RF Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References

RF Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References

◊◊ General Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊ These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site. Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty. ● ● ●

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Area ASCII Characters Bolts, Nuts & Washers Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers SAE Carnot Cycle Coefficient of Expansion Density Conversions Drill Sizes - Lettered Drill Sizes - Numbered Electrochemical Potentials Force Galvanic Series General Constants General Units Greek Alphabet

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IC Heat Transfer IC Lifetime Acceleration Laws of Motion Laws Of Thermodynamics Length Conversions Mass Conversions Materials Properties Mechanical Constants Mechanical Units Periodic Table Phonetic Alphabet Pressure Conversions Psychometric Chart P-T Diagram Relativity

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Solar System Sound Levels Sound Power Speed Conversions Tap & Drill - Metric Tap & Drill - SAE Temperature Conversions Thermal Conductivity Time Conversions

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Torx Heads

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Thermal Conductivity Ultrasonic Frequency Chart Visible Light Volume Conversions Work-Energy-Heat Conversions World Time Zone Map

RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

◊◊ Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊ These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site. Note: "#" indicates that an interactive calculator is on the Electrical Calculations page. Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty. ●

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A/D Converter Parameters ABCD, S, H, Y, Z Parameters AC Voltage & Frequency Worldwide Standards Amplitude Modulation Atmospheric Absorption Atmospheric Refraction Antenna Basics Antenna Radiation Patterns Attenuators (Fixed)# Ball Grid Array (BGA) Counter Batteries Battery Outlines Bessel Function Plots Bit Error Rate Boolean Algebra Capacitance Capacitance Conversions

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Cascade Budget Calculation# Charge Conversions Circulators Coaxial Cable Chart Coaxial Cable Equations Coaxial Connectors Coaxial Connector Torque Specs Color Codes Communications Standards Compression Point, 1 dB Conductors @ High Frequencies

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Copper Facts

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Current Conversions Damped Responses Data Bus Specifications Delta-Wye Detectors Dielectric Constants & Strengths Diplexers Directional Couplers

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Filters# Flip Flop Tables Fourier Series of Periodic Signals Frequency Bands Frequency Modulation Fuse Specs Fuse Package Outline GPIB / HPIB / IEEE488 GSM Timeslot & Frequency Specs History of Communications History of 50 Ω

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Impedance Matching

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Inductance# Inductance Conversions Intercept Points, 2-Tone 2nd-Order Intercept Points, 2-Tone 3rd-Order Isolators Karnaugh Maps Kirchhoff's Law Link Budget Lightning Magnetic Field Conversions Magnetic Flux Conversions Maxwell's Equations Microstrip MIL-STD-1553 & 1773 Bus Morse Code Noise Figure Noise Power Norton Equivalent Ohm's Law Op Amps

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM]

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Radar Cross Section (RCS) Radar Equation Radar Horizon/Line of Sight Resistance Conversions Resistor Markings: MIL-PRF-55342 Resistor Markings: Std Resistor Values RLC Combinations RMS & Average Power & Voltage Serial Port Pinout S, H, Y, Z, ABCD Parameters Signal-to-Noise Ratio Skin Depth SMD Package Markings Smith Chart Solder Spectral Inversion Spurious-Free Dynamic Range Spurious Calculations TEMPEST Thévénin Equivalent Toroid Cores Transmission Lines Triboelectric Series USB Specifications WAP Waveguide Wire Wireless Communication Specs Wireless Coverage Maps Wireless Data Rate Standards WLAN Specs

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VSWR Mismatch Error#

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VSWR Reduction By Attenuation#

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VSWR / Return Loss / Gamma#

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RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dividers/Combiners Doppler Frequency Shift DTMF Tones EIRP Electrical Constants Electrical Units Electric Fields Electrocution of Human Body Field Intensity ESD

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Op Noise Figure Package Outlines Parallel Port Pinout PCS Web Site PIM - Passive Intermodulation Path Loss Potential Power Density Power Factor Power & Voltage in 50 Ω System Propagation Time Pulse Definition

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RF Cafe - Calculator Spreadsheets

◊◊ Calculator Spreadsheets ◊◊ Thanks to MS Office Web Components and the advent of XML, including these interactive spreadsheet components is possible, for about the same amount of work as generating an Excel spreadsheet. Click on the following links for access. ●

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Electrical Calculations ❍ Attenuators ("T" and Pi) ❍ Cascaded Components ❍ Cavity Resonant Frequency ❍ Noise Conversions ❍ Voltage Divider ❍ VSWR - RL - Gamma(Γ) Filters ❍ Lowpass Butterworth ❍ Lowpass Chebychev ❍ Highpass Butterworth ❍ Highpass Chebychev ❍ Bandpass Butterworth ❍ Bandpass Chebychev ❍ Bandstop Butterworth ❍ Bandstop Chebychev

NOTE: You must have either FrontPage 2002 or Excel 2002 installed (from MS Office XP) or these spreadsheets will be only static and not interactive. You can purchase an Excel 2002 upgrade for about $100 here.

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RF Cafe - Mathematical References

◊◊ Mathematical References ◊◊ Here are some of the most often need mathematical entities, all in one convenient place. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

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Averages Bessel Functions Coordinate Systems Derivatives, Basic Deviations Differentiation Rules Exponents Fourier Series Fourier Transform Pairs Fourier Series Properties Imaginary Numbers Integrals, Basic Integrals, Inverse Trig Integrals, Natural Log Integrals, Square Root Integrals, Trigonometric

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LaPlace Transform Pairs LaPlace Transform Properties Logarithms Matrix Algebra Matrix Definitions Numerical Prefixes Partial Fractions Permutations & Combinations Phi (φ) - the Golden Number Plane Angle Series Expansions Summations

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Trig Identities Trig Identities, Inverse Trig Identities, Hyperbolic Trig Identities, Inv Hyperbolic

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Trigonometry Laws Uncertainties Vector, Curl Vector, Divergence Vector, Gradient

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z-Transform Properties

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RF Cafe - Area Conversion

◊◊ AREA CONVERSIONS ◊◊ Standard units = Square centimeter (cm2).

1 in2 = 1 ft2 = 1 cm2 = 1 m2 = 1 cir mil =

square in 1 144 0.1550 1550 7.854 ·

10-7

square ft 6.944 · 10-3 1 1.076 · 10-3 10.76 5.454 ·

10-3

square cm 6.452 929.0 1 104 5.067 · 10-6

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square m 6.452 · 10-4 9.290 · 10-2 10-4 1 5.067 · 10-10

circular mil 1.273 · 106 1.833 · 108 1.974 · 105 1.974 · 109 1

RF Cafe - ASCII Character Set

◊◊ ASCII CHARACTER SET ◊◊ 33

!

34

"

35

#

36

$

37

40

(

41

)

42

*

43

+

44

,

45

38

&

39

'

-

46

.

47

/

48

0

49

1

50

2

51

3

52

4

56

8

57

9

58

:

59

;

60




63

?

64

@

65

A

66

B

67

C

68

D

72

H

73

I

74

J

75

K

76

L

69

E

70

F

71

G

77

M

78

N

79

O

80

P

81

Q

82

R

83

S

84

T

88

X

89

Y

90

Z

91

[

92

85

U

86

V

87

W

93

]

94

^

95

_

96

`

97

a

98

b

99

c

100

d

101

e

102

f

103

g

104

h

105

i

106

j

107

k

108

l

109

m

110

n

111

o

112

p

113

q

114

r

115

s

116

t

117

u

118

v

119

w

120

x

121

y

122

z

123

{

124

|

125

}

126

~

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

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RF Cafe - Metric Nuts & Bolts

◊◊ Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊

Size

Tap Drill (mm)

Clearance Drill (mm)

Counter Bore (mm)

Nut Points (mm)

Nut Flats (mm)

Washer I.D. (mm)

Washer O.D. (mm)

M1

0.75

1.10

0.30

2.08

1.8

1.0

2.0

M1.6

1.25

1.85

0.35

3.70

3.2

1.7

3.4

M2

1.60

2.40

0.40

4.62

4.0

2.2

4.5

M2.5

2.05

3.10

0.45

5.77

5.0

2.7

5.5

M3

2.50

3.75

0.50

6.35

5.5

3.2

6.0

M3.5

2.90

4.30

0.60

6.93

6.0

4.0

7.8

M4

3.30

4.90

0.70

8.08

7.0

4.3

8.0

M5

4.20

6.30

0.80

9.24

8.0

5.3

10

M6

5.00

7.50

1.0

11.5

10

6.4

11

M8

6.75

10.0

1.25

15.0

13

8.4

15

M10

8.50

12.5

1.50

17.3

15

11.5

21

1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference. 2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts. 3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts.

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RF Cafe - SAE Bolts

◊◊ SAE Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊

Size & Threads/lnch

Series Designation

Tap Drill

Clearance Drill

Counter Bore

Nut Points

Nut Flats

Washer I.D.

Washer O.D.

