Safety and Health in the Salon: Facilitator's Guide

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SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE SALON Facilitator’s Guide

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SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE SALON Facilitator’s Guide Dennis Nelson

Africa • Australia • Canada • Denmark • Japan • Mexico New Zealand • Philippines • Puerto Rico • Singapore • Spain United Kingdom • United States

NOTICE TO THE READER

Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The Publisher makes no representation or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material.

Milady Staff: Milady President: Susan L. Simpfenderfer Executive Editor: Marlene McHugh Pratt Acquisitions Editor: Pamela Lappies Developmental Editor: Judy Roberts Executive Production Manager: Wendy A. Troeger

Production Editor: Eileen M. Clawson Technology Project Manager: Kim Schryer Executive Marketing Manager: Donna J. Lewis Channel Manager: Nigar Hale Cover Photo: Kimberley’s...A Day Spa, Latham, NY

COPYRIGHT © 2001 Milady is an imprint of Delmar, a division of Thomson Learning. The Thomson Learning logo is a registered trademark used herein under license. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXX 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 For more information, contact Milady, 3 Columbia Circle, PO Box 15015, Albany, NY 12212-5015; or find us on the World Wide Web at http://www.milady.com All rights reserved Thomson Learning © 2001. The text of this publication, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronics or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, storage in an information retrieval system, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. You can request permission to use material from this text through the following phone and fax numbers. Phone: 1-800-730-2214; Fax 1-800-730-2215; or visit our Web site at http://www.thomsonrights.com ISBN: 1-56253-594-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nelson, Dennis (Dennis Glen) Safety and health in the salon : facilitator’s guide / Dennis Nelson. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 1-56253-594-3 1. Beauty shops—Health aspects. 2. Beauty shops—Environmental aspects. I. Title. RA617 .N45 2000 363.72’99—dc21 00-032462

Contents Preface

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C H A P T E R 1

Introduction to Safety and Health in the Salon

1

Participant Learning Objectives ■ 1 Chapter Outline ■ 1 Key Terms ■ 1 Safety, Health and the Salon Culture ■ 2 Regulatory and Legal Requirements ■ 6 Case History: Building a Safety and Health Support System ■ 11 Quick Review ■ 14 Activities and Review Questions ■ 16

C H A P T E R 2

Safe Work Conditions and Practices

19

Participant Learning Objectives ■ 19 Chapter Outline ■ 19 Key Terms ■ 19 First Impressions and Behind-the-Scenes ■ 20 Hazard Awareness, Prevention, and Control ■ 20 Performance Measurement ■ 31 Quick Review ■ 33 Activities and Review Questions ■ 34

C H A P T E R 3

Chemical Dispensary Participant Learning Objectives ■ 37 Chapter Outline ■ 37 Key Terms ■ 38 Introduction ■ 38 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard

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38

v

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C O N T E N T S

Chemical Dispensary Hazards ■ 41 Hazard Alert ■ 42 Hazard Prevention and Control ■ 50 Quick Review ■ 53 Activities and Review Questions ■ 53

C H A P T E R 4

Shampoo, Rinsing, and Conditioning Participant Learning Objectives ■ 57 Chapter Outline ■ 57 Key Terms ■ 57 Introduction: Suds, Safety, and Health Shampoo Station Hazards ■ 58 Hazard Alert ■ 59 Hazard Prevention and Control ■ 62 Quick Review ■ 64 Activities and Review Questions ■ 65

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C H A P T E R 5

Haircutting and Styling

69

Participant Learning Objectives ■ 69 Chapter Outline ■ 69 Key Terms ■ 69 Introduction ■ 70 Hazard Alert ■ 70 Hazard Prevention and Control ■ 80 Quick Review ■ 82 Activities and Review Questions ■ 82

C H A P T E R 6

Chemical Treatment Area Participant Learning Objectives ■ 85 Chapter Outline ■ 85 Key Terms ■ 85 Introduction ■ 86 Chemical Treatment Hazards ■ 86 Hazard Alert ■ 87 Hazard Prevention and Control ■ 91 Quick Review ■ 92 Activities and Review Questions ■ 93

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Contents

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C H A P T E R 7

Manicuring and Pedicuring

103

Participant Learning Objectives ■ 103 Chapter Outline ■ 103 Key Terms ■ 103 Introduction ■ 104 Manicure and Pedicure Hazards ■ 104 Hazard Alert ■ 106 Hazard Prevention and Control ■ 109 Quick Review ■ 112 Activities and Review Questions ■ 113

C H A P T E R 8

Facials and Facial Makeup

121

Participant Learning Objectives ■ 121 Chapter Outline ■ 121 Key Terms ■ 121 Introduction ■ 122 Facial and Facial Makeup Hazards ■ 122 Hazard Alert ■ 123 Hazard Prevention and Control ■ 127 Quick Review ■ 129 Activities and Review Questions ■ 130

C H A P T E R 9

Putting It All Together Participant Learning Objectives ■ 139 Chapter Outline ■ 139 Key Terms ■ 139 Summary ■ 140 Review of Hazards, Prevention, and Control ■ 140 Building Your Own Safety and Health Support System Quick Review ■ 151 Activities and Review Questions ■ 154

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Glossary

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Appendices

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Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

A B C D

Appendix E

Index

Listing of State Cosmetology Boards ■ 165 OSHA Consultation Directory ■ 169 References and Resources ■ 175 Answers to Review Questions ■ 177 Completed Crossword Puzzle for Chapter 8 Handouts—Safety and Health Tips and Tools

■ ■

179 181

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Preface

T

o Cosmetologists and Cosmetology Students

T

If an accident happens on the job, who gets hurt? If the business has insurance, who pays the bill? If you answered “an employee” to the first question, and “the company or owner” to the second, you are right. This example proves again that cosmetologists and salon owners need to work together to eliminate accidents, injuries, and work-related illnesses. No one is required to stay at an unsafe job. Improvement in safety and health performance is every worker’s responsibility at all levels in the company. If you are concerned about safety and health where you work, bring a specific example to your immediate supervisor’s attention. Consider this example: The federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard is known as the employee right-to-know law in some states. For you, the cosmetologist, this means you have the right to know about the chemical hazards you are exposed to every day. Do you have a hazard communication program where you work? The hazard communication regulation is just one of many OSHA, cosmetology licensing, health department, and other regulations that your employer must follow. Does your salon meet all the state and local requirements for licensing? The next time you walk into the salon or clinic, think about your own safety and health and that of the clients you will see that day. When you start a procedure, ask yourself, “What’s the hazard?” Hazard awareness and control will go a long way toward keeping you and your clients safe. Finally, remember that you and your employer are both involved in safety and health. Your complete cooperation is needed in order to achieve the goal of zero accidents, zero injuries and zero work-related illnesses!

o Owners and Managers During a recent local survey of fifteen salons and five cosmetology schools in the St. Paul, Minnesota area, the author found that there is little awareness of OSHA safety and health requirements.

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P R E F A C E

Many of the survey participants, especially the schools, have an understanding of state licensing standards that now require salon implements to be disinfected using a tuberculocidal product. OSHA also covers this practice under the Code of Federal Regulation CFR1910.1030, Bloodborne Pathogens. Although there are a number of OSHA requirements affecting beauty salons, this survey focused only on the Hazard Communication Standard discussed above. Participants were asked if they: 1. had a written Hazard Communication program, 2. had an inventory of chemicals handled by salon employees and/or students, 3. had a training program covering the safety of salon chemicals, and 4. kept a file of Material Safety Data Sheets. There were a total of sixteen positive responses to all four hazard communication program elements among the fifteen salons. A total of forty-four responses were either no or indicated the person did not know if their organization had the four elements. Is St. Paul unique, or is there a need for more attention to cosmetology safety and health? Next, consider the increasing costs of accidents and work-related illnesses in this country. Indirect costs of an accident (e.g., lost clients, business interruption, training new employees, etc.) are 3–7 times direct costs (medical treatment and workers’ compensation costs). The added sales to make up for an accident resulting in one lost workday (medical expenses at $200, wages at $15 per hour) at 5 percent profit total $25,000. Remember that management commitment, involvement, and policies affect outcomes: lost-time injuries, OSHA recordable injuries and illnesses, first-aid cases, near misses and potential hazards. Ensuring safety and health is as manageable as anything else you do in the salon. Remember that your attention to employee participation in hazard awareness and control will go a long way toward making your salon a safer place for you and your employees to work and for your clients to visit. Establish an effective safety and health support system and participate actively with your employees to continuously improve it. Hold monthly safety and health meetings with your staff and conduct an annual meeting for all employees to reward progress made. Finally, call your local cosmetology school today. An effective safety and health support system begins with what students are learning. The cosmetology industry needs your help in implementing what schools are teaching about safety and health.

Preface

xi

A

cknowledgments I would like to thank the following professionals who have contributed their valuable time and expertise during the preparation of this text: Jeanine Hinton, Minnesota Cosmetology Education Center, South St. Paul, Minnesota Elizabeth Houle, Minnesota Cosmetology Education Center, South St. Paul, Minnesota Ruth Ann Vohs, LeSalon Ltd., St. Paul, Minnesota Collette Kipka, LeSalon Ltd., St. Paul, Minnesota Diane Healey, Minnesota Department of Commerce, St. Paul, Minnesota Robert Marvy, William Marvy Co., St. Paul, Minnesota Janice Bauwens, Oliver Thein Beauty School, Burnsville, Minnesota Dr. Lisa Hellerud, Valley Chiropractic Clinic, Woodbury, Minnesota Many thanks to Kim Comiskey and staff at Kimberley’s...A Day Spa in Latham, New York: Angela Bucciero Earlene Case Chizuko Mortensen Lori Murillo Francesaca Spiak I would also like to thank the following reviewers whose helpful comments and suggestions helped shape the final product: Shari Golightly, Aims Community College, Greele, Colorado Diane Atchley, Halfmoon Hair Design, Bandon, Oregon Felicia Brown, Balance Day Spa, Greensboro, North Carolina Kathy Earl, Apollo Career Center, Lima, Ohio Candi Ekstrom, Hair Benders, Altamonte Springs, Florida Marti Preuss, Hooked On Nails, Rosenberg, Texas Orie Hutchins, Santa Fe Community College, Gainsville, Florida Kenneth Dennis, Alternative Hair Clinic, Columbia, South Carolina Sharon Mawhorter, San Dimas, California Nancy Phillips, Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, Virginia Louis Atkins, Bainbridge, Washington

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Sue Sansom, Arizona State Board of Cosmetology, Gilbert, Arizona Linda Rice, Grace College of Cosmetology, Middleburg Heights, Ohio Jennifer Conley, Xenon International School of Hair Design, Wichita, Kansas Ginny Burge, Beautique Day Spa and Salon, Houston, Texas Clarice Zomer, Capitol School of Hairstyling, Omaha, Nebraska

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C H A P T E R

PARTICIPANT LEARNING OBJECTIVES

CHAPTER OUTLINE

KEY TERMS

Introduction to Safety and Health in the Salon ■ Describe basic OSHA and state licensing requirements. ■ Relate OSHA requirements to a cosmetologist’s professional responsibilities. ■ List key parts of a safety and health support system. ■ Contribute to an action plan to improve safety and health at a school or salon.

Safety, Health, and the Salon Culture Common Salon Injuries and Illnesses Hazards and Risk Regulatory and Legal Requirements Cosmetology Licensing Occupational Safety and Health Administration Case History: Building a Safety and Health Support System Quick Review: Management and Cosmetologist Responsibilities Activities and Review Questions Developing Creative And Productive Training Sessions Visual Aids Review Questions

AIDS bloodborne pathogens carpal tunnel syndrome codes cumulative or repetitive trauma ergonomics hazard Hazard Communication Standard hepatitis HIV infection Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) MSDs

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) OSHA 200 Log Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) recordable cases regulation repetitive motion disorders safety and health support system state board of cosmetology tuberculocidal workers’ compensation

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S

afety, Health, and the Salon Culture In the cosmetology industry, there is not much ownership of the safety and health function nor a strong commitment in salons to install a basic safety and health support system that will prevent injuries and illnesses. One recent survey showed that roughly one out of five salons polled had written safety and health plans that met the OSHA requirements. Roughly one out of three salons did some sort of initial or regular safety and health training. About half of the salons visited said they kept safety and health information on the chemicals they handle, again an OSHA requirement. In general, salons were more concerned with state cosmetology licensing regulations than OSHA regulations. Cosmetology schools fared quite a bit better. All said they had written plans, kept Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and did safety and health training. However, a quick look at their MSDS binder often revealed disorganized filing and no index or table of contents for chemicals to meet OSHA’s requirement to maintain a chemical inventory. Roughly half of participating salons and most of the schools claimed they had written safety and health rules and conduct self-inspections. Schools were more likely than salons to have an exposure plan for blood and other body fluids that met OSHA’s bloodborne pathogen standard but this could not be verified. Most of those questioned stated they weren’t aware of universal precautions and whether students or stylists had ever been exposed to potentially infectious waste. Some of the survey respondents conducted periodic safety meetings, distributed handouts, posted signs, and undertook other activities to address sanitation, infection control, employee/student right-to-know requirements, or licensing issues. Many salons and schools posted emergency phone numbers; they weren’t questioned about having an evacuation plan. All of the respondents said they followed stringent procedures for disinfecting scissors, razors, combs, and other implements; but again this was not verified. Results of this small survey aren’t too surprising. It reveals that most salons and schools are generally familiar with their State Board of Cosmetology and the need to protect clients by meeting certain health requirements. However, most of these establishments are not aware of or give enough attention to meeting OSHA safety and health standards that protect salon workers. Unlike seeking more clients, safety is a motivator more for what you have to lose than for what is to be gained. For example, financial penalties and bad publicity could result from not meeting applicable federal, state, and local regulations. Even if it were possible to meet all regulations, that would not guarantee an injury-free workplace. As you can see in Figure 1–1, workplace injuries are just the tip of the iceberg. Without knowing what’s below the “waterline,” you can’t prevent accidents and injuries from sinking the ship. A salon may go months or even years without an injury, leading staff to think they are free from safety and health problems. Accidents, incidents, and near misses are often written-


3

Do you see the whole ICEBERG?

Injuries major and minor Incidents with potential to cause major accidents Near Misses or close calls with minor consequences Problems many hazards, no safety and health support system

Figure 1-1 The safety and health iceberg off as bad luck or human error. The only proven way to reduce and prevent the pain and cost of injuries is to focus on the bottom of the iceberg. Your main priority should be addressing hazards and management system problems. Continuous attention to building an effective safety and health support system is the way to keep your ship afloat. Throughout this leader’s guide, you will be introduced to concepts and ideas, regulations, safety and health hazards, and easily adopted tools to help your business avoid the iceberg. Safety and health is as manageable as anything else you do in the salon. You too, can enjoy the benefits of an effective safety and health support system.

Common Salon Injuries and Illnesses There are more than 82,000 beauty shops in the United States, with 388,925 employees.22 What are common injuries and illnesses? Is there a meaningful measure of cost? Approximately half of these establishments have fewer than ten employees. To answer these questions, let’s compare data from a comprehensive OSHA study (Figure 1-2, study A) and a Minnesota study of injury and illness costs (Figure 1-2, study B). First consider the OSHA study. In 1994 alone United States beauty shops reported 3,700 injuries and 1,300 job-related illnesses. This translates to what is known as an incidence rate of 1.7 recordable cases or so-called doctor cases, per year per 100 workers. Compared to manufacturing or construction businesses, salons do not have a particularly high rate of injury and illness. However, 5,000 injuries and illnesses per year breaks down to twenty per day or between two and three per hour in a salon somewhere in the United States! Further, a work-related injury or illness in any salon can mean significant dollars if the true cost is determined. Beauty salons are among the top 25 percent of all small business industries in the United States with the highest incidence rate of occupational illnesses. Salons rank fourteenth of twenty-five industries in the

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C H A P T E R

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small business category; slightly behind landscape and horticultural services and just ahead of medical offices and clinics. The illnesses of interest include long-term skin disorders (e.g., contact dermatitis and eczema), respiratory conditions, and disorders associated with repetitive trauma (e.g., wrist/hand pain from repeated motion with scissors, blowdryers, and brushes). Many times these injuries and illnesses go unreported. Thus safety and health problems in the salon are more serious than often perceived. From the OSHA study in Figure 1–2, study A, we see that salon losttime data for 1997 is presented in four areas: 1. Exposure; to what hazard was the stylist exposed? 2. Nature of injury; what kind of injury occurred? 3. Location; what body part was affected? 4. Source of injury; what caused the injury? Note that in 1997, a total of 1,481 cases were reported, which are broken down into each of the four areas. We see that the top four losttime injuries and illnesses reported for salons are: 1. cuts and punctures (exposure from being struck by an object) 2. repetitive motion disorders 3. sprains and strains 4. falls From the Minnesota study23, (Figure 1–2, study B), we see a measure of the relative cost of salon injuries. Dollars paid for indemnity, means compensation for lost wages. Here the ranking from most to least expensive is: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Multiple body parts Back cases Cuts and punctures Falls Sprains, strains Repetitive motion

Dollars Paid $ 16,018 $ 11,413 $ 10,165 $ 6,382 $ 6,333 $ 4,714

Remember that costs for cuts and punctures are relatively high because they include only those cases involving days away from work. Compensation costs including injuries like nicks and scratches, which can be treated with a bandage, would be much lower. Also note that these dollars paid have risen 135 percent in three years over the base period, 1996. The costs provided in the Minnesota study do not present the total costs of salon injuries and illnesses. Indemnity dollars are equivalent to lost-wage benefits only. Medical benefits usually account for an additional 80 to 100 percent above these numbers. Together, wage compensation and medical benefits are considered direct or insured costs. Indirect costs can range from three to ten times the direct costs. Indirect or so-called hidden costs of an accident include increased insurance premiums, phone calls and paper work costs, and lost business. Let’s take a


Number of Casesa

Percentage

Average Amount Paid per Caseb

A. Exposure #2 Repetitive motion Struck by object #4 Falls Lifting-overexertion Substance or environment Other Total # of cases

391 376 272 71 99 272 1481

26% 25% 18% 5% 7% 18% 100%

$ 4,714

B. Nature of Injury #1 Cuts, punctures #3 Sprains, strains Carpal tunnel syndrome Fractures Back, other pain Other Total

401 276 179 78 79 468 1481

27% 19% 12% 5% 5% 32% 100%

Total Paidb 1996 1997 1998

$ 6,382

$ 10,165 $ 6,333

111 93 80

$ 4,337 $ 8,690 $10,228

C. Body Part Finger Wrist Hand Shoulder Total upper extremity Back Other, trunk Multiple body parts Body systems Other Total

125 62 217 72 165 1481

20% 16% 12% 9% 57% 8% 4% 15% 5% 11% 100%

D. Source of Injury/Illness Worker motion/position Walkways, floors Hand tools Equipment Containers Parts, materials Other Total

464 323 255 112 74 74 179 1481

31% 22% 17% 8% 5% 5% 12% 100%

297 239 176 128

5

(base) (135%)

$ 11,413 $ 16,018

aStudy A 1997 OSHA Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, SIC code 723 (Beauty Shops), number

of cases involving days away from work bStudy B 1996–8 Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry statistics, closed indemnity claims with more than three days from work

or the disability continues beyond ten days from injury date.

Figure 1-2 Common salon injuries and illnesses involving time away from work

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simple example of the true cost of a work-related injury or illness in the salon. Say that the lost time is eight hours at $15 per hour and medical expenses are $200. Then direct costs are $320. Since we are being conservative, indirect costs are estimated at only three times the $320, or $960. True costs of this case are now $1,280. At 20 percent profit, the salon would need $6,400 to make up for this lost-time case involving only $320 in direct costs.

Hazards and Risk We will learn that one of the most important things for a salon to do is identify and control hazards. If we think hard about our attitude toward safety and health, many of us relate more to the risk than any hazard associated with a particular task. For example, what is the risk of not wearing rubber gloves and safety glasses when handling chemicals in the salon? Maybe we think to ourselves: “I’ve used peroxides hundreds of times and don’t pay any attention to the label warnings anymore. I know what I’m doing and never really had a problem. Yes, I wear gloves when I apply color because I don’t want to stain my hands. But I don’t have time to pull them on and off when using other products. Yes, my hands get pretty dry sometimes, but I’ve only had a rash a couple of times. I’ve never had it splash in my eyes. Plus I don’t wear glasses, and these plastic things look strange, don’t fit well, and I don’t want to alarm my client by looking like an astronaut!” Work psychologists tell us that we think the risk is lower than it actually is. Further, the more familiar we are with a task, the lower we perceive the risk to be. And too often we think that if an accident has never happened, it never will happen. Though wrong, such faulty perceptions often prevent us from even considering how serious the hazard could be. All too often, the safety glasses and rubber gloves will remain in the drawer. So in the final analysis, thinking about risk is not that helpful. Now let’s think about asking “What’s the hazard when using peroxide?” This time we look at the MSDS and the product label and read something like “CAUTION: Developers are eye irritants. May cause severe irritation and possible permanent eye damage. Skin contact: Prolonged contact with skin may bleach it and cause burns.” Will that change our thinking? From now on, let’s focus on hazards, not risks.

R

egulatory and Legal Requirements Across the United States, there are a number of local, state, and federal agencies responsible for seeing that salon employees and clients are not exposed to unsafe or unhealthy conditions. Codes or regulations affecting salons are broad in scope and include the following: ■ decontamination and infection control ■ access to cosmetologist chemical exposure and medical records ■ provisions for emergency exit from buildings


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■ requirements for general environmental controls—ventilation, temperature, and humidity ■ provisions for and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) ■ provisions for first aid and access to medical services ■ fire prevention and protection ■ safe design and use of facilities, tools, and equipment ■ electrical safety ■ communication to employees covering chemical safety and health hazards ■ regulations to protect the public from harmful effects of chemicals and equipment ■ exposure control, communication, and recordkeeping requirements related to bloodborne pathogens like HIV infection and hepatitis B

Local Agencies Local agencies in your community responsible for setting and enforcing minimum standards for these regulations include city and county health departments, business license bureaus, fire marshals, and others. What happens if the health department receives a tip regarding an unsanitary condition at a salon? They would send an inspector to determine whether germs are being spread and caused by unsafe conditions and practices (for example, not properly disinfecting combs and brushes). If problems exist, the health department can order the salon owner to take corrective action and/or close the shop until they are corrected. Obviously, the negative publicity would hurt the salon’s business and cause clients to go elsewhere. The local fire marshal is responsible to ensure that local building, fire protection, and life safety codes are followed. Again, inspections, penalties, and corrective actions may result from a call by a concerned client, employee, or competitor.

State Agencies State agencies relevant to salons include licensing departments, the state pesticide department, department of agriculture, and state pollution control or environmental protection agency. Each state sets the minimal standards for performance of disinfectants, sterilizing products, and sanitizing agents and registers the products for sale within the state. Most states follow federal regulations (i.e., the United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] unless they choose to develop more stringent requirements.

Cosmetology Licensing State boards of cosmetology and licensing, which are sometimes divisions of health or other licensing-related departments like the state commerce department, the state board of public health, and any state

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Figure 1-3 The salon organization web page www.salons.org/govt_affairs/cosmetology.html (Government Affairs information provided by TSA 1.800.211.4TSA; www.salons.org)

OSHA agency, also set safety and health standards that must be followed by salons. For example, state health departments have guidelines for cleaning and disinfecting public establishments. They may set the minimum requirements themselves, or provide guidance to cosmetology boards who set the standards. Cosmetology boards license professional cosmetologists and make sure that salons meet the safety and health practices necessary to protect the public. The Salon Organization maintains a list of state cosmetology boards that are available on their web site (Figure 1–3, see Appendix A). Contact the office listed for specific licensing requirements in your state. Operational requirements often include the following:9, 10 ■ Instructions for cleaning and disinfecting scissors, razors, clipper blades, tweezers, combs, brushes, and brush rollers. ■ Requirements for clean linens, permanent waving end papers, and neck strips. ■ Rules about chemical fluids, creams, powders, and containers as well as spatulas, gauze, or cotton applicators.


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■ Instructions for electrical tools, implements, and extension cords. ■ Necessary practices for storing and using towels, robes, aprons, capes, and linens in order to protect customers. ■ Requirements for wigs and wig blocks. ■ Licensee regulations regarding disinfecting implements, removal of hair after each haircut, care of the shampoo bowl, personal hygiene and clothing, and rules for smoking, drinking, and eating in the salon. ■ Instructions about not knowingly providing services for persons having a communicable disease, condition, or parasites. ■ Rules about animals, birds, pets, and child care. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) all have a part in setting requirements for beauty salons. Food and Drug Administration The FDA is responsible for enforcing rules and regulations regarding products like foods, drugs, and cosmetics consumed by the public. Although the FDA does some testing of products and can take legal action against a manufacturer, it is up to the manufacturers to document proof of the quality and safety of their products. Environmental Protection Agency All disinfectants must be approved by the EPA and each individual state. The product label must also state the manufacturer’s claims for effectiveness and have an EPA registration number. Occupational Safety and Health Administration The federal OSHA Act was established in 1970. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is charged with protecting employees from hazardous working conditions or unsafe work practices. Currently there are more than twenty subparts or sections to the OSHA regulations for general industry; many of these affect salons. In addition, OSHA enforces the general duty clause3 that requires employers “to provide a place of employment free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees.” A key OSHA standard affecting salons is the federal Hazard Communication Standard3 or state employee right-to-know (RTK) regulation.2 This rule, discussed more in Chapter 3, requires employers to evaluate their workplaces for the existence of hazardous substances (i.e., those contained in disinfecting products, styling aids, permanent wave and hair color products, nail products, and cosmetics) and to provide training and information to employees who are routinely exposed to these chemicals. Again, most states follow federal regulations unless they choose to develop more stringent requirements.

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Figure 1-4 OSHA small business web page www.osha-slc.gov/smallbusiness/index.html

OSHA considers salons that have ten or fewer employees to be “small” employers. They have fewer safety and health requirements than larger establishments. Information regarding approved state plans and consultation services for small business can be found on the OSHA Web site (Figure 1–4). Contact information for regional OSHA consultation services is found in Appendix B. State cosmetology regulators, aren’t the only ones concerned with the spread of diseases like AIDS and hepatitis B. OSHA’s bloodborne pathogen standard3 covers workers in salons, hospitals, medical and dental clinics, as well as other locations where there is a potential for jobrelated exposure to blood and or body fluids. Ergonomics is another major concern for OSHA and salons. Throughout this guide, we will discuss conditions and repetitive work practices that cause back, arm, shoulder, wrist, and hand problems. OSHA considers ergonomic disorders such as back pain and carpal tunnel syndrome as the most common, most expensive, and most preventable type of workplace injury in the country.24 Each year, approximately 1.8 million workers experience muscle, bone and joint disorders that OSHA calls musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). About one-third of


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these injuries require time off work. Because of the lengthy recovery time, ergonomic-related injuries account for a larger portion of all workers’ compensation costs than you might expect. Repetitive motion involving the forearm, wrist and fingers often causes an injury called carpal tunnel syndrome, or CTS for short. Manipulation of scissors, combs, brushes, and hair dryers produces the kind of repetitive trauma disorders that lead to CTS. To date, OSHA has concentrated on the meat and poultry processing industry for citations involving these MSDs. Though all of these OSHA requirements are certainly not new, unfortunately they are unknown to many beauty salons.

C

ase History: Building a Safety and Health Support System There is an old management adage that says “form follows function.” In the case of the salon, this means the need for improved safety and health performance will determine the form of the written policy. Too often, there is a huge gap between what organizations write or say they are doing and the actual practice on the floor. Clearly the owners and managers of the two organizations discussed in this case study made a strong commitment to improve safety and health which provided the engine for change. Approximately one year has passed since LeSalon Ltd., and Minnesota Cosmetology Education Center (MCEC) began an ongoing improvement process in safety and health. Looking back, the biggest success factor in the whole effort has been that business management provided initiative and leadership. From the beginning, LeSalon and MCEC have been committed to building a strong safety and health support system.

Safety and Health Coordinators LeSalon and MCEC started by choosing part-time safety coordinators for the two salons and school facility. The school manager and the salon manager were chosen for this function. There was an immediate issue in relating the size of the task to time and resources available to the coordinators. This issue was resolved when it was agreed that the project might take several years and the two coordinators would spend up to five hours per month on safety and health. A job description was written (Figure 1–5) and the effort began.

Written Safety and Health Programs Policies and procedures to meet the requirements of federal and Minnesota OSHA plus many of the state operational regulations required for salons were drafted, including guidance for inspections, recordkeeping/accident investigation, safety meetings and training, general safety rules for all departments, and program enforcement.14 The key written OSHA standalone programs are hazard communication and bloodborne pathogens.

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LE SALON THE ART OF THE LOOK Elizabeth A. Houle President

Ruth Ann Houle Vice President

Job Description Safety and Health Coordinator 1. Appoint Assistant Coordinator (seek volunteers—stylist or student). 2. Coordinator is responsible for implementing safety, health, and sanitation procedures; conducting periodic training; and assisting management to enforce safety rules. Approximately 5 hours per month to be spent on these activities. 3. (Schools) Set up curriculum to teach safety, health, and sanitation. 4. Annually: list accomplishments for the current year and write objectives for next year. 5. Each year: conduct at least 6 safety and health training sessions for the staff. • Blood and HIV/Hepatitis Protection • Sanitation and Infection Control Procedures • Understanding Material Safety Data Sheets • Proper Labeling • Safe Personal and Equipment Operating Procedures • Ergonomics 6. Conduct quarterly salon self-inspections. 7. Keep MSDS book current and review; update every 6 months. 8. Maintain annual record of injuries and illnesses on the OSHA 200 Log. 9. Hold quarterly meetings with management to cover progress.

Figure 1-5 Sample Job Description for a Safety and Health Coordinator

Management Responsibility and Participation Salon and school management participated by establishing meaningful objectives; communicating the new program to stylists, teachers, and students; and leading quarterly progress meetings. Written procedures were established for general sanitation and for disinfecting implements. MSDS binders for the school and two salons were provided and the safety sheets were updated, reorganized, and filed in the binders. A short training session on how to read MSDS sheets and proper labeling was held for staff at each location.


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Hazard Analysis and Control A system based on monthly inspections and follow-up as well as following safe work procedures was implemented. An inspection team including owner, manager, safety coordinator, teacher, and employee and/or student representative conducts a walk-through for each location every three months. Needed corrections are noted and followed to completion. The changes are then reported to employees and students. Safe work practices are reinforced at LeSalon and MCEC by training new employees, communicating through safety meetings, and use of job safety analysis. JSAs are used to write important procedures, identify hazards, and establish precautions.

Employee Participation and Communications Employee participation and communication was built into the improvement process from the very beginning. An example is teacher-studentstylist teamwork to implement disinfecting procedures that use tuberculocidal products at both salons and schools.

Awareness and Training Safety and health is a regular subject at both monthly student council and salon meetings. Teachers at the school have developed lesson plans for key topics that include handling blood and HIV/hepatitis protection; sanitation and decontaminating procedures; reading and understanding MSDS sheets; container labeling; proper use of tools and equipment; and practical ergonomics.

Recordkeeping and Accident Investigation The organization keeps an OSHA 200 log for each location and uses the First Report of Injury Form from the Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry. There have been no significant accidents requiring full investigation, however, LeSalon and MCEC have a written procedure to follow. The procedure calls for investigating all accidents or work-related illnesses, even if they are first-aid cases. First aid supplies are available at all locations and for all shifts. Names and phone numbers of qualified first aid and medical services are posted in a prominent place.

Enforcement of Policies and Procedures Employee-student cooperation in adopting the safety and health support system has not been a problem. An enforcement policy has been established, including forms of discipline for unsafe acts and for not following safe work practices. The two organizations developed the set of annual objectives and accomplishments presented in Figures 1–6 and 1–7. These documents reflect the fact that LeSalon and Minnesota Cosmetology Education Center are committed to a program of continuous improvement. By implementing the activities presented in this case study, these organizations are maintaining and ensuring the effectiveness of their safety and health support system.

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1

MINNESOTA COSMETOLOGY EDUCATION CENTER

Minnesota Cosmetology Education Center, Inc. 704 Marie Avenue South St. Paul, MN 55075

Annual Accomplishments for Safety and Health 1. Written program completed for two salons and school. 2. Safety coordinators appointed for salons and school—Collette Kipka and Jeanine Hinton. 3. Written job description completed for safety coordinators. 4. Completed MSDS book and chemical inventory for professional products. 5. Held professional training session, "How to read MSDS sheets" in July. 6. Professional safety and sanitation inspection held in December at MCEC. 7. Safety and health orientation now conducted for all new employees. 8. MCEC teachers completed lesson plan drafts to cover: • New OSHA requirements for treatment of blood and potentially infectious waste • Sanitation and decontaminating procedures • How to read an MSDS sheet • Proper chemical labeling • Proper use of tools and equipment 9. Safety coordinators now hold quarterly meetings with owner to discuss progress and improvements.

Figure 1-6 Sample annual accomplishments for safety and health

Q

uick Review: Management and Cosmetologist Responsibilities To make changes like those outlined in this chapter, salon owners, managers, and employees need to make a commitment together to improve safety and health performance. They must work to do the following things. ■ Implement an effective written program. ■ Identify and control new and existing hazards in the salon.


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LE SALON THE ART OF THE LOOK Elizabeth A. Houle President

Ruth Ann Houle Vice President

Annual Safety and Health Plan 1. Conduct a fire drill two times a year at each location. 2. Conduct eight safety- and health-related training sessions throughout the year. 3. Conduct a safety and health orientation for all new employees. 4. MCEC teachers to write lesson plans to cover: new OSHA requirements for treatment of blood and potentially infectious waste, sanitation and decontaminating procedures, how to read an MSDS sheet, proper product labeling, and proper use of tools and equipment. 5. Safety coordinators to hold quarterly meetings with owner to discuss progress and improvements.

Figure 1-7 Sample annual safety and health plan

■ Communicate the improvement plan to other employees so that they are aware of work-related hazards and controls. ■ Investigate workplace accidents and put corrective actions in place. ■ Develop and enforce safe work practices. Managers and cosmetologists already have a strong commitment to their clients. Meeting your clients’ expectations is important to your long-term success and several important factors that clients observe are related to safety and health. The salon needs to be visually attractive, well lighted, and comfortably heated or air-conditioned. It should also be well ventilated and sanitized to prevent odors and potential contagious substances from coming into contact with people. Clients expect to see cosmetologists who look healthy, exhibit good posture, and communicate effectively and professionally. They may have questions about the safety of chemical services and products that you use every day without concern. Often, these questions are not asked, or if they are, you may not be able to answer them without some research. Close attention to management and cosmetologist responsibilities will keep your staff and clients coming back to the salon, again and again.

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A

ctivities and Review Questions

Developing Creative and Productive Training Sessions In preparing for your discussion on safety and health in the salon, be sure to consider use of proven effective training techniques: ■ visual aids ■ group involvement including role playing ■ effective resource material including case studies ■ new words ■ creative sentences ■ mind mapping ■ sense and experience activities

Visual Aids In his book Creative Training Techniques Handbook11 (see Appendix C), Robert Pike describes research at the University of Wisconsin that achieved up to 200 percent improvement in retention through the use of audiovisual aids. Harvard and Columbia Universities have found a 14 to 38 percent improvement in retention, using audiovisuals. The bottom line is that visual aids help bridge the gap between the average rate of speech and the average rate of thought. There are at least ten reasons for you as a safety and health discussion leader to make use of visual aids: 1. to attract and maintain attention 2. to reinforce main ideas 3. to illustrate and support the spoken word 4. to minimize misunderstanding 5. to increase retention 6. to add a touch of real world 7. to save both time and money 8. to aid in organizing your thoughts 9. to ensure covering key points 10. to build confidence in yourself The two general categories of visual aids are projected and nonprojected. Examples of projected visual aids include films, videotapes, slides, film strips, computer graphics, and overhead transparencies. In the nonprojected visual aid category, we find pictures, posters, flip charts, flannel graphs, models, maps, bulletin boards, chalkboards, and marker boards. In the chapters ahead, you will find activities to help make your safety and health training sessions more creative and effective.


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Review Questions 1. State operational requirements for salons often require that: a. each licensee must maintain an adequate supply of clean and disinfected brushes, combs, and other implements and tools for use on patrons. b. all bottles and containers be correctly and clearly labeled to disclose their contents. Poisonous substances should be clearly and conspicuously marked. c. each licensee should ensure that all hair is removed from the floor after each haircut. d. all of the above. 2. What state or federal agency requires employers to provide a place of employment free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees? a. state health department b. state cosmetology licensing agency c. fire department d. OSHA 3. Attention to personal hygiene, universal sanitation, and hazard awareness and control are part of: a. professional responsibilities b. common sense c. Hazard Communication Standard d. cosmetology licensing requirements 4. Choose four elements of a safety and health support system. a. safety and health coordinator, written program, use of safety glasses, and no smoking b. management involvement, hazard awareness and control, daily inspections, and an evacuation plan c. employee communications, training, accident investigation and corrective action, and program enforcement d. none of the above 5. An action plan to improve safety and health in a salon may include steps to: a. update and organize MSDS sheets for professional products b. establish and practice an emergency evacuation plan c. develop written procedures for disinfecting implements and handling potentially infectious waste d. all of the above 6. Good _______________ includes wearing clean washable clothing and clean shoes to work. a. public hygiene b. sterilization methods c. general sanitation d. personal hygiene


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C H A P T E R


CHAPTER OUTLINE

KEY TERMS

Safe Work Conditions and Practices ■ Describe the benefits of conducting safety inspections and following safe work practices. ■ Give examples of hazard awareness and control. ■ Describe why decontamination is important. ■ List the general procedure to follow in the event of an injury, fire, illness, storm, loss of power, and other emergencies. ■ Explain how to write a job safety analysis.

First Impressions and Behind-the-Scenes Hazard Awareness, Prevention, and Control Safe Work Conditions—Inspections and Follow-up Safe Work Practices A Safe Work Procedures Checklist Job Safety Analysis Performance Measurement Quick Review Activities and Review Questions Group Involvement Review Questions

ABC fire extinguisher bacteria bactericides code CPR cross-contamination decontamination deodorant soaps detergent disinfection (disinfecting)

emergency action plan engineering controls GFCI job safety analysis (JSA) precaution sanitation shelter-in-place tuberculocidal unsafe condition wet sanitizers

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F

irst Impressions and Behind-the-Scenes A client’s first impression of the salon is formed when they arrive in the reception area and are greeted by the receptionist or stylist. They are influenced by what they see, what you say, and later, by your general manner. First impressions are long-lasting and can greatly enhance the client’s comfort and satisfaction with their visit to your salon (Figure 2–1). But what is more important is what occurs behind-the-scenes. Beneath and behind the attractive reception area is what the client won’t see— safety readiness. Safety readiness means that the elements of an effective safety and health support system are in place. If you, the cosmetologist, are confident in this system, the client will be confident in you. First impressions are easily made but good lasting impressions are earned. Proactive safety and health activities lead to customer and employee satisfaction, reduced costs, and increased profitability and competitiveness. Let’s now look at some of these key activities.

H

azard Awareness, Prevention, and Control There are four parts to effective hazard awareness, prevention, and control:12 1. Management and employees must be conscious of safety and health hazards. 2. Management and employees need to participate in self-inspections and follow-up.

Figure 2-1 A neat and attractive reception area sets the tone for the client’s visit


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3. The establishment should develop and practice an emergency action plan. 4. Management needs to participate in developing and reinforcing safe work practices. Hazards can cause either injuries or illnesses. An injury is normally caused by a sudden event, like a fire, a chemical burn, or spraying a styling aid product into the eye. On the other hand, illnesses occur over time; an example is an allergic reaction that builds up over time by exposing your hands to an aniline-containing hair color without gloves. Another example of work-related illness is finger, hand, wrist, or shoulder pain caused by repeating the same motion on a daily basis for days, months, and years; OSHA calls these problems musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Hazard prevention and control measures involve workplace inspections that ensure safe work conditions, and attention to safe work practices or procedures. In the rest of this chapter, specific tools will be offered to put these two hazard control measures in place.

Inspections and Follow-Up Monthly self-inspections should be conducted by a team of salon/school owners, managers, and employees or students (see Figure 2–2). In addition, ask your local fire department, workers’ compensation insurer, lossprevention insurance carrier, or a professional safety and health consultant to conduct an annual professional inspection. Figure 2–3 is an example of a partial inspection conducted by a certified safety professional. Figure 2–4 is a self-inspection report in the form of a checklist.4, 14

Figure 2-2 Salon Inspection Team

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2

Safety and Health Inspection Report Location:

MCEC

Inspected by:

DENNIS NELSON

Date: 12/9/99

All Salon Areas—Housekeeping and Sanitation ❐ OK Is there evidence the salon has been used for cooking or living quarters? ❐ YES Are all salon areas orderly, dust, insect and rodent-free, clean, sanitary, and well-lighted? DISPENSARY—TOO DARK TO READ LABELS IN CABINET ON LEFT SIDE. ❐ NO Are floors swept clean whenever needed and is hair swept up after each client service? CLINIC—HAIR SWEPT BUT NOT PICKED UP. ❐ YES Are floors mopped and carpets vacuumed daily? ❐ YES Are windows, screens and curtains cleaned regularly? ❐ NO Are all waste materials deposited in a metal waste receptacle with a self-closing lid? Are waste receptacles emptied regularly throughout the day? Are hazardous waste containers properly labeled and separated from normal waste as required? LID OPEN—SHAMPOO AREA. ❐ YES Are all sinks and drinking fountains cleaned regularly? ❐ YES Are separate or disposable drinking cups provided for clients and employees? ❐ YES Are hot and cold water faucets clean and leak-free? ❐ YES Are all toilets and washing facilities clean and sanitary? Are toilet tissue, paper towels, and pump-type antiseptic liquid soap provided? ❐ YES Are door handles cleaned regularly? ❐ YES Is food stored separately from salon products? Is there assurance that eating and drinking is done on sanitary surfaces separate from chemical handling or where services are being provided? STUDENTS EATING IN LUNCH ROOM ONLY. ❐ YES Is the work area ventilation appropriate for the services provided and are fans, humidifiers exhaust and ventilation systems cleaned regularly? ❐ YES Are floors free of water or other substances that could cause a slip, trip, or fall? ❐ YES Are MSDS sheets available for all chemicals used in the salon? PROFESSIONAL PRODUCTS ONLY. ❐ YES Are all chemicals properly stored and all containers labeled? Is the outside of all containers kept clean? MUCH BETTER, UNMARKED WATER BOTTLES IN CLINIC. ❐ YES Is appropriate personal protective equipment (eye protection, gloves, dust and organic vapor masks etc.) available and used according to manufacturer’s directions and salon policy? ❐ YES Does the washing machine provide water temperature of at least 160 degrees Fahrenheit? ❐ YES Is a hospital-grade tuberculocidal disinfecting solution and instructions available for cleaning scissors, combs, brushes, plastic capes and other materials as required? CURRENTLY USING MARVICIDE.

Figure 2-3 Professional Salon Safety and Health Inspection Report


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Emergency Precautions and First Aid ❐ YES Are emergency phone numbers posted where they can be readily found in an emergency? ❐ YES Are fire evacuation procedures posted? ❐ YES Are tornado shelter and fire evacuation locations posted? ❐ YES Are first-aid kits readily accessible with necessary supplies? Is the kit periodically inspected and replenished as needed? ❐ NO Are emergency eye wash bottles provided where chemical handling is done and where chemical services are provided? Is there ready access to a sink with tempered water to completely flush the eyes from hazardous materials? NO EYE WASH BOTTLES IN DISPENSARY. ❐ YES Are exit and warning signs (biohazard, fire door, flammable or toxic chemicals,) posted where appropriate? EXIT SIGNS: 1 IN LAUNDRY, 1 IN LUNCH ROOM (WRONG DOOR), 1 IN CLINIC.

