Practice Book for the Paper-based GRE revised General Test

Practice Book for the Paper-based ®

GRE revised General Test

For tests administered beginning in August 2011

www.ets.org/gre

Note to Test Takers: Keep this practice book until you receive your score report. This book contains important information about scoring.

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Table of Contents Overview of the Paper-based GRE® revised General Test ........................................................ 3 Test Structure ......................................................... 3 Preparing for the GRE revised General Test .......... 4 Test-taking Strategies ............................................. 4 Breaks...................................................................... 5 Scoring and Score Reporting ................................. 5

Introduction to the Analytical Writing Measure ............................................................... 6 Analyze an Issue Task ............................................. 6 Analyze an Argument Task .................................. 10

Introduction to the Verbal Reasoning Measure ............................................................. 15 Verbal Reasoning Question Types ........................ 15 Reading Comprehension Questions ..................... 15 Text Completion Questions ................................. 18 Sentence Equivalence Questions ......................... 20

Introduction to the Quantitative Reasoning Measure ............................................................. 21 Quantitative Reasoning Question Types ............. 21 Quantitative Comparison Questions ................... 22 Multiple-choice Questions—Select One Answer Choice .................................................................. 25 Multiple-choice Questions—Select One or More Answer Choices .................................................... 27 Numeric Entry Questions ..................................... 28 Data Interpretation Questions ............................. 30 Using the Calculator ............................................ 32

Taking the Practice Test ................................... 33 Evaluating Your Performance ........................... 33 Additional Test Preparation ............................. 34 Practice GRE revised General Test .................. 35 Appendices A – Analytical Writing Scoring Guides and Score Level Descriptions.......................................... 92 B – Sample Analytical Writing Topics, Scored Sample Essay Responses and Reader Commentary .................................................. 97 C – Practice Test Analytical Writing Topics, Scored Sample Essay Responses and Reader Commentary ................................................ 106 D – Interpretive Information for the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning Measures ....................................................... 116

Overview of the Paper-based GRE® revised General Test The revised General Test measures verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, critical thinking and analytical writing skills, skills that have been identified as critical for success in graduate and business school. This publication provides a comprehensive overview of each measure of the test to help you get ready for test day. It is designed to help you: • • • •

understand what is being tested gain familiarity with the various question types review test-taking strategies become familiar with the calculator that will be distributed on test day • review scored Analytical Writing responses and reader commentary • understand scoring • practice taking the test If you are planning to take the computer-based GRE® revised General Test, please visit www.ets.org/gre/revised/prepare for test preparation materials for the computer-based test. If you have a disability and need special accommodations, visit www.ets.org/gre/revised/disabilities for test preparation materials.

Test Structure The paper-based GRE revised General Test contains two Analytical Writing tasks, two Verbal Reasoning sections and two Quantitative Reasoning sections. Total testing time is approximately 3 hours and 30 minutes. The directions at the beginning of each section specify the total number of questions in the section and the time allowed for the section. The Analytical Writing tasks are always presented first.

Typical Paper-based GRE revised General Test Measure

Number of Questions

Time

Analytical Writing Section 1 Analyze an Issue 30 minutes (2 sections) Section 2 Analyze an Argument per section Verbal Reasoning 25 questions per section (2 sections)

35 minutes per section

Quantitative Reasoning (2 sections)

40 minutes per section

25 questions per section

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Unlike the previous paper-based GRE General Test and the GRE Subject Tests, which use separate answer sheets, the paper-based GRE revised General Test is self-contained: you will enter all responses for the Analytical Writing tasks and the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning questions in the test book itself. Also, you are allowed to use a basic hand-held calculator on the Quantitative Reasoning sections. The calculator will be provided to you at the test site; you may not use your own calculator. Information about using the calculator to help you answer questions appears on page 32.

Preparing for the GRE revised General Test Preparation for the test will depend on the amount of time you have available and your personal preferences for how to prepare. At a minimum, before you take the paper-based GRE revised General Test, you should know what to expect from the test, including the administrative procedures, types of questions and directions, number of questions and amount of time for each section. The administrative procedures include registration and appointment scheduling, date, time, test center location, cost, score-reporting procedures and availability of special testing arrangements. You can find out about the administrative procedures for the revised General Test in the GRE Information and Registration Bulletin. Information is also available online at www.ets.org/gre/revised_general or by contacting ETS at 1-609-771-7670 or 1-866-473-4373 (toll free for test takers in the U.S., American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands and Canada). Before taking the practice revised General Test, it is important to become familiar with the content of each of the measures. In this publication, you’ll find information specific to each measure of the test. You can use this information to understand the type of material on which you will be tested and the question types within each measure. Determine which strategies work best for you. Remember—you can do very well on the test without answering every question in each section correctly.

Test-taking Strategies Analytical Writing Measure Everyone—even the most practiced and confident of writers—should spend some time preparing for the Analytical Writing measure before arriving at the

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test center. It is important to understand the skills measured and how the tasks are scored. It is also useful to review the scoring guides, sample topics, scored sample essay responses and reader commentary for each task. The tasks in the Analytical Writing measure relate to a broad range of subjects—from the fine arts and humanities to the social and physical sciences— but no task requires specific content knowledge. In fact, each task has been tested by actual GRE test takers to ensure that it possesses several important characteristics, including the following: • GRE test takers, regardless of their field of study or special interests, understood the task and could easily respond to it. • The task elicited the kinds of complex thinking and persuasive writing that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school. • The responses were varied in content and in the way the writers developed their ideas. To help you prepare for the Analytical Writing measure, the GRE Program has published the entire pool of tasks from which your test tasks will be selected. You might find it helpful to review the Issue and Argument pools. You can view the published pools at www.ets.org/gre/revised/awtopics. Before taking the Analytical Writing measure, review the strategies, sample topics, essay responses and reader commentary for each task contained in this document. Also review the scoring guides for each task. This will give you a deeper understanding of how readers evaluate essays and the elements they’re looking for in an essay. In the paper-based revised General Test, the topics in the Analytical Writing measure will be presented in the test book, and you will handwrite your essay responses in the test book in the space provided. It is important to budget your time. Within the 30-minute time limit for the Issue task, you will need to allow sufficient time to consider the issue and the specific instructions, plan a response and compose your essay. Within the 30-minute time limit for the Argument task, you will need to allow sufficient time to consider the argument and the specific instructions, plan a response and compose your essay. Although the GRE readers who score your essays understand the time constraints under which you write and will consider your response a first draft, you still want it to be the best possible example of your writing that you can produce under the testing conditions.