0-80

UNF

0.046

0.070

1/8

0.180

0.156

0.078

0.187

1-64

UNC

0.059

0.089

5/32

0.180

0.156

0.099

0.250

1-72

UNF

2-56

UNC

0.070

0.104

3/16

0.217

0.187

0.099

0.250

2-64

UNF

3-48

UNC

0.078

0.120

3/16

0.217

0.187

0.105

0.250

3-56

UNF

4-40

UNC

0.089

0.136

7/32

0.289

0.250

0.125

0.312

4-48

UNF

5-40

UNC

5-44

UNF

6-32

UNC

0.106

0.161

9/32

0.361

0.312

0.149

0.375

6-40

UNF

8-32

UNC

0.136

0.189

5/16

0.397

0.343

0.174

0.375

8-36

UNF

10-24

UNC

0.149

0.213

11/32

0.433

0.375

0.203

0.437

10-32

UNF

12-24

UNC 0.201

0.281

7/16

0.505

0.437

0.265

0.500

12-28

UNF

1/4-20

UNC

1/4-28

UNF

5/16-18

UNC

5/16-24

UNF

3/8-16

UNC

3/8-24

UNF

7/16-14

UNC

7/16-20

UNF

1/2-13

UNC

1/2-20

UNF

9/16-12

UNC

9/16-18 5/8-11 5/8-18 3/4-10 3/4-16

UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF

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RF Cafe - SAE Bolts 7/8-9 7/8-14 1-8 1-12 1-14

UNC UNF UNC UNF UN

11/8-7 11/8-8 11/8-12 11/4-7 1114-8

UNC UN UNF UNC UN

11/4-12 1 3/8-6 1 3/8-8 1 3/8-12 11/2-6

UNF UNC UN UNF UNC

1 1/2-8 1 1/2-12 1 5/8-8 1 3/4-5 1 3/4-8

UN UNC UN UNC UN

1 7/8-8 2-4 1/2 2-8 2 1/4-4.5 2 1/4-8

UN UNC UN UNC UN

2 2 2 2

1/2-4 1/2-8 3/4-4 3/4-8 3-4

UNC UN UNC UN UNC

3-8 1/4-4 1/4-8 1/2-4 1/2-8

UN UNC UN UNC UN

3 3/4-4 3 3/4-8 4-4 4-8

UNC UN UNC UN

3 3 3 3

1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference. 2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts. 3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts.

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RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle

◊◊ Carnot Cycle ◊◊ An ideal cycle would be performed by a perfectly efficient heat engine—that is, all the heat would be converted to mechanical work. A 19th-century French scientist named Nicolas Carnot conceived a thermodynamic cycle that is the basic cycle of all heat engines. He showed that such an ideal engine cannot exist. Any heat engine must expend some fraction of its heat input as exhaust. The second law of thermodynamics places an upper limit on the efficiency of engines; that upper limit is less than 100 percent. The limiting case is now known as a Carnot cycle.

The Carnot Cycle

(1) Isothermal expansion of gas in cylinder as heat is (2) Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabatic added from source. Piston moves from V1 to V2, expansion continues until volume V3 is reached, doing work on the system. performing additional work, at temperature T2.

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RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle

(4) Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabatic

(3) Isothermal compression of gas in cylinder as

compression continues until volume V4 is reached, performing additional work, at temperature T2.

work is done by the system on the piston. Heat is be transferred to T2.

Isothermal: Process in which no temperature change occurs in a closed system.

Adiabatic: Process in which no heat is transferred into or out of a closed system.

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RF Cafe - Properties of Materials

◊◊ Materials Properties ◊◊ MatWeb

Substance

Melting Temperature (ºC)

Alanx CG8963.32

Density (g/cm3)

Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)

Thermal Expansion (10-6 K)

Resistivity (µΩ·cm)

32.2

6.5

1020

238

23.5

2.67

215

7.5

1020

3.32

Alcohol, Ethyl Al2O3

Alumina,

2040

3.9

Alumina, 85%

3.41

Alumina, 90%

3.6

Alumina, 94%

3.7

Alumina, 96%

3.75

Alumina, 99%

3.9

Alumina, 99.5%

3.89

Alumina, 99.9%

3.96

Aluminosilicate Aluminum,

Pure 11 5056

2.6 660.1

2.643

Aluminum, 2024-T3

2.77

Aluminum, 6061-T6

2.7

Aluminum, 7079-T6

2.74

Aluminum bronze

7.702

Aluminum Nitride

3.25

Benzene

0.737

Beryllium, QMV Beryllia,

BeO

Beryllium

1.85 2550

2.85 1.8477

Birch

0.705

Boron Carbide

2.5

Borosilicate Glass

2.3

Brass

8.553

Bronze, ~11% Tin

8.1

Bronze, aluminum

7.702

Bronze,

phosphor

8.8

Carbon Steel

7.84

Carbon Tool Steel

7.82

Carbon-Carbon Composite

1.65

Cherry

0.433

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (1 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

RF Cafe - Properties of Materials Coal, Anthracite

1.554

Coal, Bituminous

1.346

Coal, Coke

1.201

Coal, Lignite

1.25

Cobalt

8.8

Concrete Copper

1083.4

8.96

Copper Ore, pyrites

4.197

Copper, cast-rolled

8.906

Copper, Pure

1.694

3.6

1020

14.1

2.20

8.9

Corundum-Crystal Form Delrin (acetyl resin)

17.0

3.99 175

8.96

Ethyl Alcohol

0.802

Gasoline

0.721

German Silver

8.586

Glass

2.6

Glass, Pyrex Gold, 99.99% Gold Coin (US) Gold, cast-hammered

1063

19.3

315.5

17.19 19.3

Graphite

2.163

Hafnium Carbide

12.76

HDPE

0.955

High Speed Tool Steel

8.75

Ice

0.897

Iridium

22.16

Iron Iron, Cast, Pig

7.207

Iron, Ferrosilicon

6.984

Iron, gray cast

7.079

Iron Ore, Hematite

5.206

Iron Ore, Limonite

3.796

Iron Ore, Magnetite

5.046

Iron Slag

2.755

Iron, Spiegeleisen

7.496

Iron, wrought

7.658

Kevlar Kevlar 149

1.47

Kevlar 29

1.44

Kevlar 49

1.44

Lead

11.37

Lead Glass

2.8

Lead Ore, Galena

7.449

Leather, common

0.945

Magnesium, Pure

1.7

Mahogany

0.705

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (2 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

RF Cafe - Properties of Materials Manganese

7.608

Manganese Ore

4.149

Mercury

13.57

Methyl Alcohol

0.809

Mg-PSZ

5.75

Mineral Oil

0.914

Molybdenum, wrought

10.3

Monel Metal, rolled

8.688

Mullite

2.82

Nickel

1455

Nickel, Pure

8.602

88

13.3

6.9

138

7.6

105

8.9

Nitride-Bonded SiC

2.54

Paper

0.929

Paraffin

0.898

Petroleum, Crude Pig Iron

7.207

Platinum

21.3

Plutonium, alpha phase

19.35

Polyurethane

1

PSZ

5.75

Pure Iron

7.86

Pyrolusite, Mn Ore

4.149

Quartz Glass

2.2

RB-SiC

3.09

Red Oak

0.673

Refrax

2.54

RT/Duriod 5880 Rubber

1.506

Sapphire

3.99

SiAlON Silica,

3.3 SiO2

Silicon

1412

2.34

Silicon carbide

3.2

Silicon Nitride

3.28

Silver, Cast-hammered

10.51

Silver, Pure

10.5

Sintered SiC

3.1

SNBSN / Refrax

2.54

Soft Steel (0.06% C)

7.87

Southern Pine

0.65

Stainless 18Cr-8Ni

8.03

Stainless 27Cr

7.47

Stainless Steel, 304

8.03

Steel, C1020, HR

7.85

Steel, cold-drawn

7.83

Steel, tool

7.715

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (3 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

RF Cafe - Properties of Materials Sugar Maple

0.689

Tantalum

16.6

Thorium, Ind. melted

11.6

TiC

4.94

Tin Ore, cassiterite

6.695

Tin, cast-hammered

7.352

Titanium

4.5

Titanium, B 120VCA Tungsten Tungsten Tungsten Carbide

4.85 3400

19.3 18.82 15.7

Uranium

18.74

Uranium D38

18.97

Vanadium Carbide

5.71

Vegetable Oil

0.93

Walnut

159

0.593

Water Water, 100 °C Water, 4 °C

0.9581 0.99997

Water, Ice

0.897

Water, Seawater

1.025

WC / Tungsten Carbide

15.7

Wood, Oak Zinc Ore, blende

4.052

Zinc, Cast

7.049

Zirconia Zirconium Zirconium Carbide

5.75 6.3798 6.56

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4.5

5.5

RF Cafe - Density Conversion

◊◊ Density Conversions ◊◊ Standard units = Kilograms per square meter (kg/m2).

