Lecture Notes Electrical Engineering Volume 49
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay · Gourab Sen Gupta · Ray Yueh-Min Huang (Eds.)
Recent Advances in Sensing Technology
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Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay School of Engineering and Advanced Technology (SEAT) Massey University (Turitea Campus) Palmerston North New Zealand E-mail: S.C.Mukhopadhyay@ massey.ac.nz
Ray Yueh-Min Huang Professor and Dept. Chair Dept. of Engineering Science National Cheng-Kung University Tainan, Taiwan E-mail:
[email protected] Gourab Sen Gupta School of Engineering and Advanced Technology (SEAT) Massey University (Turitea Campus) Palmerston North New Zealand E-mail:
[email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-00577-0
e-ISBN 978-3-642-00578-7
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-00578-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009920581 c 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typeset & Coverdesign: Scientific Publishing Services Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India. Printed in acid-free paper 987654321 springer.com
Guest Editorial
This Special Issue titled “Recent Advances in Sensing Technology” in the book series of “Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering” contains the extended version of the papers selected from those that were presented at the 3rd International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST 2008) which was held in November 30 to December 3, 2008 at National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. A total of 131 papers were presented at ICST 2008, of which 19 papers have been selected for this special issue. This Special Issue has focussed on the recent advancements of the different aspects of sensing technology, i.e. information processing, adaptability, recalibration, data fusion, validation, high reliability and integration of novel and high performance sensors. The advancements are in the areas of magnetic, ultrasonic, vision and image sensing, wireless sensors and network, microfluidic, tactile, gyro, flow, surface acoustic wave, humidity, gas, MEMS thermal and ultra-wide band. While future interest in this field is ensured by the constant supply of emerging modalities, techniques and engineering solutions, many of the basic concepts and strategies have already matured and now offer opportunities to build upon. We do hope that the readers will find this special issue interesting and useful in their research as well as in practical engineering work in the area of sensing technology. We are very happy to be able to offer the readers such a diverse special issue, both in terms of its topical coverage and geographic representation. Finally, we would like to whole-heartedly thank all the authors for their contribution to this special issue. Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay, Guest Editor School of Engineering and Advanced Technology (SEAT), Massey University (Turitea Campus) Palmerston North, New Zealand
[email protected] Gourab Sen Gupta, Guest Editor School of Engineering and Advanced Technology (SEAT), Massey University (Turitea Campus) Palmerston North, New Zealand
[email protected] Ray Yueh-Min Huang, Guest Editor Department of Engineering Science National Cheng-Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
[email protected] VI
Guest Editorial
Dr. Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India in 1987 with a Gold medal and received the Master of Electrical Engineering degree from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India in 1989. He obtained the PhD (Eng.) degree from Jadavpur University, India in 1994 and Doctor of Engineering degree from Kanazawa University, Japan in 2000. During 1989-90 he worked almost 2 years in the research and development department of Crompton Greaves Ltd., India. In 1990 he joined as a Lecturer in the Electrical Engineering department, Jadavpur University, India and was promoted to Senior Lecturer of the same department in 1995. Obtaining Monbusho fellowship he went to Japan in 1995. He worked with Kanazawa University, Japan as researcher and Assistant professor till September 2000. In September 2000 he joined as Senior Lecturer in the Institute of Information Sciences and Technology, Massey University, New Zealand where he is working currently as an Associate professor. His fields of interest include Sensors and Sensing Technology, Electromagnetics, control, electrical machines and numerical field calculation etc. He has authored over 200 papers in different international journals and conferences, edited eight conference proceedings. He has also edited four special issues of international journals as guest editor and three books with Springer-Verlag. He is a Fellow of IET (UK), a senior member of IEEE (USA), an associate editor of IEEE Sensors journal and IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements. He is in the editorial board of e-Journal on Non-Destructive Testing, Sensors and Transducers, Transactions on Systems, Signals and Devices (TSSD), Journal on the Patents on Electrical Engineering, Journal of Sensors. He is in the technical programme committee of IEEE Sensors conference, IEEE IMTC conference and IEEE DELTA conference. He was the Technical Programme Chair of ICARA 2004 and ICARA 2006. He was the General chair of ICST 2005, ICST 2007. He has organized the IEEE Sensors conference 2008 at Lecce, Italy as General Co-chair and currently organizing the IEEE Sensors conference 2009 at Christchurch, New Zealand as General Chair.
