Power through Weakness: Paul's Understanding of the Christian Ministry in 2 Corinthians (Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series)

Dr Savage seeks to understand the apostle Paul's apparently contradictory description of his ministry in 2 Corinthians as one in which power is manifested through weakness: 'When I am weak, then I am strong!' This paradox becomes intelligible when it is understood that Paul's critics were influenced by a perspective which was the exact opposite of his: they imbibed the self-exalting outlook of their contemporary world, while he embraced the self-emptying gospel of Christ. Drawing from archaeological data on first-century Corinth, this study is unique in establishing both the secular underpinnings of Paul's paradoxical language and the devastating critique which that language offers on the general outlook of the first century. Paul emerges as a radical foil to the spirit of the age.

SOCIETY FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES MONOGRAPH SERIES General editor: Margaret E. Thrall

86 POWER THROUGH WEAKNESS

Power through weakness Paul's understanding of the Christian ministry in 2 Corinthians TIMOTHY B. SAVAGE Senior Minister, Camelback Bible Church, Paradise Valley, Arizona

I CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY IOOI 1-421 I, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1996 First published 1996 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data

Savage, Timothy B. Power through weakness: Paul's understanding of the Christian ministry in 2 Corinthians / Timothy B. Savage. p. cm. - (Society for New Testament Studies Monograph series; 86) Rev. and updated version of the author's thesis (doctoral) Cambridge Univ., 1987. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 49640 3 (hardback)

1. Bible. N.T. Corinthians, 2nd - Criticism, interpretation, etc. 2. Sociology, Christian - History - Early church, ca. 30-600. 3. Paul, the Apostle, Saint - Contributions in pastoral theology. 4. Pastoral theology - Biblical teaching. I. Title. II. Series: Monograph series (Society for New Testament Studies); 86. BS2675.2.S28 1995 227'.3o6-dc2O 95-44544 ISBN 0 521 49640 3 hardback

Transferred to digital printing 2003

CE

CONTENTS

Preface List of abbreviations Introduction The problem The plan

page ix xi i i 16

PART I! POWER THROUGH WEAKNESS! THE BACKGROUND 1

2

The social setting of first-century Corinth: an historical examination The Graeco-Roman World Corinth

19 19 35

The situation in the Corinthian church: a biblical analysis Boasting Physical presence Speech Support Conclusion

54 54 64 69 80 99

PART II: POWER THROUGH WEAKNESS! THE MEANING

3

The nature of the Christian ministry: the glory of Christ The glory of Moses The glory of Isaiah The glory of Christ

vu

103 103 111 127

viii

Contents 4 The nature of the Christian ministry: the shame of the cross The law The Messiah Conclusion 5

6

130 130 139 143

The pattern of the Christian ministry: glory through shame Transformed into the image of the cross Blinded to the glory of the cross Conclusion

145 145 154 162

The pattern of the Christian ministry: power through weakness 2 Corinthians 4:7 2 Corinthians 4:8 and 9 2 Corinthians 4:10 and 11 2 Corinthians 4:12 and 15 2 Corinthians 4:13 2 Corinthians 4:14 2 Corinthians 4:16-18 Summary

164 164 169 172 178 179 181 182 185

Conclusion

187

Appendix

191

Select bibliography Primary sources Commentaries on 2 Corinthians Other books and articles

193 196 198

Index of passages cited Author index Index of names and subjects

224 243 248

PREFACE

This monograph began its life as a doctoral thesis presented to and accepted by the University of Cambridge in 1987. Since then it has been revised and updated extensively. Many people have cast a critical eye over this work at various stages of its development and their suggestions and encouragement have been invaluable. I am particularly grateful to my supervisor in Cambridge, the Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, Morna D. Hooker, who enlarged my understanding of the cross of Christ in Paul and helped me to see its implications for the Christian ministry. I am also grateful to Mr A. G. Woodhead, a classical archaeologist and life-fellow of Corpus Christi College, who carefully supervised my work on first-century Corinth. My original readers, Dr Douglas R. de Lacey and the Rev. J. P. M. Sweet, sharpened many loose arguments and caught several errant details, as did Professor David Hellholm and Dr Margaret E. Thrall, who read the manuscript in preparation for publication. I wish especially to thank Dr Thrall who agreed to include this work in the SNTS monograph series. Several friends have provided important moral support: Dr Roy D. Clements; Professor Murray J. Harris; Professor Harold W. Hoehner; and the late Dr Colin J. Hemer. Mr Steven R. Laube compiled the indexes with admirable patience and accuracy. To each person, my debt is immense. For the financial support which made the research possible I would like to thank the Rotary Foundation of Rotary International, the Tyndale House Council, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and, above all, my parents. The encouragement which I have received from my mother and father far exceeds the monetary. It was they who first challenged me to explore the teachings of scripture and they who undergirded my work with prayer. I trust this offering is worthy of their love. Finally, I am grateful to my wife, Lesli, who unfailingly and IX

x

Preface

without complaint put the demands of my research before her own interests. Without her support, the monograph would never have seen the light of day. For the abiding joy of her companionship I offer my deepest and humble gratitude.

