Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821-1878

Russia and the formation of the Romanian national state 1821-1878

This book has a double emphasis: It examines the role played by tsarist Russia in the formation of an independent Romanian national state, and it discusses the reaction of a Balkan nationality to the influence of a neighboring great power that was both a protector and a menace. In the early nineteenth century the centers of Romanian political life were the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which were both under Ottoman rule but which had separate, autonomous administrations. Although welcoming Russian aid against the Ottoman Empire, the Romanian leadership at the same time feared that the Russian government would use its military power to establish a firm control over the Principalities or would annex Romanian lands, as indeed occurred in 1812. Here this difficult relationship is examined in detail as it developed during the century in connection with the major events leading to the international acceptance of Romanian independence in 1878. The conflicts that arose in this period, in particular the issues of political domination and the possession of Bessarabia, have remained disturbing elements in the relations of the two states.

Russia and the formation of the Romanian national state 1821-1878 BARBARA JELAVICH

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON

NEW YORK MELBOURNE

NEW ROCHELLE SYDNEY

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13,28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1984 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1984 First paperback edition 2004 A catalogue recordfor this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Jelavich, Barbara, 1923Russia and the formation of the Romanian national state, 1821-1878. Bibliography: p. 1. Romania - Politics and government - 1821-1866. 2. Romania-Politics and government- 1866-1914. 3. Romania - Foreign relations - Soviet Union. 4. Soviet Union - Foreign relations - Romania. I. Title. DR242.J44 1984 949.8'01 82-23578 ISBN 0 52125318 7 hardback ISBN 0 521 52251 X paperback

Contents

List of maps and illustrations Preface Introduction: The establishment of Russian influence in the Danubian Principalities I The Russian protectorate Toward a Russian protectorate: the Greek revolution, Tudor Vladimirescu, and the Russo-Turkish War The protectorate established The resistance to the protectorate: the national opposition and the revolutions of 1848 The protectorate renewed, 1849-1854 The Romanian emigration The Crimean War II T h e European guardianship The Romanian question at the Paris conference The implementation of the congress decisions: the double election of Alexander Cuza III T h e Cuza era, 1859-1866 The recognition of the double election The administrative and legislative union of the Principalities Revolutionary Europe The Dedicated Monasteries

Page vii ix 1 16 21 31 39 50 52 55 61 66 71 101 102 109 122 130

Contents The coup d'e'tat of 1864

142

The overthrow of Cuza

146

IV Prince Charles, 1866-1871

153

The provisional government

153

The accession of a foreign prince

164

The first years of Charles's reign, 1866-1869

1*79

T h e crisis of 1870-1871

198

V Prince Charles, 1871-1878: the Eastern crisis

215

The Catargiu government: the first period

215

The St. Petersburg agency

219

The commercial conventions

221

The first phase of the Eastern crisis: Romanian neutrality

227

Toward a Russian agreement

241

War and independence

259

The Congress of Berlin

277

The implementation of the Treaty of Berlin

286

Conclusion

292

Notes

301

Bibliography

335

Index

346

VI

Maps and illustrations

MAPS

The Ottoman Balkans, 1815 The Danubian Principalities, 1859 Between pages 148 6- i^p ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAP

Alexander Cuza Prince Charles Nicholas I Alexander II A contemporary American map of the military operations in the summer of 1877.

Vll

page 18 99

Preface

The purpose of this narrative is twofold: on the one hand, to examine the role played by tsarist Russia in the formation of an independent Romanian state, and on the other, to study the reaction of a Balkan nationality to the influence of a neighboring great power that was both a protector and a menace. The period of emphasis is the years from 1821, when a revolt with both Romanian and Greek leadership occurred in the Danubian Principalities, to 1878, when Romanian independence was accepted by the powers in the Treaty of Berlin. All of the events pertaining to Russian-Romanian relations do not receive equal attention; the weight is placed on those episodes that were crucial to the formation of the modern Romanian state and its leadership: the establishment of the Russian protectorate, the revolution of 1848, the reorganization of the Principalities after 1856, the double election of Alexander Cuza and his subsequent unification of the administrations and legislatures of the Principalities, the advent of Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in 1866, and, finally, the Balkan crisis of 1875-1878. The relationship of Russia and the Romanian Principalities involved far more than the issues common in diplomatic history. The conservative nature of Russian autocracy and the basically liberal stance of the Romanian national leadership after 1848 made political ideology a major cause of friction. The Russian government was always deeply concerned about the political institutions established in the Principalities. In addition, two related questions, the revolutionary movements and the status of Orthodox institutions, played a major role in the mutual relationship. The Russian government throughout the nineteenth century was repeatedly troubled by the fact that the Principalities were a center of revolutionary agitation, both national and liberal, IX

Preface which involved dangers for Russian interests. At the same time Russian officials watched diligently over the interests of the Orthodox church not only in the Romanian lands, but throughout the Balkans. The protection of Orthodoxy was regarded as a religious duty as well as a good policy for the securing of Russian influence in the peninsula. Less attention is devoted to economic and social issues, except as they relate to diplomatic, political, and ideological questions. In the period under study Russia and the Principalities had parallel, but not competitive, economies. Both were agricultural, and large estates worked by peasant labor prevailed. Their social structures were also similar. In both, the landed aristocracy held absolute social, economic, and political preponderance. The Romanian peasants were enserfed until the middle of the eighteenth century, the Russian until the 1860s. That decade witnessed land reforms in both areas. The large estates were divided, with a part of the land given to the peasants in return for redemption payments. Because both regions were exporters of grain, there was some limited competition for markets between Russian and Romanian producers, but this condition never caused major conflicts like those that arose, for instance, between Romania and the Habsburg Monarchy over similar issues. Both governments were in theory under autocratic rule, either by tsar or by sultan. In fact, in each the predominating influence was exerted by landowners or those connected with landed interests. As the nineteenth century progressed, other educated groups in both societies - the government officials, army officers, merchants, lawyers, writers, and teachers - played an ever-increasing role in politics. Because neither region had an industrial economy, workers and capitalists, with their unique interests and problems, had little influence. In the Principalities, where commerce tended to be in the hands of those of a non-Romanian background, including Jews, Greeks, Armenians, and Germans, businessmen were not major participants in political life, although there were important exceptions. In both Russia and the Principalities the peasantry, the overwhelming majority of the population, was effectively excluded from political affairs. They had almost as little actual representation under the Romanian constitutional system as under the Russian autocratic institutions. In terms of power, whether political or military, Russia and the Principalities were entirely unequal. By the beginning of the eighteenth century Russia was a great European power with a vast national territory and a strong army; the Romanian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were weak states under Ottoman control. However, although they were a part of this Muslim empire, they did enjoy, at least in theory,

Preface certain rights that separated them from the rest of the sultan's domains. In contrast to other Balkan lands, they were never Turkish pashaliks. Thus Ottoman administrators did not directly govern Romanian lands. Instead the Principalities were entrusted to native princes, often called hospodars in the diplomatic correspondence of the day. Their power in turn rested on the support of a native aristocracy, the boyars, who controlled local administration. Despite the fact that they enjoyed internal autonomy, the Principalities were under Ottoman jurisdiction as far as foreign policy and military matters were concerned. In their relationship with the Porte (a term regularly used in diplomatic correspondence, along with Sublime Porte, to refer to the Ottoman government), the position of the provinces varied over time. A low point was reached in the eighteenth century. In addition to submitting to the suzerain powers of the sultan, the Principalities were required to pay a large tribute as well as certain taxes and gifts, and the Ottoman authorities had the right of preemption over Romanian agricultural products. Constantinople in the eighteenth century was provisioned from these rich lands. This narrative deals mainly with events in Moldavia and Wallachia. Although a predominantly Romanian population lived in Transylvania and Bukovina, under Habsburg rule, and in Bessarabia, under Russian control after 1812, the affairs of these regions only marginally affected Russian relations with the Romanian political center, that is, with the Danubian Principalities. Therefore developments in these areas are discussed only as they became important in international relations or played a major role in the Romanian national movement. At this time both Russia and the Principalities, as Orthodox states, used the Julian rather than the Gregorian calendar. Therefore double dates are usually given. It is, unfortunately, at times difficult to determine which system was used in a particular document. A Russian or Romanian writing from Paris, for instance, might employ either style. When doubt exists, the date on the document cited is used. Otherwise, all single dates are in the new style. Some difficulties are also to be encountered in the spelling of proper names. Many Russian and Romanian diplomats, for instance, used French versions of their names. In this text the form that is in common use today has generally been adopted. Some first names have been anglicized; others remain in their national spelling. Geographic place names are usually in the form commonly used in diplomatic histories and in the documentation. It is thus, for instance, Jassy, not Ia§i, and Plevna, not Pleven. A completely standard and uniform system is an impossibility. This narrative is based primarily on Russian and Romanian diploxi

Preface matic documentation, material that is listed in the Bibliography. Because of the great amount of writing on diplomatic history and in particular on the "Eastern Question," that is, on the international controversies caused by the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the notes are of necessity limited to a citation of documents and the major works in Russian and Romanian used in the preparation of this book. Only some of the many valuable works in other languages have been included. Similar limitations have been placed on the Bibliography. The author wishes to thank Professors Keith Hitchins, University of Illinois; Frederick Kellogg, University of Arizona; and Paul E. Michelson, Huntington College, for their comments on the manuscript. Her husband, Charles Jelavich, as usual, had a major part in the preparation of the book. She would also like to acknowledge her deep gratitude for the assistance given her in her research in the archives and libraries in Romania. As before, she would like to thank Serge Giers for allowing her to use the papers of his grandfather. The preparation of this study was aided immensely by a fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies, which allowed the author the time necessary for research and writing, and by research grants from the Office of Research and Advanced Studies, Indiana University, which covered, in particular, copying and microfilm expenses. The author is also indebted to Debbie Chase, who typed the final manuscript; to Lin Maria Riotto, who prepared the index; and especially to Janis Bolster, whose expert editorial comments added much to the final text.

