Psychology of Learning and Motivation Vol 15: Advances in Research and Theory

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION Advances in Research and Theory

VOLUME 15

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME

Robert G . Cooh Aiitiiorig

ti. Greeriwild

Richrrrd J . Harris Juries E . Jcrstrzernbski

Liirie R . Jolirisoiz

Marvirr R . LcrriiO R. E . I,uho~, P c t p r A . Lircus

Doniirric W . Massnro Dorrglcrs L. Nelsori Dotidtl A . Riley P(llt/

Schriirr

Nuticy L . Steirr

Totti Trahcisso

I . Weitier

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION Advances in Research and Theory

EDITEDBY GORDON H . BOWER STANFORD UNIVERSITY, STANFORD, CALIFORNIA

Volirtne I 5

1981

ACADEMIC PRESS A SUBSIDIARY O F HARCOURT BRACEJOVANOVICH, PUBLISHERS New York

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Lliritcd Kiirgdom Ediriori published b y ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Koad. London NWI 7DX

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARDNUMBER: 66-30104 ISBN 0 1 2 -543315-8 PRIN I L1) IN I IIE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 81

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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

List of’Contributors .......................................................................................

ix

Contents of Previcius Volumes.........................................................................

xi

CONDITIONED ATTENTION THEORY R . E . Lubow, I. Weiner, und Paul Schnur I. 11. 111.

IV. V. VI.

Introduction.. ............................................................. ...................... Conditioned Attention Theory of Latent Inhibition.. .......................................... ...... Evidence for CAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship of CAT to Other Learning Paradigms. ........................ Classical Conditioning.. .................................. ........................ Conclusion.. .......................................................................... References ........................................... ............................................

1

3 16 23 34

42

A CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF SHORT-TERM RETENTION CODES IN PIGEONS Donald A . Riley, Robert G . Cooh, and Murvin R . Lurnh I. 11. Ill.

IV. V.

VI.

Introduction ........................................................................................... Designs for the Study of Event Memory in Animals ......................................... A Classification of Codes ................................... Evidence for Different Codes ..................................................................... Stimulus Organization Coding ............................................................... Conclusions.. ........... ......................................................................... References ........................................................................................ V

51 53 58 68 76

11

Contents

CI

INFERENCES IN INFORMATION PROCESSING Riclicird J . Htrrris I. I1 . Ill . IV . V.

VI . VII

Inferences and Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Processes of Interring.,......................................................................... I'hemea and Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................. Schemas and Infcrciicea in Social Cognition ................................................ Varielirs 01' Dixourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Britain Sttidiea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion: Inferring the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reference\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82 XX

92 95 99 108 117 118

MANY ARE CALLED BUT FEW ARE CHOSEN: THE INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT ON THE EFFECTS OF CATEGORY SIZE Dorigitis L Nelsorl I. I1 . 111. IV .

V.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cued Recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soine Implication\ ................................................................................... Reference\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

129 131

133 145 1%

160

FREQUENCY. ORTHOGRAPHIC REGULARITY. AND LEXICAL STATUS IN LETTER AND WORD PERCEPTION

I. II . 111. IV .

Language Processing Model ...................................................................... Orthographic Structure and Recognition ........................................................ Orthographic Structure and Conscious Knowledge .......................................... General Discussion ............................................................................. References ............................................................................................

164 166 190

195 199

SELF AND MEMORY Aiiihoiiy

I. II .

G . Greenwnlcl

1901 -1935: Four Positions ...................................................................... 1977 Onward: Diacovery of the Self-Refeience Effect ......................................

202 210

Ill . IV . V.

Contents

vii

Memory When Self Is Involved .................................................................. Theoretical Synthesis ............................................................................... Scope and Importance of the Self System ...................................................... References ............................................................................................

214 223 229 233

CHILDREN’S KNOWLEDGE OF EVENTS: A CAUSAL ANALYSIS OF STORY STRUCTURE Torn Trubaso. Nancy L . Stein. und Lucie R . Johnson I. I1 . 111. IV . V.

