Practical Parallel Rendering

Practical Parallel Rendering Practical Parallel Rendering Edited by Alan Chalm ers Timothy Davis Erik Reinhard A K ...

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Practical Parallel Rendering

Practical Parallel Rendering

Edited by

Alan Chalm ers Timothy Davis Erik Reinhard

A K Peters Natick, Massachusetts

Editorial, Sales, and Customer Service Office A K Peters, Ltd. 63 South Avenue Natick, MA 01760 www.akpeters.com Copyright © 2002 by A K Peters, Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form , electronic o r mechanical, inc luding photocop ying, recording, or by an y information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Practical parallel rendering / edited by Alan Chalmers, Timothy Davis, Erik Reinhard. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56881-179-9 1. Parallel processing (Electronic computers) 2. Electronic data processing-Distributed processing. I Chalmers, Alan II. Davis, Timothy, 1965- III. Reinhard, Erik, 1968- IV. Title. QA76.58 .C44 2002 004'.35-dc21 2002070381

Printed in Canada 06 05 04 03 02

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

I

Preface

xi

Parallel Rendering

1

1 Introduction to Parallel Processing 1.1

1.2 1.3

1.4

Concepts....................................................................................... 1.1.1 Dependencies .............................................................. 1.1.2 Scalability......................................................................... 1.1.3 Control.............................................................................. Classification of Parallel Systems .............................................. 1.2.1 Parallel versus Distributed Systems.................................. The Relationship of Tasks and Data.......................................... 1.3.1 Inherent Difficulties ..................................................... 1.3.2 Tasks ............................................................................ 1.3.3 Data .................................................................................. Evaluating Parallel Implementations........................................ 1.4.1 Realization Penalties ................................................... 1.4.2 Performance Metrics ........................................................ 1.4.3 Efficiency .........................................................................

2 Task Scheduling and Data Management 2.1 Problem Decomposition............................................................... 2.1.1 Algorithmic Decomposition ............................................. 2.1.2 Domain Decomposition ................................................ 2.1.3 Abstract Definition of a Task ........................................... 2.1.4 System Architecture .........................................................

V

3 4 5 6 7 7 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 20 25 31 31 32 32 34 34

vi

Contents

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

Computational Models .......................................................... 2.2.1 Data Driven Model ....................................................... 2.2.2 Demand Driven Model ..................................................... 2.2.3 Hybrid Computational Model ...................................... Task Management .................................................................. 2.3.1 Task Definition and Granularity ................................... 2.3.2 Task Distribution and Control ...................................... 2.3.3 Algorithmic Dependencies .......................................... Task Scheduling Strategies ..................................................... 2.4.1 Data Driven Task Management Strategies ....................... 2.4.2 Demand Driven Task Management Strategies .... 2.4.3 Task Manager Process...................................................... 2.4.4 Distributed Task Management ...................................... 2.4.5 Preferred Bias Task Allocation......................................... Data Management .................................................................. 2.5.1 World Model of the Data: No Data Management Required ....................................... 2.5.2 Virtual Shared Memory.................................................... 2.5.3 The Data Manager ............................................................ 2.5.4 Consistency ................................................................. 2.5.5 Minimizing the Impact of Remote Data Requests . . 2.5.6 Data Management for Multistage Problems .....................

3 Parallel Global Illumination Algorithms 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

Rendering..................................................................................... Parallel Processing .................................................................. Ray Tracing ................................................................................. Spatial Subdivisions .................................................................... 3.4.1 Parallel Ray Tracing ......................................................... 3.4.2 Demand Driven Ray Tracing............................................ 3.4.3 Data Parallel Ray Tracing ................................................ 3.4.4 Hybrid Scheduling............................................................ Radiosity ...................................................................................... 3.5.1 Form Factors..................................................................... 3.5.2 Parallel Radiosity ......................................................... Full Matrix Radiosity.................................................................. 3.6.1 Setting Up the Matrix of Form Factors ............................ 3.6.2 Solving the Matrix of Form Factors ................................. 3.6.3 Group Iterative Methods .............................................. Progressive Refinement .......................................................... 3.7.1 Parallel Shooting ...............................................................