xn

Alexander Cuza

Prince Charles

Nicholas I

Alexander II

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fhr t* i n General R. Rosetti, ed., Corespondenta Generalului Iancu Ghica, 2 aprilie i8yy-8 aprilie 18j8 (Bucharest: Cartea Romanesca, 1930), pp. 34-35. This valuable collection, which contains the diplomatic correspondence of the Romanian agent in St. Petersburg, is hereafter cited as Corespondenta . . . Ghica. 327

Notes to pp. 257-260 121 Miliutin, Dnevnik, II, 155-156. 122 Aus dem Leben, III, 130. Kogalniceanu telegraphed Ghica: "The entrance of the Russian army before the legislative bodies have decided and without being warned 24 hours beforehand strikes us with amazement. The proclamation of the grand duke is in patent contradiction to that convention. It neither takes into account our right nor does it safeguard the dignity of the country and the prince, [by] asking the country for permission for the passage of troops and considering [it] as a sovereign friend" (Kogalniceanu to Ghica, Bucharest, April 12/24, 1877, Corespondenta . . . Ghica. pp. 37-38). 123 Aus dem Leben, III, 132. 124 Kogalniceanu circular, April 12/24, 1^>11> Vasile M. Kogalniceanu, ed., Acte si documente din corespondenta diplomaticd a lui Mihail Kogalniceanu relative la resboiul independentei Romdniei, 1877-1878, 2 vols. (Bucharest: Tipografia Basilescu, 1893). Hereafter cited as Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta, with the date for the document noted. Here the reference is to pp. 44-45 of the volume for 1877. 125 Bratianu's strong defense of an agreement with Russia was to cause him embarrassment later. In the senate on March 15/27, in answer to a direct question, he denied that the return of Bessarabia was in question (Nicolae Iorga, Histoire des Roumains et de la romanite orientale [Bucharest: Academie roumaine, 1945], X, 207). 126 Kogalniceanu circular, April 17/29, 1877, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1877, pp. 70-71. 127 Edhem Pasha to Charles, Constantinople, April 13/25, 1877, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1877, p. 41. 128 Kogalniceanu circular, April 10/22, 1877, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1877, pp. 39-41. 129 Alexander II to Charles, Kishinev, April 13/25, 1877, CR 16/1877. 130 Grand Duke Nicholas to Charles, Kishinev, April 14/26, 1877, CR 16/ 1877. Charles replied that he appreciated the strategic necessity of the Russian action and that he also would like to remain in correspondence (Charles to Nicholas, Bucharest, April 17/29, 1877, OBTI, II, 30-31). 131 See Gr. Chirita, "Atitudinea puterilor europene fata de proclamarea independentei Romaniei," Revista de Istorie 30, no. 4 (1977): 673-690. 132 On the Austrian attitude see B. Jelavich, "Austria-Hungary, Rumania and the Eastern Crisis," pp. 121-122. Franz Joseph commented on the act that it was "curious to see the Romanians choose the moment when their country is occupied by foreign troops to declare themselves independent" (Novikov to Gorchakov, no. 65, Vienna, May 4/16, 1877, RFM). Andrassy told Novikov that he was not against Romanian independence but that "this question, like so many others, should be reserved for the time when a European conference will have to decide the final fate of the Balkan peninsula" (Novikov to Gorchakov, no. 72, Vienna, May 22/June 3, 1877, RFM). 133 Aus dem Leben, III, 179. 134 Ibid., p. 141. 135 Kogalniceanu wrote to Ghica: "Our negotiations consist before all, as the beginning and the end, to obtain at least five millions without which we cannot move. These millions should not be delayed a single day" 328

Notes to pp. 260-262

136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143

144 145 146 147

148 149 150 151 152

153 154

(Kogalniceanu to Ghica, Bucharest, April 10/22, 1877, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, p. 33). Ghica to Kogalniceanu, very urgent, Kishinev, April 11/23, 1877, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 187 j , p. 36. Aus dem Leben, III, 142. Alexander II wrote comments on Nelidov's report of the meeting. On the question of money he noted: "That is too much! (C'est trop fort!)" (Nelidov to Gorchakov, secret, Ploe§ti, May 7/19, 1877, OBTI, II, 67). The tsar's comments here were: "She [Austria] does not dream of attacking them" {OBTI, II, 67). OBTI, II, 67. Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, May 7/19, 1877, CR 7/1877. Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, May 9/21, 1877, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 74-75. Gorchakov to Charles, Aus dem Leben, III, 167-169. Nelidov wrote to Ignatiev that the Romanians were requesting participation in the fighting and money, arms, and assurances for the future. He found them very difficult to please and thought that Russian relations with the Bulgars should be considered first (Nelidov to Ignatiev, Ploe§ti, May 15/27, 1877, N. P. Ignatiev, "Zapiski," Istoricheski Vestnik 137 [1914]: 65-66). Aus dem Leben, III, 172-173. Ibid., pp. 178-179. Kogalniceanu explained his past policy in a secret meeting of the Romanian parliament on January 23/February 4, 1878 (Bratianu papers, P- 25)Ignatiev favored Romanian participation because it would let Russia take southern Bessarabia with greater ease. He told Gorchakov: "The Turks . . . probably will defeat our allies or place them in a critical position; then we will come to their assistance, save their army and we can demand in compensation that the part of Bessarabia which is inhabited primarily by Russians and Bulgars be added to Russia. Otherwise, that is, without this direct assistance, rendered by us to Romania, it would be awkward to seize territory from our allies at the end of the war and it would make it very difficult to satisfy them territorially without damage to our interests." Gorchakov considered this plan "Machiavellian" (Ignatiev, "Zapiski," pp. 70-71). Nicholas to Charles, Zimnicea, June 18/30, 1877, CR 16/1877. Charles to Nicholas, Bucharest, June 20/July 2, 1877, CR 16/1877. Charles to Kogalniceanu, Poiana, July 7/19, 1877, CR 16/1877. Kogalniceanu was indignant at the Russian request (Kogalniceanu to Charles, Bucharest, July 7/19, 1877, CR 16/1877). Aus dem Leben, III, 204. The Russian opinion of the value of the Balkan allies was given by A. F. Hamburger, an assistant to Gorchakov. "In my humble opinion all these miserable allies have cost us much money and one has already had sufficient proofs of what they can provide . . . What services has Romania rendered us until now?" (Hamburger to Giers, Bielo, July 28/August 9, 1877, C. Jelavich and B. Jelavich, Russia in the East, p. 164). Ghica to Charles, July 11/23, 1877, CR 7/1877; Aus dem Leben, III, 205. Kogalniceanu to Charles, July 13/25 (or 12/24), C R 7/1877. 3*9

Notes to pp. 263-268 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168

169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183

184

Charles to Kogalniceanu, Poiana, July 13/25, CR 7/1877 (two letters). Nicholas to Charles, Trnovo, July 30/August 11, 1877, CR 16/1877. Aus dem Leben, III, 212-213. Bratianu to Charles, Turnu Magurele, July 28/August 9, 1877, CR 7/ 1877, Aus dem Leben, III, 222. Charles to Bratianu, Simnic, August 9, 1877, Bratianu papers, 22. Charles to Nicholas, Poiana, July 22/August 3, 1877, CR 16/1877. Slaniceanu to Charles, Corabia, July 28/August 9, CR 16/1877. Nicholas to Charles, Bulgareni, July 27/August 8; Nicholas to Charles, very confidential, Gorni Studen, August 3/15, 1877, CR 16/1877. Nicholas to Charles, Gorni Studen, August 6/18, CR 16/1877. Nicholas to Charles, Gorni Studen, August 9/21, CR 16/1877. Charles to Nicholas, Simnic, August 10/22, CR 16/1877. Charles to Nicholas, Simnic, August 13/25, CR 16/1877. Aus dem Leben, III, 237-238. Kogalniceanu to Balaceanu, August 25/September 6, 1877, Iorga, Conespondance diplomatique, pp. 292-293. Charles was not keeping his ministers informed of his actions. Kogalniceanu requested that he do so, commenting, "Public opinion in Bucharest is very apprehensive and very agitated"; this feeling was increased "by the ignorance in which even the ministers find themselves" (Kogalniceanu to Charles, August 25/September 6, 1877, CR 16/1877). For example, see Boerescu to Charles, Bucharest, July 5/17, 1874, and Boerescu to Charles, July 11/23, l874> CR 13/1874. Aus dem Leben, III, 158. Ibid., pp. 276, 355-356. Ibid., pp. 173-174, 323, 358-359; see also Ghica to his wife, Poradim, November 14/26, 1877, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 113-115. Aus dem Leben, III, 337, 469. For the conversations held at this time, see Miliutin, Dnevnik, II, 238239; and Aus dem Leben, III, 337. Aus dem Leben, III, 354, 469-470. Charles, it appears, never spoke to the tsar about Bessarabia. For Bratianu's discussions at this time see the appendix to B. Jelavich, "Russia and the Reacquisition of Southern Bessarabia," pp. 236-237. Aus dem Leben, III, 379-380. Charles to Nicholas, Bucharest, December 29, 1877/January 10, 1878, CR 16/1877. Aus dem Leben, III, 446-447. Nicholas to Charles, Kazanlik, January 10/22, 1878, CR 16/1877. Aus dem Leben, III, 436-438. Kogalniceanu to Stuart, Bucharest, January 11/23, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, pp. 19-21. Miliutin commented in his diary on January 14/26: "Finally Prince Gorchakov has recognized the necessity of categorical declarations to the Romanians. Too bad that it is rather late" {Dnevnik, II, 14). See also Aus dem Leben, III, 450-453. Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, January 14/26, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, p. 128.

