Roman Republican Coinage, Volume I

ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE I

ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE I BY

MICHAEL H. CRAWFORD Lecturer in Ancient History University of Cambridge

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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE NEW YORK PORT CHESTER MELBOURNE SYDNEY

Published by the Press Syndicate of the University ofCambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10.., produced at Canusium in the earliest period of the denarius coinage (see p. 21), is regularly overstruck on bronze of the Acarnanian League and Oeniadae. The coinage of the latter is to be dated between 219 and 2111 and both coinages will have fallen into Roman hands when M. Valerius Laevinus captured the town of Oeniadae in 211; the coinage will have returned with Laevinus in early 210 and been despatched to a mint at Canusium for overstriking.2 Since the issue with C f>.. belongs to the earliest stage of the denarius coinage, the institution

of the denarius coinage is again located not much before c. 210. (7) The evidence so far points to a date a few years after 216/215 for the institution of the denarius. The excavations at Morgantina provide a near-certain terminus ante quem; coins of the earliest period of the denarius system appear sealed below a late

third-century destruction level, which should be dated to 214 or 211, years when the town rebelled and was recaptured by the Romans.3 Given the fact that the semi­ libra! standard was still in force in 216, the terminus ante quem of 211 is preferable for the institution of the denarius and the sextantal standard (see p. 43 for the duration of the post-semilibral standard).

(8) If then the denarius coinage was instituted by 211, but not very long, if at all, before, three Sardinian issues help to indicate a precise date. The issues with C, M and AR belong at the very beginning of the denarius coinage; it is almost

impossible not to regard them as struck by (L.) C(omelius), (P.) Ma(nlius Vulso) and (C.) Aur(unculeius), Praetors of Sardinia in 211, 210 and 209.'

(9) I have shown above that the newly instituted denarius coinage did not survive its early years unaffected by financial stress. Despite this fact, it is argued that the record of financial difficulties preserved by Livy is such that the denarius could not have been instituted at any rate in the middle years of the Second Punic War.6 As I have already argued,' the fiscal measures of the latter part of the war recorded by Livy were necessary precisely because the Roman Republic had determined on the restoration of a pure silver coinage. This argument may be reinforced by a detailed consideration of Livy's narrative. In the early years of the war, metal

(for coinage)

seems

to have been available.

Apart from tributum and other normal sources of revenue, not to mention reserves, 1 1 1

•

B. V. Head, HN•, 331. I owe this point to H. B. Mattingly (cf.JRS 1970, 232). T.V. Buttrey, Congresso 1961, 261. The arguments for later destruction (H. B. Mattingly, ibid., 269; NCirc 1962, 164) are special pleading; nor is it true that the later phases of the quadrigatus and its associated bronze canno t be fitted in between 215 and 212 (see p. 43); for the Mars(Eagle gold coinage see below. See p. 13; the entry in Coin hoards, Index i, should be for (L.) Cornelius, not for (M.) Cornelius (Cethegus). There is no plausibility in the view of L. Breglia, RAN 1949-50, 19-20, that M stands

for Mammula, Pr. in Sardinia, 217. Mattingly, Studies Robinson, 221 • JRS 1964, 29-32.

' H. B.

n.

4·

32

The first period of the denarius coinage

there was a loan from Hieron II in 216 (Livy xxiii, 21, 5). In 215 a tributum duplex was decided on, presumably in contrast to tributum simplex hitherto (Livy xxiii, 31,

1-2). But at this· point sources of revenue dried up. The loan from Hieron could not be repaid (Livy xxiii, 38, 12) and at the end of the year there was no money available with which to supply the Spanish army (Livy xxiii, 48, 4-8). A novel method of financing Roman operations was adopted, the

use

of credit.1

The contract for supplies to the Spanish army was let on the condition that payment would be made later (Livy xxiii, 48, 9-49, 4). The following year sailors were paid directly by wealthy individuals, not by the state (Livy xxiv, 11, 7-9), and credit was again used, to finance the building operations of the censors (Livy xxiv, 18, 1o-11, cf. 2 for inopia aerari). The owners of slaves manumitted to fight refused payment for the time being (Livy xxiv, 18, 12). After contributing their possessions, orphans and widows were to be supported by state purchases on credit on their behalf (Livy xxiv, 18, 13-14). Equites and centurions offered to do without their pay (Livy xxiv, 18, 15). But from 212 onwards metal again began to become available and the state in addition took active steps to make it available. Booty was coming in in almost every year from 212 (Syracuse) onwards, down to 2o6 (Spain).2 In addition, the

state used the Triumviri Mensarii to levy metal from private individuals in Rome in 210 (Livy :xxvi, 35-6; Festus, s.v. Tributorum conlationem)- perhaps the first and the last occasion on which an ancient state effectively mobilised the resources of its wealthy members; the gold in the aerarium sanctius was also used in 209 (Livy :xxvi,i 10, 11-13); and money was raised by renting out the ager Campanus (Livy :xxvii, 11, 8). It is significant that 2,400,000 denarii could be provided in 210 for Scipio to take to Spain (Polybius x, 19, 1-2). Credit financing, by contrast, disappears from the record, until Scipio was forced to use it in 205, perhaps partly for political reasons, as well as financial ones (though the state was forced soon after to sell land to raise cash, Livy :xxvi,ii 46, 4). The year

211 stands out as the beginning of a period in which the production of the new denarius coinage was eminendy possible. If then the denarius system was instituted in 211 (or perhaps in 212), it remains to decide how long its first phase, characterised by a heavy weight standard and a multiplicity of mints, lasted. This problem involves the problem of the Mars/Eagle gold. A number of factors place this in a general way in the same period as the 1 I shall argue later (p. 43) that the use of credit included the reduction of the weight standard of the bronze coinage below a semilibral level, the coinage thereby becoming even more fiduciary than it was already. ' See T. Frank, ESAR i, So-t and 83; after Syracuse (Livy xxv, 31, 8-11) there was Capua (xxvi, 14, 8), Nova Carthago (xxvi, 47, 7; Polybius x, 19), Tarentum (xxvii, 16, 7; Plutarch, Pab. zz) and the battle of the Metaurus (xxvii, 49, 6; Polybius xi, 3); for boot y from Spain in zo6 see xxviii, 38, S· The produce of the Spanish mines will also have become available from 209 onwards. It is not clear how it was intended tO finance the building programme of 2U (xxv, 7> 5).

33

Imroduction

earliest denarii:1 a similar pattern of anonymous and signed issues occurs; the weights of the different denominations are a scruple or multiples thereof; similar marks of value, in terms of asses, appear.' But whereas all signed issues of Mars/Eagle gold can be linked with signed issues of denarii, it is not immediately obvious how long the anonymous issue from the mint of Rome lasted. It is in my view most likely that it lasted from 211 to 209. The view that it began in 211 may be supported by two arguments: its denomina­ tional structure (see above) and its function (seep. 626 n .1)identify the Mars/Eagle gold as an integral part of the denarius system and it is reasonable to suppose that it was struck at the same time as the earliest denarii; and a specimen with com-ear, from a Sicilian mint, has turned up at Morgantina in the same destruction level as early denarii and victoriati.3 The terminus ante quem for both the anonymous and the signed issues of Mars/Eagle gold should be placed in or very soon after 209; the use of the aurum vicesimarium from the aerarium sanctius (Livy xxvii, 10, 11) was clearly only agreed on because all other gold available at that moment had been used. And in fact that part of the

aurum

vicesimarium which was

sent away from Rome

presumably provided the bullion for the signed issues of Mars/Eagle gold (other

than that with com-ear) from military mints.' If the Mars/Eagle gold is regarded as lasting from 211 to 209, certain consequences follow for the rest of the early denarius coinage. The first signed issues from the mint of Rome bore the symbols or letters anchor, apex, M, crescent and comucopiae

(see p. 10); since gold with only one of these marks is found, the adoption of the others is presumably to be placed after 209. But it cannot be placed very much after; the evidence of the hoards seems to show the symbols crescent and comucopiae appearing just as the phase of the denarius coinage characterised by a multiplicity The ManfEagle gold is rightly regarded as contemporary with the sextantal weight standard by H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 12; his absolute date of course depends on his date for the latter and is therefore wrong; but his rejection of the testimony of Pliny is a step in the right direction (pau H. J. Scharp,JMP 1918, t; B. J. H.aeberlin, FrankjuTur Manzzatlllft 1919, 17; W. Giesecke, ibid., 101). The crucial figures in the pusaae of Pliny in question (NHxxxi,ii 47), recording the interval between 269 and the date of the gold issue, and the number of sestertii to the pound of gold, are in any case hopelessly corrupt; all correction is arbitrary and time should not be wasted on the passaae (u, for instance, by R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 245-55 and 305�). 1 Not sestertii, as Pliny, NH xxxiii, 47, followed by H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, lv; J.-B. Giard, BSFN 1961, 91. For decisive arsuments in favour of asses see R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 299-300. S. Bolin, Bllltter jar MfJm:jr1111U:U, 1927-29, 273, 291 and 353, is wholly unconvincing. 1 T. V. Buttrey, Con(lf'IW1 19(i1, 263. ' I list the generals who received gold, with tentative suggestions as to what they did with it:

1

L. Veturius Philo in Gaul (500 lbs) P.Sulpicius Galba in Greece (500 lbs) M. M.arccllus in Btruria (500 lbs)

Q. Fabius Maximus inS. Italy (500 lbs) Garrison commander in Tarentum {too lbs) Q. Fulvius Flaccus in Campania (500 lbs)

Gold spent as bullion Gold spent as bullion Part struck as issue with pentagram Part passed on to C. Calpurnius Piso and struck u issue with staff Struck as issue with spearhead Gold spent as bullion Gold spent as bullion.

The issue with spearhead is associated with Tarentum by

34

R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 347·

The first period of the denan"us coinage of mints is drawing to a close; and at the mints at which Mars/Eagle gold was struck, it tended to be struck towards the end of this phase (see pp. 18 and 22); only a short time

can

therefore intervene between the end of the Mars/Eagle gold

in or very soon after 209 and the appearance of the symbols crescent and cornucopiae at the mint ofRome. About 207 seems appropriate for this appearance. To resume the discussion so far, the first period of the denarius coinage, struck atRome and at military mints outsideRome, should be regarded as running from

211 to c. 208 ;1 after this, coinage was concentrated at the mint ofRome, a step made possible by the recovery of control over Italy. A few issues in the following years seem to stand outside the main sequence of issues (see pp. 50 and 52) and were perhaps produced outside Rome; but the conclusion is not a necessary one and differences of style and fabric alone should never be used as evidence for a separate mint. In any

case, the

vast bulk of the coinage of theRomanRepublic between 2o6

and 84 falls into a single sequence which may be attributed without difficulty to the mint ofRome.2 Before moving on to this, however, it is necessary to go back and consider the didrachm coinage which preceded the denarius coinage. The institution of the latter is firmly placed in 211; the earliestRoman coinage may be dated, I believe, to 280 and the didrachm coinage as a whole reasonably assigned to the intervening 70 or so years. II

THE PRE-DENARIUS COINAGE

The first problem to be faced is that posed by the evidence of Pliny (NH xxxi,ii

42-4): Proxumum scelus fuit eius qui primus ex auro denarium signavit, quod et ipsum latet auctore incerto. PopulusRomanus ne argento quidem signato ante Pyrrhum regem devictum usus est. Libralis- unde etiam nunc libella dii c tur et dupondius - adpendebatur assis. (Various remarks on the linguistic legacies of this practice follow.) Servius rex primus signavit

aes.

Antea rudi

usosRomae

Timaeus tradit.

Signatum est nota pecudum, unde et pecunia appellata. Maxumus census

cxx

assium fuit illo rege et ideo haec prima classis. Argentum signatum anno urbis cccclxxxv Q. Ogulnio, C. Fabio coss., quinque annis ante primum Punicum bellum.Et placuit denarium pro decem libris aeris valere . .. 'The next most serious crime was to strike a gold coin; the culprit is unknown. The Roman people did not even use silver coin before the defeat of Pyrrhus; a bronze unit of a pound passed by weight . . . Servius

was

the first to strike a

bronze coin; Timaeus tells us that before that the Romans used uncoined bronze. 1

1

For the view of E. A. Sydenham that the denarius CQU/d not have been fi.nt struc:lt at Rome, one of the more fantastic theories foisted on the world by numismatists, seeR. Thomsen, ERG ii, 176-9. The only exception is the Narbo issue (no. 282 and p. 65); for the coinages of Sulla and his enemies

see pp. So-2.

35

Introduction

The coin of Servius bore a cow as its type, whence it highest census qualification was

120,000 asses

called pecunia. The and those who possessed this was

composed the prima classis. Silver was coined in the 485th year of the city, in the consulship of Q. Ogulnius and C. Fabius, five years before the First Punic War. And it was agreed that a denarius should be worth ten pounds of bronze ...' There are grounds for supposing that most of this (populus Romanus ...bellum) depends in essentials on Timaeus ;1 but still it

can

hardly be taken at its face value.

Coin hoards show Roman silver coinage in a Pyrrhic War context (seep. 38) and any possible chronology involves the corollary that the earliest Roman silver coinage

was struck outside Rome and that the date which impressed itself on the literary tradition was the date at which silver coinage was first struck in Rome. The problem is to decide which issue was involved and for this the literary tradition offers little help. It seems reasonable, however, to argue that if the whole of the pre-denarius coinage was struck outside Roii_le and Roman silver coinage had thus existed for (say) 50 years before it was struck in Rome, this event would hardly have been represented as it is represented in the literary tradition, populus Romanus (up to this point) ne argento quidem signazo usus est;1 Pliny's assertion, unsupported by the rest of the literary tradition, that the first silver coinage struck in Rome was the denarius coinage is clearly an unwarranted conflation of two separate pieces of information, that silver coinage was first struck in Rome in 269 and that the character­ istic (but later) silver coinage of the Republic was the denarius coinage. Pliny (Timaeus) is equally unhelpful on the origin of the Roman bronze coinage. No one now believes that Servius Tullius produced (signavit) coinage and the attempt by A. Alfoldi to avoid making Timaeus believe this either is understandable.3 But the selection of passages attributed to Timaeus by Alfoldi is arbitrary, (42)

populus Romanus ne argento quidem signato ante Pyrrhum regem deuictum usus est (43) antea rudi usos Romae Timaeus tradit (44) argentum signatum anno urbis cccclxxxv Q. Ogulno i , C. Fabio coss., quinque annis ante primum Punicum bellum. All this can be paralleled in the Roman annalistic and antiquarian tradition just as readily as the material which Alfoldi rejects; and it is difficult to believe that Timaeus can have referred to (aes) rude without making some reference to bronze in some different form. It is better to take the whole passage, populus Romanus ...bellum (except for the digressions on the linguistic legacies of the assis libra/is and on the etymology .

.

.

•

.

•

1 A. D. Momigliano, Mis� Rosra,ni, tlkrt. • So already H. Mattingly, NC 1924, t86. U the Capitol hoard (Coin /wards, no. 6o), in which the Roman pieces belong to the pre-denarius coinage, could be proved to be a consignment of coin intended for melting down and re-coining, production of coinage in Rome before the denarius would be certain. I MDAI(R) 1961, 64-79·

The pre-denarius coinage

of the word pecunia), as representing approximately what Timaeus wrote and to attempt to interpret it as a whole. It is important at the outset to draw a clear dis­ tinction between

aes =

a pound of bronze (a measure of value) and aes

=

a bronze

coin weighing a pound. Aes in the former sense is necessary to the Roman con­ ception of the 'Servian' census and it seems conceivable to me that this was described by Timaeus in terms of aes

=

a pound of bronze. But it is certain

that Pliny is not reporting the acrual words of Timaeus1 and I see no compelling reason to believe that Timaeus wrote in terms of aes

=

a bronze coin weighing

a pound.2 It seems to me most likely that Timaeus, after recording the introduction of

silver coinage at Rome after the Pyrrhic War, remarked that bronze was earlier weighed out as a measure of value; this innovation was supposed to be the work of Servius Tullius and before him the Romans

were

supposed merely to accumulate

bronze in heaps without measuring it (that is, aes rude); the 'Servian ' census was thus in terms of aes

=

a pound of bronze (so, as it happens, de vir. ill. 7, 8). Certainly

the retrojection of this concept to Servius Tullius will have been much easier than the retrojection of actual coinage. Pliny will then have converted a notice that Servius Tullius laid down that a pound of bronze was to be a measure of value into a notice that Servius Tullius signavit aes. But ifthis is what happened,Pliny (Timaeus) provides no evidence for the date of the introduction of bronze coinage at Rome.3 It is time to

turn

to the coins.4

After the work of Rudi Thomsen, there should not now be any dispute over the relative arrangemen t of the didrachm or pre-denarius coinage, except on a few minor points of no great importance. Table

v,

annotated where necessary, sets out

the relative arrangement and it remains to establish a fixed chronology. It should

be emphasised that all the available evidence supports the system proposed here and that the dating of one issue buttresses the dating of related issues.6 The first Roman issue of didrachms, Mars/Horse's head ROMANO, occurs as the only Roman issue in five hoards, Valesio, Mesagne, Torchiarolo, Oppido Lucano and an unpublished Italian hoard, the contents of which were communicated to 1 • 1

So A. D. Momigliano, Misullanea Rostagni, 181. Contra A. D. Momigliano, 185-7.

The date given by Pomponius for the creation of the office of Illvir a.a.a.f.f. is equally without evidential value, see p. 6o:z. • In suppon of my dismissal of Pliny, it is worth drawing attention to the fact that he is clearly more concerned to plot a decline in moral standards than to provide an accurate history of the Republican coinage (cf. G. Nenci, Athenaeum 1968, s�); his equation of the denarius with 10 libra! asses, although accepted in antiquity from Varro onwards (LL v, 169 and 174 (pace Th. Mommsen, RMw, 304 n. 47); Festus, s.v. Grave aes; Volusius Maecianus, Distr. 74; Priscian, de fig. num. 9), is clearly wrong, since it involves a bronze: silver ratio of 720 :t. 6 There is little that can be said about nos. 1-2; the fint was clearly struck at Neapolis some time after 326 (R. Thomsen, ERC iii, 78-81); the second presumably follows, since the legend is in Latin instead of in Greek (cf. R. Thomsen, ERC iii, 81-3). Both issues are presumably isolated fo.rerunners of the Roman Republican coinage proper; it is noticeable that there is nothing Roman whatever about their

typeS. 37

Introduction

me by G. L. Fallani.l In the first of these hoards, Valesio, the issue is associated

with coins of Tarentum of Evans's period VB, probably covering the early years of the third century. The hoard thus at first sight suggests a pre-Pyrrhic War date

for these didrachms. But it would be unwise to press this point very far.2 Although brutal cleaning of the hoard does not make it very easy to decide, the Tarentine coins appear more worn than the Roman coins; one Tarentine piece was dispersed unrecorded from the hoard and may have been later than the others ;3 and the owner of the hoard may have excluded deliberately any light-weight pieces of

Tarentum. The Mesagne hoard contains coins of Tarentum of Evans's period VE, apparendy just the finest pieces in the hoard, and two Mars/Horse's head ROMANO

didrachms;• the latter thus appear again in an early third-century context, but the Mesagne hoard is again incomplete. On the other hand, the Torchiarolo, Oppido Lucano and 'Fallani' hoards

to­

gether show Mars/Horse's head ROMANO didrachms as the only Roman issues

in circulation at the time when the reduced standard was introduced at Tarentum, presumably towards the end of the Pyrrhic War. The Torchiarolo and Oppido

Lucano hoards include Tarentine light-weight pieces, together with, in each case, one Mars/Horse's head ROMANO didrachm.5 The evidence of hoards with only one Roman piece is not strong, but it is confirmed by the evidence of the 'Fallani' hoard; this contained several Mars/Horse's head ROMANO didrachms, together with didrachms of Neapolis; these latter went down to a slighdy later point in the

1

Oppido Lucano-information from D. Adamasteanu; Mesagne-Noe2, no. 677 (it is not apparent from Noe' that this hoard contains Roman pieces; I owe an account of its contents to C. M. Kruy); Valesio-Coin hoards, no. 12 (the account there should be corrected according to Ricerche e Studi 1967, 95; the hoard is not complete, but contained originally one further piece of Tarentum and one further piece of Metapontum); Torchiarolo-Coin hoards, no. 11; Italy -several didrachms with Mars/Horse's head ROMANO 35 didrachms of Neapolis (Sambon, no. 338, no 342, no. 365, no 366, no. 436, no. 437, no. 444, no. 447, no. 448, no. 450, no. 451, .

.

4 pieces 1 piece ( ?) 1 piece 11 pieces 2 pieces 1 piece 1 piece 1 piece 1 piece 1 piece 1 piece

no. 455, 2 pieces no. 456, 1 piece no. 457, 3 pieces no 458, 1 piece no 46o, 2 pieces no. 465, 1 piece no. 466, 1 piece no. 472, 1 piece no. 473, 3 pieces no. 476, 1 piece no. 477, 4 pieces). . .

As does R. E. Mitchell, NC 1966, 61H). A late piece will have been n particularly fine condition, such as to attract attention at the moment offinding. ' The hoard also contains a collection of earlier material and Neapolitan issues apparently of the same date as the Tarentine. ' R. E. Mitchell's dismissal of the Torchiarolo hoard (MwN 1969, SS n. 57) on the grounds of its 'diverse contents', after he has himself drawn attention to the occurrence in hoards of Roman didrachms with didrachms of Magna Graecia, is simply astonishing. The Roman didrachm n the Torchiarolo hoard is fresh, that in the Oppido Lucano hoard somewhat worn (and brutally i cleaned). R. E. Mitchell, RIN 1973, 8�109, requ res no separate refutation. 1

•

i

i

The pre-denarius coinage

sequence than the didrachms of Neapolis in the Torchiarolo hoard.1 It seems clear, therefore, that at the time when light-weight pieces were introduced at Tarentum, Mars/Horse's head ROMANO didrachms had not yet been superseded at Rome.2 Given this, it is hard to date the introduction of this small issue before the Pyrrhic War. There is a further strong argument in favour of the view that Rome's didrachms began no earlier than the Pyrrhic War, first adduced by E. S. G. Robinson.3 There are a large number of South Italian hoards of immediately pre-Pyrrhic War, Pyrrhic War or immediately post-Pyrrhic War date which might in principle contain Roman didrachms, but which in fact do not.4 This absence is intelligible

if Rome struck no coinage before about 280, well-nigh incomprehensible if she had struck didrachms since the fourth century.s For the second6 and third7 issues of didrachms, there is no firm evidence; but the fourth can be placed very closely. The system of control-marks used is an adaptation8 of that

on

a Ptolemaic series struck in honour of the deified Arsinoe II.

She and her brother-husband Ptolemy II Philadelphus were designated as the Theoi Adelphoi shortly before 272/1,9 but the sole cult of Arsinoe was not instituted 1

The latest didrachm of Neapolis in the 'Fallani' hol\rd is Sambon, no. 477,the latest in the Torchiarolo hoard is Sambon, no. 448.

The Benevento hoard (Coin hoards, no. 22) must be left out of the reckoning; the arguments of E. S. G. Robinson (NC 1945, 97) against the coherence of the hoard as reported are based on knowledge not available to A. J. Evans when he published it; his confidence in the hoard was clearly mis-placed (pace R. E. Mitchell, NC 1966,68 n. 2; MusN 1969, 55 n. 6o). a NC 1945, 97· ' The South Italian hoard itself (NC 1945,97); also Nee*, nos. 147,701 (with AIIN 1965-67, 40),772 (with AIIN 1965-67, 56), to6o (with AIIN 1965-67, 38), 1120 (with AIIN 1965-67, S6),Grimaldi 1933 (AIIN 19(io-61, 66), Metaponto 1955 (NSc 19(16, 176), Lucania 1957 - all with pieces of Tarentum of Evans's period VI; Noe•,nos. 128 897, 185, 1048,1049,1056,Taranto 1913 (AIIN 1965-67, 39),Ruvo (AIIN 1965-67, 46) - all with pieces of Tarentum of reducedweight. (I owe most of this list to C. M. Kraay.) • Three negative points may be made very rapidly. The weight standard of Rome's earliest didrachm was borrowed from Neapolis (see p. 590); the weight standards of later issues result from successive downward adjustments and do not depend on those of any other mint. The evidence provided by the overstrike of a Minerva/Horse's head bronze (no. 17/1a) on a Zeus Hellanios{Eagle bronze of Syracuse (Table XVIII, 13) is inconclusive; for the date of the undenype, probably 288{7-279{8, see R. Ross Holloway, RBN 1962, 16-17. R. E. Mitchell argues rightly (MusN 1969, 43-8) that the arguments for dating Rome's earliest didrachm based on the derivation of the obverse type from the coinage of Metapontum (R. Thomsen, ERG iii, 93-S) and on the supposed Carthaginian nature of the reverse type (R. Thomsen, ERG iii, 83-92) are weak to the point of non-existence (see also p. 713). In general, I place little weght on the 1

=

i

evidence of type parallels; even if one is certain that one type is borrowed from another, no more than a terminus post quem emerges. I regard it as probable, however, that the com-ear symbol on the reverse of Rome's earliest didrachm indicates that the mint was at Metapontum (see R. Thomsen, ERG iii, 156-7).

1 7

• •

The types of the coinage of Beneventum are copied from this issue,but after a quite uncertain intei::val 107). Arguments based on an interpretation of the types Hercules/Wolf and twins in terms of Fabian propaganda (as R. E. Mitchell, NG 1966, 66-7; MusN 1969, 56) are in my view misconceived (see p. 714n. 6). E. G. Huzar, CJ 1965-66, 337, misses this essential point. P. M. Fraser,Ptolemaic Alexandria, 215-16.

(pace R. Thomsen, ERG iii,

39

Introduction

until after her death in July 270.1 Although the Ptolemaic series could have begun in the earlier year, it is more likdy to have begun in or after 270. The Roman series can

hardly have begun till a few years later still.2

There is in any case compelling evidence for assigning it to an even later date. It is the latest of the silver issues with ROMANO and must therefore be contem­ porary with or later than the bronze issue with Minerva ROMANO/Eagle ROMANO (no. 23). And this is certainly a coin of the First Punic War. Of the pieces known to me (those listed by Bahrfeldt, together with a specimen in Oxford and a specimen in the collection of G. L. Fallani), two carry with them evidence of provenance, the specimen in Palermo and that of G. L. Fallani, from Tindari. A. Santamaria informs me in addition that he recollects two pieces passing through

his hands, both from Sicily. This strong prima facie

case

for Sicilian mintage is

reinforced by consideration of the internal evidence of the issue itself. It bears the same reverse type as an early group of the coinage of the Mamertini, an eagle on a thunderbolt,• it

uses

symbols as control-marks in the same way,• it has the same

weight standard.5 The issue

was

undoubtedly struck at Messana when Rome in

264 carried out the fateful decision to intervene on behalf of the Mamertini. The large issue of Roma/Victory ROMANO didrachms should be regarded as its contemporary and as the Roman coinage of the First Punic War. It seems probable then that the ROMA didrachms were only introduced after the First Punic War. Certainly the fust three issues are small and stylistically homogeneous, what one would expect in a period of steady, small-scale, peace-time production.8 A small hoard from Catanzaro7 confirms the view that the last of the ROMA didrachms, the quadrigatus, appeared only shortly before the Second 1 P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Auxandria, 217, cf. 228-30. 1 R. B. Mitchell's attempt to date it between 272 and 269 carries no conviction (NC 1966, 69-7o; the treatment in MwN 1969, 57 is ao brief as to be misleading); quite apan from the improbability of the view that Rome improved on the Ptolemaic system of control-marks immediately after the Ptolemaic issue began to be produced, the attribution of the largeat issue of ROMANO didrachms to a period of three years during which no major expense was incurred by the Roman state is wholly implausible. 1 M. SllrstrOm, Coinage of the Mlii'IUTtinu, Ser. ii-iv, esp. pl. v, 42; the issues are dated by SlrsttOm, p. 38, to 288-278, on no good grounds. • The Roman issue bears the control-marks plough, helmet, stork and sword, the Mamertine issues the control-marks helmet, bipennis, arrow, spearhead, spear, t (Ser. ii); spearhead (Ser. iii); thunder­ bolt, comucopiae, torch, bucranium, A, star, � (Ser. iv). 1 The Roman issue (with the exclusion of two very worn pieces in Florence and Berlin weighing 13.32 gr. and 12-44 gr.) ranges from 19.00 gr. to 15.00 gr. and has a mean (taking into account the Oxford and G. L. Fallani specimens weighing 17.12 gr. and 17.45 gr.) of 16.25 gr. The Mamertine issues have the following ranges and means: Ser. ii Ser. iii Ser. iv

21.26-13.76 gr. 19.1o-15.90 gr. 19.1o-15.28 gr.

16.78 gr. 17.43 gr. 17.05 gr.

copying of the obverse type of no. 25/1 on a Carthaginian issue (B. S. G. Robinson, Essays Mattingly, 38) is entirely intelligible on this chronology, as is the appearance of one of the ROMA bronzes (no. 26/4) asaociated with Stage II of the walls of Alba Fucens G. Menens, Alba Pucens i, 52-3). ' C. M. Kraay, in NoeJ, no. 2019.