Save a few minutes at the end of each section to check for obvious errors. Although an occasional spelling or grammatical error will not affect your score, severe and persistent errors will detract from the overall effectiveness of your writing and lower your score accordingly. Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning Measures The questions in the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures have a variety of formats. Some require you to select a single answer choice; others require you to select one or more answer choices, and yet others require you to enter a numeric answer. Make sure when answering a question that you understand what response is required. Complete instructions for answering each question type are included in the practice test after the two Analytical Writing tasks. When taking a Verbal Reasoning or Quantitative Reasoning section, you are free, within that section, to skip questions that you might have difficulty answering and come back to them later during the time provided to work on that section. Also during that time you may change the answer to any question in that section by erasing it completely and filling in an alternative answer. Be careful not to leave any stray marks in the answer area, as they may be interpreted as incorrect responses. You can, however, safely make notes or perform calculations on other parts of the page. No additional scratch paper will be provided. Your Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning scores will be determined by the number of questions for which you select or provide the best answer. Questions for which you mark no answer or more or fewer than the requested number of answers are not counted in scoring. Nothing is subtracted from a score if you answer a question incorrectly. Therefore, to maximize your scores on the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures of the paper-based test, it is best to answer every question. Work as rapidly as you can without being careless. Since no question carries greater weight than any other, do not waste time pondering individual questions you find extremely difficult or unfamiliar. You may want to go through a section rapidly at first, stopping only to answer those questions you can do so with certainty. Then go back and answer the questions that require greater thought, concluding with the difficult questions if you have time.

Note: During the actual administration of the revised General Test, you may work only on the section the test center supervisor designates and only for the time allowed. You may not go back to an earlier section of the test after the supervisor announces, “Please stop work” for that section. The supervisor is authorized to dismiss you from the center for doing so. All answers must be recorded in the test book.

Breaks There is a 10-minute break following the second Analytical Writing section.

Scoring and Score Reporting Analytical Writing Measure For the Analytical Writing measure, each essay receives a score from two readers using a six-point holistic scale. In holistic scoring, readers are trained to assign scores based on the overall quality of an essay in response to the assigned task. If the two scores differ by more than one point on the scale, the discrepancy is adjudicated by a third GRE reader. Otherwise, the two scores on each essay are averaged. The final scores on the two essays are then averaged and rounded up to the nearest half-point interval. A single score is reported for the Analytical Writing measure. The primary emphasis in scoring the Analytical Writing measure is on your critical thinking and analytical writing skills. Scoring guides for the Issue and Argument prompts are included in this publication in Appendix A on pages 92–95 and available at www.ets.org/gre/revised/scoreguides. Independent Intellectual Activity During the scoring process for the GRE revised General Test, your essay responses on the Analytical Writing measure will be reviewed by ETS essay-similarity-detection software and by experienced essay readers. In light of the high value placed on independent intellectual activity within graduate schools and universities, ETS reserves the right to cancel test scores of any test taker when an essay response includes any of the following: • text that is unusually similar to that found in one or more other GRE essay responses • quoting or paraphrasing, without attribution, language that appears in published or unpublished sources

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• unacknowledged use of work that has been produced through collaboration with others without citation of the contribution of others • essays submitted as work of the test taker that appear to have been borrowed in whole or in part from elsewhere or prepared by another person When one or more of the above circumstances occurs, ETS may conclude, in its professional judgment, that the essay response does not reflect the independent writing skills that this test seeks to measure. When ETS reaches that conclusion, it cancels the Analytical Writing score; because Analytical Writing scores are an integral part of the GRE General Test scores, those scores are canceled as well. Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning Measures Scoring of the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures is essentially a two-step process. First a raw score is computed for each measure. The raw score for each measure is the number of questions answered correctly in the two sections for that measure. The Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning raw scores are then converted to scaled scores through a process known as equating. The equating process accounts for minor variations in difficulty among the different test editions. Thus, a given scaled score for a particular measure reflects the same level of performance regardless of which edition of the test that was taken. Score Reporting The scores for the GRE revised General Test include: • a Verbal Reasoning score reported on a new 130–170 score scale, in one-point increments • a Quantitative Reasoning score reported on a new 130–170 score scale, in one-point increments • an Analytical Writing score reported on a 0–6 score scale, in half-point increments If no questions are answered for a specific measure (e.g., Verbal Reasoning), then you will receive a No Score (NS) for that measure. Descriptions of the analytical writing abilities characteristic of particular score levels are available in Appendix A on page 96.

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Score-Reporting Timeframes Scores on the paper-based GRE revised General Test are reported approximately six weeks after the test date. For specific information on score reporting dates for paper-based administrations, visit www.ets.org/gre/revised/score/dates. Score reporting is cumulative. Scores are reportable for five testing years following the testing year in which you test. All scores earned during this time will be reported to the institutions you designate.

Introduction to the Analytical Writing Measure The Analytical Writing measure tests your critical thinking and analytical writing skills. It assesses your ability to articulate and support complex ideas, construct and evaluate arguments, and sustain a focused and coherent discussion. It does not assess specific content knowledge. The Analytical Writing measure consists of two separately timed analytical writing tasks: • a 30-minute “Analyze an Issue” task • a 30-minute “Analyze an Argument” task The Issue task presents an opinion on an issue of general interest followed by specific instructions on how to respond to that issue. You are required to evaluate the issue, consider its complexities and develop an argument with reasons and examples to support your views. The Argument task requires you to evaluate a given argument according to specific instructions. You will need to consider the logical soundness of the argument rather than agree or disagree with the position it presents. The two tasks are complementary in that one requires you to construct your own argument by taking a position and providing evidence supporting your views on an issue, and the other requires you to evaluate someone else’s argument by assessing its claims and evaluating the evidence it provides.

Analyze an Issue Task The Analyze an Issue task assesses your ability to think critically about a topic of general interest and to clearly express your thoughts about it in writing. Each Issue topic makes a claim that test takers can discuss from various perspectives and apply to many

different situations or conditions. Your task is to present a compelling case for your own position on the issue. Before beginning your written response, be sure to read the issue and the instructions that follow the Issue statement. Think about the issue from several points of view, considering the complexity of ideas associated with those views. Then, make notes about the position you want to develop and list the main reasons and examples you could use to support that position. It is important that you address the central issue according to the specific instructions. Each Issue Topic is accompanied by one of the following sets of instructions: • Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. • Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position. • Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. • Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented. • Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.

• Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position. The GRE readers scoring your response are not looking for a “right” answer—in fact, as far as they are concerned, there is no correct position to take. Instead, the readers are evaluating the skill with which you address the specific instructions and articulate and develop an argument to support your evaluation of the issue. Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience The Analyze an Issue task is an exercise in critical thinking and persuasive writing. The purpose of this task is to determine how well you can develop a compelling argument supporting your own evaluation of an issue and then effectively communicate that argument in writing to an academic audience. Your audience consists of GRE readers who are carefully trained to apply the scoring criteria identified in the scoring guide for the Analyze an Issue task in Appendix A on pages 92–93. To get a clearer idea of how GRE readers apply the Issue scoring criteria to actual responses, you should review scored sample Issue essay responses and reader commentary. The sample responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, will show you a variety of successful strategies for organizing, developing and communicating a persuasive argument. The reader commentary discusses specific aspects of evaluation and writing, such as the use of examples, development and support, organization, language fluency and word choice. For each response, the commentary points out aspects that are particularly persuasive as well as any that detract from the overall effectiveness of the essay.

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Preparing for the Issue Task Since the Issue task is meant to assess the persuasive writing skills you have developed throughout your education, it has been designed neither to require any particular course of study nor to advantage students with a particular type of training. Many college textbooks on composition offer advice on persuasive writing and argumentation that you might find useful, but even this advice might be more technical and specialized than you need for the Issue task. You will not be expected to know specific critical thinking or writing terms or strategies; instead, you should be able to respond to the specific instructions and use reasons, evidence and examples to support your position on an issue. Suppose, for instance, that an Issue topic asks you to consider a policy that would require government financial support for art museums and the implications of implementing the policy. If your position is that government should fund art museums, you might support your position by discussing the reasons art is important and explain that government funding would make access to museums available to everyone. On the other hand, if your position is that government should not support museums, you might point out that art museums are not as deserving of limited governmental funding as are other, more socially important institutions, which would suffer if the policy were implemented. Or, if you are in favor of government funding for art museums only under certain conditions, you might focus on the artistic criteria, cultural concerns or political conditions that you think should determine how, or whether, art museums receive government funds. It is not your position that matters as much as the critical thinking skills you display in developing your position. An excellent way to prepare for the Issue task is to practice writing on some of the published topics. There is no “best” approach: some people prefer to start practicing without regard to the 30-minute time limit; others prefer to take a “timed test” first and practice within the time limit. Regardless of which approach you take, you should first review the task directions and then follow these steps: • Carefully read the claim and the specific instructions and make sure you understand them; if they seem unclear, discuss them with a friend or teacher.

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• Think about the claim and instructions in relation to your own ideas and experiences, to events you have read about or observed and to people you have known; this is the knowledge base from which you will develop compelling reasons and examples in your argument that reinforce, negate or qualify the claim in some way. • Decide what position on the issue you want to take and defend. • Decide what compelling evidence (reasons and examples) you can use to support your position. Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. The most successful responses will explore the complexity of the claim and follow the specific task instructions. As you prepare for the Issue task, you might find it helpful to ask yourself the following questions: • What, precisely, is the central issue? • What precisely are the instructions asking me to do? • Do I agree with all or any part of the claim? Why or why not? • Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable? • Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they? • Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim? • If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position? • What examples—either real or hypothetical —could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are most compelling? Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspectives of others who might not agree with your position. Ask yourself: • What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position? • How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay? To plan your response, you might want to summarize your position and make notes about how you will support it. When you’ve done this, look over your notes and decide how you will organize your response. Then write a response developing your position on the issue. Even if you don’t write a full response, you should find it helpful to practice with a few of the Issue topics and to sketch out your possible responses.

After you have practiced with some of the topics, try writing responses to some of them within the 30-minute time limit so that you have a good idea of how to use your time in the actual test. It would probably be helpful to get some feedback on your response from an instructor who teaches critical thinking or writing or to trade essays on the same topic with other students and discuss one another’s responses in relation to the scoring guide. Try to determine how each essay meets or misses the criteria for each score point in the guide. Comparing your own response to the scoring guide will help you see how and where to improve. The Form of Your Response You are free to organize and develop your response in any way you think will enable you to effectively communicate your ideas about the issue. Your response may incorporate particular writing strategies learned in English composition or writing-intensive college courses. GRE readers will not be looking for a particular developmental strategy or mode of writing; in fact, when GRE readers are trained, they review hundreds of Issue responses that, although highly diverse in content and form, display similar levels of critical thinking and persuasive writing. Readers will see some Issue responses at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the writer’s position on the issue and then explicitly announcing the main points to be argued. They will see others that lead into the writer’s position by making a prediction, asking a series of questions, describing a scenario or defining critical terms in the quotation. The readers know that a writer can earn a high score by giving multiple examples or by presenting a single, extended example. Look at the sample Issue responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, to see how other writers have successfully developed and organized their arguments. You should use as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate for your argument; e.g., you will probably need to create a new paragraph whenever your discussion shifts to a new cluster of ideas. What matters is not the number of examples, the number of paragraphs or the form your argument takes, but the cogency of your ideas about the issue and the clarity and skill with which you communicate those ideas to academic readers.

Sample Issue Task Following is a sample Issue task of the sort that you might see on the test: As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. Strategies for This Topic In this task, you are asked to discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement. Thus, responses may range from strong agreement or strong disagreement to qualified agreement or qualified disagreement. You are also instructed to explain your reasoning and consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true. A successful response need not comment on all or any one of the points listed below and may well discuss other reasons or examples not mentioned here in support of the position taken. Although this topic is accessible to respondents of all levels of ability, for your response to receive a top score, it is particularly important that you remain focused on the task and provide clearly relevant examples and/or reasons to support the point of view you are expressing. Lower level responses may be long and full of examples of modern technology, but those examples may not be clearly related to a particular position. For example, a respondent who strongly disagrees with the statement may choose to use computer technology as proof that thinking ability is not deteriorating. However, the mere existence of computer technology does not adequately prove this point; e.g., perhaps the ease of computer use inhibits our thinking ability. To receive a higher level score, the respondent should explain in what ways computer technology may call for or require thinking ability. This topic could elicit a wide variety of approaches, especially considering the different possible interpretations of the phrase “the ability of humans to think for themselves.” Although most respondents may take it to mean problem solving, others could

