Quantity in Czech: A dialectical and historical analysis. Ph.D. dissertation

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

QUANTITY IN CZECH: A DIALECTAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF SLAVIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES & DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS

BY MARK JEROME PISARO

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2002

UMI Number: 3048356

________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3048356 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346

Copyright © 2002 by Mark Pisaro All rights reserved

For Michaela

Let no one be surprised if, in speaking of entirely new principalities as I shall do, I adduce the highest examples both of prince and of state; because men, walking almost always in paths beaten by others, and following by imitation their deeds, are yet unable to keep entirely to the ways of others or attain to the power of those they imitate. A wise man ought always to follow the paths beaten by great men, and to imitate those who have been supreme, so that if his ability does not equal theirs, at least it will savour of it. Let him act like the clever archers who, designing to hit the mark which yet appears too far distant, and knowing the limits to which the strength of their bow attains, take aim much higher than the mark, not to reach by their strength or arrow to so great a height, but to be able with the aid of so high an aim to hit the mark they wish to reach. — Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince

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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Maps................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables .................................................................................................................. x List of Symbols............................................................................................................. xii Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. xiii Cyrillic Transcription ................................................................................................ xviii Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Notes on Major Sources ................................................................................................. 5 Dialectological material from the Czech Academy of Sciences. ......................... 5 Dialect Regions .............................................................................................................. 7 Major Czech Dialectal Divisions ................................................................ 7 Dialects of Chodsko (chodský úsek) .................................................................... 8 Archive material for the Staročeský Slovník ........................................................ 9 Chapter 1 -- Historical Background............................................................................. 11 Beginnings ......................................................................................................... 11 Czech Literary Language (CLC)........................................................................ 20 Chapter 2 -- Synchronic Quantity ................................................................................ 26 Phonetics ............................................................................................................ 26 Morphology........................................................................................................ 30 Chapter 3 -- Quantity in Old Czech ............................................................................. 32 Detecting quantity in Old Czech documents ...................................................... 32 Chapter 4 -- Slavic Accentology & Czech Length...................................................... 36 The Need for a General Theory of Slavic Accentology ..................................... 36 Proto-Slavic Length ........................................................................................... 38 The Role of the Dialects..................................................................................... 43 Slavic Accentual Paradigms (a.p. = accentual paradigm) .................................. 45 Czech Quantity and Proto-Slavic Accent........................................................... 47 Dynamic Ictus and Fixed Ictus........................................................................... 51 Acute a.p. (a)...................................................................................................... 53 Oxytonic a.p. (b) ................................................................................................ 55 Mobile a.p. (c) .................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 5 -- Feminine Disyllabic (j)ā-stems................................................................ 57 Expected reflexes of root vowels in the Slavic Languages ................................ 57 Feminine Disyllabic j(ā)-stem paradigms in Contempory Literary Czech......... 70 vi

Acute Feminine (j)ā-stems ................................................................................. 74 The Source and Distribution of Czech Shortened Acute Intonation ......... 83 Czech Dialectal Data ................................................................................ 83 The Czech Lengthening? .......................................................................... 86 Interpretation of the Data.......................................................................... 87 Instrumental Singular................................................................................ 90 Genitive Plural .......................................................................................... 92 Oxytonic Feminine (j)ā-stems ............................................................................ 93 Mobile Feminine (j)ā-stems ............................................................................. 105 Relative Chronology............................................................................... 108 Neo-Acute Feminine jā-stems .......................................................................... 109 Feminine monosyllabic i-stems........................................................................ 115 Chapter 6 -- Masculine monosyllabic stems.............................................................. 117 Expected reflexes of root vowels ..................................................................... 117 Acute monosyllabic masculine (j)o-stems........................................................ 127 Oxytonic monosyllabic masculine (j)o-stems .................................................. 131 Mobile Monosyllabic Masc. (j)o-stems............................................................ 135 Chapter 7 -- Neuter Disyllabic substantives .............................................................. 146 Expected reflexes of root vowels ..................................................................... 146 Neuter Disyllabic j(o)-stem paradigms in Contempory Literary Czech........... 151 Acute Disyllabic Neuter (j)o-stems.................................................................. 153 Chapter 8 -- Conclusions............................................................................................ 166 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 173 Major Reference works employed – Czech...................................................... 173 Major Reference works employed – Other Slavic Languages ......................... 174 Monographs and articles cited.......................................................................... 174 APPENDIX A – AV DIALECT SURVEY LOCALES........................................... 182 APPENDIX B – DIALECT MAPS........................................................................... 187