Figure 2-3 Professional Salon Safety and Health Inspection Report (Continued)

Salon Self-Inspection Safety and Health Report Location:

Inspected by:

Date:

All Salon Areas—Housekeeping, Sanitation, and Disinfecting ❐ Is there evidence the salon has been used for cooking or living quarters? ❐ Are all salon areas orderly, dust, insect and rodent-free, clean, sanitary, and well lighted? ❐ Are floors swept clean whenever needed and is hair swept up after each client service? Are cotton balls and other materials picked up immediately? ❐ Are floors mopped and carpets vacuumed daily? ❐ Are windows, screens and curtains cleaned regularly? ❐ Are all waste materials deposited in a metal waste receptacle with a self-closing lid? Are waste receptacles emptied regularly throughout the day? Are hazardous waste containers properly labeled and separated from normal waste as required? ❐ Are all sinks and drinking fountains cleaned regularly? ❐ Are separate or disposable drinking cups provided for clients and employees? ❐ Are hot and cold water faucets clean and leak free? ❐ Are all toilets and washing facilities clean and sanitary? Are toilet tissue, paper towels, and pumptype antiseptic liquid soap provided? ❐ Are door handles cleaned regularly? ❐ Is food stored separately from salon products? Is there assurance that eating and drinking is done on sanitary surfaces separate from chemical handling or where services are being provided? (Continued)

Figure 2-4 Salon Self-Inspection Safety and Health Report

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❐ Is the work area ventilation appropriate for the services provided and are fans, humidifiers exhaust and ventilation systems cleaned regularly? ❐ Are floors free of water or other substances that could cause a slip, trip, or fall? ❐ Are MSDS sheets available for all chemicals used in the salon? ❐ Are all chemicals properly stored and all containers labeled? Is the outside of all containers kept clean? ❐ Is appropriate personal protective equipment (eye protection, gloves, dust and organic vapor masks etc.) available and used according to manufacturer’s directions and salon policy? ❐ Does the washing machine provide water temperature of at least 160 degrees Fahrenheit? ❐ Is a hospital-grade tuberculocidal disinfecting solution and instructions available for cleaning scissors, combs, brushes, plastic capes and other materials as required? ❐ Are “wet sanitizers” containing disinfecting solution used only for implements to be decontaminated? Emergency Precautions and First Aid ❐ Are emergency phone numbers posted where they can be readily found in an emergency? ❐ Are fire evacuation procedures posted? ❐ Are tornado shelter and fire evacuation locations posted? ❐ Are first-aid kits readily accessible with necessary supplies? Is the kit periodically inspected and replenished as needed? ❐ Are emergency eye wash bottles provided where chemical handling is done and where chemical services are provided? Is there ready access to a sink with tempered water to completely flush the eyes from hazardous materials? ❐ Are exit and warning signs (biohazard, fire door, flammable, or toxic chemicals,) posted where appropriate? Fire Safety ❐ Are flammable/combustible products and materials (towels, paper, cardboard) stored and handled away from open flame, electrical outlets, and other ignition sources? ❐ Does the salon comply with all local fire codes? ❐ Is the fire alarm system certified as required? Tested at least annually? ❐ Are automatic sprinkler systems (sprinkler heads, water pressure and control valves) free from obstructions and checked periodically? ❐ Are portable fire extinguishers provided in adequate numbers and type? ❐ Are fire extinguishers mounted in readily accessible locations and recharged regularly? Inspection tag marked and current? Walkways, Stairways, and Exits ❐ Are aisles and passageways kept clear? ❐ Are materials and equipment stored such that sharp objects will not interfere with the walkway? ❐ Are standard stair rails or handrails provided for all stairways having four or more risers? Is the handrail capable of withstanding a downward load of 200 pounds? ❐ Are steps provided with a surface that renders them slip resistant? Is the slip resistant material in good condition?

Figure 2-4 Salon Self-Inspection Safety and Health Report (Continued)


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❐ Are all exits kept free of obstructions? Are exits marked with an exit sign and illuminated by a reliable light source? ❐ Are there sufficient exits to permit prompt escape in case of an emergency? ❐ Is the number of exits from each floor of a building and the number of exits from the building itself appropriate for the building occupancy load? ❐ Can exit doors be opened from the direction of exit travel without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort when the building is occupied? ❐ Are fire doors maintained closed and warnings posted "Do not block open?" Ergonomics ❐ Are there heavy objects on the floor or overhead that must be lifted? ❐ Does the working space allow for a full range of work movements? ❐ Is the working point-of-operation at the proper height and adjustable? ❐ Are clippers, scissors and other tools recommended or provided that maintain a relatively neutral hand and wrist position? ❐ Are armrests and footrests provided where needed? ❐ Where chairs or stools are provided, are they easily adjustable and suited to the task? ❐ Are all written task requirements visible from comfortable positions? Electrical Safety ❐ Are all electrical tools and implements kept on stands or hangers or otherwise stored properly when not in use? ❐ Are multiple plug adapters prohibited and work stations free from electrical overload (multiple cords plugged into one outlet, or lightweight cords with large appliances with heating elements or motors)? Is the area free from extension cords used as permanent wiring? ❐ Are extension cords limited to one per station, six feet in length, and only in-use when providing client services? Are the cords in good condition, not pinched, broken, cracked or covered up? ❐ Are washers, dryers, and other electrical appliances and tools provided with 3-prong plugs or doubleinsulated? ❐ Are ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) provided for areas that are or might become wet? ❐ Are lamps, outlets, extension cords and other electrical circuitry near flammable chemical handling that could serve as an ignition source? ❐ Are all circuits identified in breaker panel boxes? ❐

Are all unused openings (including conduit knockouts) in electrical enclosures and fittings covered by covers, plugs or plates?

❐ Are switches, receptacles, etc., provided with tight-fitting covers or plates? Repairs/corrections must be completed by (date) ________________________________________ Report routed to ____________________________________ (date) ________________________ Repairs/corrections have been completed by ____________________________________________ Signed ___________________________________________ (date) ________________________


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These inspections should be conducted by the salon monthly or at the very least on a quarterly basis, to identify unsafe conditions as soon as possible. Note that while many of the categories in Figure 2-4 are selfexplanatory, others like fire, exit, and electrical safety can be somewhat technical in nature. Contact a local fire department, building inspector, licensed electrician, or safety consultant for regulatory requirements and what to look for in your salon. All Salon Areas—Housekeeping, Sanitation, and Disinfecting The inspection checklist provides many items directed to sanitation and infection control. Most of these practices are required by law for salons to control dirt, oils, microorganisms, and other contaminants. Floors, windows, waste receptacles, sinks/toilets/faucets and drinking fountains, and working surfaces must all be inspected for cleanliness and sanitation. The inspection team should look to make sure scissors, razors, clipper blades, combs and brushes, tweezers, cutting tools, and other implements are cleaned, disinfected, and properly stored. Sanitation is the lowest level of decontamination and only significantly reduces the bacteria found on a surface. Examples of sanitation in the salon are removing hair from a brush and washing the brush with detergent before disinfecting, and washing your hands with soap and water or using a skin antiseptic. Note that antiseptics are safe for application to skin and are considered to be sanitizers. Many states require that capes, scissors, combs, brushes and other tools be sanitized before they are immersed or sprayed with clean, hospital-grade, tuberculocidal disinfecting solution to eliminate the possibility of spreading diseases such as HIV and hepatitis-B. Disinfection is the process of killing specific microorganisms by physical or chemical means. According to experts in this field, there are four levels of disinfection effectiveness:5 1. limited disinfecting; 2. general disinfecting; 3. hospital-grade disinfecting; and 4. hospital-grade, tuberculocidal disinfecting Category four, or hospital-grade, tuberculocidal disinfectants, kill the tuberculosis (TB) bacillus which is used in the laboratory to measure a disinfectant’s effectiveness. If a disinfectant can kill TB, the same product will be able to kill many of the more resistant organisms like viral hepatitis. The HIV organism is easy to kill relative to hepatitis B or C. Emergency Precautions and First Aid Emergency precautions and first aid procedures need to be thoroughly discussed by management and staff before the inspection. Make sure you are prepared should your establishment face a serious emergency caused by fire, explosion, flash flood, tornado, by client or employee heart attack/seizure, or by an incident of workplace violence. As an


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employer, you need to be aware that OSHA regulations call for businesses, including salons, to have an emergency action plan in place. Protecting clients and your people is the first priority of the emergency action plan. The plan needs to be in writing for employers with more than ten employees and may be informal for those with fewer employees. Conduct a training session before implementing the plan to be sure that employees are informed and comfortable with the duties that they will be expected to perform. Provide an informal quiz to make sure the training is effective. Also schedule and perform an evacuation drill. Specific actions in the emergency action plan include:12 ■ Establish shelter-in-place or escape procedures and escape route assignments. Ask for a volunteer or choose and train someone to assist in a rapid, orderly evacuation. ■ Provide a list of rescue, first aid, and medical supplies and services, and post phone numbers and escape routes in a prominent place. Important first aid services to include for training are cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and artificial respiration. ■ Have a procedure to “count heads” or otherwise account for all employees after the emergency evacuation has been completed. ■ Provide an employee alarm system (for ten or fewer staff members, the alarm can be by voice). ■ Provide the means of reporting all emergencies. The inspection team should use the checklist to ensure all visible elements of the emergency action plan are in place. Fire Safety A salon full of cosmetologists and clients is the last place you want a fire! Good housekeeping and minimizing paper, towels, and other flammables/combustibles near ignition sources like candles, Christmas trees, operating light bulbs, and electrical equipment and outlets will help protect people and your property. Looking for ignition sources and unwanted fuel is an important part of the monthly self-inspection. Here again, before doing the self-inspection, the safety committee will want to plan the following items carefully: handling and storage of flammable and combustible materials, compliance with local fire codes, and inspection of technical systems like automatic sprinklers and smoke alarms, as well as placement and maintenance of fire extinguishers. In relatively low fire-hazard structures, including homes, office buildings, and most salons, one all-purpose five pound, ABC fire extinguisher is recommended for every 600 square feet of space. For small shops, the extinguisher should be mounted in a prominent place on a wall just outside the dispensary. The top of the extinguisher should be four feet from the floor. Inspect the fire extinguisher monthly for the following: ■ The pressure indicator must be in the green or ready zone. If the pointer is outside that zone, the unit is not suitable for use. ■ Be sure the lock pin is firmly in place. ■ Check that the discharge nozzle is clean and free from obstructions.

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■ Check the unit for dents, scratches, corrosion, and evidence of tampering. For use of an all-purpose fire extinguisher, it is helpful to remember the acronym PASS.25 P stands for “pull the pin on the handle of the extinguisher.” A means “aim the hose at the base of the fire, standing six to eight feet away from the fire.” S stands for “squeeze the extinguisher handle to start the flow of dry chemical.” S means “sweep the chemical discharge back and forth while aiming at the base of the fire.” Be sure to train your staff to properly use a fire extinguisher on small fires, and provide periodic refresher session. Walkways, Stairways, and Exits Walkways, stairways, and exits should be obvious, well-marked, and illuminated. Stair rails must be designed and installed to meet OSHA and local building code requirements. Your local building inspector can help you interpret the building code that applies to your location. Inspections should include assurance of proper housekeeping, clear exit direction and no obstructions blocking the exit path, proper illumination of the exit path (including backup electrical power in case of power failure), and selection/maintenance of fire doors. Ergonomics Ergonomics deal with fitting the work station to the cosmetologist and not the other way around. Much of what needs to be done around the salon involves safe work practices, but the inspection team needs to look for the ergonomic items on the checklist. Electrical Safety There are many electrical hazards in the salon that can quickly deliver a shock or a spark which may cause a fire. Electrical tools, washers, dryers, standing hair dryers, and other appliances need to be inspected on a regular basis. Remember to look for GFCIs (ground fault current interrupters) around sinks and other areas that may become wet. GFCIs are inexpensive and generally available at a hardware store.

Safe Work Procedures A Safe Work Procedures Checklist Industrial manufacturing plants often train employees in how to work safely by following detailed, written work procedures. Detailed written procedures are usually not developed in salons but manufacturers always provide directions for using their products. These directions should be modified and incorporated into written safety procedures to be used by stylists and by management for training and enforcement. Figure 2–5 presents a checklist of safe work procedures for all areas of the salon. Specific additions to this list for the stations are discussed in Chapters 3 through 8.


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Safe Work Procedures Checklist ❐ Are all employees practicing good personal hygiene and wearing clean shoes and freshly laundered clothes? Are they free from communicable diseases and parasites when providing client services? ❐ Do stylists avoid providing services to any person known to have a communicable disease, condition, or parasites? ❐ Do stylists wash hands with soap and hot water after using rest rooms and between clients? Do they remember to dry hands thoroughly? Are fingernails kept clean? Do they avoid touching their face, mouth, or eye area while providing services? ❐ Is eating, drinking, and smoking by employees prohibited in the salon? ❐ Is appropriate personal protective equipment (eye protection, disposable gloves, etc.) being used according to manufacturer’s directions and salon policy? ❐ Are freshly laundered towels used on each client? ❐ Are soiled towels and linens laundered commercially or in washing machines with laundry detergent using water of a temperature of at least 160 degrees Fahrenheit? As an alternative to laundering, are plastic capes disinfected on all sides using a hospital-grade tuberculocidal disinfecting solution? ❐ Are wig blocks covered with a nonabsorbent covering, kept clean and sanitary? Is the covering removed after each wig treatment and properly stored in a labeled container? Is each wig accepted for service stored in an individual sanitary container (e.g. plastic bag) and kept from contact with other wigs? Are new wigs kept from contact with any client’s hair, skin, or wig? Is plastic wrap or other suitable covering material placed over a prospective buyer’s hair while trying on wigs? ❐ Do stylists always use freshly laundered towels on each client? Are towels, robes, and linens stored in a clean, closed cabinet until used? Are disinfected capes, aprons, and robes hung in an area of the salon at least 5 feet away from individual work stations? ❐ Are client linens, gowns and headbands properly cleaned before being reused? ❐ Do stylists prevent capes or other covering from touching client’s skin? ❐ Do cosmetologists avoid sharing makeup, lipstick, puffs, pencils, files, and brushes? ❐ Are clean cotton balls or sponges used to apply cosmetics and creams? ❐ Does each stylist use and keep (in a clean, covered container) an adequate supply of clean and disinfected brushes, combs, scissors and other implements/tools for use on clients? Are wooden or other porous utensils (e.g. manicure tools) discarded after each use? ❐ Are all containers properly marked, tightly closed and properly stored? Is the outside of all containers kept clean? Are products removed from containers with clean spatulas, not fingers? ❐ Is soiled or dirty linen removed from the workplace and properly stored for cleaning? ❐ Do stylists avoid touching their face, mouth, or eye area during services or placing tools, combs, curlers, or bobby pins in their mouths or pockets? ❐ Are employees following safe work procedures according to legal requirements and salon policy? ❐ Are children directed to a safe play area before client services are provided? ❐ Does the salon have a no-pet policy in the salon except for trained Seeing Eye® dogs? (Continued)

Figure 2-5 Safe Work Procedures Checklist

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Electrical ❐ Do employees step on, twist and bend, or place objects on electrical cords? ❐ Do they clean around electrical outlets or equipment when plugged in? ❐ Is water splashed on electrical cords and connections or are cords and electrical equipment handled with wet hands? ❐ Are appliances disconnected by pulling on the cord instead of the plug? ❐ Does the stylist or client touch metal during use of electrical equipment? ❐ Does the cosmetologist leave the room when the client is connected to an electrical appliance?

Other ❐ Does salon management use Job Safety Analysis to teach and reinforce safe work practices?

Figure 2-5 Safe Work Procedures Checklist (Continued)

Job Safety Analysis Manufacturer’s directions may not completely apply to your salon or work procedure. You may ask how to simply modify these generic directions for your specific use. The answer is job safety analysis or JSA. The JSA is a quick and effective way to identify hazards and generate important precautions in order to do a task or follow a procedure safely.12 Let’s take a simple example in Figure 2–6 and consider only the first three steps. Note that the form first asks you to list steps involved in the procedure, what engineering controls are necessary, and PPE to be used. Next list in detail, all the steps necessary to complete the procedure. After that, brainstorm the hazards associated with each step. When decontaminating combs and brushes, it is necessary to dilute the tuberculocidal concentrate with water (Step 3). Finally, list precautions associated with each hazard. In our example, controlling the splash hazard in Step 3 involves pouring the concentrate into the water (not the water into the concentrate). In addition to the hazards listed in Figure 2–6, you could add dropping the container and spilling the concentrate on the floor, counter or yourself. Use the blank JSA form provided in Figure 2–7 to write your own safety procedures and for training employees. You will note that in the following chapters, JSAs are provided for several major salon services. The procedural steps are listed as provided in Milady’s Standard Text11 (see Appendix C). You may also use the completed JSA forms and the Our Action Plan column to customize these procedures in your salon. Remember to involve the cosmetologists in generating steps and identifying hazards and precautions.


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Job Safety Analysis

Procedure: Disinfecting Combs and Brushes

Engineering Controls: Adequate ventilation

Personal Protective Equipment: Rubber gloves, chemical goggles and face shield, long sleeves when dispensing and mixing; safety glasses with side shields for normal use.

Step 1. Measure correct amount of tap water into mixing container.

Hazard

Precaution

Client or child contact

Mix, use and store tuberculocide for implements in dispensary only. Keep away from client area or store in closed cabinet.

2. Open container and measure correct amount of tuberculocidal cleaner.

Beautician eye and skin contact, inhalation, contamination with food

Review product MSDS and instructions for use, wear PPE, avoid splashing, dripping and contact with skin. Do not touch face or arms.

3. Pour cleaner into water and stir until mixture is uniform in color.

Splash into eyes and face.

Pour cleaner into water; do not pour water into cleaner.

Figure 2-6 Job Safety Analysis—Example

P

erformance Measurement Experts in work behavior have established key guidelines for school and salon leaders. When trying to improve an organization’s safety and health performance, one question that often comes up is “What do I measure and reinforce?” Behavioral experts tell us to emphasize results:

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2

Job Safety Analysis Form

Procedure: _______________________________

Engineering Controls: ___________________

Personal Protective Equipment:

Step

Hazard

Figure 2-7 Job Safety Analysis Form

Precaution

Our Action Plan


■ ■ ■ ■

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first (this is easier to measure) when results and activities are highly correlated where people are skilled and know what to do when results are already improving

Emphasize activities when: ■ current performance is a long way from the goal ■ the link between results and activities is vague ■ the result follows a long time frame ■ feedback to the employee is inadequate

Q

uick Review ■ There are many benefits of conducting safety inspections (ensuring safe work conditions) and following safe work practices. Understanding how your work environment affects you and your clients is directly related to safe work conditions and practices. A complete list of inspection items is found in Figure 2–4; safe work practices are listed in figure 2–5. ■ Examples of hazard awareness include conducting safety and health inspections, following up on items that need to be corrected, and communicating to others in the salon once the corrections have been made. ■ Decontamination is important to prevent the spread of contagious disease. ■ The general procedure to follow in the event of an injury, fire, illness, storm, loss of power, and other emergencies is: 1. Establish shelter-in-place or escape procedures and escape route assignments. 2. Provide a list of rescue, first aid, and medical supplies and services and post phone numbers and escape routes in a prominent place. 3. Have a procedure to account for all employees after the emergency evacuation has been completed. 4. Provide an employee alarm system. 5. Provide the means of reporting all emergencies. ■ A job safety analysis is written in three columns: the first lists the steps in the procedure; the second lists the hazard; and the third describes the precaution to be taken.

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2

A


Group Involvement Robert Pike, one of the foremost leaders in innovative training, says, “There’s more to teaching than talking to them.”11 Because group involvement involves more planning, instructors often steer clear, especially if they have a lecture teaching style. However, retention statistics point us in the direction of involving our participants. We retain 10 percent of what we read, 20 percent of what we hear, 30 percent of what we see, 50 percent of what we hear and see, 70 percent of what we say, and 90 percent of what we say and do. In addition to better retention, Pike points out the buy-in benefit of group involvement. He recommends an “instructor-led, participant-centered” approach. Thus, as many of the learning activities as possible are focused on the participants, not just what the instructor says. There are two key questions to ask yourself when planning your safety and health discussion: 1. What experience and knowledge do your participants bring to the class? Without prior experience, you need to prepare some background in order to involve them. 2. What do the participants need to know when the class is over, and what will they need to be able to find in the material? The key points that people need to know and do almost instinctively are what you concentrate on for participation and involvement. One of the features of Pike’s book is what he calls an Insider’s Tip. Consider the three corners of a triangle, labeled with the letters C, P, and R. Make sure the Content is relevant. Allow for adequate Participation. And finally find ways to Review and Reinforce the key points. Participants must be helped to find their own answers. To do this effectively, they need to apply tools and techniques, use appropriate reference material, and tap their own resources in class and back on-thejob. You as a leader need to reinforce their discoveries and avoid setting yourself up as the “rescuer” with the right answer, or the “judge” of what is right and wrong. This approach will take a lot of self-discipline on your part. If you are successful, you will have helped your participants to a self-discovery that they cannot achieve in any other way. Maintain leadership in an unobtrusive way and stick to the schedule. There is an ideal size of between five and seven for group activities. People need to change groups for day-long or monthly sessions. You are encouraged to use innovative and unexpected ways to form the groups and to choose a spokesperson for each group. Make sure you rotate responsibility for being the spokesperson, so that everyone gets a chance to be a leader. A three-part format is ideal for group involvement. Let’s use the example of a role-play between the client and stylist.


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1. Ask the groups (through their leaders) for volunteers to play each role and then discuss some simple safety or health issue like first aid for a small cut. 2. Next have the observers give feedback to the role-player and discuss that feedback. 3. Finally move on to application. Here an example might be to discuss the issue with the entire group. Ask each small group to give a brief report on helpful ideas and sticky points they encountered during the role play.

Review Questions 1. In the salon you practice _______________ to promote a healthy environment. a. sanitation b. sterilization c. personal hygiene d. personal services 2. Antiseptics are chemicals that have the power to _____________ germs. a. destroy b. retard (slow down the growth of) c. kill d. get rid of 3. In the salon do not work on a client if they have a _____________ without proper precautions. a. contagious disease b. noncontagious infection c. communicable disease d. all of these 4. A deodorant will ____________ offensive odors produced by sweat, bacteria, and other body fluids. a. prevent b. kill c. cover up d. get rid of 5. Bacteria is on the surface of the ________________ and can cause infection as soon as it enters the body. a. cosmetologist’s and client’s skin b. salon floor c. shampoo bowls and other equipment in the salon d. all of these

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6. _________________ should be instructed as to the location and use of the fire extinguisher in the salon. a. All employees b. The manager c. All clients d. The owner 7. What should you do if you are working on a client who faints? a. administer CPR b. call a physician immediately c. call the manager immediately d. pick them up and seat them on a chair 8. ________________ your hands frequently helps prevent the spread of bacteria in the salon. a. Washing b. Wiping off c. Rinsing d. Drying 9. Germs (bacteria) are _________________ in our salon or school environment. a. seldom found b. not found c. everywhere d. unable to grow 10. Bacteria that cause disease grow best where it is: a. damp, dark, warm, and dirty b. damp, light, cool, and dirty c. dry, warm, dark, and dirty d. dry, cool, dark and dirty

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CHAPTER OUTLINE

Chemical Dispensary

■ Know basic requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. ■ List the basic physical and chemical hazards found in the dispensary. ■ Explain what a Material Safety Data Sheet is and be able to find important safety and health information for salon professional and retail products. ■ Describe the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant and how to use each product in the salon. ■ Describe use of personal protective equipment, effective housekeeping, and safe work practices when working in the dispensary.

Introduction OSHA Hazard Communication Standard Training Chemical Inventory Written Program Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) Chemical Dispensary Hazards Hazard Alert Use of MSDS Information Safety and Health When Using Professional Products Hazard Prevention and Control Inspections and Follow-Up Safe Work Procedures Emergency Procedures Quick Review Activities and Review Questions Hazard Communication Exercise Window Pane Exercise—Disinfecting Implements Review Questions

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KEY TERMS

3

acute exposure antiseptics bactericidal ACGIH chemical inventory chronic exposure combustible concentration cross-contamination decontamination disinfectants dike employee right-to-know exposure flammable flash point

fungicide germicide GFCIs ingestion ignition source NIOSH oxidizer permissible exposure limit (PEL) Phenol pH personal protective equipment (PPE) quats specific gravity sterilization threshold limit value (TLV) virucidal

I

ntroduction The chemical dispensary is an important place in the salon but seldom seen by anyone who doesn’t work there. Since this room in the salon is frequently the only "nonpublic" room in the building, it is often used for a variety of purposes: laundering towels, storage, dispensing and mixing chemicals, and even for a lunch room. Maybe your salon has a dispensary like the one pictured in Figure 3–1, but frequently the "back room" is pretty cramped quarters and full of both physical and chemical hazards that can cause safety and health problems for cosmetologists. In this chapter, we will first examine the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, move to chemical dispensary hazards, and finish with a discussion of hazard prevention and control.

O

SHA Hazard Communication Standard We learned about a variety of regulatory requirements in Chapter 1 as they apply to the salon. In this chapter we take a closer look at the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. The regulation requires salons to identify hazardous chemicals contained in their products and to provide information and training to employees who are routinely exposed to these chemicals. An easy way to remember these requirements is through the acronym TIPS (see Figure 3–2).

Chemical Dispensary

39

Figure 3-1 The chemical dispensary should be neat and orderly for proper storage of chemicals and supplies.

A. Purpose of the Standard B. Scope and Application C. Definitions D. Requirements for a Hazard Determination E. Written Hazard Communication Program F. Requirements for Labels and Other Forms of Warning G. Hazard and Precautions Found in Material Safety Data Sheets H. Employee Information and Training I. Protection of Product Manufacturer Trade Secrets

Memory-aid Shortcut T stands for training I

stands for chemical inventory

P stands for written program S stands for Material Safety Data Sheets

Figure 3-2 Outline of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard CFR1910.1200

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Training Hazard communication training must include eleven items: 1. The location of the written hazard communication training. 2. The location of the hazardous chemicals—usually the dispensary. 3. The location of MSDS information. 4. The provisions of the Hazard Communication Standard. 5. How to detect the presence or release of hazardous chemicals (i.e., by smell or what to look for). 6. The location of monitoring information, if any, about actual employee exposure to the chemicals. 7. Information for employees on how to protect themselves through use of PPE (gloves, safety glasses with side shields, etc.) and safe work practices (i.e., use of job safety analysis). 8. The physical and health hazards of the chemicals. 9. How to perform nonroutine tasks like cleaning up spills of the chemicals. 10. How to identify chemicals in unlabeled pipes (generally not applicable to salons) 11. Information about the company’s warning label and MSDS system. Much of the training information can be gathered from individual MSDS sheets. In addition, training must include information on the labeling system to be used by the salon. Think of each label as a "mini MSDS." Original product labels from manufacturers are usually not a problem in the salon as long as they stay on containers and remain legible. However, labeling of temporary containers supplied by the salon is frequently an issue that demands attention. All containers containing hazardous chemicals must be marked not only with the identity of the chemical, but with appropriate hazard warnings as well. These warnings may be made through use of words, pictures, or symbols which at least provide general information about the hazards of all chemicals. For example, the practice of simply marking the name of a disinfectant or hair color directly on a jar or bottle does not meet OSHA requirements. Low-cost, pressure-sensitive, write-on labels and symbol-type warning labels are readily available for marking temporary containers. Temporary containers need not be marked if they are intended only for the immediate use of an employee. This means a stylist mixing color in a plastic beaker, would not need to label the beaker, if it was under his or her control at all times and all of the color is to be used at one time. However, a spray bottle of diluted germicidal cleaner on a counter or shelf, would fall outside of OSHA’s definition for immediate use.

Chemical Inventory The dispensary includes a number of professional product classifications. They include decontaminating and infection control products,

Chemical Dispensary

41

shampoos and conditioners, colors and tints, bleaches/toners/lighteners/developers, nail products, and facial/cosmetic products. Here we will concentrate on the chemical hazards of materials either stored, dispensed, mixed, or used in the dispensary. As we visit other salon areas, we will talk briefly about the chemicals where they are used. The chemical inventory or list of chemicals must be referenced somehow to all applicable MSDS. A simple way to comply with this requirement is to create a table of contents referenced to consecutively numbered MSDSs. Computer software for accessing and managing this important information is now available.19, 27

Written Program Salon employers must develop, implement, and maintain written policies and procedures describing how the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard will be met in each salon. OSHA requires employers to describe methods used to inform employees of the hazards of nonroutine tasks (e.g., cleaning and disposing of hair color containers); the hazards involved with the use of chemicals in unmarked containers; how chemicals in multiple workplaces will be handled; on-site access to MSDSs; precautions to be taken for each chemical; and finally how the employer will make the written program available to employees.

Material Safety Data Sheets The chemical manufacturer, importer, or distributor must ensure that an MSDS is furnished to the employer for each product purchased. In turn the employer must make MSDS information immediately available to employees. This means the MSDS book should be put in a location that is easily accessible, such as a shelf. The book also needs to be organized so that specific safety and health information can be quickly found.

C

hemical Dispensary Hazards Housekeeping and Sanitation Housekeeping in the dispensary isn’t always what it should be. There are often many things on the floor that shouldn’t be there including water which may cause a nasty slip, trip, or fall. Shelves that may have been neatly stocked and organized when products arrived, may now look like a teenager’s room. Protruding or falling containers, hooks, broom handles, or other objects may cause a bump on the head or worse. Poor lighting of chemical storage shelves is another hazard that can lead to selecting the wrong product for a client.

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There are significant physical and chemical hazards associated with the dispensary, such as poor housekeeping and sanitation, heavy objects on floor or overhead, storing or eating food near chemicals, and fire and electrical shock. Dispensing and mixing chemicals have an array of unique potential hazards: ■

Fire from flammable and combustible materials.

■

Reactivity—products may be unstable if they come into contact with heat, moisture, metals, or other chemicals.

■

Eyes may be irritated and damaged by direct and vapor contact.

■

Skin may be affected by dryness, staining, chemical burns, irritation and swelling, dermatitis and other allergic reactions.

■

If inhaled, dust or vapor may cause nose and throat irritation, headache, drowsiness, chemical sensitivity, and allergic reaction.

■

If swallowed, dust or vapor may cause mucous membrane irritation or damage; heavy doses may trigger circulatory shock, respiratory depression, and/or convulsion.

Heavy Objects on Floor or Overhead Lifting heavy boxes off the floor or from overhead can cause back and shoulder pain. Ergonomic experts and OSHA tell us that we risk musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) when we reach for something heavy below the knees or above the shoulders. Continuing to lift and place boxes of supplies and cosmetology products over time can lead to a permanent MSD.

Food and Chemicals How many of you have used the "back room" to grab a quick sandwich or pop something into the microwave? Ingestion is the word industrial hygienists use for harmful chemicals entering our bodies through the mouth. We may get more than liverwurst or tomato soup if we place our food or eat in the dispensary without taking proper precautions. Surfaces that come into contact with food should never be used for chemical handling and always be thoroughly sanitized.

Fire and Electrical Safety Given the quantities of hair products, cosmetics, and other chemicals in the dispensary, this is the last place you want to have a fire. Some professional products contain oxidizers which means that they, and materials they come into contact with, burn faster. Pressurized aerosol containers may rupture or explode in a fire, acting like tiny missiles and

Chemical Dispensary

43

releasing flammable or otherwise hazardous materials. Combustible material like cardboard and plastic containers release a great deal of heat when burned, causing a fire to accelerate rapidly. With these and other fire hazards, you’d think all dispensaries would be equipped with fire extinguishers, smoke detectors, and sprinklers; but many times they are not. See the discussion on using fire extinguishers in Chapter 2. Poor electrical safety is also a potential hazard in the dispensary. Octopus outlets, appliance and extension cords that are frayed or too long, switches or outlets with cracked or missing covers, open electrical breaker panels, and faulty or dusty appliance wiring are all examples of critical electrical hazards that can cause an electrical shock or even electrocution. Another common electrical shock hazard in the dispensary is having an electrical outlet near the sink, without providing a ground-fault circuit interrupter. See the discussion on GFCIs in Chapter 2.

Hazards of Storing, Dispensing, and Mixing Chemicals Just as professional cosmetologists understand the physical and chemical changes they are making on the hair, they also need to know about the safety of the chemicals they work with every day. Looking at MSDS information on chemicals found in the dispensary, stylists will discover many physical and chemical hazards.

Use of MSDS Information Figure 3–3 is an example of an MSDS for a permanent wave lotion.13 By reading the MSDS, you can find out how the product looks, smells, and acts, and how those properties can affect you, your client, your surroundings, and the environment. Manufacturers take great care to develop and furnish safe and highly effective products for your use. However, being safe does not mean they are not dangerous. Any professional salon product can be hazardous if used incorrectly. Like all products, salon chemicals must always be used in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Although the information is not as detailed as that found on the MSDS, labels provide clear directions on how to store, use, and dispose of products safely. The MSDS vary considerably in the order and amount of information they provide. Looking at Figure 3–3, you can see that the MSDS provides a good deal of important information. Note that section numbers and title may vary considerably. Product name and contact information is provided at the top of the sheet and in Section I. This includes who makes or distributes the product and how to contact them. Included is an emergency telephone number to call the company or Chemtrec (1-800-424-9300) in the event of a transportation emergency. Ingredients Identity and Exposure Limits (Section II) includes the chemical names of hazardous ingredients and permissible exposure limits or threshold limit values. The number, usually expressed in milligrams per cubic meter of air, means that a worker may be exposed to that concentration continuously for eight hours without a harmful effect.

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Material Safety Data Sheets MSDS:00013 Date Created:04/16/00 Worldwide Beauty Care (Clairol, Inc.; Matrix Essentials, Inc.; Duart Labs; Redmond Products, Inc.) Bristol-Myers Squibb Company One Blachley Road Stamford, CT 06922 Emergency Telephone Number: Transportation Emergency: (203) 357-5678 Call Chemtrec 1-800-424-9300 This sheet has been prepared in accordance with the Requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200. Section I - Categorization Product Name: Permanent Wave Waving Lotions Pertinent Text: Non-flammable water-like liquids containing ammonium thioglycolate with conditioners, preservatives and fragrance. Product Names: Gentle Motion Waving Lotion, Opticolor Wave Waving Formula, Opticurl Waving Lotion, Perfecto Normal and Tinted Hair Waving Lotions, Synerfusion Waving Lotion, Systeme Biolage Acid Wave Waving Lotion, Therma-Vantage Controlled Exothermic Waving Lotions for Tinted and Normal Hair, VaVoom Volumizing Soft Wave Phase I Section II - Ingredients Identity/Exposure Limits Permanent Wave Waving Lotions generally contain the following hazardous ingredients (I% concentration or greater; 0.1% for carcinogens): CTFA NAME

CAS#

AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE EXPOSURE LIMIT: 25 PPM TLV, 35 PPM STEL, 50 PPM PEL, AS AMMONIA GLYCERIN EXPOSURE LIMIT: AS A MIST 10 MG/M'TLV, 15 MG/M'TOTAL; 5 MG/M'RESPIRABLE OSHA PEL ETHANOLAMINE EXPOSURE LIMIT: 3 PPM TLV, PEL, 6 PPM STEL AMMONIUM THIOGLYCOLATE CYSTEINE HCL DIAMMONIUM DITHIODIGLYCOLATE UREA57136

1336216 56815

Section III - Physical/Chemical Characteristics Specific Gravity (H O = 1): 1.01-1.02 Solubility in Water:

Highly soluble.

Section IV - Fire and Explosion Hazard Data Flashpoint: N/A

141435 5421465 52891 68223938

pH: 8.5-9.0 Appearance and Odor: Yellowish water-like liquids. Slight ammoniacal and characteristic mercaptan thio odor.

Unit: N/A Method: Not applicable.

Type:

Not applicable.

Fire Fighting Procedures: Extinguish fires with water ABC all-purpose or C02 extinguisher. The type of extinguisher used should be in conformance with local fire regulations. Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards: On thermal decomposition can release hydrogen sulfide sulfur oxides and ammonia.

Figure 3-3 An example of a Material Safety Data Sheet for World Wide Beauty Care Permanent Wave Waving Solution

Chemical Dispensary

Physical Hazards None. Section V–Reactivity Data Stability: Conditions to Avoid: Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid): Hazardous Decomposition or ByProducts:

45

Stable. Metallic bowls or stirrers. Heavy metals; oxidizing materials and acids. Can release hydrogen sulfide; sulfur oxides and ammonia.

Section Vl–Health Hazards and Hazard Data The TLV of the mixture has not been established. 1. Effects of Acute Accidental Exposure Potential eye irritant. Skin Contact: Potential skin irritant. Skin Sensitizer: May induce hypersensitivity and elicit reactions in sensitized people. Inhalation: Respiratory tract irritant due to ammonia and mercaptan (thio) vapors. Ingestion: Moderately toxic. 2. Effects of Chronic Exposure For purposes of chronic exposure under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard this is an untested mixture. These products have been used extensively by consumers. Worldwide Beauty Care is not aware of any significant adverse reaction provided good work practices are observed (wash off skin, remove contaminated clothing, use good ventilation). Release of ammonia vapors may result in irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Published data indicate low level skin sensitization as a result of repeated heavy exposure principally in beauticians. 3. Carcinogen Status:

OSHA: No

NTP:

No

4. Route of Entry:

Inhalation: Yes

Ingestion: Yes

IARC: No Skin: Yes

5. Pre-existing dermatitis would likely be made worse by exposure to these products. 6. Emergency and First Aid Procedures Eye Contact: Remove contact lenses if used. Flush immediately with plenty of water for 15 minutes. Get medical attention IMMEDIATELY. Skin Contact: If spilled wash skin immediately with soap and water (do not use solvents). Change into clean clothing. If allergic reaction develops contact dermatologist. Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. Increase ventilation. Ingestion: Rinse out mouth with water and administer large amounts of milk. Contact Employee Health Services immediately. Section VII–Precautions for Safe Handling and Use Steps to be taken in Case Material is released or Spilled: Contain spill and promptly clean up. Flush with water and wipe with towel or rinse to drain. Floor can be slippery when wet. Waste Disposal Method: Disposal should be in accordance with all applicable local state and federal regulations. Precautions to be Taken in Handling and Storage: Store products in even normal temperatures. Keep containers tightly closed. Keep out of reach of children. Section VIII–Control Measures Ventilation: Should be adequate to avoid concentration of irritating vapors. Hand Protection: Use impervious gloves to avoid possible skin irritation or sensitization. Eye Protection: Avoid contact with eyes. Use protective eyewear if splashing is possible. Other Types of Protection: None. Respiratory Protection: Avoid inhalation. Work Hygienic Practices: Always follow good hygienic work practices. Avoid all skin, eye, and clothing contact with products. In case of contact rinse thoroughly with water. Promptly clean up all spills. Section IX–Transportation Information DOT Class: Not regulated.

IMDG: Not regulated.

IATA/ICAO: Not regulated.

Figure 3-3 An example of a Material Safety Data Sheet for World Wide Beauty Care Permanent Wave Waving Solution (Continued)

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Physical and Chemical Characteristics (Section III) provides information like appearance and odor, boiling and melting points, specific gravity compared to water, how readily the product dissolves in water, vapor pressure, density, and pH (a measure of acidity). Fire and Explosion Hazard Data (Section IV) may include the flash point and how it is measured; upper and lower flammable limits; what fire extinguisher to use for small fires; special fire-fighting procedures; and unusual fire and explosion hazards. Reactivity Data (Section V) answers questions like Is the material stable or unstable when moist/wet? When heated, are there materials like water or metals to avoid, and can the material react or decompose violently and form hazardous by-products? Are there materials or conditions to avoid? Sometimes warnings are issued to avoid impact, friction, heat, moisture, combustible, or finely powdered organic materials, metal bowls or stirrers, and finally reducing agents, as when handling bleach powders. Health Hazards and Hazard Data (Section VI) is important because it lists effects of acute exposure and chronic exposure. In this section of Figure 3–3, the perm manufacturer discusses potential eye and skin irritation as acute effects that may result from direct contact. Inhalation and ingestion are also likely to cause acute reactions. The MSDS lists the possible chronic effects of inhaling ammonia vapors as irritation of the nose and lungs. This section also contains hazards associated with different routes the material could take into the body. These routes are inhalation (breathing), in the eyes, through the skin (especially via cuts or wounds), and into the mouth (ingestion). Also included here are emergency and first aid procedures, and medical attention that may be required. These procedures often call for actions like "flush eyes or skin with a large amount of water" and "do not induce vomiting if ingested." Medical attention procedures provide directions to the physician and procedures for when a physician is not available. Precautions for Safe Handling and Use (Section VII) includes steps to be taken during disposal or if the material is released or spilled, as well as precautions to be taken in handling and storage. A recommendation like "establish a dike to prevent the chemical from entering a storm sewer or waterway" is more applicable to a large-scale spill in a factory than dropping an open container in the salon. Control Measures (Section VIII) for the handling and disposal of the perm product in Figure 3–3 include increasing ventilation as the first priority. The next control measure is use of rubber gloves and protective eyewear. There is a variety of protective glove materials available in today’s market place. Gloves made of nitrile, a synthetic rubber with good chemical resistance, are readily available in thin gauges that permit the feel you need to handle hair.15 Note that since the early 1990s there has been an increase in allergic reactions to the proteins in natural rubber latex. Although the level of sensitivity among the general population is relatively low, repeated contact with latex rubber gloves may make the skin more sensitive. Finally this section speaks to work hygiene practices; similar to the list of safe work practices described for each area of the salon.

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Transportation Information (Section IX) includes relevant details from such regulating government agencies as the Department of Transportation and others. Other Regulatory and Miscellaneous Information (Section X) if provided) may include registration by federal agencies like the Environmental Protection Agency or application of other regulations like the Toxic Substances Control Act, and/or the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980. Remember that the function of the MSDS is to help protect workers in factories producing basic chemicals in bulk quantities and formulating those chemicals, for example, into cosmetology products. These instructions are appropriate for quantities of ten to several thousand gallons, typically the scale at which chemical plants operate. Cosmetologists should not be alarmed when they read about using dikes of sand or earth to contain spills or burning waste liquids in state-approved facilities. Again, these instructions apply to the factory scale, and must be modified to meet salon requirements.

Safety and Health When Using Professional Products Figure 3–4 is a summary of chemicals, hazards, and hazard prevention and control for professional salon products. Decontamination and infection control products are usually prepared in the dispensary, so first a few words about these materials. It is important to remember that disinfectants contain professional-strength chemicals so it is critical that you read the label and MSDS. Then follow the manufacturer’s directions carefully. Discuss any modification to the directions with a manufacturer’s representative. All-purpose or multiroom commercial cleaners are used to clean salon floors, bathrooms, sinks, and waste receptacles. All of these products can be hazardous if used incorrectly, despite manufacturer claims of safety. Cleaners and disinfectants of all types are poisonous if ingested and many can cause eye and skin damage especially with direct contact in a concentrated form. Caution must be used to keep these products away from small children. Quaternary ammonium compounds or quats are chloride-based disinfecting agents and have been used since the early 1900s.5 Quats are safe, fast-acting, and are found in many laundry detergents and cleaning agents. Quats are inactive against tuberculosis and other resistant organisms, including some viruses. They should not be used on salon implements. Quats are flammable if they contain a sufficient quantity of organic solvent like alcohol. Direct eye contact can cause eye damage and repeated contact can cause skin irritation, though quats are less harsh to the skin than phenols. Like quats, phenolic disinfectants or phenols have a long history of safe and effective use in hospitals and other medical facilities.5 They can cause skin irritation, and concentrated phenols can seriously burn the skin and eyes. Phenol-based disinfectants are usually hospital-grade, tuberculocidal materials, required by some states for decontamination of salon implements.9, 10 Note that manufacturers of these germicides recommend the use of chemical goggles and face shields when dispensing and mixing; safety glasses with side shields for use when cleaning.16

Product

Fire

Decontamination and Infection

May contain alcohol, bleach, sanitizing and commercial

See MSDS

Control Products

cleaners, ammonium and phenol-based chemicals, sodium nitrite, sodium phosphate

Shampoos and Conditioners

May contain alcohol, detergents, ammonium compounds, thickeners, fragrances, preservatives, proteins, humectants, and certified colorants.