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interpret it as emotional and social intelligence; i.e., the ability to communicate/connect with others. With any approach, it is possible to discuss examples such as calculators, word processing tools such as spell/grammar check, tax preparation software, Internet research and a variety of other common household and business technologies. You may agree with the topic and argue that: • reliance on technology leads to dependency; we come to rely on problem-solving technologies to such a degree that when they fail we are in worse shape than if we didn’t have them • everyday technologies such as calculators and cash registers have decreased our ability to perform simple calculations, a “use it or lose it” approach to thinking ability Or you may take issue with the topic and argue that technology facilitates and improves our thinking skills, arguing that: • developing, implementing and using technology requires problem solving • technology frees us from mundane problem solving (e.g., calculations) and allows us to engage in more complex thinking • technology provides access to information otherwise unavailable • technology connects people at a distance and allows them to share ideas • technology is dependent on the human ability to think and make choices (every implementation of and advance in technology is driven by human intelligence and decision making) On the other hand, you could decide to explore the middle ground in the debate and point out that while technology may diminish some mental skill sets, it enables other (perhaps more important) types of thinking to thrive. Such a response might distinguish between complex problem solving and simple “data maintenance” (i.e., performing calculations and organizing information). Other approaches could involve taking a historical, philosophical or sociological stance, or, with equal effectiveness, using personal experience to illustrate a position. One could argue that the value or detriment of relying on technology is determined by the individual (or society) using it or that only those who develop technology (i.e., technical specialists) are maintaining their problem-solving skills, while the rest of us are losing them.

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Again, it is important for you to avoid overly general examples or lists of examples without expansion. It is also essential to do more than paraphrase the prompt. Please keep in mind that what counts is the ability to clearly express a particular point of view in relation to the issue and specific task instructions and to support that position with relevant reasons and/or examples. To view scored sample essay responses and reader commentary for this sample topic, see Appendix B on pages 97–101.

Analyze an Argument Task The Analyze an Argument task assesses your ability to understand, analyze and evaluate arguments according to specific instructions and to convey your evaluation clearly in your writing. The task consists of a brief passage in which the author makes a case for some course of action or interpretation of events by presenting claims backed by reasons and evidence. Your task is to discuss the logical soundness of the author’s case by critically examining the line of reasoning and the use of evidence. This task requires you to read the argument and instructions carefully. You might want to read the argument more than once and make brief notes about points you want to develop more fully in your response. In reading the argument, you should pay special attention to: • what is offered as evidence, support or proof • what is explicitly stated, claimed or concluded • what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof • what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated In addition, you should consider the structure of the argument—the way in which these elements are linked together to form a line of reasoning; i.e., you should recognize the separate, sometimes implicit steps in the thinking process and consider whether the movement from each step to the next is logically sound. In tracing this line, look for transition words and phrases that suggest the author is attempting to make a logical connection (e.g., however, thus, therefore, evidently, hence, in conclusion). An important part of performing well on the Argument task is remembering what you are not being asked to do: • You are not being asked to discuss whether the statements in the argument are true or accurate.

• You are not being asked to agree or disagree with the position stated. • You are not being asked to express your own views on the subject being discussed (as you were in the Issue task). Instead, you are being asked to evaluate the logical soundness of an argument of another writer and, in doing so, to demonstrate the critical thinking, perceptive reading and analytical writing skills that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school. It is important that you address the argument according to the specific instructions. Each task is accompanied by one of the following sets of instructions: • Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument. • Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions, and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted. • Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation. • Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the advice and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the advice. • Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation. • Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the prediction and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the prediction.

• Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be addressed in order to decide whether the conclusion and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to the questions would help to evaluate the conclusion. • Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument. Analyze an Argument is a critical thinking task requiring a written response. Consequently, the analytical skills displayed in your evaluation carry great weight in determining your score; however, the clarity with which you convey ideas is also important to your overall score. Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience The purpose of the task is to see how well equipped you are to insightfully evaluate an argument written by someone else and to effectively communicate your evaluation in writing to an academic audience. Your audience consists of GRE readers carefully trained to apply the scoring criteria identified in the scoring guide for the Analyze an Argument task on pages 94–95. To get a clearer idea of how GRE readers apply the Argument scoring criteria to actual essays, you should review scored sample Argument essay responses and reader commentary. The sample responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, will show you a variety of successful strategies for organizing and developing an insightful evaluation. The reader commentary discusses specific aspects of analytical writing, such as cogency of ideas, development and support, organization, syntactic variety and facility with language. For each response, the commentary points out aspects that are particularly effective and insightful as well as any that detract from the overall effectiveness of the essay. Preparing for the Argument Task Since the Argument task is meant to assess analytical writing and informal reasoning skills that you have developed throughout your education, it has been designed neither to require any specific course of study nor to advantage students with a particular type of training.

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Many college textbooks on rhetoric and composition have sections on informal logic and critical thinking that might prove helpful, but even these might be more detailed and technical than the task requires. You will not be expected to know specific methods of analysis or technical terms. For instance, in one topic an elementary school principal might conclude that new playground equipment has improved student attendance because absentee rates have declined since it was installed. You will not need to see that the principal has committed the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy; you will simply need to see that there are other possible explanations for the improved attendance, to offer some common-sense examples and to suggest what would be necessary to verify the conclusion. For instance, absentee rates might have decreased because the climate was mild. This would have to be ruled out in order for the principal’s conclusion to be valid. Although you do not need to know special analytical techniques and terminology, you should be familiar with the directions for the Argument task and with certain key concepts, including the following: • alternative explanation—a competing version of what might have caused the events in question that undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it, too, can account for the observed facts • analysis—the process of breaking something (e.g., an argument) down into its component parts in order to understand how they work together to make up the whole • argument—a claim or a set of claims with reasons and evidence offered as support; a line of reasoning meant to demonstrate the truth or falsehood of something • assumption—a belief, often unstated or unexamined, that someone must hold in order to maintain a particular position; something that is taken for granted but that must be true in order for the conclusion to be true • conclusion—the end point reached by a line of reasoning, valid if the reasoning is sound; the resulting assertion • counterexample—an example, real or hypothetical, that refutes or disproves a statement in the argument • evaluation—an assessment of the quality of evidence and reasons in an argument and of the overall merit of an argument

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An excellent way to prepare for the Analyze an Argument task is to practice writing on some of the published Argument topics. There is no one way to practice that is best for everyone. Some prefer to start practicing without adhering to the 30-minute time limit. If you follow this approach, take all the time you need to evaluate the argument. Regardless of the approach you take, consider the following steps: • Carefully read the argument and the specific instructions—you might want to read them more than once. • Identify as many of the argument’s claims, conclusions and underlying assumptions as possible and evaluate their quality. • Think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can. • Think of what specific additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims. • Ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound. Write down each of these thoughts. When you’ve gone as far as you can with your evaluation, look over the notes and put them in a good order for discussion (perhaps by numbering them). Then write an evaluation according to the specific instructions by fully developing each point that is relevant to those instructions. Even if you choose not to write a full essay response, you should find it helpful to practice evaluating a few of the arguments and sketching out your responses. When you become quicker and more confident, you should practice writing some Argument responses within the 30-minute time limit so that you will have a good sense of how to pace yourself in the actual test. For example, you will not want to discuss one point so exhaustively or to provide so many equivalent examples that you run out of time to make your other main points. You might want to get feedback on your response(s) from a writing instructor, philosophy teacher or someone who emphasizes critical thinking in his or her course. It can also be informative to trade papers on the same topic with fellow students and discuss each other’s responses in terms of the scoring guide. Focus not so much on the “right scores” as on seeing how the responses meet or miss the performance standards for each score point and what you need to do to improve.