Notes to pp. 268-2J3 185 Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, January 14/26, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, p. 128. 186 Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, March 1/13, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, p. 161. 187 Alexander II to Charles, St. Petersburg, n.d., CR 16/1877; Aus dem Leben, III, 457. 188 Aus dem Leben, III, 456. 189 Ibid., p. 458. 190 Charles to Alexander II, n.d., CR 16/1877. 191 Kogalniceanu to Ghica, Bucharest, January 14/26, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, p. 129; see also Kogalniceanu to Ghica, Bucharest, January 15/27, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, pp. 23-24. 192 Kogalniceanu to Ghica, Bucharest, January 18/30, 1870, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 133-134. 193 Nicholas to Charles, Adrianople, January 19/31, 1878, CR 16/1877. 194 Nicholas to Charles, Adrianople, January 21 /February 2, 1878, CR 16/ 1877. 195 Charles to Nicholas, Bucharest, January 23/February 4, 1878, CR 16/ 1877. 196 Aus dem Leben, III, 459-462. 197 The text of the armistice agreement is given in Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, pp. 625-626. 198 Aus dem Leben, III, 458. It will be noted that despite Kogalniceanu's personal attitude, the Romanian notes sent under his name to the powers on the Bessarabian question are strong. 199 Ibid., Ill, 501; IV, 9. 200 Ibid., IV, 4. 201 Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, January 29/February 10, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 141-142. 202 Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, March 7/19, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, p. 166; Aus dem Leben, IV, 9. 203 The Treaty of San Stefano can be found in Sumner, Russia and the Balkans, pp. 627-636. For the Russian objectives see B. Jelavich, "Negotiating the Treaty of San Stefano," Southeastern Europe 6, no. 2 (1979): 171-193. 204 Kogalniceanu to Ghica, Bucharest, March 23/April 4, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 176-178. 205 Aus dem Leben, IV, 13-15. 206 Kogalniceanu to Balaceanu, Bucharest, March 15/27, 1878, Independenta Romdniei: Documente (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, 1977), IV, 346. 207 The consideration that the Romanian leaders were giving to a possible war with Russia is shown in the Sturdza notes. It was estimated that Romania had 78,800 troops available, of which 60,000 were stationed in a favorable position against the mountains. There were believed to be 40,000 Russian soldiers in Romania, 60,000 in Bulgaria, and 150,000 near Constantinople. The Romanians had suffered 900 to 1,000 dead in the assaults on Plevna and 500 to 600 losses in the Rakhovo-Vidin operations (Bratianu papers, 165/1877-1878). 208 Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, February 26/March 10, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 159-160.

331

Notes to pp. 2J3-2J5 209 210 211 212 213 214

215 216 217 218 219

220 221

222 223 224 225 226 227

Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, March 16/28, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, p. 81. Kogalniceanu to Ghica, March 8/20, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, pp. 59-63. Kogalniceanu to Ghica, March 10/22, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta I8J8, pp. 64-73. "Memoir on the question of Bessarabia," Bucharest, February 25/March 9, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, pp. 186-190. Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, February 28/March 12, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 160-161. The Russian government later denied this statement. Since the cession to Moldavia of southern Bessarabia had been a part of the Treaty of Paris, it was obviously a question that would be dealt with at a congress. See Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, March 29/April 10, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 184-185. Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, February 28/March 12, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 160-161. Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, March 20/April 1, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 171-173. Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, March 22/April 3, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, p. 175. Kogalniceanu to Ghica, Bucharest, March 21/April 2, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, p. 174. Kogalniceanu circular dispatch, March 25/April 6, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, pp. 95-96. The Romanian leaders were proud of their army, in particular of its accomplishments at Plevna. In contrast, the Russian judgment was not so favorable. For example, in an interview published in the French newspaper Gaulois, it was reported that Ignatiev, "questioned on the conduct of the Romanian soldiers, began to laugh and answered that they had turned their backs to the enemy two times in succession" (B&laceanu to Kogalniceanu, Vienna, October 5, 1877, Bratianu papers, 22). Kogalniceanu to Ghica, April 7/19, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, p. 118. Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, March 23/April 4, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, p. 93. In answer to Ghica's request for an explanation of the Russian troop movements, Giers said that they were in preparation for a return of the army, but he admitted "that they could have an aim to deal with certain eventualities that could menace the communications of the army in Bulgaria" (Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, April 6/18, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, pp. 203-204). Kogalniceanu to Bratianu, March 27/April 8, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, p. 101. Kogalniceanu to Ghica, St. Petersburg, March 31/April 12, 1878, ibid., p. 107. Kogalniceanu to Bratianu, tel., Bucharest, April 17, 1878, HHS. Bratianu to Balaceanu, tel., confidential, Bucharest, April 28, 1878, HHS. Charles to Alexander II, February 22/March 6, 1878, Aus dem Leben, IV, 2-3. Alexander II to Charles, tel., March 28/April 10, 1878, Ibid., pp. 20L 33*

Notes to pp. 276-282 228 Alexander II to Charles, private letter, March 28/April 9, 1878, CR 16/1877. 229 Ghica to Kogalniceanu, St. Petersburg, April 8/20, 1878, Corespondenta . . . Ghica, p. 204. 230 George Hoover Rupp, A Wavering Friendship: Russia and Austria, I8J6— i8y8 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1941), p. 371. 231 Ibid., p. 379; Gorchakov to Shuvalov, reserve, St. Petersburg, May 18/30, 1877, OB TI, II, 83-87. 232 Rupp, A Wavering Friendship, pp. 391-392. 233 The Poradim proposals are to be found in ibid., pp. 421-422; and OBTI, ll > 339-341. 234 Harold Temperley and Lillian M. Penson, Foundations of British Foreign Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938), p. 370. 235 Salisbury to White, April 22/May 4, 1878, H. Sutherland Edwards, Sir William White (London: Murray, 1902), p. 134. During this period the Romanian leaders were attempting to gain some assurances of British support. On May 1/13 Bratianu in a meeting with White expressed alarm about a possible clash with the Russian troops and requested British assistance, in particular ten thousand carabines for the cavalry (White to Salisbury, no. 91, secret, Bucharest, May 1/13, 1878, Independent^ Romdniei, II, pt. 2, 318-319). White reported further on May 12/24 o n t n e Romanian attitude of resistance and on May 15/27 on the Romanian regret concerning British reserve on the question of Bessarabia (White to Salisbury, no. 98, secret, Bucharest, May 12/24, and no. 105, secret, May 15/27, 1878, ibid., pp. 323-326). 236 Elliot to White, Vienna, May 5/17, 1878, Edwards, White, pp. 135-136. 237 Summer, Russia and the Balkans, p. 648. 238 Aus dem Leben, IV, 25-27. See also Nothomb to Aspremont-Lynden, no. 199/119, Berlin, April 1/13, 1878, Independent^ Romdniei, II, pt. 2, 296-298. 239 Rupp, A Wavering Friendship, pp. 422-424. The Russian government too acknowledged the connection between southern Bessarabia and BosniaHercegovina. In the instructions drawn up for the Russian representatives to the Congress of Berlin it was stated: "The two annexations were dependent upon one another in the terms of our agreements" {OBTI, III, 126-132). 240 Rupp, A Wavering Friendship, pp. 439-441. 241 Ibid., pp. 445, 446. 242 W. N. Medlicott, The Congress of Berlin and After (London: Cass, 1963), pp. 25-26. 243 This section is based on B. Jelavich, "Austria-Hungary, Rumania and the Eastern Crisis," pp. 111-141. 244 Balaceanu to Bratianu, tel., Vienna, April 10, 1877, Bratianu papers, 15. 245 Bratianu to Balaceanu, Bucharest, June 3, 1878, HHS. 246 Balaceanu to Bratianu, very confidential, Vienna, May 26/June 7, 1878, Bratianu, Acte si Cuvdntdri, IV, 55. Balaceanu in his memoir noted that Andrassy, before leaving for Berlin, declared, "Keep your powder dry" ("Souvenirs," p. 135). 247 Balaceanu to Charles, Vienna, May 28/June 9, 1878, CR 32/1878. 248 OBTI, III, 131. 333

Notes to pp.

282-290

249 Kogalniceanu circular, Bucharest, March 16/28, 1878, Kogalniceanu,

Corespondenta 18y8, pp. 191-195. 250 Aus dem Leben, IV, 59. Charles was also interested in being elected prince of Bulgaria: when Ignatiev had visited Bucharest, he had mentioned this possibility (ibid., Ill, 458, 460). 251 On June 12/24 Br^tianu wrote Rosetti that only Bismarck had been truthful with him; the other representatives, in contrast, had wished Romania to cause difficulties for Russia to serve their own interests (ibid., IV, 72). 252 Kogalniceanu to Cimpineanu, Berlin, June 9/21, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, pp. 164-167. 253 Bratianu and Kogalniceanu to Cimpineanu, Berlin, June 19/July 1, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, pp. 173-174. 254 The memorandum is printed in Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878, pp.

