Real-time shading

Real-Time Shading

Real-Time Shading Marc Olano John C. Hart Wolfgang Heidrich Michael McCool

A K Peters Natick, Massachusetts

Editorial, Sales, and Customer Service Office A K Peters, Ltd. 63 South Avenue Natick, MA 01760 www.akpeters.com Copyright © 2002 by A K Peters, Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Real-time shading / Marc Olano ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56881-180-2 1. Computer graphics. 2. Real-time data processing. I. Olano, Marc. T385 .R43413 2002 006.6’9--dc21 2002066286

Printed in Canada 06 05 04 03 02

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>EEH =s„ F! _! _s„„ W! €s9‚ks ! q'BB'R 6! V! stI _Cj‚9st q! F! XVt$sj$sR‚I }s„s8‚‚„$9‚I RBj$I ‚-Z„$t R$8}j$h‚I PB„ {BtRZ8‚„T j‚%‚j Ys„Ibs„‚ $8}j‚8‚ts$Bt" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR BP 7yppiV_< : ]B8T }Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R }} ;xuxn i‚sI$tU VII$RBtTG‚Rj‚k NBt8st d >EH =s„ F! _! X_‚„j$t WB$R‚ _$-‚j 7YsI‚„R" yt p„s}Y${R <s„Ibs„‚ 1((d ‚I$‚I Ak €Z„ V,‚j‚k stI =j„${Y W‚Z8stt }} Mu; W‚b OB„,U V] _„‚RR 1((d >EMH =s„ F! _! 6stI't -! F! stI €sZPP9st N! =! Xisk „s{$t I‚T ‚„8$t$R${ nT* P„s{sjR" yt ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R w_„B{ 7yppiV_< MD 1nwnDU 1Mu1EwdMD >EH =‚{/B‚„ `! 6! X7Z„%‚k BP ‚-Z„‚ 8s}}$t" yt yeee ]pmV EwddDU xEuEwdMED >(H =‚I‚j9st =! XV Iss 4Bb s}}„Bs{Y B }„B{‚IZ„sj 8BI‚j$t" yt yeee ]pmV nwdDU dEu1EwFstZs„k dM;D >dH =‚'I„'{Y G! XV 8BI‚j PB„ st$RB„B}${ „‚4‚{$BtR $t !}‚tpN" yt ]BtP‚„T ‚t{‚ sAR„s{R stI s}}j${s$BtRU 7yppiV_< M  }} 1Eu1E W‚b OB„,U V] _„‚RR wdMD >1H =‚'I„'{Y G! nH =‚'I„'{Y G! -sZB‚„ €! €sZ: F! stI 6‚'I‚j =! `! XyjjZ8$T ts$t 8${„B ‚B8‚„k AsR‚I Bt }„‚{B8}Z‚I %$R$A$j$k" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR BP 7yppiV_< 1((( ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R }} ;xxu;E; i‚sI$tU VII$RBtTG‚Rj‚k 1((( >;H =‚'I„'{Y G! €sZ: F! 6jZRsjj‚/ `! stI 6‚'I‚j =!T`! X]stt‚I j$YRBZ„{‚R" yt i‚tI‚„$t q‚{Yt$JZ‚R :M w_„B{‚‚I$tR BP eZ„B„s}Y${R i‚tI‚„$t GB„,RYB}D wdMD >xH =‚'I„'{Y G! stI 6‚'I‚j =! Xe^{$‚t „‚tI‚„$t BP st$RB„B}${ RZ„Ps{‚R ZR$t {B8}Z‚„ „s}Y${R Ys„Ibs„‚" yt y8s‚ stI Zj$TI$8‚tR$Btsj *7_ GB„,RYB} wy*7_D wdMD >EH =‚'I„'{Y G! stI 6‚'I‚j =! `! Xz$‚bT$tI‚}‚tI‚t ‚t%$„Bt8‚t 8s}R" yt eZ„B„s}Y${R\7yppiV_< GB„,RYB} Bt p„s}Y${R <s„Ibs„‚U nu;xwdMD >H =‚'I„'{Y G! stI 6‚'I‚j =! `! Xi‚sj$R${ Ys„Ibs„‚Ts{{‚j‚„s‚I RYsIT $t stI j$Y$t" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR BP 7yppiV_< : ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R i‚sI$tU VII$RBtTG‚Rj‚k d