36 36 41 46 46 46 48 49 53 53 54 59 62 64 65 66 67 69 76 80 85 89 90 92 94 96 99 99 104 107 109 110 Ill 112 113 115 115 116 118

Contents

4

3.8

Hierarchical Radiosity ................................................................ 3.8.1 Parallel Hierarchical Radiosity ....................................... 3.9 Particle Tracing........................................................................... 3.9.1 Parallel Particle Tracing ................................................... 3.9.2 Density Estimation ........................................................... 3.10 Data Distribution and Data Locality ......................................... 3.10.1 Data Distribution .......................................................... 3.10.2 Visibility Preprocessing ................................................... 3.10.3 Environment Mapping...................................................... 3.10.4 Geometric Simplification ................................................. 3.10.5 Directional Caching ...................................................... 3.10.6 Reordering Computations................................................. 3.11 Discussion.....................................................................................

120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 128 130 130 131

Overview of Parallel Graphics Hardware

133

4.1 4.2

133 136 136 139 142 146 149 151

4.3 5

vii

Pipelining ..................................................................................... Parallelism in Graphics Cards................................................... 4.2.1 3DLABS Products............................................................ 4.2.2 Hewlett-Packard Products ................................................ 4.2.3 SGI Products (Silicon Graphics, Inc.) .......................... 4.2.4 UNC Products .................................................................. 4.2.5 Pomegranate Graphics Chip ............................................. Conclusion ...................................................................................

Coherence in Ray Tracing 5.1

5.2

Scene Analysis ............................................................................. 5.1.1 Distribution of Data Accesses .......................................... 5.1.2 Temporal Characteristics ............................................... 5.1.3 Temporal Behaviour per Ray Type .................................. 5.1.4 Conclusions ...................................................................... Animation Analysis..................................................................... 5.2.1 Background ...................................................................... 5.2.2 Related Work.................................................................... 5.2.3 Frame Coherence Algorithm ............................................ 5.2.4 Parallel Frame Coherence Algorithm ............................... 5.2.5 Results .......................................................................... 5.2.6 Summary ..........................................................................

153 154 155 158 162 164 165 166 167 169 174 176 184

viii

II

Contents

Case Studies

6 Interactive Ray Tracing on a Supercomputer 6.1

6.2

6.3 6.4

System Architecture.................................................................... 6.1.1 Conventional Operation.................................................... 6.1.2 Frameless Rendering ........................................................ 6.1.3 Performance .................................................................. Ray Tracing for Volume Visualization...................................... 6.2.1 Background ...................................................................... 6.2.2 Traversal Optimizations ................................................... 6.2.3 Algorithms........................................................................ 6.2.4 Results .......................................................................... 6.2.5 Discussion ........................................................................ Ray Tracing for Terrain Visualization...................................... Conclusions..................................................................................

7 Interactive Ray Tracing on PCs 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 7.1.1 Previous Work.................................................................. 7.2 An Optimized Ray Tracing Implementation ............................ 7.2.1 Code Complexity.............................................................. 7.2.2 Caching............................................................................. 7.2.3 Coherence through Packets of Rays ................................. 7.2.4 Parallelism through SIMD Extensions ............................. 7.3 Ray Triangle Intersection Computation ................................... 7.3.1 Optimized Barycentric Coordinate Test ........................... 7.3.2 Evaluating Instruction Level Parallelism.......................... 7.3.3 SIMD Barycentric Coordinate Test.................................. 7.4 BSP Traversal.............................................................................. 7.4.1 Traversal Algorithm ......................................................... 7.4.2 Memory Layout for Better Caching ................................. 7.4.3 Traversal Overhead .......................................................... 7.5 SIMD Phong Shading ............................................................. 7.6 Performance of the Ray Tracing Engine................................... 7.6.1 Comparison to Other Ray Tracers .................................... 7.6.2 Reflection and Shadow Rays ........................................ 7.6.3 Comparison with Rasterization Hardware........................ 7.7 Interactive Ray Tracing on PC Clusters ................................... 7.7.1 Overview...........................................................................