166-170. 255 The protocol of the session is given in ibid., pp. 203-219. 256 Kogalniceanu to Cimpineanu, Berlin, June 20/July 2, 1878, ibid., p. 229. The telegrams sent by Bratianu and Kogalniceanu from Berlin during the congress all emphasize the importance of the Bessarabian question and the hopelessness of the Romanian position. Quotations from some of these can be found in Barbara Jelavich, "Romania at the Congress of Berlin: Problems of Peacemaking," in Der Berliner Kongress von 1878, ed. Ralph Melville and Hans-Jiirgen Schroder (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982), pp. 189-204. 257 Aus dem Leben, IV, 75. 258 The text of the Treaty of Berlin can be found in Edward Hertslet, The Map of Europe by Treaty (London: Butterworths, 1891), IV, 2759-2798. 259 Ibid., pp. 2785-2786, 2790-2791. 260 For the Russian experiences in Bulgaria see Charles Jelavich, Tsarist Russia and Balkan Nationalism: Russian Influence in the Internal Affairs of Bulgaria and Serbia, 1879-1886 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958). 261 Medlicott, Congress of Berlin, pp. 178-179, 214-217, and "The Recognition of Roumanian Independence, 1878-1880," Slavonic Review 11 O933): 354-372, 572-589262 Kogalniceanu circular, May 17/29, 1878, Kogalniceanu, Corespondenta 1878,p. 151. 263 The interrelationship of the railroad issue, the Jewish question, and the recognition of Romanian independence is discussed in Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire (New York: Knopf, 1977), pp. 351-393. 264 Quoted in R. W. Seton-Watson, A History of the Roumanians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934), p. 352.

334

Bibliography

This book is based primarily on unpublished Russian and Romanian documents. The Russian material comes from two separate collections. The first, the private papers and official reports of Nicholas Karlovich Giers, who was consul general in Bucharest from 1858 to 1863, was kindly made available to the author by Serge Giers, his grandson. The second consists of a selection of documents from the Russian Foreign Ministry archives on relations with Romania from 1846 to 1876, which are available on microfilm in the State Archives, Bucharest. The Romanian documents are primarily from the collection Casa Regald, State Archives, or from the Romanian Foreign Ministry Archives, Bucharest. This material gives an excellent view of Romanian-Russian relations. Diplomatic reports from the Public Record Office in London and the Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarchiv in Vienna have also been used. Historians interested in Romanian diplomatic history are particularly fortunate in the excellent collections of published documents available to them. Those pertaining to this study have been listed here. Since it is impossible to include all of the many books and articles on European diplomacy for this period, the bibliography includes principally works on Russian and Romanian events. The attempt has been made to include as many of the major books and articles in Romanian and Russian as possible, but here again it has been necessary to impose limitations. For other books and articles on Romanian history, the reader is referred to Bibliografia istoricd a Romdniet, 4 vols. (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, 19701975). Further titles of Russian material can be found cited in the bibliographies of the books listed. Published documents Anul 1848 in Principatele Romdne. 6 vols. Bucharest: Carol Gobi, 1902-1910. Archives diplomatiques. Paris: Librairie diplomatique d'Amyot, 1861, 18631868. Bengesco, Gr£goire. Memorandum sur les eglises, les monasteres, les biens

335

Bibliography conventuels et specialement sur les monasteres dedies de la Principauti de Valachie. Bucharest: Imprimerie C. A. Rosetti, 1858. Bismarck, Otto von. Die gesammelten Werke. Vol. V. Berlin: Otto Stollberg, Verlag, 1928. Bossy, R. V. Agentia diplomaticd a Romdniei in Belgrad si legdturile politice romdno-sirbe sub Cuza-Vodd. Bucharest: Imprimeria Najionala, 1934. Agentia diplomaticd a Romdniei in Paris sub Cuza Vodd. Bucharest: Cartea Romaneasca, 1931. UAutriche et les Principautes-Unies. Bucharest: Imprimerie Nationale, 1938Politica externd a Romdniei intre anii 1873-1880 privitd dela agentia diplomaticd din Roma. Bucharest: Cultura Najionala, 1928. Bratianu, Ion C. Acte si cuvdntdri. 7 vols. in 8. Bucharest: Cartea Romaneasca, 193O-1939Buonincontro, Pasquale. L'Unione dei principati danubiani nei documenti diplomatici napoletani, 1856-1859. Naples, 1972. Documente privind istoria Rominiei: Rdzboiul pentru independentd, 9 vols. in 10. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romine, 1952Friese, Christian, et al., eds., Die auswdrtige Politik Preussens, 1858-1871. Vols. I-IV. Oldenburg: Verlag Gerhard Stalling, 1932-1945. Great Britain. Foreign Office. Accounts and Papers. Vol. LXXXIII, Turkey, no. 4 (1875). Correspondence respecting the Question of the Negotiation of Commercial Conventions by the Principalities, 1875 (C-1242). British and Foreign State Papers. Vols. XXXII, XLVI, XLVIII, XLIX, LXVII. London: Ridgeway, 1859, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1883. Henry, Paul. LfAbdication du Prince Cuza et Vavenement de la dynastie de Hohenzollern au trone de Roumanie. Paris: Librairie Felix Alcan, 1930. Hertslet, Edward. The Map of Europe by Treaty. Vols. II, IV. London: Butterworths, 1875, 1891. Independent^ Romdniei: Documente. 4 vols. in 5. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, 1978. Iorga, Nicolae. Correspondance diplomatique roumaine sous le roi Charles Ier. Bucharest: Au Siege de Flnstitut, 1938. Jelavich, Barbara. Russia and Greece during the Regency of King Othon, 1832-1835: Russian Documents on the First Years of Greek Independence. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1962. Kog&lniceanu, Vasile M., ed. Acte si documente din corespondenta diplomaticd a lui Mihail Kogdlniceanu relative la resboiul independentei Romdniei, 1877-1878. 2 vols. Bucharest: Tipografia Basilescu, 1893, 1894. Macovescu, George, et al., eds. Mihail Kogdlniceanu: Documente diplomatics Bucharest: Editura Politica, 1972. Osvobozhdenie Bolgarii ot Turetskogo Iga. 3 vols. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1961-1967. Ojetea, Andrei, ed. Documente privind istoria Rominiei: Rdscoala din 1821. 5 vols. Bucharest: Academia Republicii Populare Romine, 1959-1962. Documente privind unirea principatelor. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romine, 1959-1963. Vol. I, Documente interne, 18541857, edited by Dan Berindei et al., Vol. II, Rapoartele consulatului Aus336

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Russia in the East, 1876-1880: The Russo-Turkish War and the Kuldja Crisis as Seen through the Letters of A. G. Jomini to N. K. Giers. Leiden: Brill, 1959. Miliutin, D. A. Dnevnik. 4 vols. Moscow: Biblioteka SSSR imeni V. I. Lenina, 1947-1950. Ramm, Agatha, ed. The Political Correspondence of Mr. Gladstone and Lord Granville, 1868-1876. 2 vols. London: Royal Historical Society, 1952. Rizos, Panioti, ed. Memoires du Prince Nicolas Soutzo: Grand Logothete de Moldavie, 1798-1871. Vienna: Gerold, 1899. Schweinitz, Hans Lothar von. Denkwilrdigkeiten des Botschafters General von Schweinitz. 2 vols. Berlin: Reimar Hobbing, 1927. Sturdza, De*metre A., ed. Charles Ier, Roi de Roumanie: Chronique-Actes-Documents, 2 vols. Bucharest: Charles Gobi, 1899, 1904. Books and dissertations Adaniloaie, N., and Dan Berindei, Revolutia de la 1848 in tdrile romdne: Culegere de studii. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, 1974. Andics, E. Das Bundnis Habsburg-Romanow. Budapest: Akade*miai Kiad6, Antonescu, Cornelius G. Die rumdnische Handelspolitik von 1875-1910. Leipzig: W. Schunke, 1915. Averbukh, R. Tsarskaia interventsiia v bor'be s vengerskoi revoliutsiei, 18481849. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Sotsiarno-ekonomicheskoe Izdatel'stvo, 1935337

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345

Index

Abdul Aziz, 117, 167, 207, 214, 217, 232 Abdul Mejid, 117 Additional Act (to Convention of 1859), 145 Additional Article, 37, 38 see also Organic Statutes administrative reform and Convention of Akkerman, 28 Kiselev draft statutes for, 32-34 see also Organic Statutes Adrianople, Treaty of (1829), 30-31, 34, 62, 131, 295 Afif Bey, 93, 95 agents and agencies, 8, 106, 114, 127, 193, 194, 195, 218, 219, 298 Agrarian Law (August 1864), 146 aims, Russian, 7, 10, 15, 64-65, 151, 182 Ainali Kavak, Treaty of (1779), 6 Akkerman, 9 Akkerman, Convention of (1826), 27-28, 30, 31, 295 Alecsandri, Vasile, 96, 106, 107, 120, 142 Alexander I, 10, 12, 16, 17, 23-24, 25, 26, 27, 35, 293 Alexander II, 83, 84-85, 90, 103, 109, 117, 141, 197, 219, 259, 270, 277, 279, 281282 and Charles, 190, 193, 211, 214, 264265, 266, 269, 274, 275, 276 denunciation of Black Sea neutralization, 202, 203 early policy as emperor, 59-60, 61-62 and the Eastern crisis, 1875-1878, 237238, 241-246, 255, 261, 262, 265-267 Alexandrescu, see Nelidov, Alexander Ivanovich