No

Sprays and Styling Aids

May contain alcohol, propane or butane, polymers, and plasticizers.

Permanents, Activators, Neutralizers, Wave Lotions, Relaxing Products

Perms usually contain ammonium thioglycolate. Activators and neutralizers usually contain hydrogen peroxide. May contain thio-based creams, or gels, sodium bromide, or sodium bromate. Relaxing products usually contain sodium hydroxide.

Reactivity Generally stable

Other Hazards

Hazard Prevention and Control

Chapter

Eye and skin irritation or

General ventilation, goggles or safety

damage, ingestion hazard.

glasses with side shields, rubber or plastic gloves, pour product into water (not reverse), emergency eye wash.

Generally stable

Eye irritation if direct contact. May irritate hands if it contains anilinebased tint.

Do not spill on floor, follow manufacturer’s directions.

4

Yes, See MSDS

Generally stable

Spray may be highly flammable (especially if contents are under pressure). Vapors may travel to ignition source. Eye irritant, dizziness if inhaled and nausea possible if ingested.

Use general ventilation, avoid high heat and open flame. Keep out of reach of children. Have customer shield eyes while spraying.

5

No

Generally stable

Moderate to severe eye irritation if not washed out, may cause dermatitis in some individuals, ingestion may cause mouth, throat and intestinal tract irritation, nausea, and diarrhea.

Store in cool, dry place, use general ventilation, avoid contamination or contact with metals, use eye protection, and neoprene or latex gloves.

6

3

Figure 3-4 Professional products—safety and health summary 1

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C H A P T E R

Description of Chemicals

48

Hazards

Hazards Product

Description of Chemicals Bleaches may contain potassium, sodium, ammonium persulfate, and ammonium hydroxide. Developers usually contain hydrogen peroxide.

Colors, Tints and Toners

Contain pigments and dyes (including aniline derivatives), may include ammonium hydroxide, polymers, phenylenediamine, and sodium perborate.

Nail Products

Cleaners, oils, creams, lotions, polish and cuticle removers, lacquers, solvents, and dryers. Liquid monomers often contain ethylmethacrylate.

Facial Cosmetics

Powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, and soaps. Regulated by Federal Drug Administration.

Reactivity

Other Hazards


Chapter

See MSDS

Powders may be unstable

When mixed with hydrogen peroxide, can cause severe irritation and possible permanent eye damage, may induce allergic skin reaction to sensitized individuals. Powders are respiratory tract irritants, may cause asthmatic attack in some individuals. Moderately toxic if ingested.

Avoid excessive heat and contamination. Use local exhaust, do not generate or breathe dust, when transferring or mixing bleach powders. Use eye and hand protection, and plastic cape while providing service to client.

6

No

Generally stable

Eye irritation and potential damage, skin may be irritated and sensitized in some individuals, ingestion hazard.

Local exhaust sometimes recommended, use eye and hand protection, 24-hour patch test required before application, use plastic cape while processing.

6

See MSDS

Monomer may be unstable

Solvents and monomers are flammable, nail chemicals cause eye, skin irritation or damage, may cause dermatitis, inhalation and ingestion hazard.

Local ventilation recommended, eye protection, dust mask ok for nail filings. Use local ventilation and nuisance-level organic vapor mask for nail dust, methacrylate, and other organic vapors.

7

No

Stable

Eye irritation if direct contact, generally not irritating to skin. See MSDS for inhalation and ingestion hazards.

Use general ventilation, avoid eye contact and use protective eyewear if splashing is possible. Inhalation and ingestion hazard.

8

1

See the specific MSDS sheet for the product you are using

49

Figure 3-4 Professional products—safety and health summary 1 (Continued)

Chemical Dispensary

Bleaches, Lighteners, Developers

Fire

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3

Refer to Figure 3–4 and the chapter indicated in the last column for a discussion of chemical safety as it relates to shampoos, conditioners, and other professional salon products.

H

azard Prevention and Control

Inspections and Follow-up Many of the inspection items in Figure 2–4 (see page 23) apply to the dispensary as well. In addition, inspect the following items: ■ Does the washing machine provide a water temperature of at least 160 degrees Fahrenheit? ■ Are there heavy cartons or other objects on the floor or overhead to be lifted? ■ Are there items blocking access to shelves? ■ Is the room light enough to read product labels and are the shelves clean and well organized? ■ Are labels for reusable product containers legible and are the containers put back into their original boxes? ■ Are cabinet and electrical panel doors closed? ■ Are electrical cords and outlets and the back of the washer and dryer free of dust and moisture?

Figure 3-5 Dispensary chemical storage shelves should be well-lit and neatly stocked.

Chemical Dispensary

51

Figure 3-6 Electrical cords and outlets for the dryer should be free of dust and moisture.

Safe Work Procedures Many of the safe work procedures listed in the checklist in Figure 2–5 (see page 29) also apply to work in the dispensary. In addition to those items, employers should give attention to: ■ Do employees wear goggles or safety glasses with side shields, rubber or disposable plastic gloves, and other PPE specified by manufacturers on product labels and MSDS? ■ Do stylists avoid generating and inhaling dust when transferring and handling bleach powders or similar products? Do they use local exhaust? ■ Are all chemical containers stored immediately after use? ■ Are posted procedures followed for decontaminating and laundering towels, robes, aprons, capes, linens, and other coverings that protect customers in a manner that meets all local, state, and federal requirements? ■ Do stylists practice safe procedures when diluting disinfectant in water? Is the product poured into the water (not the water into the chemical) to avoid the hazards of solution splashing and heating? ■ Is there a simple and reliable system for measuring the correct amount of water and disinfectant? ■ Are manufacturers’ directions followed for spills, leaks, and disposal as provided on product labels and MSDS? ■ Are containers recycled according to the requirements of state and local authorities?

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1. Wear personal protective equipment (PPE); goggles (for dispensing and mixing) or safety glasses with side shields (for disinfecting) and rubber or plastic gloves must be worn when handling the tuberculocidal disinfecting solution or spray. 2. Comb visible hair and debris from implements before washing. Discard hair into a closed refuse container. 3. Wash in hot, soapy water; scrub combs and brushes together. 4. Immerse in hot, rinse water. 5. Immerse in tuberculocidal solution for ten minutes. 6. Follow all product manufacturer’s directions. 7. Rinse under faucet. 8. Air or blow dry on towel. 9. Store in clean, closed container.

Figure 3-7 Sample disinfecting procedure for implements14

Emergency Procedures One of the items on the inspection checklist, Figure 2–4 asks if emergency eye wash bottles are provided where chemical handling is done and whether there is ready access to a sink with temperature-controlled water to completely flush eyes that have been exposed to hazardous materials. If kept closer at hand, the squeeze bottles can be used to get water into the eye more quickly than going to the sink (see Figure 3–8).

Figure 3-8 Flush eyes exposed to chemicals for 15 minutes in running water.

Chemical Dispensary

53

The time saved can make the difference between eye irritation and permanent damage. In most salons, the shampoo sink with spray device is close enough to the potential scene of an eye accident that the bottle is not necessary. If not, eye wash bottles should be placed to get water into the eye more quickly than going to the sink. The safety inspection team needs to examine where the hazard of getting chemicals into the eyes could occur before providing emergency eye wash protection.

Q

uick Review 1. Remember the basic requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard by the acronym TIPS; T stands for training, I for inventory, P for written program, and S for Material Safety Data Sheets. 2. Physical and chemical hazards found in the dispensary include poor housekeeping and sanitation, lifting heavy objects, fire and electrical shock, and chemical safety and health hazards. 3. An MSDS contains important safety and health information about chemical products used in the salon. It is required by OSHA to communicate hazards to the cosmetologist and may also be used to identify products that may trigger a client’s allergic reaction. 4. Antiseptics are considered to be sanitizers and can kill bacteria or slow their growth. They are safe for application to skin and treatment of minor cuts and abrasions. A disinfectant kills microbes on contaminated implements and other nonporous surfaces. Disinfectants are too harsh for human skin or eye contact. Gloves and safety glasses should always be worn when mixing disinfectants with water. 5. Safe housekeeping and work procedures in the dispensary are listed on Figure 2–5 and page 26.

A


Hazard Communication Exercise This exercise will add variety and some fun to what can be rather boring if you don’t change the training exercise once and a while. Use a realworld example that just takes a few minutes of preparation. Collect discarded professional product containers from disinfectants, shampoos, styling aids, perms, colors, manicure/pedicure products, and cosmetic products; be sure they are cleaned out thoroughly. Bring the containers and the corresponding MSDS to the training session. During class, give each participant an empty container and a one-page MSDS quiz sheet that asks questions about the nine categories in Figure 3–3. Tell them that a stylist who has asthma is complaining about chemical fumes. Say there is no MSDS readily available, and the container is all you have. When the group finishes the quiz, have some read their findings. Divide

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the group into pairs and have them check their answers against the MSDS. Finally, have them compare one container to another. Participants may be surprised that important information contained on one MSDS may be missing on another.

Window Pane Exercise—Disinfecting Implements Because many people have minds that respond better to visuals, using this principle can help us remember ideas much more quickly and for longer periods of time. Bring copies of sample Disinfecting Procedure for Implements (Figure 3–7) to the training session. Pass out the copies and ask participants to review the procedure. Pass out blank transparencies and colored markers. Have them draw nine squares in three rows and three columns. As you read the nine steps in Figure 3–7, ask them to individually sketch a simple symbol to remind them of the information that is key to each step. Remind the group that what the hand draws, the mind remembers. Tell them that they may wish to build a story to remember what the nine symbols represent. Now ask for volunteers to stand up and explain the symbols they have created. When everyone has had a chance to share their work, pass out copies of Figure 3–9. Finish the session by asking participants to

2) Remove Debris

4) Rinse

5) Immerse

3) Soapy Water

SOAP

1)

Tuberulocidal

6) Manufacturer's Directions

12

7) Rinse

8) Dry

9) Store

Towel

Clean Closed Container

Figure 3-9 Step-by-step procedure for decontaminating implements

Chemical Dispensary

55

critique the artist’s symbols and compare it to their own. You may want to get consensus on a single drawing that represents the procedure your salon will use. Post it in the dispensary along with the corresponding written instructions for disinfecting implements.

Review Questions 1. OSHA stands for: a. Occupational Standards of Health Association b. Occupations of Safety and Health Agency c. Occupational Safety and Health Administration d. Oversight of Safety and Health Administration 2. The OSHA Act of 1970 established the Hazard Communication Standard which requires chemical manufacturers and importers to assess the hazards associated with their products. What are two important results of this law? a. MSDS and reporting of hazards b. labeling and reporting of hazards c. MSDS and ingredient approval d. MSDS and labeling 3. What four things does OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard require employers to provide for the benefit of employees? a. training, personal protective equipment, workers compensation insurance, and time off with pay b. tools, chemical inventory, professional products, and MSDS sheets c. training, chemical inventory, written safety and health program, and MSDS sheets d. appropriate labels, personal protective equipment, safety rules, and health insurance 4. Name at least four hazards found in the chemical dispensary. a. poor housekeeping, eating food near chemicals, children underfoot, fire b. housekeeping, electrical shock, eye irritation or damage, skin staining and dryness c. inhalation of dry bleach powder, splashing disinfecting solution in eyes, client in dispensary d. swallowing chemicals, unwanted chemical reaction, fire from flammable and combustible materials, small dogs in the dispensary 5. What is an MSDS? a. The Material Safety Detail Sheet provides information on products ranging from content and exposure limits, to associated source and health hazards, to proper disposal information. b. The Material Safety Data Sheet provides interesting health information like exposure limits, fire and explosion hazard data, what to do in case of eye contact, and how to call your mother. c. The Management Safety Data Sheet provides information like physical and chemical characteristics, reactivity data, and control measures. d. The Material Safety Data Sheet is available from a product’s manufacturer or distributor, and provides all pertinent information on products, ranging from content and associated safety and health hazards, to personal protective equipment and proper disposal procedures.

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6. According to OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, employers must ensure that each container of product not intended for only the immediate use of the employee using the chemical contains the following information: a. identity of the chemical, appropriate hazard warnings, name and address of the chemical manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party. b. identity of the chemicals contained in the product and appropriate hazard warnings. c. identity of the chemical and the symbol of a skull and cross bones. d. identity of the chemical and a warning not to use. 7. The primary hazard control measures cosmetologists use in the dispensary consists of: a. a rubber apron and boots, face shield, and self-contained breathing apparatus. b. avoiding inhalation of powders and vapors, rubber gloves, and safety glasses. c. good room ventilation and exhaust, rubber gloves, and goggles or safety glasses with a face shield. d. impervious chemical suit, dikes to prevent spills from leaving the room, and fire extinguisher. 8. What is the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant? a. Antiseptics can kill bacteria or slow their growth. Disinfectants kill microbes on contaminated tools and other nonporous surfaces, and are not safe for use on human skin, hair, or nails. b. Antiseptics remove pathogens and other substances from tools or surfaces. Disinfectants completely destroy all living organisms on a surface. c. Antiseptics are generally safe to use on human skin, hair, or nails. Disinfectants can be purchased through most beauty supply distributors. d. An example of an antiseptic is something containing ethanol. A tuberculocidal disinfectant contains some chemical related to phenol, like phenyl-phenol. 9. Removing pathogens and other substances from tools or surfaces is called: a. fumigation b. decontamination c. extermination d. promoting growth of bacteria 10. In order to comply with OSHA’s bloodborne pathogens standard, OSHA policy requires the use of an EPA-registered _________________ disinfectant or an EPA disinfectant labeled as effective against HIV and HBV. a. tuberculocidal b. fungicidal c. virucidal d. bactericidal

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C H A P T E R


CHAPTER OUTLINE

KEY TERMS

Shampoo, Rinsing, and Conditioning ■ Describe what to do for scalp and hair disorders. ■ List other safety and health hazards in the shampoo area. ■ Demonstrate correct posture and body position to prevent fatigue and other physical problems. ■ Relate shampoo job safety analysis to procedure used in cosmetologist’s own salon.

Introduction: Suds, Safety, and Health Shampoo Station Hazards Shampoo and Conditioning Chemicals Hazard Alert Hazard Prevention and Control Inspections and Follow-Up Safe Work Procedures Quick Review Activities and Review Questions Hazard Identification Exercise Writing Procedures Exercise Review Questions

ampholytic anionic arthritis canities cationic cross-contamination fragilitas crinium hypertrichosis lice Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) monilethrix

nonionic osteoporosis pediculosis right of refusal ringworm scabies scoliosis staphylococcal infections surfactant tinea capitis trichorrhexis nodosa

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I

ntroduction: Suds, Safety, and Health Shampooing is often the first service provided during a visit to the salon. It is here that the cosmetologist will first practice what he or she has learned about safety and health. In this chapter, we will cover the shampoo procedure starting from client preparation to cleanup of the shampoo bowl and area.

S

hampoo Station Hazards Hazards at the shampoo station mostly involve a number of physical hazards to the stylist and client, as well as recognizing hair and scalp disorders.

Shampoo and Conditioning Chemicals The primary ingredient in most shampoos is purified or de-ionized water. The next most common ingredient is one of four types of surfactants: anionic, cationic, nonionic, and ampholytic.4 Other possible shampoo components include moisturizers, oils, proteins, coloring chemicals, preservatives, foam-enhancing agents, and perfumes. Hair conditioners generally fall into several categories: instant conditioners, moisturizers, protein or polymer conditioners, and packs. Like the shampoos, the ingredients in conditioners are not normally irritating to the skin and may irritate the eyes only if direct contact occurs. Consulting a number of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for shampoos and conditioners, we find that these products generally do not contain OSHA-regulated chemicals. They are often mildly irritating to the eyes upon direct contact and may cause skin irritation or inflammation if exposed for long periods of time. Cosmetologists should look up specific MSDS hazard information for the products that they are using. Emergency first aid procedures usually involve something like: "If eye contact occurs, wash the affected eye or eyes under slow running water for 15 minutes or longer, making sure the eyelids are held apart. If irritation should continue, consult with a physician. For prolonged skin contact, wash the affected area with plenty of water for several minutes. Seek medical attention if the irritation persists. For ingestion, consult a physician." (Refer to Figure 3–4, page 48 for a safety and health summary of shampoo and conditioning products.)

Shampoo, Rinsing, and Conditioning

59

Experienced stylists will identify with the list of hazards in Figure 4–1 and will relate stories that illustrate what can happen at the shampoo station without close attention to safety and health. In addition to describing the hazard, we will offer tips to avoid them. ■

Access of shampoo and conditioner to children

■

Head lice, ringworm and other hair and scalp disorders

■

Shampoo, conditioner, or water in eyes, ears, and on clothes

■

Allergies or skin sensitivities to shampoo or conditioner

■

Fatigue and strains from improper chair and beautician body position

■

Lack of client head and neck support

■

Skin and scalp burns from hot water

■

Shampoo, conditioner or water on the floor

■

Client dizziness when sitting up and exiting chair

Access of Shampoo and Conditioner to Children Product containers on counter or sink tops can cause real problems unless the cosmetologist is in complete control of the product at all times. Little hands driven by curious minds may get a child in trouble before you can stop it. Make sure shampoo and conditioning products are stored out of sight until needed. Direct children to a designated play area before beginning the service. If the client is a child, make sure the products are out of his or her reach.

Hair and Scalp Disorders These hazards include vegetable and animal parasitic infections including dandruff, scabies, pediculosis, and staphylococcal infections. If these disorders are not discovered until shampooing the client, you risk spreading the condition to other areas of the salon. This problem can be eliminated by examining the hair and scalp during a thorough client consultation. Dry dandruff is not normally a serious problem. Greasy or waxy types of dandruff should receive medical treatment if the greasy scales are torn off, bleeding, or oozing sebum. Both types of dandruff can be spread by the common use of brushes, combs, and other articles. Take care to sanitize everything that comes into contact with the client.

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Do not attempt to shampoo or cut a client with ringworm, scabies, or lice. Stylists need to remember the “right of refusal” to treat a contagious condition. Staphylococcal infections or boils also should never be treated in the salon. Discreetly refer the client to their pharmacist or physician. There is another reason for careful examination before beginning shampoo services. The client may have other hair and scalp disorders that are treatable but require special attention during the shampoo. Hair conditions like canities, ringed hair, hypertrichosis, trichorrhexis nodosa monilethrix, and fragilitas crinium can be improved by treatment in the salon. Similarly, scalp disorders like dandruff can be treated effectively by brushing, infrared lamp therapy, scalp manipulations, and shampooing. The Milady’s Standard Textbook chapters on “Bacteriology” and “Properties of the Hair and Scalp” provide further detail on hair and scalp disorders and appropriate treatments.4

Shampoo, Conditioner, or Water in Eyes, Ears, and on Clothes Shampoo and conditioning products are not normally hazardous, but they can be irritating to the eyes with direct contact. And again, some people have a greater sensitivity than others; especially children. A water shower in the eyes, ears, and face is not a pleasant experience if you are not expecting it. But without protecting the client’s face, as you spray rinse the hair, that is exactly what can happen. Or you could mistakenly direct the spray upwards into your own face or on the floor. Precautions begin with proper draping for wet hair services. Apply a small quantity of shampoo to the hair, and work it into a lather systematically using the pads or cushions of the fingers. Protect the client’s face and ears with your hand as you spray rinse the hair.

Allergies or Skin Sensitivities to Shampoo or Conditioner Some individuals are sensitized to particular shampoo and conditioning products. Ingredients containing coloring chemicals like an anilinederivative tint are known to cause or aggravate allergies and other skin conditions. These disorders can affect the stylist and the client. You can head off these problems during client consultation and by keeping good records. Be sure and ask the client about known allergies and chemical sensitivities.

Fatigue and Strains from Improper Chair and Beautician Body Position Ergonomic hazards can affect both the client and cosmetologist. Body/leg fatigue and back strain in the shampoo area usually result from long hours standing on a hard floor. Leaning over the client and shampoo bowl over time often causes low-back pain, a common stylist musculoskeletal disorder (MSD).


61

15°

To avoid back strain, maintain good posture when giving a shampoo.

Poor posture.

Figure 4-1 To avoid back strain, maintain good posture when shampooing.

Almost all shampoo chairs are adjustable. Sinks are now available that enable the stylist to adjust the vertical distance from the bowl to the floor. This innovation is an ergonomic solution that adapts the work station to the client and the cosmetologist. Adjusting both the chair and the sink helps take the weight off the client’s neck. The adjustment also makes it easier for the cosmetologist to maintain an upright position while shampooing and still stay close to the client’s head. Note also that stylists need to adjust their body position depending on whether they are using a side or a back access shampoo station (See Figure 4–1).

Lack of Client Head and Neck Support Older clients, especially those suffering from arthritis, osteoporosis, and other back or joint disorders, are at risk when trying to lower the back of their head into the bowl. It isn’t unusual for clients to bump their head on the bowl during this awkward movement. As you help clients

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lower their head into the front of the bowl, make sure to provide support with one hand behind their head and neck. Occasionally a client may become dizzy or feel faint from the pressure of the bowl on the back of their neck.

Skin and Scalp Burns from Hot Water Scalp burns are easily caused by improper adjustment of water volume and temperature. Consider the client’s preference when adjusting the water temperature. Turn on the cold water first and gradually add hot water until the stream reaches a warm, comfortable temperature. Test the water temperature by spraying it on the inside of your wrist. Constantly monitor the temperature by keeping one finger over the edge of the spray nozzle and in contact with the water.

Shampoo, Conditioner, or Water on the Floor As you know, water and shampoo/conditioner underfoot is very slippery and can spell real trouble. To prevent a slip and/or fall, apply only small quantities of shampoo and conditioner at a time. Avoid spraying water too vigorously, or directing the spray outside the sink. If water, shampoo, or soap does get on the floor, wipe it up right away. Note that immediate cleanup of water and other liquids on the floor is often a state licensing requirement.

Client Dizziness When Exiting Chair Finally, we need to remember that clients may become dizzy and lose their balance when sitting up suddenly and trying to exit the chair. Place your hand behind the neck and help raise clients to a sitting position. Ask them if they are OK before they try to stand up.

H

azard Prevention and Control Avoiding hazards in the shampoo area depends on a combination of ensuring safe work conditions and practices. It is always easier to spot the hazards when someone is working in an area and there are some important things to look for. You need to make a decision about walking through the salon when the customer is present. Also decide whether the team is to evaluate safe work procedures as well as safe work conditions during the inspection.

Inspections and Follow-Up Look for specific hazards at the shampoo stations listed in the hazard alert, using the Salon Safety and Health Inspection Report provided in Chapter 2. In addition, the inspection team should ask themselves the following questions:


63

Figure 4-2 Shampoo area should be clean, orderly, and free of hazards

■ Is the shampoo bowl free of hair and clean? ■ Are shampoo, conditioner, and other containers properly marked, tightly closed, and properly stored? Is the outside of all containers kept clean? ■ Are floors free of shampoo, conditioner, or water that could cause a slip or fall?

Safe Work Procedures The safety committee will want to review choices when considering where and how to develop safe work procedures. There is great value to having written procedures when a task is hazardous, new, and/or is not done frequently. Use of written procedures for initial or refresher training is the most common application. Safe Work Procedures Checklist Refer to Figure 2–5 (see page 29) which provides the Safe Work Procedures Checklist. Other safe work issues in the shampoo area include: ■ Are shampoo chairs adjusted for a comfortable client and cosmetologist body position?

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■ Is the choice of scalp massage pressure appropriate, and do stylists avoid vigorously brushing, combing, pulling, and rubbing the client’s hair and scalp? ■ Is proper attention paid to preventing shampoo and water spills on the floor? ■ Do cosmetologists help clients exit the chair?

Q

uick Review ■ The stylist must look carefully for hair and scalp disorders during the client consultation. Make sure you can recognize hair and scalp disorders, and understand which can be treated in the salon and which require the attention of a physician. ■ Other safety and health hazards in the shampoo area include access of shampoo and conditioners to children, product or water in eyes and ears, allergies and skin sensitivities, MSDs, hot water burns, and shampoo or water on the floor. ■ Correct posture and body position to prevent fatigue and other MSD problems are shown in Figure 4–1. ■ The job safety analysis (JSA) for shampooing (Figure 4–3) may be used to identify hazards and precautions.

Figure 4-3 What’s wrong with each picture?


65

A


Hazard Identification Exercise Pass out copies of Figure 4–3 and ask participants to write down the hazards. After a few minutes, group participants in pairs and have them compare notes and try to identify all four hazards. Ask each pair to choose a spokesperson. Bring the entire group together and ask each spokesperson to go over their list of hazards. After all pairs have contributed ask the group for personal stories that relate to these hazards.

Job Safety Analysis–Shampoo Procedure Engineering Controls: Water temperature control. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Safety glasses with side shields, rubber gloves (optional) Step

Hazard

Precaution

Our Action Plan

Preparation 1. Seat client.

Fatigue, muscle strain

Maintain good posture (see text Figure 1.6)

3. Wash your hands

Cross-contamination

Disease prevention step

4. Drape client for wet hair services.

Soap/water on client’s skin and clothes

Prevention step

5. Ask client to remove earrings and glasses, put in a secure place.

Damage, lose personal items

Security step

6. Remove all hairpins and combs.

Scratch, cut client’s scalp

Injury prevention step

7. Examine the condition of client’s hair and scalp.

Head lice, ringworm, and other scalp disorders (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, Figures 4.35–4.37, page 78.)

Do not treat these conditions in the salon. Refer client to a physician. For head lice treatment (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, page 78.)

2. Select and arrange required materials.

8. Brush the hair thoroughly (Continued)

Figure 4-4 Job Safety Analysis–Shampoo Procedure

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Step

9. Reapply drape with shampoo cape and towel.

Hazard

Precaution

Shampoo, water on client’s skin or clothes.

Precautionary step

10. Seat the client at the shampoo sink.

See step 1

See step 1

11. Adjust shampoo cape over back of shampoo chair.

See steps 4, 9

See steps 4, 9

12. Adjust volume and temperature of water spray.

Splashing water on client, self and floor, burning client

Precautionary step

Procedure 1. Saturate, wet hair thoroughly. 2. Apply shampoo to hair. 3. Manipulate scalp.

Eye irritation, damage

4. Rinse hair thoroughly.


5. Apply shampoo again (if necessary). 6. Partially towel-dry. Completion 1. Comb the hair. 2. Change drape if necessary.

See step 9

See step 9

2. Place used towels in hamper.

Sanitation, housekeeping hazard

Precautionary step

3. Remove hair from combs, brushes; wash with hot, soapy water; rinse; and place in wet disinfectant.

Incomplete disinfecting

Brushes, combs, rub brushes together over waste basket, inspect implements and surfaces to assure all debris is removed (see JSA, Chapter 3).

3. Style hair. Cleanup 1. Discard used materials.

4. Sanitize shampoo bowl.

Precautionary step

5. Cleanse your hands.

Precautionary step

Figure 4-4 Job Safety Analysis–Shampoo Procedure (Continued)

Our Action Plan


67

Writing Procedures Exercise Pass out copies of Figure 4–4 and ask participants to read it individually. When heads start to come up, tell them to concentrate on the steps in the left-hand column. Ask them to number and record the steps they take when doing a shampoo service under Our Action Plan in the right-hand column. After a few minutes, form participants into groups of three or four. Have them appoint a spokesperson, resolve differences, and come to some consensus on the steps for their group. (Suggestion: Have them renumber if necessary and circle step numbers in the left-hand column that they would use, and add new or different steps in the right-hand column.) After a brief discussion, ask for volunteers to take a copy of the blank JSA form (Figure 2–7 on page 32) and complete the steps, hazards, and precautions that the entire group will discuss during the next staff meeting. When the project is completed, you will have a written shampoo JSA to use for new stylists and for refresher training.

Review Questions 1. Shampoo bowls should be wiped: a. after each use b. daily c. as often as they become soiled d. weekly 2. To prevent your clients’ skin from coming into contact with the shampoo bowl place _________________ between their neck and the bowl. a. a sanitized towel b. a towel c. the neck strip d. your hand 3. While giving a shampoo continually check the _________________ to avoid an injury to the scalp. a. Water flow b. Shampoo consistency c. Shampoo bowl vacuum breaker d. water temperature 4. Clean, hot, and sanitary running water should be provided at the ____________ areas. a. work b. all of these c. dispensary d. toilet

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5. When shampooing a client’s hair, you should _____________. a. stand comfortably upright, with hands below your elbows b. lean over the client slightly to prevent splashing water into their face c. first drape them for wet hair service d. a, b, and c e. a and c 6. While spray rinsing the client’s hair, you should protect his or her ___________. a. face b. ears c. neck d. all of these

5

C H A P T E R


CHAPTER OUTLINE

KEY TERMS


■ List the basic hazards in the cutting and styling area. ■ Demonstrate first aid and waste cleanup procedure in the event of a cut. ■ Describe how to avoid burning self or client. ■ Recite the basics of electrical and fire safety as they apply to the haircutting and styling stations.

Introduction Haircutting and Styling Hazards Hazard Prevention and Control Inspections and Follow-Up Safe Work Procedures Job Safety Analysis Quick Review Activities and Review Questions Job Safety Analysis Exercise Cleaning Up a Blood Spill Role Play Ergonomic Stretching Exercise Review Questions

AIDS alum astringent bloodborne pathogens carbon dioxide carbon monoxide carpal tunnel syndrome combustible cowlick cross-contamination ergonomics flammable hepatitis

HIV hydrogen peroxide ignition source Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) pediculosis repetitive motion scabies styptic thermal styling implements tuberculocidal Universal Precautions whorl

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I

ntroduction Safety in the salon continues when the client enters the haircutting and styling area. Again, if you know the basics of effective safety and health, your confidence will help the client relax and enjoy this service. Most of the precautions outlined in this chapter involve avoiding physical safety and health hazards.

Haircutting and Styling Hazards The haircutting stylist needs to be aware of the following hazards: ■

Head lice, ringworm, and other hair and scalp disorders

■

Skin and scalp cuts from sharp implements

■

Poor sanitation and infection control

■

Burns from irons, blow-dryers, and other thermal styling implements

■

Flammability or inhalation of hair sprays and styling aids

■

Shock or ignition sources

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Slips and falls from hair or water on the floor

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Ergonomic problems from improper chair, body, and hand positions

Head Lice, Ringworm, and Other Hair and Scalp Disorders We discussed scalp disorders in Chapter 4, however, they are of concern here as well. Again, if you don’t identify a contagious condition during a consultation examination or a prior service, you could contaminate the salon. Be sure to refer the client to their pharmacist or physician for treatment; never treat scabies, pediculosis, or similar disorders in the salon or school. Make sure you learn the differences between what disorders you can and cannot treat yourself. Refer to Milady’s Standard Textbook, Chapter 4, “Properties of the Hair and Scalp,” for disorder descriptions and treatment.3

Skin and Scalp Cuts from Sharp Implements Fractions of an inch often separate the hair you want to cut from the client or yourself. Stabbing the client with the point of the shears or cutting an ear or your own hands while razor cutting is a traumatic experience for both of you. Skin and scalp cuts are not only painful and embarrassing,


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they require time-robbing Universal Precautions discussed in the next section. Haircutting safety involves important techniques like palming the shears when combing the hair and balancing the shears when cutting bangs.

Poor Sanitation and Infection Control As you know, much of the Safety and Health Inspection Report in Chapter 2 is dedicated to making sure that effective housekeeping and decontamination is maintained in the salon. But there is more to keeping the salon clean than sweeping the floor and vacuuming the rugs. If proper care is not taken, you could contribute to the spread of disease. Remember that if you accidentally cut yourself or a client, you must follow Universal Precautions. According to OSHA, Universal Precautions

PROCEDURE FOR HANDLING CUTS AND CLEANUP

1. Stop the service and clean the injured area. 2. Use rubber gloves and protective eyewear if the injury is to a model or client. 3. Place a sterile dressing over the cut and apply direct pressure, if necessary, to stop the bleeding. 4. Apply 3 percent hydrogen peroxide and/or powdered alum or other antiseptic/styptic to the injured area. Use an applicator; do not allow containers, brushes, or nozzles to touch the skin or wound. 5. Apply a bandage or dressing and tape to protect the wound. 6. Place blood-containing disposable materials like gauze, cotton, or towels in a sealed plastic bag, marked “biohazardous waste” and separated from other waste. 7. Clean and disinfect any implement that comes in contact with blood or body fluid. 8. Dispose of waste according to federal, state, and local regulations. Check with local authorities; in many cases, the waste may be placed in regular trash once the blood is thoroughly dry. 9. Clean hands with antimicrobial cleanser. 10. Return to service.

Figure 5-1 Procedure for handling cuts and cleanup

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involve treating “all blood and certain body fluids as if known to be infectious for HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, and other bloodborne pathogens.”4 Although there are other infectious diseases far more likely to invade your salon than this one, you cannot afford to take the risk. See Reference 5 in the Appendix for a thorough discussion of the risks associated with HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. First aid for a client cut involves putting on rubber gloves and applying an antiseptic and bandage as necessary. Use double plastic bags to contain bloody waste (mark the outside one “biohazardous waste”) and dispose separate from other trash. If the blood is completely dried, the waste may be thrown away. Check state and local requirements for biowaste before finalizing your procedure. Remove the gloves and wash your hands with an antibacterial soap. Finally, scissors, razors, combs, and other salon implements that come into contact with blood or other body fluids must be cleaned and completely immersed in an Environmental Protection Agency-registered hospital-grade tuberculocidal disinfecting solution and used according to the manufacturer’s directions. This procedure is an OSHA requirement that is being adopted by many state cosmetology licensing agencies as well. In addition, the National Interstate Council of State Cosmetology Boards (NICS) has now adopted this standard practice.

Burns from Irons, Blow-Dryers, and Other Thermal Styling Implements Burning yourself or the client can be an unpleasant end to what should be a “look-good, feel-good” experience. Scalp, facial, and hand burns can easily result from mishandling thermal irons and blowers. Metal combs can also cause scalp burns when used with thermal styling implements. Burns are slow healing, so an ounce of prevention is worth more than a pound of cure. Safety measures during thermal hairstyling are not that difficult to implement and follow. The client should be properly draped for dry hair services. The stylist needs to be well-trained in the use of thermal implements. Key habits need to be developed to prevent burning the scalp, like always placing a comb between the scalp and thermal irons when curling or waving hair. The blow-dryer should always be pointed from the scalp to the hair ends; not directly at the hair roots. If a burn occurs despite your precautions, be sure to apply necessary first aid quickly. First aid for first- and small second-degree burns usually involves running cold water (not ice water) over the skin or scalp or immersion of the body part in cold water. Gently blot the area dry with sterile gauze, a clean cloth, or a towel. Apply a dry dressing or sterile gauze; do not use absorbent cotton. If using a professional hair product, follow first aid procedures as outlined on the appropriate MSDS.


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Flammability or Inhalation of Hair Sprays and Styling Aids Spray and styling aid products in aerosol or pressurized containers are usually extremely flammable. Pump-spray products containing some type of alcohol, are less flammable but still may initiate a fire if a burning cigarette or other ignition source like an electrical spark is available. Combustion of these products with other organic material like paper, cardboard, and plastic may produce hazardous carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Heated containers under pressure may burst and act as mini-missiles. The health effects of hair sprays and styling aids are less dramatic, however, they bear close attention. Direct eye contact may cause moderate irritation. Stylists should advise salon clients to close or shield their eyes while sprays are applied. Exposure of skin to these products may cause dermatitis or other irritation. Inhalation of vapors may cause headache, dizziness, or drowsiness. Ingestion may cause burns to the mouth, throat, and stomach. Good ventilation with adequate air circulation goes a long way in preventing hazardous vapors from building to a dangerous level. Avoid storing styling aids above 120° Fahrenheit and avoid ignition sources like candles and electrical circuits. Do not work with the spray too close to your or the client’s face. Read the label instructions and MSDS for all products. Refer to Figure 3–4 (see page 48) for a safety and health summary covering sprays and styling aids.

Shock or Ignition Sources—Electrical Appliances, Outlets, and Cords. Electrical safety involves evaluation of both shock and fire hazards. In most cases, thermal irons, blow-dryers, and so on, can be designed for both maximum safety and efficiency. When selecting this equipment, look for the Underwriter’s Laboratory or UL mark or some other indication the product has been tested. Read the owner’s manual carefully and follow warnings like “Do not immerse in water.” Note that some state licensing regulations require that all electrical tools and implements be kept on stands or hangers or otherwise be stored properly when not in use. So-called octopus outlets, outlets with cracked or missing covers, and blow-dryer and extension cords that are frayed, tangled, or too long are other electrical shock hazards in the haircutting area. Licensing regulations sometimes limit use of extension cords to one six-foot grounded cord per station per implement in use. From a fire standpoint, hot or damaged thermal irons and blow-dryers, as well as electrical outlets and cords are all considered potential ignition sources.

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Slips and Falls from Hair or Water on the Floor Hair or water on the floor is both a sanitation and slip/fall hazard. Even if the haircutting station is far from the shampoo bowl, clients may track in water, snow, and mud from outside the salon. Some state licensing agencies require salons to remove all hair from the floor after each haircut and specify that water on the floor be cleaned up immediately. In addition, remember that your clients’ impressions of good sanitation and housekeeping will be influenced by how clean you keep the salon floor.

Ergonomic Problems from Improper Chair, Body, and Hand Position The temptation to bend from the waist and slump the shoulders while doing a haircut is not as strong as it is when shampooing. Improper chair height or body position as shown in Figure 5–2a frequently cause musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) problems. Here we see that the stylist is

Vertebrae Pliable Discs

Herniated Disc

Degenerative Disc Disease

Figure 5-2a Improper body position

Spinal Column


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Taller

Shorter

Figure 5-2b Proper Chair and Body Position

leaning forward, putting pressure on her lower back with her hands and arms raised, too close to her work. Also note that leg and back fatigue can result from prolonged standing on a hard floor. Clearly, this stylist is atrisk of becoming one of the statistics in Chapter 1. We see the correct chair and body position in Figure 5–2b. Note that the chair has been adjusted so that the client’s head is at a comfortable working level. The stylist is standing with the knees slightly bent, one foot slightly forward at a 45-degree angle. Her arms are roughly parallel to the floor and she is using the shears with her wrist in a relatively straight or neutral position. A full day of haircutting manipulating shears, combs, and brushes involves a lot of repetitive motion. Carpal tunnel syndrome frequently results when the cosmetologist uses the incorrect arm, hand, and wrist positions shown in Figure 5–3a. Notice how the palm of the left hand is facing the back of the right hand. In addition, the right wrist is bent awkwardly in order to make a straight cut. Symptoms of carpal tunnel disorder include pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, swelling, and loss of grip strength in the upper extremities of the body. Put the back of both hands together and hold the wrists in a forced-flex for one minute. If you feel numbness and tingling in your hand, you may already have carpal tunnel syndrome. Figures 5–3b through 5–3e demonstrate the correct hand positions at 0, 90, 180, and blended elevations to avoid MSDs.

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Figure 5-3a Awkward hand and wrist position

Figure 5-3b Hand and wrist in neutral position—0° elevation


Figure 5-3c Hand and wrist at 90° elevation

Figure 5-3d Hand and wrist at 180° elevation

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Figure 5-3e Hand and wrist at blended elevation As the cosmetology industry learns more about ergonomics, fewer stylists will be put under long-term risk for repetitive motion disorders. In addition, scissors and other implements are becoming available that make it easier for the stylist to maintain a relatively neutral hand and wrist position for a variety of elevations. The next time you take a break, try these simple exercises (illustrated in Figure 5–4) to take the stress off the pressure points and stretch your muscles.18, 20 Stretching will warm you up and improve blood flow. Another benefit is more oxygen to the brain, giving you better nerve response. 1. Shrug shoulders while standing and hold for a count of eight. 2. Raise your arms above your head and stand on your toes, clenching your fists. Hold for a count of four. 3. Spread your fingers apart and rotate hands clockwise four times. Repeat the rotation in a counterclockwise direction four times. 4. While standing or sitting, put your hands together in a praying position, just touching the chest. Raise your elbows until you feel a pulling sensation in your forearms. Hold for a count of eight. 5. Put the back of your hands together with fingers pointing down. Hold the wrists in a flexed position as shown. Hold for a count of eight. Note that if this exercise causes numbness and tingling in the hands and wrist, you may have carpal tunnel syndrome. 6. Bend your wrists back as far as possible with your fingers spread out. Flex the thumb of one hand and each finger to your palm. Repeat this exercise with all of the fingers in reverse order until you get back to the thumb. Repeat with the other hand.


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1. While standing, shrug shoulders and hold for the count of eight.

2. Raise your arms above head, stand on your toes, and clench your fists. Hold for the count of four.

3. Spread fingers apart. Rotate hands clockwise four times, then counterclockwise four times.

4. While standing or sitting, put hands together in praying position, just touching the chest. Raise elbows until you feel pulling in your forearm. Count to eight.

5. Put back of hands together with fingers pointing down, and hold wrists in forced flexion. Count to eight. *If this causes numbness and tingling you may have Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

6. With wrists in maximum extension (bent back as far as possible) and fingers out, flex thumb and each subsequent finger to palm of hand. Repeat with all of the fingers (in reverse order) until you get back to the thumb. Repeat with the other hand.

Figure 5-4 Hand, wrist, and forearm stretching exercises

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7. Holding your palm up, move a golf ball around in your hand using your fingers only. Continue this exercise for a count of eight. Repeat with the other hand. 8. Squeeze a rubber ball or a spring hand grip to strengthen your wrist muscles; count to eight. Repeat with the other hand. 9. Using a wide rubber band or tubing, practice extending and flexing each wrist in each direction. Use stronger bands as your strength increases. 10. Tie one end of a rope to the middle of a broom handle and the other end to a one-pound weight. With palms down, turn the handle to wind up the rope and the weight. Keep your hands level with the arm, turn the handle with your fingers. Repeat the exercise with palms up.

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azard Prevention and Control Now let’s look at inspections, follow-up, and safe work practices for the hair cutting and styling part of the salon.

Figure 5-5 A sanitary and well-organized haircutting station


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Inspections and Follow-Up Many of the potential hazards on the Safety and Health Inspection Report found in Chapter 2 apply to the haircutting and styling area as well. Look for specific ergonomic issues that relate to this area: ■ Are the chair heights and positions adjustable? ■ Are armrests and footrests provided where needed? ■ Are stools suited to applicable tasks provided for the cosmetologist? ■ Are scissors, razors, combs, brushes, and other tools provided or recommended that maintain a relatively neutral hand and wrist position?

Safe Work Procedures Many of the items in the Safe Work Procedures checklist (see Figure 2–5 on page29) apply to haircutting and styling. Other safe work issues for stations in this area include: ■ Do stylists prepare and maintain an adequate supply of clean and disinfected brushes, combs, scissors, and other implements for use on each client? ■ Are clients properly draped for each service? ■ Are chairs adjusted at the proper height and position to cut and style hair? ■ Are clippers scissors, razors, and combs held and manipulated to avoid cutting self and client? Do stylists follow good hand, wrist, and finger ergonomics? Do they stretch arms, hands, and fingers periodically? ■ Are sprays and other styling aids kept away from heat, sparks, and open flames? ■ Are cuts treated promptly to stop bleeding and is blood cleaned up following required infection control procedures? ■ Are thermal irons and blow-dryers handled carefully to avoid burning self and client and only after receiving up-to-date instruction in their use? ■ Are only nonmetal, hard rubber, or high performance plastic combs, in good condition, used to avoid burning or injuring the scalp? ■ Is hair spray used carefully; pointed away from eyes, contact lenses, nose, and mouth? Do stylists avoid spraying near an open flame or where people are smoking? ■ Are linens, gowns, and headbands properly cleaned before reuse? ■ Are capes or other coverings prevented from touching the clients’ skin? ■ Do stylists avoid placing combs, curlers, or bobby pins in their mouth or pocket?