Dr. Gourab Sen Gupta graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics) from the University of Indore, India in 1982. In 1984 he got his Master of Electronics Engineering from the University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands. In 1984 he joined Philips India and worked as an Automation Engineer in the Consumer Electronics division till 1989. Thereafter he worked as a Senior Lecturer in the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore. He is with Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, since September 2002 as a Senior Lecturer. He received his PhD in Computer Systems Engineering in 2009 from Massey University, New Zealand. He has published over 80
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papers in international journals and conference proceedings, co-authored two books on programming and edited five conference proceedings. He has been a guest editor for leading journals such as IEEE Sensors Journal, International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications (IJISTA), and Studies in Computational Intelligence (Special Issue on Autonomous Robots and Agents) by Springer-Verlag. His current research interests are in the area of embedded systems, robotics, real-time vision processing, behaviour programming for multi-agent collaboration and sensor applications. He has served on the organising committee of several international conferences. He is a senior member of IEEE.
Dr. Ray Yueh-Min Huang is a Distinguished Professor and Chairman of the Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, R.O.C. His research interests include Multimedia Communications, Wireless Networks, Embedded Systems, and Artificial Intelligence. He received his MS and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Arizona in 1988 and 1991 respectively. He has co-authored 2 books and has published about 160 refereed professional research papers. He has completed 10 Ph.D. and over 80 MSES thesis students. Dr. Huang has received many research awards, such as the Best Paper Award of 2007 IEA/AIE Conference, Best Paper Award of the Computer Society of the Republic of China in 2003, the Awards of Acer LongTerm Prize in 1996, 1998, and 1999, Excellent Research Awards of National Microcomputer and Communication Contests in 2006. He also received many funded research grants from National Science Council, Ministry of Education, Industrial Technology of Research Institute, and Institute of Information Industry. Dr. Huang has been invited to give talks or served frequently in the program committee at national and international conferences. Dr. Huang is in the editorial board of the Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, the Journal of Internet Technology, International Journal of Internet Protocol Technology, International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, Journal of Security and Communication Networks and serves as an associate editor for Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and Communications as well as International Journal of Communication Systems. He was the Technical Programme Chair of Symposium on Digital Life Technologies (SDLT2007). He was the General chair of VIP2007. He is organizing the SDLT2008, PCM2008 and ICST2008. Huang is a member of the IEEE as well as IEEE communication, computer, and computational intelligence societies.