• The

40

The pre-denarius coinage

Punic War. The hoard contains one Apollo/Horse ROMA didrachm with coins of the Brettii, a Hannibalic piece and assorted earlier issues. The absence of quadrigati from this Second Punic War hoard suggests that they had been introduced only shortly before it.1 It appears most likely, then, that the Republican silver coinage began at or about the time of the Pyrrhic war and that the ROMANO didrachms covered the period down to the end of the First Punic War; that the ROMA didrachms followed the First Punic War and that the last didrachms, the quadrigati, were introduced not long before the Second Punic War. Some confirmation for this chronology may be derived from a consideration of the bronze issues which ran parallel to the silver coinage. First, the La Bruna hoard.3 The symbolism of three of the varieties of aes signatum

which it contains is naval (see p. 718) and it is hard to imagine all or any of these being produced before Rome became a naval power during the First Punic War.' The coins associated in the hoard with these varieties of

aes

signatum were on my

view produced during the Pyrrhic War; the gap would be intolerable if they were dated much earlier.5 1

The same conclusion is suggested by the absence of wear on the quadrigati in the Syracuse hoard, buried in or after the reign of Hieronymus (see above, p. 30 n. 1). re ce of quadrigati at Selinunte dates them L. Breglia argues, AIIN 1958-59, 334, that the occurn before 250, when the site was abandoned; but the site produced a bronze of Hieronymus! It is more than doubtful whether the hoard, discussed by Breglia, consisting of didrachms of Corinth, etc., with one quadrigatus is a coherent group. 1 So Suidas, s. v. MoviJTa:, but the testimony has little value (for the view now t2ken of the etymology of the word moneta see E. Babelon, Mbn. Ac. Inscr. xxx:ix, 1914, 241; TLL, s.v.; from referring to the temple of Juno Moneta, the word carne to describe the mint there situated, then the article produced there). It seems to me worth recording my conjecture that Timaeus' interest in Mars and the October equus (see p. 713) was aroused by the fact that the types of Rome's earliest didrachm, introduced during the Pyrrhic War and hence part of Timaeus' subject-matter, were Mars/Horse's head. Tenney Frank's argument (ESAR i, 42-3), endorsed by R. E. Mitchell (MusN 1969, 42, cf. 71), that Rome could not have conquered S. Italy without minting coins in her own name is patently worthless. One might as well argue that the Phoenicians could not have become a great trading nation without minting coins. The extent of Roman intervention inS. Italy in the fourth century is irrelevant to the dating of the Republican coinage. 1 Coin hoards, no. 16. ' See Polybius i, 20, 8; 20, 13 with commentary of F. W. Walbank. 6 Although listed earlier as a group in the catalogue, the different varieties of au sigrw.tum were, I am sure, contemporary with the first four issues of aes grave (so rightly A. Alf�ldi, MDAI(R) 1961, 7o-1, who, however, mist2kenly regards issues with 'ramo secco' and fishbone types as Roman). Not only is the hoard context of aes sigrw.tum the same as that of the earliest aes grave (Ariccia and La Bruna, Coin hoards, nos. 13 and 16), but all the issues whose types convey any indication of date must be of the period of or later than the Pyrrhic War (see p. 718). It also seems to me that the notion of creating currency bars (to use a very general term) with types logically follows the notion of creating coins with types. The primitive cast bar found at Bitalemi in a sixth-century context, P. Orlandini, AIIN 1965-67, 3 and 13, has nothing whatever to do with Roman aes signarum. As for function, aes sigrw.tum can hardly have been intended for storage in the treasury, for which its types in high relief make it wholly unsuitable; nor can it be moneta privata (so F. Gnecchi, RIN 1900, 147) or Greek (soT. L. Comparette, AJN 1918, 1), since some of its types bear the legend ROMANOM (on the homogeneity of the whole group see L. Clerici, Economia, 236); nor can it be regarded as created with distinctive types to be dedicated to particular deities (so A. C. Deliperi, Numismatica 1943-45, 38), since it is usually found in fragments. The almost uniformly martial types

Introduction

Second, the Carife hoard.1 This includes five Roman semilibral semunciae,2 associated with the later stages of the quadrigarus (seep. 44); but it also contains a semuncia ofBrundisium.3 Now I believe that both the coinage ofBrundisium and

the hoard belong to the period of the Second Punic War; but the hoard cannot in any case be earlier than 244, the date of the foundation of Brundisium; and at this date there is evidendy no trace of the denarius coinage. One small piece of evidence may be adduced as militating against the dating of

the denarius to 269, the actual coinage ofBrundisium. This was begun on a post­ seems to me in the highest degreeimprobable that this

semilibral standard and it

standard would have been adopted if Rome had already adopted the sextantal standard, certainly associated with the denarius.' Finally, the Prow series of

aes

grave, contemporary with the quadrigarus,

seems

to portray a type of prow otherwise first found on the coinage of Antigonus Doson in an issue struck after 227 ;5 the quadrigarus and the Prow series of aes grave may reasonably be regarded as belonging to the same period. If then it is accepted that the Republican coinage began at or about the time of the Pyrrhic War and that the later stages took place at approximately the dates assigned to them above, it is possible by making a single, to my mind very plausible, assumption to bring the successive stages of the didrachm coinage into precise relationship with the years in which Censors held office (for the Censors and coinage seep. 6o2). The following are the years between the outbreak of the Pyrrhic War and that of the Second Punic War in which Censors who went on to complete their term of office

were elected:6 280, 275, 269, 265, 258, 252, 247, 241, 234, 230, 225, 220, twelve in all. If it is assumed that the RomajVictory didrachms which were

being struck at the outbreak of the First Punic War continued to be struck through­ out the war, something which is readily intelligible in view of their types (see p. 714), it will be seen that there

is

one issue with distinct types for every pair of Censors

from 280 down to and including 225, with the exception of those elected during the First Punic War. It remains necessary to explain the failure of the Censors of

220 to adopt new types, but I think that this is p�sible. The discrepancy in the ancient sources between 269 and 268 as the year when coinage was first struck at

t 1

suggest the hypothesis that aes signatum was created for the distribution of booty after a victory (see also below, p. 45 n. to); in any case it is clear that aes signatum, once issued, was treated as bullion­ note the piece reponed by E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, 143-5, with the Umbrian legend FVKES SESTINES, meaning 'of the forge at Sestinum' (I owe this translation toR. G. G. Coleman). Coin hoards, no. so. Not sextantes, as n i Coin hoards; seeR. Garrucci, Le monete dell' Itala i antica, pl. lxxviii, u, cited in the original publication of the hoard.

BMC Italy, Brunds i u i m, no. 6. SeeR. Thomsen, ERC ii, to6-n note that the coinage of Firmum, colonised in z64, was on a libra! standard,R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 104-6. ' R. Thomsen, ERC iii, 147-9; for the attribution of the coinage see I. Merker, MusN t96o, 39· • Of the Censors ofz7z, Z53 and z36 one died in office, the Censors ofz31 were vitio creati; the Censors ofz7z were perhaps in any case appointed with the sole purpose of building an aqueduct. 1 •

42

The pre-denarius coinage

Romel is best explained by supposing that the decision was taken in 269 and that the Censors only got round to doing something about it in 268; the Censors of 220 may not have concerned themselves with the coinage unti1219, by which time the Illyrian War and the impending

war

with Carthage perhaps sufficed to postpone a

decision to adopt new types. Two problems remain, the dating of the various phases of the quadrigatus and of the point at which the Oath-scene gold is to be placed, and the dating of the different stages of the reduction of the weight standard in the Prow series of bronze coinage. To take the latter first, it is clear that the weight standard first dropped from a notionally libral one to a semilibral one, then declined through a series of post-semilibral standards, triental, quadrantal and approximations to these.' The semilibral standard belongs, I think, in 217; although it is conceivable that the financial position was felt to be serious enough in 218 to justify a reduction in weight standard,3 I now incline to think it more likely after the defeat at Trasimene in 217;' certainly the reduction had taken place by the time of the ludi Romani in September of that year (see p. 627 n. 1).5 The point at which the semilibral standard was abandoned

can

also, I think, be

fixed with reasonable precision. When Capua rebelled in 21�215, she overstruck Roman coins of the very end of the semilibral period (see Table xvm, 1-2), which should accordingly be regarded as ending by early 215 (see also p. 31).8 The stan­ dard is probably already quadrantal (based

on

an as of four ounces) in 214; the

vast bulk of the bronze struck in Sicily before the creation of the denarius system (no. 42/2-5) is of quadrantal standard and it seems reasonable to associate this upsurge in production with the arrival of Marcellus and the beginning of serious operations against Syracuse in 214.7 The quadrantal standard will then have lasted

till the introduction of the denarius in 211. No surprise need be felt at the speed with which the Romans reduced the weight standard of their bronze coinage, from notionally libral in 218 to quadrantal in 214; the Capuan reduction proceeded with equal speed between 215 and 211. For the sources seeR. Thomsen, ERC i, 33-4; add D. Hal. xx, 17 (20, 9). For details see p. 596. See R. Thomsen, BRC ii, 27-32, for a succinct demolition of the view that Rome abandoned and then returned to a libral standard; the theory of H. Mattingly, PBA 1963, 319-25, that Rome issued libral and reduced bronze simultaneously is unlikely to commend itself. 1 Cf. Livy xxi, 16, 3-6; I adopted this view inJRS 1964, 29. ' Pliny's dating of the uncial standard Q. Fabio Maximo dictatore (NH xxxiii, 45) is a garbled memory of a monetary measure taken in c. 141 (see p. 614); but the Lex Metilia de full onibus may be an economy measure of 217. In general, I think the reduction in weight standard more likely after a year of defeats. ' For reasons which are unclear, the mint of Rome produced on the semilibral standard not only the regular Prow series of bronze, but also a collateral series with distinctive types, no. 39/1-s (R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 229-31 with decisive arguments and earlier bibliography). • Cf. Livy xxiii, 48, 9, for a (renewed) appeal to fides in the financing of the war in summer 215. 1 So already JRS 1964, 30; no arguments can be derived from the standards of the coinages of rebel communities such as Capua, Meles and Volcei (contra R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 122-9); these standards will not have been higher than the Roman, but they may well have been lower. 1

1

43

TABLE V.

The pre-denarius coinage c. 28-99, not 101-100; he holds that Saturninus• lex frumentaria was voted on between 5 December 100 (after Caepio had taken up office) and 9 December (the last day of can

be assigned to the 90S (see pp.

Saturninus• second tribunate) and successfully opposed by Caepio and that the issue of Piso and Caepio was produced in 99 without reference to Saturninus' lex frumentaria. But the manoeuvre is of linle use, since it only

manages to bring the

Narbo issue to 115, not to 114, the year for which Mattingly has most recendy argued;' it is also, I think, not to be adopted. If Saturninus' lex frumentaria were intimately connected with the disturbances which led up to his death, the silence of our abundant

sources

on these disturbances would be inexplicable. I bdieve

that Saturninus' lex frumentan'a was passed,5 that the Senate thought better of opposition and ordered Caepio and Piso (as it was entided, seep. 616) to strike to finance it. To resume the discussion of absolute chronology so far, it appears that the issue of Piso and Caepio was struck in 100, the Narbo issue in 118. The most distinctive issues of coinage between the beginning of the century and the Narbo issues are those which bear the mark of value XVI (nos. 224-8) and which reflect the re­ tariffing of the denarius at 16 instead of 10 asses. Assuming a reasonably

even

spread of coinage, these issues will belong to the late 1405; this dating is supported by the argument that the concentration of hoards in the period immediately before that of the issues with XVI results from casualties in the wars of 15o-146;8 and

if it is accepted that the issues with XVI are precisely contemporary with 1

For a model discussion of the evidence for this date

ands.

1 See above, n. 1

CR 1969, 267

·

see

T. R. S. Broughton,

MRRP

i,

578 nn. 3

1.

(see Addenda).

• See above, p. 71 n. 9· H. B. Mattingly, Rw. Arch. Narb. 19TZ, t, does not consider the argument developed in the text, and argues mainly on the basis of prosopographical speculation about the moneyers A. Manlius and L. Cosconius. 1 Though I cannot argue the point here, I believe that the law restored the Gracchan price, raised by the Lex Octavia shortly before (cf. Sallust, Hist. i, 6zM; Cic., ck off. ii, 72). • cr. PBSR t969, 78 n. 20; I DOW believe that I there date the group of hoards in question a quin­ quennium too early, but the substance of the argument is not affected.

73

Introduction

the retariffing of the denarius,1 they may be regarded as beginning in

c.

141

(seep. 613).2 The chronology of the first half of the second century has no absolutely fixed points; but most issues may, I think, be dated with reasonable certainty. If one assumes fairly continuous coinage in the period before the retariffing of the denarius, a reasonable assumption in view of the major

wars fought in the period, one arrives at a date in the middle 15os for the appearance of Victory in biga as a reverse type

of the denarius; this is the point at which the production of silver resumes after a long intermission and the resumption perhaps followed the decision in 158 to allow the silver mines of Macedonia to reopen and, presumably, to draw revenue from their functioning.3 The period of bronze coinage virtually unaccompanied by silver will have covered

perhaps fifteen years and thus have begun in about 170; some confirmation of this estimate is afforded by a

new

hoard from Thebes,' in which the Greek coins go

down to about 170 and in which there is a fresh specimen of a denarius of Matienus

(no. 162), which falls immediately before the period of bronze coinage. We are left with a period of some 35 years over which the coinage between the bronze issue with helmet and the issue of Matienus must be spread; although total precision is impossible, the dates given in the Catalogue out by more than five years either way.

are

clearly unlikely to be

To conclude the discussion of the chronology of the second century, I list a number of minor points which, although individually unimportant, cumulatively provide very strong confirmation of the dating proposed here for the period from the middle of the century onwards.

(1) An as of no. 196, which I date towards 158, turned up at Corinth in a pre146 context (Hesperia 1967, 362). (2) The reverse type of the denarius of Ti. Veturius (no. 234) portraying the foedus after the Caudine Forks cannot possibly, I think, have been produced after 137, in which year at the latest the unfavourable version of the story of the Caudine Forks became current; on my dating the issue belongs precisely to 137 (see com­ mentary on no. 234). (3) The San Giovanni Incarico hoard comes from close to Fregellae, destroyed by L. Opimius in 125 (in praetura, Asconius 17c); there is thus a presumption that the latest issue in the hoard, that of M. Porcius Laeca (no. 270), dates from no later than us. 1

In favour of this view may be urged the fact that the marks of value X and X (which

are

equivalents)

re-appear and replace the mark of value XV I; this may therefore be regardedu marking the moment when the denarius wu retaritfed. I The as Gaianuso( Statius, Silvae iv, 9. 22 is clearly anu of Caligula, not a retariffed as ofC. Gtacchus, pau H. Mattingly, PCPhS 19so-s1, 13-14. 1 Cusiodorus, sub anno 158, tMtalla in Macedonia reperta. Part of the produce of these mines was doubtless used for the coinage of the fint Macedonian region. ' BCH t969, 712.

74

The second century - absolute chronology

(4) There is on my chronology a concentration of moneyers who are attested as or who may be postulated as Gracchan supporters in 123 to 121 -C. Cato (later Cos. 114, see Cicero, de amic. 39), M. Fannius, son of the renegade Consul of 122 (Plutarch, C. Gr. 8 and 11), M. Papirius Carbo, perhaps Q. Minucius Rufus.1

(5) On my dating the two Carbones who appear as moneyers do so before rather than after the disgrace of C. Papirius Carbo in the course of 119.

(6) The Zasiok hoard comes :&om an area :&om which Roman hoards are other­ wise unknown till much later; it is perhaps to be connected with the Illyrian

cam­

paign of L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus, beginning in 119, and its latest issue, that of M. Tullius (no. 280), is thus perhaps to be dated no later than 119.

(7) Saturninus' quaestorship is undated, except that it must fall before his first tribunate; his moneyership, if one follows my arrangement of issues in this period, runs :&om 5 December 105 to 4 December 104; his quaestorship may then imme­ diately precede it, his first tribunate begin on 10 December 104.

V

THE FIRST CENTURY

From 91

onwards

the hoard evidence is prolific and dated issues, to which other

issues may be related, become increasingly frequent; the arrangement of the coinage is best discussed by presenting hoard-tables (see Tables xu-xvu) and adding some comments.

91--79 B.c. (Table xu)1 The basic chronological framework for this period is provided by the regular coinage of the mint of Rome, consisting of the issues of the moneyers and of two aedilician issues, one issue of a Praetor and one issue of a Quaestor ;8 to this chrono­ logical framework it is possible to attach the military issues of the period. Nos. 337 and 34o-4. These six issues appear together in the Fiesole hoard; a number of pieces of evidence help to establish their relative order. The 'Hoffinann' hoard has only the issues of D. Silanus and L. Piso Frugi,' the Fuscaldo hoard only

these and the issues of Q. Titius and C. Vibius Pansa; the Fiesole hoard has only two out of the three types of L. Titurius Sabinus, thus suggesting that his issue is the last of the six under discussion. Of the six, Q. Titius and C. Vibius Pansa clearly belong to the same college of moneyers as each other, since the bronze types of 1

The Tribune who set out in 121 to undo Gracchus' legislation was a Minucius Rufus, elected of course in tzz and therefore perh4ps with Gracchus' approval 1 The treatment here supersedes that in NC 1964, 141. 1 For aedilician and quaestorian issues see p. 6o3; the issue of Q. Antonius Balbus as Praetor is stylistic­ ally indistinguishable from contemporary issues of moneyers and should be regarded as supplementing their issues and not as a military issue. ' The approximate date of the 'Hoffmann' hoard is established by its inclusion of Social War denarii (for which seeM. H. Crawford, in HNJ (forthcoming)) in fine condition; it must belong close to

90-89· 75

TABLE XII.

Jj�

..

O.SILANVS L.P L.PISO L.P.N PRVGI TITI VIBIVS C.P PANSA

'

3

8:

M.CATO

L.TITVRI L.P SABINVS

CN. LBNTVL

C.CBNSORIN L.RVBRI OOSSBN

L.c.MBMIBS L.P GAL

Coinage 91-79 B.C.

J

i

..,

�

l1 12$ 22 1 10 :au 3 2 103 2 151), leat it be treated as

more

than a mere suggeation.

I E. Badian, Athenaeum 1970· 8-14. 1 The iasue may have been paid for by exactions in Gaul (Sallust, Hist. ii, 98M, 9) and may have been described by Sallust, Hist. ii, 34M, lJU(U p.cunia ad Hispanienu bellum Merellofacta �rat (d. NC 1964, 84 n. 3). There are unfortunately no substantial Iberian hoards of the late 70S and 6os which might ' Coin hoards, nos. 299-307. refl� the circulation of the issue.

S2

The fim cmtury

latter links it to the next group of issues. As for absolute date, the issue of the

Quaestor P. Lentulus must be dose to 75 or 74;1 the sequence of issues does not allow the former year, but the latter accords well; the dating of the subsequent issues is to a certain extent arbitrary and minor variations would be possible in the dates which I adopt down to the issue of Kalenus and Cordus in 70 (for which see below). No. 402 (see Addenda). I take the issue of Magnus out of sequence, since the criteria for dating it are quite different from those for dating the denarius issues of this period. The issue is clearly triumphal; three occasions are thus possible, 81,:t 71 or 61. Of these the first is excluded by the fact that Pompeius was Propraetor,

not Proconsul (Licinianus 39 Bonn), and by the fact that he did not use the tide Magnus until he was in Spain;3 the second occasio n seems more likdy than the third - it is closer to the first period of military coinage and also provides a better context for the obverse type.• Nos. 401 and 403-40. This is perhaps the most difficult period of the Republican coinage to arrange satisfactorily, at any rate if a precise arrangement is attempted; the hoard evidence hdps only with part of it and the whole period is one of great stylistic diversity. I propose to

use

the hoard evidence to establish an oudine

arrangement and then with the hdp of stylistic and prosopographical arguments to attempt somewhat greater precision.6

The two important fixed points of the period from c. 70 to 50 are the joint issue

of M. Scaurus and P. Hypsaeus as Curule Aediles in 58 and the associated issues of

A. Plautius and Cn. Plancius as Curule Aediles in 55,8 all common or very common

issues. There are no hoards containing large numbers of issues later than c. 70 which do not contain the joint issue of M. Scaurus and P. Hypsaeus; but there are six substantial hoards containing

this issue which do not contain the issues of A.

Plautius or Cn. Plancius. These hoards may all reasonably be regarded as closing before 55· They fall furthermore into two groups, the second of which (Frauendorf, Note filiation to distinguish from the Q. Cyrene 75 or 74· 1 E. Badian, Hemus 1955, 107; 1961, ZS.J. 1 Plutarch, Pomp. 13 with F. Miltner, RE Di, Z073; for the acquisition of the title see Pliny, NH vii, 96 (after the African campaign); Dio xxxvii, 21, 3 (before 6z); the title came into particular prominence after the Eastern wus G. P. V. D. Balsdon, Historia 1950, 29�; cf. Appian, Mith. sS:t), but that does not bear on the question of when the title was first used. ' See commentary on no. 402; the attribution of the issue to the period after 49, as by H. Mattingly, NC 1963, 51, is impossible - its weight standard is far too high. H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 464-s, is wrong to assert that Q. Metellu s and Magnus triumphed together in 71, cf. Inscr. It. xiii, 1, p. s6s. ' The arrangement proposed by A. .Alf'Oldi , SNR 1954, s, may safely be gn i ored; his claim that stylistic analysis provides the only valid method for investigating the chronology of the Roman Republican coinage is a mere assertion, unsupported by argument or evidence; it is also inherently implausible, see my remarks in Cqjn luxzrds, 3; stylistic analysis should only be used as a last resort. As far as this period in particular is concerned, .Alf'Oldi's arrangement collapses over his + +

s 38

+ 2

48 B.C. L.HOSTILIVS SASERNA C.VIBIVS C.F C.N PANSA ALBINVS BRVTI.F C.PANSA, ALBINVS BRVTI.F CAESAR with LII

9 2

9 1 . 1

3 1 2

2 1 1

. 2

1

1

.

+ + +

1 1

20

40 20 2

14 27

2

20 1 1

+

17

19

+

s

s

+ +

+ + +

3 6 4

+

1

+

1

47 B.C.

L.PLA VTIVS PLANCVS ALICINIVS NERVA

.

1

+

1

C.ANTIVS C.F RESTIO A.ALLIENVS PRO COS, C.CAESAR IMP COS ITER CAESAR with Venus/Aeneas carrying Anchises Q.METEL PIVS SCIPIO IMP (alone) Q.METELL PIVS SCIPIO IMP (with Legates) M.CATO PRO PR

1

5

+

2

+ + + + +

+

1 1

+

2

2

+

+ + + +

3

44 3 5 2

+ +

13

8

120 128

23

6

46 B.C.

MN.CORDIVS RVFVS T.CARISIVS C.CONSIDIVS PAETVS (CAESAR) with COS TERT DICT ITER CAESAR with Venus and Cupid/Trophy M.POBLICI LEG PRO PR, CN.MAGNVS IMP M.MINAT SABI PR Q, CN.MAGNVS IMP F \0 ...

. . .

6 1

3

2

2

.

.

2

3 2 10

+ + + + +

4

4

35 26

+ + + +

3

3 2

+

1

+ +

3

12

17 12 1 2

1

45 B.C.

L.PAPIVS CELSVS PALIKANVS L.VALERIVS ACISCVLVS SEX. MAGNVS PIVS IMP (Totals of Roman coins in each hoard

+ �

4 .

4

1 3000

730

426 1758

109

140 1208

76 1000 1520

659

400

36o)

For bibliography see Coin hoards, nos. 357, 359, 362, 365, 379, 381, 384, 388-93 (391 now re-published in AIV t968-9, 29). Issues consisting of gold or bronze only are omitted from the Table. 1

Examples of these two issues, already recorded from the Cadriano hoard, are therefore not recorded for the San Niccolo hoard, but were doubtless

present

in

it.

Introducti'on

Proquaestor in 4�48, there are no grounds whatever for attributing the issue to him or to Spain, where he served under Pompeius against Sertorius.1 Nos. 446-7 were, I

think, struck in Greece in preparation for the campaign which ended at Pharsalus.1 Nos. 448-51. The joint coinage of C. Vibius Pansa and D. Brutus shows clearly that they belong in the same year as each other; the hoards display them and L. Hostilius Saserna as the moneyers striking next after Mn Acilius. It emerges below .

that there is a full college of moneyers for each year from 47 onwards and the choice is thus whether to regard Saserna as the third moneyer of 49 or the third moneyer of 48; I have no strong views on the matter, but 49 seems to me marginally more likely to be a year with only two moneyers than 48. D. Brutus certainly belongs in

48 -he was besieging Massalia in 49 and was appointed to Gallia Transalpina late in 48 (Appian, BC iii, 197); C. Pansa was in Rome in 48 (Cicero, ad Att. xi, 6, 3; Lig. 7)- no magistracy is attested and he may be regarded as moneyer (see also P· 465 ). No. 452. The figure LII can hardly be taken as a reference to anything other than Caesar's age ;3 since the Romans seem t? have regarded a man as 30 when 30 years of his life were completed' and since Caesar was hom on 13 July 100,6 this issue belongs after 13 July 48. Its failure to appear in hoards which contain the issues of moneyers striking since the beginning of 48 is no surprise. Nos. 453--5 and 463-5. Of these six issues, all but that of C. Antius Restio occur in the Dra�evica hoard; since this is a rare issue, its absence does not prevent its belonging to the period covered by the hoard. The three issues of Mn Cordius Rufus, T. Carisius and C. Considius Paetus seem to belong together-all are enormous and their types are explicidy and predominandy Caesarian; in addition, all three moneyers seem to refer to events of 46. Given these facts and given that the .

six moneyers under discussion are to be arrang ed into the colleges of two years, it

seems best to place L. Plautius Plancus, A. Licinius Nerva and C. Restio, with their absence of emphasis on Caesar, in 47, during much of which he was still away from Rome, and the other three moneyers in 46.• No. 457· The issue belongs in 47, before the invasion of Mrica-though A. Allienus was Proconsul of Sicily from 487 and this issue describes Caesar as Cos. II (see on no. 467). The issue is of great rarity and occurs in no hoards of this period. 1 1

As in E. A.Sydenbam, CRR, 171., following Th. Moounsen, RMw, 655; H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 361-1.; cf. for the correct view T. R.S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 100 n. 7·

The two issues are of a very different style and fabric and were presumably sttuclt in different places; theil- attribution to Africa on the basis of a plated hybrid by A. Alfbldi, SM 1958, to6, does not need

discussion. 1 So tint Elberling, RBN t86o, 11.3 (unreasonable in detail); there is some later bibliography inS. L. Cesano, land. Portt. Ace. Arch. 1947-49, 109-10.

• Th. Mom.msen, St. i, 570-1. ' M. Gelzer, Cauar, t. • The affinities of the issue of L. Plautius Plancus are in one respect with the group which precedes, in that it docs not include fractions of the denarius. ' Appian, BC ii, 197 with T. R.S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 1.85 n. 6.

92

The first century

No. 456. Caesar's second dictatorship runs from October 48 to October 47 (T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 284 n. 1), his acquisition of the augurate falls in 47 (MRRP ii, 293)'; this issue therefore belongs to 47· I suspect it to be struck in the East - its style and fabric is unlike that of the issue of A. Hirtius struck in Rome in 46 and an almost uncirculated specimen which passed through the London

market in 1969 came from Greece. No. 458. This issue appears for the first time in the Dra�evica and Surbo hoards and may therefore be dated to 47-46 and assigned to the African campaign. Nos. 459-62. These issues

are

dated to 47-46.

No. 466. To judge from Caesar's tirulature, this issue belongs in early 46, before his third dictatorship ;1 46 is the year one would expect Hirtius to hold the praetorship and his striking coinage in Caesar's absence fits well with the implica­ tion of Cicero, ad Att. xii, 12, 2, that he was at that point the most important Caesarian.2 No. 467. The form of the tirulature (see above in n. 1 on p. 89) suggests that this issue was struck on Caesar's behalf by an underling without his being present at the mint himself; but it is odd that

not

only the name of this underling, but

also that of Caesar is omitted. The issue presumably belongs to the same period as no. 466; the description of Caesar as Diet. II was strictly no longer relevant (see on no. 457 and p. 736 n. 1). No. 468. This issue appears for the first time in the Vemon and (in notable quantity) Sendinho da Senhora hoards; it should be regarded as struck in 46-45 for the Spanish campaign. Nos. 469-71. These issues are dated to 46-45 and belong to Spain;3 I am not convinced that

no.

470 can be attributed to more than

one

pieces with the legend ending IMP.B are not die-linked

mint;4 it is true that the

to

the other pieces com­

prising the issue, but this is also true of the pieces belonging to the variety no. 470/td, and Buttrey has no wish to assign these latter to a separate mint. The legend IMP. B is best regarded as a blundered version of IMP. F. Nos. 472-4. The evidence of the hoards is sufficient to prove that these

are

the

last moneyers to strike before the college of 445 (on which see Q.elow); they must be assigned to 45· No. 475· This issue presumably belongs to early 45, before Caesar's Spain.6

return

from

No. 476. The date of this issue is presumably the same as that of no. 475; I do 1 Caesar's third dictatorship is from April 46 to April 45, M. Gelzer, Caesar, 293 n. S· ' For the form of the titulature, see p. 89 n. 1 above. • Note the prominence of no. 469, the issue of M. Poblicius, in the Sendinho da Senhora hoard. 4 Contra T. V. Buttrey, MusN 1960, St; cf. NC t!)6o, 94· 5 So already G. Gorini, AIV 196�, 33-4. • T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 313; for Caesar's third dictatorship see above, n. t.