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Job Safety Analysis In Chapter 2 we described the use of the Job Safety Analysis to create your own safe work procedures and to train employees. What follows is use of the Job Safety Analysis to generate a quick list of hazards for haircutting. The steps: Wet hair, divide head into sections. For a blunt haircut, start at the bottom of the nape and comb the hair straight down. Then cut the hair straight across at the desired length, holding the shears parallel to the floor. The hazards: You could stab the client with the shears or you could cut yourself. And there is always your own long-term fatigue, strain, or carpal tunnel syndrome. The precautions: Palm shears and comb. Keep the knuckles of the opposite hand against the client’s skin to protect against the shears. Do not cut past the second knuckle. Keep the wrist in a neutral position.

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uick Review ■ The basic hazards in the haircutting and styling area include hair and scalp disorders, cuts, poor sanitation and infection control, thermal burns, fire and electrical hazards, slips/trips/falls, and ergonomic hazards. ■ In the event of a cut, the steps to follow are found in Figure 5–1. ■ To avoid burning yourself or a client, you need to develop safe work habits when using hair dryers and other thermal implements. First, it is important to be well trained. Always place a comb between the scalp and the thermal iron when curling or waving hair. Using a blow-dryer? Remember, it should always be pointed from the scalp to the hair ends; not directly on the hair roots. ■ Electrical equipment is a ready source of shock or can quickly ignite flammable vapor. Avoid placing or using hair spray containers near electrical outlets or burning candles and cigarettes. Use surge protectors for multiple outlets and short extension cords that are kept off the floor and in good condition.

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Job Safety Analysis Exercise Adapt the previous Job Safety Analysis for haircutting into an exercise. Divide participants into pairs. Give the steps and ask them to identify hazards individually. Next, instruct participants to compare their hazards list and generate precautions. Finally, debrief the exercise with the entire group.


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Cleaning Up Blood Spill Role Play Arrange your participants into groups of three to six. This will help reduce the feeling “Everyone’s watching!” for the role players. Ask each group to choose who will play the role of stylist, client, and team coach. The coach is someone who observes unless a role player gets stuck. In that case, he or she simply tags the coach and they jump into the situation. As discussion leader, you may want to play the role of the stylist or coach first, in order to model the key lessons in this situation. Rotate the players so that everyone gets a chance to participate in both roles. The client (choose a name) is sitting in your chair for a haircut and style. This is the first time you have seen this client. The shampoo has been completed and during the scalp and hair analysis, you notice that their hair is fine and has a cowlick in the hairline and a whorl in the crown. You make a mental note to leave extra length in those areas. You also notice the client’s scalp looks slightly pink and that in several places the tiny blood vessels are close to the skin surface. As you begin sectioning the hair, the client starts to tell you about their life. He or she frequently turns the head and uses hand gestures for emphasis. You stop the service briefly to politely remind the client to sit quietly and hold their head still. The situation improves for a while, but just when you begin to part and cut, the client first bends down and away from the comb and scissors and then quickly straightens in the chair. This movement causes the point of the shears to penetrate the scalp and you see a small amount of blood oozing from the wound. What do you say? What first aid and cleanup procedure would you follow? How would you handle the situation after the incident? Continue the exercise until everyone has had a chance to participate in some way. Discuss the experience with the entire group and record some of the group’s conclusions.

Review Questions 1. If you drop your scissors on the floor you: a. may use them again. b. can’t use them until they are disinfected. c. must stop and pick them up immediately. d. can use them again if it’s on the same client. 2. While giving a haircut you notice the client has scabies on the scalp. You should: a. not touch that area with your hands or implements. b. stop the haircut immediately. c. send the client to a physician. d. all of these.

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3. While styling the client’s hair with the blow-dryer, direct the __________ away from the scalp. a. hair b. vent brush c. comb d. heat 4. Electrical implements with frayed cords should __________ until they are repaired. a. be wrapped with tape b. used with care c. not be used d. be wrapped with a towel 5. Extension cords used on implements should only be used temporarily and __________ extend beyond the practitioner’s workstation. a. should b. always c. should not d. can safely

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CHAPTER OUTLINE

KEY TERMS

Chemical Treatment Area ■ List safety and health hazards in the chemical treatment area. ■ Explain when and how to use appropriate personal protective equipment. ■ List the safe work procedures to follow in this area.

Introduction Chemical Treatment Hazards Safety of Permanent Waving and Relaxing Chemicals Safety of Lightening and Hair Coloring Chemicals Hazard Alert Hazard Prevention and Control Inspections and Follow-Up Safe Work Procedures Quick Review Activities and Review Questions Job Safety Analysis Exercise Use of Models Review Questions

ACGIH acid-balanced perms activators alkaline perms ammonia aniline derivative certified colors color removers cortex cross-contamination developer

endothermic exothermic hair lighteners JSA malpractice Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) melanin metallic dyes neutral-balanced perms neutralizer oxidation

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KEY TERMS (Continued)

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oxidative hair color patch test pediculosis perm permanent hair color pH personal protective equipment (PPE) pre-existing condition relaxer

semipermanent hair color strand test threshold limit value (TLV) thio-based creams and gels trade secret temporary hair colors or rinses vegetable color waving lotion

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ntroduction In your salon, there may be cosmetologists who specialize in perms and colors. Sometimes stylists who do haircutting and styling provide these services too. Many establishments have a designated chemical treatment area. Safety and health is a key function wherever chemical treatments are performed because of the large variety of physical and especially chemical hazards involved.

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hemical Treatment Hazards The chemistry of permanents, relaxing products, bleaching formulas, and coloring mixtures is constantly being refined. New products are being introduced all the time. In this area of the salon, we need to be especially concerned about chemical health and safety. First we will review available information about the safety of permanent waving and hair coloring chemicals. Then we will discuss other hazards in the chemical treatment area.

Safety of Permanent Waving and Relaxing Chemicals Permanent waving and relaxing chemistry is constantly being refined such that many different formulas are available for a wide variety of hair types. Almost all perms, either alkaline or acid-balanced, consist of a waving lotion and a neutralizer.4 Be sure to check the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) information for the chemical that you are using, and consult the safety and health summary for perms, neutralizers, wave lotions, and relaxing products found in Figure 3–4 (see page 48). Remember that the best time to discuss chemical sensitivity with your client is during the consultation.

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There are inhalation hazards for these products but the risk of a problem in the salon is very slight. Breathing limit information is not particularly helpful to the stylist since OSHA intends the limits to protect factory workers who may be exposed to large quantities of chemical vapor continuously for an eight-hour shift. Breathing limits for waving lotion and neutralizer chemicals have been established for ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, glycerin, ethanol amine, and hydrogen peroxide; listed chemicals for relaxers include sodium hydroxide. For salons, good general ventilation in the area of use is recommended. Ingestion of waving lotions, neutralizers, and relaxers is a serious problem. Manufacturers report the potential of these products to cause nausea, vomiting, intestinal tract irritation, and diarrhea. Warnings for hair lighteners and relaxers are more extreme than for waving lotions.

Safety of Lightening and Hair Coloring Chemicals Hair lightening products are classified as oil bleaches, cream lighteners, and powder bleaches. Hair coloring products fall into five main categories: temporary, semipermanent, oxidative deposit-only, nonoxidative permanent, and oxidative/lift-deposit (permanent).4 For permanent colors, the color reacts with the developer and deposits the color in the cortex of the hair shaft. MSDS sheets for lightening and hair color products also contain a required listing of “Hazardous Ingredients.” Listed lightening chemicals that have breathing limits include hydrogen peroxide, glyceryl stearate, mica, ammonium and potassium persulfate, sodium stearate, and silica; listed hair coloring chemicals include isopropyl alcohol, ammonium hydroxide, resorcinol, phenylenediamine (aniline derivative), and glycerin.

The chemical treatment area is a potential source of physical and chemical hazards: ■

Stylist/client allergies and chemical sensitivities

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Product in clients’ eyes, ears, scalp, skin, and on clothes

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Stylist skin staining, drying, and irritation

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Scalp abrasions, irritations, and open sores

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Cross-contamination from unclean implements and supplies

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Burns from implements and equipment

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Slips and falls from solution or water on the floor

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Ergonomic problems

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Bleach products in powdered form do offer a considerable inhalation hazard. For example, inhalation of bleach powders may trigger asthmatic attacks or other respiratory hypersensitivities. Appropriate warnings and precautions (keeping the face away from the powder and use of a dust mask) are generally listed on the label and MSDS sheet. Ingestion of lightening and hair color products will cause at least a moderately toxic reaction. Bleach powders and some color chemicals can be poisonous. Remember that ingestion of salon chemicals by adults is highly unlikely unless food is consumed where the products are stored, dispensed, or mixed.

Stylist/Client Allergies and Chemical Sensitivities People vary considerably in their chemical sensitivity. Because you may not know in advance whether a client is allergic to a hair treatment product, you could easily aggravate a pre-existing condition. You could also cause yourself problems through prolonged use of chemical treatment products without proper protection for your hands. Client sensitivity to hair bleaches (especially aniline derivatives), colors, and developers is unpredictable. For this reason, the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires that a patch test or predisposition test be given forty-eight hours before an application of aniline tint or toner4 (see Figure 6–1). OSHA does not regulate aniline or aniline derivatives. However, the Professional Hair Care and Beauty Trades Division of the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union is concerned about these products. They claim that a study of health effects concerning oxidative hair color has shown that they often produce harmful effects when frequent skin contact occurs. Be sure to read the chemical product label carefully before your client arrives. Also study the MSDS information that covers health hazards. This information often lists the effect of skin contact as a “mild,

Figure 6-1 A predisposition test should be performed before application of an aniline tint or toner


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reversible reaction” or “could cause or worsen dermatitis in some individuals.” Several permanent wave manufacturers indicate skin sensitivity as “irritating if not washed off.” Skin exposures to hair relaxers and straighteners are more likely to cause severe irritation. Lightening, bleaching, and coloring products are likely to aggravate dermatitis and other skin disorders. Review this information with your clients as part of the consultation. Ask them about previous or pre-existing chemical sensitivity and don’t be afraid to recommend a patch test if you are not sure of what the reaction might be to a given chemical treatment. As you carefully analyze the hair and scalp, avoid any vigorous brushing, combing, and rubbing. Remember that you’re on the lookout for any scalp abrasions, open sores, or other disorders that can be seriously aggravated by chemical treatments. Record the results of the patch test on the client’s record card. Keeping accurate consultation records is extremely important. Your clients are literally putting their well-being into your hands. It’s an enormous responsibility that needs to be taken seriously. Again, be sure to consult the MSDS for the product you are using. Note that label and MSDS information lists protective gloves as optional for many permanent wave lotions and neutralizers. Gloves are generally required for relaxing and straightening products. Remember that there is no ideal glove for all applications. Refer back to Chapter 3 for the discussion on MSDS control measures for handling salon chemicals. Thingauge nitrile gloves will still provide the feel you need without risking a latex reaction. Barrier creams are sometimes recommended for protection against contact dermatitis or an allergic reaction to perm and hair color products. Opinions vary as to the effectiveness of barrier creams. They are frequently used to protect hands that have become sensitive to chemicals and to speed the healing process.

Product in Clients’ Eyes, Ears, Scalp, and Skin Direct eye contact with waving lotions, relaxers, bleach products, and hair color materials generally will cause irritation and very possibly permanent eye injury. Permanent wave or color products on the scalp, face, ears, or other exposed skin may also cause irritation or aggravate existing skin disorders. Protect the client’s hairline by using cotton strips or a neutralizing band as shown in Figure 6–2. Precautions for some colors and permanent wave lotions list eye protection as optional. The risk of getting material in your eyes is only slight because of the relatively thick, lotion-like consistency of most chemical-treatment products. As we learned in the beginning of this guide, you should be more focused on hazards than risks. Don’t take a chance; wear safety glasses with side shields when using chemical products. Relaxer personal protective equipment (PPE) precautions generally require goggles or glasses. Again, consult in advance the MSDS for the product you are using.

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Figure 6-2 Hairline should be protected by cotton strips or neutralizing band

Stylist Skin Staining, Drying, and Irritation Over an entire career, many cosmetologists suffer the consequences of frequent hand washing and use of chemical products. Many do not use rubber or plastic gloves when giving perms because they are awkward, and the drying or irritating effect of the chemicals is not immediate. Gloves are almost always worn when applying hair coloring material to prevent staining the hands. Some perm manufacturers list use of gloves as optional. Gloves are required when applying relaxing and straightening products. Lightening, color, and developer products require use of gloves to protect the hands. To prevent irritation and potential health hazards, stylists should always wear gloves when working with chemical hair treatments. Also consider use of a water-resistant protective cream. This will minimize absorption of the irritant into the skin and aid cleanup.

Scalp Abrasions, Irritations, and Open Sores Scalp abrasions, open sores, and other disorders can be seriously aggravated by chemical treatment. If a client has scalp or facial skin disorders that extend into the scalp, do not apply the treatment. Recommend that the client see a dermatologist and delay the service until the skin is healthy.

Cross-Contamination from Unclean Implements and Supplies You risk spreading contagious hair and scalp disorders if rollers, pins, clippies, hair nets, and all other instruments are not cleaned and disinfected frequently according to state requirements. Use Figure 3–7 (see


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page 52) and the window pane exercise (Figure 3-9) to develop your own decontamination and disinfecting procedures to prevent cross-contamination of implements and supplies. Establish a written procedure and appropriate memory aids based on your state cosmetology board requirements.

Burns from Implements and Equipment This hazard may result from putting a client under a malfunctioning or poorly adjusted dryer. Dryers should be turned on and allowed to heat up for approximately five minutes before using them on clients. Be sure to clean dryer filters frequently to prevent variation in air flow and temperature.

Slips and Falls from Solution or Water on the Floor This is the same hazard discussed in Chapter 4. Be sure to clean up all spills on the floor immediately.

Ergonomic Problems Back, leg, and arm fatigue can result from improper body position, as discussed in Chapter 5. Refer to Figures 4–1, 5–2, and 5–3 for illustrations of good ergonomic practice.

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Inspections and Follow-Up The salon safety inspection team may apply many of the items in the Salon Self-Inspection Safety and Health Report (see Chapter 2) to the chemical treatment area. A monthly walk-through, aided by the selfinspection checklist (see Figure 2–4 on page 23), will help to reduce hazards and potential hazards.

Safe Work Procedures Apply this additional list of safe work procedures to those in Figure 2–5 when evaluating procedures in the chemical treatment area: ■ Are MSDS information and product manufacturer’s directions read before conducting chemical services? ■ Are client consultations and hair/scalp examinations conducted before service? Do stylists keep good client records that include chemical sensitivities? Are predisposition or patch tests done before application of aniline tints and toners? (See Milady’s Standard Textbook, Chapter 12, for information to be kept on a client record card.)

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■ Are glasses and jewelry properly removed and stored? Are clients properly draped to protect skin and clothes? Do stylists avoid getting product or rinse water into the eyes or on unprotected skin? ■ Are protective gloves and safety glasses worn while providing chemical services? ■ Are sodium hydroxide and thio-based creams and gels handled carefully and according to manufacturer’s directions to avoid chemical burns? ■ Do stylists avoid breaking hair with excessive heat, stretching, or improperly applied rollers? ■ Is the use of aniline derivative tints on eyelashes and eyebrows avoided? ■ Are protective cotton and cream applied around hairline and over ears when appropriate? ■ Are colors, permanents, and other wave/color products mixed and applied only according to manufacturer’s directions? Are nonmetallic bowls or bottles used for oxidative toners and developers? ■ Do stylists properly discard waving lotions, colors, or neutralizer from opened containers? Do they avoid contaminating these products with dirt or chemical impurities? ■ Are all used disposable supplies discarded appropriately? ■ Are other reusable containers closed tightly, wiped off, and stored safely? ■ Are rods and other implements, capes, work areas and hands cleaned, sanitized, and/or disinfected following services?

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uick Review ■ Safety and health hazards in the chemical treatment area include allergies and chemical sensitivities; product in the eyes, ears, scalp, skin, and on clothes; drying, irritation and staining skin; cross-contamination from unclean implements and supplies; burns from implements and equipment; slips and falls; and ergonomic problems. ■ Use of appropriate PPE like gloves and safety glasses is extremely important when working with chemicals. You probably use gloves automatically when using color because you don’t want to stain your hands. Although the effects are not immediate, perms and other products can irritate the skin over time. Many cosmetologists suffer the consequences of frequent hand washing and the use of chemical products; make sure you are not one of them.


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■ Direct eye contact with a product is never good and will generally cause irritation at a minimum and in some cases permanent eye injury. Precautions for many chemical products at least suggest the use of eye protection. MSDS safeguards more frequently require the use of goggles or safety glasses with side shields. The risk of a splash or squirt may not be very high, but the consequences of getting chemicals in your eyes are enormous. ■ Safe work procedures to follow in this area are listed above under hazard prevention and control. Also see the JSAs in Figures 6–3b and 6–4b for key precautions while working with perms and colors. Chemicals are serious business and making chemical safety a top priority is good business.

A


Job Safety Analysis Exercise You may want to conduct the perm and color JSA exercises separately. We will describe the perm exercise here. Pass out copies of Figure 6–3a and ask participants to individually identify hazards associated with the numbered steps involved in delivering a permanent wave. When they have completed that, have them write in the precautions that fit each hazard they just listed. When most participants have finished, ask them to get into pairs and discuss their individual hazards and precautions. Allow a few minutes for this activity, then bring the entire group together and ask for a report from each pair. Pass out copies of a completed JSA, Figure 6–3b, to discuss with the group, and add your own comments. You may want to ask for volunteers to coordinate a consensus JSA using input from this exercise and bring it back to the group at another time. When the project is completed, you will have a written perm JSA to train new stylists and for refresher training. Repeat this exercise for a single-process hair color application, using Figures 6–4a and 6–4b.

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Permanent Wave Procedure Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Step

Hazard

1. Consult with the client. 2. Analyze the hair and scalp carefully. 3. Select the correct rod size for the desired style. 4. Choose the appropriate perm product for the hair type and final design. Follow the manufacturer’s directions carefully. 5. Section and make accurate partings for each rod. Wrap specifically for the style chosen. 6. Apply waving lotion to the top and underside of all wound rods. Saturate thoroughly. 7. If the perm product requires a test curl, be sure the result is a firmly formed "S" shape. 8. Water rinse for at least 3 to 5 minutes and carefully towel blot each rod. 9. Apply neutralizer to the top and underside of all rods. Saturate thoroughly. 10. Wait five minutes, remove the rods carefully, apply any remaining neutralizer, and gently work through the hair. Rinse with warm water. 11. Discard all used supplies 12. Clean up work area 13. Thoroughly clean and sanitize rods and implements. 14. Wash and sanitize your hands. 15. Complete client record card.

Figure 6-3a Permanent wave procedure

Precaution

Our Action Plan


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Job Safety Analysis—Permanent Wave Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Safety glasses with side shields, rubber or plastic gloves Step

Hazard

Precaution

1. Consult with the client

Allergies, chemical sensitivities; product on eyes, skin, clothes

Review medical history, previous perm record before providing perm; protect client’s clothing with plastic shampoo cape or ask client to change into smock, remove glasses, earrings, and necklaces. Wear PPE.

2. Analyze the hair and scalp carefully

Scalp abrasions, irritations, open sores; misjudging hair characteristics (Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 233)

Do not give perm. Methodical examination of hair and scalp, keep accurate records.

Damage to hair; sensitivity to scalp, skin

Review perm selection guidelines (Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 235); read manufacturer’s directions and MSDS, avoid vigorous brushing, combing, rubbing, during pre-perm services.

Hair breakage

Band should not press into hair near scalp or be twisted against wound hair. (Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 244)

Product in client’s eyes, ears, scalp, and skin

Follow manufacturer’s directions; avoid eye and skin contact, rinse thoroughly with cool water if product contacts these areas; use petroleum base cream on scalp for sodium hydroxidebased relaxers, as well as around hairline and ears.

Our Action Plan

3. Select the correct rod size for the desired style. 4. Choose the appropriate perm product for the hair type and final design. Follow the manufacturer’s directions carefully.

5. Section and make accurate partings for each rod. Wrap specifically for the style chosen.

6. Apply waving lotion to the top and underside of all wound rods. Saturate thoroughly.

Figure 6-3b Job Safety Analysis—Permanent Wave

(Continued)

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Job Safety Analysis—Permanent Wave (Continued) Step

7. If the perm product requires a test curl, be sure the result is a firmly formed “S” shape.

Hazard

Overprocessed hair

Under/overprocessed

Precaution

Do not perm until hair is in good condition, follow manufacturer’s directions. (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, pg. 248); do not reperm preliminary test curls

8. Water rinse for at least 3 to five 5 and carefully towel blot each rod.

Water on floor

See Chapter 4.

9. Apply neutralizer to the top and underside of all rods. Saturate thoroughly.

See step 6.

See step 6.

10. Wait 5 minutes, remove the rods carefully, apply any remaining neutralizer, and gently work through the hair. Rinse with warm water.

Uneven neutralizer application or neutralizer remaining after rinse.

Be thorough with neutralizer and rinse.

11. Discard all used supplies

Ineffective waving lotion

Do not save any opened, unused product (see manufacturer’s directions)

Cross-contamination

Store rods in a covered, sanitized container.

12. Clean up work area 13. Thoroughly clean and sanitize rods and implements. 14. Wash and sanitize your hands. 15. Complete client record card.

Figure 6-3b Job Safety Analysis—Permanent Wave (Continued)

Our Action Plan


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Single-Process Hair Color Application Procedure Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment: Step

Hazard

Precaution

Our Action Plan

Predisposition Test 1. Select test area. 2. Cleanse area. 3. Dry the area. 4. Prepare test solution. 5. Apply solution to test area. 6. Leave area undisturbed for forty-eight hours. 7. Examine test area. 8. Note results on client’s record card.

Preparation 1. Provide patch test, ask client to sign release statement. 2. Analyze hair and scalp. 3. Assemble all supplies and implements. 4. Prepare client. 5. Apply protective cream around hairline and over ears. 6. Put on protective gloves. 7. Perform strand test. 8. Record results on client’s card.

Procedure 1. Section hair into four quarters. 2. Prepare tint formula. 3. Begin in section where color change is greatest.

Figure 6-4a Single-process hair color application procedure

(Continued)

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Single-Process Hair Color Application Procedure (Continued)

Step

Hazard

Precaution

4. Part subsection with applicator. 5. Lift subsection and apply tint to hair. 6. Process according to strand test results. 7. Apply tint mixture to hair at scalp. 8. Blend tint to hair ends. 9. Lightly rinse with lukewarm water. Massage color to a lather and rinse thoroughly. 10. Remove any stains around hairline. 11. Shampoo hair thoroughly. 12. Apply acid or finishing rinse. 13. Style hair. 14. Complete record card and file.

Cleanup 1. Discard disposable supplies and materials. 2. Close containers tightly, wipe them off and store in proper places. 3. Clean and sanitize implements. 4. Sanitize tint cape. 5. Sanitize work area. 6. Wash and sanitize hands.

Figure 6-4a Single-process hair color application procedure (Continued)

Our Action Plan


Job Safety Analysis—Single-Process Hair Color Application Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment: Safety glasses with side shields, rubber or plastic gloves Step

Hazard

Precaution

Predisposition Test 1. Select test area.

Client allergic reaction to aniline-derivative tint

Test behind one ear extending into hairline (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 289, Figure 12.14) or at inside bend of elbow (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, Figures 12.37 and 12.38) 48 hours before color service. Patch test required by U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; do at salon or by client at home.

1. Provide patch test, ask client to sign release statement.

Damage client’s hair

Used to explain possible effect of chemical treatment to client (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 288); may be required for some malpractice insurance.

2. Analyze hair and scalp.

Irritation of scalp, abrasions, sores

Do not apply tint (or if hair has been treated with metallic or compound dyes (see test in Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 345).

Color on skin, clothes

Protect clothing with shampoo cape, ask client to remove jewelry and put

2. Cleanse area. 3. Dry the area. 4. Prepare test solution. 5. Apply solution to test area. 6. Leave area undisturbed for 48 hours. 7. Examine test area. 8. Note results on client’s record card. Preparation

3. Assemble all supplies and implements. 4. Prepare client.

Figure 6-4b Job Safety Analysis—Single-Process Hair Color Application

Our Action Plan

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Job Safety Analysis—Single-Process Hair Color Application (Continued)

Step

Hazard

Precaution

5. Apply protective cream around hairline and over ears.

Color on skin

6. Put on protective gloves.

Operator dermatitis, stain operator skin

See caution in Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 307.

7. Perform strand test.

Over, under, wrong color

See strand test procedure in Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 306.

See step 6.

Wear PPE, see notes on hydrogen peroxide, Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 305.

Our Action Plan

8. Record results on client’s card.

Procedure 1. Section hair into four quarters. 2. Prepare tint formula.

3. Begin in section where color change is greatest. 4. Part subsection with applicator. 5. Lift subsection and apply tint to hair.

See step 6; possible blindness

6. Process according to strand test results. 7. Apply tint mixture to hair at scalp.

See step 6.

8. Blend tint to hair ends. 9. Lightly rinse with lukewarm water. Massage color to a lather and rinse thoroughly. 10. Remove any stains around hairline. 11. Shampoo hair thoroughly. 12. Apply acid or finishing rinse.

Possible fading of color

Rinse closes hair cuticles, restores pH, prevents fading (see manufacturer’s instructions)

Figure 6-4b Job Safety Analysis—Single-Process Hair Color Application (Continued)


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Step

Hazard

Precaution

Our Action Plan

13. Style hair. 14. Complete record card and file.

Cleanup 1. Discard disposable supplies and materials.

Ineffective product

Do not save any opened, unused product (see manufacturer’s instructions).

Cross-contamination

Store combs and brushes in a covered, sanitized container.

2. Close containers tightly, wipe them off and store in proper places. 3. Clean and sanitize implements. 4. Sanitize tint cape. 5. Sanitize work area. 6. Wash and sanitize hands.


Use of Models You may want to conduct the perm and color exercises separately. Again, we will describe the exercise for perms. Set up mannequin models, implements, and materials for a permanent wave service. Divide your participants into small groups of three to six. Ask each of the groups to choose a leader and ask the rest to take turns playing the role of: (1) student or experienced stylist (2) observer-instructor or salon manager/ owner. Before the student or stylist begins the service and the observer take notes, take the leader’s aside. Ask them to take notes and inform the pair at the end of the exercise on how well proper procedures were followed and how well observer feedback focused on the hazards and precautions in Figure 6–4b. Make sure each member of each group has an opportunity to play at least one role for the service. Finally, call all the participants together and ask the group leaders to summarize the exercise. Make sure you include the following discussion questions: ■ Did you leave anything out? If you were doing this over, would you do anything differently?

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■ Did most of the stylists wear gloves and safety glasses for the color service? Why or why not? ■ Did most of the stylists wear gloves and safety glasses for the permanent wave service? Why or why not? ■ What makes it difficult to change when it comes to our own safety and health? What possible benefits can you see looking back? Can bigger benefits be derived from change by expecting positive results and benefits beforehand? Why?

Review Questions 1. As you are making the partings for a tint application you notice that your client has pediculosis. You should: a. stop the service immediately b. advise the client to see a physician c. sanitize your implements, equipment, and anything else that came into contact with your client. d. all of these 2. During a chemical service, protect the client with proper use of a cape by: a. draping the cape over the back of the chair b. tucking it in between the client and the chair c. placing a towel between the client and the chair d. not allowing any solution to drip on the client 3. Before any chemical service: a. examine the scalp b. shampoo the hair c. massage the scalp d. brush the hair 4. Before you use an aniline-based hair color on a new client, you should ____________. a. call his or her mother b. vigorously brush the hair c. conduct a predisposition test d. none of the above 5. The most common problem for stylists without gloves when using a product that leaves a deposit in the cortex of the hair shaft is ____________. a. dermatitis b. pediculosis c. hepatitis B d. staining the hands 6. A predisposition test is done in order to ____________. a. choose the right hair coloring product b. test the client’s chemical sensitivity c. test for the right color d. all of the above

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C H A P T E R


CHAPTER OUTLINE

KEY TERMS


■ Identify major hazards in the manicure and pedicure areas. ■ Describe what to look for when inspecting the manicure and pedicure areas. ■ Demonstrate the safe handling of nail products, containers, tools, and waste. ■ Practice using the Job Safety Analysis to assure proper safety and health precautions for manicure and pedicure services.

Introduction Manicure and Pedicure Hazards Chemical Health and Safety Hazard Alert Hazard Prevention and Control Inspections and Follow-Up Safe Work Procedures Quick Review Activities and Review Questions Acrylic Odor Case Study Manicure and Pedicure Job Safety Analysis Exercise Review Questions

ACGIH acrylic gels and monomers air contaminants astringents athlete’s foot atom cross-contamination decontamination element

ergonomics exposure fungus ignition source industrial hygienist JSA lacquer local exhaust matter

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KEY TERMS (Continued)

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mold molecule monomer nuisance level organic vapor mask organic parasites

polymer pre-existing condition ringworm solvent tuberculocidal vapor

I

ntroduction There’s nothing like a manicure or pedicure to relax your client after a long day at work. Manicure and pedicure services may be offered as part of a full-service beauty salon or in a “nails only” salon. In either case, federal, state and local salon regulations have not always kept pace with the tremendous increase of nail products and services. The key OSHA standards in this area apply to hazard communication to employees, adequate ventilation at the point of service, and procedures to prevent the spread of HIV and hepatitis B. In addition, state cosmetology licensing agencies are joining a growing movement to protect consumers through more stringent regulations and inspections designed to improve sanitation practiced by nail salons. This chapter addresses many of the hazards associated with nail cosmetics and services. By conducting and following up on inspections, following safe work procedures, and using the job safety analysis (JSA) to develop your own procedures, you will build a safety and health support system in the manicure/pedicure area as well as in the other areas of the salon.

M

anicure and Pedicure Hazards Chemical Health and Safety There is a wide and growing variety of professional and retail nail cosmetics; the physical and chemical properties of these products are diverse as well. Further, chemical technology in the nail industry is advancing quickly, providing many new products, artistic innovations, and nail service establishments. Consequently, in this chapter we will only attempt to name a few nail products that frequently contain hazardous chemicals.


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Organic solvents are usually contained in lamp and brush cleaners, nail polish and polish removers, as well as in nail adhesives and mending liquids. Chemicals listed by OSHA as air contaminants in these products include acetone, ethanol, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, and ethyl acetate.3 More and more nail polish removers and other products are now advertised as “acetone-free.” Nail adhesives and menders frequently contain cyanoacrylates, hydroquinone, as well as polyvinyl butyral and dibutyl phtalate. The last two are OSHA-listed air contaminants. Nail primers sometimes contain methacrylic or other acids. Methacrylic acid can cause skin burning or redness over time if it is not washed off. Conventional lacquers and top coats often contain organic solvents, dibutyl phthalate, and camphor. Many of the solvents are listed by OSHA as air contaminants.

Methyl (MMA) and Ethyl (EMA) Methacrylate Methyl and ethyl methacrylate monomers are often contained in nail enhancement products used with artificial nails. Methyl methacrylate is commonly referred to as MMA. MMA monomer was a common ingredient in artificial nail products years ago when acrylic nails first became popular in the nail industry. Complaints about the use of MMA became so numerous that the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warned manufacturers that the monomer was too dangerous to use in the salon. OSHA is also concerned with MMA, listing it as a hazardous air contaminant and placing a limit on the amount of vapor a worker can be exposed to over an eight-hour period. Aware of the hazards of MMA, nail technicians are sometimes concerned when they find that MMA is contained in some acrylic powders. The powder or polymer form of MMA is called PMMA, which stands for poly-methyl methacrylate. PMMA does not cause skin reactions or the other problems associated with MMA. Ethyl methacrylate, or EMA for short, has replaced MMA in many nail enhancement products. It has most of the safety and health issues as MMA although OSHA does not list it as an air contaminant. EMA and MMA are both flammable, can cause explosive mixtures in air, and are hazardous if high concentrations of liquid or vapors enter the body through the nose, skin, eyes, and mouth. EMA has a higher boiling point than MMA and produces less odor than MMA. Like PMMA, the powder or polymer form of EMA is not harmful to clients or nail technicians. Always consult the specific product MSDS for the ingredients contained in any nail product you are using. Review Figure 3–4 (see page 48) for a safety and health summary of nail products.

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The manicure and pedicure areas of a salon may be sources of potential physical and chemical hazards: ■

Poor housekeeping and sanitation

■

Technician fatigue and muscle strain

■

Nail fungus/mold, skin cuts, and unclean implements or supplies

■

Odor, nail dust, allergies, dermatitis, and other sensitivities from nail products

■

Fire from flammable nail products and ignition sources

■

Slips and/or falls from water on floor

Odor, Nail Dust, Allergies, Dermatitis, and Other Sensitivities from Nail Products Cleansers, cuticle oils and creams, abrasives, alum powder, and hand/foot creams and lotions are not hazardous. However, many of the removers, thinners, solvents, polishes, monomers, and nail dryers have vapors that can be very irritating to eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory system. Similarly, natural and synthetic nail filings are so tiny that they act like a fine dust and can harm your lungs when inhaled. Products like gels and acrylic monomer vapor that smell bad aren’t necessarily harmful to either the client or the stylist. Our nose can detect most odors long before they reach a harmful concentration and the client is exposed only for a short time. You may tell your clients with confidence that the monomer odor is not harmful to their lungs, it just smells bad. Further, the exposure limits in air, set by OSHA and ACGIH, are intended to protect chemical factory workers who may handle MMA in bulk and be exposed to high concentrations of vapor for an entire work shift. Nonetheless, nail technicians should not inhale MMA and EMA monomer vapors on a daily basis without protection. Air monitoring around the technician’s breathing zone should be done if there is any concern about the monomers. Industrial hygienists who do this kind of testing say they have never seen a level that exceeds the exposure limit, even when the monitoring is done on a busy technician for a full eight hours. Just because a nail chemical is not OSHA-listed as an air contaminant doesn’t mean it can’t trigger allergies and skin sensitivities, however. Some manufacturers recommend use of neoprene or nitrile gloves when handling liquid monomers. Be sure to consult the MSDS for the product you are using. Overexposure to solvents and monomers may cause coughing, shortness of breath, dizziness, intoxication, skin rashes, and headaches. In addition, these materials may induce an allergic or sensitizing reaction in some individuals and thereby aggravate any pre-existing condition.


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Read product labels and MSDSs carefully. Note that solvent- and monomer-containing products should be used in well-ventilated rooms. Local exhaust is often recommended. Equipment similar to the unit in Figure 7–2 is now available to filter and remove nail dust and organic vapor.2 It is important to remember that local ventilation is the first priority, but a simple dust mask is OK for personal protection against nail dust if local ventilation cannot be improved. Use a nuisance-level organic vapor mask to control unwanted odors (see Reference 21 in Appendix C).

Nail Fungus/Mold, Skin Cuts, and Unclean Implements or Supplies Nail fungus and mold, plus diseases like ringworm or athlete’s foot, can be a real problem in the pedicure area. If a client has one of these conditions, refer them to a physician and do not treat them in the salon. If you’ve been performing manicures for any amount of time, you know that it doesn’t take much to make cuticles bleed. Nippers are such a dangerous source for cuts and bleeding that some states do not allow them to be used for nails. Others restrict their use to loose pieces of nail like hangnail or dead skin only. Use a cuticle remover lotion to soften cuticles. Put a cotton tip on the pusher and avoid pushing the cuticle back too hard or too far. If somehow you or the client starts to bleed, you must observe Universal Precautions. Discontinue the service, pull-on rubber gloves, perform first aid immediately, disinfect your implements, and follow the cleanup procedure described in this chapter and found in Figure 5–1 (see page 71). Clean and disinfect all implements before each use. Dispose of used supplies immediately. Spray the manicure or pedicure surface with disinfecting solution, rinse, and wipe dry.

Poor Housekeeping and Sanitation There is nothing worse than a messy manicure or pedicure area. Dirty floors and working surfaces, open implement drawers, poor ventilation, and uncovered trash containers are all problems that can hurt more than your business. Most state cosmetology licensing authorities routinely (or as a result of a complaint) inspect salons to ensure they are meeting sanitation and disinfecting standards. Cuticle nippers or scissors and other permanent nail implements must be cleaned and disinfected in tuberculocidal agents before each use to prevent the spread of HIV and viral hepatitis. Potentially bloodinfected disposable supplies like orangewood sticks, emery boards, gauze, and cotton are OSHA-regulated waste. They must be sealed in a double bag marked “biohazard,” separated from other waste, and disposed of according to federal, state, and local regulations. Check with your state or regional OSHA office. Once the bloody waste is completely dried, it may be permissible to dispose of it with other trash.8

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Floors and working surfaces should be clean, implement drawers should be closed, and all trash containers covered. Use the Salon SelfInspection Safety and Health Report (Figure 2–4 on page 23) to ensure good housekeeping in the manicure and pedicure area. Add items to customize this list to meet your salon’s needs. Note the requirement to keep nail product containers tightly closed and to keep food out of the manicure area. Follow the safe work practices below and precautions listed in Figures 7–4b and 7–5b (see pages 115 and 118).

Fire from Flammable Nail Products Frequently, nail products are extremely flammable fire hazards. Vapors from polish remover, enamels, and lacquers, and acrylic monomers burn with intense heat. The vapors may travel to an ignition source like a lit cigarette, burning candle, or electrical outlet and burn you and your client. Also, hazardous vapors will form when some of these materials decompose in a fire. Read labels and MSDS warnings carefully. Do not store products at temperatures over 120 degrees Fahrenheit, keep covers on containers when not in use, and keep products away from heat, direct sunlight, electrical sparks, and open flames.

Slips and/or Falls from Water on Floor We introduced water on the floor as a hazard in the shampoo area; it applies to the pedicure area as well. Place a towel under each of the water basins and immediately clean up any water on the floor.

Technician Fatigue and Muscle Strain Ergonomic problems often occur for nail technicians when bending forward from the waist for long periods, working with the hands too far away from the body, and bending the wrist with the fingers toward the palm when filing or buffing. When providing manicure service, lower your body into the chair keeping your back straight and slide to the back of chair. Use correct sitting and working positions throughout the manicure. Keep the wrist in a neutral or straight position when filing, buffing, etc. The idea is the same for pedicure procedures. Keep your back straight, whether working from a low stool or kneeling on the floor, and keep your wrist in a neutral position.


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H


Inspections and Follow-Up In addition to the items from the Salon Self-Inspection Safety and Health Report in Chapter 2, the team should consider the following questions when inspecting the manicure and pedicure areas: ■ Are manicuring tables, client chairs, adjustable lamps, and other equipment orderly, clean, and sanitized like the one shown in Figure 7–1? Is the work area well ventilated? MANICURING TABLE SETUP (Your instructor’s manicuring table setup is equally correct.) 1. Towel wrapped armrest 2. Nail file 3. Emory board 4. Alcohol 5. Cotton container 6. Finger bowl 7. Nail brush 8. Tray with nail polishes 9. Plastic bag 10. Disinfecting tray for implements 11. The drawer may be used for the following items: Nail whitener Instant dry enamel Peroxide Dry polish (powder or paste) Pumice stone Thinner Antiseptic Buffer Disposable towels Acrylic or gel

10

2 8

Figure 7-1 Proper manicure table setup

7 6

1

4 5 11

3

9

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■ Are client chairs, footrests, pedicurist stools, and other equipment orderly, clean, and sanitized? ■ Is ventilation provided for nail filing and polishing services like the system illustrated in Figure 7–2 and are fans, humidifiers, filters, exhaust, and ventilation systems cleaned regularly? ■ Is there an adequate supply of new orangewood sticks, emery boards, nail buffers, cotton, and disinfected implements (cuticle pushers, cuticle nippers or scissors, toenail clippers, nail brushes, etc.)? ■ Are nail cosmetics and materials perfectly clean and in order? ■ Is appropriate personal protective equipment such as eye protection, gloves, and dust and organic vapor masks available according to manufacturer’s directions and salon policy? ■ Are cuticle scissors, nippers, and other tools recommended or provided that maintain a relatively neutral hand and wrist position?

Safe Work Procedures When evaluating manicure and pedicure procedures, consider the following: ■ Do nail technicians follow all required sanitation and disinfecting procedures when preparing manicure/pedicure equipment, implements, and tools?

1. Toxic Dust & Vapors Enter The WTAC.

2. The WTAC's Triple Stage Filter With Activated Charcoal Cleans 140 Cu. Ft. of Air Per Minute.

Figure 7-2 Air cleaner for nail dust and product vapor


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■ Are product manufacturer’s directions and MSDS information read before conducting manicure/pedicure services? Do technicians avoid contaminating nail polish, adhesives, and other products with oil, cream, or powder? ■ Are hands washed before and after servicing each client? ■ Are hands and feet carefully examined before providing services? Do technicians look for the presence of a fungus or disease (e.g., ringworm or athlete’s foot) or for signs of inflammation, injury, or infection? Are clients referred to a qualified podiatrist or physician if treatment cannot be done in the salon? ■ Does the technician use ergonomic principles including proper body position when delivering manicure and pedicure services? ■ Are sharp-edged and pointed implements handled carefully? Do technicians avoid dropping them and cutting their own or clients’ skin? If injuries occur, do technicians follow Universal Precautions and proper blood cleanup procedures? ■ Do nail technicians use appropriate personal protective equipment such as eye protection, gloves, barrier cream, and dust and organic vapor masks according to manufacturer’s directions and salon policy? ■ Do technicians bevel sharp nail edges with an emery board? Are over-sharpened cutting edges of sharp implements softened with an emery board? ■ Do technicians avoid filing too deeply into nail corners and avoid using a sharp, pointed implement to cleanse under nails? ■ Is excessive friction in nail buffing avoided? Do technicians avoid pushing the cuticle back too far or applying too much pressure at the base of the nail? ■ Is there attention to keeping all containers covered and labeled? Are nail products stored away from heat? Do staff and clients avoid use of cigarettes, matches, and lighters around nail products? ■ Do technicians handle or move containers with dry hands? ■ Do technicians use a towel to absorb water under the pedicure basins as shown in Figure 7–3? ■ Does salon management use JSA used to teach and reinforce safe work practices?

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Figure 7-3 To eliminate falls or injuries from spilled water, place a towel under the pedicure container to absorb splashes

Q

uick Review ■ The major hazards in the manicure and pedicure areas include poor housekeeping and decontamination, fatigue and muscle strain, fungus and mold, cuts and bleeding, allergies and other chemical sensitivities, electrical and fire hazards, and slips/falls. ■ The salon self-inspection report in Figure 2–4 includes the manicure and pedicure areas. Additional items to look for are found in this chapter under Hazard Prevention and Control. ■ Safe work procedures for nail products and services are found under Hazard Prevention and Control and in the JSA exercises below.