1 lb/in3 1 lb/ft3 1 slug/ft3 1 g/cm3 1 kg/m3

lb per in3 1 5.787 1.862 3.613 3.613

* * * *

10-4 10-2 10-2 10-5

lb per ft3 1728 1 32.17 62.43

slug per ft3 53.71

g per cm3 27.68

3.108 * 10-2 1 1.940

6.243 * 10-2

1.940 * 10-3

1.602 * 10-2 0.5154 1 0.001

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kg per m3 2.768 * 104 16.02 515.4 1000 1

RF Cafe - Lettered Drill Sizes

◊◊ DRILL SIZES: LETTERED ◊◊ Letter

Diameter (in)

Letter

Diameter (in)

A

0.234

N

0.302

B

0.238

O

0.316

C

0.242

P

0.323

D

0.246

Q

0.332

E

0.250

R

0.339

F

0.257

S

0.348

G

0.261

T

0.358

H

0.266

U

0.368

I

0.272

V

0.377

J

0.277

W

0.386

K

0.281

X

0.397

L

0.290

Y

0.404

M

0.295

Z

0.413

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RF Cafe - Numbered Drill Sizes

◊◊ DRILL SIZES: NUMBERED ◊◊

Number

Diameter (in)

Number

Diameter (in)

Number

Diameter (in)

Number

Diameter (in)

1

0.2280

21

0.1590

41

0.0960

61

0.0380

2

0.2210

22

0.1570

42

0.0935

62

0.0370

3

0.2130

23

0.1540

43

0.0890

63

0.0360

4

0.2090

24

0.1520

44

0.0869

64

0.0350

5

0.2055

25

0.1495

45

0.0820

65

0.0330

6

0.2040

26

0.1470

46

0.0810

66

0.0320

7

0.2010

27

0.1440

47

0.0785

67

0.0310

8

0.1990

28

0.1405

48

0.0760

68

0.0300

9

0.1960

29

0.1360

49

0.0730

69

0.0290

10

0.1935

30

0.1285

50

0.0700

70

0.0270

11

0.1910

31

0.1200

51

0.0670

71

0.0260

12

0.1890

32

0.1160

52

0.0635

72

0.0240

13

0.1850

33

0.1130

53

0.0595

73

0.0230

14

0.1820

34

0.1110

54

0.0550

74

0.0220

15

0.1800

35

0.1100

55

0.0520

75

0.0200

16

0.1770

36

0.1065

56

0.0465

76

0.0180

17

0.1730

37

0.1040

57

0.0430

77

0.0160

18

0.1695

38

0.1015

58

0.0420

78

0.0150

19

0.1660

39

0.0995

59

0.0410

79

0.0140

20

0.1610

40

0.0980

60

0.0400

80

0.0130

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RF Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials

◊◊ Electrochemical Potentials ◊◊ the "X" metal is attacked the contact is practically neutral the "Y" metal is attacked

This table presents the electrochemical potential difference (in mV) for pairs of common metal alloys, when in the presence of water with 2% salt content. \

\

\

\

Y

X \

\

Platinum

0

Gold/Carbon 130

130

250

340

350

430

450

570

600

685

700

770

800

840

940 1000 1090 1100 1200 1400 1470 1950

0

110

210

220

300

320

440

470

535

570

640

670

710

810

870

960

970 1070 1270 1340 1620

Stainless Steel

250

110

0

90

100

160

200

320

350

415

450

520

550

590

690

750

840

850

950 1150 1220 1700

Titanium

340

210

90

0

10

90

110

230

260

325

360

430

460

500

600

680

750

760

860 1060 1150 1610

SilverMercury

350

220

100

10

0

80

100

220

250

315

350

420

450

490

590

650

740

750

850 1050 1120 1600

Nickel

430

300

180

90

80

0

20

140

170

235

270

340

370

410

510

570

650

670

770

970 1040 1520

Copper Alloy

450

320

200

110

100

20

0

120

150

215

250

320

350

390

490

530

640

650

750

950 1020 1500

Copper

570

440

320

230

220

140

120

0

30

95

130

200

230

270

370

430

520

530

630

830

900 1380

AluminumBronze Brass 30% Zinc

600

470

350

260

250

170

150

30

0

65

100

170

200

240

340

400

490

500

600

800

870 1350

Silicon

665

535

415

325

315

235

215

95

65

0

35

105

135

175

275

335

425

435

535

735

805 1285

Brass 50% Zinc

700

520

520

360

350

270

250

130

100

35

0

70

100

140

240

300

390

400

500

700

770 1250

Bronze

770

640

550

430

420

340

320

200

170

105

70

0

30

70

170

230

320

330

435

630

700 1180

Tin

800

670

590

460

450

370

350

230

200

135

100

30

0

40

140

200

290

300

400

600

670 1150

Lead

840

710

680

500

490

410

390

270

240

175

140

70

40

0

100

160

250

260

300

560

630 1110

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/electrochemical_potential.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM]

RF Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials

Light alloy NSA 3001

810

690

600

590

510

490

370

340

275

240

170

140

100

0

60

150

160

260

460

530 1010

Steels

1000 870

750

660

650

570

550

430

400

335

300

230

200

160

60

0

90

150

200

400

470

950

Aluminum A5

1090 960

840

750

740

650

640

520

490

425

390

320

290

250

150

90

0

100

110

310

380

860

Cadmium

1100 970

850

760

750

670

650

530

500

435

400

330

300

260

160

150

100

0

100

300

370

850

Chromium 1200 1070 950

860

850

770

750

630

600

535

500

430

400

360

260

200

110

100

0

200

270

750

1400 1270 1150 1050 1050 970

950

830

800

735

700

630

600

560

460

400

310

300

200

0

70

550

Manganese 1470 1340 1220 1150 1120 1040 1020 900

870

805

770

700

670

630

530

470

380

370

270

70

0

480

Magnesium 1950 1620 1700 1610 1600 1520 1500 1380 1350 1285 1250 1180 1150 1110 1010 950

860

850

750

550

480

0

Zinc

940

Values obtained from 1997 Huber+Suhner "RF Connector Guide"

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RF Cafe - Force Conversion

◊◊ FORCE CONVERSIONS ◊◊ Standard units = Newton (N).

1 dyn = 1N= 1 lb = 1 pdl = 1 gf = 1 kgf =

dyne 1 105 4.448 * 105 1.383 * 104 980.7 9.807 * 105

newton 10-5 1 4.448 0.1383 10-3

9.807 * 9.807

pound 2.248 * 10-6 0.2248 1 3.108 * 10-2 2.205 * 10-3 2.205

poundal 7.233 * 10-5 7.233 32.17 1 7.093 * 70.93

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10-2

gram force 1.020 * 10-3 102.0 453.6 14.10 1 1000

kg force 1.020 * 10-6 0.1020 0.4536 1.410 * 10-2 0.001 1

RF Cafe - Galvanic Series

◊◊ GALVANIC SERIES ◊◊ A galvanic series table lists metals in the order of their relative activity in a specific environment. The list begins with the more active (anodic) metal and proceeds down the to the least active (cathodic) metal of the galvanic series. A "galvanic series" applies to a particular electrolyte solution, so for each specific solution which is expected to be encountered for actual use, a different order or series will ensue. In a galvanic couple, the metal higher in the series (or the smaller) represents the anode, and will corrode preferentially in the environment. This is the "dissimilar metals" corrosion that is spoken of. Listed below is the latest galvanic table from MIL-STD-889 where the materials have been numbered according to how they interact in a galvanic couple in a seawater environment. The table is the galvanic series of metals in sea water from Army Missile Command Report RS-TR-67-11, "Practical Galvanic Series."

Most Anodic (#1) 1. Magnesium 2. Mg alloy AZ-31B 3. Mg alloy HK-31A 4. Zinc (hot-dip, die cast, 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

or plated) Beryllium (hot pressed) Al 7072 clad on 7075 Al 2014-T3 Al 1160-H14 Al 7079-T6 Cadmium (plated) Uranium Al 218 (die cast) Al 5052-0 Al 5052-H12 Al 5456-0, H353 Al 5052-H32 Al 1100-0 Al 3003-H25 Al 6061-T6 Al A360 (die cast) Al 7075-T6 Al 6061-0 Indium Al 2014-0 Al 2024-T4

26. Al 5052-H16 27. Tin (plated) 28. Stainless steel 430

51. Brass (plated) 52. Nickel-silver (18% Ni) 53. Stainless steel 316L

29. 30. 31. 32.

54. 55. 56. 57.

