flowing torrent of dark clouds on the land of Ibn Qadir

92

93

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

J~ d- ysl .Ji~G.).)A J~ 0A Ul ~IJ .:"~Li.JA JfoJ l 0A U ~IJ tA.)A~ ~.JPo.I Ji ~I)IJ ~)lU...,'i1 uJ.,?- 0A 4J'i yLf:,

You say huwa Gtidirun 'he (is) Qadir'. Know that the ones who say marartu bi-ktifirin -+ marartu bi-kefirin '1 passed by an infidel' are more numerous than those who say marartu bi-Gadirin -+ marartu bi-Gedirin '1 passed by Qadir', because there is one of the ?istiria? 'raised' letters. As to the case of raJ [r], I have already mentioned it to you. Know that some Arabs say marartu bi-liimari Gtisimin '1 passed by Qasim's ass'; they erect with an [a] due to the Gaj[G],just as na/abuw 'they erected with an [a]' when they said marartu bi-mali Gtisimin '1 passed by Qasim's property', except that inclination (L. 20) in liimar 'ass'. and its like, is more frequent because it is as though there are two letters maksuwran 'broken-do with an [i]' between the ?alif[A] and the Gai1 G]. Consequently inclination is more frequent in them than in ?ai-mal 'the property' . If, however, they were to say garimi Gtisimin -+ gerimi GliSimin 'Qasim's offence', it does not have the status ofliimari Gasimin 'Qasim's ass', because what inclines the ?alif[A] of garimin -+ gerimin ' offence' does not change. So he distinguished betweenliimari GliSimin ' Qasim's ass' and garimi GliSimin-+ gerimi GliSimin 'Qiisim's offense' in the same way he distinguished between mali Gtisimin 'property of Qasim' and rabidi

G.).)A

~ I~ \...0,5; uWl U~ r-'""Li .)~

G.).)A

J~ 0A yyJl

fol ~~IJ .)Lo;JI ~ (200M) ~'""''il ulU) ~Li ~ G.).)A I)Li w.JL...- ~ U.o.! u l.)..,....& ul.!.,?- utili UHJ ~ 4Jts Ul'il u'i ~~ ~ ~ ~l! ~J~ I)l!) ~J .JWI ~ ~ fol4-:!! ~'""''il fJL;a.J

~l! )~ ~ .):~ 'i ?.)4- ~I ~ .;.ill u'i ~l! .)~ .J.Jl&. l! ,,-. \...0,5; .~l! -. J~ u ...... ~

94

95

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

~I)I u'i ~.)~ ~.J.JA Jij ~ti .)~ ~.J.JA Jij UA.J o~ti "".J~ ~I ~ ~1.J ~\......;:.'11 ~ ~l 0~1 4S.)~ (292~) J~~.J.JA Jij UA ~ ~ ~ jli;~.J.JA J..,i:i.J oyly.'11 U~ o--.£I'll ~.J 0 .J.J~ 0_ .11 ~ 0 ~ ...I4"j! ~ n: 'u ~o/&'~ . tt:: 'u ~ UA u:=' • I.....I.J.JA U~.J u:='

GiiSimin- febidi GiiSimin 'servant of Qiisim' . The one who said marartu bi-himari GiiSimin '1 passed by Qiisim's ass' also said marartu bi-safari Gablu '1 passed by Saffir before', because ra? [r] here (p. 292) is subject to change, whether in lidafah ' annexation', or whether with a masculine name, because it is the letter of ?ifrab 'desinence'. You said marartu bi-farrin Gablu- marartu bi-ferrin Gablu '1 passed by a fugitive before' in the language of the one who said marartu bil-himari Gablu - marartu bil-himeri Gablu '1 passed by the ass before', and said marartu bi-klifirin Gablu - marartu bi-kejirin Gablu '1 passed by an infidel before', due to the fact that there is only one quiescent letter between the magruwr 'pulled' and the ?alif [A] in farrin ' fugitive', which is from nowhere except the position of the other. He thus raises his tongue off them as there is nothing after the ?alif[A] except a ra? [r] maksuwratun 'broken with [i)' . Since marartu bi-klifirin - marartu bi-kefirin '1 passed by an infidel' is part of their speech, (L. 5) it is necessary for them to incline for this reason. You say haoihi / afariru - haoihi / aferiru 'these (are) eaves', and if the poet were compelled, he would say ?al-mawariru--+ al-maweriru 'terrains', as this has the status of marartu bi-farrin marartu bi-ferrin '1 passed by the fugitive', because if hiya ?al-manabiru - hiya ?al-minebiru 'they (are) the pulpits' were part of their