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A


Acrylic Odor Case Study Set up a manicure station for acrylic nail services. Ask your participants to individually read the case study below. When you can see that people are finished reading, organize the group into teams of three to six people. Ask each team to select volunteers to play the role of (1) nail technician; (2) client; and (3) owner, manager, or instructor. Make sure everyone has an opportunity to play at least the nail technician and client role. Melody (or Bobby) Bell is a nail technician who has been with your salon for three years. She or he has ably performed a variety of nail services for many clients without complaint. In fact, Melody has many repeat customers who ask for her when they come in. Sally Horn has been your salon’s client for hair services, but has never asked for a manicure and acrylic nails until now. You recall that Sally has been rather particular about permanent wave and color services, and has complained in the past about permanent wave solution odors. Melody has set up the manicure table and materials and Sally takes a seat. Stylist and client begin to chat about the day and the manicure proceeds on schedule and without incident. However, as Melody begins to apply the nail primer, Sally sniffs the air and begins to complain about an odor. Melody stops the service, turns on a small table fan and asks if Sally would like to wear an organic vapor mask. Sally refuses, saying that she feels like she can’t breathe wearing a mask, and the service continues. When Melody opens the liquid monomer bottle and begins to dip the brush into the liquid mixture, Sally raises the level of complaint and asks to see the salon manager, who comes quickly to Melody’s station. By now, Sally is accusing Melody of using MMA on her nails and threatens to call the cosmetology licensing agency, the public health department, and OSHA. What should Melody and the manager do next? Why do you think Sally was so angry? Do you think Melody should have insisted she wear a mask? Why or why not? What does the MSDS say about this liquid product? How might you satisfy Sally’s complaint?

Manicure and Pedicure Job Safety Analysis Exercise Conduct the exercise in a manner similar to the Chapter 6 activity (see page 93). Use Figure 7–4a and 7–5a, respectively for manicure and pedicure procedures; Figures 7–4b and 7–5b for the completed JSAs.

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Manicure Procedure Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Step

Hazard

1. Seat client at table. 2.

Take your seat.

3. Examine client’s hands. 4. Remove old polish. 5. Shape nails. 6. Loosen, trim, and push back cuticle. 7. Clean, bleach (optional) under free edge, apply whitener (optional) under free edge of each nail. 8. Apply cuticle oil or cream and massage. 9. Cleanse, dry, and reexamine nails for defects. 10. Bevel nail edges, smooth and remove loose pieces of cuticle, repair split or broken nails. 11. Cleanse nails again with brush and dry hands and nails thoroughly. 12. Apply base coat, liquid polish, top/ seal coat. 13. Apply hand lotion, manipulate over hands (optional). 14. Provide post services. 15. Prepare manicuring table for next client.

Figure 7-4a Manicure procedure

Precaution

Our Action Plan


Job Safety Analysis—Manicure Engineering Controls: Provide adequate local exhaust, ventilation, and/or dust/vapor air cleaner Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Rubber or plastic gloves, mask with activated carbon filter Step

Hazard

Precaution

1. Seat client at table.

Cross-contamination— Sanitize and prepare spread contagious manicuring tabletop disease in advance.

2.

Take your seat.

Technician fatigue and

muscle strain

keeping your back straight and slide to the back of chair; use correct sitting and working position throughout the manicure (see Milady Standard Textbook, p. 16, Figure 1.10).

3. Examine client’s hands.

Cross-contamination

Wash your hands, sanitize client’s hands, do not work on a nail when surrounding skin is inflamed or infected.

4. Remove old polish.

Client, technician skin sensitivity

Use non-acetone remover, review remover MSDS, follow manufacturer’s directions.

5. Shape nails.

Scratch, split, or groove nail plate

Use flat file, avoid filing in corners, file in direction of growth.

6. Loosen, trim, and push back cuticle.

Cut client’s skin, client/technician skin sensitivity

Soften cuticle in finger bowl (alternate hands), dry fingertips, apply cuticle remover solvent, exercise care with pusher and nippers, use light pressure with pusher or orangewood stick; if blood is drawn during manicure, apply 3 percent hydrogen peroxide or powdered alum and stop the service until the implement is cleaned and disinfected (or use another implement).

chair

Figure 7-4b Job Safety Analysis—Manicure (Continued) (Continued)

Our Action Plan

Lower body into

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Job Safety Analysis—Manicure (Continued) Step

7. Clean, bleach (optional) under free edge, apply whitener (optional) under free edge of each nail.

Hazard

Precaution

Cut client’s skin, cross-contamination, injure tissue at root of nail

With a cotton-tipped orangewood stick, apply hydrogen peroxide or other bleaching preparation, review MSDS and manufacturer’s directions.

Scratch, split or groove nail plate, sensitivity to nail adhesive

Use flat file, file in direction of growth, review MSDS and inquire about medical history and sensitivities.


Review MSDS, follow manufacturer’s directions; assure adequate ventilation, use dust/vapor air cleaner and/or organic vapor mask (note dust mask is inadequate for solvent vapor protection), avoid open flame and other ignition sources.

14. Provide post services.

Cross-contamination

Provide used file and buffer to client.

15. Prepare manicuring table for next client.

Cross-contamination, spread HIV/hepatitis disease

Clean and disinfect any implement that comes in contact with blood or body fluid; potentially infected disposable sharps (files, etc.) and or materials like cotton must be placed in a sealed plastic bag, separated from other waste, and disposed of according to federal, state and local regulations; spray table with disinfectant and wipe, inspect table and drawer for sanitation and order, wash, dry hands.

8. Apply cuticle oil or cream and massage. 9. Cleanse, dry, and reexamine nails for defects. 10. Bevel nail edges, smooth and remove loose pieces of cuticle, repair split or broken nails. 11. Cleanse nails again with brush and dry hands and nails thoroughly. 12. Apply base coat, liquid polish, top/ seal coat.

13. Apply hand lotion, manipulate over hands (optional).

Figure 7-4b Job Safety Analysis—Manicure (Continued)

Our Action Plan


Pedicure Procedure Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Step

Hazard

1. Arrange required equipment, implements and materials. 2. Seat client in chair, have client remove shoes and stockings. 3. Take your seat on a low stool. 4. Examine client’s feet. 5. Fill two basins with warm water, bathe feet. 6. Remove old polish. 7. File and shape toenails with emery board. 8. Loosen cuticles on each toe with orangewood stick. 9. Rinse feet and dry, massage each toe with cuticle cream or oil. 10. Scrub feet in warm, soapy water, rinse, and dry. 11. Massage (optional, Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 449). 12. Apply base coat, polish, and seal coat in the same manner as for a manicure. 13. Conduct post service. 14. Clean up.

Figure 7-5a Pedicure procedure

Precaution

Our Action Plan

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Job Safety Analysis—Pedicure Engineering Controls: Provide adequate local exhaust, ventilation, and/or dust/vapor air cleaner Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Rubber or plastic gloves, mask with activated carbon filter (organic vapor mask) Step

Hazard

Precaution

1. Arrange required equipment, implements and materials.

Sanitize equipment and implements in advance.

2. Seat client in chair, have client remove shoes and stockings.

Wash your hands, sanitize client’s feet, place client’s feet on a clean paper towel on footrest.

3. Take your seat on a low stool.

Lower body onto stool keeping your back straight, use correct sitting and working position throughout the pedicure (see Milady’s Standard Textbook. p. 16).

4. Examine client’s feet.

Do not provide pedicure to feet with a contagious disease or skin condition; refer to a physician.

5. Fill two basins with warm water, bathe feet.

Add antiseptic or antibacterial soap to one basin, place towels under both basins, sanitize feet (three to five minutes), rinse and wipe dry.


Use non-acetone remover, review MSDS, follow manufacturer’s directions.

7. File and shape toenails with emery board.

File nails straight across, rounding slightly at corners to shape of toe, do not file into corners of the nails, use flat file with fine side of emery board to remove rough edges.

8. Loosen cuticles on each toe with orangewood stick.

Place feet in warm, soapy water, rinse and dry; apply cuticle solvent to cuticle and under free edge of each toenail, handle nipper carefully, do not cut cuticle (only nip large ragged

Figure 7-5b Job Safety Analysis—Pedicure

Our Action Plan


Job Safety Analysis—Pedicure (Continued)

Step

8. (Continued)

Hazard

Precaution

hangnails), keep cuticle moist with additional lotion or water, do not use excessive pressure, avoid using metal pusher; if blood is drawn during manicure, stop the service until the implement is cleaned and disinfected or use another implement.

9. Rinse feet and dry, massage each toe with cuticle cream or oil. 10. Scrub feet in warm, soapy water, rinse, and dry. 11. Massage (optional, Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 449). 12. Apply base coat, polish, and seal coat in the same manner as for a manicure.

See manicure procedure.

13. Conduct post service.


14. Cleanup

Clean and disinfect any implement that comes in contact with blood or body fluid; potentially infected disposable sharps (files, etc.) and or materials like cotton must be disposed of in a sealed plastic bag, separated from other waste, and disposed of according to federal, state and local regulations; clean, disinfect and store implements in a covered, sanitized container; discard used materials; wash your hands.

Figure 7-5b Job Safety Analysis—Pedicure (Continued)

Our Action Plan

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Review Questions 1. When applying nail tips you notice your client has an infection on their index finger. You should: a. wipe it off with an antiseptic before applying the tip b. soak it in a bactericide c. not apply a tip to that nail d. scrape off the infected area with an orangewood stick 2. Your client complains about the odor of acrylic vapor. You should: a. discontinue the service immediately b. offer her a nuisance-level organic vapor mask c. reassure the client that the vapors are not at a dangerous concentration level d. b and c 3. A nail procedure that prevents the spread of fungus is a. disinfecting toenails before the pedicure service b. disinfecting implements before each use c. examining feet thoroughly before providing services d. none of the above e. all of the above 4. The best prevention method for odor-causing nail products is a. a dust mask b. a nuisance-level organic vapor mask c. opening all doors and windows d. general ventilation and local exhaust 5. Ergonomic problems for nail technicians can be prevented when giving a manicure by a. sitting on a chair that is higher than the client’s seat b. asking the client to lean forward so your work is closer to your body c. sliding to the back of your chair and keeping your back straight d. standing while delivering the service 6. You can prevent a slip or fall when doing a pedicure by a. not standing or walking during the service b. using a high traction rubber mat under the client’s feet c. placing a dry towel under the pedicure basin d. all of the above

8

C H A P T E R


CHAPTER OUTLINE

KEY TERMS


■ Recognize the main chemical ingredient hazards in cosmetics. ■ Recognize the health and physical hazards associated with facials and facial makeup. ■ Identify inspection items and safe work procedures to avoid the hazards. ■ Apply the use of job safety analysis to improve the safety of facial and makeup procedures. Introduction Facial and Facial Makeup Hazards Cosmetic Chemicals Hazard Alert Hazard Prevention and Control Inspections and Follow-Up Safe Work Procedures Job Safety Analysis Quick Review Activities and Review Questions Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Exercise Safety Crossword Puzzle Review Questions

acne aniline derivatives astringents blackheads coal tar dyes cross-contamination depilatories dermatitis epilator Food and Drug Administration (FDA) glycerin high-frequency current humectants

lesion pharmacopeia precautionary step pustule resorcinol sebaceous sebum skin disease talc titanium dioxide whiteheads zinc oxide

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I

ntroduction The facial treatment is perhaps the most enjoyable of all the services we have covered so far. Clients anticipate a very relaxing and transforming experience. By following a few safety guidelines, it can also be a very safe procedure. In this section, we will discuss facial and makeup hazards, as well as hazard prevention and control.

F

acial and Facial Makeup Hazards In this chapter we will concentrate on the basic safety and health hazards to the client and the cosmetologist that are encountered in the facial area. For a more thorough study of skin disorders and allergic responses to cosmetic chemicals, see Milady’s Standard Textbook (see Appendix C, no. 4), “Facial Makeup” (Chapter 20); “The Skin and Its Disorders” (Chapter 21); and “The Chemistry of Cosmetics” (Chapter 25). There is also a wealth of chemistry and product ingredient information in Milady’s Standard Textbook for Professional Estheticians (see Appendix C, no. 17) “Chemistry for Estheticians” (Chapter 8) and “Ingredient and Product Analysis” (Chapter 9). Other sources of information include the United States Pharmacopeia, or U.S.P., a book that defines and standardizes drugs, cosmetics, and colorings regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In your work as a cosmetologist you come across many skin disorders. It is important to recognize certain common skin conditions and to know what you can and cannot do with them. Some conditions can be treated in cooperation with, and under the supervision of, a physician. If the client has a skin condition that the cosmetologist does not recognize as a simple disorder, the person should be referred to a physician.

Cosmetic Chemicals4 Cosmetic soaps and cleansers, depilatories, and epilators may contain chemicals that cause irritation of the skin. These include aniline derivatives that can increase the skin’s sensitivity to the sun, resorcinol, sodium and potassium hydroxide, and beeswax. Creams and lotions for skin and face contain a vast array of chemicals; some of which may cause skin irritation, including alcohol, beeswax, emulsifiers, degreasers, boric acid, camphor, casein, humectants, and perfume. Cosmetics for makeup also contain a wide range of chemicals; some of which may trigger allergic reactions. These include zinc or magnesium stearate and zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. Talc is generally considered safe for use in powders, however, it has been linked to coughing, vomiting, pneumonia, and even ovarian cancer when inhaled. Cosmetics


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that contain perfume may irritate sensitized individuals. Hypoallergenic cosmetics are not harmless; this term typically means that the product does not contain a fragrance. Chemicals contained in foundation makeup include barrier agents, cellulose derivatives, and silicone. Cheek and lip color may contain chemical ingredients like castor and other oils; waxes including beeswax; surfactants and detergents; and dyes and pigments. Eye materials and makeup may contain eyelash adhesive that may cause an allergic reaction; waxes, creams, and lotions; mineral spirits and other organic solvents; rayon and nylon fibers.Dyes and pigments in eye makeup must be inert. Coal tar dyes or aniline-based dyes are not permitted. If a client is allergic to some ingredients in a product and has an adverse reaction that requires medical treatment, the manufacturer of the product is responsible and is insured to cover possible claims. If a product made in the salon is used, the salon is responsible. Remember to check state health codes, product labels, and specific Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS); all are good sources of information on the health and safety of cosmetic products. Also see the safety and health summary for facial cosmetics found in Figure 3–4 (see page 48).

The facial and facial makeup area contains a variety of biological, chemical, physical, and ergonomic hazards: ■

Cross-contamination from unclean spatulas, other implements, and supplies

■

Pimples, acne, and other problem skin conditions

■

Allergic reaction, dry or sensitive skin from cosmetic products

■

Skin burns, eye damage, and electric shock

■

Fatigue and strain from client and cosmetologist body position

■

Poking clients’ eyes or scratching their skin

■

Product spills and misapplication to eyes, hair, skin, and clothing

Cross-Contamination Years ago, few were concerned about AIDS or viral hepatitis. For example, women were used to applying color borrowed from others directly to their lips without thinking about the risk of cross-contamination. Today, we know that not all people with infectious diseases can be identified. Exposure to blood in the salon is a hazard that could lead to the transfer of microorganisms from one person to another. Cosmetologists or estheticians need all of the equipment and procedures to decontaminate implements and machines used for facial and

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makeup services. Important infection control procedures include hand washing and sanitation, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves and safety glasses, and proper disinfecting of all implements and surfaces. You should never remove products from their containers with your fingers. Always use a clean spatula or new/clean applicator. Use only sanitized brushes and implements and a shaker-type container for loose powders. Pour all lotions from bottle containers. Use an antiseptic on tweezed areas of the eyebrow to avoid infection. Discard all disposable supplies and materials. Close and clean product containers and put them in their proper places. Return unused cosmetics and other items to the dispensary. Place used towels, coverlets, and head coverings in appropriate containers until they can be laundered. Keep your work area clean, neat, and well organized. Wash and sanitize your hands before each service, or after touching any object unrelated to the procedure.

Pimples, Acne, and Other Problem Skin Conditions Some of your clients may come to you to help correct skin disorders. During the consultation, you should look for signs of dryness, oily skin, blackheads, whiteheads, acne, lesions, dermatitis, and other simple skin disorders. It is not always obvious which skin condition can be treated in the salon and which requires medical treatment. If this hazard is not recognized during consultation, a poor skin condition could be made worse. If you do not recognize the skin disorder, play it safe. Never attempt to diagnose or treat a skin disease; always refer the client to a dermatologist or physician.4, 17 What should you do if during a facial, you discover a pimple that’s come to a head and is open? Universal Precautions are necessary because open pimples contain blood that is considered a biohazard. Plastic or nitrile rubber gloves should be worn if it is necessary to cleanse pimples that have come to a head and are open. Cotton and other waste contaminated with blood or other body fluid must be treated as potentially infected and bagged in plastic for separate disposal according to federal, state, and local regulations. Acne is a skin disorder requiring medical attention. Cosmetologists may work with the client’s physician as to the kind and frequency of treatment. Treatment in the salon must be limited to reducing the oiliness of the skin by local applications, removing blackheads, using proper procedures, cleansing the skin, and using special medicated preparations.

Allergic Reaction, Dry or Sensitive Skin Facial treatments are sometimes given to correct skin disorders. The last thing you want to do is make a problem worse because of the products you use on your client. Cosmetics are formulated to be safe and to present no immediate or long-term health hazards. However, allergic reactions, dry skin, or chemical sensitivities can occur in some individuals. As discussed earlier, there are product chemical additives that are potential hazards. It is important for the cosmetologist to inquire about


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the client’s medical history and to read labels and MSDS information about product ingredients. Look for an indication on the ingredient list that product colors have been certified and approved by the FDA. Analyze your clients’ skin to determine what products they prefer, and then what product to use. If a client has not previously used a product, conduct a patch test on the arm with a small quantity of the product. Do not use it if there is any reaction within twenty-four hours. If the reaction is serious, take the product to a physician and notify the manufacturer immediately.

Product Spills and Misapplication to Eyes, Hair, Skin, and Clothing Allowing cream or cosmetics to get into the client’s eyes, mouth, nostrils, or on the hairline may result in more than a complaint. Although skin irritation from these products usually is not a problem, direct contact with the eyes could cause severe eye damage. Skin toners, astringents, and other creams and lotions containing alcohol or sodium hydroxide may produce severe irritation and the potential for injury to the cornea. For facial services, drape the client’s body with a gown, sheet, or coverlet; and drape the head with a towel. Use a protective hairline strip during a makeup procedure. If the client is fully clothed, you may use a shampoo cape for protection.

Poking Clients’ Eyes or Scratching Their Skin There’s an old saying that almost anything is better than a poke in the eye with a sharp stick, but that is exactly the hazard of moving fingers and applicators carelessly around the eyes. Facials and facial makeup require a great deal of work with your fingers around the eyes. Your fingernails can jab and scratch. The mascara applicator could poke a client in the eye. Eye makeup must be applied around the eyes with careful, gentle strokes. In addition, the cosmetologist needs to keep his or her hands and nails smooth to avoid scratching the client’s skin during facial or facial makeup treatments. Attention to good hand and nail grooming will go along way in preventing problems for you and your clients. Follow these suggestions for daily hand care: ■ Wear plastic or rubber gloves when placing your hands in harsh solutions. ■ Apply hand cream or lotion after washing and drying hands and at bedtime. ■ Keep your nails from becoming too long. Nails should never be pointed. ■ Never bite or pick your nails. Cover the client’s eyes with cotton pads moistened with a mild astringent (Figure 8-1) when doing a facial massage and be especially gentle, avoiding pressure in the eye area. Use a definite pattern for facial

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manipulations to prevent sticking your fingers in the client’s eyes. Use care when working with tweezers and applicators around the eyes. Use caution when applying eyeliner or mascara to the top and underside of the upper eyelashes. Use the rounded end of a lash liner brush to carefully apply artificial eyelashes.

Skin Burns, Eye Damage, and Electric Shock Steaming the face with moist towels can cause a burn if the towel is too hot. Make sure you test the temperature of the towel on the inside of your wrist before applying it to the client. There are many hazards associated with the use of skin care machines. These include skin damage from use of electrical current on skin with broken capillaries and other disorders; electrical shock from improper use of equipment, and contact with metal or metal jewelry; use of electrical equipment on pregnant clients or those with pacemakers; skin burns resulting from use of high-frequency current and lotions containing alcohol; and eye and skin damage from improper use of light therapy equipment. You should check with your state cosmetology board before providing services using facial equipment. Also, make sure you practice good electrical safety. Use only one plug for each outlet. If an electrical circuit becomes overloaded, the system could overheat before a fuse blows out or a circuit breaker is activated. If a circuit does become overloaded, stop the flow of electricity by removing the plug. Grasp the plug; do not pull on the cord. If you do, the wires can become loosened and cause a short circuit. Examine cords regularly and replace worn cords that may cause short-circuiting, shock, or fire. If your building does not have circuit breakers that automatically disconnect the flow of current, keep a supply of good replacement fuses on hand. When replacing a blown-out fuse, use a new fuse with the proper rating, stand on a dry surface, and keep your hands dry. Finally, carefully follow the directions provided by the equipment manufacturer.

Body Fatigue and Strain Musculoskeletal disorders, leg and back fatigue, as well as strains can occur from improper ergonomics during facial and cosmetic treatments. Whether you stand or sit during these services, if the client is too high or low, or if you are bending at the waist or standing too far away from your client, you have a real potential for musculoskeletal disorders (see Figure 8–2). Maximize your comfort and the client’s by adjusting the chair and body position before you begin the services. The facial chair should be placed in either a reclining or partially reclining (45–degree) position so that the cosmetologist can work standing or seated close to the client with a relatively straight back and with elbows in a lowered position.


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Figure 8-1 The client’s eyes should be protected by cotton pads moistened with a mild astringent when performing infrared light therapy

H


Inspections and Follow-Up The salon safety team should apply the Salon Self-Inspection Safety and Health Report (see Chapter 2) to inspect the facial and facial makeup area. Add items that are specific to workstations where facials and makeup applications occur.

Safe Work Procedures Add these questions to the Safe Work Procedures Checklist in Chapter 2 when evaluating this area of the salon. ■ Are clients’ eyes covered with cotton pads moistened with a mild astringent when doing infrared light therapy? (see Figure 8–2.) ■ Are work surfaces and metal instruments properly decontaminated, sanitized, and disinfected before the service begins? ■ Are clients asked to remove jewelry and is it stored in a safe place? Are contact lenses removed before beginning facial services near the eyes?

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Figure 8-2 Proper body position for both client and cosmetologist will eliminate back fatigue

■ Do cosmetologists wash and sanitize their hands before and after every service? Do they keep fingernails smooth to avoid scratching the client’s skin? ■ Are rubber or plastic gloves used if it is necessary to cleanse pimples that have come to a head and are open? Do cosmetologists avoid attempting to deal with a skin problem that requires medical attention? ■ Are clients’ hair and skin protected from direct contact with the facial chair? ■ Do cosmetologists fasten a headband lined with tissue, a towel, or other head covering around their clients’ heads to protect the hair? Are all strands of hair tucked under the towel, earlobes not bent, and the towel not wrapped too tightly? ■ Is the headrest adjusted properly before lowering the facial chair to a reclining or partially reclining (45-degree) position? Do cosmetologists maximize their own comfort and their clients’ by adjusting proper body position? Do cosmetologists avoid totally reclining the chair when using products that can easily enter the eyes? ■ Do technicians examine/analyze clients’ skin and eyelashes? Do they give them an allergy test before using products like eyelash adhesive?


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■ Is the client’s face well lighted, without shining the light directly into the eyes? ■ Are only sanitized brushes and implements used for facial/cosmetic services? Are only clean spatulas or cosmetic applicators used to remove cosmetics from their containers? ■ Are all lotions poured from bottle containers? Are shaker-type containers used for loose powder? ■ Are instructions carefully read before a service is provided? Do cosmetologists practice use of equipment like oil heaters, facial steamers, high-frequency machines, and infrared lamps before using them on a client? ■ Are antiseptics used on tweezed areas of the eyebrow to avoid infection? ■ Do cosmetologists clean up properly? Are all disposable supplies discarded and placed in a covered refuse container? Are tools placed in a proper container for sanitizing? Are product containers tightly closed, cleaned up, and stored in a proper location? Are used towels, coverlets, head covers, and other protective items put into appropriate containers for washing and sanitizing? Are other appropriate items returned to the dispensary? Are work surfaces cleaned and sanitized? ■ Do cosmetologists follow correct procedures when working with electrical equipment?

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) JSAs are used to write safe work procedures as well as to do initial and refresher training for employees. The exercise in the Activities and Review Questions section that follows uses Figures 8–3 and 8–4 to describe how to use the JSA as a training activity.

Q

uick Review ■ Facial and cosmetic chemical ingredient hazards to watch for are listed above under Cosmetic Chemicals. ■ Review the Hazard Alert section for health and physical hazards associated with facials and facial makeup. ■ Salon safety, health inspection items, and safe work practices are listed in Figure 2–4 (see page 23). Modify the list for your facial and makeup workstations. ■ Apply JSA exercises to improve the safety of facial and makeup procedures. By following the guidelines in this chapter, you’re helping to ensure that you and your clients will experience all the benefits the facial area has to offer.

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A


Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Exercise Figure 8–3a lists the procedures for facial services. Try this exercise. Ask the group to individually think of possible problems involved with each step of the procedure. Next, have them write the problems in the hazard column.Then ask them to compare notes with a partner and add to their hazard list. Finally, brainstorm additional hazards with the entire group. When you are satisfied that the hazard list is complete, list precautions. Then check the work against Figure 8–3b. Repeat the exercise using Figures 8–4a and 8–4b. Finally, participate with employees in deciding what changes you may want to make for your salon. Fill in the final column “Our Action Plan.” Note that the completed JSA may be used for training new employees coming into the salon and for periodic updates with the current staff.


Corrective Facial Procedure

Engineering Controls: Adequate general ventilation Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): thin nitrile or latex gloves Step

Hazard

1. Prepare all materials. 2. Prepare client. 3. Sanitize your hands. 4. Cleanse client’s face. 5. Place cotton eye pads over client’s eyes; analyze skin under magnifying lamp. 6. Apply warm, wet towels to face. 7. Extract blackheads, cleanse pimples. 8. Cleanse face with wet cotton pad sprinkled with astringent. 9. Apply acne treatment cream. Leave infrared lamp on five to seven minutes (or apply high-frequency current). 10. Apply treatment mask; leave on face for eight to ten minutes. 11. Remove mask with moist towels or cotton pads. 12. Apply astringent with wet cotton pad. 13. Apply protective fluid or special acne lotion. 14. Complete cleanup procedure.

Figure 8-3a Corrective facial procedure

Precaution

Our Action Plan

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Job Safety Analysis—Corrective Facial


Hazard

Precaution

1. Prepare all materials.

Cross-contamination

Use disposable materials.

2. Prepare client.

Serious skin condition Refer to physician if medical Scratches from jewelry treatment required. Ask client to remove jewelry, store in safe place.

3. Sanitize your hands.

Cross-contamination

Precautionary step

4. Cleanse client’s face.

Irritate dry skin

Avoid alcohol in cleansing lotion.

5. Place cotton eye pads over client’s eyes; analyze skin under magnifying lamp.

Eye damage from light Precautionary step

6. Apply warm, wet towels to face.

Burn client

Adjust towel temperature to comfortable level.

7. Extract blackheads, cleanse pimples.

Spread HIV, hepatitis B

Wear PPE to protect hands against pimples that have come to a head.

8. Cleanse face with wet cotton pad sprinkled with astringent.

See Step 7

See Step 7.

9. Apply acne treatment cream. Leave infrared lamp on five to seven minutes (or apply high-frequency current).

Aggravate medical condition

Consult client’s physician for instructions and frequency of treatments.

10. Apply treatment mask; leave on face for eight to ten minutes.

Eye damage, allergic reaction to mask

Leave protective eye pads on. Inquire about allergies.

11. Remove mask with moist towels or cotton pads.

Irritate skin

Assure enough moisture between mask and skin. Remove mask slowly.

Cross-contamination

Discard all disposable supplies and materials, close product containers and return to dispensary; place used towels and reusable items to appropriate containers; tidy up work area; wash and sanitize your hands.

12. Apply astringent with wet cotton pad. 13. Apply protective fluid or special acne lotion. 14. Complete cleanup procedure.

Figure 8-3b Job Safety Analysis—Corrective Facial

Our Action Plan


Professional Makeup Procedure

Engineering Controls: Adequate general ventilation Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Step

Hazard

1. Prepare client and needed materials. 2. Apply and spread cleansing cream. 3. Remove cleanser, wipe with tissue mitts or moistened cotton pads, and reapply cleanser if necessary. 4. Apply astringent lotion or skin freshener (toner) and pat it lightly over the entire face, under chin and neck. Blot off excess moisture. 5. Apply moisturizing lotion when necessary and blend upward over face. Remove excess with tissue, cotton pad or facial sponge. 6. Apply eyebrow arching procedure (Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 519). 7. Apply foundation product. 8. Apply powder. 9. Apply cheek color. 10. Apply corrective makeup, if desired. 11. Apply eye color. 12. Apply eye liner. 13. Apply eyebrow makeup. 14. Apply mascara. 15. Apply lip color.

Figure 8-4a Professional makeup procedure

Precaution

Our Action Plan

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Job Safety Analysis—Professional Makeup


Hazard

Precaution

1. Prepare client and needed materials.

Cross-contamination

Always use spatula to remove cosmetics from container.

2. Apply and spread cleansing cream.

Scratch client’s skin

Keep nails smooth, warm hands before touching client’s face.

3. Remove cleanser, wipe with tissue mitts or moistened cotton pads, and reapply cleanser if necessary.

Cross-contamination

Use disposable materials; e.g., cotton cleansing pads.

4. Apply astringent lotion or skin freshener (toner) and pat it lightly over the entire face, under chin and neck. Blot off excess moisture.

Irritate dry skin

Avoid lotions containing alcohol.

5. Apply moisturizing lotion Cross-contamination when necessary and blend upward over face. Remove excess with tissue, cotton pad or facial sponge.

See Step 3.

6. Apply eyebrow arching procedure (Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 519).

Hair or product in eyes, Cover client’s eyes with eyebrow infection, cotton pads moistened with scratch client’s skin witch hazel or mild astringent. Sponge area frequently with antiseptic when removing hairs above the eyebrow line. Handle tweezers carefully.

7. Apply foundation product.

Excess foundation cream in lines and wrinkles

Apply cream evenly, remove excess from lines and wrinkles.

Makeup brush or product in eyes

Apply mascara with careful, gentle strokes.

8. Apply powder. 9. Apply cheek color. 10. Apply corrective makeup, if desired. 11. Apply eye color.

Figure 8-4b Job Safety Analysis—professional makeup

Our Action Plan


Job Safety Analysis—Professional Makeup (Continued)


12. Apply eye liner.

Hazard

Poke client’s eyes

Precaution

Use eyebrow pencil to draw short hair-like strokes away from the eye and in the direction of hair growth.

13. Apply eyebrow makeup. 14. Apply mascara. 15. Apply lip color.


Our Action Plan

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Safety Crossword Puzzle Ask your group to individually complete the crossword puzzle below. Give them five minutes before organizing them into small groups of three to six people. Tell the groups that they can compare their puzzles and fill in the blanks, only if they discuss the hazard involved with the particular words they are missing. Allow ten to fifteen minutes for small group discussion before bringing the entire group back. Show them the completed puzzle and ask the following questions: ■ What did you learn from this exercise that will be most helpful the next time you provide facial and cosmetic services? ■ Is there anything you will change the next time you do this? 1

2

3 5

1 2

3

4 5 4

6

7

8

Across 1. Place all used items that can be properly sanitized in a _________ until they can be sanitized. 2. Wash and _______ your hands before and after every makeup application or after touching any object unrelated to the procedure. 3. Use a _________-type container for loose powder. 4. Always use a clean _______ or applicator to remove cosmetics from their containers. 5. Keep your work area clean, _______, and well organized. 6. Never apply color directly from the container to the client’s ______. 7. Pour all _________ from bottle containers. 8. _________ all used towels and linens in order to sanitize them. Down 1. 2. 3. 4.

Use an __________ on tweezed areas of the eyebrow to avoid infection. Discard all ________ items, such as sponges, pads, spatulas, and applicators, after use. Properly _________ the client to protect her clothing. ___________ used pencils or applicators immediately following the makeup application so that they are not used on another client. 5. Keep your _____________ smooth to avoid scratching the client’s skin.


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Review Questions 1. All cosmetic lotions should be in containers that allow: a. the fingers in for quick removal of product b. air for ventilation c. pump or aerosol dispensing d. the product to be visible so that labeling won’t be necessary 2. A/an __________ that is mild enough to be used as eyewash is 3 to 4 percent boric acid. a. antiseptic b. bactericide c. disinfectant d. astringent 3. Be extremely cautious with makeup applicators when using them near the: a. chin b. cheeks c. eyes d. forehead 4. An esthetician must be able to recognize serious skin diseases and refer clients to a: a. dermatologist b. cosmetologist c. hospital d. psychologist 5. If the esthetician doubts that a pimple is ready for cleaning, it is best to: a. clean it quickly b. leave it alone c. apply strong pressure d. clean it twice 6. The federal agency responsible for enforcing rules and regulations regarding cosmetic products is called the: a. Cosmetology State Board b. Food and Drug Administration c. Department of Licensing d. Department of Consumer Education


9

C H A P T E R


CHAPTER OUTLINE

KEY TERMS

Putting It All Together

■ Identify basic salon hazards, as well as their prevention and control. ■ Describe how to participate in building a safety and health support system.

Summary Review of Hazards, Prevention, and Control Hazards and Salon Areas Summary of Hazards, Prevention, and Control Building Your Own Safety and Health Support System Eight Steps to Success Tracking Progress Quick Review Activities and Review Questions Closing the Circle Review Questions

accident administrative controls control, hazard control electrical shock ergonomics exposure hazard

irritant maintenance MSD policy repetitive motion disorders unsafe condition workers’ compensation

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S

ummary So what have we learned? Managing safety and health in the salon is a combination of hazard awareness and the management of continuous improvement programs. Safety and health professionals can help with an understanding of the regulations and appropriate technology to solve problems, but stylists are the ones exposed to salon hazards day after day. It is up to you, the salon professional, to make the change by being more aware of hazards and simple, inexpensive ways to correct them. Individuals need to be personally involved in building a comprehensive and effective safety and health support system for their salon.

R

eview of Hazards, Prevention, and Control Hazards and Salon Areas Figure 9–1 presents a summary of common hazards found in each area of the salon. Many of these hazards are related to the salon injury and illness experience provided in Chapter 1. Relate Figure 9–1 to the top losttime injuries and illnesses reported for salons in Figure 1–2 (see page 5): ■ cuts and punctures ■ repetitive motion ■ sprains and strains ■ falls Reception The salon reception area is normally not a source of injury or illness, but it is the place where safety begins for the client. Chapter 2 discusses safe work conditions and practices that are applied to the entire salon. Specific tools described include a comprehensive Safety and Health Inspection Report, a checklist for safe work procedures, and use of job safety analysis (JSA). Dispensary Dispensary hazards are listed in Figure 9–1 and discussed in Chapter 3. Because the “back room” is usually the only nonpublic place in the salon, housekeeping, sanitation, and eating practices deserve your special attention here. Inspections will reveal fire and electrical hazards in the dispensary that must be corrected. Finally, this is the place where you dispense and mix chemicals—hazards we have discussed thoroughly in Chapter 3 and throughout the guide. Hazard prevention and control practices for the dispensary are summarized in Figure 9–2.

P u t t i n g I t A l l To g e t h e r

CrossCuts, Hair, Scalp, Electrical Contamination Scratches, Skin, Nail Safety Punctures Disorders

141

Hazard

Burns

Chemicals

Reception

--

--

--

--

--

--

Conduct consultation, maintain client exposure records

Dispensary

Yes

Yes

--

--

--

Yes

Storing, eating food near chemicals

Shampoo

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Head lice, ringworm and other hair and scalp disorders

Cut and Style

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Skin and scalp cuts from implements

Chemical Treatment

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Stylist/client allergies and chemical sensitivities

Manicure and Pedicure

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Odor, allergies, dermatitis and other skin sensitivities from nail products

Facial and Makeup

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Allergic reaction, dry or sensitive skin from cosmetic products

Hazard

Fatigue, Sprain, Repetitive Motion

Fire

Product Spills

Slip, Trip, and Fall

Other

Reception

--

--

--

--

--

Dispensary

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Shampoo

Yes

--

Yes

Yes

--

Fatigue and strains from improper chair, bowl, and cosmetologist body position

Cut and Style

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

--

Fatigue, back strains, and carpal tunnel syndrome from improper chair and stylist body/hand position

Wave and Color

Yes

--

Yes

Yes

--

Product spills in client’s eyes, in ears, scalp, skin, and clothes

Manicure and Pedicure

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

--

Flammable nail products, dust and vapor inhalation, fatigue, MSDs from improper technician body position

Facial and Makeup

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

--

Product spills and misapplication to eyes, hair, skin, and clothing

Figure 9-1 Summary of hazards

Comments

Comments

Heavy objects on floor or overhead

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Hazard

9

Prevention

Control

Comments

Chemicals

Avoid exposure, incompatible materials and ignition sources. Conduct consultation and predisposition test.

Limit exposure, adequate ventilation, wear PPE. See MSDS.

Safety glasses, gloves, mask. Use dust mask for powders, nuisance-level organic vapor relief mask (contains charcoal) for solvents, acrylic monomers, and other high-odor liquids.

CrossContamination

Effective sanitation and decontamination. Vaccination against hepatitis B.

Wear PPE, practice Universal Precautions.

Check state requirement for use of tuberculocidal disinfecting procedures.

Cuts, Scratches, Punctures

Careful handling of scissors razors, cuticle nippers, and other sharp implements. Keep finger nails short and smooth.

Stop bleeding, apply antiseptic and bandage to wound. Wear safety glasses and disposable gloves for blood cleanup, separate waste.

Cleanup requires complete decontamination of implements and hard surfaces.

Hair, Scalp, Skin, Nail Disorders

Consultation, right of refusal to If treatable in salon, follow treat client with contagious physician’s instructions; wear condition; refer to physician gloves and safety glasses for medical treatment. with side shields if exposed to blood or body fluids.

See Chapters 4, 5, 7, and 8.

Electrical Safety

Meet all electrical codes and regulations. Avoid flammable liquids and vapors.

Install GFCI for outlets near water.

See inspection checklist, Chapter 2.

Fatigue, Sprain, Strain, and Repetitive Motion

Ergonomic evaluation, design for station, equipment, and implements. Maintain proper body position, use administrative/work practice controls and frequent stretching.

Case management

Use employee participation and professional consultation resources.

Fire

Comply with all fire and life safety regulations; reduce ignition sources; do not store paper, cardboard, and cloth near flammable liquids.

Installation of sprinklers and smoke alarms, access to allpurpose fire extinguisher and training, practice fire drill.

See inspection checklist, Chapter 2. Post emergency phone numbers.

Product Spills

Handle chemicals carefully, keep containers closed and out of range of motion when not in immediate use.

Wear PPE and smock, drape client for appropriate chemical service.

See safe work procedures, Chapters 3–8 and inspection checklist, Chapter 2.

Slip, Trip, and Fall

Maintain good traction on floor, Practice emergency first aid, avoid product and water spills, do not move victim with back practice good housekeeping. or neck injury.

Figure 9-2 Summary of hazards

See inspection checklist, Chapter 2.


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Shampoo Area Most of the hazards found in the shampoo area are physical. For example, shampoo and children do not mix. Shampoo products on clients or on the floor are significant hazards. Shampoo ingredients normally won’t irritate skin but chemical sensitivities should be discussed. This area is the place to discover contagious hair and scalp disorders if they have not been found during the client consultation. Remember ergonomic and musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) hazards at the shampoo bowl, as well as the danger of skin and scalp burns from hot water. Hazard prevention and control practices for the shampoo area are summarized in Figure 9–2 and discussed in Chapter 4. Hair Cutting and Styling Hazards like hair and scalp disorders are the same as in the shampoo area. Housekeeping and electrical hazards show up in this part of the salon. Then we have procedures that involve ergonomics. Thermal implements can burn you or your clients. Hazard prevention and control practices for this area are discussed in Chapter 5 and Figure 9–2. Chemical Treatment There are both chemical and physical hazards in this area of the salon. An example of a physical hazard here is a burn from the preheated dryer. Chemical hazards are associated with both permanent wave and hair color products. Stylists and clients may be prone to allergies and chemical sensitivities. Or the hazard may simply be dry or irritated skin from the permanent wave lotions and staining from hair-coloring liquids. Much more attention is needed to read and understand warnings on product directions for use and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Hazard prevention and control practices for this area are discussed in Figure 9–2 and in Chapter 6. Manicure and Pedicure In this area there are physical, ergonomic, biological, and chemical hazards. Physical hazards at both manicure and pedicure stations include slips, trips, and falls from poor housekeeping or pedicure water on the floor. Fire from flammable manicure products is another physical hazard. Technician fatigue, muscle strains and sprains, and repetitive motion disorders all belong to the ergonomic classification of hazards. Fungus, mold, and other nail and skin diseases are biological hazards. Cross-contamination from an HIV-posiºtive client to the stylist or another client is a biological hazard. Finally, there is the potential for aggravation of allergies, dermatitis, and other skin sensitivities from chemical products. Hazard prevention and control practices for this area are presented in Figure 9–1 and discussed in Chapter 7.

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Facial and Facial Makeup There is a range of physical, chemical, ergonomic and biological hazards found at facial and facial makeup workstations. Burns, chemicals, crosscontamination, open sores and scratches, eye damage, electrical, ergonomic, product spills, and slip/trip/fall hazards are all possibilities. Hazard prevention and control practices for this area are presented in Figure 9–2 and discussed in Chapter 8.

Summary of Hazards, Prevention, and Control In Figure 9–2, hazard prevention is separated from hazard control. Think of the difference in terms of priority. For example, you would rather prevent exposure to chemicals by the methods indicated in the table than to control or limit the exposure through ventilation or personal protective equipment (PPE). Chemicals Chemicals can cause problems in all salon areas. Allergic reactions, skin irritation and swelling, inhalation of vapor or dust, overly dry skin, and chemical burns are all examples of hazard exposure without prevention or proper PPE. Remember that a lot of products and the chemicals in them are irritants, especially when they are heated. Cross-Contamination Cross-contamination is a hazard in nearly every salon area. Examples are head lice, ringworm, fungus, mold, spreading disease from unclean instruments and supplies, improper cleanup following a skin cut, and poor general sanitation. Effective sanitation and decontamination is the answer to preventing cross-contamination. Practice of Universal Precautions is really both prevention and control: ■ Treat blood or other body fluid of all clients as if it were infected. ■ Follow the same infection control practices for all clients. ■ Infection control practices include frequent hand washing, use of rubber gloves and safety glasses, and proper disinfecting of all salon implements and surfaces to prevent transfer of microorganisms from one person to another. Cuts, Scratches, and Punctures Cuts and scratches can also occur nearly everywhere. OSHA and other agencies are concerned with controlling exposure to “sharps”—potentially hazardous implements like scissors, clippers, razors, nail clippers, cuticle nippers, and tweezers. Cuts to stylists or clients occur most frequently in the haircutting and manicure/pedicure area. Prevention involves safe handling of scissors, clippers, razors, nippers, and other sharp implements you use in


145

those areas of the salon. Scratching the client’s skin is often a result of a sharp or ragged nail. Keep your own nails smooth by filing them frequently. Hair, Scalp, Skin, and Nail Disorders Dealing proactively with disorders of the hair, scalp, skin, and nails is very important. Preventive measures involve client consultation, right of refusal to provide services, and referral for medical treatment. If the disorder is treatable in the salon or if a physician’s instructions can be followed, these hazards my be controlled by using PPE. Remember to recognize disorders of the hair, scalp, skin, and nails and the conditions that are not to be treated in the salon. This can be a sensitive situation between client and cosmetologist, but it is not a time to compromise safety and health. Electrical Safety Electrical safety can be a problem everywhere in the salon, either as electrical shock or an ignition source for fire. Examples of this hazard are associated with electric dryers, wet hands and electrical cords or outlets, damaged or improperly maintained equipment, as well as flammable hair sprays or nail products and electrical sparks. Electrical hazards in the salon are easily controlled through inspection and follow-up. The inspection checklist in Chapter 2 contains a number of electrical safety items to include in your monthly or quarterly selfinspections. Note that it is good practice to invite the local fire marshal, insurance loss-prevention representative, and safety and health professionals into the salon for periodic inspections to supplement your own. Fatigue, Sprain, Strain, and Repetitive Motion Awareness of repetitive motion and other ergonomic hazards may be a new idea for some in the cosmetology industry. However, most of us can relate by experience to the problems of fatigue and muscle and tendon sprains/strains. Ergonomic hazards involve bending from the waist, improper lifting, slumped posture, improper working levels, and carpal tunnel syndrome from repetitive motion. Preventing fatigue, sprains, strains, and MSDs through good ergonomic design is often a matter of looking for problem job factors like:24 ■ working surfaces that are too high or too low, or too far away ■ range of motion and force required ■ maintaining same position or awkward posture while performing tasks ■ performing the same motion over and over again ■ constant motion without short pauses or breaks in between ■ tasks that require long horizontal reaches with heavy loads and/or static or awkward postures

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■ vertical reach is below knees or above shoulders ■ sitting for a long time with static or awkward postures Ergonomic experts talk in terms of three types of controls to materially reduce MSD hazards: 1. engineering controls 2. administrative controls 3. work practice controls Often all three of these control types are used in combination to address MSD hazards. Examples of engineering controls applied to the salon include adjustable chairs and/or sinks for shampooing and haircutting/styling, as well as scissors with a swiveled thumb hole that permits the wrist to remain relatively flat in a variety of positions. Administrative controls may involve limiting standing and bending time, and taking frequent sitting, walking, and stretching breaks (see Figure 5–6) in between clients. Examples of work practice controls applied to ergonomics are ■ maintaining upright posture with elbows low and close to the body (Figure 4–1), ■ correct stance and chair position for (Figure 5–2b), ■ holding scissors so that the wrist is in a relatively neutral position (Figures 5–3b, c, d, e), ■ correct client and cosmetologist body position for facial (Figure 8–1) ■ frequent stretching Screening of newly hired cosmetologists and early reporting of problems is another way to help staff work pain-free and to control workers’ compensation costs. Studies in other industries have shown that money invested in MSD injury prevention is made up many times over in reduced workers’ compensation costs. Case management includes early reporting of signs and symptoms related to MSDs. Prompt action to refer an affected stylist to professional treatment may well keep the injury from getting worse. Consult with her or him and make it a point to observe the task that the employee associates with the problem. Add their recommendations to your own to eliminate or reduce the hazard. Show or describe the problem job to the health-care professional and ask for a written opinion to share with the employee.