93

Introdtlct'Um not think there is any valid evidence either for the mint of the issue or for the nature

of the unspecified pref�hip of C. Clovius.1 Nos. 477-9· These issues may be both dated and assigned to mints with tolerable certainty; no. 477 follows on from the coinage of Cn. Pompeius in Spain and may be attributed to late 45 and to the mint of Salpensa;2 no. 479, with which no. 478 is closely associated, bridges the period during which Sex. Pompeius is moving from Spain to Sicily; pieces of fine style, presumably early in the issue, are found in Spain/ pieces of degenerate style, presumably the result of production on a massive scale, are found in Sicily.' 44-31 B.C. (Tables XV-XVII)& No. 48o. Few will deny that internal evidence proves conclusivdy that L. Aemilius Buca, M. Mettius,P. Sepullius Macer and C. Cossutius Maridianus form the first college of Caesar's new Illlviri a.a.a.f .f. (see p. 599), striking in 44, the year in which the Senate voted to place Caesar's portrait on the coinage; for the rdative and absolute chronology of the issue within 44, see commentary on no. 480. No. 481. The titulature of this issue, which there is no reason to disbdieve, places it between 1 January and 15 February 44; the mint is presumably Rome. No. 482. The titulature on this ememdy rare issue resembles that on no. 480/3-5; there is no evidence for where it was struck. No. 483. The issue of Q. Nasidius for Sex. Pompeius (presumably), missing in hoards down to 44, appears in the Pasquariello hoard of 43 (on which see bdow, n. 6); it seems logical to suppose that since the issue makes no mention of Sex.Pompeius' tenure of the office ofPraefectus Classis, to which he was appointed in April 43, it was struck before that date; much ofit was perhaps struck at Massalia. No. 484. For the date of this issue see commentary thereon. Nos. 485-7. The evidence of the hoards places these issues between the college of 44 and that of 42;• it is also reasonable to suppose that gold issues of moneyers are inaugurated with the portrait gold of 42; if this is right, these three moneyers Contra S. L. Ccsano, Rend. Pont. Ace. Arch. 1947-49, 13�1 (opting for an urban prefectship; but in that cue one would expect the full titulature, cf. DO. 475); M. Grant, PITA, 7-11 (opting for a prefectship colo,UU deduundlu and citing Cicero, jam. xili, 7; but one would expect a mention of C. Ooviua' colleagues); A. AlfOldi, Melanges Carccpino, 3�1 (opting for a naval prefectship in Cyrenaica; the evidence for an Italian mint cited by Grant ia enough to refute this suggestion). The only aort of prefectship which would be explained without more ado by the striking of coins would be a prefectahip monetaeferiwulae. 1 T.V. Buttrey, NC 196o, 97; the letter Bon some pieces should be regarded as a casual survival of the letter B on aome pieces of the ooinage of Cn. Pompeius; the absence of the letters SAL on aome other pieces does not prove that they were struck at a different mint. 1 M. Bahrfeldt, Bl4tUrfiir Manzjreund1 193�33, 755· • In notable quantities in the excavations of Morgantina; cf. alao L. La1franchi, Boll. Circ. Num. Nap.

1

1917,

::u.

this period to a shambles.

6

F. L. Ganter, ZJN 1895, 183, reduces

•

See Table xv for the Pasquariello, Potenza and San Bartolomeo hoards; note alao the Florence and Thrace hoards (Coin hoardJ, nos. 399 and 402).

94

The first century

must be placed earlier. L. Flaminius Chilo announces on his coins that he is the first of his college of moneyers to strike ;1 since they bear the portrait of Caesar, they

can hardly precede

the coup d'etat of Octavian; the early part of 43 is thus

without moneyers' issues (see p. 640). Nos. 488-9. M. Antonius appears to strike two parallel issues commentaries on

nos

.

(for the

dates see

488-9); the first, which uses his portrait, is continued by his

main sequence of coinage as Illvir r.p.c.1 No. 490· The issue is adequately dated by its developing titulature. No. 491. For the date of this issue see T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, 338 and commentary on no. 491. Nos. 492-3. These issues are clearly celebration issues to mark the formation of the Triumvirate; there is an absolute continuity of style

between the portraits

of

M. Antonius

on no. 488 and on no. 492 and between the portraits of Octavian on 490 and on no. 493 (see Pl. LVIII; note also the size of the dots of the border on nos 490/1-2 and 493). The titulature on no. 493 picks up that on no. 490/1-2, no.

.

substituting IIIVIR R.P .C. for COS.; IMP.

goes back to the beginning of career (see p. 740 n. 4) and has nothing to do with the battle

Octavian's military of Philippi.�

No. 494· For the association of L. Livineius Regulus, P. dodius, L. Mussidius

Longus and C. Vibius Varus in a college and their dating to 42, see T.V. Buttrey, Portrait gold, 32-44. No. 495· The style of this issue is unlike anything else in this period; this fact and the fact that the titulature of Lepidus includes PONT .MAX. suggest that the issue was struck by Lepidus h.imself; for the occasion of the issue see com­ mentary on no. 495· No. 496. The issues of M. Antonius of 41 are dated on internal grounds; this issue seems to me to precede them and I here tabulate what I believe to be the stylistic developments involved: leads

No. 492

No. 494/17 and 32 lead New engraver for

to

to

no. 496/1 (rev., Temple) which leads to

no.

516/4-s

no. 496/2 (rev., Sol)

496/3 (rev., Sol) which leads to no. 516/1-2 and thence to rest of coinage of M. Antonius. no.

The coins illustrated on Pls. LVIII-Ull present the evidence for this picture; three brief

comments are necessary. Within no.

steadil.Y larger; no

.

1 1

1

496/3 the head of M. Antonius is becoming 516/3 combines the styles of no. 516/1-2 and of no 516/4-5 .

Not the fint Illlvir, u F. L. Ganter, ZfN 1895, 184. The coinage of M. Antonius will for the most have been struck in a moving with him; the article of H. Mattinaly, NC 1946, 91, ia an entirely attempt to use the silly remark of Servius (on Vergil, Am. vii, 684) about coinqe atruclt in the name of Cleopatra (I) at Anapia in order to

part

forlom

attribute most of Antonius' coinage to a mint at Anapia. Conna M. Bahrfddt, G�mprllpnf, 14·

95

mint

TABLE XV.

The moneyers 44-c. 40 B.C.

�B

I

:5 �

L �a' 0 f.'! 5

�� ... 0

ll. ·r:: •

�8 ! 0 �� f! a

��

ll.

(I)

z

1 z

ll. .� "CC � (I)

'8u

f-o

I I § a

e

... "'

'>




2) s

2

s

) l l .. l

.. 2

RPC AVG u i( ue of aold only)

42 B.C.

41

. (no. 100/ta) overstruck on a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). Bahrfeldt 19. Non

vidi.

(a) Riccio, 33.41 gr. go. As with CIA (no. 100/1b) overstruck on (a) Hannover 1533. 13.11 gr.

an uncertain

114

semis. Hersh 70.

Overstrikes TABLB XVIII

(cont.)

91. Trienswith CIA (no. 100/3)overstruckona broozeof0eniadae(BMC77wsaly,Oeniadae, no. 6). Bahrfeldt 21; Gabrici 12; Hersh 14(a) Hannover 1538, 7·75 gr. (b) Naples, 81572, 7.30 gr. (c) Berlin, 7201}F, 6.96 gr. (d) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 6.70 gr. (e) Paris, A3o82, 6.43 gr. (A., pl. ci, 8). (f) Paris, A3o83, 6.32 gr. (g) Turin, 6.26 gr. (h) Paris, A3o85, 6.18 gr.

(i) Berlin, 7228}F, 6.04 gr. (j) Oxford, 6.02 gr. (k) Turin, 6.01 gr. (1) Rome, Museo Nazionale, 6.00 gr. (m)BMCRR Italy 286, 5·90 gr. (n) Hersh, 5.82 gr. (o) Berlin, Imhoof-Blumer 1900, 5.76 gr. (p) Hersh, 5.18 gr. (q) Paris, A3091, 5.13 gr. (A., pl. ci, 10).

(r) Turin, 4-95 gr. (s) Paris, Z3158, 445 gr. (t) Munich, 4·40 gr. 92. Trienswith CIA (no.1oo/3) overstruck on a bronuHerculesfPegasus(no.27/3). Bahrfeldt 23. Non vidi. (a) Berlin. (C. A. Hersh cited in R. Thomsen, ERC i, 131 n. 6.) 93· Triens with C lA (no. 100/3) overstruck on a collateral semuncia (no. 39/5). Bahrfeldt 24; Gabrici 13. Non vidi. (a) Riccio. 94· 22.

(a)

Triens with CIA (no. 100/3) overstruck on a post-semilibral uncia (no. 41/10). Bahrfeldt

Non oidi.

Berlin.

95· Triens with CIA (no. 100/3) overstruck on a bronze of the Acamanian League (BMC ThesUJJy, Acamanian League, no. 21). Hersh 15. (a) BM, 7·45 gr. (b) Paris, A3084, 6.22 gr. (c) Turin, 6.02 gr. (d) Paris, A3o88, 5.84 gr. (A., pl. ci, 9). (e) Paris, A3o89, 5·11 gr. (f) Paris, A3090, 5.70 gr. (g) Hersh, 5·37 gr. (h) Hersh, 4-95 gr. (i) Munich, 4-70 gr.

115

Introduct£on

TABLE XVIII

96. Semis with staff (no. 106/5) overstruck (wrongly described). (a) Cambridge, 22.02 gr.

on

(cont.) a semilibral sextans (no. 38/5). Hersh 46

91· Triens with staff (no. 1o6/6a) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Bahrfeldt 2 and 10 (latter wrongly described); Hersh 54· (a) Paris, A2422, 12.28 gr. (b) Paris, A2423, 11.99 gr. (A., pl. Jxxxvi, 17). (c) Vicarello find. (d) Paris, A978, 14.01 gr. (A., pl. lx, 13). 98. Triens with staff (no. 1o6/6b) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Hersh 54· (a) Rome, Capitol 412, 14.75 gr. (b) BMCRR Italy 73, 13.74 gr. (c) Rome, Capitol4o8, 11.05 gr. (d) Paris, A990, 10.91 gr. 99· Quadrans with staff (no. 1o6/7a) overstruck on a semilibral uncia (no. 38/6). Bahrfeldt 30 (wrongly described). (a) Paris, A2428, 14.87 gr. (b) Vienna, 12.00 gr. 100. Sextans with staff (no. 1o6/8b) overstruck on a collateral semuncia (no. 39/5). Bahrfeldt 26. (a) Paris, A2536, 4.96 gr. (A., pl. lxxxvii, 11). 101. Sextans with staff (no. 1o6/8b) overstruck on a semilibral semuncia (no. 38/7). Hersh 56. (a) Hannover 308, 4·75 gr. 102. As with N (no. 136/2) overstruck on an uncertain semis. (a) Oxford, 27.10 gr. 103. Denarius with anchor (no. 165/1a) overstruck on an uncertain denarius with incuse legend. Bahrfeldt 1. (a) Masera hoard 304. Vidi. 104. As with 1' (no. 177/1) overstruck on a bronze of Ptolemy VI Philometor a. N. Svoronos, no. 1424). Bahrfeldt 35; Hersh 12. (a) Paris, A365o, 23.30 gr. (A., pl. ex, 8). 105. As of Murena (no. 186/1) overstruck on a Ptolemaic bronze a. N. Svoronos, no. 448 or 509). Hersh 11. (a) Hannover 1781, 39.10 gr. 1o6. As with star (no. 196/1) overstruck on a semis of C. Saxula (no. 173/2). Bahrfeldt 16. (a) Paris, AF (among pieces of C. Saxula), 10.74 gr. 107. Semis of M. Vargunteius (no. 257/2) overstruck on an uncertain triens. (a) Paris, A16o14, 9.85 gr. 108. Denarius of L. Flaminius Cilo (no. 302/1) overstruck on a denarius of P. Nerva (no. 292/1). (a) Berlin. (M. Bahrfeldt, Nachtriige i, 116.) 116

Ooerstrikn TABLE XVIII (cont.) 109. Quadrans ofL. Memmius

Gtl. (no. 313/4) overstruck on a quadrans of M. Hercnruus

(no. 308/3). (a) Paris, A10253, 5·93 gr. 110. Denarius of A. Albinus (no. 335/1o) overstruck on a denarius of A. Albinus (no. 335/9). (a) Paris, A14464, 3.80 gr. 111. Denarius of C. Vibius Pansa (no. 342/5b) overstruck

on

a denarius of Q. Titius (no.

341/1). Hersh 72. (a) Paris, A16456, 3.00 gr. 112. Denarius of M. Plaetorius Cestianus (no. 405/5) overstruck

on

a denarius of L. Bursio

(no. 352/1). Hersh 73· (a) Hersh, 3·94 gr. 113. Denarius of Brutus (no. 433/1) overstruck on an uncertain Dioscuri denarius. Bahrfeldt 17; Hersh 74· (a) Berlin. 114. Denarius combining obverse of no. 488/1 with reverse of no. 489/1 (both issues of M. Antonius) overstruck on a denarius of Cn. Lentulus (no. 393/1), which is plated, a fact presumably not apparent at the time of overstriking. (a) BM, 3·45 gr. 115. Bronze of

Oct.avian (no. 535/1) overstruck on an as of Sex. Pompeius (no. 479/1).

(a) Paris, A14183, 16.20 gr.

(b) Paris, A14185, 15.52 gr. 116. Bronze of Oct.avian (no. 535/2) overstruck (a) Hannover, 22.80 gr.

on

a Ptolemaic bronze.

(non vidi) Concordance to Table XVIII

Bahrfeldt 1

103

2 3

97 15 18

4 5 6 7 8 9

76 18 97

11 12 13

44 29

114

19

89

20

28 91

24 25 26 27

26

Crawford

17 18

21 22 23

20 15

10

14 15 16

Bahrfeldt

Crawford

94 92 93 9 100 cf. 12

28 29 30 31

1o6

32

117

63 99 64

Introduction

Concordance to Table XVIII (cont.) Bahrfeldt

Bahrfeldt

Crawford 6o 14 24 42 53 41 51 49

44

46 23 6s 62 66 61 51

45 46 41 48 49 so 51 52 53 54 ss s6

Hersh

Crawford

Henh

Crawford

33 34 35 36 31 38 39 40

41 42 43

Crawford 11 40 104

1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

39 11 21 105 104

20

22

21

22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33

34 45 63 14 24 and 10 31

34 35 36 31 38 39

42

40

41

42

43

44

45 46 47 48 49 so 51 52 53 54 ss s6 51

40

91 95 47 49 51, cf. so 13 64 23 and 10 6s 65 65 46 8o 62 66 6t 61 10 3

ss

59 6o 61 62 63 64 6s 66

us

45

s 4 1 2 15 18 20 16 19 25 72 69 96 and 34 bis 43 21 36 29 37 44

6o and 6 1 9 7 and 98 74 101 75 79 81 and 85 30 83 26 ss 82 88 59 and 6o

Overst�s Concordance to Table XVIII (cont.) Hersh

Crawford

Hersh

Crawford

71

28

72

112

73 74

113 114

This Table owes an immense amount to the fundamental articles of M. Bahrfeldt, ZfN 1895, 72, and of C. A. Hersh, NC 1953, 33, although checking has in some cases enabled corrections to be made; the two articles, together with that of E. Gabrici, Boll. Circ. Num. Nap. 1947-48,29, are cited by author's name alone after the description of individual overstrikes; for other abbreviations, see p. 123; for collections cited, see p. 126. Concordances with the lists of Bahrfeldt and Hersh are given above; the following overstrikes listed by Bahrfeldt are not listed here:

contra

No. 11

Not an overstrike at all, Bahrfeldt.

No. 14 No. 15

A re-strike of semis. Not an overstrike at all, contra both Bahrfeldt and E. J, Haeberlin, Aes grave, 129 (who, unlike Bahrfeldt, gives the correct inventory number, F 139), but an example of no. 97/sc, a quadrans with the obverse type of a sextans, whence the confusion. Hopelessly uncertain. Gabrici 2; probably autonomous Luceria overstruck on Rome. Probably Venusia overstruck on Rome.

No. 18 No. 28 No. 32 No. No. No. No. No.

36 37 53 54 56

both Ailly ii, 190 (pl. lxvi, 9- Paris, A1251) and

Same as no. 39· Same as no. 40· Dubious. Dubious. Dubious.

This Table lists a number of overstrikes which have been taken from older publications without being checked; they are marked'Non Wli'. Although there is nothing difficult about them, no use is made of them in my discussions of the chronology of the Roman Republican coinage. They figure here simply for the sake of completeness.

119

CATALOGUE

NOTE ON USE OP THE CATALOGUE For each issue I give, where relevant, the following information: Identification

of issuing

authority

Mint

Date

References to earlier literature and to discussion in Introduction Description of content of issue (with citation of actual example

for each type)

Discussion of numismatic problems within issue Prosopographical commentary Commentary on types

Mint and tUJte are normally given without qualification; for discussion see reference t o Introduction. Where an issue consists of cast and struclc pieces, the two fabrics are explicitly distinguished. Certain standard

types are fully

described only on their first appearance.

Most earlier errors of description are tacitly corrected (to correct them explicitly would double the length of this book ). In the Appendix there may be found lists of noteworthy pieces which are modern forgeries, misread, etc.; a cross-reference to a number followed by an asterisk refers to this Appendix. Size of issue is variously indicated; an attempt has been made to compute the number of dies used for precious metal issues (see pp. 64-94); since there is no way of computing the number of moulds used for a cast bronze issue, I have here simply recorded the number of pieces listed by Haeberlin; in order to provide a basis of comparison, I have then simply recorded the numbers of pieces listed by Haeberlin and Bahrfeldt for all the struck bronze issues contemporary with the cast bronze coinage. It would be theoretically possible to compute the numbers of dies used for struck bronze issues of the denarius coinage, but would in view of the poor state of preservation of most pieces lead to conclusions of very dubious value; I have preferred to record the number of pieces of each issue in Paris, for it is clear that Ailly (whose collection makes up the vast bulk of the Paris collection) bought as much as possible of this class of coinage and his collection may consequently be taken as representing fairly accurately the relative rarity or commonness of each issue. The weight standard of each issue is again variously given; for cast bronze issues I have simply given the as-averages worked out by Haeberlin; for silver and struck bronze issues down to no. 24 I have given the averages worked out by C. A Hersh, NC 1964, 35o-1 and Bahrfeldt respectively. From no. 25 onwards I have attempted to guess at the theoretical standard of an issue, basing my guess on the average of pieces in Paris, London and Hannover (for the procedure involved seep. 592; for the emergence of the scruple as the unit of weight on which coin weights are based see p. 590). The control-marks used on an issue are sometimes listed in the course of the discussion of the numismatic problems within an issue, sometimes tabulated separately. ABBREVIATIONS USED AND WORKS CITED IN HEADINGS OP THE CATALOGUE I here list, with abbreviations where they exist, works cited at the head of each issue of nos. 480 and 494 also a t the head of each variety).

(in

the

case A

P.-P. Bourlier,

Baron

d'Ailly, Recherches sur Ia monnaie

romaine,

Lyon,

1864-9· (For signed issues, reference is given to volume and page, for anonymous issues of the denarius coinage reference is given not only to volume and page, but also to plate and number.) Alfoldi

A. AlfOldi, Zur Auswertung tier Chr. (see Bibliography).

123

Miinzqwllen der Geschichte desJaJrres 44 v.

Catalogue A. Alfoldi, SM 1971, 85,'Zu den sizilischen Priigungen Caesars'. E. Babelon, Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de Ia ripublique

B. Bf. Bf., Monete

romaine,Paris, 1885-6. M. Babrfeldt, Nachtriige und Berichtigungen zur Miinzkunde der ROmischen Republik, i-iii, Vienna, 1897-1918. M. Babrfeldt, RJN 1899,387 and 1900,11,'Le monete romano-campane'.

romano­

cam pane Bf., Goldmiin­

zenpriigung

T.V. Buttrey,

Portrait gold

Haeberlin

M. Babrfeldt, Die Riimische Goldmiinzenpriigung, Halle, 1923. M. Babrfeldt, NZ 1881,178,'Unedirter Denar des Allius'. M. Babrfeldt, NZ 1909, 67, 'Die letzte Kupferpragungen der Romischen Republik'. M. Bahrfeldt,J/AN 1909-10,94,'M. Antonius, Octavia und Antyllus'. M. Bahrfeldt, Berliner Miinzblatter 1916, 6os, 'Der Romische As-Fund von Orbetello'. M. Bahrfeldt, Frankfurter Milnzzeitung, 1917, 241, 'Ober das Goldstiick mit CAESAR DICT ITER'. M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fiJr Miinzfreunde 192o-3, 364, '0ber das sogennante Anderthalb-Sesterzstiick'. M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde 1924-6,65, 'Das semunziale Kupfer mit der Prora nach Links'. M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fiJr Miinzfreunde 193o-3,241, 'Romische Goldmi.inzen'. M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter filr Milnzfreunde 193o-3, 679, 'Meine numismatische Reise in Spanien undPortugal'. M. Bahrfeldt, Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde 1934-6, 49, 'Bin rotnisch-kam­ panisches Zweilitrenstiick'. T.V. Buttrey, MusN 196o, 75, 'The denarii of Cn. Pompeius Jr and M. Minatius Sabinus'. T.V. Buttrey, MusN 196o,95,'The denarius ofP.Ventidius'. T.V. Buttrey, NC 196o,83, 'The "pietas" denarii of SextusPompey'. T.V. Buttrey, Studia Oliveriana 1963, 7, 'The unique "as" of Cn. Piso Frugi an unrecognised semuncial dupondius'. T.V. Buttrey, The Triumviral portrait gold of theQuattuorviri Monetales of 42 B.C., New York, 1956. F. Capranesi, Bullettino 1835,43,'Monete inedite di recente scoperta'. R. A. G. Carson, BMQ 1955,11, 'The gold stater of Flamininus'. L. Cesano, NSc 1928, 83, 'Ripostiglio di "aes signatum" e di "aes grave'". M. H. Crawford, NC 1965,149,'N. Fabi Pictor'. M. H. Crawford, NC 1970,51, 'An early hoard of victoriati'. M. H. Crawford, NC 1971,143,'C. Censorin'. E. Gabrici, Corolla Numismatica, 98, 'Monete inedite o rare del Museo Nazionale di Napoli'. F. Gnecchi, RJN 1903,383, 'Un denaro repubblicano ignoto'. H. A. Grueber, Corolla Numismatica, 115,'The coinage ofLuceria'. T. Hackens, RBN 1962, 29,'Considerations sur le poids du denier vers la fin de la republique '. E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1910. C. A. Hersh, NC 1952,52,' Sequence marks on the denarii ofP. Crepusius'. E. Leuthold, RJN 1958, 21, 'Di alcuni simboli poco noti sui denari di L. Papius e di L. Roscius Fabatus'. D. E. D. Miiller, Menwrie numismatiche, Rome, 1847. J. Neudek, NZ 1872, 15, 'Unedirte oder sehr seltene Mi.inzen meiner Sammlung rOmischen reducirten Consular-Kupfer'.

124

Abbreviations used and fOOrks cited in the Catalogue

RE

G. de Petra, Rendiconco delle tornate e dti lavori della R. Accadtmia di Archtologia, Lettere e Belle Arti in Napoli 1887, 19, 'Asse con PeL'. Paulys Rtal-Encycloptidie dtr classischm Altertumswissenschaft. Neue Bcar­ beitung, Stuttgart, 1894 onwards. K. Samwer and M. Bahrfeldt, Geschichtt des iilterm Romischen Mimzwesms (see Bibliography). C. H. V. Sutherland, NC 1938, 129, 'A Republican dextans found in Somerset'.

s. w.

E. A. Sydenham, The coinage of the Roman Republic, London, 1952. H. Willers, Geschichte der ROmischm KupferprtigUtllf , Leipzig and Berlin, 1909. H. Zehnacker, BSFN 1966, 38 (dealing with no.

77).

COLLECTIONS CITED IN THE CATALOGUE Alba eli Massa hoard*-Cmn lwards, no.

289.

A AJ.fijldi, Mllatwu Carropirw, 25- See Bibliography. Alife hoard* -Coin lwards, no. 234Amaseno hoard* -Coin lwards, no. 265. ANS =American Numismatic Society, New York, U.S.A* ANS, HSA =American Numismatic Society, Hispanic Society o f America Collection*. Ars Classica ii, xii, xv and xviii.t Athens, Numismatic Museum.* Avola hoard*- Cmn lwards, no. 128. Azaila hoard- Photographs from G. K. Jenkins- Cmn lwards, no. 220. Ball

9/2/1932.t

Banzi hoard*- Cmn lwards, no. 157.

Bari, Museo Nazionale. * Basel, Historisches Museum.* Bastianelli Collection- G. de Falco, Listino no. 83. Beauvoisin hoard* -Coin !wards, no. 459, in Musee de Saint-Germain-en-!..aye. A de Belfort, ASFN 1883, 245, 'Recherches des monnaies romaines impenales non decrites par Cohen'. Bellicello hoard*-Coin lwards, no. 2S7· Berlin*- H. Dressel, Beschreilnm.gderamiken Miinzeniii, 1, pp.165-79,DOS.1-171, Berlin,189+ Bern, Historisches Museum*-R. Wegeli and P. Hofer, DU Miinzen, 1923. BM* = British Museum (see also under R. A. G. Carson). BM photo-file.* BMC Italy = A catalogue of Gretk cmns in the British Museum. Italy, London, 1873. BMCRR = H. A. Grueber, Cmns of the Roman Republic in the British Museum, London 1970 (corrected reprint). Bologna* -Cat. = La moneta di Rom4 repubblicana. Storia e civilta di un popolo. Catalogo a cura di F. PamJini Rosati, Bologna, t¢6. Bonazzi Collection- Ratto 23/1/1924.t Borghesi Collection-Raffaele Dura 2/4/t88tt (withdrawn) = Sangiorgi t9/t/t893t (a relic of the collection = Drouot 25/S/t908t). Bornemann Collection- cited by &hrfeldt. Brandis Collection- Canessa 22/S/1922.t Brandosa hoard* -Coin !wards, no. 352. Brindisi, Museo Provinciale.* Browne Collection- Sotheby 2S/3/193S·t Brunacci Collection- Santamaria 24/2/t958.t Brussels, Biblioth�que Royale.* BudapC":St, National Museum. Butler Collection- Sotheby 3/7/1911.t

30/5/t932.t Caiazzo hoard = Berlin- Coin !wards, no. 423· Cahn

?Caiazzo hoard = BM (cf. A. de Belfort, ASFN 1883, 245). = Paris (cf. H. Cohen, Description, xxviii). Caltrano Vicentino hoard*- Coin !wards, no. 113. Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum*- H. Mattingly, NC 1956, 163, 'Rare and unpublished coins •. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College.* Cappelli Collection - cited by AJ.fijJdi for no. 480. F. Capranesi, Annali 1839 , 28o- See Bibliography.

Caiazzo hoard

126

Collections cited in the

Catalogw

F. Capranesi, Anna li 1842, 134- See Bibliography. Capua, Museo Provinciale Campano.* Carbonara hoard Bari* -Coin hoards, no. 443· Carbonara hoard Naples*- Coin hoards, no. 443· R. A. G. Carson, NC 1959, t, 'Roman coins acquired by the British Museum, 1939-1959'. Castagneto hoard Berlin- Coin hoards, no. 527. Cazlona hoard- Coin hoards, no. 188. Cerreto Sannita hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 155. Cina Ducale hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 97· CittA Sant'Angelo hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 129. Clarke Collection*- bequeathed to BM. Copenhagen, Nationalmuseet* and Thorvaldsenmuseet.* Cordova hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 184; NC 1969, 85. Cosa hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 313. Crawford Collection on deposit in Fitzwilliam Museum.* =

=

=

Cuzzi Collection - Baranowslty 9/12/1929.t

Depoletti Collection- Capobianchi 6/3/1882.t Drouot 30/tt/1967·t Earle Fox Collection- some casts in BM.* Fallani Collection.* Fenelon Farez Collection- cited by Bahrfeldt. Fiesole, Museo Civico (excavation coins).* Florence, Museo Archeologico.* Fontanarosa hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 141. Fiintenberg Collection- cited for Table XVIII, 69. Gabrici Collection- cited by Gabrici on overstrikes (see Table XVIII). Gallignano hoard - Coin hoards, no. 505. Gariazzo Collection- cited for Table xvm. R. Garrucci, u monete delf Italia antica, Rome 1885. Gerona - Museo del Palacio de Perelada- M. Golobardes Vila, MOtUtarro, 1957. Gioia dei Marsi hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 213. Glasgow, Hunterian Museum.* Glendining 7/1/1971.t F. Gnecchi, RIN 1889, 151, 'Monete della repubblica '. F. Gnecchi, RIN 1896, 11, 'Monete della repubblica'. Gotha, Schlossmuse um- cited by Bahrfeldt. Grazzanise hoard* -Coin hoards, no. 349· Greau Collection- Hoffmann t9/5/1869.t Gusberti Collection- Santamaria 21/11/1932.t Haeberlin Collection- Cahn-Hess 17/7/1933.t Haeberlin Collection Berlin*- K. Regling, Berliner Musun 1934, 22, 'Aus der Sammlung Haeberlin (apart from buying at the auction sale of Haeberlin's gold and silver coins, the museum acquired his collection of bronze coins entire). Hague, Koninldijk Kabinet van Munten en Penningen.* Haines Collection Binningham* Hall Collection- Glendining 19/7/1950.t =

•

=

Hamburger xcvi.t Hannover, Kestnermuseum.* Hersh, followed by a number- C. A. Hersh, in Mints, dies and currmcits, 9· Hersh Collection* - cited by Hersh on overstrikes (see Table xvm). Hess 7/3/1935.t Hess- Leu iii, vii and xxii. t Hinch xuiii.t 127

Catalogue Illinois University- photographs supplied by R. E. Mitchell. Imhoof-Blwner Collection - cited by Bahrfeldt. Jameson Collection- Feuardent 9/6/1913.t Johnson Collection- cited for Table XVIII, :u. Von

Kaufmann Collection- cited by Bahrfeldt.

Kiev Museum-cited by Haeberlin. Kircher*-former collection of Jesuit Collegio Romano, in part in Museo Nazionale (see L. Cesano, AIIN 1915,49,'11 medagliere dell'ex-Museo Kircheriano'). Korosszakal hoard- KiiUinlenyomat a Debreceni Diri Mtlzeum Kunst und Miinzen 29/5/1969.t

1967,67.

La Bruna hoard-Coin hoards, no. 16. Lagoy Collection- cited for Table xvm. Lawrence Collection- Glendining 7/12/1950.t Leipzig, University- cited by Bahrfeldt. Leningrad, Hermitage.* Leu 2.t Lisbon, National Library- cited by Bahrfeldt. Mabbott Collection- Schulman 27/to/196<J.t Maccarese hoard*-Coin Jwards, no. 309· Madrid, Museo Arque6logico Nacional* - M. L6pez Serrano, Num. Maille hoard-Coin Jwards, no. 488.