l1\\A

4JL...J ~j Wl.J .»'il ~.J"IUA 1jlu~ ':i .fib ~I.J u~ ':i} ~\j ~.J.JA f+O:;.s. UA u\S. t::.Jj "O.J~ ~ I.J ':i} --.£I'i I ~ ~ 4"j\.si ~ I~}.J :'JJ~ o~ J..,i:i.J 0~'11 r-A~ I~ ;'j)l.ll U\S. .;i~ (5 ~) UA U\S. I~} 4"j'i jli; ~.J.JA ~~ I~.J oJJ~1 Jij y.~1 ~I yWI ~ f+O:;.s.

96

97

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

~lS JliJ .;.)~ UlYI ~ ~I)I Uj\.S j~ ~'tll I~ ~YUI 0\.S Uo\ ,,1)1 (,;3.3Lj I~ Ji:! ~ J~ I~ Jli ()4J ~: ;.,; ~ j;.)f..JJ j;.)f..JJ ~J .~l ,,1)1 0Y ~ll¥ )jLSul'i lAS ~lJjo~ J.foJ W-fij lAS ~ ~ fiJI (10Uo'l) .; ~ Ij~ ~~llj! .¥U;~ Jli ~ ~Y 0~ )li w fi.!,J1 .; I~ I~ 0)~ 0:l.l11 0 i ~ IJ ..;iLS ~.lic. 4-its ,,1)1 0Y )~b.)./4 0..,1~ ~\ ~~;~ I~

speech, this inclination would be required if the rill [r] were maksuwrah .broken with [i]' after the 1aliflA ]. He, the Exulted, said kanat Gawilriyra, Gawilriyra min fiefefatin --+ kanat Gaweriyra, Gaweriyra min fiefefatin 'the vessels were vessels of silver' (Siirah LXXVI: 15--16). The one who said hilOil gilddun --+ hilOil geddun 'this (is) serious' does not say hiiOilfilrrun --+ hiiOilferrun 'this (is) a fugitive', due to the strength of the rill [r] here, as we mentioned. You say hiioihi danilniyru --+ hilOihi daneniyru 'these (are) dinars', just like you said kafirun --+ kefirun ;infidel' . This is better, because the rill [r] is more distant. Some of them say mantiSiylu --+ manesiylu ' combs' , which is better. If you were in (L• 10) garr 'pull' , its story would be the story of kafir --+ kefir 'infidel'. Know that those who say hiiOil dilr 'this (is) a suppliant' in sukuwt ' silence' would not incline, because they did not pronounce the 'break with the kasrah 'break [i]' .65 They say marartu bi-bimilr [i]' of the --+ marartu bi-bimer 'I passed by an ass', because the rill [r] is to them as though doubled, and it is as though garra 'he pulled with an [i] ' a rill [r] before another rill [r]. That is in their saying marartu bi-I-bimilr --+ marartu bi-I-bimer ' I passed by the ass' and lastugiyru bi-l-Iilhi mina lal-nilr --+ lastugiyru bi-l-Iilhi mina lal-ner 'I seek

t

~IJ J~~ b.)./4 ~..,i ,~mJ

.fl.)

~ ~\.)