How to Interpret Numbers, Percentages and Statistics in Argument Topics Some arguments contain numbers, percentages or statistics that are offered as evidence in support of the argument’s conclusion. For example, an argument might claim that a certain community event is less popular this year than it was last year because only 100 people attended this year in comparison with 150 last year, a 33 percent decline in attendance. It is important to remember that you are not being asked to do a mathematical task with the numbers, percentages or statistics. Instead you should evaluate these as evidence intended to support the conclusion. In the example above, the conclusion is that a community event has become less popular. You should ask yourself, “Does the difference between 100 people and 150 people support that conclusion?” In this case, there are other possible explanations; e.g., the weather might have been much worse this year, this year’s event might have been held at an inconvenient time, the cost of the event might have gone up this year or there might have been another popular event this year at the same time. Any one of these could explain the difference in attendance and weaken the conclusion that the event was “less popular.” Similarly, percentages might support or weaken a conclusion depending on what actual numbers the percentages represent. Consider the claim that the drama club at a school deserves more funding because its membership has increased by 100 percent. This 100 percent increase could be significant if there had been 100 members and now there are 200 members, whereas the increase would be much less significant if there had been five members and now there are 10. Remember that any numbers, percentages or statistics in Argument tasks are used only as evidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider whether they actually support the conclusion.

college courses. GRE readers will not be looking for a particular developmental strategy or mode of writing. In fact, when GRE readers are trained, they review hundreds of Argument responses that, although highly diverse in content and form, display similar levels of critical thinking and analytical writing. For example, readers will see some essays at the 6 score level that begin by briefly summarizing the argument and then explicitly stating and developing the main points of the evaluation. The readers know that a writer can earn a high score by developing several points in an evaluation or by identifying a central feature in the argument and developing that evaluation extensively. You might want to look at the sample Argument responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, to see how other writers have successfully developed and organized their responses. You should make choices about format and organization that you think support and enhance the overall effectiveness of your evaluation. This means using as many or as few paragraphs as you consider appropriate for your response; e.g., create a new paragraph when your discussion shifts to a new point of evaluation. You might want to organize your evaluation around the structure of the argument itself, discussing it line by line. Or you might want to first point out a central questionable assumption and then move on to discuss related weaknesses in the argument’s line of reasoning. Similarly, you might want to use examples to help illustrate an important point in your evaluation or move your discussion forward. However, remember that it is your critical thinking and analytical writing that are being assessed, not your ability to come up with examples. What matters is not the form your response takes, but how insightfully you evaluate the argument and how articulately you communicate your evaluation to academic readers within the context of the task.

The Form of Your Response You are free to organize and develop your response in any way you think will effectively communicate your evaluation of the argument. Your response may, but need not, incorporate particular writing strategies learned in English composition or writing-intensive

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Sample Argument Task Following is a sample Argument task that you might see on the test: In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the river’s water and the river’s smell. In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason River. Use of the river for water sports is therefore sure to increase. The city government should for that reason devote more money in this year’s budget to riverside recreational facilities. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

•

•

•

Strategies for This Topic This argument cites a survey to support the prediction that the use of the Mason River is sure to increase and thus recommends that the city government should devote more money in this year’s budget to the riverside recreational facilities. In developing your evaluation, you are asked to examine the argument’s stated and/or unstated assumptions and discuss what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted. A successful response must discuss both the argument’s assumptions AND the implications of these assumptions for the argument. A response that does not address both parts of the task is unlikely to receive an upper-half score. Though responses may well raise other points, some assumptions of the argument, and some ways in which the argument depends on those assumptions, include: • The assumption that people who rank water sports “among their favorite recreational activities” are actually likely to participate in them. (It is possible that they just like to watch them.) This assumption underlies the claim that use of the river for water sports is sure to increase

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after the state cleans up the Mason River and that the city should for that reason devote more money to riverside recreational facilities. The assumption that what residents say in surveys can be taken at face value. (It is possible that survey results exaggerate the interest in water sports.) This assumption underlies the claim that use of the river for water sports is sure to increase after the state cleans up the Mason River and that the city should for that reason devote more money to riverside recreational facilities. The assumption that Mason City residents would actually want to do water sports in the Mason River. (As recreational activities, it is possible that water sports are regarded as pursuits for vacations and weekends away from the city.) This assumption underlies the claim that use of the river for water sports is sure to increase after the state cleans up the Mason River and that the city should for that reason devote more money to riverside recreational facilities. The assumption that the park department’s devoting little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities means that these facilities are inadequately maintained. This assumption underlies the claim that the city should devote more money in this year’s budget to riverside recreational facilities. If current facilities are adequately maintained, then increased funding might not be needed even if recreational use of the river does increase. The assumption that the riverside recreational facilities are facilities designed for people who participate in water sports and not some other recreational pursuit. This assumption underlies the claim that the city should devote more money in this year’s budget to riverside recreational facilities. The assumption that the dirtiness of the river is the cause of its being little used and that cleaning up the river will be sufficient to increase recreational use of the river. (Residents might have complained about the water quality and smell even if they had no desire to boat, swim or fish in the river.) This assumption underlies the claim that the state’s plan to clean up the river will result in increased use of the river for water sports.