Hisp. 1960,125.

Mainz, Stadtarchiv.* Mancini Collection-cited by Bahrfeldt. Martinetti Collection- Sambon 18/11/1907 (mingled in sale catalogue with Nervegna Collection).t Martinetti-Nervegna Hannover.* Martini Collection-Ratto 24/2/1930.t Masera hoard*-Coin Jwards, no. 162. I. Maull, Blatter fiir Miinzfreunde 1956, 433, 'Ein unveroffentlichte Sesterz von L. Valerius =

Acisculus '. Mayer Collection- cited for Table xvm. Mazin hoard -Coin Jwards, no. 142. Merzbacher 2/11/1909 and 15/tt/19to.t Milan, Museo Civico*- numbering used that of repubblicana, Milan, 1960.

G. G. Belloni, Le monete romane dell'eta

Minturno hoard-Coin Jwards, no. 98. Walcher de Molthein-Catalogue de la ccllection des midailles grecques de M. le Chevalier Uopold Walcher de Molthein, Paris and Vienna, 1895. A. Moneta Collection- Ratto 12/5/1925.t Montagna di Marzo hoard*-Coin hoards, no. 99· Montsgu Collection- Rollin and Feuardent t9/4/t896.t Monte Carotto hoard* -Coin hoards, no. 175. Montoro Inferiore hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 143. Morcom and Hands Collections- Ratto 8/2/1928.t

Moscow, Fine Arts Museum.* Moscow, Historical Museum- A. M. Podshivalov, Numismatic cabinet, Moscow, Miin.zen und Medaillen 2, 13, 19,25 and 43.t

1884.

Munich, Staatliche MiinZ!.Imu ml ng.* Naples, Museo Nazionale*- S followed by a number: Collezione Santangelo (Greek- see

G. Fiorelli, Catalogo del Museo Naziqnale di Napoli. Collezione Santang•lo Monete greene, Naples, 1886); F followed by a number: Collezione Generale (Greelc:- see G. Fiorelli, 128

Collections cited in the Catalogue CatakJgo Monete greche, Naples, 1870, Roman- see G. Fiorelli, CatakJgo ...Monete romane, Naples, 1870) (See also E. Gabrici, Corolla Numismatica, 98, 'Monete inedite o ..•

rare'). Fonnerly Narbonne Museum- cited by Bahrfeldt. New York, Metropolitan Museum- collection largely on deposit at ANS.* Nordheim Collection- Glendining 9!3/1931.t

O'Hagan Collection- Sotheby 13/7/1908.t G. N. Olcott, AJN 1902-3, 104, 'Notes on Roman coins'. Oman Collection- Christie 2/7/1C)68.t P. Orsi, NSc 1909, 67- an excursus in the publication of the Barrafranca hoard. Oslo, Myntkabinett.* Ossolaro hoard -Coin hoards, no. 390· Ostia hoard* -Coin hoards, no. 126. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum.* Padova hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 391. Padova, Museo Civico.* Padova, Seminario Vescovile- cited by Bahrfeldt. Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale*- A followed by a number: Collection d' Ailly (see RN 1874-7, 474)-A(ncien) F(onds) (Collection de Luynes, Collection Valton (see RN 1911, 166; 1912, 41), Collection Rothschild. Parodi Collection- Ratto 31/5/1898.t Perdas de Fogu hoard -Coin hoards, no. 100. Pesaro, Biblioteca Olivieriana.* Petacciato hoard* -Coin hoards, no. 149. Philippe Collection-Ratto 9/10/1934·t Philipsen Collection- Hirsch xv.t Platt Collection- Drouot 28/6/1923.t Pontecorvo hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 311. Prix Collection- Helbing 29/4/1931.t Prowe Collection - cited by Bahrfeldt. Prowe Collection- Hess 2o/5/1912.t Quadras y Ramon Collection- Catalogo de Ia coleccion de mmudas y medal/as de Manuel Vidal Qtuulras y Ramon, Barcelona, 1892. Roman Republican section sold by Bourgey 4/11j1913.t Rashleigh Collection- Glendining 14/1/1953.t Ratto 4/4/1927.t Ravenna, Museo Archeologico.* G. Riccio, CatakJgo di antiche medoglie consolari, Naples, 1855 (supplements published in 1856 and 1861). Ricina hoard- Coin hoards, no. 201. Rio Marina hoard* - Coin hoards, no. 3o6. Rochetta a Volturno hoard*-Coin hoards, no. 133. Rome, Capitol*- (for the history of the collection see BCAR 1891, 1; 181)6, 293; G. Cimino, Tesoro di Via Alessandrina, Perugia, 1940; Capitolium 1C)6o, 10, 3; M. Panvini Rosati Cotel­ lessa, Seconda Mostra del Medagliere Capitolino in occasione del Congresso lnternazionale di Numismatica, Roma, settembre 1961) . Rome, Museo Nazionale.* Rome, Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi)*-L. Cesano, AI/N 1925, 193; the remains of the Kircher Collection are also here. Rous Collection-Bourgey 29/5/19tt.t Ryan Collection-Glendining 20/2/1951 (gold) , 2/4/1952 (silver and bronze).t

129

Catalogue A.

von Sallet, ZJN 1875, 86, 'Denar mit A Nerva '.

Sandes (Collection) = Berlin.* San Giuliano hoard*-Coin hoards, no. 365. San Lorenzo del Vallo hoard*- Coin hoards, no. Santa Anna hoard- Coin hoards, no. 407· Santa Marinella hoard*- Coin hoards, no. Sarti Collection-Hirsch viii.t

195·

21.

Schwing Collection-Ratto 1/12/1932.t Scullard Collection- cited for Table xvm. Seaby-GlenWning 15/7/1929.t Siena, Museo Etrusco.* Sierra Morena hoard -Coin hoards, no. 186. Signorelli Collection- Santamaria 4/6/1952.t Six Collection - cited by Bahrfeldt. Sydenham Collection-Ratto 7/2/1928.t Syracuse, Museo Nazionale. * Thrace hoard* -Coin hoards, no.

402.

Tolstoi Collection- Hess 11/3/1912.t Toronto- Royal Ontario Museum.* Traverso-Martini- Baranowsky 25/2/1931.t Tiibingen University- cited by Bahrfeldt. Turin, Mu.seo Civico*- F followed by a number: the collection formerly in the Museo Nazionale, catalogued in A. Fabretti, Museo di Torino. IV. Monete consolari e imperiali, Rome, 1881 (the museum also now contains the small, but choice former Royal collection and the collection of the Museo Civico itself, see A. S. Fava, L. Sachero, V. Viale, II medogliere delle raccolte numismaticlu torinesi, Turin, 1964); Simboli: A. S. Fava, I simboli

nelle monete argentee repubblicane, Turin, 1969.

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica* (numbered according to two MS catalogues, one for au grave, one for other coins). Venice, Museo Archeologico.* Venice, Museo Correr.* Vicarello find*- never fully published; seeR. Thomsen, ERG i,

118 (not remarking that the

deposit goes down to the Empire); F. Panvini Rosati, Rend. Pont. Ace. Rom. Arch. 1967-68, 57; L. Mih c elini Tocci, ibid., 75; much information about the find can only be recovered

from a perusal of the pages of Ailly and Haeberlin. Vico Matrino hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 47· Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum.* Vigatto hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 475· Villa Potenza hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 319; AIIN t965-7, Voirol Collection-Mtinzen und Medaillen 38.t

85.

West Sicily (a) hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 135. West Sicily (b) hoard*- Coin hoards, no. 435· Winterthur, Miinzkabinett- cited by Bahrfeldt. Yale University- T. V. Buttrey,

NC 1964, 125, 'Some Roman Republican coins at Yale'.

* indicates a collection which I have seen (in whole

or

in part).

t indicates a sale catalogue (cited according to normal conventions).

t

t

after

Mint-Neapolis

ANONYMOUS

B f., Monere

p6 B.C.

romano-campane, 10. See above, p. 37 n. 5·

Bronze (Pl.

I)

Glasgow, M151

Laureate head of Apollo

Forepart of man-headed bull wallcing r. Bank of bull is decorated by star; above,

r.

POMAION.

Obverse dies : 6.

Reverse dies: 7.

The weight standard is about 3.29 gr. (average of 6 specimens). For the types see p. 713 n. 1. 3

E. Gabrici, t

Corolla

Bronze (Pl.

c.

Mint-uncertain

ANONYMOUS

300 B.C.

Numismatica, 100. See above, p. 37 n. 5.

I)

Naples 113828 (6.14

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Attic helmet decorated with sea-horse). Obverse dies: 1.

gr.)

Man-headed bull r.; above, star; in exergue,

[R]OMANO.

Reverse dies: 1.

The weight standard is perhaps twice that of no. 1. For the types seep. 713 n. 1. 3

Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

Haeberlin, 21; L. ta

Cesano, NSc 1928, 83. See above, p. 41

Bronze Ingot (Pl.

n.

A)

Santa Branch; below,

Two comuacopiae (?).

38o-z.pB.C.

5.

Marinella hoard

ROM[ANOM).

tb Bronze Ingot (Pl. A)

Berlin

Similar.

Similar, but no legend.

The suggested identification of the obverse type is based on a careful examination of the piece in the Santa Marinella hoard and of E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, pis. 9, 1 and 94,

1

(the obverse of the piece in the Mazin hoard is illegible). The identifi­

cation is only tentative. For the types see pp. 716-18. Mint-Rome

4 ANONYMOUS Haeberlin, 64�5. See above, p. 41 n. 5·

BMCRR Aes signatum 2

ta Bronze Ingot (Pl. A)

Eagle facing with outspread wings and head r., perched on thunderbolt.

Pegasus flying 1.; below,

Gr�u 1

tb Bronze Ingot

Similar.

ROMANOM.

Similar, but no legend.

For the types see pp. 716-18. 131

5

ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

28o-� B.C.

Haeberlin, 143-145. See above, p. 41 n. 5· 1

Bronze ingot (Pl. A)

Bull r. For the

6

BMCRR Aes signatum 1 Bull I.

types see pp. 716-18. Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

28o-� B.C.

Haeberlin, 82. See above, p. 41 n. 5· 1

Bronze ingot (Pl. A)

Com-ear with dot on either side of stem. For

Mazin hoard

=

Zagreb

Tripod.

the types see pp. 716-18.

7 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

28o-� B.C.

Haeberlin, 75-76. See above, p. 41 n. 5. f.

Bronze ingot (PI. B)

Oval shield seen from outside.

For the types see

8

BMC Italy, pp. 26-27 Oval shield seen from inside.

pp. 716-18. Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

28o-2.p B.C.

Haeberlin, So. See above, p. 41 n. 5. 1

Bronze ingot (Pl. B)

Sword.

For the types see

9

BMC Italy, pp. 28-29 Scabbard.

pp. 716-18. Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

275-� B.C.

Haeberlin, 146. See above, p. 41 n. 5· BMC Italy, pp. 62-63

1 Bronze ingot (Pl. B) Elephant r.

For

Sowl.

the types see pp. 716-18. Mint-Rome

to ANONYMOUS

26o-� B.C.

Haeberlin, 92. See above, p. 41 n. 5. f.

Bronze ingot (Pl. B)

For the

La Bruna hoard Tripod.

Anchor.

types see pp. 716-18. 132

=

Berlin, Beschreibung iii, p.

x

u ANONYMOUS Haeberlin, 1

102-103.

26o-.2.pB.C.

Mint-Rome

See above, p.

41

n.

5.

Bronze ingot (Pl. c)

La Bruna hoard

Trident tied with fillet.

=

Berlin, Beschreibung ill, p. x

Caduceus tied with fillet.

For the types see pp. 716-18.

u ANONYMOUS Haeberlin,

133-134.

26o-2.p

Mint-Rome

See above, p.

41

n.

B.C.

5· BMC Italy, pp. 64-65

1 Bronze ingot (Pl. c) Two chickens facing each other and appa­ rently eating; between, two stars.

Two tridents with handles outwards; between, two dolphins with tails curved round one of the tridents.

For the types see pp. 716-18.

13 ANONYMOUS Bf.,

1

28o-276B.C.

Mint-?Metapontum

Monete romano-campane, 1 and 31;

S.

1-2.

See above, p.

Dldracbm (Pl. 1)

37,

below, no.

243*.

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 1

Helmeted head of bearded Mars 1. (Corinthian helmet); behind, oak-spray. No border.

Horse's head r. on base; behind, com-ear; on base, ROMANO. No border.

Obverse

Reverse

dies: 4·

dies: 15. See Bf.

2Utra Helmeted head of bearded Mars r. (Corin­ thian helmet). Border of dots. Obverse dies: ?t.

Similar, but fore. Reverse

ROMANO

downwards

be­

dies: ?1.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a didrachm of about 7.29 gr. (average of

118 specimens of 1). For the types see p. 713.

14

ANONYMOUS

Haeberlin, 93-102; S.

see above, pp. 44-5, below, no.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: Semis (Pl.

25*,

no.

120*.

BMC Italy, p. 48,. no.

1 As (Pl. c) Janiform head of Dioscuri, with hair tied with band; above, I.

2

28o-276 B.C.

Mint-Rome

8-14;

Head of Mercury 1.; above,

95· BMC Italy, p. 48, no. 4

c)

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. (Corinthian helmet); below, V1. Specimens listed by Haeberlin:

1

I.

Female head 1.; below,

108.

133

V1.

3 Trieu (Pl. D)

BMC

Thunderbolt; on 1., oo; on r., oo, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 16o.

Dolphin r.

Italy, p. 48, no. or,

4 Quadrans (Pl. D)

BMC

R. hand; on 1., §. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 136. 5

8; Haeberlin

BMC

Scallop-shell seen from outside; below, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 203.

Caduceus; on 1., o;

oo.

6 Uncia (Pl. D)

Knucklebone seen from outside; beside, o. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 102.

oooo.

Italy, p. 49, no. 12

Two barley-grains; between,

Sextans (Pl. D)

Berlin

=

occasionally, 1.; below,

§.

Italy, p. 49, no. 14

on r., o.

BMC

Italy, p. 49, no.

BMC

Italy, p. 49, no. 21

t8

o.

7 Semuncla (Pl. D)

�.

Acom. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 76.

The weight standard of 1-7 is based on an as of about 322 gr. (for 7 seep. 595

n.

7).

For the types see p. 716. 15 ANONYMOUS Bf.,

Mint-uncertain

275-270 B.C.

Monete romano-campane, 4; S. 4· See above, p. 39· BMCRR Romano-Campanian 2 2

ta Didrachm

Laureat e

head

of

Apollo

I.;

before,

ROMANO upwards. Border of dots.

Horse galloping r.; above, star of eight

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 19

tb Didrachm (Pl. I)

Similar. Obverse dies

rays.

Line border.

Similar, but star of sixteen rays. Reverse dies (both varieties): 9·

(both varieties): 10.

The weight standard of ta-b is about 7.21 gr. (average of 58 specimens). For the types see p. 714.

Mint-South Italy

t6 ANONYMOUS

275-270 B.C.

Bf., Monete romano-campane, 7; S. s-sa; see above, pp. 44-5. ta Double-lltra (Pl. I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 23

Female head r. (hair bound with ribbon), usually wearing necklace. Border of dots.

Lion walking r., usually holding spear in mouth and touching spear with I. forepaw; in exergue, ROMANO. BMCRR Romano-Campanian 2 7

tb Double-lltra

Similar, but head 1.

Similar.

The weight standard of ta-b is about 9·57 gr. (average of 62 specimens listed by Bahrfeldt). 134

No specimen that I have seen is sufficiendy well preserved to determine whether or not the lion is attempting with its mouth to extract a spear which has lodged in its forepaw (compare the gem illustrated in de Foville, RN 1905, pl. 8, 14; A. Sambon, Corolla Numismatica, pl. 14, 3; also SNG (Ashmolean) i (A), nos. 1311-17 (Velia); W. Giesecke, ltalia Numismatica, pl. 21, 10 (Volsinii)). For the types seep. 714.

17 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

shortly before 269 B.C.

Bf., Monete romanD-campane, 3; S. 3-3c; see above, pp. 44-5, below, no. 119*, no. 3o6*. ta Utra (Pl.

I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 6

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. (Corinthian helmet). Usually border of dots.

Horse's head r., usually on base; behind, ROMANO upwards. No border.

The helmet may sometimes be seen to be decorated with a gryphon (Vatican 6). A large number of variant legends occur - ROMAO (BMCRR Romano-Campanian u), ROMAAO (Glasgow, M 22), ROMAAC (Glasgow, M 24), ROMAAOC (Berlin, Beschreibung iii, p. 173, no. 105), ROMNAO (Glasgow, M 23), ROMANC (Berlin, Beschrtibung iii, p. 172, no. 103), ROMAA N (Berlin, Beschrtibung iii, p. 173, no. 1o6-wrongly described). Variant forms of 0 and A also occur. Vatican zz

tb Lltra

Similar.

Similar, but horse's head ROMANO upwards (".

1.;

before,

tc Lltra

Paris 570/2518/1925/2o(R. Garrucci,pl. 77,29)

Similar.

Similar; behind, JOMAOSl downwards.

The helmet may sometimes be seen to be decorated with a gryphon (Paris 570/2518/1925/20). A variant legend occurs- [0]!11AMOSl (?)(Walcher de Molthein 70).

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 12

td Litra

Similar, but head r. Variant legends

occur-

Similar to 1a. ROMAAC (lmhoof-Blumer), ROMAV10 (Rome, Capitol 82).

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 13

te Utra

Similar; before, ROMANO upwards.

Similar.

tf Utra

Traverso-Martini 791 Similar; ROMANO around�.

Similar. A variant legend no. 95). tg Utra

occurs

on the obverse - ROMAII10 (Berlin, Beschrtibung iii, p. 171,

(Pl. I)

Similar, but usually sw behind.

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 14; Vatican 24 (without star)

Similar to 1b.

The helmet may sometimes be seen to be decorated with a snake (Vatican 23). th Lltra

Similar.

Oxford Similar; behind, ROMAMO downwards. 135

t1Utra

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 17

Similar, but no star or legend.

Similar.

The weight standard of 1a-i is about 5.17 gr. (average of 94 specimens listed by Bahrfddt). The distinction between officialpieces of this s i sue and unofficial copies is hard to make; for possible examples of the latter seep. 565. For the types seep. 714.

t8

Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

t As

275-270 B.C

121*.

Haeberlin, 82�1; S. 15-20. See above, pp. 44-5, below, no.

BMC Italy, p.

(Pl B)

Head of Apollo r., with hair tied with band; above, I. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 104.

BMC Italy,

2 Semis (PL E) Pegasus r.; below, S or 2. Specimens listed by Haeberlin:

1

p. 51, no.

7

Same type 1.

100.

BMC Italy,

3 Triens (Pl. B) Horse's head r.; below,

51, no.

Same type 1.

oooo.

p. 52, no. 13

Same type 1.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 111.

4 Quadrans (PL B) Boar r.; below,

BMC Italy, p.

52, no. 18

BMC Italy, p.

52, no.

Same type 1.

ooo.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 128. S

Sextans (Pl. B)

Head of one of the Dioscuri r.; behind, 8. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 163. An additional

o

Same type 1.

is sometimes mistakenly present (Haeberlin

=

Berlin; Naples,

8272).

BMC Italy, p.

6 Uncia (Pl. E) Barley-grain; beside, o.

24

53. DO. 29

Same type.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 105.

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on an as of about 334 gr. The head on no. 5 (as on nos. 19/1, 26/8 and 98/7) is perhaps that of Castor (for whose priority, over Pollux, see Suetonius, Caes. 10; Dio xxxvii, 8, 2). For the types in general see p. 716.

19

ANONYMOUS

Haeberlin, 157; L. 1

Mint-Rome

275-270 B.C.

Cesano, NSc 1928, 83. See above, pp. 44-5.

As (Pl. D)

Head of one of the Dioscuri 1. Only the one specimen known.

Santa Marinella hoard Head of Apollo 1., with hair tied with band.

2 Semis (Pl. D)

Santa Marinella hoard

Helmeted head of Roma I. (Phrygian helmet); before, S.

Female head I. with upstanding curls of hair at front; before,

S.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 3·

The weight standard of 1-2

is

based on

an as

of about 331 gr. For the types see p.

716.

Mint-Rome

20 ANONYMOUS Bf., Monete

romano-campane,

269--266B.C.

6; S. 6. See above, p. 39·

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 28

t Didrachm (Pl. 1) Head of Hercules r. (hair bound with ribbon), with club and lionskin over shoulder. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [18].

She-wolf r.,

ROMANO.

suckling twins;

exergue,

in

Reverse dies: [24].

The weight standard is about 7.05 gr. (average of 136 specimens). For the types see P· 714. Mint-Rome

21 ANONYMOUS

Haeberlin, 65-71; S. 31-37 (except 36a). See above, pp. 44-5, below, no. 308*. t As (Pl.

Berlin, Beschreibung iii, p. 16, nos. 1-2

F)

Helmeted head ofRoma r. (Phrygian helmet); behind, I. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 18.

Same type 1.

BMC Italy,

2 Semis (Pl. F) Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); below, rv.

Same type 1.; below,

p. 45, no. 1

tn.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 30.

BMC Italy, p.

3 Triens Thunderbolt: on I., oo; on r., oo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 39·

45, no. 3

Same type.

BMC Italy,

4 Quadrans L. hand; beside,

R. hand; beside, §. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 36.

p. 45, no. 5

§. BMC Italy, p.

5 Sextans Scallop-shell seen from outside; below, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 85.

45, no. 6

Scallop-shell seen from inside.

oo.

The marks of value occasionally appear on the reverse.

BMC Italy, p.

6 Uncia Knucklebone seen from outside; beside, o. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 135.

usually

Knucklebone seen from inside.

137

46, no. 10

BMC Italy, p. 46, no. 14

7 SemUDcla

Acorn; beside,�. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 64.

Same type; beside,

3.

The weight standard of 1-7 is based on an as of about 265 gr. (for 7 seep. 595 n. 7). For the types see p. 716. uANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

�5-242 B.C.

Bf., MotUte romano-campane, s; S. 21-21a. See above, p. 39· 1

Didrachm (Pl.

1)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 34

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Phrygian hel­ met); behind, control-symbol. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 31.

Victory r., attaching wreath to palm-branch; behind, ROMANO upwards; before, control-lener(s). Line border. Reverse dies: 43·

[Continued on p. 140.] TABLE XIX.

Control-marks on didrachms with Roma/Victory ROMANO

Comucopiae(1) Dog Pentagram Comucopiae(2) Comucopiae(2) Comucopiae(2) Dog Comucopiae(3) Dog Trident

A

Wing

K

Comucopiae(4) Comucopiae(2)

" M

r r 1::. E :X: :X: I K

N

Comucopiae( ?) Palm-branch Wing Comucopiae(2) Comucopiae(2) Comucopiae(3) Caduceus Comucopiae(2) Round shield Round shield Round shield Sword in scabbard with belt(t) Caduceus Comucopiae(3)

0 0 0 n p

Comucopiae(4) Com-ear (1) Star

Philipsen 296 Vienna 1081 Turin Berlin, Beschreibung, 119

K

Wreath

Pelta Pelta

Glasgow, M33

Berlin, Beschre£bung, 120 Naples, S1541 ANS, Newell Hamburg (MS notes of Bahrfeldt) Tolstoi 43 Cambridge, Leake Naples, F1402

I T

Copenhagen, Thorvaldsen Museum

T y

Berlin

X 'f () AA BB BB rr 1::.1::. EE EE

Turin

Bologna Berlin, Beschreibung, 121 Naples, F .1404 Naples hoard Paris, AF

138

=

Paris, AF

TABLE XIX

Sword in scabbard with belt(t) Qub Star One-handled vase Qub Comucopiae(4) Star

Tripod (1) Club Sword in scabbard with belt(2) Com-ear(2)

Com-ear (2)

Helmet Rudder Bunch of grapes Sword in scabbard with belt(3) Hat Hat Bunch of grapes Star Sword in scabbard with belt(3)

Wing

Rudder

Tripod (1) Rudder Crescent Crescent Anchor Sword in scabbard with belt(3) Anchor Dolphin Tripod (2) Torch Sword in scabbard with belt(3)

(cont.)

EE :X: :X: :X: :X:

HH HH HH HH HH

Vienna 1087

Naples, S1542

99 II

KK 1\1\

Berlin, Beschreibung, 123 Haeberlin 24

1\1\

1\1\

Oslo

MM MM MM NN

zz zz

Dresden (MS notes of Bahrfeldt) Rollin and Feuardent (MS notes of Bahrfeldt)

:n

zz

Pforzheim (MS notes of Bahrfeldt)

00 00

Naples, Ft4o6

nn pp 1T

Giessen (MS notes of Bahrfeldt)

yy

<J> XX XX XX 'f'f

Torch

00 00

Torch

�

Milan 48 BM photo-file Naples, S1543 Madrid Munich

I list a number of combinations omitted from the Table

Comucopiaef � Comucopiae/H Club/H Sceptre/! Rudder/0 Ruddertrr DogJrr Caduceus/EE Tripod/99 Anchor/11 Staff/MM

-/[

)

as

deriving from plated o r mis-read pieces:

(C. Cavedoni, Ri'Uista tkl/a numismatica i, pl. i, whence Babelon)- doubtless ComucopiaefA (Menbacher 13/10/1891, 3 with description only- doubtless Comucopiae/HH (Babelon)- in fact ClubfHH (Babelon)- in fact Sword in scabbard with belt/zz Naples, F1403- plated

(Babelon)- in fact Ruddertnn (Babelon) - in fact Dogtr (Mionnet i, 127, no. 274)- in fact Caduceus/AA (in Paris)

(Riccio)- doubtless Tripod/00 (Riccio)- doubtless Anchor/YY (Tolstoi 42)- doubtless Sword in scabbard with belt/MM BM cast of plated piece

139

The weight standard is about 6.75 gr. The system of control-marks is devdoped

from the system used on silver decadrachms ofArsinoe II of Egypt G. N. Svoronos, Ptolemies iv, 94; R. Thomsen, ERG iii, 127-36). These display on the obverse a

sequence of letters from A to 0, AA to no and A

to

13. The Roman didrachms to 0 and M

display a symbol on the obverse and a sequence of letters :&om A to on, followed by A, on the

reverse.

The combinations of symbols and letters

known to me (:&om specimens in BM, unless otherwise stated) are given in Table XIX on pp. 138-9; for the system seep. 584. For the types seep. 714.

ANONYMOUS

23

c.

r�, 8; M. Bahrfeldt, See above, p. 40, below, no. 12.2*.

Bf., Mt»Ute

1

264 B.C.

Bl4lter fiiT MQnzjreunde 1934-36, 49; S. 30.

Bronze (Pl. 1)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian S

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. (Corinthian helmet decorated with gryphon); behind, symbol; before, ROMANO upwards. Border of dots.

Eagle

on thunderbolt; before, sword; around, ROMANO. Border of dots.

For the weight standard, number of specimens known and control-symbols see Bahrfddt and p. 40, for the types see p. 714·

24

Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

265-242

B.C.

Haeberlin, S7-63; S. s7-63a. See above, pp. 44-S, below, no. 123*. 1

Vico Matrino

Tressis

Helmeted head ofRoma r. (Phrygian helmet); behind, =.

Wheel of six spokes; Ill.

hoard = Vatican

between two spokes,

Only one other specimen known, in Berlin. 2 Dupoadius

BMC Judy, p. S3, no. 1

Similar; behind,=· Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 14. 3

BMC Italy, p. S3, no. 2

A.

Similar; behind, -. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 44· 4

Similar, but II.

Similar, but I.

Semis (Pl. P)

Bulll.;

BMC Judy, p. S4> no. S Similar, but

usually below, S.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin:

S.

70.

5 Trleas (Pl. P) Hone 1.; above, oo; below, oo, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 76.

BMC Italy, p. S4, no. 7 Similar, but-, each dot between two spokes.

6a

Quadrans

BMC Italy, p. 54, no. 11

Dog 1.; in exergue, ooo.

6b

Similar, but §,each dot between two spokes, variously disposed.

Quadrans (Pl. P)

Haeberlin

Similar, but dog r. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 83.

=

Berlin

Similar.

One specimen has no marks of value (Haeberlin

=

Berlin).

7 Sextans (Pl. P)

BMC Italy, p. 54, nos. 14 and 17

Tortoise.

Similar, but mark of value (usually present) 8, each dot between two spokes.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 130.

The weight standard of 1-7 is based on P· 7t6.

25

an as

of about 270 gr. For the types see

ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

241-235 B.C.

Bf., Monete rotnanO-campane, 27-29; Haeberlin, 76-8o; S. 24, 25-26 and 44-49. See above, p. 40. 1

Didrachm (Pl. I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 57

Helmeted head of beardless Mars r. (Corinthian helmet- bowl decorated with gryphon). Border of dots. Obverse dies: [9]. 2 Drachm

Horse's head r.; behind, sickle; below, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [12).

(Pl. I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 61

Similar, but without gryphon. Obverse dies: [6].

Similar. Reverse dies: [8).

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a didrachm of about 6.75 gr. 3 Litra

(Pl. I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 64

Similar.

Similar.

The weight standard of 3 is about 3·375 gr. (average of 47 specimens listed by Bahrfddt- 3.04 gr.). 4

As

BMC Italy, p. 49, no. 1

Janiform head of Dioscuri,with hair tied with band. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 18.

Head of Mercury 1.; behind, sickle..

5 Semis

BMC Italy, p. so, no. 2

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. (Corinthian helmet); below, Vl. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 55·

Female head 1.; behind, sickle; below,

141

Vl.

6 Trieos

BMC It4ly, p. so, no. S

Thunderbolt; on L, oo; on r., oo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 52. 7

Dolphin r.; above, sickle; below, oooo.