33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

(active) Lead Steel 1010 Iron (cast) Stainless steel 410 (active) Copper (plated, cast, or wrought) Nickel (plated) Chromium (Plated) Tantalum AM350 (active) Stainless steel 310 (active) Stainless steel 301 (active) Stainless steel 304 (active) Stainless steel 430 (active) Stainless steel 410 (active) Stainless steel 17-7PH (active) Tungsten Niobium (columbium) 1% Zr Brass, Yellow, 268 Uranium 8% Mo Brass, Naval, 464 Yellow Brass Muntz Metal 280

58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

(active) Bronze 220 Copper 110 Red Brass Stainless steel 347 (active) Molybdenum, Commercial pure Copper-nickel 715 Admiralty brass Stainless steel 202 (active) Bronze, Phosphor 534 (B-1) Monel 400 Stainless steel 201 (active) Carpenter 20 (active) Stainless steel 321 (active) Stainless steel 316 (active) Stainless steel 309 (active) Stainless steel 17-7PH (passive) Silicone Bronze 655 Stainless steel 304 (passive) Stainless steel 301 (passive) Stainless steel 321 (passive) Stainless steel 201 (passive) Stainless steel 286 (passive)

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Most Cathodic (#92) 76. Stainless steel 316L (passive)

77. AM355 (active) 78. Stainless steel 202 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.

(passive) Carpenter 20 (passive) AM355 (passive) A286 (passive) Titanium 5A1, 2.5 Sn Titanium 13V, 11Cr, 3Al (annealed) Titanium 6Al, 4V (solution treated and aged) Titanium 6Al, 4V (anneal) Titanium 8Mn Titanium 13V, 11Cr 3Al (solution heat treated and aged) Titanium 75A AM350 (passive) Silver Gold Graphite

RF Cafe - Galvanic Series

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RF Cafe - General Constants

◊◊ GENERAL CONSTANTS ◊◊ * : Reduced Planck constant,

= h/2π

Name

Symbol

Value

Speed of light (in vacuum)

c

2.9979 * 108 m/s

Mass-energy ratio

c2

8.9876 * 1016 J/kg

Gravitational constant

G

6.6720 * 10-11 N*m2/kg2

"

G

3.4490 * 10-8 lb * ft2/slug2

Universal gas constant

R

8.3144 J/(mol * K)

Avogadro constant

N0

6.0220 * 1023 molecules/mol

Boltzmann constant

k

1.3807 * 10-23 J/K

Planck constant*

h

6.6262 * 10-34 J * s

Electron rest mass

me

9.1095 * 10-31 kg

Proton rest mass

mp

1.6726 * 10-27 kg

Bohr radius

aB

0.52918 Å

Volume of ideal gas (@STP)

V

2.2414 * 10-2 m3/mol

Stefan Boltzmann constant

s

5.6703 * 10-8 W/(m2 * K4)

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RF Cafe - General Units

◊◊ GENERAL UNITS ◊◊ Name

Base Unit

Symbol

Enthalpy

joule

H

Entropy

joule/Kelvin

S

Heat capacity

joule/Kelvin

C

Internal energy

joule

U

Luminous intensity

candela

I

Quantity of heat

joule

Q

Radiant energy

joule

W

Radiant intensity

watt/steradian

I

Radiant power (flux)

watt

P

Sound intensity

watt/meter

I

Sound energy flux

watt

W

Specific heat capacity

joule/(kilogram * Kelvin)

c

Speed of sound

meter/second

n

Thermal conductivity

watt/(meter * Kelvin)

l

Time Constant

s

τ

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RF Cafe - Greek Alphabet

◊◊ GREEK ALPHABET ◊◊ Alpha

Α

α

Nu

Ν

ν

Beta

Β

β

Xi

Ξ

ξ

Gamma

Γ

γ

Omicron

Ο

ο

Delta

∆

δ

Pi

Π

π

Epsilon

Ε

ε

Rho

Ρ

ρ

Zeta

Ζ

ζ

Sigma

Σ

σ

Eta

Η

ε

Tau

Τ

τ

Theta

Θ

θ

Upislon

Υ

υ

Iota

Ι

ι

Phi

Φ

φ

Kappa

Κ

κ

Chi

Χ

χ

Lambda

Λ

λ

Psi

Ψ

ψ

Mu

Μ

µ

Omega

Ω

ω

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RF Cafe - Heat Transfer of an Integrated Circuit

◊◊ HEAT TRANSFER OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊

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RF Cafe - Lifetime Acceleration of Integrated Circuit

◊◊ LIFETIME ACCELERATION OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊ Arrhenius Model for Integrated Circuits F=

Where:

x1 x2

= eα {Lifetime Acceleration Factor}

x1 = Failure rate at junction temperature T1 x2 = Failure rate at junction temperature T2 T = Junction temperature in degrees K E = Thermal activation energy in eV k = Boltzmann's constant

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RF Cafe - Laws of Motion

LAWS OF MOTION Translational motion with constant acceleration in the x-plane.

Rotational motion with constant acceleration in the θ-plane.

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RF Cafe - Laws of Thermodynamics

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS Thermodynamics is the field of physics that describes and correlates the physical properties of macroscopic systems of matter and energy by relating such qualities temperature, pressure, and volume. It also takes in energy, heat, and work. When a physical system moves from one state of equilibrium to another, a thermodynamic process is said to take place. The laws of thermodynamics were discovered in the 19th century through painstaking experimentation. First Law

Zeroth Law When each of two systems is in equilibrium with a third, the first two systems must be in equilibrium with each other. This shared property of equilibrium is the temperature. The concept of temperature is based on this Zeroth Law.

Because energy cannot be created or destroyed (with the special exception of nuclear reactions) the amount of heat transferred into a system plus the amount of work done on the system must result in a corresponding increase of internal energy in the system. Heat and work are mechanisms by which systems exchange energy with one another.

Second Law Entropy—that is, the disorder—of an isolated system can never decrease. Therefore, when an isolated system achieves a configuration of maximum entropy, it can no longer undergo change (it has reached equilibrium).

Additionally, it is not enough to conserve energy and thus obey the First Law. A machine that would deliver work while This First Law of violating the second law is thermodynamics identifies called a "perpetual-motion caloric, or heat, as a form machine of the second of energy. kind." In such a system, energy could then be continually drawn from a cold environment to do work in a hot environment at no cost.

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Third Law The Third Law of thermodynamics states that absolute zero cannot be attained by any procedure in a finite number of steps. Absolute zero can be approached arbitrarily closely, but it can never be reached.

RF Cafe - Length Conversion

◊◊ LENGTH CONVERSIONS ◊◊ Standard units = Meter (m). inch

foot

mile

10-2

centimeter

10-5

2.540

meter 10-2

kilometer 2.540 * 10-5

1 in =

1

1 ft =

12

1

1.894 * 10-4

30.48

0.304 8

3.048 * 10-4

1 mi =

6.336 * 104

5 280

1

1.609 * 105

160 9

1.609

1 cm =

0.393 7

3.281 * 10-2

6.214 * 10-6

1

10-2

10-5

1m=

39.37

3.281

6.214 * 10-4

100

1

10-3

1 km =

3.93 7 * 104

3 281

0.621 4

105

1 000

1

8.333 *

1.578 *

Non-Standard Length Units Conversions 1 cable = 720 ft = 219.456 m 1 cable (U.K.) = 608 ft = 185.318 m 1 chain (engineers') = 100 ft = 30.48 m 1 chain (surveyors') = 66 ft = 20.117 m 1 fathom = 6 ft = 1.829 m 1 fermi = 10-15 m 1 furlong = 660 ft = 201.168 m 1 hand = 4 in = 0.101 6 m 1 league (nautical) = 3 nmi = 5 556 m 1 league (statute) = 3 stat mi 1 light year = 9.460 895 2 * 1015 m 1 link (engineers') = 1 ft = 0.304 8 m 1 link (surveyors') = 7.92 in = 0.201168 m 1 myriameter = 10 000 m 1 nautical mile (nmi) = 1 853.184 m 1 pale = 1 perch (linear) = 1 rod = 5.029 2 m 1 pica = 1/6 in (approx.) = 4.217 518 * 10-3 m 1 point = 1/72 in (approx.) = 3.514 598 * 10-4 m 1 span = 9 in = 0.228 6 m 1 astronomical unit (au) = 92 957 130.3 mi = 1.496 * 108 km 1 parsec = 1.917 378 44 * 1013 mi = 3.085 721 50 *1013 km

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2.540 *

RF Cafe - Mass Conversion

MASS CONVERSIONS Standard units = Kilogram (kg).

