Pressure Regimes in Sedimentary Basins and Their Prediction An outgrowth of the international forum sponsored by the Ho...
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Pressure Regimes in Sedimentary Basins and Their Prediction An outgrowth of the international forum sponsored by the Houston chapter of the American Association of Drilling Engineers Houston, Texas, September 2-4, 1998
Edited by
Alan R. Huffman Glenn L. Bowers
AAPG MEMOIR 76 Published jointly by
The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Tulsa, Oklahoma and The Houston Chapter of The American Association of Drilling Engineers Houston, Texas Printed in the U.S .A.
Contents
About the Editors Preface CHA PTER 1
CHAPTER 2
vii ix
Comparison of Overpressure Magnitude Resulting from t~e Main Generating Mechanisms Richard E. Swarbrick, Ma rk f. Osborne, and Gareth S. Yardley
1
The Interrelationships between Overpressure Mechanisms and In Situ Stress T. W. Miller, C. H. Luk, and D. L. Olgaard
13
CHAPTER l
The Primary Controls over Sediment Compaction Phil Holbrook
21
CHAPTER 4
Critical-Porosity Models Jack Dvorkin and Amos Nur
33
CHAP TER 5
The Role of Shale Pore Structure on the Sensitivity of Wire-line Logs to Overpressure G. L. Bowers and T. John Katsube
43
Impact of Smectite Diagenesis on Compaction Modeling and Compaction Equilibrium Richard Lahann
61
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
Effect of Gas on Poroelastic Response to Burial or Erosion K. W Katahara and f. D. Corrigan
73
Relationships between Pore Pressure and Stress in Different Tectonic ~~
~
Najwa Yassir and M. Anthony Addis CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 1 0
Pore-Pressure Estimation in an Active Thrust Region and Its Impact on Exploration and Drilling Allison Hennig, Najwa Yassir, M. Anthony Addis, and Andrew Warrington Geological Controls and Variability in Pore Pressure in the DeepWater Gulf of Mexico Michael A. Smith
89
107
v
vi
C 0 NTEN T S
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15
An Easily Derived Overburden Model Is Essential for the Prediction of Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient for Wildcat Exploration in the Gulf of Mexico Fred R. Holasek
Fracture-Gradient Predictions in Depleted Sands in the Gulf Coast Sedimentary Basin Baldeo Singh and Nelson Emery Consolidation State, Permeability, and Stress Ratio as Determined from Uniaxial Strain Experiments on Mudstone Samples from the Eugene Island 330 Area, Offshore Louisiana Beth B. Stump and Peter B. Flemings Method for Determining Regional Force-Balanced Loading and Unloading Pore-Pressure Regimes and Applying Them in Well Planning and Real-Time Drilling Phil Holbrook Forward Modeling of Log Response in Geopressured Formations Reveals Valuable Insights to the Various Pore-Pressure Prediction Techniques J. C. Rasmus
CHAPTER 16
Pore Pressure ahead of the Bit: An Integrated Approach Nader C. Dutta, William H. Borland, W Scott Leaney, Richard Meehan, and W. Les Nutt
CHAPTER 17
SubSea MudLift Drilling: A New Technology for Ultradeep-Water Environments Kenneth L. Smith and Allen D. Gault
115
125
131
145
159 165
171
CHAPTER 18
Velocity Estimation for Pore-Pressure Prediction David W Bell
177
CHAPTER 19
The Future of Pressure Prediction Using Geophysical Methods Alan R. Huffman
217
Index
235
1 Comparison of Overpressure Magnitude Resulting from the Main Generating Mechanisms Richard E. Swarbrlck Uui1rcrsiiy of Dur};m,., Durhnm, £uglmrd Mark J. Osbornr Uuit•er:lify 'lf D11rl:am. Dur1mm. Eu81(lntf; Dl' E:rpfl)rAtk:m, Stmlmry {1, Thttm~. l:'ugtmul
Garelh 5. Yudlty Her/111-Wnlt Uui{'trr~ily. f,(lillbllr,~Jt, $(tJtlalltl
ABSTRACT Ov~ rpn.'S.Sure is n'('Olll>d by two main prOC\."'SS("': (l) stress appht"Cl to a compu:-ssible nx:k an-:! (2) fluid expansion. 8oth pn:>C'L'!iSC.'> .u\.' mtwt efft-'ctivc in fin(•·gr.ti nerllithnlogit.>s, such :ts mudrocks and ch ;~lk!; . Doth proccs...,(.'S im·oh·c inclfctivc fl uid expulsion to creltc pn.>s!>u.n:s in excess of h)•drilulk t-'qUilibrium, cmpha~Wng lhc Unport.mceof pcrmc.tbility (a poorly known rock property in Jinc·gr.:.im:d sc..-dinlcnlary nxk:s} i.n «mlrollin~ p(ln: prc~ure in the suh~urf.-,c~. Ovt•Jprt~uu: );cn.:rolil'l\ ,,ml flui,l e."