Fire and Burns Although this guide has been concerned mostly with fire as a physical hazard, business owners, insurance people, and fire professionals certainly add a perspective focused on business interruption, property loss, and hazards to emergency response personnel. Fire and burns are hazards that can occur in every area of the salon. A burn is a burn, whether it’s a physical burn caused by fire in the dis-


147

pensary, curling irons or other thermal styling devices, or water or towels that are too hot. Fires can start from flammable styling aids or nail products. The salon owner would rather prevent a fire from happening than risk having to put one out using fire extinguishers and/or automatic sprinklers. Also remember flammable liquids and solids don’t burn; it is the invisible vapors above the surface that cause the visible flames. Control of fire hazards in the salon involves avoiding open containers that release vapors above the liquid. Eliminate ignition sources in the presence of flammable vapors, for example, using hair spray near a burning cigarette or open flame. Common ignition sources in the salon include candles, burning cigarettes, open electrical circuitry, and even static electrical discharge. An example is static buildup on dry hair caused by many rapid strokes with a synthetic brush. If the hair is sprayed immediately with a solvent-based product, the static discharge could result in a fire. Fire codes generally ban storage of flammable liquids and gases in the same location with combustible materials like paper, cardboard, and fabric. Glowing embers from the combustible materials often reignite flammable materials after initial flames have been partially extinguished. Inspect your dispensary for large bottles containing alcohol, acetone, and other flammable liquids near wood, paper, or cardboard.

Product Spills The potential for product spills exists everywhere in the salon. Spills, squirts, and splashes can cause eye damage, irritate the throat, lungs, and stomach, burn the skin, cause a slip or a fall, or provoke an allergic reaction to a chemical. To avoid product spills, keep containers closed when not in use and dispense chemicals carefully. Many salon creams, gels, or liquid products are packaged in squeeze bottles to facilitate application without spilling or using too much material.

Slip, Trip, and Fall Hazards In industrial establishments, slip, trip, and fall hazards cause more injuries than any other kind of hazard. In the salon, we’ve seen this hazard can be caused by obstacles in the path of walking, and by water, hair, and product on the floor. Prevention of slip, trip, and fall hazards are often a matter of good housekeeping. Avoid storing boxes and other objects on the floor. Prevent shampoo, water, and other liquids from spilling onto the floor, and if they do, clean up spills immediately. Also note the importance of shoe sole materials; the combination of leather soles and a wet, waxed surface is an accident waiting to happen.

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B

uilding Your Own Safety and Health Support System Review the iceberg in Figure 1–1 (see page 3). You may be tempted to think “We’ve had no injuries this year, so if the system ain’t broke—don’t fix it!” However, remember that safety and health is just like that iceberg. Incidents with no injuries, near misses, and close calls, even problems that you just live with, are usually situations lurking below the waterline, out of sight. Without attention to these hidden factors, there is nothing in place to prevent injuries from happening. And when injuries and occupational illnesses do occur, management would have to start from scratch to establish a reliable safety and health support system, which usually takes one to two years at a minimum. Safety and health must be a part of every salon business. Without question, it is every worker’s responsibility at all levels. Your school or company is expected to comply with all laws. No student or employee is required to work at a job he or she knows is not safe or healthful. At the same time, your cooperation in detecting hazards and, in turn, helping to prevent and control them is a condition of your employment. Notify your instructor or supervisor immediately of any situation beyond your ability or authority to correct. In business language, safety must be “first among the equals” of safety, productivity, and quality. Salon owners need to understand that safety and health is as manageable as anything else they do. The safety and health of employees and students must be the first consideration in operating the business. Management’s responsibility is to maintain a safety and health program that embodies the best management practices for cosmetology organizations. To be successful, the program must include positive attitudes toward injury and illness prevention not only on the part of supervisors, instructors, and employees, but also between each employee and his or her coworkers. An effective safety program can be established and maintained only through cooperative effort. The steps that follow define the roles management and employees need to take in order to develop an effective safety and health support system.

Eight Steps to Success The eight critical steps needed to build an effective safety and health support system are found in Figure 9–3. One step does not need to be fully completed before another is taken;1 however, you want to be sure you don’t try to bite off and chew more than your organization can digest. 1. Safety Coordinator—Choose or ask for a volunteer. Write a job description with sufficient time directed to safety and health activities and put it in your safety and health three-ring binder. In an average salon, these duties may involve from five to eight hours per month.


149

Eight Steps to Safety and Health Success

Safety Coordinator

Written Program

Accountability

Hazards

1

2

3

4

Safety and Health Practice in Place

Recordkeeping and Investigation

Training

Communication

8

7

6

5

Figure 9-3 Eight Steps to Safety and Health Success

2. Written Program—Draft one that meets OSHA and state licensing requirements. This document must communicate your safety and health policy and a plan for implementation of the program. Do not be intimidated by the size of the task. Recognize that it will likely take a number of years to fully implement this plan. Describe: ■ Participation by management and workers ■ How you will identify and control hazards ■ How to conduct inspections ■ Methods for recordkeeping and accident investigation ■ Frequency and topics for safety meetings and who will attend ■ Frequency and topics for training; new hires and refreshers ■ Safety rules and critical procedures for all departments ■ Program enforcement Program enforcement activities include a written policy on the consequences of not following safe work practices, safety rules, and standard operating procedures. Also, you need to keep records of disciplinary actions and warnings, and hold managers and supervisors accountable for their safety and health responsibilities. The key OSHA stand-alone programs to include concern hazard communication and bloodborne pathogens. Use job safety analysis and effective coaching to involve stylists in writing procedures. Don’t ask how they should do a step; instead, ask “How would you do this step?” You may want to hire a safety and health professional to help draft the initial written program. Establish a safety and health committee (appoint members and/or ask for volunteers) to help your safety coordinator carry out the written program.

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3. Accountability—Management is responsible for safety results. Accountability measures are needed for recordable injuries and illnesses, lost work days, and workers’ compensation costs. Budget the needed people, training, and material resources. Demonstrate management commitment and participation by your involvement in safety committee meetings, providing safe performance incentives, and participating in salon inspections. Write an enforcement statement on safe work procedures and safety rules. Make sure that supervisors and employees are held accountable for their safety and health responsibilities. Maintain records of warnings and disciplinary action. Although management is responsible for results, activities like hazard identification and control are what produce these results. An organization cannot manage the number of injuries to an acceptable level. Manage important activities in the salon, not just the results. Review Chapter 1 to see how LeSalon and Minnesota Cosmetology Education Center carried out their management responsibilities. 4. Hazards—Focus on hazard identification, analysis, and control by doing inspections and follow-up, and writing procedures. Involve contractors, fire department personnel, and safety engineers where necessary to inspect and maintain ventilation, electrical, and fire protection facilities and equipment; as well as to recommend appropriate PPE. 5. Communication—Explain the safety and health program to employees. Use staff meetings, bulletin board items, signs, newsletters, booklets, accident-alert notices, and employee suggestions to keep the safety and health program visible. Involve students and stylists by asking them to explain a new or revised procedure to others. 6. Training—Make safety and health a regular subject at school and salon meetings. Train new employees and retrain periodically when jobs change. Include orientation to specific hazards like handling chemicals, fire safety, and PPE for eye and skin safety. Other key topics are: ■ Handling blood and HIV/hepatitis protection ■ Sanitation and decontaminating procedures ■ How to read and understand MSDS information ■ Container labeling ■ Proper use of tools and equipment ■ Practical ergonomics Train monthly or at least annually. Maintain good training records; record the date, topic, content outline, and names of those attending. Ask for examples of what you are teaching and


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provide short quiz questions to be sure participants understand the training. 7. Recordkeeping and Accident Investigation—Keep an OSHA 200 log and generate/maintain workers’ compensation records. Investigate all accidents, including first aid cases. Good accident investigation includes writing down corrective actions, communicating first reports of injury, and maintaining injury description records. You also need to plan for access to first aid and medical services on all shifts at all locations before responding to an accident. 8. Practice in Place—Seeing implementation of the first seven steps become a reality, you can say that the safety and health practice is in place. If you are persistent is supporting and participating in continuous improvement, the goal will be realized. Review the steps you have taken so far and start all over again. This process is the key to continuous safety and health improvement.

Tracking Progress Figures 9–4 and 9–5 are tools to help you plan, prioritize, delegate, review, and document your safety and health plan. In Figure 9–4, you will see the eight elements of the safety and health support system in the activities column. Figure 9–5 will help users contact members of the safety committee, keep track of monthly meeting dates, and set agenda items for future meetings. The salon professional’s job is to help management design and operate a safety and health program that will reduce the number of injuries and illnesses to an absolute minimum, not merely in keeping or exceeding the best experience of salons similar to the one in which you work. Remember that the goal is nothing less than zero accidents, zero injuries, and zero occupational illnesses.

Q

uick Review ■ Salon hazards, as well as their prevention and control, are summarized in Figures 9–1 and 9–2. ■ Review Figure 9–3, Eight Steps to Success, to decide how you will lead in building a safety and health support system for your salon.

1 = low 2 = med 3 = high

Activity

1. Coordinator 2. Program 3. Account.

4. Hazards 5. Comm. 6. Training

Responsibility

7. Investigate 8. Implement

Status

Future Discussion Points

Actual Finish Date

Review Date

Budget

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Priority

9

Figure 9-4 Action plan, safety, and health support system


153

Safety Committee Meeting Guide Safety Committee Members

(Select from owner, manager,

Meeting Dates

January

Agenda Items for Future Meetings

_________

__________________________________

February _________

__________________________________

___________________ Safety Coordinator

March

_________

__________________________________

phone _________________

April

_________

__________________________________

________________

May

_________

__________________________________

phone _________________

June

_________

__________________________________

________________

July

_________

__________________________________

phone _________________

August

_________

__________________________________

________________

September ________

__________________________________

phone _________________

October

_________

__________________________________

________________

November _________

__________________________________

December _________

__________________________________

teacher, student, stylist, receptionist)

________________

________________

________________

________________

phone _________________

Date and Notes:

Figure 9-5 Safety Committee Meeting Guide

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A


Closing the Circle In Chapter 10 of his book Creative Training Techniques Handbook11 (see Appendix C), Robert Pike presents seven laws of learning and twentytwo deadly sins that make your training session ineffective. A summary of the laws applied to the salon setting follows. 1. The Law of the Teacher—Seldom do we find effective instructors who have not experienced what they are teaching. You will be a better safety and health discussion leader if you can weave your own experience as a cosmetologist into planning a safety and health training session. If you don’t have a background as a stylist, and you’re asked to be a discussion leader, you may want to relate to the group as a customer. 2. The Law of the Learner—First impressions of learners involve their response to the question, “What’s in this for me?” You may want to start out a session by asking that question and going around the room; sharing and recording the answers on a flip chart. When participants see that their interests are going to be addressed, they will be much more attentive than if you simply say, “Now let’s look at the videotape.” 3. The Law of the Language—There are some big and intimidating words in safety and health. Make sure you stay with the language of the salon when talking about safety and health. When using technical or unfamiliar terms, define them right away. 4. The Law of the Lesson—Cosmetologists often know more about safety and health than they carry around in short-term memory. It is important to build on what people already know. In fact it is difficult not to think of things that you already know. As the discussion proceeds it is a good idea to ask for real-life examples of specific safety and health problems or other related experiences that come out from the participant’s experience. 5. The Law of the Teaching Process—Pike points out that people usually learn best through self-discovery. Robert M. Hutchins, an accomplished teacher, said “The objective of education is to prepare individuals to educate themselves throughout their lives.” Provide situations where your participants get immediate feedback. That way, they can discover themselves how well they are learning. Self-discovery is most effective when your group is actively involved in the learning process, not simply passively watching what’s going on in class. 6. The Law of the Learning Process—Pike points out “Learning does not take place until behavior has changed.” In our jobs, we all need to go beyond what we know or have just learned, to what we


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do. Enhance the learning process by involving as many senses as possible. To carry this out, use as many approaches to a safety and health idea as practical. 7. The Law of Review and Application—Summarize your session by reviewing the material covered. Ask participants “How will you use tomorrow, what you learned today?” Another good question at the end of a session is “What good things do you expect to happen to you and your clients if you apply what you’ve been learning about safety and health?”

Review Questions 1. To prevent fire in the salon a. install smoke alarms b. install fire extinguishers c. reduce ignition sources d. all of the above 2. To control the effects of product spills a. keep containers closed b. handle chemical containers carefully c. write a JSA d. drape the client for chemical services 3. One way to identify hazards is to a. do self-inspections b. call the fire department for an inspection c. ask your insurance carrier to do a walk-through of the salon d. all of the above 4. An example of safety and health communication is a. putting an ad in the newspaper for a safety engineer b. telling employees what the salon is doing and ask their help c. telling your supervisor about a safety hazard d. telling your mother what hazards are at work 5. Safety committee meetings should be held a. every six months b. annually c. monthly or at least quarterly d. none of the above


Glossary ABC fire extinguisher so-called all-purpose extinguishers capable of fighting fires fueled by oil, gasoline, grease, flammable liquids, electric power, wood, paper, or cloth. accident an unplanned and sometimes injurious or damaging event that interrupts the normal progress of an activity and is invariably preceded by an unsafe act or unsafe condition or some combination of the two. Accidents result from failing to identify a hazard or from an inadequate part of the support system to prevent or control hazards. acid-balanced perms permanent wave solutions with pH levels ranging from 4.5 to 7.9, generally considered to be less damaging to the hair and skin. Often contain a form of glyceryl monothioglycolate as the active ingredient. acne a chronic disorder of the sebaceous glands, occurring most frequently on the face, back, and chest. acrylic gels and monomers heat- or light-cured liquids, like methyl and ethyl methacrylate, used to provide sculptured nails. activators additives in chemical products that quicken the process or chemical action. acute exposure acute chemical exposures cause harm quickly after an accident, for example, direct contact of perm, bleach, or color products to the eyes and skin. Note that first aid and medical treatment for acute exposures is usually rapid as well. administrative controls administrative hazard controls involve actions such as requiring special written procedures, training employees, and limiting exposure to the hazard. In the case of ergonomic hazards, administrative controls include taking frequent sitting, walking, and stretching breaks. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) the disease that results from the presence of the HIV virus. air contaminants an OSHA term meaning a hazardous substance in the air for which there is an exposure limit. alkaline perms permanent wave solutions with pH levels ranging from 8.2 to 9.6. These solutions usually penetrate the hair cuticle layer more quickly, and often contain a form of ammonium thioglycolate as the active ingredient. alum aluminum potassium or ammonium sulfate, supplied in the form of crystals or powder. It has a strong astringent action and is used in aftershave lotion and astringent lotions, as well as in powder as a styptic. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) a group that sets and reviews safety and health standards. ammonia (NH3) a colorless pungent gas composed of hydrogen and nitrogen. In solution with water, it forms ammonia water or ammonium hydroxide and is used to swell the hair cuticle when coloring hair. When mixed with hydrogen peroxide, ammonia activates the oxidation process of melanin and allows melanin to decolorize. ampholytic a type of cleanser surfactant that can behave as anionic or cationic depending on the pH or acid content of the shampoo solution. aniline derivative the active ingredient in many oxidative deposit-only hair colors, based on the chemical aniline. Manufacturers usually list this chemical as phenylenediamine and related materials. anionic alkaline or high pH, the most common type of surfactant found in shampoo detergents. 157

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antiseptics substances destructive to microorganisms; can kill bacteria or slow their growth, but are not disinfectants. arthritis joint disease or inflammation of a joint as in gout or rheumatism. astringents lotions that remove oil accumulation on the skin. athlete’s foot ringworm of the foot; a fungus infection spread over the sole, between the toes, and sometimes infecting the nail. atom the smallest particle of an element that is capable of showing properties of that element. bacteria minute, one-celled vegetable microorganisms that multiply by simple division and are found nearly everywhere. Bacteria can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. Bacteria that cause contagious disease are called infectious bacteria. bactericidal destructive to bacteria. bactericides disinfecting products that kill harmful bacteria. blackheads worm-like masses of hardened sebum, appearing most frequently on the face, especially the forehead and nose; also called comedones. bloodborne pathogens pathogenic or disease-producing microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); both regulated by OSHA under 29CFR1910.1030. canities technical term for gray or nonpigmented hair. carbon dioxide (CO2) a colorless, odorless gas that will not burn. CO2 is present in the atmosphere and formed during breathing. CO2 will not support breathing. carbon monoxide formula (CO) a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas, that burns with a pale blue flame. CO is formed when a carbon containing material burns with an insufficient supply of oxygen. carpal tunnel syndrome a condition with symptoms of pain, weakness, and limited range of motion due to swelling and constriction of a small tunnel within the wrist. This condition is caused by repeated motion of the hands and fingers and worsens when the wrist is not in a relatively straight or neutral position. cationic acid or low pH, surfactants made up of quaternary ammonium compounds or quats. Cationic detergents are often used in dandruff shampoos. certified colors temporary hair colors, containing colors accepted by the government for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. chemical inventory a requirement of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard to maintain a list of chemicals known to be present in the workplace. The list must use names that are referenced on appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). chronic exposure chronic chemical exposures are often described as illnesses. They develop over a relatively long exposure period and often have a long lasting effect. An example of the effect of a chronic exposure is long-term irritation of the nasal passage due to repeated inhalation of ammonia vapors. coal tar dyes an artificial color produced chemically from coal. code a set of rules and standards concerning a given subject (e.g., fire safety or salon cleanliness) that have been adopted by a governmental agency as mandatory regulations having the force and effect of law. Examples are OSHA rules about hazard communication or the state licensing agency’s requirements for decontamination. color removers oil-based color removers and dye solvents, products that remove artificial pigment from the hair. combustible material that will burn readily like paper, cardboard, or fabric or any liquid that has a flash point between 140° and 200° Fahrenheit. concentration in a solution of water or air, a measure of the amount of dissolved substance contained per unit of volume of water or air.

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control, hazard control devices or systems to reduce the effect of a hazard. cortex the middle or inner layer of the hair that provides color, strength, and elasticity. cowlick a tuft of hair that stands up. CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) the combination of artificial respiration and manual artificial circulation that is recommended for use in cases of cardiac arrest (heart attack). cross-contamination a term referring to the spread of dirt, oils, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and microbes from doorknobs, tools, tabletops, and other surfaces that can lead to the spread of disease from one person to another. cumulative or repetitive trauma bodily injury caused by constant or repeated motion of the body part over time. decontamination the removal of pathogens and other substances from tools and other surfaces. deodorant soaps a soap that includes a disinfecting ingredient that remains on the body to kill the bacteria responsible for odors. depilatories preparations used for the temporary removal of unwanted hair by dissolving it at the skin line. dermatitis skin infections that develop from allergies to ingredients in cosmetics; for example, from antiseptics, cold waving lotions, and aniline-derivative tint. detergent a soap-like chemical used for cleaning surfaces that aids in wetting a surface, suspending soil, and clearing away dirt, soil, and other foul matter. developer an oxidizing agent, usually hydrogen peroxide, that reacts chemically with coloring materials to change the natural hair color. dike a barrier constructed to control or confine hazardous substances from entering sewers, ditches, and other waterways. disinfectants substances that kill infection-producing organisms including microbes on contaminated tools and other nonliving surfaces. disinfection, disinfecting the process of killing specific microorganisms by physical or chemical means on nonporous surfaces such as scissors, combs, brushes, cuticle nippers, and other implements. electrical shock the sudden pain that results from the passage of an electric current. through the body. Minor electrical shocks may cause accidents due to involuntary reactions; major shocks may cause death from burns or paralysis of lungs or heart. element the basic unit of all matter; cannot be reduced to a more simple substance. emergency action plan a written document to guide managers and employees on actions to be taken under a variety of emergency conditions. It usually includes responsibilities, resources, sources of aid outside the organization, general methods or procedures to follow, training and practice of emergency procedures, authority to make decisions, communications, and reports required. employee right-to-know same as OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard, the rule that sets forth controls over use of chemicals used in the workplace. endothermic a chemical change accompanied by an absorption of heat. In perms, the heat usually comes from an outside heat source like a hood-type hair dryer. engineering controls any physical means of controlling hazards; for example, through environmental controls like ventilation, lighting, nonslip stair treads. epilator a device that removes the hair by pulling it out of the follicle. ergonomics the study of human characteristics for the specific work environment. Ergonomics attempts to “fit the job to the person," and sometimes includes human factors engineering. exothermic a chemical change that gives off heat. exposure the quantity of time and the nature or extent of involvement with a hazard, without adequate protection. An example is "Her arm was burned by exposure to the curling iron for five seconds."

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flammable any material that is easily ignited, burns intensely, or has a rapid rate of flame spread. Flammable liquids have a flash point below 140° Fahrenheit and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square inch absolute at 100° Fahrenheit. These liquids are divided into two classes: Class I, those with flash points below 100° Fahrenheit, and Class II, those with flash points between 100° and 140° Fahrenheit. A flammable liquid does not itself burn; the vapors from the liquid burn. flash point the lowest temperature of a flammable liquid at which it gives off sufficient vapor to burn in air if ignited Food and Drug Administration (FDA) a federal agency responsible for enforcing rules and regulations regarding foods, drugs, and cosmetics for public consumption. fragilitas crinium technical term for brittle hair. fungicide an agent that kills fungi. Fungi are vegetable organisms the class of which mushroom and molds belong. Many fungi produce disease in humans. germicide a chemical that destroys vegetable-form bacteria, but not necessarily the resistant bacterial spores. glycerin a sweet, colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid used as a skin softener in cuticle oil, facial creams, and a variety of lotions. ground-fault-current interrupter (GFCI) a fast-acting electrical circuit interrupting device used for shock protection. GFCIs are sensitive to much lower levels of hazardous current flow than circuit breakers. hair lighteners oil, cream, or powder classifications of bleach, with hydrogen peroxide as the active ingredient. hazard a condition or changing set of circumstances that presents a potential for injury, illness, or property damage. The potential or inherent characteristics of an activity, condition, or circumstance that can produce adverse or harmful consequences. Hazard Communication Standard a rule issued by OSHA that sets forth controls over chemicals used in the workplace. hepatitis a serious disease of the liver with many causes. Symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, intermittent nausea, and vomiting. There are five types. A: commonly called infectious hepatitis and spread by poor sanitation; B or serum hepatitis: often transmitted by blood products and saliva: C: a virus different from A and B with similar symptoms and causes; D; occurs only in those already infected with hepatitis B and greatly increases the dangers; E: symptoms similar to A but does not occur in the United States unless imported by travelers. hepatitis B and C viruses that accumulate in the blood in far greater amounts than HIV. Unlike AIDS, the viral hepatitis is not always life-threatening. It can cause long-term illness, as well as death. high-frequency current electrical current characterized by a high rate of oscillation or vibration. High-frequency current is often a part of facial treatment. HIV human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. A disease often without early symptoms that is passed from person to person through blood and other body fluids, such as semen and vaginal secretions. human factors engineering engineering application that uses biological and behavioral sciences to design or redesign electromechanical systems. The goal is to better fit jobs to people in order to improve safety and performance. humectants chemical compounds that absorb and hold moisture in the hair or skin. hydrogen peroxide an oxidizing chemical made up of two parts hydrogen and two parts oxygen (H2O2), used to aid the processing of permanent hair color and lightening agents. Also referred to as developer. hypertrichosis superfluous hair or abnormal development of hair on areas of the body normally bearing only downy hair.

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ignition source sources like an open flame, burning match, cigarette, or an electrical spark that can cause a flammable or combustible material to burst into flames. industrial hygienist a person with a college or university degree in the science and art of recognizing and controlling work situations that may cause sickness, impaired health, or significant discomfort and inefficiency. ingestion the term used by industrial hygienists to describe how chemicals enter our bodies through the mouth. irritant any substance which on immediate, long-term, or repeated contact with normal living tissue like the skin induces a local inflamed condition. job safety analysis (JSA) the process of breaking down any method of work or procedure into its steps or parts in order to identify hazards and the precautions to take for performing it safely; sometimes called job hazard analysis. lacquer a protective coating consisting of a resin and/or a cellulose-type material dissolved in a low-boiling solvent. lesion a structural change in the tissues caused by injury or disease. There are three types: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The cosmetologist is concerned with primary and secondary lesions only. lice see pediculosis. local exhaust a ventilating system used to carry off an air contaminant by trapping it near its source. maintenance activities intended to ensure that buildings and equipment like ventilation systems are functionally capable of expected operation. The result of maintenance is that the device is in good working condition, free from recognized hazards. malpractice improper professional conduct, action, or treatment. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) a form provided by OSHA to identify a potentially harmful substance together with its hazardous ingredients, physical and chemical characteristics, fire and explosion hazard data, reactivity data, health hazard data, precautions for safe handling and use, and control measures. MSDS are the required means for chemical companies to inform their customers about chemical product hazards and for employers to inform workers about the hazards of chemical products they are using. matter anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exists in one of the following three forms: solids, liquids, or gases. metallic dyes soluble metal salts such as lead, silver, and bismuth that produce colors on the hair fiber by progressive buildup and exposure to air. mold a type of fungus infection. molecule two or more atoms that are chemically joined together. monilethrix technical term for beaded hair. The hair breaks between the beads or nodes. monomer a simple chemical molecule capable of forming a polymer. musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) injuries and disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and spinal discs. The musculoskeletal system is the bony skeleton of the body and the hundreds of muscles that are attached to it. Exposure to physical work activities and conditions that involve ergonomic risk factors may cause or contribute to MSDs, including carpal tunnel syndrome, rotator cuff syndrome, a herniated spinal disc, and low back pain, all which can severely limit range of motion. MSDs do not include injuries caused by slips, trips, falls, or other similar accidents. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) established under provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, NIOSH is the principal federal agency engaged in research, education, and training related to occupational safety and health. neutral-balanced perms are in the same class as acid-balanced perms, with ph between 7.0 and 7.9.

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neutralizer to make neutral; to counterbalance an action of a perm or a hair color material. The active ingredient in most neutralizers is either hydrogen peroxide, sodium bromide, or sodium bromate. nonionic a classification of surfactants that has a milder cleansing action than anionic or cationic. nuisance level organic vapor mask a protective device containing carbon and a filter material designed to remove organic vapors from breathing air. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) created as part of the U.S. Department of Labor to regulate and enforce safety and health standards in the workplace. organic a term in chemistry dealing with substances in which carbon is present. OSHA 200 log form to document recordable occupational injuries and illnesses that meets OSHA recordkeeping requirements. osteoporosis loss of protein matrix tissue from bone, causing it to become brittle and easily fractured. Bone naturally becomes thinner with aging, however, osteoporosis is more common in women than men and more common in whites than blacks. oxidation the chemical process of combining with oxygen, usually provided by hydrogen peroxide interacting with a perm or color product. oxidative hair color a product containing oxidation dyes like aniline that require hydrogen peroxide to develop the permanent color. oxidizer a chemical that gives off free oxygen in a chemical reaction. parasites pathogenic organisms that require living matter for their growth. patch test a predisposition test required by the Food and Drug Act, made by applying a small amount of the hair coloring mixture to the skin of the arm or behind the ear to determine possible allergies. pediculosis head lice; an itchy, highly contagious scalp disease. Scratching the area can cause an infection. The head louse is transmitted from one person to another by contact with infested combs, brushes or other implements. perm abbreviation for permanent waving, with either an acid-balanced, neutral, or alkaline-balanced chemical. Perms are usually achieved using a two-step process consisting of a waving lotion and a neutralizer. permanent hair color a category of hair color products mixed with developer that create a lasting color change. permissible exposure limit (PEL) concentration in air of substance representing a condition under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day for eight hours, without adverse effect. PELs are issued by OSHA. personal protective equipment (PPE) any material or device worn to protect a worker from exposure to or contact with any harmful substance or force. Safety glasses with side shields and rubber or plastic gloves are examples of PPE. pH the degree of acidity or alkalinity of any water solution. The pH scale goes from 0 (very acid) to 14 (very alkaline); a pH of 7 is neutral. pharmacopeia any book that lists and describes almost all drugs used in medicine, especially an official national publication such as the United States Pharmacopeia. phenol carbolic acid; the base component of synthetic phenolic germicides which have superior disinfecting properties. policy a statement of values or principles and rules of action to support the principles. Policies are put in place by executive leadership as guides to action. polymer a molecule that is made by chemically combining many smaller molecules. precaution any action taken in advance to reduce the likelihood of an accident. precautionary step a step of a procedure to avoid or control hazards. pre-existing condition state or effect of a previous injury or illness. Often used to relate to a condition (e.g., dermatitis) that may be aggravated by exposure to a new hazard.

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pustule an elevation of the skin having an inflamed base and containing pus. quats quaternary ammonium compounds; disinfectants based on ammonia-based chemistry. recordable case according to OSHA, any occupational injury case requiring medical attention more than first aid and all occupational illnesses. Recordable cases are often referred to as "doctor cases." regulation a rule, ordinance, law, standard, or device by which conduct or performance is controlled. relaxer a chemical that permanently rearranges the basic structure of overly curly hair into a straight form. repetitive motion disorders musculoskeletal disorders caused over time by repeating a motion over and over again. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an example of a repetitive motion disorder. resorcinol a drying agent in medicated products designed to treat oily skin conditions. right of refusal right of a cosmetologist to deny services ringworm a highly contagious disease of the hand or foot caused by a fungus-type vegetable parasite. safety and health support system a management plan complete with specific action steps to continuously improve and maintain the control of hazards that cause injuries, illnesses, and property loss; often called a safety program. A feature of the system is that it meets or exceeds all regulatory requirements. sanitation means to significantly reduce the number of pathogens (harmful microorganisms, microbes, or germs) found on a surface. scabies a highly contagious scalp condition caused by an itch mite burrowing under the skin. scoliosis lateral curvature of the spine. sebaceous glands consisting of little sac-like structures in the dermis or inner layer of the skin. sebum the normal secretion of an oily substance from the sebaceous glands. semipermanent hair color hair color that lasts through several shampoos. shelter-in-place an emergency procedure to minimize the effect of a fire, severe storm, or chemical emergency; involves quickly getting into your house or shelter, shutting all doors and windows, turning off all cooling and heating systems, taping and sealing all windows and doors, placing wet, clean towels under doors to absorb smoke or gases, keeping everyone in a room that has the fewest windows and doors, staying off the phone to keep lines of communication open, and listening to television or radio for further instructions. skin disease any infection of the skin characterized by an objective lesion (one that can be seen), which may consist of scales, pimples, or pustules. solvent any substance that is able to dissolve another substance. specific gravity this number answers the question whether the material will rise or fall in water; under 1.0, it will float. staphylococci infections animal parasite scalp infections, like boils that form around the hair shaft. state board of cosmetology The state agency that regulates cosmetology law; often in cooperation with other state agencies. sterilization completely destroys all living organisms on nonliving surfaces. strand test a test given before treatment to determine development time, color result, and the ability of the hair to withstand the effects of chemicals. styptic a material that is capable of checking the flow of blood. surfactant a type of organic compound found in many shampoos that improves wetting and cleansing of the hair. talc a light, off-white material used in face powders. temporary hair colors or rinses colors made from preformed dyes that are applied to the hair, but are readily removed with shampoo.

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thermal styling implements curling irons, heated curlers, or other devices used to wave and curl straight hair that are either electrically or stove heated. thio-based creams and gels an ammonium thioglycolic product used to straighten the hair; often used before a soft permanent wave treatment. threshold limit value (TLV) the concentration in air of a substance representing a condition under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day for eight hours, without adverse effect. Because of wide variation in individual sensitivity to chemicals, exposure of some individuals at or even below the TLV may not prevent discomfort, aggravation of a preexisting condition, or occupational illness. Refer to the most recent list of TLVs adopted by the ACGIH in OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard, 29CFR1910.1200. tinea capitis ringworm of the scalp; a contagious vegetable parasite infection. titanium dioxide a white powder that is insoluble in water; used in face powder and foundation creams. trade secret any confidential formula, process, device, or information that gives a business an advantage over competitors who do not know or do not use it. trichorrhexis nodosa technical term for knotted hair; a dry, brittle condition including formation of nodular swellings along the hair shaft. tuberculocidal an agent with the ability to kill the tuberculosis bacteria under controlled laboratory conditions. Universal Precautions an infection control practice that treats the blood of all clients as if they were infected with the HIV or Hepatitis B virus. unsafe condition any physical hazard or state in which an accident is more likely to happen than when the hazard or state is removed. Think of unsafe conditions as accidents waiting to happen. vapor gas-like layer of a substance above the liquid at normal temperature and pressure. vegetable color a color derived from plant sources. virucidal capable of destroying or neutralizing a virus. waving lotion a liquid that softens and expands the hair strand; many waving lotions contain ammonium chloride. wet sanitizers an incorrect term for jars or containers used to disinfect implements. whiteheads a common skin disorder caused by the formation of sebaceous matter within or under the skin; also called milia. whorl a circular pattern to the hair, as in the crown. work practice controls a means of controlling exposure to hazards through specific procedures behaviors, or action steps. workers’ compensation a system of insurance required by state law and financed by employers which provides payments to employees and their families for occupational illnesses, injuries, or fatalities incurred while at work and resulting in loss of wage income, regardless of the employer’s or employee’s negligence. zinc oxide a heavy white powder that is insoluble in water and used in face powder and foundation creams.

A A P P E N D I X

Listing of State Cosmetology Boards

Alabama State Board of Cosmetology 100 North Union, Suite 320 Montgomery, AL 36130 (334) 242-1918 Alaska Board of Barbers and Hairdressers PO Box 110806 Juneau, AK 99811-0806 (907) 465-2547 Arizona Board of Cosmetology 1721 East Broadway Road Tempe, AR 85282 (602) 784-4539 Arkansas State Board of Cosmetology 101 East Capitol, #108 Little Rock, AR 72201 (501) 682-2168 California Board of Barbering and Cosmetology PO Box 944226 Sacramento, CA 94244-2260 (916) 445-1254 Colorado State Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists 1560 Broadway, #1340 Denver, CO 80202 (303) 894-7772

Connecticut Board of Barbers, Hairdressers, and Cosmeticians Department of Health Services 410 Capitol Avenue Hartford, CT 06106 (860) 509-7569 Delaware Board of Cosmetology and Barbering Cannon Building #203 PO Box 1401 Dover, DE 19903 (302) 739-4522 District of Columbia Board of Cosmetology 614 H Street Northwest Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 727-7454 Florida Department of Professional Regulation Attn: Cosmetology 1940 North Monroe Street Tallahassee, FL 32399 (850) 488-5702 Georgia State Board of Cosmetology 166 Pryor Street Southwest Atlanta, GA 30303 (404) 656-3907

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Hawaii Board of Cosmetology Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs PO Box 3469 Honolulu, HI 96801 (808) 586-3000 Idaho State Board of Cosmetology 1109 Main Street, #220 Boise, ID 83702-5642 (208) 334-3233 Illinois Department of Professional Regulation 320 West Washington Street Springfield, IL 62786 (217) 785-0800 Indiana State Board of Cosmetology Examiners 302 West Washington, #EO-34 Indianapolis, IN 46204 (317) 232-2980

Maryland State Board of Cosmetology 501 St. Paul Place, 9th Floor Baltimore, MD 21202 (410) 333-6320 Massachusetts Board of Cosmetology 100 Cambridge Street, 14th Floor Boston, MA 02202 (617) 727-9940 Michigan State Board of Cosmetology 611 West Ottawa, North Tower PO Box 30018 Lansing, MI 48909 (517) 373-0580 Minnesota Department of Commerce Cosmetology Licensing Division 133 East 7th Street St. Paul, MN 55101 (613) 297-6319

Iowa Cosmetology Board of Examiners 321 East 12th Street, 4th Floor Des Moines, IA 50319-0075 (515) 281-4416

Mississippi State Board of Cosmetology 1804 North State Street PO Box 55689 Jackson, MS 39296-5689 (601) 354-6623

Kansas State Board of Cosmetology 2708 Northwest Topeka Blvd. Topeka, KS 66603-3230 (785) 296-3155

Missouri State Board of Cosmetology PO Box 1062 Jefferson City, MO 65102 (573) 751-1052

Kentucky State Board of Hairdressing & Cosmetology 314 West Second Street Frankfort, KY 40601 (502) 564-4262

Montana Board of Cosmetologists 111 North Jackson PO Box 200513 Helena, MT 200513 (408) 444-4288

Louisiana State Board of Cosmetology 11622 Sunbelt Court Baton Rouge, LA 70809 (504) 756-3404

Nebraska State Board of Cosmetology Examiners 301 Centennial Mall South PO Box 95007 Lincoln, NE 65809-5007 (402) 471-2117

Maine State Board of Cosmetology 35 State House Station Augusta, ME 4333 (207) 624-8603

Nevada State Board of Cosmetology 1785 East Sahara Boulevard, #255 Las Vegas, NV 89104 (702) 486-6542

Listing of State Cosmetology Boards

New Hampshire Board of Cosmetology 2 Industrial Park Drive Concord, NH 3301 (603) 271-3608 New Jersey State Board of Cosmetology and Hairstyling PO Box 45003 Newark, NJ 07101 (201) 504-6400 New Mexico State Board of Cosmetologists PO Box 25101 Santa Fe, NM 87504 (505) 827-7550 New York Department of Licensing Services 84 Holland Avenue Albany, NY 12208-3490 (518) 474-4429 North Carolina Board of Cosmetology 1201 Front Street #110 Raleigh, NC 27609-7533 (919) 850-2793 North Dakota State Board of Cosmetology 1102 South Washington Street Bismarck, ND 58504 (701) 224-9800 Ohio State Board of Cosmetology 101 Southland Mall Columbus, OH 43207-4041 (614) 466-3834 Oklahoma State Board of Cosmetology 2200 Classen Boulevard, #1530 Oklahoma City, OK 73106 (405) 521-2441 Oregon Board of Barbers and Hairdressers 700 Summer Street Northeast, #100 Salem, OR 97310 (503) 378-8667 Pennsylvania State Board of Cosmetology PO Box 2649 Harrisburg, PA 17105 (717) 783-7130

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Puerto Rico Board of Examiners of Beauty Specialists PO Box 3271 Old San Juan, PR 00963 (902) 809-722-2121 Rhode Island State Division of Professional Licensing 3 Capitol Hill, #209 Providence, RI 02908-5097 (401) 277-2511 South Carolina State Board of Cosmetology 3710 Landmark Drive, #205 Columbia, SC 29204 (803) 734-9660 South Dakota Cosmetology Commission 500 East Capitol Avenue Pierre, SD 57501 605-773-6193 Tennessee State Board of Cosmetology 500 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, TN 37243-1147 (615) 741-2515 Texas Cosmetology Commission PO Box 26700 Austin, TX 78755-0700 (512) 454-4674 Utah State Board of Cosmetology Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing PO Box 45805 Salt Lake City, UT 84145-0805 (801) 530-6628 Vermont State Board of Cosmetology Secretary of State’s Office 109 State Street Montpelier, VT 05609-1106 (802) 828-2373 Virgin Islands Board for the Licensing of Barbers, Beauticians and Manicurists Property and Procurement Building No. 1 Sub Base, #205 St. Thomas, VI 00802 (801) 809-774-3130

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Virginia Board of Cosmetology 3600 West Broad Street Richmond, VA 23230 (804) 367-8509 Washington State Cosmetology, Barber, Manicurist Board Division of Professional Licensing PO Box 9026 Olympia, WA 98507 (360) 753-3834 West Virginia Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists 1716 Pennsylvania Avenue, #7 Charleston, WV 25302 (304) 558-3450

Wisconsin Barbering and Cosmetology Examining Board PO Box 8935 Madison, WI 53708 (608) 266-1630 Wyoming State Board of Cosmetology 26 and House Avenue, #302 Cheyenne, WY 82002 (307) 777-3534

B A P P E N D I X

OSHA Consultation Directory

Alabama (Region IV) 7(c)(1) Onsite Consultation Program 425 Martha Parham West PO Box 870388 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 (205) 348-7136 Alaska (Region X) Division of Consultation and Training ADOL/OSHA 33Ol Eagle Street PO Box 107022 Anchorage, AK 99510 (907) 269-4957 Arizona (Region IX) Consultation and Training Division of Occupational Safety & Health Industrial Commission of Arizona 800 West Washington Phoenix, AZ 85007-9070 (602) 542-5795 Arkansas (Region VI) OSHA Consultation Arkansas Department of Labor 10421 West Markham Little Rock, AK 72205 (501) 682-4522

California (Region IX) CAL/OSHA Consultation Service Department of Industrial Relations Room 5246 45 Freemont Street San Francisco, CA 94105 (415) 972-8515 Colorado (Region VIII) Occupational Safety & Health Section Colorado State University 115 Environmental Health Building Fort Collins, CO 80523 (970) 491-6151 Connecticut (Region I) Division of Occupational Safety & Health Connecticut Department of Labor 38 Wolcott Hill Road Wethersfield, CT, 06109 (203) 566-4550 Delaware (Region III) Occupational Safety and Health Division of Industrial Affairs Delaware Department of Labor 4425 Market Street Wilmington, DE 19802 (302) 761-8219