Contents
Part 1: Magnetic Sensors A GMR Needle Probe to Estimate Magnetic Fluid Weight Density Inside Large Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.P. Gooneratne, A. Kurnicki, M. Iwahara, M. Kakikawa, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, S. Yamada Evaluation of Surface Flaw by Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Using Amorphous MI Sensor and Neural Network . . . M. Abe, S. Biwa, E. Matsumoto
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Part 2: Ultrasound/Ultrasonic Sensors A Scalable Ultrasonic-Based Localization System Using the Phase Accordance Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toshio Ito, Tetsuya Sato, Kan Tulathimutte, Masanori Sugimoto, Hiromichi Hashizume
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VHDL-AMS Modelling of Ultrasound Measurement System in Linear Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Kourtiche, R. Guelaz, A. Rouane, M. Nadi
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Application of Laser-Ultrasound to Non-contact Temperature Sensing of Heated Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Ihara, M. Takahashi, H. Yamada
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Part 3: Vision/Image Sensors Vision Sensor with an Active Digital Fovea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Donald G. Bailey, Christos-Savvas Bouganis
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Contents
Development of a Real-Time Full-Field Range Imaging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 A.P.P. Jongenelen, A.D. Payne, D.A. Carnegie, A.A. Dorrington, M.J. Cree Development of a Stereo Image Distribution System . . . . . . . . . 131 Junichi Takeno, Toshihiro Enaka, Hirofuji Sato Part 4: Wireless Sensors and Network From Labs to Real Environments: The Dark Side of WSNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 C. Alippi, C. Camplani, C. Galperti, M. Roveri Part 5: Microfluidic Sensors Loading Analysis of a Remotely Interrogatable Passive Microvalve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Ajay C. Tikka, Said F. Al-Sarawi, Derek Abbott Part 6: Tactile Sensors Flexible Piezoelectric Tactile Sensors with Structural Electrodes Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Cheng-Hsin Chuang Part 7: Gyro A New Method for Direct Gravity Estimation and Compensation in Gyro-Based and Gyro-Free INS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Ehad Akeila, Zoran Salcic, Akshya Swain Part 8: Flow Sensors Model-Based Phasor Control of a Coriolis Mass Flow Meter (CMFM) for the Detection of Drift in Sensitivity and Zero Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 H. R¨ ock, F. Koschmieder Part 9: Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors Wireless Interrogation of a Micropump and Analysis of Corrugated Micro-diaphragms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Don W. Dissanayake, Said F. Al-Sarawi, Derek Abbott
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Part 10: Humidity Sensors Synthesis of Aligned ZNO Nanorods with Different Parameters and Their Effects on Humidity Sensing . . . . . . . . . . 257 Yun Wang, John T.W. Yeow, Liang-Yih Chen Part 11: Ultra-Wide Band Sensors Ultra-Wideband Radars for Through-Wall Imaging in Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Jairo Alejandro Gomez, Graham Brooker Part 12: Gas Sensors Electrical and Gas Sensing Perfomanance of Coppergermanate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 V.B. Gaikwad, A.V. Borhade, Y.R. Baste, D.D. Kajale, G.H. Jain Studies on Gas Sensing Performance of Pure and Nano- Ag Doped ZnO Thick Film Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 V.B. Gaikwad, M.K. Deore, P.K. Khanna, D.D. Kajale, S.D. Shinde, D.N. Chavan, G.H. Jain Part 13: MEMS Thermal Sensors Micro Temperature Sensors and Their Applications to MEMS Thermal Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Mitusteru Kimura Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
A GMR Needle Probe to Estimate Magnetic Fluid Weight Density Inside Large Tumors C.P. Gooneratne1, A. Kurnicki2, M. Iwahara1, M. Kakikawa1, S.C. Mukhopadhyay3, and S. Yamada1 1
Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland 3 Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand 2
Abstract. In this paper we are proposing a needle-type GMR sensor to estimate magnetic fluid weight density inside large tumors. The application is hyperthermia therapy, a form of cancer treatment. Hyperthermia therapy utilizes the magnetic losses due to magnetization of magnetic nanoparticles by external alternating current magnetic fields. These magnetic losses can be dissipated in the form of heat depending on the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the surrounding medium. The overall effect is an increase in temperature of the surrounding. This principle is applied to heat and destroy tumors since they are more sensitive to heat than normal healthy cells. Generally all parameters except the magnetic fluid weight density are known in the specific heat equation which governs the heat given in hyperthermia therapy to destroy cancer cells. Hence, accurate estimation of magnetic fluid weight density is critical for successful treatment. This paper presents a methodology to estimate magnetic fluid weight density inside the body and experimental results, by a needle-type GMR sensor.