• The assumption that the complaints about the river are numerous and significant. This assumption motivates the state’s plan to clean up the river and underlies the claim that use of the river for water sports is sure to increase. (Perhaps the complaints are coming from a very small minority, in which case cleaning the river might be a misuse of state funds.) • The assumption that the state’s clean-up will occur soon enough to require adjustments to this year’s budget. This assumption underlies the claim that the city should devote more money in this year’s budget to riverside recreational facilities. • The assumption that the clean-up, when it happens, will benefit those parts of the river accessible from the city’s facilities. This assumption underlies the claim that the city should devote more money to riverside recreational facilities. • The assumption that the city government ought to devote more attention to maintaining a recreational facility if demand for that facility increases. • The assumption that the city should finance the new project and not some other agency or group (public or private). Should any of the above assumptions prove unwarranted, the implications are: • that the logic of the argument falls apart/is invalid/is unsound • that the state and city are spending their funds unnecessarily To view scored sample essay responses and reader commentary on this sample topic, see Appendix B on pages 97–105.

Introduction to the Verbal Reasoning Measure The Verbal Reasoning measure assesses your ability to analyze and evaluate written material and synthesize information obtained from it, analyze relationships among component parts of sentences and recognize relationships among words and concepts. Verbal Reasoning questions appear in several formats, each of which is discussed in detail below. About half of the measure requires you to read passages and answer questions on those passages.

The other half requires you to read, interpret and complete existing sentences, groups of sentences or paragraphs.

Verbal Reasoning Question Types The Verbal Reasoning measure contains three types of questions: • Reading Comprehension questions • Text Completion questions • Sentence Equivalence questions

Reading Comprehension Questions Reading Comprehension questions are designed to test a wide range of abilities that are required in order to read and understand the kinds of prose commonly encountered in graduate school. Those abilities include: • understanding the meaning of individual words and sentences • understanding the meaning of paragraphs and larger bodies of text • distinguishing between minor and major points • summarizing a passage • drawing conclusions from the information provided • reasoning from incomplete data to infer missing information • understanding the structure of a text in terms of how the parts relate to one another • identifying the author’s assumptions and perspective • analyzing a text and reaching conclusions about it • identifying strengths and weaknesses of a position • developing and considering alternative explanations As this list implies, reading and understanding a piece of text requires far more than a passive understanding of the words and sentences it contains; it requires active engagement with the text, asking questions, formulating and evaluating hypotheses and reflecting on the relationship of the particular text to other texts and information. Each Reading Comprehension question is based on a passage that may range in length from one paragraph to several paragraphs. The test contains 12 to 15 passages, the majority of which are one paragraph in length and only one or two of which are several

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paragraphs long. Passages are drawn from the physical sciences, biological sciences, social sciences, arts and humanities and everyday topics and are based on material found in books and periodicals, both academic and nonacademic. Typically, about half of the questions on the test will be based on passages, and the number of questions based on a given passage can range from one to six. Questions can cover any of the topics listed above, from the meaning of a particular word to assessing evidence that might support or weaken points made in the passage. Many, but not all, of the questions are standard multiple-choice questions, in which you are required to select a single answer choice, and others ask you to select multiple answer choices. General Advice • Reading passages are drawn from many different disciplines and sources, so you may encounter material with which you are not familiar. Do not be discouraged if you encounter unfamiliar material; all the questions can be answered on the basis of the information provided in the passage. However, if you encounter a passage that seems particularly hard or unfamiliar, you may want to save it for last. • Read and analyze the passage carefully before trying to answer any of the questions, and pay attention to clues that help you understand less explicit aspects of the passage. 0 Try to distinguish main ideas from supporting ideas or evidence. 0 Try to distinguish ideas that the author is advancing from those he or she is merely reporting. 0 Try to distinguish ideas that the author is strongly committed to from those he or she advances as hypothetical or speculative. 0 Try to identify the main transitions from one idea to the next. 0 Try to identify the relationship between different ideas. For example: ▪ Are they contrasting? Are they consistent? ▪ Does one support the other? ▪ Does one spell the other out in greater detail? ▪ Does one apply the other to a particular circumstance?

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• Read each question carefully and be certain that you understand exactly what is being asked. • Answer each question on the basis of the information provided in the passage and do not rely on outside knowledge. Sometimes your own views or opinions may conflict with those presented in a passage; if this happens, take special care to work within the context provided by the passage. You should not expect to agree with everything you encounter in the reading passages. Reading Comprehension Multiple-choice Questions—Select One Answer Choice These questions are standard multiple-choice questions with five answer choices, of which you must select one. Tips for Answering • Read all the answer choices before making your selection, even if you think you know the correct answer in advance. • The correct answer choice is the one that most accurately and most completely answers the question posed; be careful not to be misled by choices that are only partially true or only partially answer the question. Also, be careful not to pick a choice simply because it is a true statement. • When the question asks about the meaning of a word in the passage, be sure the answer choice you select correctly represents the way the word is being used in the passage. Many words have different meanings when used in different contexts. Reading Comprehension Multiple-choice Questions—Select One or More Answer Choices These questions provide three answer choices and ask you to select all that are correct; one, two or all three of the answer choices may be correct. To gain credit for these questions, you must select all the correct choices, and only those; there is no credit for partially correct answers.

Tips for Answering • Evaluate each answer choice separately on its own merits; when evaluating one choice, do not take the others into account. • A correct answer choice accurately and completely answers the question posed; be careful not to be misled by choices that are only partially true or only partially answer the question. Also, be careful not to pick a choice simply because it is a true statement. • Do not be disturbed if you think all three answer choices are correct, since questions of this type can have up to three correct answer choices. Important Note: In some test preparation materials, you may see references to a third type of Reading Comprehension question, “Select in Passage.” Because these questions depend on the use of the computer, they do not appear on the paper-based test. Similar multiple-choice questions are used in their place. Sample Questions Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage Reviving the practice of using elements of popular music in classical composition, an approach that had been in hibernation in the United States during the 1960s, composer Philip Glass (born 1937) embraced the ethos of popular music without imitating it. Glass based two symphonies on music by rock musicians David Bowie and Brian Eno, but the symphonies’ sound is distinctively his. Popular elements do not appear out of place in Glass’s classical music, which from its early days has shared certain harmonies and rhythms with rock music. Yet this use of popular elements has not made Glass a composer of popular music. His music is not a version of popular music packaged to attract classical listeners; it is high art for listeners steeped in rock rather than the classics.

Directions: Select only one answer choice. 1.

The passage addresses which of the following issues related to Glass’s use of popular elements in his classical compositions? a b c

d

e

How it is regarded by listeners who prefer rock to the classics How it has affected the commercial success of Glass’s music Whether it has contributed to a revival of interest among other composers in using popular elements in their compositions Whether it has had a detrimental effect on Glass’s reputation as a composer of classical music Whether it has caused certain of Glass’s works to be derivative in quality

Directions: Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. 2.