Ali Bey, 248 Ali Pasha, 58, 69, 72, 104, 138, 144, 154, 158, 188, 202, 217 Andrassy, Julius, 216, 222, 228, 233, 251252, 254, 259-260, 280-281, 283 Andrassy Note (1875), 228, 232 Anuchin, Colonel D. G., 283 Apponyi, Count Rudolf, 210 Arab Tabia, 288 Arion, Colonel Eraclie, 267-268 Armistice of January 1878, 270 army Romanian, militia, 106, 111, 113 Romanian, as part of Ottoman, 218 Romanian, in Russian operations, 260266 Arsache, A., 120 Association of Romanian Students, 53 Auerbach, 206 Ausgleich of 1867, 181, 216 Austria, see Habsburg Monarchy ayans, 10-11 Azov, 1, 4 Balabin, Viktor Petrovich, 80-81, 82, 137 Balaceanu, Ion, 75, 162, 165, 176, 209, 226, 230,243,247,252,272, 275,280-281, 306 n22 Balcescu, Nicholas, 40, 42, 53 Baleanu, Emanoil, 92, 95 Balkan campaign of Peter the Great, 2 Bals, T., 72, 73, 92 Balta Liman, Convention of (1849), 50, 51, 52, 56, 62, 306 n28 ban, 4 Banat, 3, 4

346

Index bashi-bozuks, 258 Bourqueney, Baron Francois A., 58, 69 Basily, Constantine Mikhailovich, 77, boyars 78-79, 80, 84, 134-135 and Bibescu, 38 Batum, 282, 286 Cantemir and, 1 Baudin, Charles, 82 changes sought by, 20 Bazili, see Basily, Constantine Mikhailodivision among, 16, 19-20, 35, 41, 50 vich and Filiki Etairia, 22 Beauharnais, Stephanie de, 165 and Habsburg Monarchy, 3 Beclard, Louis, 91, 96 in official positions, 27, 28 Belogradchik, 267, 270 and Organic Statutes, 33 Bender, 8-9 and Ottoman Empire, 2, 8, 16 Benevolent Society (Bulgarian), 187 and Phanariot rule, 3, 4, 16, 20, 41 Benzi, Rafaello, 77 and Russia, 20 Berlin, Congress of (1878), 272, 276-286 and Michael Sturdza, 38-39 Berlin, Treaty of (1878), 284-288, 299 Braila, 30 Berlin Memorandum (1876), 232 Brasov, 26 Bessarabia Bratianu, Dumitru, 40, 53, 54, 75, 201,249 and Congress of Berlin, 278, 279 Bratianu, Ion C, as part of Dacia, 7 and the Eastern Crisis, 1875-1878, 226, and Filiki Etairia, 22 231 grain of, 225 and the election of Charles, 162, 164, and Journal de St. Pe'tersbourg, 273165, 167 274 as leading politician, 1866-1870, 179, Livadia discussion about, 243-244 180-181, 185-189, 194, 196, 197 and Reichstadt Agreement, 233 and the liberal movement, 40, 42, 53, and Russia, 15, 45, 52, 57, 58, 61, 62, 66t 120 124, 239, 265-284, 287, 299 and the overthrow of Cuza, 147 territory of, 14 as prime minister, 237-250, 254, 255, transfer of, 77 260-266, 271, 272, 275, 276, 280, 283, and Treaty of San Stefano, 271, 277 284 and unification with Principalities, 41, Brincoveanu, Constantine, 1, 2 54 Brune, General M. G. A., 11 Beust, Frederick Ferdinand von, 181, Brunnow, Baron Filip Ivanovich, 58, 139, 188, 189, 197, 210, 216, 222, 345 203 Bibescu, George, 38, 43, 44, 50, 72, 73, 83, Bucharest, as Romanian capital, 113, 118 95, 96, 132, 158 Bucharest, Treaty of (1812), 14, 17, 294 Bismarck, Otto von, 161, 165, 166, 169, Budberg, Baron Andreus F., 56, 103, 157, 173, 179, 181, 186, 189, 196, 202, 203, 159, 160, 162, 164, 169, 170, 171, 172, 215, 216, 218, 255, 279, 289, 290, 298, 174, 178 317 n75 Bug River, 5, 6, 7 Black Sea Bukovina, 5, 41, 54 free navigation of, 5 Bulgaria, 46, 117, 123, 188, 270, 277, 279, neutralization and demilitarization of, 285-289 57, 58, 61-62, 202, 210, 216 emigrants from, 196 Blaremberg, N., 149 revolutionaries from, 117, 186-188, 234 Bleichroder, Gerson, 289 Bulgarian Central Revolutionary ComBobrikov, Colonel G. I., 283 mittee, 234 Boerescu, Vasile, 96, 97, 174, 175, 218, 222, Bulwer, Sir Henry, 77, 80, 135, 140, 142, 223, 224-226 145 Bogoliubov, Major General, 283 Buol-Schauenstein, Count K. F., 58, 69 Bolgrad, 77 Bolintineanu, Dimitrie, 120 Butenev, Apollinarii Petrovich, 62, 63, 81 Bosianu, Constantine, 147 Callimachi, Alexander, 9 Bosnia, 6, 227, 286 Botev, Khristo, 234 Callimachi, Scarlat, 12, 19

347

Index Callimachi-Catargi, Nicholas, 205, 207, 268, 270, 283 Cantacuzino, Constantine, 47, 48 Cantacuzino, George, 3, 89 Cantacuzino, Ion C, 149, 153, 190, 191, 192, 193,199, 239 Cantacuzino, Colonel Michael, 246 Cantacuzino, §., 73 Cantemir, Dimitrie, 1-2 capitulations, 191-192 Capodistrias, Ioannis, 21-22 Caragea, loan,19 Carp, Peter, 215 Catargiu, Barbu, 120, 121, 122 Catargiu, Costin, 72-73, 92 Catargiu, Colonel George, 236 Catargiu, Lascar, 96, 120, 149, 153, 167, 179, 213, 214, 215, 218, 226, 230, 231 Catargiu, §., 92, 93, 94 Catherine the Great, 4, 5, 6-7, 8, 9, 15 Cavour, Count Camillo de, 58, 69, 125 Central Commission (1858), 87-88, 106, 110,111-112, 113,115,137 Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 164-182, 185, 223-224 abdication threatened, 206-214 and the army, 186, 188 crowned king, 290 and the Eastern crisis, 227-291 and foreign occupation, 171-172, 176, 188 and independence, 167, 218, 259 opposition to, 199-200 and Russia, 177, 178, 240 Charles XII, King of Sweden, 1 Chernat, General Alexander, 256 Cherniaev, Michael Gregorovich, 237 chetas, 187 Chicherin, 162 Cimpineanu, Ion, 256, 268, 270 Circassians, 258 Civil Code (1864), 146 Clarendon, Earl of, 58, 160, 172 collegial voting system, 180 commercial conventions (1875,1876), 221227 commercial privileges of Russia, 5, 6 Congress Kingdom of Poland, 17 Conservative Party, 55, 75, 91-92, 111, 112, 114, 120, 121, 122 Constanta, 242-243, 265, 268 Constantine, 7 Constantinople, Conference of (1876), 249 constitution of 1863, 143

of 1864, 143-144 of 1866, 153, 179-180, 194, 196, 206-207, 209, 213-214 of 1876 (Ottoman), 249, 250 Consular Convention (1869), 194, 195 consular jurisdiction, 87, 191 consuls, 5, 37 convention of April 1856, 63, 188 of August 1858, 87, 88, 105, 109, 113, 114, 121, 154, 170,222 of January and March 1877, 238, 277 of September 1859, 109, 118, 154 Cornea, Dimitrie, 231 Cornu, Hortense, 164 corruption after 1848, 51 of caimacam elections, 73, 75 of loan Caragea, 19 of Catargiu, 72-73,75 of Dedicated Monasteries, 131, 133 of Moldavian elections (1857), 79-80 of Phanariot rule, 20 and railroads, 218 of Michael Sturdza, 38 of Vogoride, 72-73, 75 see also electoral corruption Corti, Count Luigi, 283 Costaforu, George, 174, 213, 224, 230 Costangalia, 128 coup d'etat (1864), 143-145 Cowley, Earl Henry R. C, 58, 69, 85-86, 105,162,170 Cracow, 42 Crete, 7 insurrection in, 1866, 177,181,182 Cretulescu, Constantine, 180, 182, 186 Cretulescu, George, 53 Cretulescu, Nicholas, 120, 121 Crimea, 4, 5, 6 Crimean War, 29, 56, 59, 61, 62, 294 customs administration of Principalities, 113 customs union, 38 Cuza, Alexander loan, 40, 71, 96,120-122, 162, 164,173,175,196, 200,297,312313 nlOO and coup of 1864, 143-144 and desire for union and foreign prince, 102, 107, 114 double election of, 97-98, 101-102 economic situation during early reign of, 110 great power reaction to election of, 102-109

348

Index internal order under, 110-111 and Napoleon III, 102, 113, 122, 128129 opposition to, 121, 139, 142, 146-148, 149, 150 overthrow of, 150, 153, 154, 159 and Polish revolution, 128-129 and revision of electoral laws, 112, 115, 117 Cyprus, 286 Czartoryski, Prince Adam, 35, 42, 127 Czartoryski, Ladislas, 127