BMC Italy, p. so, no. 8

Quadraas

R. hand; on r., sickle; on 1., §. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 69.

Two barley-grains; between, §.

8 Sutans

BMC Italy, p. so, no. 12

Scallop-shell seen from outside; below, oo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 67.

Caduceus: on r., sickle and o; on 1., o.

9 Uncia

BMC Italy, p. 51, no. 15 o; beside, sickle.

Knucklebone seen from outside.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 3S·

The weight standard of 4-9 is based on an as of about 272 gr. For the types see pp. 714 and 716.

26 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

234-231 B.C.

Bf.,Monete romanc-campant, 32-34 and 37; Haeberlin, 81-82; S. 27-29,22, 51-52 and S4-SS· See above, p. 40, below, no. 31*, no. 124*. BMCRR Romano-Campanian 68

1 Dldrachm (PL I)

Hone galloping 1.; above, border. Reverse dies: [12].

Laureate head of Apollo r. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [9].

ROMA.

2 Drachm (Pl. I)

Line

Turin, F 148

Similar. Obverse dies: [3].

Similar. Reverse dies: [4].

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a didrachm of about 6.75 gr. BMCRR Romano-Campanian 70

3 Utra (Pl. I)

Similar.

Similar, but below.

hone

bridled and

ROMA

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 44

4 Half-Htra (Pl. I) Helmeted head of Roma r. (Phrygian helmet).

Dog r.; in aergue, R 0 MA.

The weight standard of 3-4 is based on a litra of about 3·375 gr. (average of 54 specimens of 3 listed by Bahrfeldt- 3.00 gr.; of 67 specimens of 4-1.65 gr.). 5 Aa

Head of Apollo r., with hair tied with band; behind, acorn. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 7·

Same type

6 Semis Pegasus r.; above, 2; below, acom. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 3·

Same type 1.; above, S.

142

Haeberlin

=

Berlin

Haeberlin

=

Berlin

1.

1 Quadraos

Boar r.; above, acorn; below, ooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin:

8

=

Berlin

Haeberlin

=

Berlin

2.

Sextans

Head of one of the Dioscuri r.; behind, acorn. Only the one specimen known.

The weight standard of 5-8 pp. 714 and 716. 27

Haeberlin Same type 1.

is

Same type 1.

based on an as of about 284 gr. For the types see

ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

23o-226 B.C.

Bf., Monete romano-campane, 25-26, 36 and 35; M. Bahrfeldt, Blae tt r fUr MUnzjreunde 33, 681; Haeberlin, 71-75; S. 23-23a, 7, 131 and 38-43. See above, p. 40.

1 Didrachm (Pl. I)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 49

Helmeted head of beardless Mars r. (Corinthian helmet); behind, club. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

193o-

galloping r.; above, ROMA. Line border.

Horse

Reverse dies:

[6].

club;

below,

(8].

The weight standard of 1 is about 6.75 gr . 2

Utra (Pl. I)

BMCRRRomano-Campanian 53

Similar. 3

Similar.

Double-Htra (Pl. I)

BMCRRRomano-Campanian 51

Head of Hercules r.; below, club.

Pegasus r.; above, club; below,

Paris, A 3388

4 Utra (Pl. I) Similar; before,

ROMA.

I.-.

Similar, but bow above.

The weight standard of 2-4 is based on a litra of about 3·375 gr. (average of 26 specimens of 2 listed by Bahrfeldt- 3.08 gr.; of 36 specimens of 3-6.23 gr.; of 5 specimens of 4-3.23 gr.). s As Helmeted head ofRoma

BMC Italy, p. 46, no. 1

r. (Phrygian helmet);

behind, club. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 6

Same type 1.

22.

Semis

BMC Italy, p. 47, no. 3

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); below, V'l. Specimens listed by Haeberlin:

Same type I.

54·

1 Triens

BMC Italy, p. 47, no. S

Thunderbolt; on 1., club and oo; on r., oo, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 47·

Same type, but club on r.

8 Quadraos R. hand; on r., club; on 1.,

BMC Italy, p. 47, no. 7

§.

L. hand; on 1., club; on r.,

Specimens listed by Hacberlin: 62.

143

§.

BMC Italy, p.

9 SextaDa Scallop-shell seen from outside; below, oo and club. Specimens listed by Raeberlin: 63. to

47, no.

10

Scallop-shell seen from inside; below, club.

BMC Italy, p. 48, no. 13

Uncia

Knucklebone seen from outside; beside, club. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 74-

Knucklebone seen from inside; beside, club.

The weight standard of 5-10 is based on an as of about 266 gr. For the types see pp. 714 and 716.

28 ANONYMOUS

Mint-Rome

ns-zu B.C.

Monete romano-campane, 17, A, a-d; B, a; 43; Bf., Goldmiinzmprl.igung, 1-2; S. 69-?o; 64�. 65 and 68; 67. See above, pp. 42-6, below, no. 32*, no. 125*.

Bf.,

t

Stater (Pl. II) Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border

Laureate, of dots.

Obverse dies:

see

p.

691.

See p.

103

Oath-taking scene - two warriors face each other, one bearded and without armour, one beardless and in armour; each holds spear in 1. hand (warrior in armour also holds sagum) and with sword in r. hand touches pig held by figure kneeling between them; in aergue, ROMA. No border. Reverse dies: see p. 691.

2 Half-stater (Pl. II) Similar. Obverse dies: see p.

691.

Similar. Reverse dies: see p.

691.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a stater of about 6.75 gr. 3 Dldrachm (Pls. II-IV)

Similar.

Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory­ Jupiter holds sceptre in 1. hand and hurls thunderQlt with r. hand; incuse on tablet or in relief in linear frame, ROMA Line border.

4 Drachm (Pl. II)

Similar, but quadriga 1. and aergue.

Similar. S Litra (Pl. IV) Similar. Obverse dies:

1.

ROMA in

Naples, S Horse galloping r.; below, Line border. Reverse dies: 1.

1520

ROMA

The weight standard of 3-5 is based initially on a didrachm of about 6.75 gr. (see

P· 590).

For the size of this issue see p. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos. 144

29-34 and for the dating of the various components of this issue, see pp. 103-5; for the close connection between 5 and no. 41/1, seep. 626 n. 5· For the types seep. 715.

Mint-uncertain

29 ANONYMOUS

Bf., Monete romano-campane, 17, A, a-c; B, a; Bf., Goldmunzenpr(igUt�K, 1-2; S.

US-%14 B.C. 69-70; 64d-e;

67. See above,pp . 42-6. 1 Stater (Pl. v)

Seep . 104 Oath-taking scene- two warriors face each other, one bearded and without armour, one beardless and in armour; each holds sp ear in

Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

l. hand (warrior in armour also

holds .wgum)

and with sword in r. hand touchespig held by figure kneeling between them; in exergue,

ROMA. No border. Reverse dies: seep . 691.

Obverse dies: seep . 691. 2 Half-stater (Pl.

v)

Similar.

Similar.

Obverse dies: seep . 691.

Reverse dies: seep . 691.

The weight standard of 1-2 is based on a stater of about 6.75 gr. 3 Didrachm (Pl. v)

Similar.

Ju p iter in quadriga r., driven by Victory­

Jup iter holds sceptre in l. hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand;incuse on tablet or in relief on tablet, ROMA. Line border.

4 Drachm (Pl. v)

Similar.

Similar,

exergue.

but

quadriga

I. and ROMA

in

The weight standard of 3-4 is based initially on a didrachm ?f about 6.75 gr. (see

P· 590).

For the size of this issue, seep. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos. 28 and 3C>-4 and for the dating of the various components of this issue, see pp. 103-5. For the types see p. 715.

30 ANONYMOUS Bf., Monete romaM-campane, 1 7 , A, a;

Mint-uncertain

B, a; S.

64b;

67. See above,pp .

225-214B.C.

42-6.

Seep

1 Didrachm (Pl. VI) Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

. 104

Jup iter in quadriga r., driven by Victory­ Jup iter holds sceptre in 1. hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand; incuse on tablet, ROMA. Line border.

145

2 Drachm

(PL VI)

Similar.

Similar, exergue.

but quadriga 1. and

ROMA

in

The weight standard of 1-2 is based initially on a didrachm of about 6.75 gr. (see P· 590). For the size of this issue see p. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos

.

28-9 and 31-4 and for the dating of the various components of this issue, seepp. 103-5. For the types seep. 715. 31 ANONYMOUS Seep. 104 (cf. S. 64c)

1 Didrachm (PL IV) Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory­ Jupiter holds sceptre in L hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand; incuse on tablet or in relief in linear frame, R0M A. Line border.

The weight standard is about 6.75 gr. For the size of this issue, see p. 676; for the distinction between this issue and 28-30 and 32-4 and for the dating of this issue, see pp. 103-5. For the types seeP· 715.

nos

.

32 ANONYMOUS 1

Mint-uncertain

225-214 B.C. Seep. 104

Didrachm (Pl. m)

Laureate, of dots.

Janiform

head of Dioscuri. Border

Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory­ Jupiter holds sceptre in 1. hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand; incuse ROMA. Line border.

on

tablet,

The weight standard is about 6.75 gr. For the size of this issue seep. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos. 28-31 and 33-4 and for the dating of this issue, see pp. 103-5. For the types see P· 715. 33 ANONYMOUS 1 Didrachm

Mint-uncertain

225-214 B.C.

(Pl. IV)

See p. 104

Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory­ Jupiter holds sceptre in I. hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand; incuse ROMA. Line border.

on

tablet,

The weight standard is about 6.75 gr. For the size of this issue, see p. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos. 28-32 and 34 and for the dating of this issue, see pp. 103-5. For the types seep. 715. 146

34

ANONYMOUS

Mhlt-uncertaiD

.225-214 B.C.

1 Didrachm (Pl. IV)

See p. 104

Laureate, Janifon:D. head of Dioscuri. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory­ Jupiter holds sceptre in 1. hand and hurls thunderbolt with r. hand; incuse on tablet, ROMA. Line border.

The weight standard is about 6.75 gr. For the size of this issue, see p. 676; for the distinction between this issue and nos. 28-33 and for the dating of this issue, see pp. 103-5. For the types seep. 715.

Mhlt-Rome

35 ANONYMOUS

225-217 B.C.

Haeberlin, 26-51 and 57; S. 71-77. See above, pp. 42-6, below, no. 26*, no. 126*. 1

As (Pl. G)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 1; Rome (Aes

grave) 10 Laureate head of bearded Janus; usually below,-. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 1,168.

Prow r.; above, I.

2 Semis (Pl. G) Laureate head of Saturn 1.; below, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 312.

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 22-23; Paris c.n or

S.

Prow r.; above,

3a Triena (Pl. G)

c.n or

S.

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 32

Helmeted head of Minerva I. (Corinthian helmet); below, oooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 392.

PrOw r.; below, oooo,

3b Trlena

Haeberlin

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet). Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 3·

=

Berlin

Similar.

4 Quadrana (Pl. G)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 45

Head of Hercules I.; behind, §.

Prow r.; below, ooo.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 266. 5 Semans (Pl. G)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 55

Head of Mercury 1.; below, oo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 208. 6

Prow r.; below, oo.

Uncia (Pl. G)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 63;

Haeberlin Helmeted head of Roma 1. (Attic helmet);

=

Berlin

Prow r.; below, or occasionally behind, o.

behind, o.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 184.

The weight standard of 1-6 is based on an as of about 268 gr. H. A. Grueber's view

(BMCRR i, xx-xxii) that the standard is based on an 1 47

as

of a full Roman pound

cannot be maintained; he is unaware that this issue is not the first of its kind and that the as in Pesaro is false (E. J. Haeberlin, ZJN 1908, 159). For the types

see

P· 718. 36

Mint-Rome

ANONYMOUS

n5-217 B.C.

Haeberlin, 51-57; S. 7S-S.2 (except Sob). See above, pp. .p-6. 1 As

(Pl. H)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 17 I.

Prow 1.; above,

Laureate head of bearded Janus. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: So.

Semis

2

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 30 S.

Laureate head of Saturn 1. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 32. Laureate head of Saturn r.

Prow 1.; above,

occurs on one

specimen (Paris - Haeberlin, pl. 22, 3).

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 43;

38 Triens

Vatican (Aes grave) 156 Helmeted head of Minerva I. (Corinthian helmet); occasionally below, oooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 22.

Prow 1.; below,

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 44

3b Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet). Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 6. 4

Similar.

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 54;

Quadrans

Head of Hercules 1.; below, club, sionally ooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 21. 5

oooo,

or occa-

Prow 1.; below,

Turin, F 43

ooo.

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 62; Naples, F SS

Sextans

Head of Mercury 1.; occasionally below, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 45·

oo.

Prow 1.; below, oo,

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on an as of about 270 gr., declining 236 gr. For the

37

Mint-uncertain

after 225 B.C

Monete romano-campane, 11; Haeberlin, 141-143; S. 13S-139. See above, p. 45

18 As

(PL H)

Helmeted head of Minerva facing (triple­ crested helmet). tb As Similar.

about

types seep. 718.

ANONYMOUS

Bf.,

to

Bull r.;

n.

10.

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 1 above, L-; in exergue, ROMA. Martinetti

Similar, but

I above.

69 (Haeberlin, pl. 94, 6)

1c As

BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 2

Similar.

Similar, but caduceus above.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 23.

The weight standard of 1a-c is about 279 gr. The head on the obverse has certain similarities with the head of Minerva on didrachms ofHeraclea (as SNG (Ashm olean) i (A), no. 633; c£ A. Merlin, Monwnents et mhnui'res 1909, 125; compare also the figure ofRoma on no. 329). For the types see p. 718 n. 8.

38

ANONYMOUS (SEMILIBRAL)

Mint-Rome

217-215 B.C.

Haeberlin, 104-116; S. 89-92 and 85-88. See above, p. 43, below, no. 27*, no. 127*. 1

As (cast) (Pl. H)

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 19

Laureate head of bearded Janus. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 40. 2

Prow 1.; above,

Semis (cast) (Pl. H)

I.

BMCRR Rome

Laureate head of Saturn 1.; behind>

S.

Prow 1.; above,

(Aes grave) 31

S.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 46. 3 Trlens

BMCRR Rome (Aes grave) 42

(cast)

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. helmet); below, oooo,

(Corinthian

Prow 1.; below,

oooo.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 18.

4 Quadrans (cast)

BMCRR Rome (Appendix) 4; Kircher Rome, Museo Naziooale =

Head ofHercules l.; belo w or behind,oooor

§.

Prow 1.; below, ooo . Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 26 (see also no. 40/ta).

S Sextans (struck) (Pl. VII)

BMCRR Rome 59

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; below, oo,

Prow r.; above,

ROMA; below, o.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 219. 6

Uncia (struck) (Pl. VII)

BMCRR Rome 88

Helmeted head of Roma I. (Attic helmet); behind, o. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 271.

7 SemUDcia (struck) (Pl. VII) Head of Mercury r. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 346. 8

BMCRR Rome 129-161 and 163-165 Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA.

BMCRR Rome 169

QuartUDcla (struck) (Pl. vu)

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Attic helmet). Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 91.

The weight standard of 1-8 is based on an as ofabout 132 gr.; the weight standard of the as itselfis somewhat lower (R. Thomsen, ERG ii, 32-6). For the types seep. 718. 149

39 ANONYMOUS (SBMILIBRAL)

Mint-Rome

A. ii, 232; Haeberlin, 134-141; S. 93-97· See above, p. 43 t

Triens (PL VII)

n.

217-215B.C.

s.

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 113

Female head r., wearing diadem- hair falls in tight rolls onto both shoulders; behind,

H.

Hercules fi.ghting centaur - he holds centaur's hair in 1. hand and club in r. hand; before, in exergue, ROMA.

H;

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 54·

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 116

2 Quadrans (Pl. VII) Head of Hercules r. wearing boar-skin; behind, § . Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 59·

Bull charging r.; above, ooo; below, snake; in exergue, ROMA.

3 Sextans (Pl. VII)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 120

She-wolf suckling twins; in exergue, oo.

Eagle r., holding flower in beak; behind, 8; before, ROMA.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 96.

4 Uncia (Pl. VII) Facing bust of Sol, draped; on L,

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 125 Crescent; above,

o.

ROMA.

two stars

and o; below,

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 73· 5

Semuncla (Pl. VII)

BMCRR Romano-Campanian 136

Female bust r., draped and wearing turreted

Horseman r., holding whip in r.

crown.

reins in 1. hand; below, R 0MA.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 79·

hand

and

The weight standard of 1-5 is based on

an as of about 128 gr. The semi-circular ornament in the hair of the female head on 1 seems to be part of the diadem; for the types in general seep. 719.

40 CORN-BAR

Mint-SicUy

216 B.C.

A. ii, 238; Haeberlin, 107. See above, pp. 44-5. BRONZE ta

(GROUP 1) -FOR LATER BRONZE WITH

Head of Hercules 1.; below, ooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 1.

42 AND 72

Prow 1.; above, ·com-ear; below, ooo. Specimens in Syracuse: 5·

tb Quadl'IUUI (cast) (Pl. v) Similar, but § behind. Specimens in Syracuse: 1.

CORN-EAR SEE NOS.

Haeberlin =Berlin

Quadrans (cast)

Syracuse 28251 Similar.

The weight standard of 1a-b is based on an as of about 133 gr. For the types see p. 718; for a possible occasion for the issue see p. 6o4 n. 3·

150

41 ANONYMOUS (POST-SEMILIBRAL)

Mint-Rome

215-212 B.C.

Haeberlin, 117-133; S. 98-109. See above, p. 43, below, no. 28*. 1

Decussis (cast)

BMCRR Rome 19

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Phyrgian helmet); behind, X. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 3· 2 Quincussis (cast)

Miinzen und Medaillen 43, 66 (non vida) Prow 1.; above, V.

Similar; behind, V.

3a Tressis (cast) (Pl.

X.

Prow I.; above,

I)

BMCRR Rome 20

Similar; behind, Ill. Specimens listed by Haeber!in: 16.

Ill.

Prow I.; above,

3b Tressis (cast)

Naples, F 4 Similar, but prow r.

Similar. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 1. 4 Dupondius (cast) (Pl.

I)

BMCRR Rome 21

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); behind, II. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 19.

sa

Prow 1.; above, II.

BMCRR Rome 23

As (cast) (Pl. I)

Laureate head of bearded Janus.

I.

Prow 1.; above,

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 347·

sb

As (cast)

BMCRR Rome 33

Similar. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 18.

Similar, but prow r.

6a Semis (cast)

BMCRR Rome 34; Rome (Appendix) 3 (see below, p. 554)

Laureate head of Saturn l.; behind,

S.

S.

Prow I.; above,

6b Semis (cast)

Haeberlin

Similar.

=

Berlin

Similar, but prow r. BMCRR Rome (Appendix) 2

6c Semis (cast) Similar, but head r.

Similar to 6a.

6d Semis (cast)

BMCRR Rome (Appendix) 1

Similar.

Similar to 6b.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin (all varieties): 199. The mark of value on obverse and reverse sometimes appears times missing altogether.

6e Semis (struck) (Pl. VII) Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 1.

as

2

instead of

Rome, Capitol 241

S.

Prow r.; above,

151

S;

below,

(cf.

S

and is some­

A. pl. lvii, 12)

ROMA.

1• Triens (cast)

BMCRR Rome

Helmeted head of Minerva 1. helmet); below, oooo.

(Corinthian

Prow 1.; below,

43

oooo.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 35. One specimen has

ooo on

7b Triens (struck)

obverse and reverse (Haeberlin

Berlin).

BMCRR Rome 44

(Pl. VIII)

Helmeted head of Minerva r. (Corinthian helmet); above, oooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 61. 8a

=

Prow r.; above,

ROMA;

below,

Quadra.ns (cast)

Haeberlin

Head of Hercules 1.; below, ooo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 20.

Prow 1.; below,

Berlin

BMCRR Rome

Head of Hercules r.; behind, §. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 25.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA;

below,

Prow r.; above,

ROMA;

below, oo.

Prow r.; above,

ROMA;

BMCRR Rome

Uncia (struck) (Pl. VIII)

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Attic helmet); behind, o.

53

ooo.

BMCRR Rome

Sextans (struck) (Pl. VIII)

Head of Mercury r.; above, oo. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 1o6. to

=

ooo.

8b Quadra.ns (struck) (Pl. VIII)

9

oooo.

72

109

below, o.

Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 172. u

$emuncfa (struck)

BMCRR Rome

(Pl. VIII)

Prow r.; above,

Head of Mercury r. Specimens listed by Haeberlin: 24.

162 and 166-167

ROMA.

1-11 are based on a diversity of weight standards, which fall between those of nos. 38-9 and the sextantal weight standard (R. Thomsen, ERG ii, 4 8� Ti)v l iii, 4; S. 498-499a; RE Acilius 26. See above,pp. 62tf., below,no. 198*. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXXVIII)

BMCRR Rome 1019

*; around, laurel-wreath.

Jupiter, holding spear in I. hand and thunder­ bolt in r. hand, in quadriga r. driven by Victory, holding reins in I. hand and whip in

Obverse dies: [20].

r. hand; below, shield; /IN· A C I L I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [25].

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, BA.. BVS downwards; below, ROMA; before,

2 Semis (Pl. XXXVIII)

in

exergue,

Paris, A 3829; Rome, Capitol 888

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, 2.

Prow r.; above, /VV ·A C I; before,S; below,

Obverse dies: 1.

Reverse

ROMA. de i s: 1.

3 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 1.

BMCRR Rome 1022

§.

Similar, but /IN· A C I L; before, §.

The moneyer is presumably Mn. Acilius Balbus, Cos. 114. The laurel-wreath on the obverse, of unusually elaborate form, presumably complements the figure of Victory on the reverse. The Lex Acilia (Sherk 16, line 12 with G. Tibiletti, Athenaeum

1953, 5), cited by C. Cavedoni (Annali 1849, 187) and given a religious content, is of no relevance to the reverse type, for which see p. 728.

293

272 ANONYMOUS A. ii,

Mint-Rome

135-125 B.C.

169 (pl. lix, 9); 196 (pl. lxii, 18 and lxiii, 2).

t Semis

BMCRR Rome 244

(Pl. XXXIX)

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S. Specimens in Paris: 2.

Prow r.; below, ROMA; before, S.

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Rome 1196

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 4·

§.

Similar; before,

273 Q.FABI LABEO

g.

Mint-Rome

124 B.C.

B. Fabia 1 and 4; Bf. i, 109; ii, 41; S. 532-533; RE Fabius 92. See above, p. 65, below, nos. 18*, 199*·

t Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 494

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROMA downwards; before, X and LABEO up­ wards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [300]. scyle of the issue horrible.

The

as

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; below, rostrum; in exergue, Q FAB I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: £375]. ·

a whole and of the rostrum in particular varies from presentable to ·

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXIX) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

BMCRR Italy 500

§.

Specimens in Paris: 5·

Prow r.; above, Q ·FAB I; before,

ROMA.

§;

below,

The moneyer is presumably the grandson of Q. Fabius Labeo, Cos. 183 (with whom the arbiter of Cicero, de off. i, 33 is identified by Valerius Maximus vii, 3, 4, probably rightly), and the son of the Q. Fabius Labeo mentioned by Cicero, Brutus 81 in a mid-second-century context; the Spanish milestone, ILLRP 461, may belong to the moneyer or to his father.

The rostrum on the denarius probably alludes to the naval victories of the eldest Labeo as Praetor in 189 or Proconsul in 188; for his triumph see Livy xxxvi,i 6o, 6;

274 C.CATO

Mint-Rome

123 B.C·

B. Porcia 1-2; S. 417-418; RE Porcius 5· See above, pp. 65, 15·

BMCRR Italy 461

t Denarius (Pl. XXXIX) Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [228].

r., holding reins in l. hand and whip in r. hand; below, C.CA TO; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [285].

Victory in biga

3

Semis

A. Moneta

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

[S).

Prow r.; above, below, ROMA.

3 Quadrans (Pl. XXXIX) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2.

403 (unique)

[C.)CATO;

before,

S;

Paris, A 14310

§.

Similar; before, §.

The moneyer is presumably C. Porcius Cato, Cos. 114.

275 M.FAN C.F B. Fannia 1-3; Bf. t

Mint-Rome

iii, 48; S. 419

and 42o-42oa; RE Fannius

14. See above, pp. 65, 75·

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 468

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROMA downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in l. hand and wreath in r. hand; in exergue, M·FN ·C·F. Line border. Reverse dies: [352].

Obverse dies: [282]. 3

Semis (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 471

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S.

Prow r.; above, below, ROMA.

Specimens in Paris: 3·

M·FN ·C·F;

before,

S;

Paris, A 9532 (unique)

3 Quadrans Head of Hercules r.; behind,

123 B.C.

g.

Similar; before, [§].

I � not convinced by Bahrfeldt's rather hypothetical

arguments against the

authenticity of 2 and 3· The moneyer is perhaps the son of C. Fannius, Cos. 122, just conceivably the son of C. Fannius, Pr. before 1i8. r

Mint-Rome

276 M.CARBO

122 B.C.

B. Papiria 6; Bf. i, 194; S. 423; RE Papirius 39· See above, pp. 65, 75· t

BMCRR Italy 472

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, branch; before, X. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [175].

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins and sceptre in l. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand; below, M ·CARBO; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [219].

The reasons advanced at BMCRR ii, 247 n.1 are decisive for the separation of this issue from no. 279. The moneyer may plausibly be identified with the Praetor of Sicily (RE Papirius

·

39) mentioned by Cicero,fam. ix, 21, 3· The branch appears to be without significance, since the obverse type as a whole is copied from that of no. 76. 295

277 Q.MINV RVF

Mint-:-Rome

u2 B.C.

B. Minucia 1-2; Bf. i, 187; ii, 62; S. 421-422; RE Minucius 56. See above, pp. 65, 75, below, no. 76*, nos. 2oo-2o1*. 1 Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 464

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

RV F

Obverse dies: [135].

Dioscuri r.; below, Q·MINV; in exergue, ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [169).

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXIX) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

BMCRR Italy 467

§.

Prow r.; above, Q·MINV; before,

RVF

§ ; below,

ROMA. Specimens in Paris: 4·

The moneyer is preswnably Consul of 110 (see also p.

Q. Minucius Rufus, Leg. 110 and elder brother of the 75).

278 C.PLVTI

Mint-Rome

121 B.C.

B. Plutia 1; Bf. iii, 69; S. 410 and 414; RE Plutius (xxi, 1, 1270). See above, p. 65. 1

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

Helmeted head of Roma Border of dots. Obverse dies: [120}.

BMCRR Italy 454 r.;

behind,

X.

Dioscuri r.; below, C rl- VTI; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [150). ·

Paris, A 14086

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXIX) Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Prow r., inscribed C r I-VTI; above, caps of Dioscuri; before, g; below, ROMA. ·

Specimens in Paris: 2.

The letter form 1.- is at this date a marked archaism. The moneyer should be regarded as the son of Miinzer in

C. Plautius, Pr. 146 (contra

F.

RE).

279 CARBO

Mint-Rome

121 B.C.

B. Papiria 7 and 9; Bf. iii, 8o; S. 415 and 416a; RE Papirius 37· See above, p. 65. 1

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 449

Helmeted head of Roma r. with curl on I. shoulder; behind, X. Border of dots.

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins and sceptre in 1. hand and hurling thunderbolt

with r. hand; below, CA RB; in exergue, ROMA. Line border.

Obverse dies: [173].

Reverse dies: [216].

2 Quadrans (Pl. XXXlX) Head of Hercules r.; behind, Obverse dies: 1.

Berlin; Rome, Capitol 2364

§.

Prow r., inscribed CARBO; above, thunder­ bolt; before, g; below, ROMA. Reverse dies : 1.

The moneyer is preswnably Cn. Papirius Carbo,

296

Cos. 113.

Mint-Rome

28o M.TVLLI B. Tullia 1; S. t

531; RE Tullius

11.

See above, pp.

65, 68, 75· BMCRR

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

Obverse dies:

ROMA

Italy soz

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in both hands and palm-branch in I. hand; above, wreath; below, X; in exergue, M·TYLLI. Border of dots.

Helmeted head of Roma r. with curl on I. shoulder; behind, der of dots.

120 B.C.

downwards. Bor­

[163].

Reverse dies:

[204].

The moneyer is a M. Tullius, not otherwise known. He is perhaps the father of M. Tullius Decula, Cos. St. The reverse type is too general to be related to the moneyer's family history (contra Babelon).

281 M.FOVRI L.F PHILI B. Furia t

t8; Bf.

Denarius (Pl.

i, 124; S.

529;

RE Furius

79·

See above, p.

BMCRR M· FOV R I·

Border of dots.

119B.C.

65.

XXXIX)

Laureate head of Janus; around,

L ·F.

Mint-Rome

Italy

555

Rorna (wearing Corinthian helmet) standing 1., holding sceptre in I. hand and crowning trophy with r. hand (on well-executed and well­

preserved specimens the right breast may be seen to be bare); above, star; behind, ROMA upwards; the trophy is surmounted by a helmet in the form of a boar's head and flanked by a carnyx and shield on each side; Obverse dies:

in exergue, P-ILI. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [491].

[393].

The legend on one obverse die is

M F 0 I R I· L · F (Paris, Rothschild). ·

The moneyer is presumably the son of L. Furius Philus, Cos. 136. The legend ROMA serves to identify the goddess (casually denied by L. Cesano, Att. I. Congr. Stud. Rom., 55; Roma 1928, 391-2) and her divinity is also indicated

by the star. The symbolism of the trophy, with its helmet (see on no. 437) and carnyces (for which

see]. Dobias,

Congress 1936, 173-4; S. Piggott, Ant. Journal

1959, 19), is plainly Gallic and it is hard to believe that it could ever have been

taken as referring to anything other than the defeat of the Allobroges and Arverni and the triumphs of 120. The presence ofRoma (effectively Roma Victrix, on whom see S. Weinstock, RE viii A2, 2496-7) thus serves to emphasise the victory of the Roman people. For Gallic arms in general secR. Amy etc., L'Arc d'Orange, pls. 43-52.