185 187 188 189 192 193 194 195 197 201 205 211 214 215 21*7 217 220 221 221 222 223 223 223 223 224 224 226 226 228 229 229 231 231 233 234 236 238

Contents

ix

7.8 Distributed Data Management................................................... 7.8.1 Explicit Data Management ............................................... 7.8.2 Preprocessing ................................................................... 7.9 Load Balancing............................................................................ 7.10 Implementation ....................................................................... 7.11 Results .......................................................................................... 7.12 Conclusions.................................................................................. 8 The "Kilauea" Massively Parallel Ray Tracer 8.1 8.2 8.3

8.4 8.5 8.6

8.7

8.8 8.9

What Is the Kilauea Project? ................................................. Basic Idea..................................................................................... System Design.............................................................................. 8.3.1 Hardware Environment ................................................ 8.3.2 Pthreads ........................................................................ 8.3.3 Message Passing............................................................... 8.3.4 Front-End Process ............................................................ 8.3.5 Launching Kilauea ........................................................... 8.3.6 Single Executable Binary ................................................. 8.3.7 Multiframe Rendering ...................................................... 8.3.8 Global Illumination Renderer........................................... The ShotData File Format ...................................................... Parallel Ray Tracing................................................................... Implementation ....................................................................... 8.6.1 Low-Level Data Structure ................................................ 8.6.2 MPI (Message Passing Interface) Layer ....................... 8.6.3 Tel Command Interface.................................................... 8.6.4 Rank and Task.................................................................. 8.6.5 Details of Ray Tracing ..................................................... 8.6.6 Shading Computation ....................................................... 8.6.7 Photon Map Method......................................................... 8.6.8 Things to Note in Shading Computation .......................... 8.6.9 Development in General................................................... Rendering Results ....................................................................... 8.7.1 Sample 1: Quatro .......................................................... 8.7.2 Sample 2: Jeep.................................................................. 8.7.3 Sample 3: Jeep 8............................................................... 8.7.4 Consideration of Rendering Results................................. Conclusion ................................................................................... Future Plans and Tasks ..........................................................

239 239 241 241 242 243 246 249 249 250 251 251 252 252 253 253 254 254 255 256 261 268 268 277 279 281 288 291 306 310 314 316 316 319 321 322 323 325

x

Contents

9 Parallel Ray Tracing on a Chip 329 9.1 The Smart Memories Chip......................................................... 329 9.2 The SHARP Ray Tracer............................................................. 331 9.3 Simulation Results ................................................................... 333 9.3.1 Caching............................................................................. 334 9.3.2 Estimated Performance..................................................... 335 9.4 Conclusions.................................................................................. 336 Bibliography

337

Index

363

Author Biographies

369

Preface

The eve r i ncreasing c omputational dem ands ass ociated with re ndering has meant th at p arallel rend ering is alm ost as ol d as re ndering i tself. However, the fu ll po tential p arallel pro cessing has to offer of producing won derful images in reasonable tim es h as always see med to allud e tho se striv ing for this "holy grail." While p arallel p rocessing on a low nu mber of processors is relatively straightforward, the challenge com es when co nfronting an i mplementation on a l arge sy stem. Here t he ove rheads as sociated with the processors working t ogether c an ra pidly dominate and l ead t o t he frustration of a s olution time o f more than th at which was ach ievable on a single process or. And yet it is p recisely th ese larg er syst ems which offer th e co mputational p erformance we seek. The ai m of t his b ook i s t o de scribe t he pr oblems associ ated wi th parallel renderi ng, pr ovide a methodology as t o h ow t hese pr oblems can be minimized an d dem onstrate ho w, with ca re, i t i s i ndeed p ossible t o achi eve efficient parallel rendering. The book is stru ctured in to two parts. The first part is intended t o pro vide t extbook m aterial t hat i ntroduces generic parallel pr ocessing i ssues i n Chapters 1 a nd 2. With t his bac kground k nowledge, t he reade r i s t hen introduced to h igh-end graphics algo rithms su ch as ray tracin g, radiosity and particle tracing. T he s pecifics of these algorithms and their i mplications f or parallel processi ng are di scussed i n C hapter 3, while C hapter 4 deals wi th rec ent dev elopments i n har dware. F or m any of t hese al gorithms it tu rns ou t th at th e p roper ex ploitation o f co herence is essen tial. Fo r th is reason, a n in-dept h analysis of cohe rence for single im ages as well as im age sequences is presented in Chapter 5. In t he sec ond part of t his book, a number of case st udies are presented. Each case stud y u ses p arallelism to sp eed up ray tracing , but in t he process they all take very different approaches to solving the problems faced in par-