y,.. 4Jls.! ~l...4..a . J WI'(j,Q

.JiI.J , •

rayn

65

98

rayn is the second radical of the paradigmatic rootfil 99

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

refuge in God from the fire' (Siirah LXX:lS, 16). They say fly mahiiril -- fly maheril 'in fleet of camels': you incline the hill [h] and what is before it. He 66 said, I heard the Arabs say e!arabtu e!arbah -- e!arabtu e!arbe(h) 'I struck a blow' and laxaotu laxoah -- laxaotu laxoe(h) 'I took a turn'. They likened the hill [h] to lalif[A], so he inclined what is before it, just as he inclines what is before the 1alif[A] . The one who (L. 15) said larada lan yae!ribahil Giisimun 'he wanted Qasim to strike her' said 1arada 1an yaelribahil riiSidun -- 1arada 1an yaelrib(ah)e riiSidun 'he wanted Rashid to strike her'. The one who said bi-milli Giisimin 'with Qasim's property' said bi-milli riiSidin -- bi-meli riiSidin 'with Rashid's property'. The rill [r] is weaker than the Gilf[G] for the reason I mentioned to you. You say ralaytu fifril 'I saw swine', just as you say ralaytu ruGil 'I saw a jewel' and ralaytu fiyril 'I saw a caravan', just as you say ralaytu e!iyGil 'I saw straits' andhiiOil fimrilnu 'this (is) Imran', as you say bimGilnun 'insolent'. Know that some people say ralaytu fifril -- ralaytu fifre 'I saw swine': they incline due to the kasrah 'break [i]', because the lalif [A] is at the end of the baif'word'. Since the rill [r] was not like the mustafliyah 'raised' and there was

66 Al-KhalTI 7lbn 7alunad al-FariihIdi, the teacher of Sibawayh.

100

101

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

a kasrah 'break [i]' before it and the ?alif [A] was at the end of the word, they likened it to the ?alif[A] ofhubla -huble 'pregnant'. This was more required (L. 20) where some of them said ra?aytu nrGa -ra?aytu nrGe '1 saw Irqa'. He said ?arada ?an yafGiraha - ?arada ?an yafGir(ah)e 'he wanted to slaughter it' , ?arada ?an yafGira ?arada ?an yafGire 'he wanted to slaughter it' and ra?aytuka fasirara?aytuka fasire '1 found you desperate' . They gave these things the status of that which does not include a ra? [r). They say ra?aytu fayra - ra?aytu fayre '1 saw a wild ass' . If the kasrah 'break [i]' inclines, all the more reason then for the ya? [y] to incline. They said?al-niyranu -?al-niyrenu 'the boiling' where you 'break' the beginning of the word, and the ?alif[A] is afterwards within (p. 293) the same word. So, it is likened to what is built on the word like the ?alif[A] ofhubla -huble 'pregnant'. They said nmran - nmren 'Iroran', but do not say birGan - birGen 'lambs', the plural of baraGin 'lamb', nor himGanun -himG'enun 'stupid', because they are of the mustarliyah 'raised' letters. Whoever said hooa nmran - haoa nmren ' this (is) Iroran' , he inclined. He said of man named nGran, haoa nGran - haoa nGren 'this (is) Iqriin'. Similarly, they said gilbabun - gilbebun 'garment', for what is between them does not block

102

103

SIBAWAYH ON 7IMA.LAH (INCLINATION)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

inclination, just as the / ad [Sf] is not blocked in / amaliGa _ sfameliGa ' deserts' . They said oafiriiSun - oafiresun 'this (is) a bed' and haoa girabun - hiiOa girebun 'this (is) a bag'. When the kasrah 'break [i]' was first and the ?alif[A] was extra, (L. 5) it was likened to niyran niyren 'boiling'. The na/b 'erect with [a]' in all these is better, because they are not like the ?alif[A] ofnubia-nub Ie 'pregnant'.

104

105

Chapter Six (482) ~'\.S Ij!

Chapter Six (482)

UJi lAA:I ~ ~I u,,~1 6A ~ l.4"':-14

I~

.482

o~ lAA:I ~I.;ll ~/~J .N/~J J~/~~...,i ~jJ (6 OM 293 ~ 2~) ~tSJ ul..;y& ulJ..? 4J\s ~I)I ~tS l.:J .foI/~J ~/~J ~ · ~I'Y --:~.II 1y-Il..ii ~ Ull ~ . J I.....ilYI (.)A u I.....ilYI 1y-1l..i1 ~ CJ-"""'"' ~ .

This is a Chapter on the Letters That are Inclined That Do Not Have the 7alif[A] After Them, If the rii7 [r] After Them is 'Broken With an [i]' (Buwlaq vol. 2, pp. 270-1; Derenbourg vol. 2, pp. 293-4; Haruwn vol. 4, pp. 142-4)

(10 OM) ~\A uJyJI wj.....-a ~~ I.....ilYI ~ o~~ ~I I.....ilYI

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..

~

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.

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~

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