European Commission of the Danube, 285 European Democratic Committee, 53

fait accompli, policy of and Arab Tabia, 288 Bratianu and the, 180 Charles and the, 166, 171, 172, 176 Cuza and the, 114, 115, 143, 144, 152 as policy, 297 Falcoianu, S., 136, 162 Filiki Etairia, 21-26 Filipescu, G. C, 219-220, 231 Dacia, 7, 15 Filipescu, I. A., 92, 95 Daco-Roman kingdom, 45, 54 Filipescu, I. I., 106 Dalmatia, 6, 227 firman Danube Delta, 14, 30, 67, 284-285, 287 of 1822,26 Danube frontier, 198, 249 of 1838, 37, 38 Dashkov, I. A., 37, 38, 40, 303 nl7 of 1848,47 decorations, issue of national, 218, 249, of 1861,154 264 of 1866,177,178,222,223,265 Dedicated Monasteries, 19, 87, 117, 122, flag, issue of the common, 86-87 130-142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 175, 178, Florescu, General Ion E., 120, 213, 226, 191-195, 298 231 Denmark, 146, 179 Foc§ani, 112 Derby, Lord, 222, 223 foreign prince, issue of a Dimitur, Hadzhi, 187-188 great power attitude toward, 79, 116, Disraeli, Benjamin, 283 118, 160-164, 169-171 Dnieper River, 5, 6, 7 and Paris Conference, 66-70 Dniester River, 14 and Romanian emigres, 54 Dobrudja, 268, 277, 279-281, 283, 284, 285, and Romanian people, 73, 155 287, 299 Russian attitude toward, 83, 88, 154, Dolgorukov, General Vladimir Andree158, 169-170, 173, 174, 191 vich, 259 France Draga§ani, 25 and 1872 partition proposal, 7 Drouyn de Lluys, Edouard, 162, 163, 164, and Ottoman Empire, 8-9 170,172,176 and Principalities, 8-9, 40, 68, 215 Druses, 113 and revolutionary movements, 39-41, Dual Alliance, 290 71 Duhamel, General Alexander Osipovich, and Russia, 65, 122-124,129,152 44-45,47,48,51 franchise, issue of the and Convention of Paris, 89, 91, 95 Eastern Rumelia, 286 in 1850s, 119 and International Commission, 71, 76 Egypt, 7, 9, 27, 28, 34, 62, 223, 249 limited, 110, 120, 180 Elders, see Benevolent Society reform, 115-142 elections of 1857, 79-84 widening sought, 112, 113, 114, 142-144 electoral corruption, 73-75, 79-80, 83 Franco-Prussian War (1870), 201-205 electoral laws, 112, 115, 117 Franco-Russian alignment, 65, 122-123, Elliot, Sir Henry, 204, 209 129,152 emigration problems, 51-55 Franz Joseph, 49, 167, 185, 227, 241, 279 enlightened despotism, 17 Epureanu, Monolache Costache, 120, 205, Frederick, Prince of Prussia, 165 French Revolution, 7, 17, 76, 96, 295 226, 231, 239 Friendly Society, see Filiki Etairia Erfurt, 12 Friendship, Treaty of (1868), 182 Etairia, see Filiki Etairia

349

Index Fuad Pasha, 47, 48, 72, 86, 104, 149, 158, 176, 188 Gagarin, Nicholas S., 183 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 113, 125 generation of 1848, 78, 89, 102, 216 George I, King of Greece, 126 Georgia, 10 Germany, 217, 221 and Charles, 215-216, 298 and the Eastern crisis, 1875-1878, 228, 279, 290 and the railroad question, 289-290 unification of, 181, 215 Ghica, Alexander, 34, 36, 37, 38, 72, 73, 95 Ghica, Dimitrie, 120, 149, 153, 189, 194, 196, 205, 213 Ghica, Emil I., 219, 231 Ghica, Gregory, 26, 28-29, 37 Ghica, Gregory A., 50, 51, 56, 57, 72, 73, 95 Ghica, Ion, 101, 121, 149, 158, 253 as emissary, 42, 46, 147, 176, 244, 245, 268, 269 positions in government of, 150, 180, 207,213 Ghica, General Ion G., 179, 229, 260, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276 Ghica, V., 92 Giers, Nicholas Karlovich, 36, 39, 94, 103, 192, 295 and caimacamie, 95-96 and Cuza, 105-106, 108, 114, 121-122 on Dashkov, 37-38 and Dedicated Monasteries, 136, 137 and Eastern crisis of 1875-1878, 231, 233, 235, 238, 242 moderate conservative position of, 91, 111 and Organic Statutes, 36 personal ties to Principalities of, 89 Giers, Olga, 89, 114 Giurgiu, 30 Gladstone, William E., 209-210 Gltick, Dr. Theophil, 127 Godel de Lannoy, 71, 93, 94 Golescu, Alexander G., 53, 121, 205 Golescu, Nicholas, 40, 75, 96, 153, 199 Golescu, Radu, 40 Golescu, §tefan, 75, 106, 168, 180 Goltz, Robert von der, 162, 169 Gorchakov, Alexander Mikhailovich, 127, 184, 185, 196, 211, 220, 225, 227, 308 nil

and administrative unification, 116-117 appointed foreign minister, 59-60 and Cuza, 103, 104, 108, 111, 129-130, 139-140, 143, 144, 146, 148-151, 155 and Dedicated Monasteries, 136-141 and denunciation of Black Sea neutralization, 202-204 and the Eastern crisis, 1875-1878, 232, 233, 238, 246, 250, 253-255, 260, 262, 264, 268, 270-275, 280, 283, 284, 289 and election of Charles, 154-160, 164, 168-176 foreign policy after 1856, 62-65 and organization of Principalities, 1856-1859, 79-87, 90-91 personal ties to Principalities, 89 and Romanian delegation, 1868, 190— 194 Gorchakov, Michael D., 107 Grabbe, General, 50 Gramont, Alfred de, 201 Granville, Earl of, 209, 210 Great Britain, 54, 55, 56, 58 and Charles, 160-161, 208, 209-210, 216, 223 and Cuza, 104-105, 115, 125-127, 140 and the Eastern crisis, 1875-1878, 277280, 282, 283 policy after 1856, 67-68, 79, 81-82, 85 Greece, 43, 123, 126, 134 Greek revolution of 1821, 21-28, 131 Green, John, 126, 207, 209,210 Grivitsa, 264 Gurko, General Iosif Vladimirovich, 262 Habsburg Monarchy, 3-4, 6-7, 9 and Charles, 161, 169, 172,181-182,188, 197, 216 commercial convention, 221-224 and Cuza, 102, 104, 105, 110-111, 115116 and the Eastern crisis, 1875-1878, 227-228, 232, 251-252, 254-255, 277, 279-281,286,289,290 occupation of Principalities, 1854, 57 policy toward Principalities after 1856, 67, 71, 85-87, 90, 93, 94, 95 Hangerli, Constantine, 8, 10 Hansemann, Adolph, 289 Haralambie, Colonel Nicholas, 150, 153 hatti sherifs of 1774,6, 11 of 1784,6,11 of 1802, 11,28,30,294 Hatzfeldt, Maximilian von, 58, 85

350

Index Journal de St. Petersbourg, 199, 205, 271, 273 July Monarchy, 43

Haymerle, Heinrich von, 283 hegumens, 131, 132, 133 Hercegovina, 6, 227, 286 higher education in the Principalities, 39-40 Holy Alliance, 16, 55-56, 59, 217 Hiibner, Count J. A. von, 58, 85, 86, 87, 105 Hungarian emigres, 125-126 Hungarian nationality policies, 181 Hungarian revolutionary activities, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 304 n31 Ibrahim, 27 Ignatiev, Nicholas Pavlovich, 148-149, 151, 155, 156, 158, 159, 172, 176-178, 190-195, 199, 202, 211, 217, 220, 228, 313 nlO4, 316 n57 and the Eastern crisis, 1875-1878, 229, 238, 242, 243, 245-249, 329 nl47 and the Eastern Question, 183-185, 217, 228 and the peace negotiations, 1878, 268, 269, 270, 279, 299 independence, Romanian declaration of, 259 recognition of, 259-260, 267, 270, 281, 285, 290, 299 International Commission (1856) and Dedicated Monasteries, 134, 135, 136 duties of, 76, 77 establishment of, 69, 71 and Principalities, 83 report of, 84 Ionescu, I., 237, 242, 245, 246, 253, 256 Ionescu, Nicholas, 227 Ionian Islands, 9, 10 Ipsilanti, Alexander, 9, 12, 22-23, 24 Ipsilanti, Constantine, 12,13, 22 Isidore, 175, 191, 192-193 Islaz Proclamation (1848), 42-43 Ismail, 9 Istria, 6 Italian unification movement, 124-125 Italy, 105-107, 113, 116,124-125, 161, 283

Kamil Pasha, 219 Karadjordjevic, Prince Alexander, 126 Karadjordjevic, Peter, 236 Karadzha, Stefan, 187-188 Karavelov, Liuben, 234 Karl Anton, Prince, 165, 166, 179, 189-190, 225 Karsky, see Cantacuzino, Colonel Michael Keyserling, Count Heinrich, 189 Khaltchinskii (Halcinski), J., 51-52, 133 Kherson, 6 Khitov, Panaiot, 187 Kilia Channel, 14, 262, 268 Kiselev, Paul Dmitrievich, 24, 47, 295 administers Principalities, 1829-1834, 31-32, 36, 37, 39, 56, 132, 295 and agrarian reform, 34, 51 as ambassador in Paris, 81, 84-85, 86, 87, 103, 105, 179 Klapka, General G., 125 Knorring, Karl von, 139, 145 Kogalniceanu, Michael, 40, 73, 119, 120, 121, 138, 143, 146, 147, 148, 189 and Bessarabia, 268-274 and Congress of Berlin, 283-285 as foreign minister, 226, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239-241, 256-258,260,262, 264, 268, 270-275, 280, 283, 284, 289 and Hungarian activities, 125 and seven-point memorandum of 1876, 235 and Treaty of San Stefano, 272 and war role of Romania, 260, 262-263 Roller, Baron, 77 K,oprivshtitsa, 232 Kossuth, Lajos, 125 Kotsebu, Karl Evstafevich, 41-42, 44-45, 48, 295 Krasno-Milashevich, V. I., 13 Kuchuk Kainardji, Treaty of (1774), 1, 5-6, 17,20,31, 34,294 Kushnikov, Sergei S., 13 Kustendje, see Constanta