xi

Xll

Preface

allel ren dering. In Ch apter 6 p arallel ray tracin g on larg e sh ared m emory computers is sh own to p roduce in teractive fram e rates fo r d ata-sets co ntaining ten s of m illions o f quadrilaterals at scr een reso lutions o f 102 42 pi xels. A second case st udy sho ws th at clu sters of PC's can also be effectiv ely utilized to re nder v ery l arge m odels. C hapter 7 demonstrates t hat by very ca refully exploiting the caching struc ture of m odern PCs, which effectively am ounts to l everaging as m uch c oherence as possible, networks o f PC s ca n render models co ntaining m illions of t riangles at in teractive rates. Th e th ird case study i n C hapter 8 di scusses t he Kilauea pa rallel ren dering e ngine, which was used t o cr eate th e f ilm "Fin al Fan tasy". Th e last ch apter of th is b ook proposes t o i mplement ray t racing i n hardware an d as suc h t akes a ve ry different approach to parallel rendering.

Acknowledgements This b ook has evol ved o ver m any y ears. A number of t he c oncepts de scribed i n C hapter 2 were first in troduced in lecture notes at th e Un iversity of B ristol and later app eared in A.G. C halmers an d J.P. Tid mus, Practical Parallel Processing: An Introduction to Problem Solving in Parallel. International Thomson Computer Press, 1996. In 1998 we gave a co urse on paral lel ren dering at SIG GRAPH an d t hings just sn owballed fro m th ere. I wo uld firstly lik e to th ank all th e au thors wh o have con tributed to th is book. Hopefully our co mbined exp erience will h elp you get to grips with practical parallel rendering. I would also lik e to th ank th e Ren dering and Parallel Graph ics & Visualization co mmunities arou nd th e world for pro viding such a stim ulating environment in w hich to wo rk. I would enco urage an yone w ho h asn't alr eady done so , to atten d on e of the Eur ographics-ACM SIGG RAPH Workshops in these fields; they are inspiring. I have b een ex tremely lu cky to h ave b een ab le to in teract and share a beer or t hree wi th so m any wo nderful pe ople o ver t he y ears, al l of wh om have hel ped m e formulate my ideas: the ACM SI GGRAPH Exec utive Com mittee an d th e wid er ACM SIGGRAPH and Eu rographics co mmunities, especially Bo nnie Mitch ell, Ju dy Brown, Steve Cunn ingham, Leo Hourvitz, Scott Lan g, Erica Jo hnson, Na n Sc haller, G reg Ward and David Arnold to m ention on ly a v ery few; m y co lleagues and friends at th e University of B ristol, in p articular C olin Dalton, Neill Ca mpbell an d Maj id Mirm ehdi and all my cu rrent an d fo rmer PhD stud ents. Th e list cou ld go on. Finally, t hank y ou t o my fam ily and esp ecially R hona and M aya fo r t heir love and support. Alan Chalmers

Preface

xiii

I w ish to ackn owledge m y ad visor, Dr. Ed ward W . D avis, at North Carolina State Univ ersity, fo r his h elp an d guidance, a s wel l as my fam ily for their continued encouragement and support. Timothy A. Davis Several peo ple have c ontributed t o t his book i n b oth material and im material way s. T hese i nclude Chuck Hansen an d Pete S hirley f or giving m e the f reedom to pursue m y own i nterests. I'm very g rateful t o t hem as wel l as Mik e Stark , Bill Martin , Helen Hu, Margarita Bratk ova, Kristi Po tter, Bruce a nd Amy Gooc h an d m any ot hers fo r m aking living i n Utah an al most norm al experience. T hey've al so m anaged t o p ut up wi th m e fo r t wo years. Ho w co ol is th at? Finally, I wou ld lik e to than k all au thors wh o contributed their p recious ti me an d d elivered th e con tent th at I b elieve makes this book both useful and beautiful. Erik Reinhard

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