297

Mint-Narbo

z8z L.LIC, CN.DOM AND ASSOCIATES

uS B.c.

B. Aurelia 20; Cosconia t; Domitia 15-19; Licinia 11-15; Poblicia t; Pomponia 7; Porcia 8; Bf. i, 53; iii, 67; S. 52o-524; RE Cosconius 6; Domitius 21 ; Licinius 55; Publicius t8; Pomponius 5; Porcius 25. See above, pp. 65, 71ff., below, no. 259*. t

BMCRR Rome 1185; Vatican 2552

Denarius serratus

Helmeted head of Roma r. (Phrygian or Attic helmet); before, M ·A� E L I upwards; be­ hind, ROMA downwards and K Border of dots. Obverse dies: (85].

Naked, bearded warrior in biga r., holding shield, carnyx and reins in 1. hand and hurling spear with r. hand; below, SCM I; in exergue, L L I C ·C N ·DOM. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [1o6]. ·

The helmet on the obverse is often neither distinctively Phrygian nor distinctively Attic; the end of the reverse legend may read C Ill· DOM (Hannover 2223), CN·GOM (Vatican 2552) or CN· ODM (Vatican 2554). z

BMCRR Rome 1189

Denarius serratus

Similar,

but

Attic

helmet; around, L·CO\../',CO·M·F; behind, X. Obverse dies: [37).

Similar, but only legend in exergue. Reverse dies: [46].

The end of the reverse legend may read CN·GOM (Vatican 2555) or CN ·DO (ANS). 3 Denarius serratus Similar, but around, C· MALLE ·C·F. Obverse dies: [32).

BMCRR Rome 1194 Similar. Reverse dies: [40).

4 Denarius serratus (Pl. XXXIX)

Similar, but around, L ·PO� '"JON I·Cf\F. Obverse dies: [103].

BMCRR Rome 1191 Similar. Reverse dies: [129].

The end of the reverse legend may read Cl!l· DOM (BMCRR Rome 1193).

(Alba di Massa hoard) or CN·GOM BMCRR Rome 1187

s Denarius serratus

Similar, but around, L ·PO R C I· Ll C I; behind,�. Obverse dies: [48).

Similar. Reverse dies: [6o].

The style of this issue differs markedly from that of contemporary mainstream issues, the erratic

reverse

legends are unparalleled on the Republican silver coinage and

the administrative framework of the issue (apparently two senior monetary magis­ trates with five junior associates) is most extraordinary. A provincial mint may therefore be postulated and H. Mattingly's arguments for Narbo

seem

decisive

(JRS 1922, 230, anticipated on a number of points by J. de Witte, RA 1887, 2, 137). The colony belongs in uS and the issue may be independently dated by hoard-evidence to c. 120 (for the precise date of the colony and the issue seep. 71); the reference of the reverse type is apparently to the victories over the Gauls that made the colony possible (see below); the L. Licinius who is one of the two senior monetary magistrates was surely the L. Licinius Crassus responsible for the colony.

None of the magistrates who sign the issue mentions the position they held; all were presumably empowered to strike coinage by the law establishing the colony. L. Licinius and Cn. Domitius should be regarded as Ilviri col. deduc., M. Aurelius Scaurus, L. Cosconius, C. Malleolus, L. Pomponius and L. Porcius Licinus as Curatores denariorum flandorum. Their coinage is distinguished, apart from the features mentioned above, by the casual use of X or *, surely without significance, and by the practice of serration, presumably a device to emphasise the distinctive­ ness of the issue. L. Licinius Crassus was Cos. 95; Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus seems to have struck coinage as moneyer also (no. 285) and to have been Cos. 96. Their·junior associates did not have distinguished careers - M. Aurelius Scaurus is presumably the late second-century Quaestor of Cicero, div. in Caec. 63 and in Verr.t, 85 (E. Badian, Studies,

101 n. 98),the son of M. Aurelius Scaurus, Cos. 108, and the father of the

M. Aurelius M.f. Vol. on the consilium of Cn. Pompeius Strabo at Asculum; L. Cosconius is presumably the son of M. Cosconius, Pr. 135 (see L. R. Taylor, VDRR

208); C. Malleolus is presumably the father of C. Malleolus, Q. So (no. 335); L. Pomponius is perhaps the father of L. Pomponius Molo (no. 334) and of Cn. Pomponius, ?Tr. Pl. 90; L. Porcius Licinus

is

presumably the grandson or great­

grandson of L. Porcius Licinus, Cos. 184. The accoutrements of the figure in the biga forming the reverse type are purely Gallic (note the canryx and the criss-cross pattern on the shield, similar to those on no. 281/1) and I find it hard to believe (with Eckhel and Mommsen) that Mars is represented in this barbarian get-up. The figure is clearly a Gaul (W. Kubitschek's belief in the impossibility of a Roman portraying an enemy on a coin in this way, NZ 1913,223,is entirely a pn'ori); that the figure is the Gallic king Bituitus, captured

by the father of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus according to the probably mendacious account of Valerius Maximus ix, 6, 3 and Eutropius iv, 22, seems incapable of proof (despite the impassioned arguments of J. de Wine, Bull. Soc. Ant. France 1882,

342 and 348; RA 1887, 2, 13 4-6). 283 Q.MAR,

C.F, L.R

Mint-Rome

uS or 117 B.C.

B. Marcia 16-17; Fabia 12-13; Roscia 1-2; Bf. i, 114; S. 541-541b; RE Marcius 30. See above, pp. 6s, 68. ta

Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

Padova; BMCRR Italy 480

Helmeted head of Roma r., sometimes with curl on l. shoulder; behind, *. Border of dots.

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in l. hand and wreath in r. hand; below, ROM A; in

Obverse dies: [32].

Reverse dies: [40].

exergue, tb Denarius Similar. Obverse dies: [13].

Q· /'I.A... C F L· R. ·

·

·

Border of dots.

BMCRR Italy 479; ANS, HSA 25474 Similar, but

C+L· R·Q·M.

Reverse djes: [16].

299

The first moneyer, even if a Q. Marci11S, is virtually unidentifiable. His colleagues are unknown.

284 M.CALID, Q.MET, CN.FOVL

Mint-Rome

117 or u6 B.C.

B. Calidia 1 and 3; Caecilia 35-36; Fulvia 1-2; Bf. i, 61, 65 and 119; S. 539-539a; RE Calidius 3; Caecilius (see below); Fulvius 14. See above, p. 68, below, no. 202*. BMCRR Italy 474

ta Denarius Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROMA downwards; before, K Border of dots.

Victory in biga r., holding reins in l. hand and wreath in r. hand; below, M·CALID; in

exergue, Q · f\1\;_ · Cf\.C L. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [134].

Obverse dies: [107].

BMCRR Italy 476

tb Denarius (Pl. XXXIX) Similar.

Similar, but Cf\FO\L below and M·CA.. ·

Obverse dies: [63].

Q · f\1\;_ in exergue. Reverse dies: [79].

M. Calidius is perhaps the father of Q. Calidius, Pr. 79; Q. Metellus may be either Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Cos 109, or more likely Q. Caecilius Metellus .

Nepos, Cos 98; Cn. Fulvius is not otherwise known. .

z8s CN.DOMI, Q.CVRTI, M.SILA

Mint-Rome

u6 or us B.C.

B. Domitia 7, 9-13; Curtia 2-7; Junia 9-14; Bf. i, 103 and 159; ii, 55; iii,44 and 6o; S. 535-535a and 537-538d; RE Domitius 21; Curtius 11; Junius 169 ( ?). See above, p. 68, below, no. 203*· t Denarius (Pl.

XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 490

Helmeted head of Roma r., with curl on l.

shoulder; before, ROMA upwards; behind, X. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [65). The legend on one reverse die is Museo Nazionale (Gnecchi) 852).

X.

The

mark

Q ·CV RT

Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [185).

=

Rome,

BMCRR Italy 482; Haeberlin = Bf. i, pl. v, 112 (no curl)

Helmeted head of Roma r., usually with curl behind,

exergue, CN·DOMI. Line border. Reverse dies: [81].

C N ·OMI (F. Gnecchi, RIN 1889, pl. iii, 3

2 Denarius (Pl. XXXIX)

on 1. shoulder; before,

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding thunderbolt in l. hand and (laurel-)branch in r. hand; in

upwards;

Jupiter

in quadriga r., holding sceptre in l. hand and hurling thunderbolt with r. hand;

above, lituus; below, M·SIP.,; in exergue,

ROMA. Line border. Reverse dies: [231].

of value is missing on one obverse die (ANS, HSA 25475).

Hannover 2058-2059

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; before, CN OOMI upwards; behind, S.

Harpa; above, M·SILA; below, Q·CVRTI.

·

Specimens in Paris: 1. Paris, AF

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo; before, C N 00M I upwards.

Aegis;

around, M·SI LA·Q·CVRT I.

·

Specimens in Paris: 1.

sa Quadrans

BMCRR Italy 493; Paris, A 9102

Head of Hercules r.; above, §; before, CN · DOM I.

ooo,

Bow, club and arrow (the last two pointing 1.); above, M·SILA; below, Q·CVRTI.

or behind,

sb Quadrans (Pl. xxxrx)

Paris, A 9103; A 9105

Similar.

sc

Similar, but club and arrow may point either way; above, Q·CVRTI; below, M·SI LA.

Quadrans

Hannover 2o61

Similar.

Arrow, club (both pointing r.) and bow;

Specimens in Paris

(all

above, Q·CVRTI; below, M·SILA. varieties): 9·

6 Sextans Head

of

Me.rcury

CN·DOMI.

Paris, A 9109 r.;

above,

oo;

before,

Caduceus;

above,

Q·CVRTI;

below,

M·SILA.

Specimens in Paris t. 7a Uncia

Paris, A 9110

Head of Apollo r. (hair tied with band); before,

CN·DOMI upwards; behind, o.

Lyre; above, Q·CV RTI; below, M·S I LA.

7b Uncia

Vienna 1870

Similar.

Similar; above, M·SILA; below, Q·CVRTI.

Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 2.

This college of moneyers presents in its most crucial form the problem of identifi­ cation (cf. p. 272). If Cn. Domitius is the Consul of 96, there is a gap of half a generation between him and M. Silanus, whether he is the Consul of 109 or this man's son. Q. Curtius is totally unknown. The lituus on the reverse of 2 is usually held to refer to the augurate of an ancestor of M. Silanus. The reverse types of the bronze, by way of artistic variation, show the attributes of the deities on the obverse instead of a prow (for the types of the uncia see p. 745).

301

286

M.SERGI SILVS Q

Mint-Rome

u6or us B.C.

B. Scrgia t; Bf. i, 238; S. 534 and 544; RE Sergius 42· See above, pp. 68f,, below, no. 26o*. 1

Denarius

(Pl. XXXIX)

BMCRR Italy 512

Helmeted head ofRoma r.; before, EX·S·C; behind, ROMA downwards and�. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [287] .

Horseman 1., holding sword and severed head in 1. hand; before, Q; below, M·SE RG I; in exergue, S I L VS. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [359].

.

The mark of value is missing on one obverse die (San

Lorenzo del Vallo hoard). The size of

the head of Roma covers the whole range from large to small.

M. Sergius Silus is not known to have progressed beyond the quaestorship. He is

no� the father of Catilina, who is a Lucius (C. Cichorius, RS, 172-3), but belongs to a collateral branch of the family. The reverse type apparendy portrays the grandfather of M. Sergius Silus, who was Pr. 197 and in his youth fought left-handed after losing his right hand in batde (Pliny, NH vii, 104-6; C. Cavedoni, Ripostigli, 263, for the severed Gallic head). For the letters EX·S·C seep. 6o6. Mint-Rome

287 ANONYMOUS

us or U4

B.C.

A. ii, 473; B. i, p. 72; S. 530. See above, p. 68.

1 Denarius (PL XI.)

BMCRR Italy 562

Helmeted head of Roma r. (winged Corin­ thian helmet) with curl on 1. shoulder; below, ROMA; behind, X. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [82].

Roma, wearing Corinthian helmet, seated r. on pile of shields, holding spear in l. hand; at feet, beside pile of shields, helmet; before, she-wolf r., suckling twins; on either side, bird flying. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [102].

For the types in general see p. 729, for the two birds, p. 719 n. 5· Compare also the gem, A. Furtwiingler, Antike Gemmen, pl. 28, 6o. 288 CETEGVS

Mint-Rome

us or u4

B.C.

B. Cornelia 18; Bf. i, 91; iii, 42; S. 553; RE Cornelius 97· See above, p. 69. 1 Denarius (Pl. XL)

Paris, AF; formerly

Helmeted head ofRoma r. (Phrygian helmet); behind, EX·S·C downwards; before, �. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

Gotha

Male figure on goat r., wearing Phrygian helmet1 and holding branch in r. hand; below, CETEGVS; in exergue, ROMA. Ivy-wreath border. Reverse dies : 2.

The moneyer is perhaps the father of the notorious political boss of the 7os, P. Cethegus, who on the evidence of Cicero, Brutus 178

was

hom about 120 (and for

1 The spikes on the helmet are clearly visible on the coin itself; but I should not like to be dogmatic about the nature of the branch or the sex of the goat.

302

whom see Cicero, Brutus 178 with commentary of A. E. Douglas; T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP ii, Supplement 18). The correct identification of the head-gear of the male figure on the reverse and of the wreath around the type, made by J. Eckhel in 1795 (DNV v, 180) and by H. Cohen in 1857 (Midailles

consulaires,

101), but ignored by their successors, imposes

certain limitations on the interpretation of the type Both the recent identification .

of the male figure as King Silvius as a child (A. Alfoldi, Urahnen, 24; Early Rome, 239 n.1) and the traditional identifications as Attis (Ch. Lenormant, RN 1842, 245, citing the rearing of Attis on goat's milk; C. Cavedoni, Bullettino 1844, 23; Th. Mommsen, RMw, 540 and later handbooks; the cult of Attis was in any

case

of

negligible importance at Rome before the Empire, see P. Lambrechts, Attis, 43 and 71, righdy ignoring this coin; J. A. North,JRS 1965, 278) or as Genius Junonis Sospitae (C. Cavedoni, Saggio, 152 n.46 and 199; G. Riccio, Monete delle famiglie, 63) are likewise excluded. The ivy-wreath characterises the type as Dionysiac (compare the thyrsus on no. 353) and the male figure should probably be regarded as Dionysus himself (compare A. Furtwangler, Antike Gemmen, pl. 42, 62). The borrowing of the Phrygian helmet for the head of Roma is neither surprising nor significant. For the letters EX· S· C see p. 6o6.

�89 M.CIPI M.F

Mint-Rome

us

or

114 B.C.

B. Cipia 1 and 3�; Bf. i, 81; iii, 38; S. 546-547c; RE Cipius 2. See above, pp. 68f., below, no. 77*. t

Denarius

Helmeted

(Pl. XL)

head

BMCRR Italy 522 before,

Victory in biga r., holding reins in I. hand and

upwards; behind, X. Border

of dots.

palm-branch tied with fillet in r. hand; below, rudder; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [535].

Reverse dies: (669).

M · C I PI· M · F

of

r.;

Roma

Paris,AF Laureate

head

M C I PI· M· F

of

Saturn

r.;

upwards; behind, Specimens in Paris: 2. ·

S.

before,

ROMA.

F. Capranesi, Annali 1839, 281

3 Triens

Minerva r.; before, M · C I PI · M · F upwards.

Helmeted head of

above, oooo;

4 Quadrans (Pl. XL) Head of Hercules r.; before, upwards; behind,

Prow r.; before, S; below,

§.

Similar; before,

�·

=

Paris, A 7251 (unique)

Hannover 2196 (unique)

M ·C I PI· M F ·

Similar, but no mark of value.

S Uncia

BMCRR Italy szs (Bf. i, pl. iv, 87); Paris, A 7Z5Z (Bf. iii, pl.ii, 59); Turin (Royal Coli.); Quadras y Ramon (Sale catalogue) zz6 (Bf. iii, pl. ii, 58)

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

Rudder; above, ROMA; below, M· F and below this, o.

o.

Obverse dies: z or 3·

M·CIPI·

Reverse dies : z.

No specimen displays more than one

o

on obverse or reverse; the coin is therefore an uncia.

There is no evidence by which to confirm or reject the identification of the moneyer with the complaisant husband of Cicero, jam. vii,

24,

1; Festus, s.v. Non omnibus

dormio. I know of no explanation for the rudder which appears on the denarius and forms

the reverse type of the uncia, nor for the odd obverse type of the latter.

290 C.FONT B. Fonteia

1�;

Mint-Rome

1140r 113

B.C.

Bf. iii, 49; S. 555-556d; RE Fonteius 6 and ?2. See above, pp. 68f.

1 Denarius (Pl. XL)

BMCRR Italy 597

Laureate, Janiform head of Dioscuri; on 1. and below, control-mark; on r., *· Border of dots. Obverse dies: [142].

Ship 1.; above, Border of dots.

C·FOt'J;

ROMA.

below,

Reverse dies: [177].

2As

BMCRR Italy 617

Laureate head of Janus; above,

I.

Prow r.; above, I between anchor; below, C.FOI\r.

Specimens in Paris: 5·

ROM A;

3 Semis (Pl. XL)

before,

Paris, A 9717

Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.; above, C.FOt'J; before,

ROMA.

S;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 4·

4 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; above, oooo. Specimens in Paris: 3·

Similar; before,

§.

Similar; before,

§.

S Quadrans

Paris, A 9720

BMCRR Italy 619

Head of Hercules r.; behind, Specimens in Paris: 16.

g.

Paris, A 9738

6 Uncia Helmeted

head

of

Roma

Laurel-wreath border. Specimens in Paris: 3·

r.;

behind,

o.

Mars in quadriga r., holding shield and spear in l. hand and reins in r. hand; above, o;

ROMA.

below, C·FOKf; in exergue,

The control-letters on the obverse of the denarius

run

alphabet, alone or accompanied by 1-7 dots; 0 with 304

right through the Latin ···

and E

·

with

··· ···

occur,

also X as well as �; no control-letter or control-letter+ dot has more than

one die; it is curious that obverse dies thus fall into groups of eight, the number of days in a nundinum (on which see A. K. Michels, Calendar, 192-4). For the weight standard of 2-6 see p. 596; Bahrfeldt's surprise at the weight of the uncia is misplaced,since this denomination is often relatively heavy compared with larger and more easily produced denominations. The moneyer is doubtless a brother or cousin of the moneyer Mn. Fonteius (no. 307); either may be identified with the Fonteius who was Legate in 91. This moneyer is presumably the father of no. 353 and perhaps also of no. 347· The Janiform head which forms the obverse of the denarius should be regarded not as that of Fontus (for those existence there is no good evidence, K. Lane, RRg, 77 n.1 ),but as that of the Dioscuri, whose jugate heads form the obverse of no. 307; both moneyers come from the gens Fonteia and therefore from Tusculum (L. R. Taylor, VDRR, 214), the chief cult-centre of the Dioscuri in Latium; the reverse type of this issue is doubtless an allusion to the transmarine origin of Telegonus (for whom see on no. 149),the founder ofTusculum (the anchor on the as presumably alludes to this too). The obverse type of the uncia is borrowed from the denarius of M. Cipius. 291

Mint-Rome

MN.AEMILIO LEP

114 or 113 B.C.

B. Aemilia 7; Bf. i, 12; S. 554· See above, pp. 68f. t

Denarius (Pl. XL)

BMCRR Italy 590

Laureate female bust r. (?Roma), draped and wearing diadem; before, behind,

K

Border of dots.

ROM

upwards; ·

Three arches, on which stands equestrian statue - horseman wears cuirass and wreath, and holds spear in r. hand; around, NV·

A EM I L I 0;

between arches,

of dots.

Obverse dies: [283].

L E P.

Border

Reverse dies: [354].

The legend on the reverse should all be regarded as forming the moneyer's name since most Republican coin legends are of indeterminate case, the dative is hardly significant. Certainly there are no grounds for regarding Mn. Aemilius Lepidus as the name of the horseman portrayed (contra H. Gesche, JNG 1968, 34; G. Fuchs, Architekturdarsrellungen, 1o); such a name should be in the nominative (see no. 381 for the only unequivocal example). The moneyer is probably to be identified with the Mn. Aemilius Lepidus attested by the filiation of Mn. Aemilius Mn.f. Lepidus,Cos. 66; he is perhaps the son of M. Aemilius Lepidus,Cos. 126 (G. V.

Sumner,JRS 1964,42 n.9). M. Stuart's careful argument (AJA 1945, 23o-4o) that the arches which form part of the reverse type represent an aqueduct, though not absolutely decisive, is stronger than the arguments for any other interpretations.1 The aqueduct is doubt1

The

bridge-buildlng Aemilius of Plutarch, Nwna 9 does not get one very far.

less the one begun by M. Aemilius Lepidus and M. Fulvius Nobilior

Censors in 179, but completed by and named after Q. Marcius Rex, Pr. 144, despite the oppo­ as

sition of another M. Aemilius Lepidus (Frontinus, Aq. i, 7, reading pro collegio; Stuart,

24C>-9; see also on no. 425, A. E. Astin, Scipio Aemilianus, 108-10; 126).

The three arches are explained by Stuart as those carrying the aqueduct across the Via Praenestina

(249-50, ignored by Gesche).

The identity of the statue standing on the arches is uncertain, since a moneyer could portray an ancestor bearing a different praenomen to his own, without ex­ plicidy identifying him (see no. 433). If the legend on the obverse is descriptive, the head may be regarded

as

that of

Roma.

292 P.NERVA

Mint-Rome

113 or 112 B.C.

B. Licinia 7-10; Bf. i, 166; ii, 57; iii, 66; S. 548-549c; RE Licinius 135-136. See above, pp. 68f., below, no. 78*, no. 204*, no. 261*. t Denarius (Pl. XL)

BMCRR Italy 526

Bust of Roma 1., wearing helmet (helmet has plume on each side) and holding shield in I. hand and spear over shoulder in r. hand; above, crescent; behind, before, K Border of dots.

ROMA

upwards;

Obverse dies: [73].

Voting scene- one voter on 1. of pons receives ballot from attendant below, another voter on r . of pons places ballot in dsta; above, r. N: R VA; at top of coin, bar on which stands tablet bearing letter P. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [91 ].

The first letter of the moneyer's name on the reverse is sometimes rather carelessly executed

(cf. A. von

Sallet, ZJN 1875, 86).

2 Semis

BM

Laureate head of Saturn r.; before, upwards; behind, S.

P N: R VA ·

Prow r.; above, female dancer; before, below, ROMA.

S;

Specimens in Paris: 4· 3 Triena Helmeted

P N: RVA ·

48

Fenelon Farez (unique)

head of Minerva r.; upwards; above, oooo.

before,

Prow r.; before,

§; below, ROMA.

Quadran&

Head of Hercules r.; upwards; behind, §.

BMCRR Italy 529 before,

P N: R VA ·

Prow r.; above, horse; before,

ROMA.

4b Quadran& (Pl. XL) Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 20.

§;

below,

Rome, Capitol 2003 Similar, but bird above.

The moneyer is presumably P. Licinius Nerva, Pr. 104. The bust on the obverse of the. denarius is an artistic variant of the normal head of Roma (for the crescent and the form of helmet see p. 723); the obverse legend doubdess serves to identify it; the identification is even clearer on the gem published

by A. Furtwaogler, Antike Gemmen, pl. 25, 34, which reads AVE ROMA (the mark interpreted by Furtwangler as H is in fact the crescent above the head of Roma). There is no real resemblance to the head of Bellona on no. 385/4 (contra A. Alfoldi, Urahnen, 6); a representation of Roma as

a

warrior goddess is hardly

surprising. For the voting scene on the reverse see L. R. Taylor, RVA, 39, who however transposes the roles of the figure on the left of the pons and the figure below the pons; the former is clearly on his way across the pons to vote; the latter is smaller than either of the figures on the pons, hence merely an attendant; it is in any case not clear what the purpose of the pons was if not to isolate the voters.1 The two lines behind the voting scene and the bar which carries the tablet2 with the initial of the voting tribe (L. R. Taylor, n. 23; see also on no. 335) presumably mark off the voting area. The precise motivation behind the choice of type is uncertain- it is perhaps less plausible to associate it with C. Licinius Crassus, Tr.

Pl. 145 (Th. Mommsen, RMw, 545), than with C. Marius (T. F. Carney, NC 1959, 87), who in his tribunate a few years before pontes ...fecit angustos (Cicero, de leg. iii, 38). The significance of the symbols on the bronze is obscure.

Mint-Rome

Z93 L.PHILIPPVS B. Marcia 12-14; Bf. i,

179; iii,

113

or HZ B.C.

7 4; S.551-552a; RE Marcius 75· See above, pp. 68 f., below,

no.205*.

BMCRR Italy532

1 Denarius (Pl. XL) Male head r. (Philip V of Macedon), wearing helmet with goat's horns, on which rests diadem; behind, � downwards; before, . Border of dots. Obverse dies: [28].

Equestrian statue - horseman carries laurel­ branch; below horse, flower (?); below, on tablet, L rH I L I PPVS; below, K Border of dots. Reverse dies: [35]. ·

BMCRR Italy535

Z Quadrans (Pl. XL) Head of Hercules r.; before, upwards; behind, §.

l rH I L I PPVS ·

Prow r. ; above, cock;

ROM A.

before,

§;

below,

Specimens in Paris: 7· 3 Uncia

Paris, A 12467; AF; Rome, Capitol2118

o; in exergue, ROMA.

Laureate head of Saturn r; . behind, harpa; before, L· rH I urrvs upwards.

Dog r.; above,

Obverse dies: 2.

Reverse dies: 2.

The moneyer is presumably L. Marcius Philippus, Cos. 91. The hair which appears above the diadem on the head on the obverse should be regarded as belonging to the goat-skin which makes up the helmet rather than to the wearer of the helmet; the type of helmet (see on no. 259) and the unvarying letter are clearly intended to identify the head as that of Philip V of Macedon and 1 •

G. Fuchs, MDAI(R) 1957, 183-5, wrongly regards the pons as having raised sides. C. Cavedoni's view that this is part of a subsellium (Riposrigli, 133 n. 118) is surely wrong.

thus to allude to the moneyer's cognomen, Philippus (see on no. 259).The laurel­ branch on the reverse (compare H. Mattingly, BMCRE i, pl. 6, 3) identifies its bearer as a triumphator and perhaps as Q. Marcius Tremulus, Cos. 3o6, whose statue stood before the temple of Castor and Pollux (S. B. Platner andT. Ashby, TDAR, 202); the statue on no. 425 is to be distinguished.The flower perhaps alludes

to the conception of Mars as a result of the fertilisation of Juno by a flower (W. Kubitschek, Studien, 2 n. 3); or it is perhaps a support for the statue (so H. Gesche,

JNG 1968, 26).

Mint-Rome

294 T.DEIDI B. Oidia 2; S. 550;

113 or 112 B.C.

RE Didius 5· See above, pp. 68f. BMCRR Italy 530

1 Denarius (Pl. XL)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, downwards; below, K Border of dots.

I!A

Obverse dies: [22].

Battle between gladiator armed with whip and gladiator armed with stave; in exergue, T ·DE I D I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [27).

The moneyer is presumablyT. Didius, Cos. 98. Babelon's more than usually fantastic explanation of the reverse type as portraying an (unattested) episode in a Sicilian slave war should be rejected; the type doubdess shows what the moneyer would provide for the people if Curule Aedile, see p. 729.

Mint-Rome

295 L.TORQVA Q

B. Mantia 2; Bf. i, 176; iii, 72; S. 545;

113 or 112 B.C.

RE Manlius 78. See above, pp. 68f., below, no. 262*. BMCRR Italy 518

1 Denarius (Pl. XL)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROM downwards; before, X. Torque as border. Obverse dies: [40].

Horseman charging 1.; below, L T0 R Q VA; above, Q; in exergue, EX·S·C. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [50]. ·

L. ManliusTorquatus is not known to have progressed beyond the quaestorship.

For his family connections see the plausible

stemma

given by Jane F. Mitchell,

Historia 1966, 31; the stemma is well suited by the date proposed here for the

quaestorship of L. ManliusTorquatus. The torque on the obverse alludes to the single-handed victory ofT. Manlius lmperiosus Torquatus over a Gaul and to his acquisition of his fallen enemy's torque and thereby the cognomenTorquatus (sources inT. R. S. Broughton, MRRP i, 119); the batde was fought on foot and cannot be connected with the reverse

type For the letters EX·S·C see p . 6o6. .

z!)6 CN.BLASIO CN.F

Mint-Rome

tu

or 111 B.C.

B. Cornelia 19-23; Bf. i, 91; ii, 37; iii, 42; S. 561-562b; RE Cornelius 75· See above, pp. 68f., below, no. 263*.

BMCRR Italy 620

ta Denarius (Pl. XL) Helmeted head of Mars r. (Corinthian hel­ met); above,;)(; before, CN · BLASIO·CN F; behind, caduceus. Border of dots. ·

Jupiter standing facing between Juno and Minerva and holding sceptre in r. hand and thunderbolt in l. hand- Juno holds sceptre in r. hand, Minerva holds sceptre in l. hand and crowns Jupiter with r. hand; in field, dot; below,

ROMA. Border of dots.

BMCRR Italy 621

tb Denarius

Similar, but crescent in field.

Similar, but star behind.

BMCRR Italy 626-627

tc Denarius Similar, but bucraniwn behind.

Similar, but

9 or 0 in field.

Similar, but

n in field.

BMCRR Italy 628

td Denarius Similar, but prow-stem behind.

BMCRR Italy 629

te Denarius Similar, but Y in field.

Similar, but wreath behind

.

BMCRR Italy 630

tf Denarius Similar, but spearhead behind

.

Similar, but in field. San Loren2o hoard

tg Denarius Similar, but dagger behind.

Similar, but tin field.