1 Introduction Magnetic fluids are colloidal mixtures consisting of superparamagnetic nanoparticles suspended in a carrier fluid, usually an organic solvent or water. Magnetite (Fe3O4) is the most widely used and promising magnetic nanoparticle available today. Since magnetic fluids are stable, colloidal suspensions they possess a unique combination of fluidity and ability to interact and be influenced by magnetic fields. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles have controllable sizes ranging from a few nanometers, which places them at dimensions that are smaller than or comparable to those of a cell (10 – 100 μm), a virus (20 – 450 nm), a protein (5 – 50 nm) or a gene (2 nm wide and 10 – 100 nm long) [1]. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles are nontoxic and biocompatible which means that they are physiologically well tolerated. For example dextran magnetite has no measurable toxicity index LD50 [2]. There are many biomedical applications of magnetic fluid due to its special physical properties. Magnetic fluid is used as contrast agents in MRI and coupled with biological molecules and used in cell labeling and separation [3]. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles can also be controlled by an external magnetic field gradient so they are coupled with anti-cancer drugs in targeted drug delivery [4]. Furthermore they S.C. Mukhopadhyay et al. (Eds.): Recent Adv. in Sensing Technology, LNEE 49, pp. 1–14. springerlink.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
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resonantly respond to ac magnetic fields, which lead to a transfer of energy from the exciting field to the nanoparticle. This is exploited in hyperthermia therapy where the self heating properties of superparamagnetic nanoparticles can be used to deliver toxic amounts of heat to a tumor [5,6]. Cancer stages are usually categorized according to the size of the tumor and how much it has spread to other tissues and organs [7]. In later stage cancer (stages 3 and 4) the diameter of tumors is 50 mm or more (assuming tumors are spherical shaped). Hyperthermia therapy utilizes heat to destroy tumor cells. Magnetic nanoparticles can be used as self heating agents [8]. Magnetic fluid injected near the affected area inside the body is more readily taken up and hence easily entered into tumor cells compared to healthy cells. Tumor cells are more sensitive to heat than healthy cells [9]. Tumor cells exposed to temperatures in excess of 42.5 °C for a prolonged period of time are destroyed due to apoptosis [9,10]. However, the weight density of the magnetic nanoparticles is an important parameter for giving heat in such a way that it does not affect other healthy cells. Furthermore, magnetic fluid weight density along with applied magnetic flux density amplitude and exciting frequency is directly proportional to the specific heat capacity [11]. Magnetic fluid once injected into the affected area spreads inside tissue effectively reducing its content density, providing an obstacle for successful hyperthermia therapy. This is more complicated in larger cavities since it is difficult to retain magnetic nanoparticles in a large area. By taking into account the difference in magnetic flux density inside a magnetic fluid filled tumor and outside, the fabricated needle-type GMR sensor is proposed to estimate the weight density of the magnetic nanoparticles before and after treatment inside large cavities. This purpose of this paper is to introduce a uniquely designed novel needletype GMR sensor for application inside the body in a minimally low-invasive way. A theoretical basis for estimating magnetic fluid weight density inside the body is developed by obtaining a relationship between relative permeability and the magnetic fluid weight density as well as a relationship between the difference of magnetic flux density inside and outside a magnetic fluid filled cavity and the magnetic fluid weight density. An experimental setup, including the needle-type GMR sensor, a Helmholtz tri-coil, and an experimental method in which agar is injected with magnetic fluid to simulate actual clinical process is reported.
2 Analytical Analysis Magnetic nanoparticles are assumed to be spherical in shape and uniformly distributed in the fluid as shown in figure 1. The relative permeability of magnetic nanoparticles and liquid are assumed to be infinity and one respectively. However, the magnetic nanoparticles have a cluster structure so a spherical structure model is assumed as shown in figure 1. Since there is space between the magnetic nanoparticles the space factor of spherical magnetite is considered and an equation defining the relationship between the relative permeability and weight density is obtained [11], as shown below.
A GMR Needle Probe to Estimate Magnetic Fluid Weight Density
μ* = 1 + Cd Dw / hsγ f
where
Cd Dw hs γf
; ; ; ;
(Dw