Jassy, 4, 7, 74 Jassy, Treaty of (1792), 7-8 Jews, 88, 118, 119, 186, 239, 285, 287, 289, 290 Jomini, Alexander Genrikhovich, 220, 242-243, 274, 283 Joseph II, Habsburg Emperor, 6-7

Laibach, Congress of (1821), 23-24 Lallemande, Count A. de, 103 Lamartine, Alphonse de, 53 Langenau, Baron Ferdinand von, 254 Latinity, 54, 102, 116 Latin racial ties, 41, 54, 201, 204, 205, 289, 298

35*

Index Lavalette, Charles Felix, Marquis de, 113, 197 Law on Public Instruction (1864), 146 Lecca, Major Dimitrie, 153 Leopold I, 7 Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 200-201, 202 Leuchtenberg, Duke of, 144 Liberal Party and Charles, 199 and Cuza, 110, 111 objectives of, 55, 91-92, 295 and peasant concerns, 75-76 program of, 74, 75, 120 and Russia, 89, 239, 253 and unification, 74, 91, 97, 180 Liehmann von Palmrode, 77, 80 Liteanu, George, 283 Livadia, 241-244 Lobanov-Rostovskii, Aleksei Borisovich, 94-95, 96, 103, 104, 105, 108, 113, 115, 116, 136, 137 Lorn Palanka, 264, 265 London, Conference of (1871), 204, 207, 214, 215 London Protocol, 255 Louis Napoleon, see Napoleon III Louis Philippe, 39-40, 42, 43, 52, 53, 54,56 Luck, Treaty of (1711), 1 Liiders, General Alexander Nikolaevich, 48 Magheru, Colonel George, 43, 47 Mahmud Nedim, 217, 232 Mahmud II, 12, 27, 28, 34 Malinescu, V., 73 Malta, 9 Manteuffel, Otto von, 58 Manu, L, 92, 95 Maria Theresa, 6 Marmora, Sea of, 272 Maronites, 113 Mavrocordat, Alexander, 6 Mavrocordat, Constantine, 4 Mavrogheni, Peter, 73, 96, 120, 149, 153, 167, 179, 218 Maximilian, 185 Mazar Pasha Coalition, 231 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 53 medical services administration of Principalities, 113 Mehmed Ali, 27, 34 Mehmed Djemil Bey, 58 Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, 176 Melchisedek, 190, 191, 192, 193, 199

"Memoir on the Question of Bessarabia," 273-274 Mensdorff-Pouilly, Alexander von, 169 Menshikov, Prince Alexander Sergeevich, 63 Metternich, Prince Clemens von, 11, 17 Metternich, Richard, 162, 169, 172 Michael, Prince of Serbia, 182 Michelet, Jules, 53 Miclescu, Calinic, 168 Milan, Prince of Serbia, 229, 232, 235, 236, 238 Miliutin, Dmitrii Alekseevich, 183, 202, 237, 238, 242, 247, 255-256, 257, 265266, 274 Milkowski, Colonel Zygmunt, 128 Minchaki, see Minciaky, Matei Leovich Minciaky, Matei Leovich, 32 minting of coins, 198,218,249 Moldavia as buffer state, 6 and Bukovina, 5 and Hungarian movement, 124 and Organic Statutes, 32-33 Polish emigrants in, 35, 124, 175 Polish rebels in, 9 reforms in, 4 "The monstrous coalition," 121, 147 Montenegro, 123, 232, 235-238, 241 Moruzi, Alexander, 168 Moruzi, Alexander, Prince of Wallachia, 9,12 Moruzi, Constantine, 168 Moustier, Marquis Lionel de, 144 Muhammad (Mehmed) Ali, 27, 34 Miinchengratz, Treaty of (1833), 34 Miinnich, General, 4 Miinster, Count George Herbert zu, 222 Murad V, 232 Mustafa IV, 12 Musurus Pasha, Kostaki, 105, 172, 224 Napoleon I, 9, 12, 14, 16, 165, 295 Napoleon III, 56, 65, 90, 185, 206, 297 and British alignment, 79, 81, 82, 83 and Charles, 160, 164, 165, 169, 197, 200-202 and Congress of Paris, 58 and Cuza, 102, 107, 113, 122, 124, 143, 149 and Polish revolution, 128-129 and Principalities as compensation, 160 and revolutionary nationalism, 65, 124, 296 and Romanian cause, 54, 68, 81, 86-87

35*

Index and Russian intention toward Principalities, 197 Naturalization Law of 1847, 38 Navarino, 28 Negri, Costache, 96, 106, 112, 120, 142143,311 n82 Nelidov, Alexander Ivanovich, 245-248, 261, 267, 283 Neofit, Metropolitan, 43 Nesselrode, Karl Vasil'evich, 21, 24,40, 41, 44, 50-51, 52, 65 neutrality, policy of, 230, 233-241, 244259,299 Nicholas, Grand Duke, 245, 250-251, 257, 259, 260, 262-265, 267, 270 Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro, 229, 236 Nicholas I of Russia, 27, 39-40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 56, 59, 69, 244, 293 Nicopolis, 262-265 Nigra, Constantine, 162 Novikov, Evgenii Petrovich, 129, 141, 144, 145, 148, 230, 254 Obolenskii, Prince, 106 Obrenovic, Marie, 147 Obrenovic, Michael, 126 Obrenovic, Milos, 126 Obruchev, General Nicholas Nikolaevich, 238 occupation of Bessarabia (1878), 287, 299 of Bulgaria (1878), 271-273, 277, 287 of Peking (1860), 113 of Principalities, Austrian and Ottoman, 1854, 57, 70; Ottoman, 1821, 24-27; Russian, 1806-1812, 12, 13; Russian, 1828, 28-29, 31, 33; Russian, 1848, 45, 48-49, 50, 52; Russian, 1853, 56; Russian, 1877-1878, 257259, 274-275 of Transylvania (1849), 49 Offenberg, G. G., 129, 143, 146, 147-148, 150, 151, 154, 155, 157, 168, 178, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 205-206, 211-214, 319 nll9 Oltenia, 3-4, 6, 43 Omer Pasha, 47, 57 Onou, M. K., 283 Organic Statutes (1831 Wallachia, 1832 Moldavia) assessment of, 59, 295 centers of influence under, 36, 37 and Convention of Paris, 88 and limit of Russian reform, 49 organization under, 32-34

overthrow of, sought, 43 restoration of, 44, 47 revision of, 50, 51, 66 revolutionaries and, 40, 41 and Russian rule, 35, 39, 58, 66, 179 Orlov, Prince Aleksei Fedorovich, 58, 69 Orthodoxy, 17, 62-65, 123, 130-142, 195, 196 see also Ottoman Empire, Balkan Christians under Osborne Agreement (1857), 81, 82, 83, 85, 86 Othon, King, 126 Ottoman Empire Balkan Christians under, 2, 56, 62-64, 145-146, 195, see also Orthodoxy integrity of, 67, 79, 161, 216 military reform of Selim III in, 8-9 right of intervention of, 70, 98,108, 117, 207-208 right of preemption of, 30, 59 and Russia, 10, 16, 58-59, 122 Oubril, Pavel Petrovich, 156 Pade§ declaration (1821), 23 Pahlen, Count F. P., 29 Palmerston, Lord, 55, 79 pandours, 23, 29 Panslav movement, 183, 228-229 Panu, A., 73, 92, 93, 95 Paris, Conference of (1858), 85 (1864), 161-162 Paris, Treaty of (1856), 58-59, 61, 64, 75, 82, 154, 182, 189, 202-204, 205, 241-242, 244, 257, 273, 276, 296 Article 22 of, 188 Article 23 of, 77 Article 25 of, 188 Article 27 of, 105, 188, 207-208, 230 Articles 20-27 of, 69-70 partition of Ottoman possessions, 6-7, 9, 12, 56 of Romania, 248 passage of arms, 125-128, 192, 236, 237, 238 of supplies, 236, 244, 271 of troops, 236, 237, 239, 243, 245, 246, 248, 251-258, 271, 273, 274, 282, 288 of volunteers, 238, 240, 244 Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 3, 4 Pasvanoglu Osman Pasha, 11, 12, 13 patents, 191-192 Patriarchate of Constantinople, 17-19, 130, 132, 134, 147 Paul, Emperor of Russia, 9, 10

353

Index peasants emancipation of, 88 emigration of, 51 grievances of, 19 and land reform, 75-76, 112, 114-115, 121 and national issues, 75 and Organic Statutes, 33-34 and regulations of 1851, 51 Peking, 112-113 Peloponnesus, 7 People's Assembly, 23, 43 Pepoli, Marquis Gioacchimo, 197 Peter the Great, 1, 2, 3 Pfuel, 202 Phanar, 2 Phanariot rule, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 26, 5859, 131, 294 background of, 2-3 lowest point of, 8 Philip of Flanders, Prince, 153, 164 Philo-Romanian Society, 54 Pini, Alexander, 22, 24 Pisani, Andrei, 22 Place, Victor, 71, 72-73, 74, 91, 94-95, 105 plebiscite of 1866, 166, 168 Plevna, 262-264, 266, 277 Ploe§ti, 106 Poland, 4, 5, 8, 9, 43-44 emigrants from, 293 revolutionary movement in, 9, 35, 42, 53, 85, 89, 123, 124, 126, 127-129, 139, 147, 174, 175, 293 Poltava, 1 Popov, Sergei Ivanovich, 74, 77, 78, 91, 94-95, 105, 111, 114-115, 134 postal administration of Principalities, 87-88, 113 Postal Convention, 192 Potemkin, Gregory, 7 Pourtales, Count Albert, 105 press law (1856), 73 Prokesch-Osten, Anton von, 72, 81, 83, 145, 172, 188, 210, 319nll8 protectorate, Russian, 16-52, 58-59,71 protocol of September 1859, 109, 170 Protocol 13 (1858), 136-142 provisional government (1866), 150, 154, 157, 158, 162, 164,167,179 Prussia, 9, 16, 105, 129, 135 and candidature of Charles, 161, 165167,172-173,176 Franco-Prussian War and Romania, 201-213 Pruth River, 2, 14

