The R Reference Manual Base Package Volume 1 The R Development Core Team Version 1.8.1
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. First printing, January 2004 (13/1/2004). Published by Network Theory Limited. 15 Royal Park Bristol BS8 3AL United Kingdom Email:
[email protected] ISBN 0-9546120-0-0 Further information about this book is available from http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/reference/ Copyright (C) 1999–2003 R Development Core Team. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the R Development Core Team.
Contents Publisher’s Preface 1 The base package .Machine . . . . .Platform . . . .Script . . . . . abbreviate . . . aggregate . . . agrep . . . . . . all . . . . . . . all.names . . . any . . . . . . . aperm . . . . . append . . . . . apply . . . . . . apropos . . . . args . . . . . . array . . . . . . as.data.frame . as.environment as.function . . assign . . . . . assignOps . . . attach . . . . . attr . . . . . . attributes . . . autoload . . . . ave . . . . . . . basename . . . BATCH . . . . bindenv . . . . body . . . . . .
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CONTENTS bquote . . . . . . browseEnv . . . . browser . . . . . browseURL . . . bug.report . . . . builtins . . . . . by . . . . . . . . c . . . . . . . . . call . . . . . . . . capabilities . . . capture.output . cat . . . . . . . . cbind . . . . . . . char.expand . . . character . . . . charmatch . . . . chartr . . . . . . check.options . . citation . . . . . class . . . . . . . close.socket . . . codes-deprecated col . . . . . . . . commandArgs . . comment . . . . . Comparison . . . COMPILE . . . complete.cases . complex . . . . . conditions . . . . conflicts . . . . . connections . . . Constants . . . . contributors . . . Control . . . . . copyright . . . . cor . . . . . . . . count.fields . . . cov.wt . . . . . . cut . . . . . . . . data.class . . . . data.frame . . . . data.matrix . . .
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CONTENTS dataentry . . . . . dataframeHelpers . date . . . . . . . . dcf . . . . . . . . . debug . . . . . . . debugger . . . . . . Defunct . . . . . . delay . . . . . . . . delete.response . . demo . . . . . . . . deparse . . . . . . Deprecated . . . . det . . . . . . . . . detach . . . . . . . diag . . . . . . . . dim . . . . . . . . dimnames . . . . . do.call . . . . . . . double . . . . . . . download.file . . . dput . . . . . . . . drop . . . . . . . . dump . . . . . . . duplicated . . . . . dyn.load . . . . . . edit . . . . . . . . edit.data.frame . . environment . . . . eval . . . . . . . . example . . . . . . exists . . . . . . . expression . . . . . Extract . . . . . . Extract.data.frame Extract.factor . . . factor . . . . . . . file.access . . . . . file.choose . . . . . file.info . . . . . . . file.path . . . . . . file.show . . . . . . files . . . . . . . . fivenum . . . . . .