1 oz = 1 lb = 1 ton = 1g= 1 kg = 1 slug = 1u=

ounce 1 16 3.200 * 104 3.527 * 10-2 35.27 514.8 5.855 *

10-26

pound 6.250 * 10-2 1 2000

ton 3.125 * 10-5 0.0005 1

2.205 * 10-3 2.205 32.17

1.102 * 10-6 1.102 * 10-3 1.609 * 10-2 1.829 * 10-30

3.660 *

10-27

* = atomic mass unit.

gram 28.35 453.6 9.072x105 1 1000 1.459 * 104 1.660 * 10-24

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kilogram 2.835 * 10-2 0.4536 907.2 0.001 1 14.59

slug 1.942 * 10-3 3.108 * 10-2 62.16

1.660 * 10-27

1.137 * 10-28

6.852 * 10-5 6.852 * 10-2 1

u* 1.708 * 1025 2.732 * 1026 5.465 * 1029 6.024 * 1023 6.024 * 1026 8.789 * 1027 1

RF Cafe - Mechanical Constants

MECHANICAL CONSTANTS

Name

Symbol

Value

Horsepower

HP

745.7 W

Atmosphere

Atm

14.70 lb/in2

Pi

P

3.141 592 653 589 793 238 46

Natural log base

e

2.718 281 828 459 045 235 36

Square root of 2

√2

1.414 213 562 372 095 048 80

Euler's constant

g

0.577 215 664 901 532 860 61

Golden Ratio

f

1.618 033 988 749 894 848 20

1º of latitude at 40º latitude

69 mi

Acceleration of gravity

g

32.1726 ft/s2

Knot

kt

1.1508 mi/hr

Speed of sound @ 0ºC

1087.1 ft/s

Water heat of fusion @ 0ºC

∆Hfus

79.71 cal/g

Water heat of vaporization @ 0ºC

∆Hvap

539.55 cal/g 43 560 ft2

Acre

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RF Cafe - Mechanical Units

MECHANICAL UNITS

Name

Base Unit

Symbol

Length

meter

m

Area

square meter

m2

Volume

cubic mete

m3

Mass

kilogram

kg

Density

kilogram/cubic meter

kg/m3

Time

second

s

Speed

kilometer/second

km/s

Force

newton

N

Pressure

pascal

P

Plane Angle

radian

rad

Solid Angle

steradian

ster

Momentum

kilogram*meter/second

ρ

Torque

newton/meter

t

Young's modulus

pascal

E

Kinetic energy

joule

K

Potential energy

joule

U

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RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements

◊◊ Periodic Table of the Elements ◊◊ Legend Alkali metals Alkali earth metals Transition metals Lanthanide series

Actinide series Other metals Nonmetals Noble gases

WebElements - a great online source. 1 Ia

18 0

H

2 IIa

13 IIIa

14 IVa

15 Va

16 VIa

17 VIIa

He

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

Na

Mg

3 IIIb

4 IVb

5 Vb

6 VIb

7 VIIb

8 VIIIb

9 VIIIb

10 VIIIb

11 Ib

12 IIb

Al

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar

K

Ca

Sc

Ti

V

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

Rb

Sr

Y

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

I

Xe

Cs

Ba

*

Hf

Ta

W

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

Fr

Ra

**

Unq

Unp

Unh

Uns

Uno

Une

Uun

Uuu

*

La

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

**

Ac

Th

Pa

U

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lr

Sym

#

Wt

actinium

Name

Ac

89

(227)

aluminum

Al

13

26.98

americium

Am

95

(243)

antimony

Sb

51

121.7

argon

Ar

18

39.94

arsenic

As

33

74.92

astatine

At

85

(210)

barium

Ba

56

137.3

berkelium

Bk

97

(247)

beryllium

Be

4

9.012

bismuth

Bi

83

209.0

boron

B

5

10.81

Name

Sym

#

Wt

Name

Sym

#

Wt

gold

Au

79

197.0

potassium

K

19

39.10

hafnium

Hf

72

178.4

praseodymium

Pr

59

140.9

helium

He

2

400.3

promethium

Pm

61

(147)

holmium

Ho

67

164.9

protactinium

Pa

91

231.0

hydrogen

H

1

1.008

radium

Ra

88

226.0

indium

In

49

114.8

radon

Rn

86

(222)

iodine

I

53

126.9

rhenium

Re

75

186.2

iridium

Ir

77

192.2

rhodium

Rh

45

102.9

iron

Fe

26

55.84

rubidium

Rb

37

85.47

krypton

Kr

36

83.80

ruthenium

Ru

44

101.0

lanthanum

La

56

138.9

samarium

Sm

62

150.4

lawrencium

Lr

103

(257)

scandium

Sc

21

44.96

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/periodic_table.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 2:43:01 AM]

RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements bromine

Br

35

79.90

lead

Pb

82

207.2

selenium

Se

34

78.90

cadmium

Cd

48

112.4

lithium

Li

3

6.940

silicon

Si

14

28.08

calcium

Ca

20

40.08

lutetium

Lu

71

175.0

silver

Ag

47

107.9

californium

Cf

98

(249)

magnesium

Mg

12

24.31

sodium

Na

11

23.00

carbon

C

6

12.01

manganese

Mn

25

54.94

strontium

Sr

38

87.62

cerium

Ce

58

140.1

mendelevium

Md

101

(256)

sulfur

S

16

32.06

cesium

Cs

55

132.9

mercury

Hg

80

200.5

tantalum

Ta

73

180.9

chlorine

Cl

17

35.45

molybdenum

Mo

42

95.90

technetium

Tc

43

98.91

chromium

Cr

24

52.00

neodymium

Nd

60

144.2

tellurium

Te

52

127.6

cobalt

Co

27

58.93

neon

Ne

10

20.17

terbium

Tb

65

158.9

copper

Cu

29

63.54

neptunium

Np

93

237.0

thallium

Tl

81

204.3

curium

Cm

96

(245)

nickel

Ni

28

58.70

thorium

Th

90

232.0

dysprosium

Dy

66

162.5

niobium

Nb

41

92.91

thulium

Tm

69

168.9

einsteinium

Es

99

(254)

nitrogen

N

7

14.01

tin

Sn

50

118.6

erbium

Er

68

167.2

nobelium

No

102

(254)

titanium

Ti

22

47.90

europium

Eu

63

152.0

osmium

Os

76

190.2

tungsten

W

74

183.8

fermium

Fm

100

(255)

oxygen

O

8

16.00

uranium

U

92

238.0

fluorine

F

9

19.00

palladium

Pd

46

106.4

vanadium

V

23

50.94

francium

Fr

87

(223)

phosphorus

P

15

30.97

xenon

Xe

54

131.3

gadolinium

Gd

64

157.2

platinum

Pt

78

195.0

ytterbium

Yb

70

173.0

gallium

Ga

31

69.72

plutonium

Pu

94

(244)

yttrium

Y

39

88.91

germanium

Ge

32

72.5

polonium

Po

84

(210)

zinc

Zn

30

65.38

Man-Made Elements rutherfordium

Unq

104

261

bohrium

Uns

107

264

ununnilium

Uun

110

269

dubnium

Unp

105

262

hassium

Uno

108

265

unununium

Uuu

111

272

seaborgium

Unh

106

263

meitnerium

Une

109

266

kirtium

Ukb

999

999

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/periodic_table.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 2:43:01 AM]

RF Cafe - International Phonetic Alphabet

◊◊ PHONETIC ALPHABET ◊◊ International (ITU)

Police

A

Alfa (Al Fah')

Adam

B

Bravo (Brah' Voh)

C

International ITU)

Police

N

November (No Vem' Ber)

Nancy

Baker

O

Oscar (Oss Cah')

Otto

Charlie (Char' Lee)

Charlie

P

Papa (Pah' Pah)

Peter

D

Delta (Dell' Tah)

David

Q

Quebec (Keh' Beck)

Queen

E

Echo (Eck' Oh)

Edward

R

Romeo (Row' Me Oh)

Robert

F

Foxtrot (Foks' Trot)

Frank

S

Sierra (See Air' Rah)

Susan

G

Gulf (Golf)

George

T

Tango (Tang' Go)

Thomas

H

Hotel (Hoh' Tell)

Henry

U

Uniform (You Nee' Form)

Union

I

India (In' Dee Ah)

Ida

V

Victor (Vik Tah')

Victor

J

Juilette (Jew' Lee Ett)

John

W

Whiskey (Wiss' Key)

William

K

Kilo (Key' Loh)

King

X

X-ray (Ecks' Ray)

X-Ray

L

Lima (Lee' Mah)

Lincoln

Y

Yankee (Yang' Key)

Young

M

Mike (Mike)

Mary

Z

Zulu (Zoo' Loo)

Zebra

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/phonetic_alphabet.htm [4/1/02 2:45:53 AM]

RF Cafe - Pressure Conversion

◊◊ Pressure Conversions ◊◊ Standard units = Pascal (P).

1 atm = 1 in water = lb/in2

= 1 1 lb/ft2 = 1 cm Hg = 1

dyn/cm2 1 Pa =

=

atmosphere 1 2.458 6.805 4.725 1.316 9.869 9.869

* * * * * *

10-3 10-2 10-4 10-2 10-7 10-6

inch of water 406.8 1 27.68 0.1922 5.353 10-4

4.015 * 4.015 * 10-3

lb per sq in 14.70

6.944 * 10-3 0.1934

lb per sq ft 2116 5.202 144 1 27.85

10-5

10-3

3.613 * 10-2 1

1.450 * 1.450 * 10-4

in of water @ 4º C cm of Hg @ 0º C

2.089 * 2.089 * 10-2

cm of Hg 75.99 0.1868 5.171 3.591x10-2 1 7.501 * 7.501 * 10-4

1 bar = 106 dyn/cm2 1 atm = 29.92 in of Hg

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/pressure.htm [4/1/02 2:47:56 AM]

10-5

dyn/cm2 1.013 * 106 2491 6.895 * 104 478.8 1.333 * 104 1 10

pascal 1.013 * 105 249.1 6.895 * 103 47.88 1333 0.1 1

RF Cafe - Psychometric Chart

Psychometric Chart This slide set is accessed directly from the Techtrol Psychometrics web site. It is an excellent primer on the use of the psychometric chart. Here is a link for free ET_AEE software that performs calculations for you. Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames.