G!:lh)wing prOc(."S.~cs: increase! in stress ~lpplit.'d t (.~ il f_k a11d flu id pruper tie~ o£ the
sf.'diml'nlary rocks and their r:~te of chansc undl'r u...._~ nonu.1l rnt in p~nneab)e- unit.:: (!!.g., RFr, OST prcssun's). l"hc p( (."'il\IHen<es at the dt'P!h where the pennt..'ability lx..0001\u.>s too low to :."I !.low rom p~e·tc d(~Woltt:ring (flu id N>t?ntion dP.pth IFKOJ) (Figure 2). The cm c:;et C>f overpressure is controUOO by the lo.lding r.1tc :u'.d the por~i ty .md pcrm'-'o1hi1ity c\·olutivn of the :,ed im cnt
during: buri., J. Tlt~ I':JlD is ~haiJuwer in low-ptml'ledb ilit)' and/ or mort:' romprt.'SsibJc Sl""CCi m~ntilr}' rocks sud t a~ mudrocks :md deeper in more pt.•rmcablc nnd less
PRF.SSURf:
romp:-e.ssible r\)Cks such as siJt:> imd saJh.!s, ttS::~uming the sanw $1..:.dim("ltl;'ltion ratl'. Conversely. for the f.o'lllte Fn t furt
Pn~sure
(Min i ~n n•
''
'
ltort.t» ntal ttm!' IS• • • n
nt-ation rates a nd d~Xp at slow SC'C:Iimcntation t'."'tcs. Luo :utd V:"sscu.r (1992} ~how tl1o.tt the n~.o1i n cuntrols on o\'crp!L"::>Surc from dlsequilibrium L'QJnp;'ICtion a re loo(~d ing rate,. (umJ>.'\Clion ('()('(fid~nt (.l nlcthod of
tule p1es.sute detived from leak·oft tests..
l ion p rocesst'..s govern porosil)' r00ue1i(m and fluid
Copyrigh!cd malcria
r RF.SSURE
Stms· Rttll•d: l.ator•l l..'llX'ral comprt->ssion ls ~n atu~rnat-ivc way in which str~s c:m be impoS(.>d on il bod y of $Cd imcntary rocks to ~'u~ 0\1t'rpJ'essure. Are~\S of thrtiSling ~nd folditlg typi1pua N(!'\.\• Guinea (Henning et .1l., 1998).
Ffoid Expan~on Ov(>rpr(!SSurc is ()'('~ted by fl\lid (·xpat\Sion in low· perr.n~l$ pt,1inh:d out thc1t pore p~su_rc is controlled by 11lt" HSSlU'\'l for co1ch. tlujd c.>:p,HlSiOl\ mcd mni')m am be d etcrmin~'XI if th ~ r~ltl!. of \'Oiu_m c c:hdllSlt i:; known or C(ln bt" ~timatt-d . R~t~l i~ ti c cU m~n siOJlS fm tho part of thC' rock in which the c h:m gc oc· Cttt$ (comp:trttn(.'1lt) and the sc;~t mu5t be os~'Um\.'CI, :lnd thssu rl' d rop (.-l..P) across th~ SCill. Con· Se<Jut:.ntly. the solution provides th{' milgnltudc o f overpressure in the oompJ.rtment. T1te r.1ngc of bJ.!i-in condithm~ shown in T.,blc 'I has bt"'t:Jt chvsen il.S rcpr~e nt ativ~ fu r must bi'ISin o:;etting.s. Each c1f the Auid
Table I. Modeling Conditions Chosen to Capture lhc Burial ""d Thermal Conditions ot Most Sedirnenl4ry Bosins
C..-oth~;•nn;tl ~tnrlknb ('C/kul) ScJtment.llion R..ttc (l..:u/m.v,)
l~•~rn\\.".:lhility (m~/mJ)
Hip.h
Low
;10 2 .0
20 O.oJ
11;rH IJ (t~l
Slress·Reliled: Ve clMnS('· Of course, the tock has son\c stt(:l\g th, aJ\d lhl~rc is some wmprcsskm of thl! fluid ph~t·, s nHtll fo r
oiJ and water and larger for ga~. Em pirict~ l datt~ from ~'~'pt'ti('nclug rapid ~;1 t'>posi!i ('n o f fiflc-