Quinet, Edgar, 53, 54 Radetsky, 234 Radowitz, Joseph Maria von, 213 railroads, 67, 186 Rakhovo, 264-265 Rallet, D., 73 Rechberg, J. B. von, 115 recueillement, 64 Redern, Count Heinrich von, 173 Reichstadt agreement (1876), 233, 238, 247, 255, 277, 280 religion free exercise of, 5 during reorganization, 133, 142 see also Orthodoxy Reshid Pasha, 72 Reutern, Michael Khristoforovich, 182, 238 Revertera, Count Frederick, 164,173 revolts and revolutions 1804: Serbia, 12, 17 1815: Serbia, 17 1821: Greece, 21,25, 26, 293 1821: Principalities, 22 1830: Polish territories, 35, 293 1846: Cracow, 42 1848: Moldavia, 42, 44, 45-46, 295 1848: Wallachia, 42-43, 44, 45-46, 293, 295 1848-1849: Hungary, 49 1862: Greece, 126 1863: Poland, 124, 125 1866: Crete, 177, 181, 182, 185 1866: Jassy, 164, 177 1870: Ploe§ti, 206 1875: Bosnia and Hercegovina, 226, 227-229 1876: Bulgaria, 232, 233 1876: Constantinople, 232, 253 see also revolutionary activities revolutionary activities Bulgarian, 187-188, 232-234 and exiles, 40-41, 49, 51-55 Hungarian, 123, 125 Polish, 123, 127, 175 and Principalities, 114, 124, 129-130, 175, 177, 187-188, 198-199, 211, 214, 233-234 Romanian, 39-50, 52-55 Transylvanian, 181-182, 189 see also revolts and revolutions Richthofen, Baron E., 77 Rikman, see Riickmann, P. I. roads, 67

354

Index Rolla, K., 73 "Romania," adoption of name, 186, 194-195 Romanian Democratic Committee, 53 Romanian emigres, 52-55 Romdnul (The Romanian), 120 Rosetti, C. A., 40, 42, 53, 75, 95, 96, 120, 142, 149, 153, 179, 224, 256 Rosetti, Lascar, 96 Rosetti-Roznovanu, Nicholas, 168 Riickmann, P. I., 34, 37 Ruschuk-Varna line, 283 Russell, Lord John, 115 Safvet Pasha, 77, 78, 80, 156, 162, 163, 169, 171, 237, 248, 316 n57 St. Petersburg, Convention of (1834), 34 Salisbury, Lord, 249, 278, 283 Salzburg, meeting at (1867), 185 Sanjak of Novi Pazar, 282, 286 San Stefano, Treaty of (1878), 271272, 274, 277, 278, 280, 286, 299 Sardinia, 104, 105, 110, 116, 125-126, 135, 296 Schleswig-Holstein, 146, 160 Schweinitz, General Hans Lothar von, 173 Sculeni, 25 Sebastopol, 57 secularization of monasteries, 139-143 Sedan, battle of, 206 Selim III, 8, 12 Senedof 1783,6, 11 separation of the Principalities great-power position on, 156-157, 159, 161, 163, 168-169, 208-209, 215 and Moldavia, 74-75, 79-80, 167-168 separatist uprising in Jassy, 164, 167-169, 177 Sepoy Rebellion, 112 Serbia, 6, 17, 27-28, 30, 123, 126-127, 181 Serpent's Island, 77, 284 Seven Weeks' War (1866), 298 Seymour, Sir Hamilton, 56 Shchulepnikov, E. R., 77 Shipka, 264 Shuvalov, Peter Andreevich, 182,278, 283, 284 Sibiu, 26 Silistria, 288 Silistria-Mangalia line, 284 Singurov, 242 Slaniceanu, Colonel George, 242, 263 Slavic Benevolent Society, 183, 236 Stackelberg, Count Ernest, 156 Star of the Danube, see Steaua Dundrii

"Star of Romania," 265 state debt, 153 Steaua Dundrii (The Star of the Danube), 73 Steege, Ludovic, 106,174, 175, 194 §tirbei, Barbu, 50, 51, 56, 57, 72, 73, 83, 95, 96, 98, 136 §tirbei G., 120 Strat, Ion, 120, 197, 200, 201, 205 strategic importance of Romanian lands, 4,31, 181,229,293 Stratford de Redcliffe (Stratford Canning), 72, 81, 82, 83 Stremoukhov, Peter Nikolaevich, 190191, 219-220 Stroganov, G. A., 26 Strousberg railroad concession, 215, 218, 289, 321-322 n2 Stuart, D. F., 227, 239, 240, 241, 246, 248, 250, 255, 256, 257, 274, 275-276 Sturdza, Alexander, 235-236 Sturdza, Dimitrie A., 120, 149, 189, 195, 197, 199, 204-205, 253, 254 Sturdza, Gregory, 73, 92-93, 96, 111, 120, 158 Sturdza, Ion, 26, 28-29 Sturdza, Michael, 34, 36, 38-39, 42, 44, 73, 89, 91, 92-93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 132 Sturdza, Vasile, 92, 93, 96 Stuttgart, meeting at (1857), 83 Suleiman Pasha, 47 Sumorokov-Elston, Feliks Nikolaevich, 238 Sutu, Alecu (Alexander), 12, 19, 22 Sutu, Michael, 9, 22 Suvorov, General Alexander Vasirevich, 7 Sweden, 7 Syria, 7, 113 Talaat Effendi, 44 Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles A., 77, 79, 173, 174, 179 tariff union, 87 telegraph, 67, 87 telegraph administration of Principalities, 113 Teriachi, A., 93 term of office for prince, 11, 28, 88 Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine, 72, 80, 81, 113 Three Emperors' Alliance, 217, 221, 222, 228, 232, 287, 290-291 Tillos, J. H., 149, 312nlOO Tilsit, Treaty of (1807), 12, 197 Timkovskii, 34

355

Index Titov, Vladimir Pavlovich, 46-47 Totiu, Filip, 187 Totleben, General Eduard Ivanovich, 264, 265 Trandafilov, Alexander, 38 Transylvania, 26, 41, 54, 181-182, 186, 189, 197,298-299 Treaty of April 4/16, 1877, negotiation of, 241-257 Treaty of Paris, March 1856, terms of, 58-59, 68-69 tribute, 30, 34, 36, 56, 87, 177, 229 Triple Alliance, 290 Turnu Severin, 30 Turr, General S., 125 Union, the (Unirea), political society, 73 union of Principalities administrative, 32, 111-116 electoral call for (1857), 83 as goal of Romanian emigres, 54 and great powers, 78-79, 83, 88, 114118, 153-164, 174, 191 and landowners, 74 and Paris Conference, 66-68, 179 and Romanian people, 74, 83, 163 1794 agreement on, 9 statistics after, 118-119 Unkiar Iskelesi, Treaty of (1833), 34, 62, 217, 292 Vacarescu, Teodor, 242 Venetia, exchange for Principalities, 107— 108, 160, 161, 170, 173-174 Victor Emmanuel I, 116 Victoria, Queen, 81, 209 Vidin, 265, 267, 270, 275 Vienna, Congress of (1814-1815), 16 Vienna Four Points (1854), 57, 66 Villafranca, Armistice of (1859), 105, 109 Villamarina, Marquis de, 58, 85, 105 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 22-25, 27, 42, 302 n2-4 Vogoride, Nicholas, 72-73, 74, 75, 80, 83, 84, 92, 93, 102, 137 Waddington, William, 283, 284 Walewski, Count Alexander, 58, 68, 69, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86-87, 105

Wallachia as buffer state, 6 naturalization law for, 38 and Organic Statutes, 32 and Pasvanoglu, 13 reforms in, 4 revolutionary government of, 293 wars 1711: Ottoman Empire against Russia, 2 1736: Ottoman Empire against Russia, 4 1768: Ottoman Empire against Russia, 4 1787: Ottoman Empire against Russia, 7 1788: Sweden against Russia, 7 1805: France against Russia, 11 1806: Ottoman Empire against Russia, 12 1828: Ottoman Empire against Russia, 28, 294 1853: Ottoman Empire against Russia, 56 1859: Habsburg Empire against France and Sardinia, 105, 298 1864: Denmark against Prussia and Austria, 146, 179 1866: Austria against Prussia, 172, 176, 298 1870: France against Prussia, 201 1876: Ottoman Empire against Serbia and Montenegro, 232, 235-236 1877: Ottoman Empire against Russia, 65 see also Crimean War Wellington, Duke of, 28 Werther, Karl von, 103 White, Sir William, 278 William I, King of Prussia; 1871 Emperor of Germany, 165, 166-167,208, 213, 279 Wittgenstein, General, 24,28 Zheltukhin, General P. F., 29, 31, 32 Zinoviev, Ivan Alekseevich, 220,225,226, 235, 239, 240 Zolotarev, Ivan Fedorovich, 246 Zurich, Treaty of (1859), 105, 125

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