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/psychometric_chart.htm [4/1/02 2:49:00 AM]

RF Cafe - P-T Diagram

◊◊ Pressure-Temperature (P-T) Diagram ◊◊ P-T Diagram for a Substance That Expands On Freezing From

To

Phase Changes

Liquid

Solid

Fusion

Liquid

Vapor

Vaporization

Solid

Vapor

Sublimation

Solid

Liquid

Melting

Vapor

Liquid

Condensation

Vapor

Solid

Deposition

. Critical Point:

Pure vapor phase has same properties as pure liquid phase at same temperature and pressure.

* Triple Point:

Possible to maintain equilibrium mixture of all three phases.

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/p-t_diagram.htm [4/1/02 2:50:37 AM]

RF Cafe - Relativity

RELATIVITY c = speed of light. Primed quantities are moving at speed "v".

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/relativity.htm [4/1/02 2:52:59 AM]

RF Cafe - Solar System

◊◊ SOLAR SYSTEM ◊◊

Planet

Max Radius (106 km)

Min Radius (106 km)

Revolution

Rotation

Speed (km/s)

Axis/Orbit (*)

Mass (**)

Mercury

69.7

45.9

88 d

59 d

47.9

28º/7º

0.055

Venus

109

107.4

224.7 d

(-)243 d

35

3.0º/3.4º

0.815

Earth

152.1

147.1

365.26 d

23h,56m,4s

29.8

23º 27'/0º

1

Mars

249.1

206.7

687 d

24h,37m,23s

24.1

23º 59'/1.9º

0.108

Jupiter

815.7

740.9

11.86 y

9h,50m,30s

13.1

3º 5'/1.3º

317.9

Saturn

1507

1347

29.46 y

10h,14m

9.6

26º 44'/2.5º

95.2

Uranus

3004

2735

84.01 y

(-)11 h

6.8

82º 5'/0.8º

14.6

Neptune

4537

4456

164.8 y

16 h

5.4

28º 48'/1.8º

17.2

Pluto

7375

4425

247.7 y

6d,9h

4.7

---º/17.2º

0.1

* : inclination to ecliptic (Earth's orbital plane) ** : Mass relative to earth (-) : retrograde motion

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/solar_system.htm [4/1/02 3:08:44 AM]

RF Cafe - Sound Level Chart

◊◊ Sound Level Chart ◊◊

Location

Min

Max (dBA)

Inside Home

25

45

Inside Office

35

50

Inside Airplane Cabin

75

85

Inside Factory

65

100

Talking @ 3 ft

55

65

Shouting @ 3 ft

75

85

Clothes Dryer @ 3 ft

55

65

Vacuum @ 3 ft

65

80

100

120

Clothes Washer @ 3 ft

55

75

Car @ 25 ft @ 65 mph

70

80

Airplane @ 1000 ft

95

110

Traffic @ 300 ft

40

60

Rural Ambient

25

35

Chain Saw @ 3 ft

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/sound_level.htm [4/1/02 3:12:19 AM]

RF Cafe - Sound Power

◊◊ Sound Power ◊◊ Sound powers in dBA units are referenced to a picowatt.

Where: W1, W2 = sound power in similar watt units

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/sound_power.htm [4/1/02 3:21:58 AM]

RF Cafe - Speed Conversion

◊◊ Speed Conversions ◊◊ Standard units = Meters per second (m/s).

1 ft/s = 1 mi/h = 1 cm/s = 1 m/s = 1 km/h = 1 knot =

foot per s 1 1.467 3.281 * 10-2 3.281 0.9113 1.688

mile per h 0.6818 1 2.237 * 10-2 2.237 0.6214 1.151

cm per s 30.48 44.70 1 100 27.78 51.44

meter per s 0.3048 0.4470 0.01 1 0.2778 0.5144

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/speed.htm [4/1/02 3:24:23 AM]

km per h 1.097 1.609 3.600 * 10-2 3.600 1 1.852

knot 0.5925 0.8689 1.944 * 10-2 1.944 0.5400 1

RF Cafe - SAE Tap & Drill Chart

◊◊ SAE Tap & Drill Chart ◊◊

Thread Size

Drill Diameter (in)

Tap Drill Size

Thread Size

Coarse Thread

Drill Diameter (in)

Tap Drill Size

Fine Thread

1-64

.0595

No. 53

0-80

.0469

3/64

2-56

.0700

No. 50

1-72

.0595

No. 53

3-48

.0785

No. 47

2-64

.0700

No. 50

4-40

.0890

No. 43

3-56

.0820

No. 45

5-40

.1015

No. 38

4-48

.0935

No. 42

6-32

.1065

No. 36

5-44

.1040

No. 37

8-32

.1360

No. 29

6-40

.1130

No. 33

10-24

.1495

No. 25

8-36

.1360

No. 29

12-24

.1770

No. 16

10-32

.1590

No. 21

1/4-20

.2010

No. 7

12-28

.1820

No. 14

5/16-18

.2570

'F'

1/4-28

.2130

No. 3

3/8-16

.3125

5/16

5/16-24

.2720

'I'

7/16-14

.3680

'U'

3/8-24

.3320

'Q'

1/2-13

.4219

27/64

7/16-20

.3906

25/64

9/16-12

.4844

31/64

1/2-20

.4531

29/64

5/8-11

.5312

17/32

9/16-18

.5156

33/64

3/4-10

.6562

21/32

5/8-18

.5781

37/64

7/8-9

.7656

49/64

3/4-16

.6875

11/16

1"-8

.8750

7/8

7/8-14

.8125

13/16

1"-14

.9375

59/64

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/tap_drill.htm [4/1/02 3:27:28 AM]

RF Cafe - Temperature Conversion

◊◊ Temperature Conversions ◊◊ Celsius to Fahrenheit ºC = ºF - 32 1.8 Fahrenheit to Rankine ºR = ºF + 459.67

Fahrenheit to Celsius ºF = (1.8 ºC) + 32 Celsius to Kelvin K = ºC + 273.15

-40ºC = -40ºF

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/temperature.htm [4/1/02 3:38:05 AM]

RF Cafe - Thermal Conductivity

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Substance

Thermal Conductivity (J/s·m·°C)

Aluminum

238

Copper

397

Gold

316

Iron

78.2

Nickel

88.5

Silver

425

Steel, carbon

43

Air

0.024

Glass, Pyrex

0.78

Ice

1.70

Wood, oak

0.17

Water

0.556

Brass

110

Solder, 63Sn/37Pb

50

Silicon

138

Kevlar

0.12

Alumina

17

Beryllium oxide

250

RT/Duriod 5880

0.26

Epoxy glass

0.16

Approximate values from 0 °C to 100 °C.

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/thermal_conductivity.htm [4/1/02 3:40:04 AM]

RF Cafe - Time Conversion

◊◊ Time Conversions ◊◊ Standard units = Second (s).

1s= 1 min = 1h= 1d= 1 yr =

second 1 60 3600 8.640 · 104 3.156 · 107

minute 1.667 · 10-2 1 60 1440

hour 2.778 · 10-4 1.667 * 10-2 1 24

5.259 · 105

8.766 · 103

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/time.htm [4/1/02 3:40:55 AM]

day 1.157 · 10-5 6.944 · 10-4 4.167 · 10-2 1 365.2

year 3.169 · 10-8 1.901 · 10-6 1.141 · 10-4 2.738 · 10-3 1

RF Cafe - Torx Bits

TORX® BITS

Driver Size

"A" Dimension Across Points (in.)

T-5

.055

T-6

.065

T-7

.077

T-8

.090

T-9

.097

T-10

.107

T-15

.128

T-20

.151

T-25

.173

T-27

.195

T-30

.216

T-40

.260

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/torx_bits.htm [4/1/02 3:42:14 AM]

RF Cafe - Visible Light

VISIBLE LIGHT Since a lot of work these days involves light properties (displays, LEDs, Emitter/detectors, etc.), this visible light spectrum chart should be useful. Information on light addition and subtraction is included.

Gamma X-Rays Rays

Ultra Violet

Infrared

TV

Wavelength (nanometers) Additive Color System

Subtractive Color System

(adding colors to ultimately make white)

(subtracting colors to ultimately make black)

Primary additive colors for light are Red, Green and Blue

Primary subtractive colors for light are Magenta, Yellow and Cyan

Color Wheel

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/visible_light.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:45:11 AM]

Radio

RF Cafe - Visible Light

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/visible_light.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 3:45:11 AM]

RF Cafe - Volume Conversion

◊◊ Volume Conversions ◊◊ Standard units = Cubic meters (m3).