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CONTENTS fix . . . . . . . . . . force . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . formals . . . . . . . format . . . . . . . . format.info . . . . . formatC . . . . . . . formatDL . . . . . . ftable . . . . . . . . ftable.formula . . . . function . . . . . . . gc . . . . . . . . . . gc.time . . . . . . . . gctorture . . . . . . get . . . . . . . . . . getAnywhere . . . . getFromNamespace . getNativeSymbolInfo getNumCConverters getpid . . . . . . . . getS3method . . . . getwd . . . . . . . . grep . . . . . . . . . groupGeneric . . . . gzcon . . . . . . . . help . . . . . . . . . help.search . . . . . help.start . . . . . . identical . . . . . . . ifelse . . . . . . . . . index.search . . . . . INSTALL . . . . . . integer . . . . . . . . interaction . . . . . . interactive . . . . . . Internal . . . . . . . InternalMethods . . invisible . . . . . . . IQR . . . . . . . . . is.finite . . . . . . . . is.function . . . . . . is.language . . . . . is.object . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS is.R . . . . . . . . . is.recursive . . . . . is.single . . . . . . . kronecker . . . . . . lapply . . . . . . . . Last.value . . . . . . length . . . . . . . . levels . . . . . . . . . library . . . . . . . . library.dynam . . . . license . . . . . . . . LINK . . . . . . . . list . . . . . . . . . . list.files . . . . . . . load . . . . . . . . . localeconv . . . . . . locales . . . . . . . . Logic . . . . . . . . . logical . . . . . . . . lower.tri . . . . . . . lowess . . . . . . . . ls . . . . . . . . . . . mad . . . . . . . . . mahalanobis . . . . . make.names . . . . . make.packages.html make.socket . . . . . make.tables . . . . . make.unique . . . . . manglePackageName mapply . . . . . . . margin.table . . . . . mat.or.vec . . . . . . match . . . . . . . . match.arg . . . . . . match.call . . . . . . match.fun . . . . . . maxCol . . . . . . . mean . . . . . . . . . median . . . . . . . . Memory . . . . . . . memory.profile . . . menu . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS merge . . . . . . . . methods . . . . . . . missing . . . . . . . mode . . . . . . . . . NA . . . . . . . . . . na.action . . . . . . na.fail . . . . . . . . name . . . . . . . . . names . . . . . . . . nargs . . . . . . . . . nchar . . . . . . . . . nclass . . . . . . . . nlevels . . . . . . . . noquote . . . . . . . NotYet . . . . . . . . nrow . . . . . . . . . ns-alt . . . . . . . . ns-dblcolon . . . . . ns-internals . . . . . ns-lowlev . . . . . . ns-reflect.Rd . . . . . ns-topenv . . . . . . nsl . . . . . . . . . . NULL . . . . . . . . numeric . . . . . . . object.size . . . . . . octmode . . . . . . . on.exit . . . . . . . . options . . . . . . . . order . . . . . . . . . outer . . . . . . . . . p.adjust . . . . . . . package.contents . . package.dependencies package.skeleton . . packageStatus . . . . page . . . . . . . . . Paren . . . . . . . . parse . . . . . . . . . paste . . . . . . . . . path.expand . . . . . PkgUtils . . . . . . . pmatch . . . . . . .
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376 379 381 383 385 387 388 390 392 394 395 397 399 400 402 403 404 406 407 409 411 412 413 414 415 417 418 419 420 426 429 431 433 435 436 438 440 441 442 444 446 447 448
CONTENTS pos.to.env . . . . predict . . . . . . Primitive . . . . print . . . . . . . print.data.frame print.default . . . printCoefmat . . prmatrix . . . . . proc.time . . . . prompt . . . . . promptData . . . prop.table . . . . pushBack . . . . quantile . . . . . quit . . . . . . . R.home . . . . . R.Version . . . . rank . . . . . . . RdUtils . . . . . read.00Index . . read.ftable . . . . read.fwf . . . . . read.socket . . . read.table . . . . readBin . . . . . readline . . . . . readLines . . . . real . . . . . . . . Recall . . . . . . recover . . . . . . reg.finalizer . . . regex . . . . . . . REMOVE . . . . remove . . . . . . remove.packages replace . . . . . . reshape . . . . . rev . . . . . . . . RHOME . . . . . rle . . . . . . . . row . . . . . . . . row.names . . . . row/colnames . .
vii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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450 451 453 454 457 458 460 462 464 466 469 471 472 474 476 478 479 481 483 485 486 489 491 493 497 501 502 504 505 506 509 510 516 517 519 520 521 525 526 527 528 529 530
viii
CONTENTS rowsum . . . . . Rprof . . . . . . save . . . . . . . savehistory . . . scale . . . . . . . scan . . . . . . . sd . . . . . . . . se.aov . . . . . . search . . . . . . seek . . . . . . . seq . . . . . . . . sequence . . . . . serialize . . . . . sets . . . . . . . . SHLIB . . . . . . showConnections Signals . . . . . . sink . . . . . . . slice.index . . . . slotOp . . . . . . socketSelect . . . source . . . . . . split . . . . . . . sprintf . . . . . . sQuote . . . . . . stack . . . . . . . standardGeneric Startup . . . . . stem . . . . . . . stop . . . . . . . stopifnot . . . . . str . . . . . . . . strsplit . . . . . . structure . . . . . strwrap . . . . . subset . . . . . . substitute . . . . substr . . . . . . summary . . . . summaryRprof . sweep . . . . . . switch . . . . . . symnum . . . . .
