Preterm Birth: Prevention and Management

Preterm Birth Prevention and Management

To all pregnant women and their babies

Preterm Birth Prevention and Management EDITED BY

Vincenzo Berghella Director, Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia USA

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition first published 2010, © 2010 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www. wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Preterm birth : prevention and management / [edited by] Vincenzo Berghella. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-9290-3 1. Premature labor. I. Berghella, Vincenzo. [DNLM: 1. Premature Birth–prevention & control. WQ 330 P91965 2010] RG649.P 747 2010 618.3′97–dc22 2009030110 ISBN: 978-1-4051-9290-3 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 9.5 on 13 pt Meridien by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed and bound Singapore 1

2010

Contents

List of Contributors, vii Definitions, xi Abbreviations, xii Preface, xiii 1 The Global Impact of Preterm Birth, 1 Jennifer Harris Requejo & Mario Merialdi 2 Preterm Birth: A Complex Disease, 8 Eric J. Hodgson & Charles J. Lockwood 3 Why Prevention?, 17 Jason K. Baxter 4 The Epidemiology of Preterm Birth, 22 Robert L. Goldenberg & Elizabeth M. McClure 5 Genetics of Preterm Birth, 39 Heidi L. Thorson & Hyagriv N. Simhan 6 The Cervix, 50 Vincenzo Berghella 7 Inflammation and Infection, 57 Roberto Romero, Francesca Gotsch, Shali Mazaki-Tovi & Juan Pedro Kusanovic 8 The Endocrine Regulation of Human Labor, 78 Roger Smith, Julia I. Smith & Andrew M. Bisits 9 Preventive Issues for All Gravidas, 88 Priyadarshini Koduri 10 Tobacco and Preterm Birth, 102 Jeroen P. Vanderhoeven & Jorge E. Tolosa 11 Care for Women with Prior Preterm Birth, 115 Jay D. Iams

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Contents

12 Short Cervical Length, 130 Timothy J. Rafael 13 Fetal Fibronectin, 149 Maria Bisulli 14 Bacterial Vaginosis, 161 Nancy W. Hendrix 15 Sexually Transmitted Infections, 171 Neil S. Seligman 16 Multiple Gestations: Preventing and Managing Preterm Birth, 183 Edward J. Hayes & Suneet P. Chauhan 17 Asymptomatic Manual Cervical Changes, 190 Leonardo Pereira 18 Preterm Labor, 198 Amen Ness, Yair Blumenfeld & Joyce F. Sung 19 Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes, 217 Brian M. Mercer 20 Promotion of Fetal Maturation, 232 Kellie E. Murphy 21 Location, Mode of Delivery and Intrapartum Issues for the Preterm Gestation, 242 Dana Figueroa & Dwight J. Rouse 22 Perinatal Care and Long-Term Implications, 252 Janet E. Larson, Shobhana A. Desai & William McNett 23 Ethical Issues Related to Preterm Birth, 262 Frank A. Chervenak & Laurence B. McCullough 24 Future Research, 270 Catherine Y. Spong Index, 275

List of Contributors

Jason K. Baxter MD, MSCP Director, Division of Research; Assistant Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.

Vincenzo Berghella MD, FACOG Director, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Director, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellowship Program; Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.

Andrew M. Bisits MBBS, FRANZCOG, MMedStats Director of Obstetrics, Acting Clinical Director, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia.

Maria Bisulli MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Yair Blumenfeld MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University Medical Center, California, USA.

Suneet P. Chauhan MD Aurora Sinai Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.

Frank A. Chervenak MD, MMM Given Foundation Professor and Chairman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA.

Shobhna A. Desai MD Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Children’s Rehabilitation Unit, Director, Special Banies’ Follow up Program, Division of Neonatology, Nemours Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.

Dana Figueroa MD Fellow and Clinical Instructor, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and Center for Women’s Reproductive Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Robert L. Goldenberg MD Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.

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viii

List of Contributors

Francesca Gotsch MD Visiting Fellow, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute to Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Michigan, USA.

Edward J. Hayes MD, MSCP Perinatologist, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Women’s Center at Aurora Bay Care Medical Center, Wisconsin, USA.

Nancy W. Hendrix MD Fellow, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Clinical Instructor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.

Eric J. Hodgson MD Clinical Instructor and Fellow, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut, USA.

Jay D. Iams MD Frederick P. Zuspan Professor and Endowed Chair, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Ohio, USA.

Priyadarshini Koduri MD Fellow, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Clinical Instructor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.

Juan Pedro Kusanovic MD Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Michigan, USA.

Janet E. Larson MD Chief, Division of Neonatology, Nemours Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.

Charles J. Lockwood MD The Anita O’Keefe Young Professor of Women’s Health and Chair, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut, USA.

Shali Mazaki-Tovi MD Fellow, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Michigan, USA.

Elizabeth M. McClure MEd. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, and Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Research Triangle Institute, North Carolina, USA.

Laurence B. McCullough PhD Dalton Tomlin Chair in Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, USA.

William McNett MD Associate Professor, Pediatrics; Division Chief, Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.

Mario Merialdi MD, PhD, MPH Coordinator, Improving Maternal and Perinatal Health (MPH), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

List of Contributors

ix

Brian M. Mercer MD, FRCSC, FACOG Professor, Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University; Vice-Chair, Director of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Ohio, USA.

Kellie E. Murphy MD, MSc, FACOG, FRCSC Associate Professor, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Amen Ness MD, MSCP Clinical Assistant Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University Medical Center, California, USA.

Leonardo Pereira MD, MCR Assistant Professor, Director Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, USA.

Timothy J. Rafael MD Fellow, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Clinical Instructor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, USA.

Jennifer Harris Requejo PhD, MA, MHS Assistant Scientist, Institute for International Programs, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland, USA; Technical Consultant, Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

Roberto Romero MD Chief, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute to Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health; Program Director of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Intramural Division, NICHD, NIH, DHHS; Professor of Molecular Obstetrics and Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University; Professor of Epidemiology, Michigan State University. Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Michigan, USA.

Dwight J. Rouse MD, MSPH Professor, Director, Center for Women’s Reproductive Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Neil S. Seligman MD Fellow, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Clinical Instructor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, USA.

Hyagriv N. Simhan, MD, MSCR Associate Professor and Chief, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.

Julia I. Smith BSc (Hons), MMedStats Biostatistician, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

Roger Smith MB, BS (Hons), PhD Director, Mothers and Babies Research Centre and Endocrine Unit, John Hunter Faculty of Health/School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

Catherine Y. Spong MD Chief, Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA.

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List of Contributors

Joyce F. Sung MD Fellow, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University Medical Center, California, USA.

Heidi L. Thorson MD Fellow and Clinical Instructor in Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Medical Genetics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.

Jorge E. Tolosa MD, MSCE Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, USA.

Jeroen P. Vanderhoeven MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Oregon, USA.

Definitions

Definitions regarding prematurity vary in different publications, but the ones most commonly accepted and used in trials, as well as this book, are: Cervical insufficiency (CI) (formerly called incompetence, and defined as recurrent painless dilatation leading to second trimester losses): prior preterm birth(s) and/or second trimester loss(es) and cervical shortening or dilatation before 24 weeks in the current pregnancy Infant: from birth until 1 year of life (so includes neonatal period) Neonate: from birth until 28 days of life Perinatal: includes fetal period (from 20 weeks until birth), and neonatal period (from birth until 28 days) Pregnancy loss (PL): loss of pregnancy from conception to