Ss:.urc suhpamll~l with the Lithosta.tic pressure gn1dicn t, ilJu.stratcd ::i)'"$tcm.ll.iC(Illy in Figu1·c 2, is cha 11J m below seabed. RFT = repeat form~Jtion testef; l OP4.T = leak-Cbtimatc l) when prc"Ssurc is ml\inlilill("(l fi t J\yd rostatic pt'essure (i.t-,, wht.•n oil lll' gas ICn"!d. Under th~ mos t fa· vorablc heating r ates, we c.:lkubtc g.1s gcncr.16Un may account !or up to only •a.o Ml'.l (600 psi) ovrvoir in which \JUartz d issoluti<m at stylolites a.nd qul'rtz .tcprccipjtJJioJ\ M sc-condl'ry overgrowths (both po:o~ity reducing procc:,:.cs) were .1ctivc. Ttle magnitt1de of overpressure created by quartz disso!ution / r('predpltatiou has lx't':Jl calC\tliltOO in tht.S.."lmC m."ltul..n- as for fluid cxp<msion mcchani.-.ms. Usiug r,lle:; volume lo:;s up to 3.5 \'(11. %/m.)'· CO.:.l'bs;(>rved (Osborne and Swarbrick, J999). Then•, tht> M.lOUJ\1 :~ nd t.ltl' of qu.vtz Cl'l)l~nt.\tion (OlS d¢tcrmincd from flu id i n du~ ion microthcnnomctry) i.s lower in Che r("5t"rvoirs with high overpresst•re OO\'\" effective :,tress) tha11 fn the 10\"-o\'crpmsurc TL'$\.'I'voirs. These obscr· Vi'\tiOnS SU!;g<St th01t cf(tdh't! St-reils Ot s rain C(>nli1Cl'3 is I' p rindp,tl control on the s uppl)' of qu.\rtz by di~oo lution (prt.'SSure solution) .md its d iffusion to shes of repreci plt.l tinn. Ch~m ic:. l cotnp..lctiotl prOC("SSL"S n\.-ty, how(lv~r. be signific01nl i n c~rell t i;lg 0\'~rpn::li~Un-t where p;.u-1 of tht! k~r"ld ·OO,ring frr~m~work i~ trilnsfunned inlu liqujd, a:. in t h~ c:asc;> ~)f kt•rogt"n to o il/&as, :lnd w h('rSity in which kt>rogen is as!lUOll'd to haw l'qllnl loo;~d·lx-.Hiz.lS st:llus with o ther ntincmls prc.:~cnt. Hd is of the o rder of 7.6 MPa (llOO p~i). if there is no Jlujd tos~. l.aha iU\ (2002) suggests Stnt.'\"'"titc to illite tr.:nsfonn.nion h'iJS nn t:. \V(' 011'(' gr.ttcful for the ('(lmm(•n t!; Kick l...,,h.;um e~nd (;Jcnn BowC'fo;. w hkh h.wt• l('(! ((')man>' impru\'Cmt"tl!S in ttn•
m
cl.uity nf this c h.lpter.
l~nc«•,
C. t I., 1984. Smec:•itt•
dl.'h)'drt~tinr:-h!-
rt•l,nion to
strucluml rl t.:>w· lt'J)m~t .1ttd h)''drohng Eu"'p:•an A.s.••ocbtion (': OrgamcCf'l"'Kh~Jml ~ts, p. 2~-287. C.:~rr, A. C .. 19QQ, ;\ vitnnit.:
rcfll'Cti".IOC\' kinetic mo..i el inco:-·
fl(lr.l!in& tWCrpn:--l~u rc ri!~:lrd.:'IH01:: M~tl!'IC .lthl l't!-ltolt::ut:l
Ccolog:y. v. 16, p . 355-377. Colton·Bnsdlcy, V. A. C. , 1957, Role ui pr('$5Ua'! in snt..-etltk..;: Ci"\JI O~)'• v. 2-1, p. 307-
:110. Coif, J. C .. 1983, H y;,lwc.ubou ~t"tlCHliJon ,mJ udgruUun fmm jur.ts:.ic sour..-c rock:, it• the E. Stwlland U;~in b..'Ck, 0., 6. M. Krt'ld:OS., nnd 0. l..t'yth;M~'tl "~r. 199)., Ex· pcrm'l(!nt;•l invc-slig;'ltion ill p('trOk•u m i;('nC1'3tiOn ~md mtgr.uion mAier clc,·.;ted prC'.s!>'Ute ;md tcmpcr.;turt" condi:ion.s {;;b!:.): lst Ccofluids Co nft•t(_na.~. p. 51-53. H:trrC'old, T. W. D., R. E. Sw:~rbricl., QuMt'1'· n:uy to Mt'l'O:f.Oic ~hale ~'q lll~r.c,-s : Clay Mincr:ti!O, \'. 23, p. t 11 -1~;! . Sw.vbrick. R. E., «n,i R.. R. I Iilli,.;,, 19QI), llu;: \.lrigin .md i.niluCt:l'\! o l ovcrpmssuz~ \lfilh rcfcre!lCI! t·o the North Wure H.ms.ition :.:o n~ MM inc and ~~~tro
leu.:n Gt'()logy, v. I.&, p. 11'1- 116. Sw;.rbritk,. K 1:, , and M. j. 0:.1'1\"::rl\(', 1998. ~.-k'C"hl.\nii.lnS lhoill g~.:n~rllt ~ abnurma l pl'\.~ut\.>S; an i)VN\' i ~ w. m ll. £ . 1..1,\'. G. F. Ulmi~lwk, and U. I. Slavin, ~.>ds., Abnom1.ai pi\'.Ssure~ IJl hj dh-.carbon l.'tWii"'Ril\oi;"lliS: AAf'G Me-molr 70, p 1.).)4 ,
Sw.nbrick. R. ll, ~·I , ) . Qc.lxomt~• •1nd C. S. Ya rdley. i99S, The m.lgnitudc . _, f o,·crp ~~s un~ :rom gl'IWl'.lting me)' l1 ru .. cds., 1\dv.Ul\.'\.'S in or