Introduction .......................................................................................... Causal Relationships ............................................................................... Causal Understanding in Preschool Children .................................................. Logical Justification: The Meaning of Why and Because ................................... General Conclusions ............................................................................... References ...........................................................................................

237 249 269 274 277 279

Index ..........................................................................................................

283

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin

Robert G. Cook, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 ( 5 I ) Anthony G. Greenwald, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (201) Richard J. Harris, Department of Psychology, Kansas State University, Manhattan. Kansas 66506 (81) James E. Jastrzembski,l Wisconsin Research and Development Center for Individualized Schooling, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (163) Lucie R. Johnson. Department of Psychology, Bethel College, St. Paul, Minnesota 55 I 12 (237) Marvin R. Lamb. Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (51) R. E. Lubow, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel ( I ) Peter A. Lucas.? Wisconsin Research and Development Center for Individualized Schooling, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (163) Dominic W . Massaro,' Wisconsin Research and Development Center for Individualized Schooling, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (163) Douglas L. Nelson, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620 (129) 'Present address: Needham, Harper & Steers Advertising, Inc., 300 East Wacker Drive. Chicago. Illinois 60601. 'Present address: Department of Psychology. Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213. 'Present address: Program in Expcriiiiental Psychology, University of California, Santa Crux, California 95063.

ix

X

List of Contributors

Donald A. Riley, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (51) Paul Schnur, Department of Psychology, University of Southern Colorado, Pueblo, Colorado 81001 ( 1 ) Nancy L. Stein, Department of Education, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 (237) Tom Trabasso. Department of Education, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 (237) I. Weiner. Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, TelAviv, Israel ( 1 )

CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES Volume 1

R. C . Atkinson and R . M . Shiffrin Mediation and Conceptual Behavior Howard K. Kendler and Tracy S . Kendler Aurlior I d e x S u b j e c t Index

Partial Reinforcement Effects on Vigor and Persistence Abram Amsel A Sequential Hypothesis of Instrumental Learning E. J . Capaldi Satiation and Curiosity Harry Fowler A Multicomponent Theory of the Memory Trace Gordon Bower Organization and Memory George Mandler

Volume 3 Stimulus Selection and a “Modified Continuity Theory. ’ ’ Allan R. Wagner Abstraction and the Process of Recognition Michael I . Posner Neo-Noncontinuity Theory Marvin Levine Computer Stimulation of Short-Term Memory: A Component-Decay Model Kenneth R . Laughery Replication Processes in Human Memory and Learning Harley A . Bernbach Experimental Analysis of Learning to Learn Leo Postman Short-Term Memory in Binary Prediction by Children: Some Stochastic Information Processing Models Richard S. Bogartz Author IndexSuhject Index

Author I n d e x 4 i ~ h j e c tI n d n

Volume 2 Incentive Theory and Changes in Reward Frank A. Logan Shift in Activity and the Concept of Persisting Tendency David Birch Human Memory: A Proposed System and Its Control Processes xi

xii

Contents of Previous Volumes

Volume 4 Learned Associations over Long Delays Sam Revusky and John Garcia On the Theory of Interresponse-Time Reinforcement G . S . Reynolds and Alastair McLeod Sequential Choice Behavior Jerome L. Meyers 'The Role of Chunking and Organization in the Process of Recall Neal F. Johnson Organization of Serial Pattern Learning Frank Restle and Eric Brown Author I r i d e . r S u b j e c t lnde.r

Volume 5 Condttionlng and a Decision Theory of Response Evocation G . Robert Grice Short-Term Memory Bennet B . Murdock. Jr. Storage Mechanisms in Recall Murray Gianzer By-Products of Discriminative Learning H. S . Terrace Serial Learning and Dimensional Organization Sheldon M. Ebenholtz FRAN: A Simulation Model of Free Recall John Robert Anderson Author I n d e x S u b j e c t index

Volume 6 Informational Variables in Pavlovian Conditioning Robert A . Rescorla The Operant Conditioning of Central Nervous System Electrical Activity A. H. Black The Avoidance Learning Problem Robert C. Bolles