1 in3 1 ft3 = 1 cm3 = 1 m3 = 1 li =

cubic in 1 1728

cubic ft 5.787 * 10-4 1

6.102 * 10-2 6.102 * 104 61.02

3.531 * 10-5 35.31

cubic cm 16.39

106

cubic m 1.639 * 10-5 2.832 * 10-2 10-6 1

1000

10-3

2.832 * 104 1

3.531 * 10-2

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/volume.htm [4/1/02 3:49:45 AM]

liter 1.639 * 10-2 28.32 10-3 1000 1

RF Cafe - Work-Energy-Heat Conversion

◊◊ Work-Energy-Heat Conversions ◊◊ Standard units = Joule (J).

1 eV = 1 kWh = 1 cal = 1J= 1 ft*lb = 1 erg = 1 Btu =

electron V 1 2.247 2.613 6.242 8.464 6.242 6.585

* * * * * *

1025 1019 1018 1018 1011 1021

kW*hour 4.450 * 10-26 1 1.163 * 10-6 2.778 * 10-7 3.776 * 10-7 2.778 * 10-14 2.930 * 10-4

calorie 3.827 * 10-20 8.601 * 105 1 0.2389 0.3239

joule 1.602 * 10-19 3.6 * 106 4.186 1 1.356

ft*pounds 1.182 * 10-19 2.655 * 106 3.087 0.7376 1

2.389 * 10-8 252.0

10-7 1055

7.376 * 10-8 777.9

1 hp * hr = 2545 Btu 1 MeV = 106 eV

1 kg = 8.987 * 1016 J (from e=mc2)

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http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/work-energy-heat.htm [4/1/02 3:50:39 AM]

ergs 1.602 * 10-12 3.6 * 1013 4.186 * 107 107 1.356 * 107 1 1.055 * 1010

Btu 1.519 * 10-22 3413 3.968 * 10-3 9.481 * 10-4 1.285 * 10-3 9.481 * 10-11 1

RF Cafe - World Time Zone Map

◊◊ World Time Zone Map ◊◊ This page is retrieved directly from the U.S. Navy's web site.

Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/time_zones.htm [4/1/02 3:52:07 AM]

USB.org - Welcome

Do you know how to identify products that have passed USB-IF Compliance Testing? Look for the USB logo

USB Remains King of PC and Peripheral Interfaces The Universal Serial Bus (USB) will continue its reign as the most successful interface in the history of PCs, with USB 2.0 completely penetrating the PC market over the next two to three years and PC peripherals and consumer electronics following closely behind, according to In-Stat/MDR (pdf, 152k)

Hi-Speed USB 2.0 Has Strong Presence at Intel Developer Forum Check the usb.org product search Both of the above

Availability of USB 2.0 drivers for Microsoft Windows XP, first-time demonstrations, certified packaging and other displays of broad industry support of Hi-Speed USB 2.0 highlighted at IDF (pdf, 16k)

'Year of USB 2.0' Starts Out Strong With Key Milestones Reached View Results

Windows XP Support, Gateway PC, Intel Desktop Boards Launched on Cusp of Broad Deployment (pdf, 96k)

Vote!

Winner: Hi-Speed USB 2.0 for Technical Excellence PC Magazine has bestowed the Eighteenth Annual Award for Technical Excellence to Hi-Speed USB 2.0 in the Specifications category. This award is given to innovators who have found new solutions to old problems. USB 2.0 was selected for this honor because of the common interface it provides and the high data transfer rate. PC Magazine Award

CNET's 'Best Emerging Technology' award goes to USB 2.0 at PC Expo In the area of Best Emerging Technology,

http://www.usb.org/ (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:04:56 AM]

USB.org - Welcome

CNET's award goes to USB 2.0. This award does not go to any one company but to all of the industry pioneers that recognize the value of this new standard. The factors that make USB 2.0 so promising are its speed, its backward compatibility with USB 1.1, and its broad industry support.

About USB Universal Serial Bus (USB) connects more than computers and peripherals. It has the power to connect you with a whole new world of PC experiences. USB is your instant connection to the fun of digital photography or the limitless creative possibilities of digital imaging. You can use USB to connect with other people through the power of PC-telephony and video conferencing. Once you've tried USB, we think you'll grow quite attached to it! Having trouble downloading or printing the pdfs on this page? Download the latest version of the free Acrobat Reader.

Site sponsored by USB Implementers Forum, Inc., creators of USB technology.

Learn more about USB-IF Read the Privacy Statement

http://www.usb.org/ (2 of 2) [4/1/02 4:04:56 AM]

RF Cafe - Noise Figure

◊◊ Noise Figure ◊◊ Noise figure is the increase in noise power of a device from the input to the output that is greater that the signal gain. In effect, it is the amount of decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio. Like gain, noise figure can be expressed either as a ratio or in decibels. Cascade noise figure calculation is carried out by dealing with gain and noise figure as a ratio rather than decibels, and then converting back to decibels at the end. As the following equation shows, cascaded noise figure is effected most profoundly by the noise figure of components closest to the input of the system as long as some positive gain exists in the cascade. If only loss exists in the cascade, then the cascaded noise figure equals the magnitude of the total loss. The following equation is used to calculate cascaded noise figure as a ratio based on ratio values for gain and noise figure (do not use decibel values)

nfcascade =

, where N = number of stages

Click here to view an example cascaded system.

Conversion to decibels: NF (dB) = 10 * log10 (nf)

Noise Temperature (K) = 290 * Noise Figure (dB) = 10 * log10

Click here to see Agilent's online App Note 1303 on using a spectrum analyzer to measure noise figure.

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise_figure.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:08:56 AM]

RF Cafe - Noise Figure

The following table lists a few conversion. See the "Noise Conversions" tab of the online calculator for calculating other values. NF(dB) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

Tn (°K) 7 14 21 28 35 43 51 59 67 75 84 92 101 110 120 129 139 149 159 170

NF(dB) 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0

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Tn (°K) 180 191 202 214 226 238 250 263 275 289 302 316 330 344 359 374 390 406 422 438

RF Cafe - Example system cascade

◊◊ EXAMPLE SYSTEM CASCADE ◊◊

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RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 2nd-Order Compression Point (IP2)

2-TONE, 2ND-ORDER COMPRESSION POINT (IP2) When two or more tones are present in a nonlinear device, intermodulation products are created as a result. A power series describes all of the possible combinations of generated frequencies. 2nd-order products lie near in frequency to the two input tones and are therefore not very likely to fall inband at the output in a narrow band system. As a device is driven farther into its nonlinear region, the amplitudes of the third order products increase while the powers of the input tones decrease. If the device was not limited in output power, then the powers of the intermodulation products would increase in power until they were eventually equal in power with the input tones at the output. Assuming a gain of 1 (0 dB) the slope of the fundamental gain line would be 1:1; the slope of the 2nd-order gain line would be 2:1. The slope of the 2nd-order product line is 1:1 relative to the fundamental gain line. Accordingly, the 2nd-order products increase in power at the same rate as the input tones and are always twice times farther away from the IP2 than the input tones when not near saturation. The power of the 2nd-order products can be predicted when the IP2 is known, or the IP2 can be predicted when the relative amplitudes of the 2nd-order tones and the input tones are known. P2nd-order products = 2 · Pinput tones@output - IP2 {dBm} IP2 =2 · Pinput tones@output - P2nd-order products {dBm}

Calculating the cascaded values for IP2 requires the following operation based upon ratios for gain and IP2 (do not use decibel values):

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RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 2nd-Order Compression Point (IP2)

Click here to view an example cascaded system.