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532 534 536 539 540 542 546 547 548 549 551 553 554 556 558 559 561 562 564 565 566 567 569 571 574 576 578 579 582 583 585 587 590 592 593 595 597 600 602 604 606 607 609
CONTENTS Syntax . . . . . . . . . Sys.getenv . . . . . . . Sys.info . . . . . . . . sys.parent . . . . . . . Sys.putenv . . . . . . Sys.sleep . . . . . . . . sys.source . . . . . . . system . . . . . . . . . system.file . . . . . . . system.time . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . table . . . . . . . . . . tapply . . . . . . . . . taskCallback . . . . . taskCallbackManager . taskCallbackNames . . tempfile . . . . . . . . textConnection . . . . toString . . . . . . . . trace . . . . . . . . . . traceback . . . . . . . transform . . . . . . . try . . . . . . . . . . . type.convert . . . . . . typeof . . . . . . . . . unique . . . . . . . . . unlink . . . . . . . . . unlist . . . . . . . . . unname . . . . . . . . update.packages . . . url.show . . . . . . . . UseMethod . . . . . . vector . . . . . . . . . vignette . . . . . . . . warning . . . . . . . . warnings . . . . . . . . weighted.mean . . . . which . . . . . . . . . which.min . . . . . . . with . . . . . . . . . . write . . . . . . . . . . write.table . . . . . . . writeLines . . . . . . .
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Index
692 695 696 699
Publisher’s Preface This reference manual documents the use of R, an environment for statistical computing and graphics. R is free software. The term “free software” refers to your freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. With R you have all these freedoms. R is part of the GNU Project. The GNU Project was launched in 1984 to develop a complete Unix-like operating system which is free software: the GNU system. It was conceived as a way of bringing back the cooperative spirit that prevailed in the computing community in earlier days, by removing the obstacles to cooperation imposed by the owners of proprietary software. You can support the GNU Project by becoming an associate member of the Free Software Foundation. The Free Software Foundation is a tax-exempt charity dedicated to promoting computer users’ right to use, study, copy, modify, and redistribute computer programs. It also helps to spread awareness of the ethical and political issues of freedom in the use of software. For more information visit the website www.fsf.org. The development of R itself is guided by the R Foundation, a not for profit organization working in the public interest. Individuals and organisations using R can support its continued development by becoming members of the R Foundation. Further information is available at the website www.r-project.org. Brian Gough Publisher November 2003
1
2
Chapter 1
The base package This volume documents the core commands in the base package of R. These commands include programming constructs, basic numerical functions and system calls. The base package commands are automatically available when the R environment is started. The documentation for other base package commands can be found in the second volume “The R Reference Manual – Base Package – Volume 2” (ISBN 0-9546120-1-9). These include commands for graphics, random distributions, models, date-time calculations, time-series and example datasets. Documentation for additional packages is available in further volumes of this series. R is available from many commercial distributors, including the Free Software Foundation on their source code CD-ROMs. Information about R itself can be found online at www.r-project.org. To start the program once it is installed simply use the command R on Unix-like systems, $ R R : Copyright 2003, The R Development Core Team Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or 'help.start()' for a HTML browser interface to help. Type 'q()' to quit R. > Commands can then be typed at the R prompt (>). The commands given in this manual should generally be entered with arguments in parentheses, e.g. help(), as shown in the examples. Typing the name of the function without parentheses, such as help, displays its internal definition and does not execute the command. To obtain online help for any command type help(command). A tutorial for new users of R is available in the book “An Introduction to R” (ISBN 0-9541617-4-2). 3
4
base — .Machine
.Machine
Numerical Characteristics of the Machine
Description .Machine is a variable holding information on the numerical characteristics of the machine R is running on, such as the largest double or integer and the machine’s precision. Usage .Machine Details The algorithm is based on Cody’s (1988) subroutine MACHAR. Value A list with components (for simplicity, the prefix “double” is omitted in the explanations) double.eps
double.neg.eps
the smallest positive floating-point number x such that 1 + x != 1. It equals base^ulp.digits if either base is 2 or rounding is 0; otherwise, it is (base^ulp.digits) / 2. a small positive floating-point number x such that 1 - x != 1. It equals base^neg.ulp.digits if base is 2 or round is 0; otherwise, it is (base^neg.ulp. digits) / 2. As neg.ulp.digits is bounded below by -(digits + 3), there might be numbers smaller than neg.eps which alter 1 by subtraction.