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LIST OF MAPS Map 1 – Lengthened /í/ in the Nom. Sing. /*jьskra/ (a.p. a) ‘spark’ ...........................................................188 Map 2 – Short /a/ in the Instr. Sing. of /*korva/ (a.p. a) ‘with cow’ ...........................................................189 Map 3 – Long /á/ in the Instr. Sing. of /*korva/ (a.p. a) ‘with cow’............................................................190 Map 4 – Reflex of Short Vowel in the Nom. Sing. /*griva/ (a.p. a) ‘mane’................................................191 Map 5 – Reflex of Shortened /e/ in the Nom. Sing. /*berza/ (a.p. a) ‘birch’...............................................192 Map 6 – Long /í/ in the Inst. Sing. of /*berza/ (a.p. a) ‘with birch’.............................................................193 Map 7 – Reflex of Retained Long Vowel in the Nom. Sing. /*repa/ (a.p. a) ‘with beet’ ............................194 Map 8 – Distribution of Length & Brevity in Nom. Sing. /*solma/ (a.p. a) ‘straw’ ...................................195 Map 9 – Reflex of Lengthened /ó / in the Nom. Sing. of /*kopa/ (a.p. b) ‘mound’ ....................................196 Map 10 – Lengthened /ó/ in the Nom. Sing. /*vosa/ (a.p. b) ‘wasp’...........................................................197 Map 11 – Long /ú/ in the Nom. Sing. of /*duha/ (a.p. a) ‘arc, rainbow’ .....................................................198 Map 12 – Lengthened /ó/ in the Nom. Sing. of /*krosna/ (a.p. a) ‘backpack for hay’ ................................199 Map 13 – Lengthened /í/ in the Nom. Sing. /*zima/ (a.p. c) ‘cold, winter, malt beverage’ ........................200 Map 14 – Lengthened /ó/ in the Gen. Pl. of /*noha/ (a.p. c) ‘leg’ ...............................................................201 Map 15 – Reflex of Length in the Gen. Pl. of /*louka/ (a.p. b) ‘meadow’..................................................202 Map 16 – Reflex of Length in the Gen. Pl. of /*bouda/ (a.p. b) ‘shack’ ....................................................203 Map 17 – Lengthened /é/ in the Nom. Sing. of /*dъždь/ (a.p. b) ‘rain’ ......................................................204 Map 18 – Reflex of Lengthened /ó/ in the Nom. Sing. /*rojь/ (a.p. b) ‘swarm’..........................................205 Map 19 – Lengthened /ó/ in the Nom. Sing. /*kosъ / (a.p. b) ‘the bird, Turdus Merula’............................206 Map 20 – Lengthened /ó/ in the Nom. Sing. of /*stohъ/ (a.p. b) ‘haystack’ ...............................................207 Map 21 – Long /á/ in the Gen. Sing. of /*gorxъ/ (a.p. a) ‘peas’..................................................................208 Map 22 – Lengthened /ó/ in the Nom. Sing. /*košь / (a.p. b) ‘basket’........................................................209 Map 23 – Lengthened /u/ in the Nom. Sing. of /*hus(a)/ (a.p. a) ‘goose’ ...................................................210 Map 24 – Lengthened /á/ in the Nom. Sing. of /*sazje/ (a.p. a) ‘soot’........................................................211 Map 25 – Long /y:/ in the Nom. Sing. of /*lyko/ (a.p. a) ‘phloem, cellulose layer of a tree’......................212 viii

Map 26 – Reflex of length in the NS of /*melko/ (a.p. b) ‘milk’ ................................................................213 Map 27 – Reflex of length in the Nom. Sing. of /*bolto/ (a.p. a) ‘mud, marsh’ .........................................214 Map 28 – Long /í/ in the Nom. Sing. of /*žito/ (a.p. a) ‘rye’ ......................................................................215 Map 29 – Shortening of Acute Long Vowels in Prehistoric Czech.............................................................216