Finally, convert to decibels IP2 = 10· log10 [ip2] {dB}

Conversion of the IP3 and IP2 reference may be accomplished with the following equations:

or

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RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 3rd-Order Compression Point (IP3)

2-TONE, 3RD-ORDER COMPRESSION POINT (IP3)

Here's a great link to a paper on intermod frequency prediction for any number of tones. When two or more tones are present in a nonlinear device, intermodulation products are created as a result. A power series describes all of the possible combinations of generated frequencies. 3rd-order products lie near in frequency to the two input tones and are therefore very likely to fall inband at the output. As a device is driven farther into its nonlinear region, the amplitudes of the third order products increase while the powers of the input tones decrease. If the device was not limited in output power, then the powers of the intermodulation products would increase in power until they were eventually equal in power with the input tones at the output. Assuming a gain of 1 (0 dB) the slope of the fundamental gain line would be 1:1; the slope of the 3rd-order gain line would be 3:1. The slope of the 3rd-order product line is 2:1 relative to the fundamental gain line. Accordingly, the 3rd-order products increase in power at twice the rate of the input tones and are always three times farther away from the IP3 than the input tones when not near saturation. The power of the 3rd-order products can be predicted when the IP3 is known, or the IP3 can be predicted when the relative amplitudes of the 3rd-order tones and the input tones are known. Equal Input Powers (see below for unequal powers)

P3rd-order products = Pinput tones@output - 2 · (IP3 - Pinput tones@output) {dBm} P3rd-order products = 3 · Pinput tones@output - 2 · IP3 {dBm} IP3 =3/2 · Pinput tones@output - 1/2 P3rd-order products {dBm}

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RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 3rd-Order Compression Point (IP3)

Calculating the cascaded values for IP3 requires the following operation based upon ratios for gain and IP3 (do not use decibel values):

Click here to view an example cascaded system. Finally, convert to decibels IP3 = 10 · log10 [ip3] {dB} The following equation is a series expansion of the mixing (multiplying) of two pure tones:

Conversion of the IP3 and IP2 reference may be accomplished with the following equations: IP3/IP2OUTPUT = (IP3/IP2INPUT + Gain) {dBm} or IP3/IP2INPUT = (IP3/IP2OUTPUT - Gain) {dBm}

Unequal Input Powers PL = P2 - 2*(IP3 - P1) PU = P1 - 2*(IP3 - P2) Where power units are kept constant in dBm or dBW

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RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 3rd-Order Compression Point (IP3)

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RF Cafe - Frequency Modulation

◊◊ BESSEL FUNCTIONS ◊◊

Bessel functions of the first kind are shown in the graph below. In frequency modulation, the carrier and sideband frequencies disappear when the modulation index (β) is equal to a zero crossing of the function for the nth sideband. For example, the carrier (0th sideband) disappears when the Jn(0,β) plot equals zero. The 1st sideband disappears when the Jn(1,β) plot equals zero. See FM. Sample of Bessel Function Zero Crossings J0(β) β β β β

= = = =

2.40 5.49 8.65 11.8

J1(β)

J2(β)

J3(β)

J4(β)

J5(β)

J6(β)

β = 3.83 β = 7.05 β = 10.2

β = 5.14 β = 8.42 β = 11.6

β = 6.38 β = 8.42 β = 11.6

β = 7.59 β = 11.1 β = 14.4

β = 8.77 β = 12.3 β = 15.7

β = 9.94 β = 13.6 β = 17.0

Note: Graph generated using Mathcad 4.0.

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RF Cafe - VSWR to Return Loss Conversion

◊◊ VSWR - Return Loss - Γ Conversions ◊◊ See the VSWR Calculator page. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

Return Loss

Reflection Coefficient

Γ=

VSWR =

RL = -20*log|Γ| dB

RL(dB)

VSWR

Γ

RL(dB)

VSWR

Γ

RL(dB)

VSWR

Γ

RL(dB)

VSWR

Γ

46.0

1.01

0.00498

26.0

1.11

0.0521

17.7

1.30

0.130

8.0

2.32

0.398

40.0

1.02

0.00990

25.0

1.12

0.0566

17.0

1.33

0.141

7.0

2.61

0.445

37.0

1.03

0.0148

24.0

1.13

0.0610

16.0

1.38

0.158

6.02

3.01

0.500

34.0

1.04

0.0196

23.5

1.14

0.0654

15.0

1.43

0.178

5.0

3.56

0.562

32.0

1.05

0.0244

23.0

1.15

0.0698

14.0

1.50

0.200

4.0

4.42

0.631

30.4

1.06

0.0291

22.0

1.17

0.0783

13.0

1.58

0.224

3.01

5.85

0.707

29.0

1.07

0.0338

21.5

1.18

0.0826

12.0

1.67

0.250

2.0

8.72

0.794

28.0

1.08

0.0385

20.7

1.20

0.0909

11.0

1.78

0.282

1.0

17.39

0.891

27.0

1.09

0.0431

20.0

1.22

0.100

10.0

1.92

0.316

0.5

34.75

0.944

26.4

1.10

0.0476

19.0

1.25

0.112

9.0

2.10

0.355

0.0

Infinity

1.00

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RF Cafe - Spurious-Free Dynamic Range

SPURIOUS-FREE DYNAMIC RANGE Spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) is two-thirds the difference between the 2-tone, third-order intercept point (IP3) and the minimum discernible signal (MDS). Referring back to Figure 1, it can be seen that the 3rdorder product line has a 3:1 slope while the fundamental output line has a 1:1 slope. Therefore, the 3rd-order products are always twice as far from the IP3 as the fundamental output. If you use the SFDR as the power of the output tones (dBm) and plug it into the equation for IP3 calculation from the Intercept Points (IP3 & IP2) section of the RF Cafe web site, the power of the 3rd-order products will be right at the MDS power level.

Figure 1

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RF Cafe - Noise Power

◊◊ Noise Power ◊◊ Noise power is based on the thermal noise power at the input of the system, along with system gain and noise figure:

PThermalNoise = k * T * B (Watts), where

Multiply by 1000 to obtain milliwatts and then convert to dBm units or convert to dBW units and add 30 dB: PThermalNoise (dBm) = 10 * log10 (1000 * k * T * B) or PThermalNoise (dBm) = 10 * log10 (k * T * B) + 30 Now that we have the thermal noise at the input, add the system gain and the additional noise added by the system (the NF) to get the noise power at the output:

PNoise@Output (dBm) = PNoise@Input + GainSystem + NFSystem

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RF Cafe - Toroids - Powdered Iron

TOROIDS - POWDERED IRON

Use the table below to calculate inductance and number of turns per the following formulas. where: L = inductance in µH AL = µH per 100 turns N = number of full turns

AL Values Mix Type Size

26

3

15

1

2

7

6

10

12

17

0

T-12

n/a

60

50

48

20

18

17

12

7.5

7.5

3.0

T-16

145

61

55

44

22

n/a

19

13

8.0

8.0

3.0

T-20

180

76

55

52

27

24

22

16

10

10

3.5

T-25

235

100

85

70

34

29

27

19

12

12

4.5

T-30

325

140

93

85

43

37

36

25

16

16

6.0

T-37

275

120

90

80

40

32

30

25

15

15

4.9

T-44

360

180

160

105

52

46

42

33

18.5

18.5

6.5

T-50

320

175

135

100

49

43

40

31

18

18

6.4

T-68

420

195

180

115

57

52

47

32

21

21

7.5

T-80

450

180

170

115

55

50

45

32

22

22

8.5

T-94

590

248

200

160

84

n/a

70

58

32

n/a

10.6

T-106

900

450

345

325

135

133

116

n/a

n/a

n/a

19

T-130

785

3350

250

200

110

103

96

n/a

n/a

n/a

15

T-157

870

420

360

320

140

n/a

115

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

T-184

1640

720

n/a

500

240

n/a

195

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

T-200

895

425

n/a

250

120

105

100

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

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RF Cafe - Toroids - Powdered Iron

Iron Powder Magnetic Core Properties Temp f Stability (MHz) (ppm/°C)

Mix

Color

Material

µ

26

Yellow/White

Hydrogen Reduced

75

825

3

Gray

Carbonyl HP

35

370

15 1 2 7 6 10 12

Red/White Blue Red White Yellow Black Green/White

Carbonyl GS6 25 Carbonyl C 20 Carbonyl E 10 Carbonyl TH 9 Carbonyl SF 8 Powdered Iron W 6 Synthetic Oxide 4

190 280 95 30 35 150 170

17

Blue/Yellow

Carbonyl

4

50

0

Tan

Phenolic

1

0

DC -1 0.05 0.50 0.10 - 2 0.50 - 5 2 -30 3 - 35 10 -50 30 - 100 50 - 200

Uses

EMI filters, DC chokes Exc. stability, good Q at low freq.

Exc. stability, good Q Exc. stability, good Q at low freq. High Q Similar to mix 2 and mix 6, exc. temp stability Very good Q and temp. stability for 20-50 MHz Good Q and stability for 40-100 MHz Good Q, moderate temp. stability Similar to mix 12, better temp. stability, Q drops about 10% 40 - 180 above 50 MHz, 20% above 100 MHz 100 - 300 L varies greatly with winding technique

Iron Powder Magnetic Core Dimensions Size T-200-2 T-94-2 T-80-2 T-68-2 T-50-2 T-37-2 T-25-2 T-12-2 T-50-10 T-37-10 T-25-10 T-12-10 T-94-9 T-80-6 T-68-6 T-50-6 T-26-6 T-12-6

Color Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Black Black Black Black Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow

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O.D. 2.00 0.94 0.80 0.68 0.50 0.37 0.25 0.125 0.50 0.37 0.25 0.125 0.94 0.80 0.68 0.50 0.25 0.125

Dimensions (in) I.D. 1.25 0.56 0.50 0.37 0.30 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.30 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.56 0.50 0.37 0.30 0.12 0.06

Height 0.55 0.31 0.25 0.19 0.19 0.12 0.09 0.05 0.19 0.12 0.09 0.05 0.31 0.25 0.19 0.19 0.09 0.05

RF Cafe - Detectors

DETECTORS § This page is retrieved directly from the Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook web site.

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