double.xmin
the smallest non-vanishing normalized floating-point power of the radix, i.e., base^min.exp.
double.xmax
the largest finite floating-point number. Typically, it is equal to (1 - neg.eps) * base^max.exp, but on some machines it is only the second, or perhaps third, largest number, being too small by 1 or 2 units in the last digit of the significand.
double.base
the radix for the floating-point representation
base — .Machine
5
double.digits the number of base digits in the floating-point significand double.rounding the rounding action. 0 if floating-point addition chops; 1 if floating-point addition rounds, but not in the IEEE style; 2 if floating-point addition rounds in the IEEE style; 3 if floating-point addition chops, and there is partial underflow; 4 if floating-point addition rounds, but not in the IEEE style, and there is partial underflow; 5 if floating-point addition rounds in the IEEE style, and there is partial underflow the number of guard digits for multiplication with truncating arithmetic. It is 1 if floating-point arithmetic truncates and more than digits digits (in base base) participate in the post-normalization shift of the floating-point significand in multiplication, and 0 otherwise. double.ulp.digits the largest negative integer i such that 1 + base^i != 1, except that it is bounded below by -(digits + 3). double.neg.ulp.digits the largest negative integer i such that 1 - base^i != 1, except that it is bounded below by -(digits + 3). double.exponent the number of bits (decimal places if base is 10) reserved for the representation of the exponent (including the bias or sign) of a floating-point number double.min.exp the largest in magnitude negative integer i such that base ^ i is positive and normalized. double.max.exp the smallest positive power of base that overflows. double.guard
integer.max
the largest integer which can be represented.
sizeof.long the number of bytes in a C long type. sizeof.longlong the number of bytes in a C long long type. Will be zero if there is no such type.
6
base — .Machine sizeof.longdouble the number of bytes in a C long double type. Will be zero if there is no such type. sizeof.pointer the number of bytes in a C SEXP (s-expression) type.
References Cody, W. J. (1988) MACHAR: A subroutine to dynamically determine machine parameters. Transactions on Mathematical Software, 14, 4, 303–311. See Also .Platform for details of the platform. Examples str(.Machine)
base — .Platform
.Platform
7
Platform Specific Variables
Description .Platform is a list with some details of the platform under which R was built. This provides means to write OS portable R code. Usage .Platform Value A list with at least the following components: OS.type
character, giving the Operating System (family) of the computer. One of "unix" or "windows".
file.sep
character, giving the file separator, used on your platform, e.g., "/" on Unix alikes.
dynlib.ext
character, giving the file name extension of dynamically loadable libraries, e.g., ".dll" on Windows.
GUI
character, giving the type of GUI in use, or "unknown" if no GUI can be assumed.
endian
character, "big" or "little", giving the endianness of the processor in use.
See Also R.version and Sys.info give more details about the OS. In particular, R.version$platform is the canonical name of the platform under which R was compiled. .Machine for details of the arithmetic used, and system for invoking platform-specific system commands. Examples ## Note: this can be done in a system-independent way by ## file.info()$isdir if(.Platform$OS.type == "unix") {
8
base — .Platform
}
system.test NULL (c is a 'primitive' function) args(plot.default)
28
array
base — array
Multi-way Arrays
Description Creates or tests for arrays. Usage array(data = NA, dim = length(data), dimnames = NULL) as.array(x) is.array(x) Arguments data
a vector giving data to fill the array.
dim
the dim attribute for the array to be created, that is a vector of length one or more giving the maximal indices in each dimension.
dimnames
the names for the dimensions. This is a list with one component for each dimension, either NULL or a character vector of the length given by dim for that dimension. The list can be names, and the names will be used as names for the dimensions.
x
an R object.