BMCRR Italy 631

th Denarius (Pl. XL) Similar, but palm-branch behind.

Similar, but I) in field.

BMCRR Italy 622

d Denarius Similar, but com-ear behind.

Similar, but eagle between palm-branch; on r., A.

RO MA; in field,

Thrace hoard

tJ Denarius Similar, but tripod behind.

Similar, but comucopiae on r.

BMCRR Italy 624

tk Denarius Similar, but trident behind.

Similar, but dolphin on r.

BMCRR Italy 625

t1 Denarius Similar, but thyrsus behind. Obverse dies (all varieties): [137].

Similar, but torch on r. Reverse dies

(all varieties): [171]. BMCRR Italy 632

2 As (Pl. XL) Laureate head of Janus; above, I; around,

Victory attaching helmet to trophy; around,

ROMA.

CN·BLASIO·CN·F.

Specimens in Paris: 12.

BMCRR Italy 635

3 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; before, Specimens in Paris:

4 Quadrans

S.

Prow below,

t.

r.;

above,

ROMA.

CN

·

(\ S I 0;

before,

(Pl. XL)

BM

Bust of Hercules seen from behind, with head turned to I. and club over

r., §.

S;

r.

shoulder;

Similar; before,

§.

on

Specimens in Paris: 3·

The twelve varieties of 1 were perhaps produced successively (though not necessarily in the order given) in the course of the twelve months of the year; symbols on obverse and reverse are sometimes natural pairs, but seem otherwise to have been chosen at random (the Romans merely numbered half their months and clearly assigned no special character to them); it is interesting that some of the symbols recur on

earl y,

undated tesserae nummulariae (ILLRP 987-8; 994-5; 997-8 -all

presumably of about 100 B.C.). The type of 4 is borrowed from denarii of Ti.Q (no. 297). The moneyer is doubdess a descendant of Cn. Cornelius Blasio, Pr. 194. There are no grounds for supposing that the obverse of 1 bears a portrait of P. Scipio Africanus (contra H. M.-L. Vollenweider, Museum Helvecicum 1958, 38-42; H. H. Scullard, Scipio, 249-51, without new arguments). The supposed precedents for this issue, the issues of New Carthage and Canusium discussed by E. S. G.

Robinson (Essays Mattingly, 41-3), are in my view illusory and in any case their obverses in no way resemble this obverse; and the stylistic peculiarities of the latter, which lend plausibility to the traditional view that it is a portrait, are in fact re­ produced on contemporary issues (see Plate XL).1 Nor does the Capitoline triad on the reverse provide any evidence for regarding the obverse as a portrait of Scipio. The association of Scipio with Jupiter and the Capitol (for his visits to the Capitol and the placing there of his imago see Polybius x, 5, 5 with commentary of F. W. Walbank; id., PCPhS 1967, 54-6, accepting the traditional view of the denarius of Cn. Blasio) is secondary to the event at the centre of the Scipionic legend, the capture of New Carthage (F. W. Walbank, 54-69); and it seems to me to defy probability to suppose that Cn. Blasio as moneyer adopted a portrait of Scipio as his type, whereas L. Scipio Asiagenus striking a few years later (no. 311) did no such thing. We should rather suppose that Jupiter, who appears with the rest of the Capitoline triad on the denarius of Cn. Blasio, alone on the issues of Cn. Cornelius

Ll. Sisena (no. 310), L. Scipio Asiagenus and two Cn. Lentuli (nos. 345 and 549), was the object of special veneration by the whole gens Cornelia; from this fact those parts of the Scipionic legend associated with Jupiter and the Capitol perhaps 1

0. Vessberg, Studien, 126-7 points to the thin and sinewy neck, the high forehead, deep-set eye and pointed nose, the prominent cheekbone; all may be found on denarii of C. Fonteius or Mn. Aeml i ius

Lepidus.

310

developed. If it is accepted that family tradition suggested the Capitoline triad to Cn. Blasio as a reverse type for his denarius, a head of Mars on the obverse is readily intelligible as a counterpart of deities sometimes known as summi imperatores (ILLRP 192 with commentary). The unusual reverse type of the as, apparently borrowed by the artist from the coinage of Agathocles (C. Cavedoni, Annali 1849, 194), may result from a similar association of ideas. 297

TI.Q

Mint-Romf'

112 or 111 B.C.

B. Quinctia 6; Bf. ii, 72; iii, 90; S. 563; RE Quinctius 18. See above, pp. 68f.

BMCRR Italy 566

1a Denarius Bust of Hercules seen from behind, with head turned to 1. and club over r. shoulder. Border

Desultor 1., wearing cuirass; behind, control­ mark; below, rat 1. between T I Q; in exergue,

of dots.

incuse on tablet,

1b Denarius (Pl.

D S S.

XL)

Similar. Obverse dies (both varieties): (87).

·

·

Border of dots.

BMCRR Italy 569 Similar, but rat r. Reverse dies (both varieties): 109.

The control-marks on each variety are the letters of the Latin alphabet, including Y and Z or S ; the letters are always accompanied by a dot above or below or on the right or the left and apparent exceptions to this rule (for instance, B, E and S reponed by Bahrfeldt) depend on misread specimens; within each variety no control-mark has more than one die. The identity of the moneyer is wholly uncertain, but he may be a Ti. Quinctius or Ti. Quinctilius; three factors militate against the possibility that the Q on the reverse stands for Quaestor; the whole legend seems to be copied from that ofT. Quinctius Flamininus (no. 267); the borrowing of the type of this denarius for the quadrans of Cn. Blasio suggests that the two men belong to the same college of moneyers; and on contemporary issues attributed to Quaestors the Q does not run on from the name.The rat (or mouse) provides no assistance;1 although the moneyer may come from Sabinum (see below), he can hardly be connected with the Murrius of Varro, RR ii, 6, 1 or the Q. Murrius of ILLRP 265, both from Reate, since the adjective from mus is murinus (I owe this point to E. Badian); C. Cavedoni's syggestion (Ripostigli, 125) that the moneyer isTi. QuinctiusTrogus will not do, since the link rat-rodent-Tf>WyetV-Trogus is hopelessly tenuous and at Varro, LL vi, 90 and 92, cited by Cavedoni, the correct reading may beT. Quinctius Rocus, rather than T. QuinctiusTrogus. The unusual bust of Hercules on the obverse, recurring on no. 329, is perhaps that of Hercules Respiciens,2 attested at Reate (GIL ix, 4673; note also the foundaA. Alfl)Jdi, Festschrift Schefold, 34 n. 196, holds the astonishing view that the mouse stands for Minucius. • For the meaning of this word see Varro in Nonius wM.

1

311

tion of Reate by a companion of Hercules, Suetonius, Vesp. 12); the desultor on the reverse perhaps portrays a statue, if the tablet with the incuse legend D.S.S.

is intended to recall a statue-base (B. Pick, Frankfurter

Mii_nzzeitung

1917, 249); the formula d(e) s(enatus) s(ententia) is a common one in building inscriptions. See also p. 729. 298 L.

CAESI

Mint-Rome

112 or 111 B.C.

B. Caesia t; Bf. i, 65; S. 564; RE Caesius 4· See above, pp. 68f. 1 Denarius (Pl. XL)

BMCRR Italy 585

Bust of Apollo seen from behind, with head turned to 1. and with thunderbolt in r. hand;

Lares Praestites seated facing, with dog between, each holding staff in 1. hand; above,

on r.,

bust of Vulcan with tongs over shoulder; on 1., A; on r., :R; in exergue, L CkSI Border of dots.

!J... Border of dots.

·

Obverse dies: [5o].

.

Reverse dies: [62].

The moneyer is a L. Caesius (conceivably a L. Caesilius) not otherwise known. Despite the closed form of the P, the monogram on the obverse seems to me most readily intelligible as representing Ap(ollo), rather than R(om)a or a(rgento) p(ublico),I and presumably thus identifies the deity portrayed; but since the object in his hand is clearly a thunderbolt, the type perhaps results from the assimilation of Apollo and Jupiter, rather than of Apollo and Veiovis, who sagittas tenet (Gellius v, 12,

u;

compare Ovid, Fasti iii, 438,julmina nulla tenet). For Veiovis seeS. Weinstock, Divus Julius, 8 n. 2; A.B. Cook, Zeus i, 711-12; T. J. Luce, AJA 1968, 25-6; E. Cocchi Ercolani, RIN 1968, 115 adds nothing. The attributes of the figures on the reverse correspond to the description of the Lares Praestites in Ovid, Fasti v, 137-8; Plutarch, QR 276f; the monograms should therefore be resolved as La(res) Pr(a)e (stites). The significance of the bust of Vulcan is not apparent. 299

AP.CL, T.MAL or T.MANL, Q.VR

Mint-Rome

111

or 110 B.C

B. Claudia 2-3; Mallia 1-2; Bf. i, 84; S. 57-570a; RE Claudius 296; Manlius 61 ( ?). See above, pp. 68f., below, no. 264*. 1a Denarius (Pl. XL)

BMCRR Rome 1290

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, quad­ rangular device. Border of dots. Obverse

dies: [320].

Victory in triga r., holding reins in both hands; in exergue, AP CL T M. Q �. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [400]. ·

Similar,butT

dies: [407].

The legend on both

·

·

BMCRR Rome 1293

tb Denarius Similar. Obverse

·

·

.

M. AP CL Q � in exergue. .

Reverse dies: (509].

varieties is sometimes rather carelessly executed. 1

Compare also no. 353 with commentary.

312

·

·

·

The consistent occurrence of the letters Q· \R. at the end of the legend provides no evidence for the resolution Q(uaestores) Ur(bani), contra Th. Mommsen, RMw, 561 n. 301; on one contemporary bronze issue struck by three moneyers (no. 285/3-7b) the name of Cn. Domitius appears consistendy on the obverse, the names of Q. Curtius and M. Silanus consistendy on the reverse; on two contemporary silver issues (nos. 283 and 284) one moneyer out of three fails to appear at the head of the list. Against Mommsen's interpretation may be urged the fact that only one Quaestor Urbanus seems to have been in charge of the Aerarium at any one time, at any rate FIRA i, down to Sulla (Polybius xxiii, 14, 5; Lex Cornelia de XX quaestoribus no. 10, lines 1-4; cf. the epigraphic/ex repetundarum, FIRA i, no. 7,lines 68-9 and the epigraphiclexagraria, FIRA i, no. 8,line46; see also the sources cited on p. 633 n. 1). =

The letters Q·\R. at the end of the legend on this issue should be regarded as represent­ ing a name and the whole issue should be regarded

as

struck by three moneyers.

Ap. Claudius is presumably Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Pr. 89 and Cos. 79; if the monogram T f\A is read as T ·Mal(· · · · · ), the second moneyer is perhaps better taken as a T. Maloleius than as a T. Mallius (C. Cichorius, RS, 146; E. Badian, Historia 1963, 138; contra, A. Degrassi on ILLRP515; the T. Mallius cited by F. Miinzer, RE xiv, 918 should be regarded

as

a T. Manlius, L. R. Taylor, VDRR,

228); but I now prefer to read the monogram as T.

Manl(···)and to identify the

moneyer with T. Manlius Mancinus, Tr. Pl. 107; the third moneyer is presumably a Q. Urbinius, not otherwise known, perhaps the father of C. Urbinius, Q. 74· 300

Mint-Rome

C.PVLCHER

B. Claudia t; S. 569; RE Claudius 1

Denarius (Pl.

302.

See above, p.

uo or 109 B.C.

68.

XL)

BMCRR Rome tz88

Helmeted head of Roma r. (helmet decorated with circular device). Border of dots. Obverse dies: [305].

Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; in exergue, C. PV L C HE R. Border of dots. Reverse dies:

[381].

The moneyer is presumably C. daudius Pulcher, Cos. 92; for his e/ogium see Inscr. It. xiii, 3, no. 70 and p. 711 below. Mint-Rome

301 P.LAECA B. Porcia 1

4; Bf.

Denarius

i,

(Pl.

224; iii, 87;

S. 571-571a; RE Porcius

See above, pp. 68f.

BMCRR Italy 649

XL)

Helmeted head of Roma r.; above, ROMA; behind, P · L k. CA downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

Figure in military dress l., with r. hand raised; on l., figure in toga, gesturing with r. hand; on r., attendant with one rod in r. hand and

Obverse dies:

21.

[88].

uo or 109 B.C.

two

rods in I. hand; Border of dots. Reverse dies: [110].

P ROVOCO.

The obverse legend is sometimes carelessly executed

(BMCRR Italy 652).

in

exergue,

The moneyer is a P. Porcius Laeca, perhaps Tr. Pl. in the 90S (Gellius xili, 12, 6; C. Cichorius, RS, 2oo-1). The reverse type, with its confrontation between a civilian figure and a military figure (wearing kilt and paludamentum only; for the significance of military dress see Dio liii, 13, 3 and 6), clearly portrays provocatio in action. The attendant with a rod in his right hand (palpably not a spear, pace A. Alfoldi, AJA 1959, 5) and two rods in his left hand (their size is dictated by their placing on the coin) is being summoned at the governor's command and warded off by the citizen's appeal (compare Cicero, in Verr.1 v, 161-2 for the procedure, in this case unsuccessful).1 Provocatio was extended to the provinces during the second century (A. H. M. Jones, Studies, 53; the argument may be strengthened in a number of ways), presumably by

a Lex Porcia; the allusion of the type is thus doubdess to an achievement of an ancestor of the moneyer.

302 L.FLAMINI CILO

Mint-Rome

109 or 108 B.C.

B. Flaminia 1; Bf. i, tt6; S. 54o-54oa; RE Flaminius 6. See above, p. 68. 1 Denarius (Pl.

XLI)

BMCRR Italy 537

Helmeted head of Roma r.; behind, ROMA downwards; before, X. Border of dots.

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and

Obverse dies: [527).

Reverse dies: [659).

On one reverse die the legend is

wreath in r. hand; below, L· FLAM I N I; in exergue, C I L 0. Border of dots.

L· FLAMNI (BMCRR Italy 539).

The moneyer is L. Flaminius Chilo (for the spelling compare nos. 236 and 288), not otherwise known.

303 MN.AQVIL

Mint-Rome

109 or 1o8 B.C.

B. Aquillia 1; Bf. i, 41; S. 557; RE Aquillius 11. See above, p. 69. 1 Denarius (Pl.

XLI)

Head of Sol r.; before,

BMCRR Italy 645

X. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [42).

Luna in biga r., holding reins in both hands; above, three stars; below, one star and NV ·AQV I L; in exergue, ROMA. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [52).

The moneyer is presumably Mn. Aquillius, Cos.

101.

His types need do no more

than reflect a predilection for the cult of Sol and Luna (cf. H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 300 n.2); the stars on the reverse represent the heavens through which Luna

passes (compare no. 426/2). 1 The arguments of J. Bleicken (RE xxiii, 2449) that the military figure is protecting the civilian figure and therefore represenu the author of a law concerning prowcatio will not do; the actions of the attendant with the rods are unintelligible without the presence of the governor.

304

L.MEMMI

Mint-Rome

109 or

to8 B.C.

B. Memmia 1; Bf. i, 185; S. 558; RE Memmius 13. See above, p. 69. 1 Denarius (Pl. XLI)

BMCRR Italy 643

Young male head r., wearing oak-wreath (?Apollo); before, K Border of dots.

Dioscuri standing facing between their horses, each holding spear; in exergue, L MEMM I. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [202]. ·

Obverse dies: [162].

The moneyer is the brother of C. Memmius, Tr. Pl. 111; for his family and his later career see T. P. Wiseman, NC 1964, 157 (with stemma); CQ 1967, 164; J. R. Hamilton, CQ 1968, 412. The moneyer may be identified with L. Memmius, who W. Chrest. 3, visited Egypt as a Senator in 112 (RE Memmius 12; P. Tebt. 33 line 3; the terminology of the Greek can hardly be regarded as indicating any particular rank within the Senate, contra M. Gelzer, Nobility, 26 n. 198); if this is right, the moneyer had already been Quaestor. The obverse type remains unexplained, despite the speculations of E. Gabrici, RIN 1892, 175 and H. A. Grueber, BMCRR ii, 299 n.2; if the moneyer and the tourist in Egypt are the same man, out-of-the-way religious and artistic interests may perhaps be postulated. For iconographic parallels to the unusual representation of the Dioscuri see L. Cesano, BCAR lv, 1928, 118 n. 5; L. Barry, Bull. Inst. Fran;ais Arch. Or. 1906, 165; E. Breccia, Monuments de /'Egypte Greco-Romaine i, 124; W. von Bissing, Aegyptus 1953, 347; Ch. Picard, RA 1964, 1, 195 adds nothing. For the head on the obverse compare no. 350A. =

305

Mint-Rome

Q.LVTATI CERCO Q

109 or

108 B.C.

B. Lutatia 2 and 5; Bf. i, 174; ii, 17; iii, 69; F. Capranesi in D. D. Milller, Memorie, 56; S. 559-56o; RE Lutatius 14. See above, p. 68, below, no. 79*, no. 2o6*. BMCRR Italy 636

1 Denarius (Pl. xu)

Helmeted head of Roma r. (helmet has plume oneachside);above,ROMA;before,CE RCO upwards; behind, K Border of dots. Obverse dies: (135]. 2

Ship r.; above,

·

wreath. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [169).

Copenhagen (4.38 gr.); F. Capranesi (cited above)

Uncia (Pl. XLI)

Similar, but no legend; behind, Obverse dies: ?1.

Q L'VAT I; around, oak­ Q

o.

Q L'TAT I within oak-wreath; above, o. ·

Reverse dies: ?t.

Q. Lutatius Cerco is not known to have progressed beyond the quaestorship. The reverse type of the denarius recalls the victory of C. Lutatius Catulus at the Aegates Insulae in 241; the significance of the corona civica on the denarius and the uncia is unclear, but it perhaps reflects the fact that the victory meant the end of the drain on Roman manpower caused by the First Punic War. It is worth remarking that Q. Lutatius Catulus, Cos. 102, was a candidate for the consulship in 107. 315

to8 or 107 B.C.

Mint-Rome

3o6 L. VALERI FLACCI

B. Valeria u; S. 565; RE Valerius 176 and 177. See above, p. 69.

BMCRR

t Denarius (Pl. XLI) Bust of Victory r., draped; before,

K

Border

of dots.

Italy 647

Mars walking I., holding spear with point downwards in r. hand and trophy over 1. shoulder; before, apex; behind, com-ear; on l., L ·VALE R I downwards. Border of dots.

FLACCI

Obverse dies: [150]. The legend on one reverse die is

Reverse dies: [187].

L ·VALERI ELACCI

(Hersh 21).

The moneyer is presumably L. Valerius Flaccus, Cos 100. The figure of Mars and .

the apex together recall the fact that the moneyer's father, Cos 131, hdd the office .

ofFlamen Martialis (an office probably held at the time of this issue by the Albinus of Cicero, Brutus 135, but later to be held by the Consul of 100). For the corn-ear see p. 729.

Mint-Rome

307 MN.FONTEI

to8 or 107 B.C.

B. Fonteia 7-8;Bf.i, 117; S. 566-566b; RE Fonteius 8 and ?2. See above, p. 69, below, no.265*.

BMCRR

ta Denarius (Pl. XLI) Jugate, laureate heads of Dioscuri r.; before, P P upwards; below their chins, K Border of dots. Obverse dies: (11).

Ship r., displaying doliolum in stem; above,

NV · F 01\E- I; below, control-mark. Border of

dots. Reverse dies: 14.

tb Denarius (Pl. n.I) Similar, but

no

BMCRR

legend.

The mark of value is sometimes

Rome 1230

Rome 1205

Similar, but ship does not display doliolum.

X

instead of

� (BMCRR

Rome 1209- wrongly described;

Vienna 2047).

BMCRR Rome

tc Denarius Similar.

Similar, but control-mark includes two dots.

BMCRR

td Denarius Similar. Obverse dies

1207; Rome 1220

Rome 1210; Rome 1223

Similar, but control-mark includes three dots.

(tb-d): (38).

Reverse dies

(tb-d):

48.

The control-marks on la-b are the letters of the Latin alphabet; within each variety no control-letter has more than one die. The control-marks on 1c are the letters A to L with two dots above the ship and the letters M to X with two dots below the ship; no control-mark has more than one die. The control-marks on 1d are the letters A to L with three dots above the ship and the letters M to X with three dots below the ship; no control-mark has more than one die. The moneyer is doubdess a brother or cousin of the moneyer C. Fonteius (see 316

on no. 290). For the symbolism of the types of 1b-d see on no. 290; the letters PP on the obverse of 1a identify the Dioscuri as also the Penates Publici, whose aniconic counterpart, the dolio/um containing the sacra brought from Troy, appears on the reverse (JRS 1971, 153); its odd position doubdess results from the difficulties involved in portraying the cargo of a boat (see Addenda).

308 M.HERENNI

108

Mint-Rome

o r 107 B.C.

B. Herennia 1-4, Cornelia 37 and i, p. 3Z; A. ii, 353 and 34Zi Bf. i, 94 and U7; ii, 46; ill, 5Z; S. 567-568b, 766; RE Herennius to. See above, p. 69, below, no. So*.

BMCRRRome

1a Denarius Head of Pietas r., wearing diadem; behind, P I E J1: S downwards; before, control-mark. Border of dots. Obverse dies: uo.

u31

One of the Catanaean brothers running r., bearing his father on his shoulders; on 1., M ·I-E R ENN I downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: (150).

BMCRRRome

1b Denarius (Pl. XLI) Similar, but no control-mark.

tz58

Similar, but on r., control-mark. Reverse dies: 158.

Obverse dies: (u6). The legend on the reverse die with .,:.. is

M 1-E E RNN I (Hersh ·

22 ).

2 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind,

S.

Prow r.; above, below,

ROMA.

BMCRRRome u86 M ·I-ERE N N I; before, S;

Specimens in Paris: 1.

3 Quadrans (Pl.

BMCRRRome

XLI)

Head of Hercules r.; behind,

§.

Similar,

but

mark

of

value,

ooo,

1287

above

moneyer•s name.

Specimens in Paris: 4· 48 Uncia (Pl. n.r) Helmeted head ofRoma r.;

Paris, A 10254

behind, o,

Double comucopiae; on 1., M·I-E RENN I downwards; on r., ROMA upwards.

4b Uncia (Pl. XLI)

(A. ii, pl. bavii, 8) ROMA downwards.

Paris, A 1869 Similar, but on 1.,

Similar. Specimens in Paris (both varieties): 3· 5 Semuncla (Pl. XLI)

Rome, Capitol 1558 (A. ii, pl. l.xxvii, 1 inaccurate; Bf. i, pl. v, 100) (unique)

Bust of Diana r., with bow and quiver over shoulder.

Comucopiae; on 1.,

ROMA

downwards.

The control-marks on ta-b are the letters of the Latin alphabet, with or without a dot; the letter may be upright,

as

A, on its face,

as

)>, or on its back, as 0

6

8

p::

+

+

.. .0 "'

u >

u &

...

c: u "C

u .,

·s

t:

·;:::

�

+

+ + +

1--

�

..Cl

j

l

+ +

+

+

+ + + +

+

+ +

+

+

+

1

::s

0

"' ::l u u ::l "C

� t5 u

6 +

+ + + + + + + +

..1 NVS L· TIT\). I· L· F (Paris, A 15821) S�NVS L· TITVRI (Hannover 2550)

[

]

L· TITVR (Hannover 2553) SABINVS L ·TITVR (Paris, A 15785) S?CIN

4C As

Paris, A 15835

Similar.

Similar,

The following variant legend occurs:

4d As (Pl.

but

S?C INV$.

no

mark

of

value; below,

L·TI TVR I· L (Rome, Capitol 2846) S�INV$

XLV)

Similar to 4a or 4b.

BMCRR Rome 2361 Similar, but palm-branch across prow; below,

S�INVS.

Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 6o. sa Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.;behind,.$.

Vatican 7032 (unique) Prow

r.;

[

).

L· T lTV R I· L· F; below,

Copenhagen;Martini 1158; Paris, A 15896

sb Semis Similar. Obverse dies: 1.

above,

Prow r.;above, Reverse dies: 1.

353

L·"V.. should be regarded as standing for Ap(ollo) - it can hardly stand

for A(rgento) P(ublico) and bears no resemblance to the monogram RA, which does stand for R(om)a on the nearly contemporary issue of L. Piso L.f.L.n. Frugi (no. 340/1). The reverse type of the denarius is Dionysiac (A. B. Cook, Zeus i, 713

369

nn.2-3; A. Alfc>ldi, Chiron 1972, 226 n.so; §. .. L. Canina, Descrizione di Tuscolo, pl. xxxvili, 11-12); the caps of the Dioscuri recall the Tusculan origin of the Fonteii (see on no. 290). For the letters EX·A·P seep. 6o5. Mint-Rome

3S4 C.LICINIVS L.F MACER

84 B.C.

B. Licinia 16-17; A. ii, 535 = B. Cornelia 45; Bf. i, 95 and 168; ii, 39 and 58; iii, 42 and 68; W. 7�81; S. 732""'734; RE Licinius 112. See above, pp. 78f.

BMCRR Rome 2467

1 Denarius (Pl. XLVI)

Border of dots.

Minerva n quadriga r., holding shield and reins in 1. hand and spear in r. hand; in exergue, C ·LIC IN I VS· L·F. Border of dots.

Obverse dies: [250].

Reverse dies: [278].

Bust of Apollo seen from behind, with head turned to 1. and with thunderbolt in r. hand.

i

MACER

�

BMCRR Rome 2470

As (Pl. XLVI)

Laureate head of Janus; above, I; on 1., C. L I C IN I· L ·F upwards. Obverse dies : 2.

Prow r.; above, male figure holding staff between EX S·C, and MACER. Reverse dies: 2.

Gotha (W., pl. viii, 9)

3• As

Similar, but no MACER.

Similar, but no legend. 3b

BMCRR Rome 2471

As

Similar, but prow inscribed with control­

Similar. Specimens in Paris

mark.

(both varieties): 13.

The control-marks on 3b are the letters of the Latin alphabet; no control-letter has more than one die. The moneyer is to be identified with the historian, C. Licinius Macer, Pr. ?68 (on whom seeR. M. Ogilvie, Commentary, 7-12; the numismatic arguments adduced there should not be credited, seep. 731). The obverse type of 1 is derived from that of no. 298/1 (seecommentary thereon). For the letters EX· S · C seep. 6o6.

3SS C.CASSIVS, L.SALINAT

Mint-Rome

84 B.C.

B. Cassia 5; Julia 8; Bf. i, 78; ii, 33; iii, 36; W. 82-91; S. 731""'731d; RE Cassius 58; Julius 453·

See above, pp. 78f.

,. As Laureate head of Janus; above, crescent.

Copenhagen; Paris, A 13409 Prow r., inscribed D·S·S; above,

C·CASS IVS or C.CAS$ IVS. L·SALINA L·SALINA

tb As Similar.

Tolstoi 465 Similar, but C·CASSIV.

L·SALINA

370

=

Berlin 133/1912

lC As

Paris, AF; A

13421

Similar, but C·CASSI or C·CASSI.

Similar.

L·SAL I

L·SALIN sd As

Rome, Capitol 1396; BMCRR Rome 2473 Similar, but C·ASSI

Similar.

C.CASI. L·SALIN

or

l·SALIN

le As (Pl. XLVII)

Turin, F 3989; Bf. iii , 36 Similar, but l·SALINA or l·SALINA.

Similar.

C.CASS IVS sf As

C.CASS I

Paris, AF; Paris, A 7153 Similar, but L·SALIN

Similar.

l·SALIN. C.CASS I

or

C.CASS IVS lg As

Paris, A 7152 Similar, but l·SALI.

Similar.

C·CASSI sh

As

BMCRR Rome 2475 Similar, but L·ALIN.

Similar.

C·C·ASSI Specimens in Paris (all varieties): 24·

C. Cassius is presumably C. Cassius Longinus, Cos. 73, L. (Livius - C. Cichorius, RS, 256) Salinator reappears as Legate of Sertorius in 81. For the letters D· S· S see p. 6o6. 356

P.FOVRIVS CRASSIPES AED.CVR

Mint-Rome

84 B.C.

B. Furia 19-20; Bf. iii, 51; S. 735-735b; RE Furius 57· See above, p. 79· sa

Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

BMCRR Rome 26o4; Vatican 2869

Head of Cybele r., wearing turreted crown; behind, AED·CVR or C\R. downwards and deformed foot upwards. Border of dots. sb

Paris, A 9921

BMCRR Rome 26o5 Similar to 1a. Vatican 2875

Denarius

Similar. Obverse dies (all varieties): [130].

in

Similar, but CRASSVPES.

Denarius

Similar to tb, but foot downwards. sd

chair

Denarius

Similar, but AED·CVR. sc

inscribed P· F0 V R I VS; exergue, C RASS I PES. Border of dots. Curule

Similar to 1b. Reverse dies (all varieties):

[144].

Neither P. Furius Crassipes nor his curule aedileship, to which the obverse and reverse types both refer (the head of Cybele recalling the Ludi Megalenses, Th. Mommsen, RMw, 6o8 n.417), are otherwise attested. The foot on the obverse is an allusion to the cognomen Crassipes. 371

357

C.NORBANVS

Mint-Rome

83 B.C.

B. Norbana 1-2; S. 739-740; RE Norbanus 6 and 9a. See above, p. 79· BMCRR Ro�e 2827

ta Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind, control-mark; below, C·NO RBANVS. Border of dots.

Prow-stem, fasces with axe, caduceus and com-ear. Border of dots.

tb Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

BMCRR Rome 2770

Similar.

Com-ear, fasces with Border of dots. Reverse dies: [173].

Obverse dies (ta-b): [156].

axe

and

caduceus.