The passage suggests that Glass’s work displays which of the following qualities? a b

c

A return to the use of popular music in classical compositions An attempt to elevate rock music to an artistic status more closely approximating that of classical music A long-standing tendency to incorporate elements from two apparently disparate musical styles

Explanation The passage describes in general terms how Philip Glass uses popular music in his classical compositions and explores how Glass can do this without being imitative. Note that there are no opposing views discussed; the author is simply presenting his or her views. Question 1: One of the important points that the passage makes is that when Glass uses popular elements in his music, the result is very much his own creation (it is “distinctively his”). In other words, the music is far from being derivative. Thus one issue that the passage addresses is the one referred to in answer Choice E—it answers it in the negative. The passage does not discuss the impact of Glass’s use of popular elements on listeners, on the commercial success of his music, on other composers or on Glass’s reputation, so none of Choices A through D is correct. The correct answer is Choice E.

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Question 2: To answer this question, it is important to assess each answer choice independently. Since the passage says that Glass revived the use of popular music in classical compositions, answer Choice A is clearly correct. On the other hand, the passage also denies that Glass composes popular music or packages it in a way to elevate its status, so answer Choice B is incorrect. Finally, since Glass’s style has always mixed elements of rock with classical elements, answer Choice C is correct. Thus the correct answer is Choice A and Choice C.

Text Completion Questions As mentioned earlier, skilled readers do not simply absorb the information presented on the page; instead, they maintain a constant attitude of interpretation and evaluation, reasoning from what they have read so far to create a picture of the whole and revising that picture as they go. Text Completion questions test this ability by omitting crucial words from short passages and asking the test taker to use the remaining information in the passage as a basis for selecting words or short phrases to fill the blanks and create a coherent, meaningful whole. Question Structure • Passage composed of one to five sentences • One to three blanks • Three answer choices per blank (five answer choices in the case of a single blank) • The answer choices for different blanks function independently; i.e., selecting one choice for one blank does not affect what choices you can select for another blank • Single correct answer, consisting of one choice for each blank; no credit for partially correct answers

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Tips for Answering Do not merely try to consider each possible combination of answers; doing so will take too long and is open to error. Instead, try to analyze the passage in the following way: • Read through the passage to get an overall sense of it. • Identify words or phrases that seem particularly significant, either because they emphasize the structure of the passage (words like although or moreover) or because they are central to understanding what the passage is about. • Try to fill in the blanks with words or phrases that seem to complete the sentence, then see if similar words are offered among the answer choices. • Do not assume that the first blank is the one that should be filled first; perhaps one of the other blanks is easier to fill first. Select your choice for that blank, and then see whether you can complete another blank. If none of the choices for the other blank seem to make sense, go back and reconsider your first selection. • When you have made your selection for each blank, check to make sure the passage is logically, grammatically and stylistically coherent.

Sample Questions Directions: For each blank, select one entry from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text. 1.

It is refreshing to read a book about our planet by an author who does not allow facts to be (i)__________ by politics: well aware of the political disputes about the effects of human activities on climate and biodiversity, this author does not permit them to (ii)__________ his comprehensive description of what we know about our biosphere. He emphasizes the enormous gaps in our knowledge, the sparseness of our observations, and the (iii)__________, calling attention to the many aspects of planetary evolution that must be better understood before we can accurately diagnose the condition of our planet. Blank (i) a overshadowed b invalidated c illuminated

Blank (ii) d enhance e obscure f underscore

Blank (iii) g plausibility of our hypotheses h certainty of our entitlement i superficiality of our theories

Explanation The overall tone of the passage is clearly complimentary. To understand what the author of the book is being complimented on, it is useful to focus on the second blank. Here, we must determine what word would indicate something that the author is praised for not permitting. The only answer choice that fits the case is “obscure,” since enhancing and underscoring are generally good things to do, not things one should refrain from doing. Choosing “obscure” clarifies the choice for the first blank; the only choice that fits well with “obscure” is “overshadowed.” Notice that trying to fill blank (i) without filling blank (ii) first is hard—each choice has at least some initial plausibility. Since the third blank requires a phrase that matches “enormous gaps” and “sparseness of our observations,” the best choice is “superficiality of our theories.” Thus the correct answer is Choice A (overshadowed), Choice E (obscure) and Choice I (superficiality of our theories). 2.

Vain and prone to violence, Caravaggio could not handle success: the more his (i)__________ as an artist increased, the more (ii)__________ his life became. Blank (i) a temperance b notoriety c eminence

Blank (ii) d tumultuous e providential f dispassionate

Explanation In this sentence, what follows the colon must explain or spell out what precedes it. So, roughly, what the second part must say is that as Caravaggio became more successful, his life got more out of control. When one looks for words to fill the blanks, it becomes clear that “tumultuous” is the best fit for blank (ii), since neither of the other choices suggests being out of control. And for blank (i), the best choice is “eminence,” since to increase in eminence is a consequence of becoming more successful. It is true that Caravaggio might also increase in notoriety, but an increase in notoriety as an artist is not as clear a sign of success as an increase in eminence. Thus the correct answer is Choice C (eminence) and Choice D (tumultuous).

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3.

In parts of the Arctic, the land grades into the landfast ice so _______ that you can walk off the coast and not know you are over the hidden sea. a b c d e

• Read the sentence to get an overall sense of it. • Identify words or phrases that seem particularly significant, either because they emphasize the structure of the sentence (words like although or moreover) or because they are central to understanding what the sentence is about. • Try to fill in the blank with a word that seems appropriate to you and then see if two similar words are offered among the answer choices. If you find some word that is similar to what you are expecting but cannot find a second one, do not become fixated on your interpretation; instead, see whether there are other words among the choices that can be used to fill the blank coherently. • When you have selected your pair of answer choices, check to make sure that each one produces a sentence that is logically, grammatically and stylistically coherent, and that the two sentences mean the same thing.

permanently imperceptibly irregularly precariously relentlessly

Explanation The word that fills the blank has to characterize how the land grades into the ice in a way that explains how you can walk off the coast and over the sea without knowing it. The word that does that is “imperceptibly;” if the land grades imperceptibly into the ice, you might well not know that you had left the land. Describing the shift from land to ice as permanent, irregular, precarious or relentless would not help to explain how you would fail to know. Thus the correct answer is Choice B (imperceptibly).