Value array returns an array with the extents specified in dim and naming information in dimnames. The values in data are taken to be those in the array with the leftmost subscript moving fastest. If there are too few elements in data to fill the array, then the elements in data are recycled. as.array() coerces its argument to be an array by attaching a dim attribute to it. It also attaches dimnames if x has names. The sole purpose of this is to make it possible to access the dim[names] attribute at a later time. is.array returns TRUE or FALSE depending on whether its argument is an array (i.e., has a dim attribute) or not. It is generic: you can write methods to handle specific classes of objects, see InternalMethods.
base — array
29
References Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. See Also aperm, matrix, dim, dimnames. Examples dim(as.array(letters)) array(1:3, c(2,4)) # recycle 1:3 "2 2/3 times" # [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] #[1,] 1 3 2 1 #[2,] 2 1 3 2 # funny object: str(a0 ", sep="")) Arguments topic
name or literal character string: the online help topic the examples of which should be run.
package
a character vector with package names. By default, all packages in the search path are used.
lib.loc
a character vector of directory names of R libraries, or NULL. The default value of NULL corresponds to all libraries currently known. If the default is used, the loaded packages are searched before the libraries.
local
logical: if TRUE evaluate locally, if FALSE evaluate in the workspace.
echo
logical; if TRUE, show the R input when sourcing.
verbose
logical; if TRUE, show even more when running example code.
prompt.echo
character; gives the prompt to be used if echo = TRUE.
Details If lib.loc is not specified, the packages are searched for amongst those already loaded, then in the specified libraries. If lib.loc is specified, they are searched for only in the specified libraries, even if they are already loaded from another library. An attempt is made to load the package before running the examples, but this will not replace a package loaded from another location.
base — example
195
If local=TRUE objects are not created in the workspace and so not available for examination after example completes: on the other hand they cannot clobber objects of the same name in the workspace. As detailed in the manual Writing R Extensions, the author of the help page can markup parts of the examples for two exception rules dontrun encloses code that should not be run. dontshow encloses code that is invisible on help pages, but will be run both by the package checking tools, and the example() function. This was previously testonly, and that form is still accepted. Value (the value of the last evaluated expression). Note The examples can be many small files. On some file systems it is desirable to save space, and the files in the ‘R-ex’ directory of an installed package can be zipped up as a zip archive ‘Rex.zip’. Author(s) Martin Maechler and others See Also demo Examples example(InsectSprays) ## force use of the standard package 'eda': example("smooth", package="eda", lib.loc=.Library)
196
exists
base — exists
Is an Object Defined?
Description Search for an R object of the given name on the search path. Usage exists(x, where = -1, envir = , frame, mode = "any", inherits = TRUE) Arguments x
a variable name (given as a character string).
where
where to look for the object (see the details section); if omitted, the function will search, as if the name of the object appeared unquoted in an expression.
envir
an alternative way to specify an environment to look in, but it’s usually simpler to just use the where argument.
frame
a frame in the calling list. Equivalent to giving where as sys.frame(frame).
mode inherits
the mode of object sought.
should the enclosing frames of the environment be inspected.