The control-marks on 1a are the Roman numerals from I to XXVI, on 1 b the Roman numerals from I to CCXXVIIII; within each variety no control-numeral has more than one die. The moneyer is to be regarded as the son of C. Norbanus, Cos. 83, and as himself the Praetor of 43 (no. 491) and the Consul of 38 (T. P. Wiseman, NC 1964, 158). The symbols forming the reverse typ�e symbols of imperium (in the case of 1a on sea as well as on land) and felicitas, appropriate enough on a Marian issue of this date. For the head of Venus forming the obverse type, compare nos. 359 and 382; the type is perhaps best viewed as a personal choice of the moneyer, but see p. 732.

358 F.

LATERENS

Mint-Rome

83B.C.

Gnecchi, RIN 1903, 383; Bf. iii, 64; not in RE. See above, p. 79·

t Denarius serratus (Pl. XLvn)

Berlin

Head of Jupiter r.; behind, S·C downwards; below, control-letter, B. Laurel-wreath bor­ der. Obverse dies: 1.

Triumpharor in quadriga 1., holding palm­

branch in r. hand and trophy and reins in 1. hand; in exergue, ] Lf!C. R EN 5.1 Bead-and-reel border. Reverse dies: 1.

The coin provides no evidence for the moneyer's praenomen; he may be identified with the father of M. Iuventius Laterensis, Pr. 51, who like his son achieved curule office (Cicero, Plane. 51); note also the Praetor Mn. Iuventius L.£ Laterensis discussed by R. Syme, Historia 1955, 63- he and the moneyer are perhaps identical. The symbolism of the issue is similar to that on no. 357 (see also p. 732). For the letters S · C see p. 6o6. Not ]ft. RENS, as G. Perl, Klw 1971, 371-3. 1

372

359 L.SVLLA IMPER. ITERVM

Mint-moving with Sulla

84-83 B.C.

B. Cornelia 28-30; Bf. i, 93; ii, 38; Bf., Go/dmiJnzenpriigung, 11; S. 76o-76ta; RE Cornelius 392. See above, p. So, below, no. 220*. t

Aureus (Pl. XLVII)

BMCRR East 1; East 2 Two trophies; between, jug and lituus; above, IMPER; below, ITERVM or ITERV.

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; on r., Cupid holding palm-branch; below, L $V L LA. Border of dots.

Border of dots. Reverse dies : 6.

·

Obverse dies: 6. 2

Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

BMCRR East 3; East 4

Similar.

Similar. Reverse dies: [36].

Obverse dies: [32].

The head of Venus presumably owes its presence here to the position of Venus as Sulla's patron deity,1 responsible for his success (S. Weinstock, JRS 1955, 187 reviewing H. Erkell, Augustus, Felicitas, Fortuna; RE villA, 2488-9); note his dedications to her at Aphrodisias (Appian, BC i, 453-5) and after Chaeronea (Plutarch, Sull. 19) and the association, attested by the Fasti Amiternini and the Fasti Arvalium (GIL, i1, pp. 245 and 214), of Fausta Felicitas and Venus Victrix (in this connection note the palm-branch in the hand of Cupid). The coins provide considerable evidence for attention to Venus on the part of Sulla and his family and associates (see nos. 205/2-6, 382 (struck in 79) and 426, as well as this issue; nos. 375 and 376 cannot be used in evidence, since they are anonymous and are attributed to Sulla on the basis of their types). In these circumstances, it

is

hard to avoid

relating the name 'Etracpp6StTOS to the link between Sulla and Venus, even if it is true that it was originally attached to Sulla merely because, as a Roman, he was held to be descended from Aeneas (so J. P. V. D. Balsdon, JRS 1951, 8-9). The name in any case means more than just venustus (contra H. Erkell, 81-4). The two trophies with lituus and jug between them form, I believe, a type personal to Sulla (so righdy B. Frier, Arethusa 1969, 187-8). The two trophies (with which the iterated tide of Imperator need have no connection) are presumably those erected after Chaeronea; they made a deep impression on antiquity (Plutarch, Sull. 19; defort. Rom. 318c-d; Pausanias ix, 40, 7) and probably figured on Sulla's signet ring (Dio xlii, 18, 3

is

doubdess careless in asserting that this bore three trophies,

rather than that it bore trophies); two trophies had appeared earlier on the third issue of Sullan tetradrachms in Greece (M. Thompson, New style coinage, nos. 1341-5); note also the palm-branch with

two

wreaths in the beak of the eagle on

the (?Sullan) triumphal relief from the Via del Mare (M. E. Bertoldi, Quaderni lnst. Top. Ant. v, 1968, 39-53 with fig. 3).

The jug and lituus, normally symbols of the augurate, are more puzzling. The most probable view on the basis of the literary and epigraphical evidence is that 1

Who is not in any case Fortuna, see H. Erkell, Augustus, 79; S. Weinstock,JRS t9(St, 187, reviewing K. Lane, RRg; Fortuna is not the same

as

felicitas.

373

Sulla was not Augur in 84-83 (B. Frier, ANSMusN 1967, 111; E. Badian, Arethusa 1968, 26; B. Frier, Arethusa 1969, 187; E. Badian, Arethusa 1969, 199); but he was certainly one at some stage (see the denarius of Q. Pompeius Rufus, no. 434/2, and Suetonius, Gramm. 12; the de�arii of Faustus Sulla are equivocal, see on no. 426) and the coin evidence half-suggests that he was one in 88 (the denarius of Q. Pompeius Rufus links the augurate with the consulship of that year). On balance,

I incline to the view that Sulla became Augur only in 82, dispossessing L. Scipio Asiaticus. As for the jug and lituus on this issue, although they could theoretically allude to the augurate of an ancestor of Sulla, it seems to me more satisfactory to hold that they were regarded by Sulla as symbolising a claim to imperium; it was apparendy_necessary (Cicero, ad Att. iv, 17, 2; cf. ii, 7, 2; 12, 2) for Augurs to be present to attest the passing of the Lex Curiata conferring a magistrate's powers on

him (on which see A. Magdelain, Imperium, 17-18; Livy xli, 18, 8 is not relevant); Sulla's Lex Curiata presumably lapsed when he was declared a hostis (Appian, BC i, 340) and he could reasonably attach some importance to the claim that his de­ claration as a hostis was invalid and his Lex Curiata consequendy still valid. For Sulla's titulature compare ILLRP 224; a victory in Cilicia and the victory at Chaeronea in 86 seem to me the most likely occasions for the two salutations.

Mint-Rome

36o P.CREPVSI, C.LIMETAN and

82 B.C.

L.CENSORIN

B. Crepusia 2-3; Mamilia 7-9; Marcia 25-27; Bf. i, 181; S. 736-736a. See above, p. 79, below, no. 278*. ta

BMCRR Rome 2634; Paris, A 8685

Denarius

Bust of Venus r., draped and wearing diadem and veil; behind, L·CENSORIN down­ wards. Border of dots.

tb Denarius

(Pl. XLVII)

Similar. Obverse

Venus in biga r., holding reins in r. hand and goad and reins in 1. hand; above, control­ mark; below, r-CREPVS; in exergue, C-LIMET AN; or, below, P·CREPVS I; in exergue, C·LIME TA. Border of dots.

dies (both varieties): [56].

Paris, A 8687; BMCRR Rome 2636 Similar, but below, C · Ll ME A; in exergue, P·CREPVSI. Reverse dies (both varieties): (62].

The control-marks on 1a are II (BMCRR Rome 2634) and 1111 (Paris, A8685), on 1b they are III (Paris, A8687) and VIII onwards. No control-mark has more than one die. There is one obverse die with the legend L· CENSOR, combined with each of the two reverse dies of 1a (Paris, A8682-3 and Paris, AF) and with one reverse die of 1b (Paris, A8691, control-mark XIIII); there are two obverse dies with the legend L· CENSOR I, the first combined with one reverse die of 1b (Paris, AF; A8686, control-mark III), the second combined with two 374

reverse

dies of 1b (Paris,

A869o, control-mark XIII, and BMCRR Rome 2638; Paris, AF; A8693, control­ mark XXIII). For the moneyers concerned in this issue see on nos. 361-3; I do not believe that the Venus portrayed by them has anything to do with Sulla. 361 P.CREPVSI

Mint-Rome

bB.C.

B. Crepusia t; Bf. i, 99; S. 738-738a; C. A. Hersh, NC 1952, 52; RE Crepusius 1. See above, p. 79· Paris, A 8743

1a Denarius Laureate head (?Apollo) r.; behind, sceptre. Border of dots.

Horseman r., brandishing spear; in exergue, P C R E PVS I; behind, control-numeral. Border of dots. ·

BMCRR Rome 2669

1b Denarius Similar.

Similar, but before, control-letter. 1c

BMCRR Rome 2673

Denarius (Pl. XLVII)

Similar, but before, control-symbol; behind, control-letter. Obverse dies (all varieties): 283.

Similar. Reverse dies (all varieties): 296.

The control-numerals on the reverse of ta-c form a continuous sequence; no control­ numeral has more than one die. These control-numerals are combined in 1a with a single die bearing no control-mark, in 1b with dies bearing control-letters from the Latin alphabet, in tc with dies bearing control-symbols and control-letters from the Latin alphabet.1 The obverse dies in tc form a succession of groups; within each group the dies bear the same symbol and a different letter. For the spread of numerals covered by each group see Figure 3, p. 376 (from C. A. Hersh, NC 1952, 66).2 In 1b no control-letter has more than one die, in 1c no control-symbol+ control-letter has more than one die. The pieces in the Quadras y Ramon collection reported by Bahrfeldt are doubtless mis-read. The moneyer is a P. Crepusius, not otherwise known. For speculation on his origo seeR. Syme, Historia 1964, 115. 362 C.MAMIL LIMETANVS C.F

Mint-Rome

82B.C.

B. Mamilla 6; S. 741; RE Mamilius 8. See above, p. 79· 1 Denarius

serratus (Pl. XLVII)

BMCRR Rome 2717

Bust of Mercury r., draped and with caduceus over shoulder; behind, control-letter. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [too].

Ulysses standing r., holding staff in 1. band and extending r. band to dog, Ar�; on L, C.MAMIL downwards; on r., LIMEJ\N upwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [111].

1 One die, by an engraver's error, bears only a symbol and no letter (BMCRR Rome 2666-7). 1 For four insignificant, abnormal combinations see C. A. Henh, NC 1952, 63.

375

o

25

so

75

1oo

us

150

175

2oo

Provisional range of 225

250

275

300

325

350

375

400

425

450

475

500

525

symbols 1

No symbol

6

67

Com-ear

33

to6

Grushoper

42

117

Grapes

82

135

Ivy-leaf

91

162

Feather

0 Flower (rose) tJj

� 0\

37 77

Thunderbolt

1 33

191

141

182

�Thynus �Bird (crow)

1 51

235

td Poppy-head

165

218

1:=' Li:u.rd

209

284

210

297

SCrescent en

I

� Bidens

=Human ear

1-

�Star Branch Staff with hook en

•

26 5

326

275

343

301

381

315

361

353

4o6

Camucopile

377

432

Altar

4 01

444

Turtle

407

470

Wing

430

523

Conch'. ahell

449

508

Palm-branch

477

519

o

·25

so

75

1 00

125

150

175

200

225

250

2 75

300

325

350

375

REVERSE DIE NUMBERS Fig. 3· Pattern of control-marks of P. Crepusius

(no.

361/1).

400

425

450

475

500

525

The only control-letters known on this issue (all attested in Paris) spell a version of the moneyer's name, C LIM EA (or TA)NVS C· F; naturally each control-letter has several dies. I no longer wish to maintain that the survival-rate for this issue is abnormally low (contra PBSR 1966, 21-2). The moneyer

is

presumably a son of C. Mamilius Limetanus, Tr. Pl. 109; it is

possible that the moneyer rather than his father is the C. Mamilius Limetanus who figures on a tabella defixionis from Caere (ILLRP 1148 with commentary); for the origin of the cognomen see T. R. S. Broughton, MRRP i, 546 and 547-8 n.2; ]. Heurgon, Latomus 196, 224 n. 3· The types allude to the moneyer's claim to descent from Tdegonus, son of Ulysses and Circe (see on no. 149), and hence from Mercury (Ovid, Met. xili, 146). I no longer believe that the types have any contemporary reference (contra NC 1964, 148 n.2; B. Kapossy, SM 1¢5, 78, is in error in supposing that Ulysses had any connection with Italy as a whole, rather than merdy with Latium, see E. Wiist,

RE xvii, 1992;

see

also on no. 363).

363 L.CENSOR B.

Miot-Rome

Marcia 24; Bf. ii, 6o; S. 737-737f; RE Marcius 47·

See above, p. 79·

BMCRR Rome

ta Denarius (PL nvn) Laureate head of Apollo r.; behind or before,

control-mark. Border of dots.

82 B.C.

266o

Marsyas, bald-headed,1 walking I., with r. ann raised and holding wine-skin over 1. shoulder;

behind, column bearing statue of Victory; downwards; on r., control-mark. Border of dots.

before, L·CENSOR

tb Denarius

See below Similar, but

Similar.

no control-mark.

tc Denarius

See below

Similar, but no control-mark. Obverse dies (1a--23, 364; S. �to. See above, p. St. ta Quinarius Laureate head of Apollo r. Line border.

BMCRR Italy 748 Victory

crowning trophy; in ROMA. Line border.

tb Quinarius (Pl. XLVIII)

r.

exergue,

BMCRR Italy 749

Similar.

Similar, but control-mark between Victory

Obverse dies (both varieties): [too].

and trophy. Reverse dies (both varieties) : [111].

The control-marks on 1b may be the letters of the Latin alphabet, alone or accom­ panied by a dot, or the Roman numerals from I to XII (including lUI) or a variety of fractional signs; for the control-marks attested see M. Bahrfeldt, Bliitter fiir

Miinzfreunde 192o-3, 364. Each control-mark may have several dies,

as

may be

documented from any large collection. The numeral I is sometimes spelt out in

389

the form VN I; reverses with this control-mark occur with obverses of two very

different styles, the normal style of the issue (Pl. XLVIII, 6) and a style derived from

the denarii, quinarii and sestertii ofL. PisoL.f.L.n. Frugi (no. 340; seeM. Bahrfeldt,

pl. 259, 27 and 28). The I on one obverse die, interpreted by Bahrfeldt as a control­

letter, is probably the result of a die-break or an engraver's BMCRR Italy

768

is

error.

not a mallet, but the letter T.

The mark on

For the date and occasion of the issue see p. 81. 374 Q.C.M.P .I

or

IMPER

81 B.C.

Mint-North Italy

B. Caecilia 4 3 44; S. 750J751; RE Caecilius 98. See above, pp. 8tf. -

1

Denarius{PI. XLVIII)

Head of Pietas r., wearing diadem; before, stork. Border of dots. Obverse dies: (88]. 2

BMCRR Spain 43 Elephant I.; in exergpe, Q C M P L Border of dots.

Reverse dies:

·

[98].

I

Denarius (Pl. XLVIII)

·

·

·

·

BMCRR Spain 47

Similar.

Jug and lituus ; in exergue,

Obverse dies:

wreath border. Reverse dies: [33).

[30].

IMPER.

Laurel­

The issue was produced by Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, serving as a Sullan commander in the fight against Carrinas, Norbanus and Carbo. The obverse type of 1-2 alludes

to his cognomen, acquired for his part in securing the restoration from exile of his father Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, the reverse type of 1 recalls the capture of

Hasdrubal's elephants by L. Caecilius Metellus in 251 (see on no. 262); the reverse

type of 2 is explained by L. R. Taylor (AJA 1944, 352) as referring to an otherwise unattested augurate of Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus (compare no. 46o/3). But

this type seems clearly derived from the reverse type of no. 359/1-2; if the inter­ pretation advanced for that type is correct (see commentary on no. 359), this type may perhaps have a Sullan as well as a family significance.

37SQ B. Cornelia

Mint-uncertain

32-33; Bf.,GoldmiJnzenprtigung,to; S. 754-'755· See above,pp. 8tf., below,no. 90*.

1 Aureus (Pl. XLVIII) Head of Venus dots. Obverse dies: 2

81 B.C.

r.,

Paris, AF

wearing diadem. Border of

Double comucopiae; below,

Q.

Border of

dots. Reverse dies: t.

1.

Denarius (Pl. XLVIII)

BMCRR East 17

Similar.

Similar.

Obverse dies: [ldi 17. Wreathed head of Caesar r., wearing veil; before,Litws;behind,apex;before,CAESAR upwards; behind, rARENS·rATRIAE upwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 14.

MAR I DIANVS

C·COSSVT IV$

and

arranged in form of FF. Border of dots.

cross; in angles, A A A

Reverse dies: 14.

The form rARE:S occurs on one obverse die, the form r A "'RIAE on a second (BMCRR Rome 4190; Vienna).

20 Deaarius (Pl. LVII)

Paris,AF

B. Julia 51; Sepullia 6; Bf. i, 24 and 143; iii, 13; S. 1075; Alfoldi 20.

Desultor r., holding reins in I. hand and whip

Similar to 19.

in r. hand; behind, palm-branch and wreath;

above, r·SErVLLIVS; below, MACER. Border of dots. Reverse dies: 1.

Obverse dies: 1.

21 Denarius (Pl. LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4177

B. Julia 52; Sepullia 7; Bf. ii, 51; iii, 57; S. 1076; Alfoldi 22. Tetrastyle temple with globe in pediment; around \J> CLEMENTIAE CAESARIS. Border of dots. Obverse dies: s.

Similar t o 20.

Reverse dies: 6 (of which 3 used for 22).

The form CAES �IS occurs on one obverse die, the form CAESARE IS on a second and the form CAESARES on a third (BMCRR Rome 4176; Ryan t88o; Oxford). 22

B.

BMCRR Rome 4178

Denarius (Pl. LVII)

Antonia 2; Sepullia 8; S. 1077; Alfoldi 21.

Bearded head of M. Antonius r., wearing veil; before,lituus; behind,jug. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 10.

Similar to

20.

Reverse dies: 12 (of which 3 used for 21).

23 Quioarlus (Pl. LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4149; Hannover 3252

B. Metria 1; Bf. i, 187; ii, 64; s. toss. Head of Juno Sospita r.; behind, coiled snake. Border of dots. Obverse dies:

[ < 10].

The object in the r. hand of

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand and whip in r. hand; in exergue, M·METTI. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

Victory is clearly a whip, sometimes with the thong round the

handle, sometimes with the thong loose.

BMCRR Rome 4162

24 Quloariu1 (PJ. LVII) B. Aemilia t8; Julia 39; S. to65. Head of Pax r.; behind, Border of dots. Obverse dies: [ < 10].

rAXS upwards.

Clasped hands; around Q, L·AEMILIVS· BV CA II IIVIR. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 11]. ·

491

25

Quinarius (Pl. LVII)

Berlin

B. Sepullia 9; Bf. ii, 74; S. 1078. Bust

of Victory

r.,

draped

and

wearing

Fortuna standing 1., holding rudder in r. hand and comucopiae in 1. hand; behind, r

diadem. Border of dots.

·

SErVLLIVS

upwards. Reverse dies: [ < 11].

Obverse dies: [ < 10]. 26

downwards; before,

Sestertius (Pl. LVII)

MACER

BMCRR Rome 4163

B. AenUlia 19; Julia 40; Bf. ii, 51; S. 1o66. Head of Luna r., wearing diadem; above, crescent. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 2. 27

Star; around O, Border of dots.

L·AEMILIVS·BVCA.

Reverse dies : 2.

Sestertius (Pl. LVII)

Paris, A 15244; BMCRR Rome 4183

B. Sepullia 11-12; Bf. i, 237> iii , 93; S. 1080. Bust of Mercury r., draped and with caduceus over shoulder. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 5· 28

Caduceus; around, Border of dots. Reverse dies: 6.

Sestertius (Pl. LVU)

u

or(), r·SErVLLIVS.

Padova; Paris, A 12932

B. Metria 2; S. 1059. Girl and snake facing each other; on M ME TT I downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies : 1.

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem. Border of dots. Obverse dies: 1.

l.,

·

The chronology of the issues of the four moneyers is complex. The denarius with Sulla's dream is placed first, since it is the only denarius which need bear no re­ ference to Caesar (see below), although there is a certain arbitrary element in this placing. The denarius with DICT QVART obviously precedes those with ·

DICT·(IN) PERPETVO; between these two groups may be placed the three denarii with IM(P). For denarii with DICT·QVART are uniformly of excellent style, denarii with DICT ·(IN) PERPETVO almost without exception very care­ lessly executed; denarii with IM(P) are of both kinds. The denarii with DICT·(IN) PERPETVO (beginning before 15 February 44, Cicero, Pln1. ii, 87) fall into two groups, 6-14 and 15-16. 6 and 7a share an obverse

die, 7a and 7b share two reverse dies, 7b-11 share a number of obverse dies, 12-14 share a number of obverse dies; between 7b-11 and 12-14 there are a number of shared reverse dies, which establish beyond doubt the contemporaneity of portraits without and with veil (see A. Alfoldi, Beizri:ige 1o-11 SM 1966, 148). 15-16 share =

a number of reverse dies, but there

are

no shared obverse dies with 7b-14; style

and titulature suggest contemporaneity with the first group (there is no substance to the arguments of A. Alfoldi, Beitri:ige 17-22

=

SNR 1968, 85-6 and 9o-1, that

the second group is to be dated later and placed after the death of Caesar). The denarii with IMPER also fall into two groups, 17 and 18, of cognate style and 492

tirulature, but with no shared obverse dies; here a batch of reverse dies of M. Mettius was combined with newly designed, hastily executed obverses ;1 at the same time P. Sepullius Macer produced a further issue combining the new obverse type of M. Mettius and his own earlier reverse type (the distinct style of the newly executed obverses of M. Mettius was first pointed out by C. M. Kraay, NC 1954, 23; for the distinct nature of the further issue of P. Sepullius see A. Alfoldi, Beitriige 1-

SM 1968, 61-2). There now follow two denarii with PARENS PATRIAE; the reverse type of the second is finally 11

=

SM 1966, 148; Beitriige 12 and 16

=

used with two more obverse types, the temple of dementia and the head of Antonius. The latter is certainly later than Caesar's death, the former almost certainly

so;

the

two denarii with PARENS PATRIAE are best regarded as of the same period. As for the emergency issues with IMPER, the best explanation of their distinctive features may be found in the view that they immediately follow the disaster of 15 March 44· The chronology of the quinarii and the sestertii, in relation to each other and in relation to the denarii, is uncertain. Among the quinarii and among the sestertii, the issues are placed first which need bear no reference to Caesar (see below). L. Aemilius Buca is otherwise attested as a supporter of M. Scaurus at his trial in 54 (Asconius 28c) and is presumably, like him, a relative of Sulla (see below); M. Mettius is perhaps the same man who appears as Leg. 58; P. Sepullius Macer is otherwise unknown, but is perhaps a member of a family from Patavium (T. P. Wiseman,

CQ 1964, 130); C. Cossutius Maridianus is perhaps a relative of no. 395.

The reverse type of 1 is to be regarded as recording a version of the dream which Sulla had before his march on Rome in 88 (Plutarch, Su/1. 9; M.-L. Vollenweider,

SNR 1958-9, 22 with earlier bibliography; here, Victory with a staff replaces the thunderbolt with which Sulla was to smite his enemies; the vague remarks of A. Alfoldi, Beitrag 1 JBM 1961-2, 275-84, are beside the point); the presence of Venus as the obverse type of 1 is adequately explained by her Sullan associations; for the celebration by L. Aemilius Buca of a relative as distant as Sulla compare no. 427 and the inscription there cited. The Luna of the reverse of 1 reappears on the sestertius of L. Aemilius Buca, 26, there associated with a star on the reverse as an indication of her divinity. M. Mettius celebrates his origo, Lanuvium (contra T. P. Wiseman, New men, 241), on the reverse of his earliest denarius, 2, and of his sester­ tius and on the obverse of his quinarius (see on nos. 316 and 412); Victory on the =

reverse of the quinarius is not identifiably Caesarian, but Venus on the obverse of the sestertius presumably is Caesarian and the obverse of the denarius, 2, bears the earliest portrait of Caesar (Dio xliv, 4, 4 with S. Weinstock, Divus Julius, 274; c£ M.-L. Vollenweider, Museum He/tJeticum 1955, 109; A. Alfoldi, Antike Kunst 1959,

27), together with a lituus as an allusion to his augurate. 1

The view of A. Alfbldi, Beitrag 3 SM 1964, 71 that a batch of unused and ultimately destroyed obverse dies bore the legend CAESAR REX is unreasonable. ""'

493

From this point onwards, the coinage of the four moneyers refers uniformly to Caesar or, eventually, Antonius; Caesar's portrait dominates the issue, with Venus as the commonest reverse type. On 3 the portrait is accompanied by a lituus as an emblem of Caesar's augurate and by a culullus as an emblem of his pontificate, on 4 the emblems disappear and the titulature expressly describes Caesar asPontifex Maximus;

for the association of the tides IMPERATOR andPONTIFEX MAXIMVS compare the inscriptions discussed by A. E. Raubitschek,JRS 1954, 73 (add AE 1967, 107).1 Another group of denarii, 12-14, indicates the possession of the office of Pontifex Maximus by the addition of a veil to the portrait; the denarii with the tide PARENS PATRIAE show a lituus and an apex as well as a veil. On 5 the portrait is accompanied by a star, on 4 by a crescent, just conceivably to indicate a belief in the imminence

of a new age (see commentary on no. 494). Venus as a reverse type is invariably accompanied by Victory, usually by a shield, hence is clearly Venus Victrix ( see p . 727); she is sometimes accompanied by a star as an mdication of her divinity or by a globe as a symbol of dominion. The reverse type of 6 is exceptional in not portraying Venus; it bears an axe as an

emblem of Caesar's pontificate and a globe as a symbol of dominion (compare

the quinarius of P. Sepullius Macer, with its association of Victory and Fortuna, on which see S. Weinstock, Dfous Iulius, 121-6); but the type also associates a caduceus, symbol offelicita,s with the fasces without axe, symbol of lihertas (Cicero, de rep. ii, 55; for Caesar as Liberator see on no. 473), and adds a pair of clasped

hands as a symbol of pax and concordia.• The theme of felidtas

is

picked up by the

sestertius ofP. Sepullius Macer, with Mercury on the obverse and caduceus on the

reverse, the themes of pax and concordia are picked up by the quinarius of L. Aemilius Buca, with Pax on the obverse and clasped hands on the reverse. The propaganda of Caesar's moneyers was prepared to portray his achievements as well as his position of power; in the same vein, Dio xliv, 4, 5 records a decision of the Senate to build a temple of Concordia 'on the grounds that it was because of Caesar that they were at peace' (cf. S. Weinstock,JRS 196, 45). The new types which appear after Caesar's death present him asParensPatriae; for the tide see Dio xliv, 4, 4; Livy, Epit. cxvi; Appian, BC ii, 442; Nic. Dam., Caes. So; Suet., Caes. 76; Inscr. It. :xiii, 1, p. 183; ILLRP 407and 4o8; Sec. Misc. Gr. Rom., 381; for its role in Caesarian propaganda see Cicero, jam. xii, 3, 1; Phil. ii, 31; :xiii, 22 and 25; Dio xliv, 48, 1 and 3; Florus ii, 17 (iv, 7), 1; Valerius Maximus vi, 4, 5; 1

The signific:ance of the titulature CAESAR IM(PERATOR) is disputed; it seems to me to indicate neither the acquisition of an extra cqgnqmm (so D. Kienast, ZSS 1961, 416-17) nor the possession of a permanent power of command (so M. Gelzer, Cauar, 307 n. 2, following �ldi), but rather permanent triumphator (see Cicero, lig. 7; Dio xliv, 4, 2); compare p. 459 on In any case, the coins show clearly that Caesar did not accept the praenmnm imperatorium offered by the Senate (Dio xliii, 44, 2; contra, Suetonius, Cau. 76). The type cannot unfortunatdy be regarded as relevant to the problem of whether or not Caesar possessed trilnmicia potestas, on whih c see Z. Yavetz, Pkbs and Prinups, 54-5. Caesar's position as a

no. 437·

1

494

Suetonius, Caes. 85 and 88; Appian, BC ii, 6o2. The projected temple of dementia Caesaris also appears; for the temple see Dio xliv, 6, 4; Appian, BC ii, 443;

Plutarch, Caes. 57; for the association between Caesar's dementia and his position as Parens Patriae see Appian, BC ii, 6o2; cf. Cicero, ad Au. xiv, 22, 1; Phil. ii, 116;

also p. 735· The desultor with palm-branch and wreath is perhaps an allusion to the games held on the occasion of the Parilia (21 April 44) in celebration of the victory at Munda, games which turned out to be a demonstration of loyalty to the memory of Caesar (Dio xlv, 6, 4; Cicero, ad Att. xiv, 14, 1; 1 7, 3; 19, 3; there is no evidence that Octavian was involved, contra A. Alfoldi, Studien, 47-9). The issues of the year 44 close with the denarius with the desultor on the reverse and the portrait of Antonius on the obverse, with the veil and the emblems of the augurate, bearded as

a sign of mourning.

481 CAES.DIC.QVAR.COS.QVINC

Mint-Rome

44B.C.

B. Iulia 30; Bf. i, 141; Bf., Goldmiinzenprt'igung, 23; S. 1021; RE Julius 131. See above, p. 94· 1

Aureus (Pl. LVII)

BMCRR Rome 4129

Bust of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind, CAES · D IC upwards; before, Q VAR downwards. Border of dots. Obverse dies: [20].

COS·QV INC within laurel-wreath. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [20].

For the types see p. 735· 482 CAESAR IMP

Mint-uncertain

44 B.C.

B. Julia 13; Bf. iii, 54; S. 1016; RE Julius 131. See above, p. 94· 1 Denarius (Pl. LVII)

A. Alfoldi, SM 1971, 87 fig. t; BMCRR

Head of Venus r. Border of dots.

Trophy; on I., chariot; on r., shield, two spears and carnyx; on I., C.CAESAR·or CAESAR· upwards;onr., IMP downwards. Border of dots. Reverse dies: [ < 33].

Spain 70

Obverse dies: [