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>MH =‚'I„'{Y G! 6jZRsjj'/ `! stI 6‚'I‚j =! X7s8}j$t }„B{‚IZ„sj RYsI‚„R ZR$t s^t‚ s„$Y8‚${" yt V] q„stRs{$BtR Bt p„s}Y${R dwnDU dxMudEwFZjk dMD >H =‚'I„'{Y G! G‚R‚„9stt i! 6‚'I‚j =! `! stI h„j q! XV}T }j${s$BtR BP }$-‚j ‚-Z„‚R $t %$RZsj$9s$Bt stI „‚sj$R${ $8s‚ RktY‚R$R" yt V] 7k8}BR$Z8 Bt yt‚„s{$%‚ n* p„s}Y${R wdD >M(H y‚Yk =! hjI„'I‚ ! stI =st„sYst `! X_s„sjj‚j ‚-Z„‚ {s{Y$t" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR d eZ„B„s}Y${R\7yppiV_< GB„,RYB} Bt p„s}Y${R <s„Ibs„‚ }} xud(E W‚b OB„,U V] _„‚RR d >MdH F‚tR‚t =! G! s„R{Yt‚„ 6! i! N‚(Ck ! stI =st„sYst `! XV }„s{${sj 8BI‚j PB„ RZARZ„Ps{‚ j$Y „stR}B„" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR BP 7ypT piV_< 1((d ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R }} xdduxdM i‚sI$tU VII$RBtTG‚Rj‚k 1((d >M1H ! €s9‚ks ! stI =s„ F!_! X „‚R‚tYs8 WB$R‚" yt 7yppiV_< 1((( ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ VAR„s{R stI V}}j${s$BtR ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R W‚b OB„,U V] 7yppiV_MnH €sZ: F! stI {_CCj ! Xyt‚„s{$%‚ „‚tI‚„$t b$Y s„A$„s„k i*3R ZR$t R‚}s„sAj‚ s}}„B-$8s$BtR" yt q‚tY eZ„B„s}Y${R GB„,T RYB} Bt i‚tI‚„$tU 1Mdu11wFZt‚ dD >M;H €sZ: F! stI {_CCj ! -! XV}}„B-$8s$Bt BP jBRRk „‚4‚{$Bt b$Y }„‚hj‚„‚I ‚t%$„Bt8‚t 8s}R" yt _„B{ p„s}Y${R yt‚„Ps{‚U ddud1E w1(((D >MxH €sZ: F! stI 6‚'I‚j =! `! XqBbs„IR $t‚„s{$%‚ AZ8} 8s}}$t b$Y st$RB„B}${ RY$PT%s„$st i*3R" yt p„s}Y${R <s„Ibs„‚ 1((( U xdu xMwVZ 1(((D >MEH €sZ: F! stI 6‚'I‚j =! `! X<s„Ibs„‚ s{{‚j‚„s‚I I$R}js{‚8‚t 8s}T }$t PB„ $8s‚ AsR‚I „‚tI‚„$t" yt _„B{ BP p„s}Y${R yt‚„Ps{‚U Edu (w1((dD @ :JZ‚: `!T`! =‚'I„'{Y G! stI 6‚'I‚j =!T`! X=t$T >MH €sZ: F! zs h‚I s}}„Bs{Y B }„‚hj‚„‚I ‚t%$„Bt8‚t 8s}R" yt i‚tI‚„$t q‚{Yt$JZ‚R w_„B{ BP Y‚ eZ„B„s}Y${R GB„,RYB} Bt i‚tI‚„$tDU w1(((D >MMH €‚jj‚„ V! XytRst „sI$BR$k" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR BP 7yppiV_<  ]B8T }Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R }} ;uxE i‚sI$tU VII$RBtTG‚Rj‚k d >MH €tCjj q! 3$j‚„ BIZj‚ yt‚„Ps{‚ PB„ VIBA‚ _YBBRYB} VIBA‚ _YBBRYB} I‚%‚jB}‚„R ,$ d( >(H €CjB _! h! iskRYsI‚ =R‚„:R pZ$I‚ stI i‚P‚„‚t{‚ stZsj FstZs„k d1