Details The where argument can specify the environment in which to look for the object in any of several ways: as an integer (the position in the search list); as the character string name of an element in the search list; or as an environment (including using sys.frame to access the currently active function calls). The envir argument is an alternative way to specify an environment, but is primarily there for back compatibility. This function looks to see if the name x has a value bound to it. If inherits is TRUE and a value is not found for x, then the parent frames of the environment are searched until the name x is encountered. Warning: This is the default behaviour for R but not for S. If mode is specified then only objects of that mode are sought. The function returns TRUE if the variable is encountered and FALSE if not.
base — exists
197
The mode includes collections such as "numeric" and "function": any member of the collection will suffice. Value Logical, true if and only if the object is found on the search path. References Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. See Also get. Examples ## Define a substitute function if necessary: if(!exists("some.fun", mode="function")) some.fun ? @ [ \ ] ^ ‘ { | } ~. [:space:] Space characters: tab, newline, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, and space. [:upper:] Upper-case letters in the current locale. [:xdigit:] Hexadecimal digits: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f. For example, [[:alnum:]] means [0-9A-Za-z], except the latter depends upon the locale and the character encoding, whereas the former is independent of locale and character set. (Note that the brackets in these class names are part of the symbolic names, and must be included in addition to the brackets delimiting the bracket list.) Most metacharacters lose their special meaning inside lists. To include a literal ], place it first in the list. Similarly, to include a literal ^, place it anywhere but first. Finally, to include a literal -, place it first or last. (Only these and \ remain special inside character classes.) The period . matches any single character. The symbol \w is documented to be synonym for [[:alnum:]] and \W is its negation. However, \w also matches underscore in the GNU grep code used in R.
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base — regex
The caret ^ and the dollar sign $ are metacharacters that respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line. The symbols \< and \> respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a word. The symbol \b matches the empty string at the edge of a word, and \B matches the empty string provided it is not at the edge of a word. A regular expression may be followed by one of several repetition quantifiers: ? The preceding item is optional and will be matched at most once. * The preceding item will be matched zero or more times. + The preceding item will be matched one or more times. {n} The preceding item is matched exactly n times. {n,} The preceding item is matched n or more times. {n,m} The preceding item is matched at least n times, but not more than m times. Repetition is greedy, so the maximal possible number of repeats is used. Two regular expressions may be concatenated; the resulting regular expression matches any string formed by concatenating two substrings that respectively match the concatenated subexpressions. Two regular expressions may be joined by the infix operator |; the resulting regular expression matches any string matching either subexpression. For example, abba|cde matches either the string abba or the string cde. Note that alternation does not work inside character classes, where | has its literal meaning. Repetition takes precedence over concatenation, which in turn takes precedence over alternation. A whole subexpression may be enclosed in parentheses to override these precedence rules. The backreference \N, where N is a single digit, matches the substring previously matched by the Nth parenthesized subexpression of the regular expression. The current code attempts to support traditional usage by assuming that { is not special if it would be the start of an invalid interval specification. (POSIX allows this behaviour as an extension but we advise users not to rely on it.) Basic Regular Expressions This section covers the regular expressions allowed if extended = FALSE in grep, regexpr, sub, gsub and strsplit.
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In basic regular expressions the metacharacters ?, +, {, |, (, and ) lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed versions \?, \+, \ {, \|, \(, and \). Thus the metacharacters are . \ [ ^ $ *. Perl Regular Expressions The perl = TRUE argument to grep, regexpr, sub and gsub switches to the PCRE library that implements regular expression pattern matching using the same syntax and semantics as Perl 5, with just a few differences. Character tables created in the C locale at compile time are used in this version, but locale-specific tables will be used in later versions of R. For complete details please consult the man pages for PCRE (especially man pcrepattern or if that does not exist, man pcre) on your system or from the sources at ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/ programming/pcre/. If PCRE support was compiled from the sources within R, the PCRE version is 3.9 as described here: PCRE ≥ 4.0 supports more of the Perl regular expressions. All the regular expressions described for extended regular expressions are accepted except \< and \>: in Perl all backslashed metacharacters are alphanumeric and backslashed symbols always are interpreted as a literal character. { is not special