Sentence Equivalence Questions Like Text Completion questions, Sentence Equivalence questions test the ability to reach a conclusion about how a passage should be completed on the basis of partial information, but to a greater extent they focus on the meaning of the completed whole. Sentence Equivalence questions consist of a single sentence with just one blank, and they ask you to find two answer choices that lead to a complete, coherent sentence while producing sentences that mean the same thing. Question Structure • Consists of a single sentence, one blank, and six answer choices. • Requires you to select two of the answer choices; no credit for partially correct answers. Tips for Answering Do not simply look among the answer choices for two words that mean the same thing. This can be misleading for two reasons. First, the choices may contain pairs of words that mean the same thing but do not fit coherently into the sentence. Second, the pair of words that do constitute the correct answer may not mean exactly the same thing, since all that matters is that the resultant sentences mean the same thing.

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Sample Question Directions: Select the two answer choices that, when used to complete the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and produce completed sentences that are alike in meaning. 1.

Although it does contain some pioneering ideas, one would hardly characterize the work as __________. a b c d e f

orthodox eccentric original trifling conventional innovative

Explanation The word “Although” is a crucial signpost here. The work contains some pioneering ideas, but apparently it is not overall a pioneering work. Thus the two words that could fill the blank appropriately are “original” and “innovative.” Note that “orthodox” and “conventional” are two words that are very similar in meaning, but neither one completes the sentence sensibly. Thus the correct answer is Choice C (original) and Choice F (innovative).

Introduction to the Quantitative Reasoning Measure The Quantitative Reasoning measure assesses your: • basic mathematical skills • understanding of elementary mathematical concepts • ability to reason quantitatively and to model and solve problems with quantitative methods Some of the questions in the measure are posed in real-life settings, while others are posed in purely mathematical settings. The skills, concepts, and abilities are tested in the four content areas below. • Arithmetic topics include properties and types of integers, such as divisibility, factorization, prime numbers, remainders, and odd and even integers; arithmetic operations, exponents, and radicals; and concepts such as estimation, percent, ratio, rate, absolute value, the number line, decimal representation and sequences of numbers. • Algebra topics include operations with exponents; factoring and simplifying algebraic expressions; relations, functions, equations and inequalities; solving linear and quadratic equations and inequalities; solving simultaneous equations and inequalities; setting up equations to solve word problems; and coordinate geometry, including graphs of functions, equations, and inequalities, intercepts, and slopes of lines. • Geometry topics include parallel and perpendicular lines, circles, triangles—including isosceles, equilateral, and 30 - 60 - 90 triangles—quadrilaterals, other polygons, congruent and similar figures, three-dimensional figures, area, perimeter, volume, the Pythagorean theorem and angle measurement in degrees. The ability to construct proofs is not tested. • Data analysis topics include basic descriptive statistics, such as mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, interquartile range, quartiles, and percentiles; interpretation of data in tables and graphs, such as line graphs, bar graphs, circle graphs, boxplots, scatterplots and frequency distributions; elementary probability, such as probabilities of compound events and independent events; random variables and prob-

ability distributions, including normal distributions; and counting methods, such as combinations, permutations, and Venn diagrams. These topics are typically taught in high school algebra courses or introductory statistics courses. Inferential statistics is not tested. The content in these areas includes high school mathematics and statistics at a level that is generally no higher than a second course in algebra; it does not include trigonometry, calculus, or other higher-level mathematics. The publication Math Review for the GRE revised General Test, which is available at www.ets.org/gre/revised/prepare, provides detailed information about the content of the Quantitative Reasoning measure. The mathematical symbols, terminology, and conventions used in the Quantitative Reasoning measure are those that are standard at the high school level. For example, the positive direction of a number line is to the right, distances are nonnegative, and prime numbers are greater than 1. Whenever nonstandard notation is used in a question, it is explicitly introduced in the question. In addition to conventions, there are some assumptions about numbers and geometric figures that are used in the Quantitative Reasoning measure. Two of these assumptions are (1) all numbers used are real numbers and (2) geometric figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. More about conventions and assumptions appears in the publication Mathematical Conventions for the GRE revised General Test, which is available at www.ets.org/gre/revised/prepare.

Quantitative Reasoning Question Types The Quantitative Reasoning measure has four types of questions: • Quantitative Comparison questions • Multiple-choice questions—Select One Answer Choice • Multiple-choice questions—Select One or More Answer Choices • Numeric Entry questions Each question appears either independently as a discrete question or as part of a set of questions called a Data Interpretation set. All of the questions in a Data Interpretation set are based on the same data presented in tables, graphs, or other displays of data.

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For the paper-based test, you are allowed to use a basic handheld calculator on the Quantitative Reasoning measure. The calculator will be provided to you at the test site, and you may keep it when you are finished with the test. Information about using the calculator to help you answer questions appears later.

Quantitative Comparison Questions Questions of this type ask you to compare two quantities—Quantity A and Quantity B—and then determine which of the following statements describes the comparison. a b c d

Quantity A is greater. Quantity B is greater. The two quantities are equal. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

Tips for Answering • Become familiar with the answer choices. Quantitative Comparison questions always have the same answer choices, so get to know them, especially the last choice, “The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.” Never select this last choice if it is clear that the values of the two quantities can be determined by computation. Also, if you determine that one quantity is greater than the other, make sure you carefully select the corresponding choice so as not to reverse the first two choices. • Avoid unnecessary computations. Don’t waste time performing needless computations in order to compare the two quantities. Simplify, transform, or estimate one or both of the given quantities only as much as is necessary to compare them. • Remember that geometric figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. If any aspect of a given geometric figure is not fully determined, try to redraw the figure, keeping those aspects that are completely determined by the given information fixed but changing the aspects of the figure that are not determined. Examine the results. What variations are possible in the relative lengths of line segments or measures of angles?

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• Plug in numbers. If one or both of the quantities are algebraic expressions, you can substitute easy numbers for the variables and compare the resulting quantities in your analysis. Consider all kinds of appropriate numbers before you give an answer: e.g., zero, positive and negative numbers, small and large numbers, fractions, and decimals. If you see that Quantity A is greater than Quantity B in one case and Quantity B is greater than Quantity A in another case, choose “The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.” • Simplify the comparison. If both quantities are algebraic or arithmetic expressions and you cannot easily see a relationship between them, you can try to simplify the comparison. Try a step-by-step simplification that is similar to the steps involved when you solve the equation 5  4 x  3 for x, or similar to the steps involved when you determine that the inequality 3y  2  y is equivalent to the simpler in5 equality 1  y. Begin by setting up a comparison involving the two quantities, as follows: Quantity A ? Quantity B where ? is a “placeholder” that could represent the relationship greater than (>), less than (