Mechanism!, of Directed Forgetting William Epsrein Toward il Theory of Reintegrative Memory: Adjective-Noun Phrases Leonard M. Horowit7 and Leon Manelis Elaborative Strategies In Verbal Learning and Memory William E. Monlague Alithur l i i d ~ ~ t - 4 u l ? j1irde.x ~ct

Volume 7 Grainmaticai Word Classes: A Learning Process and Its Simulation George R . Kiss Reaction Time Measurcments in the Study of Memory Processes: Theory and Data John Theios Individual Differences in Cognition: A New Approach to Intelligence Earl Hunt, Nancy Frost. and Clifford Lunneborg Stimulus Encoding Processes in Human Learning and Memory Henry C. Ellis Subproblem Analysis of Discrimination Learning Thomas Tighe Delayed Matching and Short-Term Memory in Monkeys M. R . D'Amato Percentile Reinforcement: Paradigms for Experimental Analysis of Response Shaping John R. Platt Prolonged Rewarding Brain Stimulation J. A. Deutsch Patterned Reinforcement Stewart H. Hulse Aurhor IndexSubjecl Index

Volume 8 Semantic Memory and Psychological Semantics Edward E . Smith, Lance J . Rips, and Edward J . Shoben

Contents of Previous Volumes

Working Memory Alan D. Baddeley and G r a h m Hitch The Role of Adaptation Level in Stimulus Generalization David R. Thomas Recent Developments in Choice Edmund Fantino and Douglas Navarick Reinforcing Properties of Escape from Frustration Aroused in Various Learning Situations Helen B. Daly Conceptual and Neurobiological Issues .in Studies of Treatments Affecting Memory Storage James L . McCaugh and Paul E. Gold The Logic of Memory Representations Endel Tulving and Gordon H. Bower Subject Ititlea

...

Xlll

Repetition and Memory Douglas L Htntrman Toward a Framework for Understanding Learning John D . Bransford and Jeffrey J . Franks Economic Demand Theory and Psychological Studies of Choice Howard Rachlin, Leonard Green, John H. Kagel, and Raymond C . Battalio Self-Punitive Behavior K. Edward Renner and Jeanne B. Tinsley Reward Variables in Instrumental Conditioning: A Theory Roger W . Black Sii6jett

/iid.i

Volume 11

Volume 9 Prose Processing Lawrence T . Frase Analysis and Synthesis of Tutorial Dialogues Allan Collins, Eleanor H. Warnock. and Joseph J . Passafiutne On Asking People Questions about What They Are Reading Richard C . Anderson and W. Barry Biddle The Analysis of Sentence Production M. F. Garrett Coding Distinctions and Repetition Effects in Memory Allan Paivio Pavlovian Conditioning and Directed Movement Eliot Hearat A Theory of Context in Discrimination Learning Douglas L. Medin

Levels of Encoding and Retention of Prose D. James Dooling and Robert E . Christiaansen Mind your p ' s and 4 ' s : The Role of Content and Context in Some Uses of And, Or, and I f Samuel Fillenbaum Encoding and Processing of Symbolic Information in Comparative Judgments William P. Banks Memory for Problem Solutions Stephen K. Reed and Jeffrey A. Johnson Hybrid Theory of Classical Conditioning Frank A . Logan Internal Constructions of Spatial Patterns Lloyd R . Peterson, Leslie Rawlings, and Carolyn Cohen Attention and Preattention Howard Egeth Siibject ltidea

Siihject Itidex

Volume 10 Some Functions of Memory in Probability Learning and Choice Behavior W. K . Estes

Volume 12 Experimental Analysis of Imprinting and Its Behavioral Effects Howard S . Hoffman

Contents of Previous Volumes

XIV

Menior) , Temporal Diacriiiiination. and Learned Structure in Behavior Charles P. Shimp The Relation hctween Stimulus Analyzability and Perceived Dimen\ioniil Structure Barbara Burns, Bryan E. Shepp, Dorothy McDonough, and Willa K . Wiener-Ehrlich Mental Conipariwn Kohert S . Moyer and Susan T . Dumais The Simultarieous Acqtiisitirin nt Multiplc Meiiioric\ Benton J . Underwood and Robert A. Malmi The Updating ot Human Memory Kobcrt A H j o r k S/&