if it would be the start of an invalid interval specification. There can be more than 9 backreferences. The construct (?...) is used for Perl extensions in a variety of ways depending on what immediately follows the ?. Perl-like matching can work in several modes, set by the options (?i) (caseless, equivalent to Perl’s /i), (?m) (multiline, equivalent to Perl’s /m), (?s) (single line, so a dot matches all characters, even new lines: equivalent to Perl’s /s) and (?x) (extended, whitespace data characters are ignored unless escaped and comments are allowed: equivalent to Perl’s /x). These can be concatenated, so for example, (?im) sets caseless multiline matching. It is also possible to unset these options by preceding the letter with a hyphen, and to combine setting and unsetting such as (?im-sx). These settings can be applied within patterns, and then apply to the remainder of the pattern. Additional options not in Perl include (?U) to set ‘ungreedy’ mode (so matching is minimal unless ? is used, when it is greedy). Initially none of these options are set. The escape sequences \d, \s and \w represent any decimal digit, space character and and ‘word’ character (letter, digit or underscore in the current locale) respectively, and their upper-case versions represent their negation. In PCRE 3.9 the vertical tab is not regarded as a whitespace
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character, but it is in PCRE ≥ 4.0. (Perl itself changed around version 5.004.) Escape sequence \a is BEL, \e is ESC, \f is FF, \n is LF, \r is CR and \t is TAB. In addition \cx is cntrl-x for any x, \ddd is the octal character ddd (for up to three digits unless interpretable as a backreference), and \xhh specifies a character in hex. Outside a character class, \b matches a word boundary, \B is its negation, \A matches at start of subject (even in multiline mode, unlike ^), \Z matches at end of a subject or before newline at end, \z matches at end of a subject. and \G matches at first matching position in a subject. \C matches a single byte. including a newline. The same repetition quantifiers as extended POSIX are supported. However, if a quantifier is followed by ?, the match is ‘ungreedy’, that is as short as possible rather than as long as possible (unless the meanings are reversed by the (?U) option.) The sequence (?# marks the start of a comment which continues up to the next closing parenthesis. Nested parentheses are not permitted. The characters that make up a comment play no part at all in the pattern matching. If the extended option is set, an unescaped # character outside a character class introduces a comment that continues up to the next newline character in the pattern. The pattern (?:...) groups characters just as parentheses do but does not make a backreference. Patterns (?=...) and (?!...) are zero-width positive and negative lookahead assertions: they match if an attempt to match the ... forward from the current position would succeed (or not), but use up no characters in the string being processed. Patterns (? base — regex
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See Also grep, apropos, browseEnv, help.search, list.files, ls and strsplit.
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REMOVE
base — REMOVE
Remove Add-on Packages
Description Utility for removing add-on packages. Usage R CMD REMOVE [options] [-l lib] pkgs Arguments pkgs
a list with the names of the packages to be removed.
lib
the path name of the R library tree to remove from. May be absolute or relative.
options
further options.
Details If used as R CMD REMOVE pkgs without explicitly specifying lib, packages are removed from the library tree rooted at the first directory given in $R LIBS if this is set and non-null, and to the default library tree (which is rooted at ‘$R HOME/library’) otherwise. To remove from the library tree lib, use R CMD REMOVE -l lib pkgs. Use R CMD REMOVE --help for more usage information. See Also INSTALL
base — remove
remove
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Remove Objects from a Specified Environment
Description remove and rm can be used to remove objects. These can be specified successively as character strings, or in the character vector list, or through a combination of both. All objects thus specified will be removed. If envir is NULL then the currently active environment is searched first. If inherits is TRUE then parents of the supplied directory are searched until a variable with the given name is encountered. A warning is printed for each variable that is not found. Usage remove(..., list = character(0), pos = -1, envir = as.environment(pos), inherits = FALSE) rm(..., list = character(0), pos = -1, envir = as.environment(pos), inherits = FALSE) Arguments ...
the objects to be removed, supplied individually and/or as a character vector
list
a character vector naming objects to be removed.
pos
where to do the removal. By default, uses the current environment. See the details for other possibilities.
envir
the environment to use. See the details section.
inherits
should the enclosing frames of the environment be inspected?
Details The pos argument can specify the environment from which to remove the objects in any of several ways: as an integer (the position in the search list); as the character string name of an element in the search
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list; or as an environment (including using sys.frame to access the currently active function calls). The envir argument is an alternative way to specify an environment, but is primarily there for back compatibility. References Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. See Also ls, objects Examples tmp