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>dH €Z{Y/ZIs i! XVt $t„BIZ{$Bt B „sk „s{$t" ytqY‚B„‚${sj 3BZtIsT $BtR BP ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R stI ]V* 3;(  }}d(nud(E( 7}„$t‚„ z‚„js dMM >1H €kjstI‚„ €! stI €kjstI‚„ $! 6! p$8}U qY‚ !^{$sj <stIABB, qY‚ ]B„$Bj$R p„BZ} d >nH NsPC„Zt‚ h! 5CC 6! _! qC„„st{‚ €! stI p„‚‚tB‚„ -! XWBtT j$t‚s„ s}}„B-$8s$Bt BP „‚4‚{st{‚ PZt{$BtR" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR BP 7ypT piV_<  ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R }} ddud1E i‚sI$tU VII$RBtTG‚Rj‚k d >;H NsPC„Zt‚ h! stI G'jj‚9R O! X=R$t Y‚ 8BI$h‚I _YBt „‚4‚{st{‚ 8BI‚j PB„ }YkR${sjjk AsR‚I „‚tI‚„$t" q‚{Y i‚} ]Gd *‚} ]B8} 7{$ €= N‚Z%‚t d; >xH Ns„RCt p! G! iZRY9‚'‚„ =! stI `'s/C _! XV %$R$A$j$k 8s{YT $t Bt‚ „‚}„BIZ{$Bt B}‚„sB„ PB„ Y$Y Ikts8${ „st‚ R{‚t‚R" yt yeee q„stRs{$BtR Bt z$RZsj$9s$Bt stI ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R nw;DU 1dun(Ew!{ dD >EH Ns„RCt i! -! stI 6YsY ! 6! X‚YBI PB„ ‚t‚„s$t sII„‚RR‚R B ‚-Z„‚I „s}Y${R }„$8$$%‚R RB„‚I $t iy_ 8s}R" =7 _s‚t (x1111(x dn >H N‚‚{Y F! X!}‚tpN ‚-‚tR$BtR stI „‚R„${$BtR PB„ _$-‚j3jBb" q‚{Y i‚} qiMT(d *‚}s„8‚t BP ]B8}Z‚„ 7{$‚t{‚ =t$%‚„R$k BP WB„Y ]s„Bj$ts dM >MH N‚PPj‚„ 6! F! i‚‚(‚R G! q! stI $RBk h! 5! XqY‚ ‚t% 8BI‚jj$t stI st$8s$Bt ‚t%$„Bt8‚t" yt FBZ„tsj BP z$RZsj$9s$Bt stI ]B8}Z‚„ Vt$8s$BtdwdDU nnu;(wVZZR d(D >H N‚('tYsj V! stI `C„‚„ q! X]Ys} u V 7y* p„s}Y${R _„B{‚RRB„" ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R dMwnDU uM1 wFZjk dM;D >d((H N‚('t‚ F! i! sRCt q! stI #„Cct -! j‚- m ks{{ R‚{BtI ‚I !:i‚$jjk m VRRB{$s‚R d1 >d(dH N@ ‚(k #! stI sjj‚ F!TN! XWBtTI$RB„‚I ‚-Z„‚ 8s}}$t PB„ RY‚s„‚I „$stZjs‚I 8‚RY‚R" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR BP 7yppiV_< M ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R }} n;nunx1 i‚sI$tU VII$RBtTG‚Rj‚k dM >d(1H N‚c'R i! Xs,$t RYsI‚„R 8B„‚ }YkR${sjjk }jsZR$Aj‚" yt eZ„B„s}Y${R GB„,RYB} Bt i‚tI‚„$tU ;uE1wFZt‚ dnD