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District of Columbia (Region III) Office of Occupational Safety and Health D. C. Department of Employment Services 950 Upshur Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20011 (202) 576-6339 Florida (Region IV) 7(c)(1) Onsite Consultation Program Division of Safety Florida Department of Labor & Employment Security 2002 St. Augustine Road Building E, Suite 45 Tallahassee, FL 32399-0663 (904) 488-3044 Georgia (Region IV) 7(c)(1) Onsite Consultation Program Georgia Institute of Technology O’Keefe Building, Room 22 Atlanta, GA 30332 (404) 894-2646 Guam (Region IX) OSHA Onsite Consultation Department of Labor, Government of Guam PO Box 9970 Tamuning, GU 96931 (671) 475-0136 Hawaii (Region IX) Consultation and Training Branch Department of Labor and Industrial Relations 830 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, HI 96813 (808) 586-9100 Idaho (Region X) Safety and Health Consultation Program Boise State University Department of Health Studies 1910 University Drive, ET-338A Boise, ID 83725 (208) 385-3283

Illinois (Region V) Illinois Onsite Consultation Industrial Service Division Department of Commerce and Community Affairs State of Illinois Center Suite 3-400 100 West Randolph Street Chicago, IL 60601 (312) 814-2337 Indiana (Region V) Division of Labor Bureau of Safety, Education, and Training Room W195 402 West Washington Indianapolis, IN 46204-2287 (317) 232-2688 Iowa (Region VII) 7(c)(1) Consultation Program Iowa Bureau of Labor 1000 East Grand Avenue Des Moines, IA 50319 (515) 281-5352 Kansas (Region VII) Kansas 7(c)(1) Consultation Program Kansas Department of Human Resources 512 South West 6th Street Topeka, KS 66603-3150 (913) 296-7476 Kentucky (Region IV) Division of Education and Training Kentucky Labor Cabinet 1047 U.S. Highway 127 South Frankfort, KY 40601 (502) 564-6895 Louisiana (Region VI) 7(c)(1) Consultation Program Louisiana Department of Labor PO Box 94094 Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9094 (504) 342-9601


Maine (Region I) Division of Industrial Safety Maine Bureau of Labor Standards Division of Industrial Safety State House Station #82 Augusta, ME 04333 (207) 624-6460 Maryland (Region III) Division of Labor and Industry 501 Saint Paul Place, 10th Floor Baltimore, MD 21202 (410) 333-4210 Massachusetts (Region I) Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries 1001 Watertown Street West Newton, MA 02165 (617) 727-3982 Michigan (Health) (Region V) Michigan Department of Public Health Division of Occupational Health 3423 North Logan Street PO Box 30195 Lansing, MI 48909 (517) 335-8250 Michigan (Safety) (Region V) Michigan Department of Labor Bureau of Safety and Regulation 7150 Harris Drive Lansing, MI 48909 (517) 322-1809 Minnesota (Region V) Department of Labor and Industry Consultation Division 433 LaFayette Road Saint Paul, MN 55155 (651) 297-2393 Mississippi (Region IV) Mississippi State University Center for Safety and Health 2906 North State Street Suite 201 Jackson, MS 39216 (601) 987-3981

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Missouri (Region VII) Onsite Consultation Program Division of Labor Standards Department of Labor and Industrial Relations 3315 West Truman Boulevard PO Box 449 Jefferson City, MO 65109 (573) 751-3403 Montana (Region VIII) Department of Labor and Industry Bureau of Safety PO Box 1728 Helena, MT 59624-1728 (406) 444-6418 Nebraska (Region VII) Division of Safety Labor and Safety Standards Nebraska Department of Labor State Office Building, Lower Level 301 Centennial Mall South Lincoln, NE 68509-5024 (402) 471-4717 Nevada (Region IX) Division of Preventive Safety Department of Industrial Relations Suite 106 2500 West Washington Las Vegas, NV 89106 (702) 486-5016 New Hampshire (Region I) New Hampshire Department of Health Division of Public Health Services 6 Hazen Drive Concord, NH 03301-6527 (603) 271-2024 New Jersey (Region II) Division of Workplace Standards New Jersey Department of Labor Station Plaza 4, CN953 22 South Clinton Avenue Trenton, NJ 08625-0953 (609) 292-2424

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New Mexico (Region VI) New Mexico Environment Department Occupational Health and Safety Bureau 525 Camino de los Marquez, Suite 3 PO Box 26110 Santa Fe, NM 87502 (505) 827-4230 New York (Region II) Division of Safety and Health State Office Campus Building 12, Room 457 Albany, NY 12204 (518) 457-2481 North Carolina (Region IV) Bureau of Consultative Services North Carolina Department of Labor Suite 105 319 Chapanoke Road Raleigh, NC 27603-3432 (919) 662-4644 North Dakota (Region VIII) Division of Environmental Engineering Room 304 1200 Missouri Avenue Bismark, ND 58506-5520 (701) 328-5188 Ohio (Region V) Division of Onsite Consultation Bureau of Employment Services 145 South Front Street Columbus, OH 43216 (614) 644-2246 Oklahoma (Region VI) Oklahoma Department of Labor OSHA Division 4001 North Lincoln Boulevard Oklahoma City, OK 73105-5212 (405) 528-1500 Oregon (Region X) Department of' Insurance and Finance Occupational Safety and Health Division Labor & Industries Building, Room 430 350 Winter Street, Northeast Salem, OR 97310 (503) 378-3272

Pennsylvania (Region III) Indiana University of Pennsylvania Safety Sciences Department 205 Uhler Hall Indiana, PA 15705-1087 (412) 357-2561 Puerto Rico (Region II) Occupational Safety and Health Office Department of Labor and Human Resources 21st Floor 505 Munoz Rivera Avenue Hato Rey, PR 00918 (809) 754-2188 Rhode Island (Region I) Division of Occupational Health Rhode Island Department of Health 3 Capital Hill Providence, RI 02908 (401) 277-2438 South Carolina (Region IV) South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation 3600 Forest Drive PO Box 11329 Columbia, SC 29211 (803) 734-9614 South Dakota (Region VIII) Engineering Extension Onsite Technical Program South Dakota State University Box 510, 210 Rugsley Circle Brookings, SD 57007 (605) 688-4101 Tennessee (Region IV) OSHA Consultative Services Division Tennessee Department of Labor 3rd Floor 710 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, TN 37243-0659 (615) 741-7036


Texas (Region VI) Workers’ Health and Safety Division Workers’ Compensation Commission Southfield Building 4000 South I H 35 Austin, TX 78704 (512) 440-3834 Utah (Region VIII) Utah Industrial Commission Consultation Services 160 East 300 South Salt Lake City, UT 84114-6650 (801) 530-6868 Vermont (Region I) Division of Occupational Safety and Health Vermont Department of Labor and Industry National Life Building, Drawer #20 Montpelier, VT 05602-3401 (802) 828-2765 Virgin Islands (Region III) Division Of Occupational Safety and Health Virgin Islands Department of Labor 3021 Golden Rock Christiansted St. Croix, VI 00840 (809) 772-1315 Virginia (Region II) Virginia Department of Labor and Industry Occupational Safety and Health Training and Consultation 13 South 13th Street Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 786-6359 Washington (Region X) Washington Department of Labor and Industries Division of Industrial Safety and Health PO Box 44643 Olympia, WA 98504 (360) 902-5638

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West Virginia (Region III) West Virginia Department of Labor Capitol Complex Building #3, Room 319 1800 East Washington Street Charleston, WV 25305 (304) 558-7890 Wisconsin (Health) (Region V) Wisconsin Department of Health and Human Services Division of Health Section of Occupational Health Room 112 1414 East Washington Avenue Madison, WI 53703 (608) 266-8579 Wisconsin (Safety) (Region V) Wisconsin Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations Bureau of Safety Inspections Suite C 401 Pilot Court Waukesha, WI 53188 (414) 521-5063 Wyoming (Region VIII) Wyoming Department of Employment Workers’ Safety and Compensation Division Herschler Building, 2 East 122 West 25th Street Cheyenne, WY 82002 (307) 777-7700


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A P P E N D I X

References and Resources

1. Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry, Occupational Safety and Health Division. (1998, June). An Employer’s Guide to Developing a Workplace Accident and Injury Reduction (AWAIR) Program, 443 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155. 2. Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry, Chapters 5205, 5206, 5207, 5210 & 5215. Extracted from Minnesota Rules 1998, Minnesota’s Bookstore, 117 University Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55155, 651-282-5077. 3. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (1998, July). Code of Federal Regulations, 29 Parts 1900 -1910. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 4. Milady’s Standard Textbook of Cosmetology, revised (1999). Milady Publishing Company. (Division of Delmar Thomson Learning), 3 Columbia Circle, Box 12519, Albany, NY 12212-2519. 5. Schoon, D. D. HIV/AIDS & Hepatitis, Everything You Need to Know To Protect Yourself and Others (1994). Milady Publishing Company, 3 Columbia Circle, Box 12519, Albany, NY 12212-2519. 6. Chesky, S. R., Cristina, I. & Rosenberg, R. B., Milady’s “Playing It Safe” Decontamination, Sterilization, and Personal Protection (1994). Milady Publishing Company, 3 Columbia Circle, Box 12519, Albany, NY 12212-2519. 7. Minnesota Department of Health, 717 Delaware Street Southeast, PO Box 9441, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9441; 612-623-5000. 8. Workplace Safety Consultation Division, Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry, 443 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155; 651-297-2393. 9. Dalton, J. Illustrated Themes, Statutes, Rules and Regulations for the Practice of Cosmetology, Minnesota, revised. (1997). 651-457-7074. 10. Minnesota State Commerce Department Web page at www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/arule/2642/.

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11. Pike, R. W. Creative Training Techniques Handbook. Lakewood Books, 50 South Ninth Street, Minneapolis, MN 55402 12. National Safety Council. Accident Prevention Manual for Business & Industry, Administration and Programs (10th ed.). National Safety Council Product Number: 12144. 13. Material Safety Data Sheet, Matrix Essentials, 30601 Carter Street, Solon, OH 44139. 14. Written Safety and Health Program, LeSalon Ltd. & Minnesota Cosmetology Education Center, 704 Marie Avenue, South St. Paul, MN 55075. 15. Best® Glove, Catalog No. 97-07. Best Manufacturing Company. Edison Street, Menlo, GA 30731; www.bestglove.com. 16. William Marvy Company, Inc., 1540 St. Clair Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105. 17. Gerson, J. Milady’s Standard Textbook for Professional Estheticians, (1992). Milady Publishing Company (Division of Delmar Thomson Learning), 3 Columbia Circle, Box 12519, Albany, NY 12212-2519. 18. Valley Chiropractic Clinic, 8380 City Centre Drive, Woodbury, MN 55125. 19. Envirowin Software, LLC, PO Box 10938, Chicago, IL 60610. 20. Sweere, J. J. Department of Occupational Health, Northwestern College of Chiropractic, 2501 West 84th Street, Bloomington, MN, 55431. 21. 3M Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division, 3M Center, Building 275-6W-01, PO Box 33275, St. Paul, MN 55133. 22. U.S. Department of Labor, Statistics. (1997). Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. www.osha.gov/oshstats/bls. 23. Research and Statistics Unit, Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry. 443 LaFayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155. www.osha.gov/oshstats/bls. 24. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. www.osha-slc.gov/ergonomics-standard/overview. html. 25. KIDDE Fyrnetics, 1394 S. 3rd St., Mebane, NC 27302. 26. Work Top Air Cleaner (WTAC), 1501 Decker Avenue, Stuart, FL 34994. 27. Prosar Product Safety Resources, 1295 Bandana Blvd., Suite 325, St. Paul, MN 55108.

D

Answers to Review Questions

A P P E N D I X

Answers to End-of-Chapter Exercises Chapter 1 1. 2. 3. 4.

d, d, a, c,

all of the above OSHA professional responsibilities employee communications, training, accident investigation and corrective action, and program enforcement 5. d, all of the above 6. d, personal hygiene Chapter 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

a, b, a, b, d, a, c, a, c, a,

Sanitation retard (slow down the growth of) all of these all of these cover up all employees call the manager immediately washing everywhere damp, dark, warm, and dirty

Chapter 3 1. c, Occupational Safety and Health Administration 2. d, MSDS and labeling 3. c, training, chemical inventory, written safety and health program, and MSDS sheets 4. b, housekeeping, electrical shock, eye irritation or damage, skin staining and dryness 177

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5. d, Material Safety Data Sheet—provides pertinent information on products, ranging from content and associated safety and health hazards, to personal protective equipment and proper disposal procedures. They are available from the product's manufacturer or distributor. 6. b, identity of the chemicals contained in the product and appropriate hazard warnings 7. c, good room ventilation and exhaust, rubber gloves, and goggles with a face shield 8. a, antiseptics can kill bacteria or slow their growth. Disinfectants kill microbes on contaminated tools and other non-porous surfaces and are not safe for use on human skin, hair, or nails. 9. b, decontamination 10. a, tuberculocidal Chapter 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

a, after each use a, a sanitized towel d, water temperature b, all of these d, all of the above e, a, and c

Chapter 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

b, d, d, c, c,

can't use them until they are disinfected all of these heat not be used should not

Chapter 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

b, a, a, c, d, c,

all of these drape the cape over the back of the chair examine the scalp conduct a predisposition test staining the hands test for the right color

Chapter 7 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

c, d, c, d, c,

not apply a tip to that nail b and c examining feet thoroughly before providing services general ventilation and local exhaust sliding to the back of your chair and keeping your back straight 6. c, placing a dry towel under the pedicure basin


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Chapter 8 1. c, pump or aerosol dispensing 2. a, antiseptic 3. c, eyes Chapter 9 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

c, d, d, b, c,

reduce ignition sources drape the client for chemical services all of the above tell employees what the salon is doing and ask their help monthly or at least quarterly

Completed Crossword Puzzle for Chapter 8 1

2

3

D D A 5 1 C O N T A I N E R F 2 S S A N I T I Z E T P N P I E G O S E S E A B L

P T I C

5

3

S H A K E R 4

N E A T

N S P A T U L A I

4

6

L I D 7 L O T I O N S S C 8

WA S H R D

P S


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A P P E N D I X

Handouts—Safety and Health Tips and Tools

Salon Self-Inspection Safety and Health Report Location:

Inspected by:

Date:

All Salon Areas- Housekeeping, Sanitation, and Disinfecting ❐ Is there evidence the salon has been used for cooking or living quarters? ❐ Are all salon areas orderly, dust-, insect-, and rodent-free, clean, sanitary, and well lighted? ❐ Are floors swept clean whenever needed and is hair swept up after each client service? Are cotton balls and other materials picked up immediately? ❐ Are floors mopped and carpets vacuumed daily? ❐ Are windows, screens and curtains cleaned regularly? ❐ Are all waste materials deposited in a metal waste receptacle with a self-closing lid? Are waste receptacles emptied regularly throughout the day? Are hazardous waste containers properly labeled and separated from normal waste as required? ❐ Are all sinks and drinking fountains cleaned regularly? ❐ Are separate or disposable drinking cups provided for clients and employees? ❐ Are hot and cold water faucets clean and leak free? ❐ Are all toilets and washing facilities clean and sanitary? Are toilet tissue, paper towels, and pumptype antiseptic liquid soap provided? ❐ Are door handles cleaned regularly? ❐ Is food stored separately from salon products? Is there assurance that eating and drinking is done on sanitary surfaces separate from chemical handling or where services are being provided? (Continued)

Figure 2-4 Salon Self-Inspection Safety and Health Report 181

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❐ Is the work area ventilation appropriate for the services provided and are fans, humidifiers, exhaust and ventilation systems cleaned regularly? ❐ Are floors free of water or other substances that could cause a slip, trip, or fall? ❐ Are MSDS available for all chemicals used in the salon? ❐ Are all chemicals properly stored and all containers labeled? Is the outside of all containers kept clean? ❐ Is appropriate personal protective equipment (eye protection, gloves, dust and organic vapor masks etc.) available and used according to manufacturer’s directions and salon policy? ❐ Does the washing machine provide water temperature of at least 160 degrees Fahrenheit? ❐ Are hospital-grade tuberculocidal disinfecting solution and instructions available for cleaning scissors, combs, brushes, plastic capes and other materials as required? ❐ Are “wet sanitizers” containing disinfecting solution used only for implements to be decontaminated? Emergency Precautions and First Aid ❐ Are emergency phone numbers posted where they can be readily found in an emergency? ❐ Are fire evacuation procedures posted? ❐ Are tornado shelter and fire evacuation locations posted? ❐ Are first-aid kits readily accessible with necessary supplies? Is the kit periodically inspected and replenished as needed? ❐ Are emergency eye wash bottles provided where chemical handling is done and where chemical services are provided? Is there ready access to a sink with tempered water to completely flush the eyes from hazardous materials? ❐ Are exit and warning signs (biohazard, fire door, flammable, or toxic chemicals,) posted where appropriate? Fire Safety ❐ Are flammable/combustible products and materials (towels, paper, cardboard) stored and handled away from open flame, electrical outlets, and other ignition sources? ❐ Does the salon comply with all local fire codes? ❐ Is the fire alarm system certified as required? Tested at least annually? ❐ Are automatic sprinkler systems (sprinkler heads, water pressure and control valves) free from obstructions and checked periodically? ❐ Are portable fire extinguishers provided in adequate numbers and type? ❐ Are fire extinguishers mounted in readily accessible locations and recharged regularly? Inspection tag marked and current? Walkways, Stairways, and Exits ❐ Are aisles and passageways kept clear? ❐ Are materials and equipment stored such that sharp objects will not interfere with the walkway? ❐ Are standard stair rails or handrails provided for all stairways having four or more risers? Is the handrail capable of withstanding a downward load of 200 pounds? ❐ Are steps provided with a surface that renders them slip resistant? Is the slip-resistant material in good condition?


H a n d o u t s — S a f e t y a n d H e a l t h Ti p s a n d To o l s

183

❐ Are all exits kept free of obstructions? Are exits marked with an exit sign and illuminated by a reliable light source? ❐ Are there sufficient exits to permit prompt escape in case of an emergency? ❐ Are the number of exits from each floor of a building and the number of exits from the building itself appropriate for the building occupancy load? ❐ Can exit doors be opened from the direction of exit travel without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort when the building is occupied? ❐ Are fire doors maintained closed and warnings posted "Do not block open?" Ergonomics ❐ Are there heavy objects on the floor or overhead that must be lifted? ❐ Does the working space allow for a full range of work movements? ❐ Is the working point-of-operation at the proper height and adjustable? ❐ Are clippers, scissors and other tools recommended or provided that maintain a relatively neutral hand and wrist position? ❐ Are armrests and footrests provided where needed? ❐ Where chairs or stools are provided, are they easily adjustable and suited to the task? ❐ Are all written task requirements visible from comfortable positions? Electrical Safety ❐ Are all electrical tools and implements kept on stands or hangers or otherwise stored properly when not in use? ❐ Are multiple plug adapters prohibited and work stations free from electrical overload (multiple cords plugged into one outlet, or lightweight cords with large appliances with heating elements or motors)? Is the area free from extension cords used as permanent wiring? ❐ Are extension cords limited to one per station, six feet in length, and only in use when providing client services? Are the cords in good condition, not pinched, broken, cracked or covered up? ❐ Are washers, dryers, and other electrical appliances and tools provided with 3-prong plugs or doubleinsulated? ❐ Are ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) provided for areas that are or might become wet? ❐ Are lamps, outlets, extension cords and other electrical circuitry near flammable chemical handling that could serve as an ignition source? ❐ Are all circuits identified in breaker panel boxes? ❐

Are all unused openings (including conduit knockouts) in electrical enclosures and fittings covered by covers, plugs or plates?

❐ Are switches, receptacles, etc., provided with tight-fitting covers or plates? Repairs/corrections must be completed by (date) ________________________________________ Report routed to ____________________________________ (date) ________________________ Repairs/corrections have been completed by ____________________________________________ Signed ___________________________________________ (date) ________________________


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Safe Work Procedures Checklist ❐ Are all employees practicing good personal hygiene and wearing clean shoes and freshly laundered clothes? Are they free from communicable diseases and parasites when providing client services? ❐ Do stylists avoid providing services to any person known to have a communicable disease, condition, or parasites? ❐ Do stylists wash hands with soap and hot water after using rest rooms and between clients? Do they remember to dry hands thoroughly? Are fingernails kept clean? Do they avoid touching their face, mouth, or eye area while providing services? ❐ Is eating, drinking, and smoking by employees prohibited in the salon? ❐ Is appropriate personal protective equipment (eye protection, disposable gloves, etc.) being used according to manufacturer’s directions and salon policy? ❐ Are freshly laundered towels used on each client? ❐ Are soiled towels and linens laundered commercially or in washing machines with laundry detergent using water of a temperature of at least 160 degrees Fahrenheit? As an alternative to laundering, are plastic capes disinfected on all sides using a hospital-grade tuberculocidal disinfecting solution? ❐ Are wig blocks covered with a nonabsorbent covering, kept clean and sanitary? Is the covering removed after each wig treatment and properly stored in a labeled container? Is each wig accepted for service stored in an individual sanitary container (e.g. plastic bag) and kept from contact with other wigs? Are new wigs kept from contact with any client’s hair, skin, or wig? Is plastic wrap or other suitable covering material placed over a prospective buyer’s hair while trying on wigs? ❐ Do stylists always use freshly laundered towels on each client? Are towels, robes, and linens stored in a clean, closed cabinet until used? Are disinfected capes, aprons, and robes hung in an area of the salon at least 5 feet away from individual work stations? ❐ Are client linens, gowns and headbands properly cleaned before being reused? ❐ Do stylists prevent capes or other covering from touching client’s skin? ❐ Do cosmetologists avoid sharing makeup, lipstick, puffs, pencils, files, and brushes? ❐ Are clean cotton balls or sponges used to apply cosmetics and creams? ❐ Does each stylist use and keep (in a clean, covered container) an adequate supply of clean and disinfected brushes, combs, scissors and other implements/tools for use on clients? Are wooden or other porous utensils (e.g. manicure tools) discarded after each use? ❐ Are all containers properly marked, tightly closed and properly stored? Is the outside of all containers kept clean? Are products removed from containers with clean spatulas, not fingers? ❐ Is soiled or dirty linen removed from the workplace and properly stored for cleaning? ❐ Do stylists avoid touching their face, mouth, or eye area during services or placing tools, combs, curlers, or bobby pins in their mouths or pockets? ❐ Are employees following safe work procedures according to legal requirements and salon policy? ❐ Are children directed to a safe play area before client services are provided? ❐ Does the salon have a no-pet policy in the salon except for trained Seeing Eye® dogs?

Figure 2-5 Safe Work Procedures Checklist


185

Electrical ❐ Do employees step on, twist and bend, or place objects on electrical cords? ❐ Do they clean around electrical outlets or equipment when plugged in? ❐ Is water splashed on electrical cords and connections or are cords and electrical equipment handled with wet hands? ❐ Are appliances disconnected by pulling on the cord instead of the plug? ❐ Does the stylist or client touch metal during use of electrical equipment? ❐ Does the cosmetologist leave the room when the client is connected to an electrical appliance?

Other ❐ Does salon management use Job Safety Analysis to teach and reinforce safe work practices?

Figure 2-5 Safe Work Procedures Checklist (Continued)

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Job Safety Analysis Form

Procedure: ________________________________________________________________________ Engineering Controls: ______________________________________________________________ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): ________________________________________________

Step

Hazard

Figure 2-7 Job Safety Analysis Form

Precaution

Our Action Plan


187

Material Safety Data Sheets MSDS:00013 Date Created:04/16/00 Worldwide Beauty Care (Clairol, Inc.; Matrix Essentials, Inc.; Duart Labs; Redmond Products, Inc.) Bristol-Myers Squibb Company One Blachley Road Stamford, CT 06922 Emergency Telephone Number: Transportation Emergency: (203) 357-5678 Call Chemtrec 1-800-424-9300 This sheet has been prepared in accordance with the Requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200. Section I - Categorization Product Name: Permanent Wave Waving Lotions Pertinent Text: Non-flammable water-like liquids containing ammonium thioglycolate with conditioners, preservatives and fragrance. Product Names: Gentle Motion Waving Lotion, Opticolor Wave Waving Formula, Opticurl Waving Lotion, Perfecto Normal and Tinted Hair Waving Lotions, Synerfusion Waving Lotion, Systeme Biolage Acid Wave Waving Lotion, Therma-Vantage Controlled Exothermic Waving Lotions for Tinted and Normal Hair, VaVoom Volumizing Soft Wave Phase I Section II - Ingredients Identity/Exposure Limits Permanent Wave Waving Lotions generally contain the following hazardous ingredients (I% concentration or greater; 0.1% for carcinogens): CTFA NAME

CAS#

AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE EXPOSURE LIMIT: 25 PPM TLV, 35 PPM STEL, 50 PPM PEL, AS AMMONIA GLYCERIN EXPOSURE LIMIT: AS A MIST 10 MG/M'TLV, 15 MG/M'TOTAL; 5 MG/M'RESPIRABLE OSHA PEL ETHANOLAMINE EXPOSURE LIMIT: 3 PPM TLV, PEL, 6 PPM STEL AMMONIUM THIOGLYCOLATE CYSTEINE HCL DIAMMONIUM DITHIODIGLYCOLATE UREA57136

1336216 56815

Section III - Physical/Chemical Characteristics Specific Gravity (H O = 1): 1.01-1.02 Solubility in Water:

Highly soluble.

Section IV - Fire and Explosion Hazard Data Flashpoint: N/A

141435 5421465 52891 68223938

pH: 8.5-9.0 Appearance and Odor: Yellowish water-like liquids. Slight ammoniacal and characteristic mercaptan thio odor.

Unit: N/A Method: Not applicable.

Type:

Not applicable.

Fire Fighting Procedures: Extinguish fires with water ABC all-purpose or C02 extinguisher. The type of extinguisher used should be in conformance with local fire regulations. Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards: On thermal decomposition can release hydrogen sulfide sulfur oxides and ammonia.

Figure 3-3 An example of a Material Safety Data Sheet for World Wide Beauty Care Permanent Wave Waving Solution

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Physical Hazards None. Section V–Reactivity Data Stability: Conditions to Avoid: Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid): Hazardous Decomposition or ByProducts:

Stable. Metallic bowls or stirrers. Heavy metals; oxidizing materials and acids. Can release hydrogen sulfide; sulfur oxides and ammonia.

Section Vl–Health Hazards and Hazard Data The TLV of the mixture has not been established. 1. Effects of Acute Accidental Exposure Potential eye irritant. Skin Contact: Potential skin irritant. Skin Sensitizer: May induce hypersensitivity and elicit reactions in sensitized people. Inhalation: Respiratory tract irritant due to ammonia and mercaptan (thio) vapors. Ingestion: Moderately toxic. 2. Effects of Chronic Exposure For purposes of chronic exposure under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard this is an untested mixture. These products have been used extensively by consumers. Worldwide Beauty Care is not aware of any significant adverse reaction provided good work practices are observed (wash off skin, remove contaminated clothing, use good ventilation). Release of ammonia vapors may result in irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Published data indicate low level skin sensitization as a result of repeated heavy exposure principally in beauticians. 3. Carcinogen Status:

OSHA: No

NTP:

No

4. Route of Entry:

Inhalation: Yes

Ingestion: Yes

IARC: No Skin: Yes

5. Pre-existing dermatitis would likely be made worse by exposure to these products. 6. Emergency and First Aid Procedures Eye Contact: Remove contact lenses if used. Flush immediately with plenty of water for 15 minutes. Get medical attention IMMEDIATELY. Skin Contact: If spilled wash skin immediately with soap and water (do not use solvents). Change into clean clothing. If allergic reaction develops contact dermatologist. Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air. Increase ventilation. Ingestion: Rinse out mouth with water and administer large amounts of milk. Contact Employee Health Services immediately. Section VII–Precautions for Safe Handling and Use Steps to be taken in Case Material is released or Spilled: Contain spill and promptly clean up. Flush with water and wipe with towel or rinse to drain. Floor can be slippery when wet. Waste Disposal Method: Disposal should be in accordance with all applicable local state and federal regulations. Precautions to be Taken in Handling and Storage: Store products in even normal temperatures. Keep containers tightly closed. Keep out of reach of children. Section VIII–Control Measures Ventilation: Should be adequate to avoid concentration of irritating vapors. Hand Protection: Use impervious gloves to avoid possible skin irritation or sensitization. Eye Protection: Avoid contact with eyes. Use protective eyewear if splashing is possible. Other Types of Protection: None. Respiratory Protection: Avoid inhalation. Work Hygienic Practices: Always follow good hygienic work practices. Avoid all skin, eye, and clothing contact with products. In case of contact rinse thoroughly with water. Promptly clean up all spills. Section IX–Transportation Information DOT Class: Not regulated.

IMDG: Not regulated.

IATA/ICAO: Not regulated.

Figure 3-3 An example of a Material Safety Data Sheet for World Wide Beauty Care Permanent Wave Waving Solution (Continued)

Hazards Product Decontamination and Infection

May contain alcohol, bleach, sanitizing and commercial

See MSDS

Control Products

cleaners, ammonium and phenol-based chemicals, sodium nitrite, sodium phosphate

Shampoos and Conditioners

May contain alcohol, detergents, ammonium compounds, thickeners, fragrances, preservatives, proteins, humectants, and certified colorants.

No

Sprays and Styling Aids

May contain alcohol, propane or butane, polymers, and plasticizers.

Permanents, Activators, Neutralizers, Wave Lotions, Relaxing Products

Perms usually contain ammonium thioglycolate. Activators and neutralizers usually contain hydrogen peroxide. May contain thio-based creams, or gels, sodium bromide, or sodium bromate. Relaxing products usually contain sodium hydroxide.

Reactivity Generally stable

Other Hazards


Chapter

Eye and skin irritation or

General ventilation, goggles or safety

damage, ingestion hazard.

glasses with side shields, rubber or plastic gloves, pour product into water (not reverse), emergency eye wash.

Generally stable

Eye irritation if direct contact. May irritate hands if it contains anilinebased tint.

Do not spill on floor, follow manufacturer’s directions.

4

Yes, See MSDS

Generally stable

Spray may be highly flammable (especially if contents are under pressure). Vapors may travel to ignition source. Eye irritant, dizziness if inhaled and nausea possible if ingested.

Use general ventilation, avoid high heat and open flame. Keep out of reach of children. Have customer shield eyes while spraying.

5

No

Generally stable

Moderate to severe eye irritation if not washed out, may cause dermatitis in some individuals, ingestion may cause mouth, throat and intestinal tract irritation, nausea, and diarrhea.

Store in cool, dry place, use general ventilation, avoid contamination or contact with metals, use eye protection, and neoprene or latex gloves.

6

Figure 3-4 Professional products—safety and health summary 1

3

(Continued)

189

Fire


Description of Chemicals

Product

Description of Chemicals Bleaches may contain potassium, sodium, ammonium persulfate, and ammonium hydroxide. Developers usually contain hydrogen peroxide.

Colors, Tints and Toners

Contain pigments and dyes (including aniline derivatives), may include ammonium hydroxide, polymers, phenylenediamine, and sodium perborate.

Nail Products

Cleaners, oils, creams, lotions, polish and cuticle removers, lacquers, solvents, and dryers. Liquid monomers often contain ethylmethacrylate.

Facial Cosmetics

Powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, and soaps. Regulated by Federal Drug Administration.

Reactivity

Other Hazards


Chapter

See MSDS

Powders may be unstable

When mixed with hydrogen peroxide, can cause severe irritation and possible permanent eye damage, may induce allergic skin reaction to sensitized individuals. Powders are respiratory tract irritants, may cause asthmatic attack in some individuals. Moderately toxic if ingested.

Avoid excessive heat and contamination. Use local exhaust, do not generate or breathe dust when transferring or mixing bleach powders. Use eye and hand protection, and plastic cape while providing service to client.

6

No

Generally stable

Eye irritation and potential damage, skin may be irritated and sensitized in some individuals, ingestion hazard.

Local exhaust sometimes recommended, use eye and hand protection, 24-hour patch test required before application, use plastic cape while processing.

6

See MSDS

Monomer may be unstable

Solvents and monomers are flammable, nail chemicals cause eye, skin irritation or damage, may cause dermatitis, inhalation and ingestion hazard.

Local ventilation recommended, eye protection, dust mask OK for nail filings. Use local ventilation and nuisance-level organic vapor mask for nail dust, methacrylate, and other organic vapors.

7

No

Stable

Eye irritation if direct contact, generally not irritating to skin. See MSDS for inhalation and ingestion hazards.

Use general ventilation, avoid eye contact and use protective eyewear if splashing is possible. Inhalation and ingestion hazard.

8

1

See the specific MSDS sheet for the product you are using

Figure 3-4 Professional products—safety and health summary 1 (Continued)

E

Bleaches, Lighteners, Developers

Fire

190 A P P E N D I X

Hazards


2) Remove Debris

4) Rinse

5) Immerse

3) Soapy Water

SOAP

1)

191

Tuberulocidal

6) Manufacturer's Directions

12

7) Rinse

8) Dry

9) Store

Towel

Clean Closed Container

Figure 3-9 Step-by-step procedure for decontaminating implements

192 A P P E N D I X

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Job Safety Analysis–Shampoo Procedure Engineering Controls: Water temperature control. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Safety glasses with side shields, rubber gloves (optional) Step

Hazard

Precaution

Preparation 1. Seat client.

Fatigue, muscle strain

Maintain good posture (see text Figure 1.6)

3. Wash your hands.

Cross-contamination

Disease prevention step

4. Drape client for wet hair services.

Soap/water on client’s skin and clothes

Prevention step

5. Ask client to remove earrings and glasses; put in a secure place.

Damage, lose personal items

Security step

6. Remove all hairpins and combs.

Scratch, cut client’s scalp

Injury prevention step

7. Examine the condition of client’s hair and scalp.

Head lice, ringworm, and other scalp disorders (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, Figures 4.35–4.37, page 78.)

Do not treat these conditions in the salon. Refer client to a physician. For head lice treatment (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, page 78.)

Shampoo, water on client’s skin or clothes

Precautionary step

10. Seat the client at the shampoo sink.

See step 1

See step 1

11. Adjust shampoo cape over back of shampoo chair.

See steps 4, 9

See steps 4, 9

12. Adjust volume and temperature of water spray.

Splashing water on client, self and floor, burning client

Precautionary step

2. Select and arrange required materials.

8. Brush the hair thoroughly. 9. Reapply drape with shampoo cape and towel.

Figure 4-4 Job Safety Analysis–Shampoo Procedure

Our Action Plan


Step

Hazard

Precaution

Procedure 1. Saturate, wet hair thoroughly. 2. Apply shampoo to hair. 3. Manipulate scalp.


4. Rinse hair thoroughly.


5. Apply shampoo again (if necessary). 6. Partially towel-dry. Completion 1. Comb the hair. 2. Change drape if necessary.

See step 9

See step 9

2. Place used towels in hamper.

Sanitation, housekeeping hazard

Precautionary step

3. Remove hair from combs, brushes; wash with hot, soapy water; rinse; and place in wet disinfectant.

Incomplete disinfecting

Brushes, combs, rub brushes together over waste basket, inspect implements and surfaces to assure all debris is removed (see JSA, Chapter 3).

3. Style hair. Cleanup 1. Discard used materials.

4. Sanitize shampoo bowl.

Precautionary step

5. Cleanse your hands.

Precautionary step

Figure 4-4 Job Safety Analysis–Shampoo Procedure (Continued)

193

Our Action Plan

194 A P P E N D I X

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Figure 5-3b Hand and wrist in neutral position—0° elevation

Figure 5-3c Hand and wrist at 90° elevation


Figure 5-3d Hand and wrist at 180° elevation

Figure 5-3e Hand and wrist at blended elevation

195

196 A P P E N D I X

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1. While standing, shrug shoulders and hold for the count of eight.

2. Raise your arms above head, stand on your toes, and clench your fists. Hold for the count of four.

3. Spread fingers apart. Rotate hands clockwise four times, then counterclockwise four times.

4. While standing or sitting, put hands together in praying position, just touching the chest. Raise elbows until you feel pulling in your forearm. Count to eight.

5. Put back of hands together with fingers pointing down, and hold wrists in forced flexion. Count to eight. *If this causes numbness and tingling you may have Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

6. With wrists in maximum extension (bent back as far as possible) and fingers out, flex thumb and each subsequent finger to palm of hand. Repeat with all of the fingers (in reverse order) until you get back to the thumb. Repeat with the other hand.

Figure 5-4 Hand, wrist, and forearm stretching exercises


Permanent Wave Procedure Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Step

Hazard

1. Consult with the client. 2. Analyze the hair and scalp carefully. 3. Select the correct rod size for the desired style. 4. Choose the appropriate perm product for the hair type and final design. Follow the manufacturer’s directions carefully. 5. Section and make accurate partings for each rod. Wrap specifically for the style chosen. 6. Apply waving lotion to the top and underside of all wound rods. Saturate thoroughly. 7. If the perm product requires a test curl, be sure the result is a firmly formed "S" shape. 8. Water rinse for at least 3 to 5 minutes and carefully towel blot each rod. 9. Apply neutralizer to the top and underside of all rods. Saturate thoroughly. 10. Wait five minutes, remove the rods carefully, apply any remaining neutralizer, and gently work through the hair. Rinse with warm water. 11. Discard all used supplies. 12. Clean up work area. 13. Thoroughly clean and sanitize rods and implements. 14. Wash and sanitize your hands. 15. Complete client record card.

Figure 6-3a Permanent wave procedure

Precaution

Our Action Plan

197

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Job Safety Analysis—Permanent Wave Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Safety glasses with side shields, rubber or plastic gloves Step

Hazard

Precaution

1. Consult with the client.

Allergies, chemical sensitivities; product on eyes, skin, clothes

Review medical history, previous perm record before providing perm; protect client’s clothing with plastic shampoo cape or ask client to change into smock, remove glasses, earrings, and necklaces. Wear PPE.

2. Analyze the hair and scalp carefully.

Scalp abrasions, irritations, open sores; misjudging hair characteristics (Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 233)

Do not give perm. Methodical examination of hair and scalp, keep accurate records.

Damage to hair; sensitivity to scalp, skin

Review perm selection guidelines (Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 235); read manufacturer’s directions and MSDS, avoid vigorous brushing, combing, rubbing, during pre-perm services.

Hair breakage

Band should not press into hair near scalp or be twisted against wound hair. (Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 244)

Product in client’s eyes, ears, scalp, and skin

Follow manufacturer’s directions; avoid eye and skin contact, rinse thoroughly with cool water if product contacts these areas; use petroleum base cream on scalp for sodium hydroxidebased relaxers, as well as around hairline and ears.

3. Select the correct rod size for the desired style. 4. Choose the appropriate perm product for the hair type and final design. Follow the manufacturer’s directions carefully.

5. Section and make accurate partings for each rod. Wrap specifically for the style chosen.

6. Apply waving lotion to the top and underside of all wound rods. Saturate thoroughly.

Figure 6-3b Job Safety Analysis—Permanent Wave

Our Action Plan


Job Safety Analysis—Permanent Wave (Continued) Step

7. If the perm product requires a test curl, be sure the result is a firmly formed “S” shape.

Hazard

Overprocessed hair

Precaution

Under/overprocessed

Do not perm until hair is in good condition, follow manufacturer’s directions. (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, pg. 248); do not re-perm preliminary test curls.

8. Water rinse for at least 3 to five 5 minutes and carefully towel blot each rod.

Water on floor

See Chapter 4.

9. Apply neutralizer to the top and underside of all rods. Saturate thoroughly.

See step 6.

See step 6.

10. Wait 5 minutes, remove the rods carefully, apply any remaining neutralizer, and gently work through the hair. Rinse with warm water.

Uneven neutralizer application or neutralizer remaining after rinse.

Be thorough with neutralizer and rinse.

11. Discard all used supplies.

Ineffective waving lotion

Do not save any opened, unused product (see manufacturer’s directions).

Cross-contamination

Store rods in a covered, sanitized container.

12. Clean up work area. 13. Thoroughly clean and sanitize rods and implements. 14. Wash and sanitize your hands. 15. Complete client record card.

Figure 6-3b Job Safety Analysis—Permanent Wave (Continued)

Our Action Plan

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Single-Process Hair Color Application Procedure Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Step

Hazard

Precaution

Predisposition Test 1. Select test area. 2. Cleanse area. 3. Dry the area. 4. Prepare test solution. 5. Apply solution to test area. 6. Leave area undisturbed for forty-eight hours. 7. Examine test area. 8. Note results on client’s record card.

Preparation 1. Provide patch test, ask client to sign release statement. 2. Analyze hair and scalp. 3. Assemble all supplies and implements. 4. Prepare client. 5. Apply protective cream around hairline and over ears. 6. Put on protective gloves. 7. Perform strand test. 8. Record results on client’s card.

Procedure 1. Section hair into four quarters. 2. Prepare tint formula. 3. Begin in section where color change is greatest.


Our Action Plan


Single-Process Hair Color Application Procedure (Continued)

Step

Hazard

Precaution

4. Part subsection with applicator. 5. Lift subsection and apply tint to hair. 6. Process according to strand test results. 7. Apply tint mixture to hair at scalp. 8. Blend tint to hair ends. 9. Lightly rinse with lukewarm water. Massage color to a lather and rinse thoroughly. 10. Remove any stains around hairline. 11. Shampoo hair thoroughly. 12. Apply acid or finishing rinse. 13. Style hair. 14. Complete record card and file.

Cleanup 1. Discard disposable supplies and materials. 2. Close containers tightly, wipe them off and store in proper places. 3. Clean and sanitize implements. 4. Sanitize tint cape. 5. Sanitize work area. 6. Wash and sanitize hands.


Our Action Plan

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Job Safety Analysis—Single-Process Hair Color Application Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Safety glasses with side shields, rubber or plastic gloves Step

Hazard

Precaution

Predisposition Test 1. Select test area.

Client allergic reaction to aniline-derivative tint

Test behind one ear extending into hairline (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 289, Figure 12.14) or at inside bend of elbow (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, Figures 12.37 and 12.38) 48 hours before color service. Patch test required by U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; do at salon or by client at home.

1. Provide patch test, ask client to sign release statement.

Damage client’s hair

Used to explain possible effect of chemical treatment to client (see Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 288); may be required for some malpractice insurance.

2. Analyze hair and scalp.

Irritation of scalp, abrasions, sores

Do not apply tint (or if hair has been treated with metallic or compound dyes (see test in Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 345).

Color on skin, clothes

Protect clothing with shampoo cape, ask client to remove jewelry and put

2. Cleanse area. 3. Dry the area. 4. Prepare test solution. 5. Apply solution to test area. 6. Leave area undisturbed for 48 hours. 7. Examine test area. 8. Note results on client’s record card. Preparation

3. Assemble all supplies and implements. 4. Prepare client.


Our Action Plan


203


Step

Hazard

Precaution

5. Apply protective cream around hairline and over ears.

Color on skin

6. Put on protective gloves.

Operator dermatitis, stain operator skin

See caution in Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 307.

7. Perform strand test.

Over, under, wrong color

See strand test procedure in Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 306.

See step 6.

Wear PPE, see notes on hydrogen peroxide, Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 305.

Our Action Plan

8. Record results on client’s card.

Procedure 1. Section hair into four quarters. 2. Prepare tint formula.

3. Begin in section where color change is greatest. 4. Part subsection with applicator. 5. Lift subsection and apply tint to hair.

See step 6; possible blindness

6. Process according to strand test results. 7. Apply tint mixture to hair at scalp.

See step 6.

8. Blend tint to hair ends. 9. Lightly rinse with lukewarm water. Massage color to a lather and rinse thoroughly. 10. Remove any stains around hairline. 11. Shampoo hair thoroughly. 12. Apply acid or finishing rinse.

Possible fading of color

Rinse closes hair cuticles, restores pH, prevents fading (see manufacturer’s instructions)


(Continued)

204 A P P E N D I X

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Step

Hazard

Precaution

Our Action Plan

13. Style hair. 14. Complete record card and file.

Cleanup 1. Discard disposable supplies and materials.

Ineffective product

Do not save any opened, unused product (see manufacturer’s instructions).