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1 – Transference of ictus to 2nd syllable ..............................................................................................27 Table 2 – Non-transference of ictus to 2nd syllable .......................................................................................27 Table 3 – Expected correspondences of Proto-Slavic intonational patterns..................................................58 Table 4 – Acute disyllabic feminine (j)ā-stems in CLC with original long root vocalism............................59 Table 5 – Oxytonic disyllabic feminine (j)ā-stems in CLC with original long root vocalism.......................63 Table 6 – Circumflex disyllabic feminine (j)ā-stems in CLC with original long root vocalism ...................64 Table 7 – Neo-acute disyllabic feminine jā-stems in CLC with original long root vocalism........................66 Table 8 – Neo-acute disyllabic feminine jā-stems in CLC with original short root vocalism.......................68 Table 9 – Feminine disyllabic (j)ā-stem paradigms in CLC..........................................................................71 Table 10 – Acute disyllabic feminine ā-stems (all with original long root vocalism)...................................76 Table 11 – Acute disyllabic feminine jā-stems (all with original long root vocalism)..................................80 Table 12 – Oxytonic disyllabic feminine ā-stems with original long root vocalism .....................................94 Table 13 – Oxytonic/Mobile feminine disyllabic jā-stems..........................................................................100 Table 14 – Oxytonic disyllabic feminine ā-stems with original short root vocalism ..................................101 Table 15 – Mobile disyllabic feminine ā-stems with original long root vocalism ......................................105 Table 16 – Mobile disyllabic feminine ā-stems with original short root vocalism......................................106 Table 17 – Mobile feminine disyllabic jā-stems with original long root vocalism .....................................109 Table 18 – Mobile feminine disyllabic jā-stems with original short root vocalism ....................................109 Table 19 – Neo-acute disyllabic feminine jā-stems with original long root vocalism.................................109 Table 20 – Neo-acute disyllabic feminine jā-stems with original short root vocalism................................110 Table 21 – Feminine third declension substanival paradigms in CLC ........................................................115 Table 22 – Monosyllabic masculine paradigms in CLC .............................................................................117 Table 23 –Acute monosyllabic masculine (j)o-stems in CLC with original long root vocalism.................120 Table 24 – Oxytonic monosyllabic masculine (j)o-stems in CLC with original long root vocalism ..........124 Table 25 – Circumflex monosyllabic masculine (j)o-stems in CLC with original long root vocalism .......125 x

Table 26 – Oxytonic monosyllabic masculine (j)o-stems in CLC with original short root vocalism..........126 Table 27 – Acute monosyllabic masculine (j)o-stems with original long root vocalism.............................127 Table 28 – Oxytonic monosyllabic masculine (j)o-stems with original long root vocalism .......................131 Table 29 – Oxytonic monosyllabic masculine (j)o-stems with original short root vocalism ......................133 Table 30 – Mobile monosyllabic masculine (j)o-stems with original long root vocalism...........................135 Table 31 – Mobile monosyllabic masculine (j)o/u-stems with original short root vocalism.......................137 Table 32 – Acute disyllabic neuter (j)o-stems in CLC with original long root vocalism............................146 Table 33 – Oxytonic disyllabic neuter (j)o-stems in CLC with original long root vocalism.......................148 Table 34 – Circumflex monosyllabic neuter (j)o-stems in CLC with original long root vocalism .............149 Table 35 – Neuter disyllabic (j)o-stem Paradigms in CLC .........................................................................152 Table 36 – Acute disyllabic neuter (j)o-stems, all with original long root vocalism...................................153 Table 37 – Oxytonic disyllabic neuter (j)o-stems with original long root vocalism ...................................158 Table 38 – Oxytonic disyllabic neuter (j)o-stems with original short root vocalism...................................161 Table 39 – Mobile disyllabic neuter (j)o-stems...........................................................................................163 Table 40 – Indeterminate neuter (j)o-stems.................................................................................................164

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LIST OF SYMBOLS a.p. (a)

a.p. (c) // [ ] { } V C ~ * # ъ

Proto-Slavic Accentual paradigm with fixed stress on final syllable of the stem Proto-Slavic Accentual paradigm with fixed stress on the first syllable of the desinence Proto-Slavic Accentual paradigm with mobile stress pattern phonemic transcription phonetic transcription morphophonemic transcription vowel consonant morpheme boundary 1.) alternates with, 2.) above vowel = neo-acute intonation reconstructed or non-attested form 1.) fleeting vowel, 2.) end of phonological word or morpheme back jer [u9]

ь

front jer [ıª]

>