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>d(nH N'tIYCj9 h! €'js„I ! F! stI C„‚Ct =! XV ZR‚„T }„B„s88sAj‚ %‚„‚- ‚t$t‚" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR BP 7yppiV_< (d ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R }} d;udxM i‚sI$tU VII$RBt G‚Rj‚k 1((d >d(;H NC/C('{ q! stI z‚s{Y h! X*‚‚} RYsIBb 8s}R" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR 7ypT piV_< 1((( ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R }} nMxun1 i‚sI$tU VII$RBtTG‚Rj‚k 1((( >d(xH s 6! -! stI N't =! X!}$8sj ‚-Z„‚ 8s}}$t" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR BP Y‚ eZ„B}‚st ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ stI e-Y$A$$Bt wW${‚ 3„st{‚ 7‚} dMMD _ *Z{‚ *V Fst{‚t‚ eI WB„YTd(EH s'jjC F! OsY's =! stI z‚„„CZR V! Xyt‚„s{$%‚ ‚-Z„‚ 8s}T }$t" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR BP 7yppiV_< n ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R }} 1un; W‚b OB„,U V] _„‚RR dn >d(H sj:B‚tI‚„ q! p‚jB -! stI GCj‚„R =! X_BjktB8$sj ‚-Z„‚ 8s}R" yt _„B{‚‚I$tR 7yppiV_< :(d ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R _„B{‚‚I$tR VttZsj ]BtP‚„‚t{‚ 7‚„$‚R }} xdux1M i‚sI$tU VII$RBtTG‚Rj‚k 1((( >d(MH s99‚t V! Xq„stR}s„‚t{k stI st$sj$sR$t sjB„$Y8R $8}j‚8‚t‚I b$Y Y‚ %$„Zsj }$-‚j 8s}R ‚{Yt$JZ‚" yeee ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R stI V}}j${s$BtR w;DU ;nu;xwFZjk dMD >d(H stI‚jB„C #! qY‚ 3„s{sj p‚B8‚„k BP WsZ„‚ 7st 3„st{$R{BU 3„‚‚T 8st d >dd(H s„/ G! i! stI `„CZIPCC €! X]B8}$j$t B s zNyG P„s8‚t }$}‚j$t‚" yt p„s}Y${R <s„Ibs„‚ 1((d  ‚I$‚I Ak € V,‚j‚k stI = W‚ZT 8stt 7yppiV_ddnH {_CCj ! -! Vt F! stI VY9sI V! XddxH '{„CRCP *$„‚{ p„s}Y${R _„B„s88‚„R pZ$I‚ *$„‚{ Md ‚I $T {„BRBP *‚%‚jB}‚„R W‚bB„, N$A„s„k 1((d >ddEH '{„CRCP * 1((d ${„BRBP ‚jIBbt 1((d }„‚R‚ts$Bt s%s$jsAj‚ s bbb8${„BRBP{B8\8R{B„}\{B„}‚%‚tR\8‚jIBbt1((d\}}\*p}} >ddH 'j‚t/C('{ z! XiBs$Btsj }BjkBt B%‚„js} 8$t$8$9s$Bt" yt _„BT {‚‚I$tR BP Y‚ dnY yt‚„ts$Btsj VttZsj 7k8}BR$Z8 Bt ]B8}Zs$Btsj p‚B8‚„k w7]pTD }} nn;un;n W‚b OB„,U V] _„‚RR d >ddMH 'jj‚„ p! stI =CPP9st i! XyjjZ8$ts$Bt stI „‚4‚{$Bt 8s}RU 7$8T Zjs‚I BA`‚{R $t R$8Zjs‚I stI „‚sj ‚t%$„Bt8‚tR" yt 7yppiV_< :M; ]BZ„R‚ WB‚R u VI%st{‚I ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R Vt$8s$Bt wFZjk dM;D >ddH Cjts„ 6! y8s‚T]B8}BR$$Bt V„{Y$‚{Z„‚R PB„ i‚sjTq$8‚ y8s‚ p‚tT ‚„s$Bt _Y* Y‚R$R =t$%‚„R$k BP WB„Y ]s„Bj$ts ]Ys}‚j d1(H Cjts„ 6! hkj‚R F! stI `CZjCt F! X_$-‚j3jBbU d1;H WsIsR q! stI 5CZ„t'‚„ V! XpiV_eU Vt ‚t%$„Bt8‚t B AZ$jI I$R}jsk }„B{‚RR‚R" yt ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R w_„B{ 7yppiV_< :MD 1dw;DU xuM; dM >d1xH W‚Z9stt N! W‚Z9stt V! stI 6:'„9skT€sjCR N! Xi‚4‚{st{‚ 8BI‚jR b$Y PsR $8}B„st{‚ Rs8}j$t" yt ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R 3B„Z8 ‚I$‚I Ak * *Z,‚ 7 ]BJZ$jjs„ stI q d1EH W‚c‚jj ! qY‚ =$j$9s$Bt BP _„B{‚IZ„‚ BI‚jR $t *$$sj y8s‚ 7ktT Y‚R$R _Y* Y‚R$R =t$%‚„R$k BP =sY dx >d1H WC„Ct V! iC{/cCCI V! `! stI 6/Cj9CR/' `! q! X]js8}$tU V 8‚YBI BP st$sj$sR$t ‚-Z„‚I RZ„Ps{‚R Ak AstIb$IY j$8$$t $t BA`‚{ R}s{‚" yt ]B8}Z‚„ p„s}Y${R w_„B{ 7yppiV_< M1D dEwnDU duM wdM1D >d1MH Wzy-yV Wzy*yV !}‚tpN e-‚tR$BtR 7}‚{$h{s$BtR s„{Y 1((d

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