Cross-contamination

Store combs and brushes in a covered, sanitized container.

2. Close containers tightly, wipe them off and store in proper places. 3. Clean and sanitize implements. 4. Sanitize tint cape. 5. Sanitize work area. 6. Wash and sanitize hands.



Manicure Procedure Engineering Controls: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Step

Hazard

1. Seat client at table. 2.

Take your seat.

3. Examine client’s hands. 4. Remove old polish. 5. Shape nails. 6. Loosen, trim, and push back cuticle. 7. Clean, bleach (optional) under free edge, apply whitener (optional) under free edge of each nail. 8. Apply cuticle oil or cream and massage. 9. Cleanse, dry, and reexamine nails for defects. 10. Bevel nail edges, smooth and remove loose pieces of cuticle, repair split or broken nails. 11. Cleanse nails again with brush and dry hands and nails thoroughly. 12. Apply base coat, liquid polish, top/ seal coat. 13. Apply hand lotion, manipulate over hands (optional). 14. Provide post services. 15. Prepare manicuring table for next client.

Figure 7-4a Manicure procedure

Precaution

Our Action Plan

205

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Job Safety Analysis—Manicure Engineering Controls: Provide adequate local exhaust, ventilation, and/or dust/vapor air cleaner Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Rubber or plastic gloves, mask with activated carbon filter Step

Hazard

Precaution

1. Seat client at table.

Cross-contamination— Sanitize and prepare spread contagious manicuring tabletop disease in advance.

2.

Take your seat.

Technician fatigue and

muscle strain

keeping your back straight and slide to the back of chair; use correct sitting and working position throughout the manicure (see Milady Standard Textbook, p. 16, Figure 1.10).

3. Examine client’s hands.

Cross-contamination

Wash your hands, sanitize client’s hands, do not work on a nail when surrounding skin is inflamed or infected.



Use non-acetone remover, review remover MSDS, follow manufacturer’s directions.

5. Shape nails.

Scratch, split, or groove nail plate

Use flat file, avoid filing in corners, file in direction of growth.

6. Loosen, trim, and push back cuticle.

Cut client’s skin, client/technician skin sensitivity

Soften cuticle in finger bowl (alternate hands), dry fingertips, apply cuticle remover solvent, exercise care with pusher and nippers, use light pressure with pusher or orangewood stick; if blood is drawn during manicure, apply 3 percent hydrogen peroxide or powdered alum and stop the service until the implement is cleaned and disinfected (or use another implement).

chair

Figure 7-4b Job Safety Analysis—Manicure

Our Action Plan

Lower body into


Job Safety Analysis—Manicure (Continued) Step

7. Clean, bleach (optional) under free edge, apply whitener (optional) under free edge of each nail.

Hazard

Precaution

Cut client’s skin, cross-contamination, injure tissue at root of nail

With a cotton-tipped orangewood stick, apply hydrogen peroxide or other bleaching preparation, review MSDS and manufacturer’s directions.

Scratch, split or groove nail plate, sensitivity to nail adhesive

Use flat file, file in direction of growth, review MSDS and inquire about medical history and sensitivities.


Review MSDS, follow manufacturer’s directions; assure adequate ventilation, use dust/vapor air cleaner and/or organic vapor mask (note dust mask is inadequate for solvent vapor protection), avoid open flame and other ignition sources.

14. Provide post services.

Cross-contamination


15. Prepare manicuring table for next client.

Cross-contamination, spread HIV/hepatitis disease

Clean and disinfect any implement that comes in contact with blood or body fluid; potentially infected disposable sharps (files, etc.) and or materials like cotton must be placed in a sealed plastic bag, separated from other waste, and disposed of according to federal, state and local regulations; spray table with disinfectant and wipe, inspect table and drawer for sanitation and order, wash, dry hands.

8. Apply cuticle oil or cream and massage. 9. Cleanse, dry, and reexamine nails for defects. 10. Bevel nail edges, smooth and remove loose pieces of cuticle, repair split or broken nails. 11. Cleanse nails again with brush and dry hands and nails thoroughly. 12. Apply base coat, liquid polish, top/ seal coat.

13. Apply hand lotion, manipulate over hands (optional).

Figure 7-4b Job Safety Analysis—Manicure (Continued)

Our Action Plan

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Pedicure Procedure Engineering Controls: ___________________ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Step

Hazard

1. Arrange required equipment, implements and materials. 2. Seat client in chair, have client remove shoes and stockings. 3. Take your seat on a low stool. 4. Examine client’s feet. 5. Fill two basins with warm water, bathe feet. 6. Remove old polish. 7. File and shape toenails with emery board. 8. Loosen cuticles on each toe with orangewood stick. 9. Rinse feet and dry, massage each toe with cuticle cream or oil. 10. Scrub feet in warm, soapy water, rinse, and dry. 11. Massage (optional, Milady Standard Textbook, p. 449). 12. Apply base coat, polish, and seal coat in the same manner as for a manicure. 13. Conduct post service. 14. Cleanup

Figure 7-5a Pedicure procedure

Precaution

Our Action Plan


209

Job Safety Analysis—Pedicure Engineering Controls: Provide adequate local exhaust, ventilation, and/or dust/vapor air cleaner Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Rubber or plastic gloves, mask with activated carbon filter (organic vapor mask) Step

Hazard

Precaution

1. Arrange required equipment, implements and materials.

Sanitize equipment and implements in advance.

2. Seat client in chair, have client remove shoes and stockings.

Wash your hands, sanitize client’s feet, place client’s feet on a clean paper towel on footrest.

3. Take your seat on a low stool.

Lower body onto stool keeping your back straight, use correct sitting and working position throughout the pedicure (see Milady’s Standard Textbook. p. 16).

4. Examine client’s feet.

Do not provide pedicure to feet with a contagious disease or skin condition; refer to a physician.

5. Fill two basins with warm water, bathe feet.

Add antiseptic or antibacterial soap to one basin, place towels under both basins, sanitize feet (three to five minutes), rinse and wipe dry.


Use non-acetone remover, review MSDS, follow manufacturer’s directions.

7. File and shape toenails with emery board.

File nails straight across, rounding slightly at corners to shape of toe, do not file into corners of the nails, use flat file with fine side of emery board to remove rough edges.

8. Loosen cuticles on each toe with orangewood stick.

Place feet in warm, soapy water, rinse and dry; apply cuticle solvent to cuticle and under free edge of each toenail, handle nipper carefully, do not cut cuticle (only nip large ragged

Figure 7-5b Job Safety Analysis—Pedicure

Our Action Plan

(Continued)

210 A P P E N D I X

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Job Safety Analysis—Pedicure (Continued)

Step

8. (Continued)

Hazard

Precaution

hangnails), keep cuticle moist with additional lotion or water, do not use excessive pressure, avoid using metal pusher; if blood is drawn during manicure, stop the service until the implement is cleaned and disinfected or use another implement.

9. Rinse feet and dry, massage each toe with cuticle cream or oil. 10. Scrub feet in warm, soapy water, rinse, and dry. 11. Massage (optional, Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 449). 12. Apply base coat, polish, and seal coat in the same manner as for a manicure.

See manicure procedure.

13. Conduct post service.


14. Cleanup

Clean and disinfect any implement that comes in contact with blood or body fluid; potentially infected disposable sharps (files, etc.) and or materials like cotton must be disposed of in a sealed plastic bag, separated from other waste, and disposed of according to federal, state and local regulations; clean, disinfect and store implements in a covered, sanitized container; discard used materials; wash your hands.

Figure 7-5b Job Safety Analysis—Pedicure (Continued)

Our Action Plan


Corrective Facial Procedure

Engineering Controls: Adequate general ventilation Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Thin nitrile or latex gloves Step

Hazard

1. Prepare all materials. 2. Prepare client. 3. Sanitize your hands. 4. Cleanse client’s face. 5. Place cotton eye pads over client’s eyes; analyze skin under magnifying lamp. 6. Apply warm, wet towels to face. 7. Extract blackheads, cleanse pimples. 8. Cleanse face with wet cotton pad sprinkled with astringent. 9. Apply acne treatment cream. Leave infrared lamp on five to seven minutes (or apply high-frequency current). 10. Apply treatment mask; leave on face for eight to ten minutes. 11. Remove mask with moist towels or cotton pads. 12. Apply astringent with wet cotton pad. 13. Apply protective fluid or special acne lotion. 14. Complete cleanup procedure.

Figure 8-3a Corrective facial procedure

Precaution

Our Action Plan

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Job Safety Analysis—Corrective Facial


Hazard

Precaution

1. Prepare all materials.

Cross-contamination

Use disposable materials.

2. Prepare client.

Serious skin condition Refer to physician if medical Scratches from jewelry treatment required. Ask client to remove jewelry, store in safe place.

3. Sanitize your hands.

Cross-contamination

Precautionary step

4. Cleanse client’s face.

Irritate dry skin

Avoid alcohol in cleansing lotion.

5. Place cotton eye pads over client’s eyes; analyze skin under magnifying lamp.

Eye damage from light Precautionary step

6. Apply warm, wet towels to face.

Burn client

Adjust towel temperature to comfortable level.

7. Extract blackheads, cleanse pimples.

Spread HIV, hepatitis B

Wear PPE to protect hands against pimples that have come to a head.

8. Cleanse face with wet cotton pad sprinkled with astringent.

See Step 7

See Step 7.

9. Apply acne treatment cream. Leave infrared lamp on five to seven minutes (or apply high-frequency current).

Aggravate medical condition

Consult client’s physician for instructions and frequency of treatments.

10. Apply treatment mask; leave on face for eight to ten minutes.

Eye damage, allergic reaction to mask

Leave protective eye pads on. Inquire about allergies.

11. Remove mask with moist towels or cotton pads.

Irritate skin

Assure enough moisture between mask and skin. Remove mask slowly.

Cross-contamination

Discard all disposable supplies and materials, close product containers and return to dispensary; place used towels and reusable items to appropriate containers; tidy up work area; wash and sanitize your hands.

12. Apply astringent with wet cotton pad. 13. Apply protective fluid or special acne lotion. 14. Complete cleanup procedure.

Figure 8-3b Job Safety Analysis—Corrective Facial

Our Action Plan


Professional Makeup Procedure


Hazard

1. Prepare client and needed materials. 2. Apply and spread cleansing cream. 3. Remove cleanser, wipe with tissue mitts or moistened cotton pads, and reapply cleanser if necessary. 4. Apply astringent lotion or skin freshener (toner) and pat it lightly over the entire face, under chin and neck. Blot off excess moisture. 5. Apply moisturizing lotion when necessary and blend upward over face. Remove excess with tissue, cotton pad or facial sponge. 6. Apply eyebrow arching procedure (Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 519). 7. Apply foundation product. 8. Apply powder. 9. Apply cheek color. 10. Apply corrective makeup, if desired. 11. Apply eye color. 12. Apply eye liner. 13. Apply eyebrow makeup. 14. Apply mascara. 15. Apply lip color.

Figure 8-4a Professional makeup procedure

Precaution

Our Action Plan

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Job Safety Analysis—Professional Makeup Engineering Controls: Adequate general ventilation Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Step

Hazard

1. Prepare client and needed materials.

Cross-contamination

2. Apply and spread cleansing cream.

Scratch client’s skin

3. Remove cleanser, wipe with tissue mitts or moistened cotton pads, and reapply cleanser if necessary. 4. Apply astringent lotion or skin freshener (toner) and pat it lightly over the entire face, under chin and neck. Blot off excess moisture. 5. Apply moisturizing lotion when necessary and blend upward over face. Remove excess with tissue, cotton pad or facial sponge. 6. Apply eyebrow arching procedure (Milady’s Standard Textbook, p. 519).

Cross-contamination

7. Apply foundation product.

8. Apply powder. 9. Apply cheek color. 10. Apply corrective makeup, if desired. 11. Apply eye color. 12. Apply eye liner.

Precaution Always use spatula to remove cosmetics from container. Keep nails smooth, warm hands before touching client’s face. Use disposable materials; e.g., cotton cleansing pads.

Irritate dry skin

Avoid lotions containing alcohol.

Cross-contamination

See Step 3.

Hair or product in eyes, Cover client’s eyes with eyebrow infection, cotton pads moistened with scratch client’s skin witch hazel or mild astringent. Sponge area frequently with antiseptic when removing hairs above the eyebrow line. Handle tweezers carefully. Excess foundation Apply cream evenly, remove cream in lines and excess from lines and wrinkles wrinkles.

Makeup brush or product in eyes Poke client’s eyes

Apply mascara with careful, gentle strokes. Use eyebrow pencil to draw short hair-like strokes away from the eye and in the direction of hair growth.

13. Apply eyebrow makeup. 14. Apply mascara. 15. Apply lip color.


Our Action Plan


1

2

3 5

1 2

3

4 5 4

6

7

8

Across 1. Place all used items that can be properly sanitized in a _________ until they can be sanitized. 2. Wash and _________ your hands before and after every makeup application or after touching any object unrelated to the procedure. 3. Use a _________ -type container for loose powder. 4. Always use a clean _________ or applicator to remove cosmetics from their containers. 5. Keep your work area clean, _________, and well organized. 6. Never apply color directly from the container to the client’s _________. 7. Pour all _________ from bottle containers. 8. _________ all used towels and linens in order to sanitize them. Down 1. 2. 3. 4.

Use an _________ on tweezed areas of the eyebrow to avoid infection. Discard all _________ items, such as sponges, pads, spatulas, and applicators, after use. Properly _________ the client to protect her clothing. _________ used pencils or applicators immediately following the makeup application so that they are not used on another client. 5. Keep your _________ smooth to avoid scratching the client’s skin.

Figure 8-5

215

1 = low 2 = med 3 = high

Activity

1. Coordinator 2. Program 3. Account.

4. Hazards 5. Comm. 6. Training

Responsibility

7. Investigate 8. Implement

Status

Future Discussion Points

Actual Finish Date

Review Date

Budget

216 A P P E N D I X

Priority

E

Figure 9-4 Action plan, safety, and health support system


217

Safety Committee Meeting Guide Safety Committee Members

(Select from owner, manager,

Meeting Dates

January

Agenda Items for Future Meetings

_________

__________________________________

February _________

__________________________________

___________________ Safety Coordinator

March

_________

__________________________________

phone _________________

April

_________

__________________________________

__________________ ______________

May

_________

__________________________________

phone _________________

June

_________

__________________________________

__________________ ______________

July

_________

__________________________________

phone _________________

August

_________

__________________________________

__________________ ______________

September ________

__________________________________

phone _________________

October

_________

__________________________________

__________________ ______________

November _________

__________________________________

phone _________________

December _________

__________________________________

teacher, student, stylist, receptionist)

Date and Notes:

Figure 9-5 Safety Committee Meeting Guide


Index Note: Page numbers in bold type reference non-text material. ABC fire extinguishers, 27–28, 157 Abrasions, scalp, 90 Accidents defined, 157 investigating and documenting, 13, 149, 151 Accountability, in safety and health support system, 149, 150 ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists), 106, 157 Acid-balanced perms, 86, 157 Acne, 124, 157 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 10, 157 Acrylic gels/monomers case study for, 113 defined, 157 exposure to, 106–107 odor due to, 106, 113 safety of, 105 Action plans emergency, 27, 159 safety and health support system, 152, 216 Activators, 48, 157, 189 Acute exposure defined, 157 MSDS data for, 45, 46, 188 Administrative controls, 146, 157 Aerosols, 42–43, 73 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 10, 157 Air cleaner, 110 Air contaminants, 105, 157 Alkaline perms, 86, 157 Allergies cosmetic, 122–123 facial product, 124–125 hair product, 60, 88–89 latex, 46 nail product, 106–107 Alum, 71, 157 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 106, 157 Ammonia, 46, 157 Ampholytic surfactants, 58, 157 Aniline derivatives allergies to, 60, 88 defined, 157 effects of, 122 patch test for, 88

Anionic surfactants, 58, 157 Antiseptics, 26, 158 Appliances, hazards related to, 73 Application, law of, 155 Arthritis, 61, 158 Artificial respiration, 27 Astringents, 125, 127, 158 Athlete’s foot, 107, 158 Atom, defined, 158 Awareness, safety and health, 140 See also Hazard awareness Back pain, 10, 60–61 Bacteria/bactericides, 26, 158 Barrier creams, 89 Beauty shops. See Salons Biohazardous waste disposal, 71, 72, 107, 124 Blackheads, 124, 158 Bleaches, 49, 88, 190 Bleeding, control of, 71 Blood cleanup of, 71, 83 pimples and, 124 Universal Precautions for, 72 Bloodborne pathogens defined, 158 OSHA standard for, 10, 149 regulations for, 7 Universal Precautions for, 72 Blow-dryers, 72 Body fluids, Universal Precautions for, 71, 72 Body position facials and, 126, 128 haircutting/styling area and, 74–76 improper, 74 proper, 75 shampoo stations and, 60–61 Boils, 60 Breathing limits, vapor, 87, 105, 106 See also Permissible exposure limit (PEL) Brushes, disinfecting, 31 Building codes, 28 Burns chemical, 91 facial, 126 high-risk areas for, 141 hot water, 62 prevention and control of, 146–147 thermal styling implements and, 72 Business, small, 3–4, 10

219

220 I N D E X

Canities, 60, 158 Carbon dioxide, 73, 158 Carbon monoxide, 73, 158 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 27, 159 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) defined, 158 OSHA and, 10, 11 symptoms of, 75, 79, 196 See also Repetitive motion disorders Cationic surfactants, 58, 158 Certified colors, 158 Chairs ergonomic hazards with, 60–61, 74–76 proper positioning of, 75 Chemical dispensary hazard prevention and control in, 50–53 hazards in, 41–50, 140, 141 organization of, 39, 50 OSHA standards for, 38–41 purposes of, 38 Chemical inventory, 40–41, 158 Chemicals breathing limits for, 87, 105, 106 burns from, 91 cosmetics and, 122–123 food consumption and, 42 hair products and, 58 hazard prevention and control for, 91–92, 142, 144 hazards related to, 86–91, 141, 143 high-risk areas for, 141 MSDS data for, 43–47, 44–45, 187–188 nail products and, 104–105 sensitivities to, 88–89, 144 skin disorders and, 90 storing, dispensing and mixing, 42, 43 summary of, 48–49, 189–190 Children, safety for, 59 Chronic exposure defined, 158 MSDS data for, 45, 46, 188 Circuit breakers, 126 Cleaners, commercial, 47 Clothing, spills on, 60, 125 Coal tar dyes, 123, 158 Codes building, 28 defined, 158 fire, 147 safety and health, 6–7 Color, hair. See Hair color Color removers, 158 Columbia University, 16 Combs, disinfecting, 31 Combustible materials chemical dispensary and, 42, 43 defined, 158 haircutting/styling area and, 73 storage of, 147

Communication, in safety and health support system, 13, 149, 150 Concentration, chemical defined, 158 MSDS data for, 43, 44, 187 Conditioners allergies and sensitivities to, 60 chemicals in, 58 child safety with, 59 cleaning spills of, 62 safe application of, 60 safety and health summary for, 48, 189 Containers, labeling requirements for, 40 Continuous improvement programs, 140 Control measures, MSDS, 45, 46, 188 Controls administrative, 146, 157 engineering, 30, 31, 146, 159 ergonomic, 146 hazard, 159 (see also Hazard prevention and control) work practice, 146, 164 Coordinators, safety and health, 11, 12, 148, 149 Cords, electrical, 51, 73, 126 Cortex, 87, 159 Cosmetics application procedure for, 133, 213 chemicals in, 122–123 hazard prevention and control for, 127–129 hazards related to, 123 job safety analysis for, 129, 130, 134–135, 214 misapplication of, 125 safety and health summary for, 49, 190 See also Facial/makeup area Cosmetology industry, 2 Cowlicks, 83, 159 CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), 27, 159 CPRR acronym, 34 Creative Training Techniques Handbook (Pike), 16, 154 Cross-contamination defined, 159 facial treatments and, 123–124 hair/scalp disorders and, 59, 70 high-risk areas for, 141 implements/supplies and, 90–91 prevention and control of, 142, 144 Crossword puzzle, 136, 215 CTS. See Carpal tunnel syndrome Cumulative trauma, 159 Curling iron burns, 72 Current, high-frequency, 126, 160 Cuticle removal, 107 Cuts first aid for, 70–71, 72 high-risk areas for, 141 incidence and cost of, 4, 5, 140 nail treatments and, 107 prevention and control of, 142, 144–145

Index

Dandruff, 59 Decontamination defined, 159 levels of, 26 procedures for, 52, 54–55, 191 products used for, 47, 48, 189 Degenerative disc disease, 74 Deodorant soaps, 159 Depilatories, 122, 159 Dermatitis chemical sensitivities and, 89 defined, 159 nail products and, 106–107 precautions for, 124 styling aids and, 73 Detergent, 26, 159 Developers defined, 159 safety and health summary for, 49, 190 sensitivity to, 88 Dikes, chemical spills and, 46, 159 Disinfectants characteristics of, 47 defined, 159 EPA requirements for, 9 tuberculocidal, 26, 72, 107 Disinfection checklist for, 23–24, 181–182 defined, 159 job safety analysis for, 31 levels of, 26 procedures for, 52, 54–55, 191 requirements for, 26 Dispensary, chemical. See Chemical dispensary Dizziness, 62 Dryers, safe use of, 51, 72, 91 See also Thermal styling implements Dryness, skin, 90, 124–125 Dyes coal tar, 123, 158 metallic, 161 See also Hair color Ears, preventing injuries to, 60, 89 Electrical safety checklists for, 25, 30, 183, 185 chemical dispensary and, 42–43 dryers and, 51 facials and, 126 requirements for, 28 styling appliances and, 73 Electrical shock defined, 159 facials and, 126 high-risk areas for, 141 prevention and control of, 142, 145 styling appliances and, 73 Element, defined, 159 EMA (ethyl methacrylate) monomers, 105, 106

221

Emergency action plans, 27, 159 Emergency precautions checklists for, 23, 24, 182 requirements for, 26–27 Emergency procedures, 52–53, 58 See also First aid Employees participation, communication and, 13 responsibilities of, 14–15 right-to-know regulation for, 9, 159 Endothermic, defined, 159 Engineering controls defined, 159 examples of, 146 job safety analysis and, 30, 31 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 9 Epilators, 122, 159 Equipment facial, 126 maintenance of, 150 preventing burns with, 91 Ergonomics checklist for, 25, 183 chemical dispensary and, 42 chemical treatments and, 91 defined, 159 facials and, 126, 128 haircutting/styling area and, 74–80, 143, 194–195 nail treatments and, 108 OSHA and, 10–11 prevention and control for, 142, 145–146 shampoo stations and, 60–61 work stations and, 28 Escape routes, 27 Ethyl methacrylate (EMA) monomers, 105, 106 Exercises, stretching, 78–80, 79, 196 Exhaust, local, 107, 161 Exits checklist for, 24–25, 182–183 requirements for, 28 Exothermic, defined, 159 Exposure acute, 157 chronic, 158 defined, 159 limits for, 105, 106 monitoring, 40 monomer and solvent vapor, 106–107 MSDS data for, 45, 46, 188 prevention vs. control of, 144 See also Permissible exposure limit Extension cords, 73 Eye wash bottles, 52–53 Eyes accidental poking of, 125–126 chemical irritation of, 89, 125 first aid for, 52–53, 58 infrared light therapy and, 126, 127 product splashes in, 60, 73, 125

222 I N D E X

Facial burns, 72 Facial/makeup area hazards related to, 122–126, 123, 141, 144 inspections and follow-up for, 127 safe work procedures for, 127–129 See also Cosmetics Facials hazard prevention and control for, 127–129 job safety analysis for, 129, 130, 132, 212 procedure for, 131, 211 See also Cosmetics Falls chemical treatments and, 91 haircutting/styling area and, 74 high-risk areas for, 141 incidence and cost of, 4, 5, 140 nail treatment area and, 108, 112 prevention and control of, 142, 147 shampoo stations and, 62 Fatigue facials and, 126, 128 high-risk areas for, 141 nail treatment area and, 108 prevention and control of, 142, 145–146 shampoo stations and, 60–61 FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 9, 105, 122, 160 Fire codes, 147 Fire extinguishers, 27–28, 157 Fire marshals, 7 Fire safety checklist for, 24, 182 requirements for, 27–28 Fires chemical dispensary and, 42–43 high-risk areas for, 141 nail products and, 108 prevention and control of, 142, 146–147 professional products and, 48–49, 189–190 thermal styling implements and, 73 First aid for burns, 72 checklists for, 23, 24, 182 for cuts, 70–71, 72 for eyes, 52–53, 58 requirements for, 26–27 Flammable materials chemical dispensary and, 42, 43 defined, 160 nail treatments and, 108 storage of, 42, 43 styling aids and, 73 Flash point defined, 160 MSDS data for, 44, 46, 187 Floors chemical treatment area, 91 haircutting/styling area, 74 nail treatment area, 108, 112 shampoo station, 62

Food, chemical dispensary and, 42 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 88 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 9, 105, 122, 160 Forearms, exercises for, 78–80, 79, 196 Fragilitas crinium, 60, 160 Fungicide, 160 Fungus, nail, 107, 161 Fuses, 126 General duty clause, 9 Germicides, 47, 160 Glasses, safety, 89 Gloves liquid monomers and, 106 MSDS recommendations for, 45, 46, 188 pimples and, 124 products requiring, 89, 90 Glycerin, 160 Goggles, 89 Ground-fault-current interrupter (GFCI), 28, 43, 160 Group involvement, 34–35 Hair cleanup of, 74 misapplying products to, 125 Hair color application procedure for, 97–98, 200–201 categories of, 87 certified, 158 job safety analysis for, 99–101, 202–204 oxidative, 87, 88, 162 permanent, 87, 162 removers for, 158 safety and health summary for, 49, 190 safety of, 87–88 semipermanent, 87, 163 vegetable, 164 Hair disorders high-risk areas for, 141 prevention and control of, 142, 145 types of, 59–60 Haircutting hand and wrist positions for, 76–78, 194–195 job safety analysis for, 82 Haircutting/styling area hazard prevention and control for, 80–82 hazards related to, 70–80, 141, 143 Hairline, protection of, 89, 90 Handouts, safety and health, 181–217 Hands burns of, 72 care of, 125 ergonomic problems related to, 74–76 exercises for, 78–80, 79, 196 positions for, 76–78, 194–195 Harvard University, 16 Hazard awareness inspection and follow-up for, 21–28 inspection reports for, 22–25, 181–183

Index

parts of, 20–21 safety, health and, 140 Hazard communication, 40, 53–54, 149 Hazard Communication Standard components of, 38–41 defined, 160 outline of, 39 requirements of, 9 Hazard prevention and control chemical dispensary and, 50–53 chemical treatment area and, 91–92 defined, 159 facial/makeup area and, 127–129 haircutting/styling area and, 81–82 inspection and follow-up in, 21–28 inspection reports for, 22–25, 181–183 nail treatment areas and, 109–112 parts of, 20–21 professional products and, 48–49, 189–190 safety and health support system and, 149, 150 shampoo stations and, 62–64 summary of, 142, 144–147 Hazards chemical dispensary, 41–50, 42 chemical treatment area, 86–91, 87 defined, 160 facial/makeup area, 122–126, 123 haircutting/styling area, 70–80 identification exercise for, 65–66 illnesses and injuries due to, 21 job safety analysis and, 30, 31 MSDS data for, 45, 46, 188 nail treatment area, 104–108, 106 product-related, 48–49, 189–190 risk and, 6 safety and health support system and, 13, 149, 150 shampoo station, 58–62, 59 summary of, 140–144, 141–142 Head lice. See Pediculosis Head support, 61–62 Health accomplishments for, 14 codes and regulations for, 6–7 professional products and, 47–50, 48–49, 189–190 salon culture and, 2–6 support system for, 148–151, 149 tips and tools for, 181–217 tracking progress in, 151, 152–153 See also Safety and health Health departments, 7 Hepatitis awareness training for, 13 defined, 160 disinfectants and, 26 Universal Precautions and, 72 Hepatitis B, 10, 160 Hepatitis C, 160 High-frequency current, 126, 160 Hospital-grade disinfectants, 26, 72

Housekeeping checklists for, 22, 23–24, 181–182 chemical dispensary and, 41 nail treatment areas and, 107–108 requirements for, 26 Human factors engineering, 160 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) awareness training for, 13 defined, 160 disinfectants and, 26 Universal Precautions and, 72 Humectant, 122, 160 Hydrogen peroxide, 6, 71, 160 Hypertrichosis, 60, 160 Ignition sources common types of, 147 defined, 161 identifying, 27 nail products and, 108 prevention and control for, 145 styling aids and, 73 Illnesses incidence and cost of, 3–6, 5, 140 injuries vs., 21 Implements burns from, 91 cross-contamination from, 90–91 cuts from, 70–72, 71 decontaminating, 54, 191 disinfecting, 52, 54–55 nail, safe use of, 107 thermal styling, 72, 73, 164 Industrial hygienists, 106, 161 Infection control cosmetics and, 124 haircutting/styling area and, 71–72 practices included in, 144 products for, 47, 48, 189 requirements for, 26 Infrared light therapy, 126, 127 Ingestion chemical dispensary and, 42 defined, 161 hair products and, 73, 87, 88 MSDS data for, 45, 46, 188 Inhalation hair products and, 73, 87, 88 MSDS data for, 45, 46, 188 Injuries illnesses vs., 21 incidence and cost of, 3–6, 5, 140 prevention of, 2–3 reporting and documenting, 151 Inspection team, 21 Inspections checklists for, 22–25, 181–183 chemical dispensary, 50 chemical treatment area, 91

223

224 I N D E X

Inspections (Continued) facial/makeup area, 127 haircutting/styling area, 81 nail treatment area, 109–110 procedures for, 21–28 shampoo station, 62–63 Irritants, chemical defined, 161 eyes and, 89, 125 heated products and, 144 skin and, 58, 89, 90, 122 Job safety analysis (JSA) for cosmetics, 129, 130, 134–135, 214 defined, 161 example of, 31 exercises in, 93–101, 113–119, 130–135 for facials, 129, 130, 131, 212 form for, 32, 186 for hair coloring, 99–101, 202–204 for haircutting, 82 for manicures, 104, 115–116, 206–207 for pedicures, 104, 118–119, 209–210 for perms, 95–96, 198–199 for shampooing, 65–66, 192–193 steps in, 30 Labels, product, requirements for, 40 Lacquers, 105, 161 Language, law of, 154 Latex allergies, 46 Learning, laws of, 154–155 Legal requirements agencies responsible for, 7–11 codes and regulations for, 6–7 LeSalon Ltd., 11–14, 15 Lesions, skin, 90, 124, 161 Lesson, law of, 154 Lice, head. See Pediculosis Licensing, cosmetology, 7–9 Lifting, injuries due to, 42 Lighteners defined, 160 safety and health summary for, 49, 190 safety of, 87–88 Local exhaust, 107, 161 Local regulatory agencies, 7 Maintenance, 150, 161 Makeup. See Cosmetics; Facial/makeup area Malpractice, 161 Management accountability of, 150 responsibilities of, 12, 14–15, 148 Manicures hazard prevention and control for, 109–112 job safety analysis for, 115–116, 206–207 procedure for, 114, 205

table setup for, 109 See also Nail treatment area Manufacturers medical claims against, 123 MSDSs from, 41 product directions from, 28 responsibilities of, 9 Masks, 107, 162 Massage, facial, 125–126 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) defined, 161 example of, 44–45, 187–188 filing system for, 2 gloving requirements in, 89 hair products and, 58, 86, 87 information in, 43–47 skin contact and, 88–89 standards for, 41 training exercise for, 53–54 Matter, defined, 161 Metallic dyes, 161 Methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomers, 105, 106 Minnesota Cosmetology Education Center (MCEC), 11–14 Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry, 4, 5 Models, 101–102 Mold, 107, 161 Molecule, defined, 161 Monilethrix, 60, 161 Monomers case study for, 113 defined, 157, 161 EMA and MMA, 105 exposure to, 106–107 odor due to, 106, 113 MSDS. See Material Safety Data Sheets Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) defined, 161 haircutting/styling area and, 74–75 impact of, 10–11 prevention and control for, 142, 145–146 shampoo stations and, 60–61, 143

Nail disorders fungal, 107, 161 high-risk areas for, 141 prevention and control of, 142, 145 Nail dust, 106–107, 110 Nail products chemicals in, 104–105 flammability of, 108 hazards related to, 106–107 safety and health summary for, 49, 190 Nail treatment area hazards related to, 104–108, 106, 141, 143 inspections and follow-up for, 109–110 safe work procedures for, 110–112 See also Manicures; Pedicures

Index

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 162 National Interstate Council of State Cosmetology Boards (NICS), 72 Neck support, 61–62 Neoprene gloves, 106 Neutral-balanced perms, 86, 161 Neutralizers defined, 161 safety and health summary for, 48, 189 safety of, 86, 87 Nippers, restrictions for, 107 Nitrile gloves, 46, 89, 106, 124 Nonionic surfactants, 58, 162 Nuisance-level organic vapor masks, 107, 162 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) air contaminants listed by, 105 consultation directory for, 169–173 defined, 162 Hazard Communication Standard of, 9, 38–41, 39, 160 illness and injury study by, 3, 4, 5 responsibilities of, 9–11 stand-alone programs of, 149 200 log of, 13, 151, 162 Universal Precautions defined by, 71–72 vapor exposure limits set by, 105, 106 Web page for, 10 Odor, nail product, 106–107, 113 Organic solvents/substances, 105, 162 OSHA 200 log, 13, 151, 162 Osteoporosis, 61, 162 Outlets, electrical, 51, 73, 126 Oxidation, defined, 162 Oxidative hair color, 87, 88, 162 Oxidizers, 42–43, 162 Parasites, 59–60, 162 PASS acronym, 28 Patch tests defined, 162 facial treatments and, 125 illustration of, 88 recording results of, 89 requirements for, 88 Pediculosis checking for, 59 defined, 162 right of refusal and, 60 treatment referrals for, 70 Pedicures hazard prevention and control for, 109–112 job safety analysis for, 118–119, 209–210 procedure for, 117, 208 See also Nail treatment area Performance measurement, 31, 33 Permanent hair color, 87, 162

225

Permissible exposure limit (PEL) defined, 162 MSDS data for, 43, 44, 187 See also Exposure Perms acid-balanced, 86, 157 alkaline, 86, 157 defined, 162 job safety analysis for, 95–96, 198–199 procedure for, 94, 197 safety and health summary for, 48, 189 safety of, 86–87 Peroxide, 6, 71, 160 Personal protective equipment (PPE) chemical dispensary and, 52 chemical treatments and, 89 defined, 162 employee training in, 40 job safety analysis and, 30, 31 MSDS and, 45, 46, 188 regulations for, 7 pH defined, 162 MSDS data for, 44, 46, 187 perms and, 86 Pharmacopeia, 122, 162 Phenols, 47, 162 Pike, Robert, 16, 34, 154 Pimples, 124 Policies defined, 162 enforcement of, 13 Hazard Communication Standard, 41 safety and health program, 149 Polymers, 105, 162 Poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA), 105 Posture, 61 PPE. See Personal protective equipment Precautionary step, defined, 162 Precautions defined, 162 emergency (see Emergency precautions) job safety analysis and, 30, 31 MSDS data for, 45, 46, 188 universal (see Universal Precautions) Predisposition tests. See Patch tests Pre-existing conditions, 88, 106, 162 Prevention, hazard, 142, 144–147 See also Hazard prevention and control Procedures cosmetic application, 133, 213 decontamination/disinfection, 52, 54–55, 191 emergency, 52–53, 58 enforcement of, 13 facial treatment, 131, 211 hair color application, 97–98, 200–201 Hazard Communication Standard, 41 for inspections, 21–28 for manicures, 114, 205

226 I N D E X

Procedures (Continued) for pedicures, 117, 208 for perms, 94, 197 for skin cuts and cleanup, 70–72, 71 writing exercise for, 66 See also Safe work procedures Professional products classifications for, 40–41 labeling requirements for, 40 safety and health summary of, 48–49, 189–190 See also specific type Programs continuous improvement, 140 Hazard Communication Standard, 41 safety and health, 11, 149 Punctures high-risk areas for, 141 incidence and cost of, 4, 5, 140 prevention and control of, 142, 144–145 Pustules, 163 Quats (quaternary ammonium compounds), 47, 163 Reactivity factors increasing, 42 MSDS data for, 45, 46, 188 professional products and, 48–49, 189–190 Reception area, 20, 140, 141 Recordable cases, 3, 163 Records accident, 13, 149, 151 patch test, 89 References, 175–176 Regulations, safety and health, 6–7, 163 Regulatory agencies, 6–11 Relaxers defined, 163 safety and health summary for, 48, 189 safety of, 86–87 Repetitive motion, 75 Repetitive motion disorders activities leading to, 11 defined, 163 high-risk areas for, 141 incidence and cost of, 4, 5, 140 prevention and control of, 142, 145–146 See also Carpal tunnel syndrome Repetitive trauma, 159 Resorcinol, 122, 163 Resources, 175–176 Review, law of, 155 Right of refusal, 60, 163 Right-to-know (RTK) regulation, 9, 159 Ringworm, 60, 107, 163 Rinses, temporary, 87, 163 Risk, perceptions about, 6 Safe work procedures checklist for, 28, 29–30, 184–185

chemical dispensary and, 51–52 chemical treatment area and, 91–92 facial/makeup area and, 127–129 haircutting/styling area and, 81 job safety analysis for, 30–31 nail treatment area and, 111–112 shampoo stations and, 63–64 Safety accomplishments for, 14 codes and regulations for, 6–7 coordinators for, 148, 149 professional products and, 47–50, 48–49, 189–190 salon culture and, 2–6 tips and tools for, 181–217 tracking progress in, 151, 152–153 Safety and health coordinators for, 11, 12 inspection reports for, 22–25, 181–183 plan for, 15 programs for, 11, 149 Safety and health support system action plan for, 152, 216 case study of, 11–14 critical steps for, 148–151, 149 defined, 163 need for, 2–3 responsibilities for, 14–15 tracking progress in, 151, 152–153 Safety committee meeting guide, 153, 217 Safety glasses, 89 Salon Organization Web page, 8 Salons common injuries and illnesses in, 3–6, 5 hazard prevention and control in, 142, 144–147 hazard summary for, 140–144, 141 safety and health practices in, 2 See also specific salon areas Sanitation checklists for, 22, 23–24, 181–182 chemical dispensary and, 41 defined, 163 haircutting/styling area, 71–72 nail treatment area, 107–108 requirements for, 26 Sanitizers, 24, 26, 164 Scabies checking for, 59 defined, 163 right of refusal and, 60 treatment referrals for, 70 Scalp abrasions on, 90 burns on, 62, 72 chemical irritation of, 89 cuts on, 70–72, 71 Scalp disorders high-risk areas for, 141 identifying and managing, 59–60 prevention and control of, 142, 145

Index

Schools, cosmetology, 2 Scoliosis, 163 Scratches facial treatments and, 125–126 high-risk areas for, 141 prevention and control of, 142, 144–145 Sebaceous glands, 163 Sebum, 163 Self-inspection safety and health report, 23–25, 181–183 Semipermanent hair color, 87, 163 Sensitivity, skin facial treatments and, 124–125 hair treatment products and, 88–89 nail products and, 106–107 shampoo or conditioner and, 60 sprays and styling aids and, 73 Shampoo allergies and sensitivities to, 60 chemicals in, 58 child safety with, 59 cleaning spills of, 62 hazard prevention and control for, 62–64 job safety analysis for, 65–66, 192–193 safe application of, 60 safety and health summary for, 48, 189 Shampoo stations hazards related to, 58–62, 59, 141, 143 inspections and follow-up for, 62–63 safe work procedures for, 63–64 Shelter-in-place, 27, 163 Shelves, dispensary, 39, 41, 50 Skin chemical irritation of, 58, 89, 122 cuts on, 70–72, 71 dry, treatments for, 124–125 hot water burns of, 62 lesions on, 90, 124, 161 misapplying products to, 125 occupational damage to, 90 scratches on, 125–126 sensitivities of (see Sensitivity, skin) Skin disease/disorders chemical treatments and, 90 cosmetics and, 124 defined, 163 high-risk areas for, 141 prevention and control of, 142, 145 Slips chemical treatment area and, 91 haircutting/styling area and, 74 high-risk areas for, 141 nail treatment area and, 108, 112 prevention and control of, 142, 147 shampoo stations and, 62 Small business, 3–4, 10 Soaps, deodorant, 159 Solvents, 105, 163 Sores, skin, 90, 124, 161

Specific gravity defined, 163 MSDS data for, 44, 46, 187 Spills chemical, dikes for, 46 high-risk areas for, 141 prevention and control of, 142, 147 protecting client from, 60, 62, 125 Sprains high-risk areas for, 141 incidence and cost of, 4, 5, 140 prevention and control of, 142, 145–146 Sprays, 48, 73, 189 Staining, skin, 90 Stairways checklist for, 24–25, 182–183 requirements for, 28 Staphylococcal infections, 59, 60, 163 State boards of cosmetology, 7–9, 163, 165–168 State regulatory agencies, 7 Sterilization, 163 Strains, muscle facials and, 126, 128 incidence and cost of, 4, 5, 140 nail treatments and, 108 prevention and control of, 142, 145–146 shampoo stations and, 60–61 Strand test, 163 Stretching exercises, 78–80, 79, 196 Styling aids, 48, 73, 189 Styling area. See Haircutting/styling area Styptics, 71, 163 Supplies, cross-contamination from, 90–91, 107 Surfactants, 58, 157, 163 Talc, 122, 163 TB (tuberculosis), 26 Teacher/teaching process, law of, 154 Temporary hair color, 87, 163 Thermal styling implements, 72, 73, 164 Thio-based creams/gels, 92, 164 Threshold limit value (TLV) defined, 164 MSDS data for, 43, 44, 187 Tinea capitis, 164 See also Ringworm Tints, 49, 190 See also Hair color TIPS acronym, 39 Titanium dioxide, 122, 164 Toners, 49, 125, 190 Trade secret, 164 Training effective techniques for, 16 group involvement in, 34–35 hazard communication, 40 laws for, 154–155 MSDS, 53–54 safety and health, 13, 149, 150–151

227

228 I N D E X

Trichorrhexis nodosa, 60, 164 Tuberculocidal, defined, 164 Tuberculocidal disinfectants effectiveness of, 26 nail implements and, 107 OSHA requirements for, 72 procedures for, 13 Tuberculosis (TB), 26 Underwriter’s Laboratory (UL) mark, 73 United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, 88 United States Pharmacopeia, 122, 162 Universal Precautions defined, 164 nail treatments and, 107 OSHA requirements for, 71–72 skin disorders and, 124 Unsafe conditions, 26, 164 Vapor air cleaner for, 110 defined, 164 exposure limits for, 105, 106 fires and, 108, 147 protection from, 107 Vegetable color, 164 Ventilation, 73, 107 Virucidal, defined, 164 Visual aids, 16 Walkways checklist for, 24–25, 182–183 requirements for, 28

Water burns from, 62 protecting client from, 60 slips and falls due to, 74, 91, 108, 112 Waving lotions defined, 164 MSDS for, 44–45, 187–188 safety and health summary for, 48, 189 safety of, 86, 87 Web sites OSHA small business, 10 Salon Organization, 8 “Wet sanitizers,” 24, 164 Whiteheads, 124, 164 Whorls, 83, 164 Wisconsin, University of, 16 Work practice controls, 146, 164 Work stations, ergonomic adaptations for, 28, 60–61 Workers’ compensation defined, 164 ergonomic injuries and, 11 recordkeeping for, 151 reducing cost of, 146 Wounds, dressing and protecting, 71, 72 Wrists positions for, 76–78, 194–195 stretching exercises for, 78–80, 79, 196 WTAC’s Triple Stage Filter, 110 Zinc oxide, 122, 164

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