ABBREVIATIONS (and dates of ancient authors)

ABR Ael. AJA AJP Alciphron ANRW

App. Apul. Arch Aret. Aristid. Arist. Artem. AS ASCSA Ath. August. BA BAG

BCH BDF XI

Australian Biblical Review Aelianus, c. AD 170-235 American Journal of Archaeology American Journal of Philology second century AD Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, eds. H. Temporini and W. Haase (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1972- ) Appian, c. AD 95-165 Apuleius, b. c. AD 123 Archaeology Aretaeus, second century AD Aelius Aristides, c. AD 117-180 Aristotle, 384-322 BC Artemidorus Daldianus, second century AD Anatolian Studies American School of Classical Studies in Athens Athenaeus, second century AD Augustine, AD 354-430 The Biblical Archaeologist Bauer, W. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature., translated and adapted by W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich; 2nd ed. revised and augmented by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker (see bibliog.) Bulletin de correspondance hellenique Blass, F. and Debrunner, A. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian

xii

List of abbreviations

Literature, translated and revised by R. W. Funk (see bibliog.) BH Buried History Bib Biblica BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library BZ Biblische Zeitschrift B. Mus. Inscr. British Museum. Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum, eds. C. T. Newton, E. L. Hicks et al. (see bibliog.) Cambridge Ancient History CAH Calabi-Limentani Calabi-Limentani, /. Epigrafia Latina (see bibliog.) CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly Cic. Cicero, 106-43 BC CIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CN Coniectanea neotestamentica CP Classical Philology Crinagorus b. c. 70 BC D. C. Dio Cassius, second century AD D. Chr. Dio Chrysostom, AD 40 - c. 120 D. S. Diodorus Siculus, first century BC Digesta Iustiniani Augusti, second century AD Dig. Edwards, K. M. Corinth: Coins 1896-1929 (see Edwards bibliog.) Epictetus, c. AD 50-120 Epict. ETL Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses Eusebius AD 260-340 EvT Evangelische Theologie ExpT Expository Times Gal. Galenus, second century AD Gellius, Aulus, second century AD Gell. Hell Hellenica Hesp Hesperia Hicks Hicks, E. L. Greek Inscriptions from the British Museum (see bibliog.) Hist Historia Hor. Horace, b. 65 BC HTR Harvard Theological Review IEJ Israel Exploration Journal IG Inscriptiones Graecae

List of abbreviations IGRR ILS Int ITQ JAAR JAC Jastrow

JBL JCE JEA Jos. JHS JKI JQR JRH JRS JSNT JSOT JTS Just. Juv. Kaibel Kent Lane LCL LeBas-Wadd.

Livy LSJ Luc.

xiu

Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae Interpretation Irish Theological Quarterly Journal of the American Academy of Religion Jahrbuch fur Antike und Christentum Jastrow, M. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (see bibliog.) Journal of Biblical Literature Journal of Christian Education Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Josephus, AD 37/38 - c. 100 Journal of Hellenic Studies Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich deutschen archdologischen Instituts Jewish Quarterly Review Journal of Religious History Journal of Roman Studies Journal for the Study of the New Testament Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Journal of Theological Studies Justinianus, sixth century AD Juvenal, first century AD Kaibel, G. Epigrammata Graeca (see bibliog.) Kent, J. H. Corinth: The Inscriptions 1926-1950 (see bibliog.) Lane, E. Corpus Monumentorum Religionis dei Menis (see bibliog.) Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, Ltd., and Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press) Le Bas, P. and Waddington, W. H. Voyage archeologique en Grece et en Asie Mineure (see bibliog.) 59 BC - AD 17 or 64 BC - AD 12 Liddell, H. G. and Scott, R. A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented by H. S. Jones, with the assistence of R. McKenzie (see bibliog.) Lucan, AD 39 - 65

xiv Lucian LXX

Mart. Meritt Moretti MT

NDIEC NT NT NTS

OCD Origen

OT

Ovid Paus. Petron. P. Fay. P. Flor. PGM

List of abbreviations C. AD 125-180

The Septuagint Martial, c. AD 40-104 Meritt, B. D. Corinth: Greek Inscriptions 18961927 (see bibliog.) Moretti, L. Inscrizioni Agonistiche Greche (see bibliog.) The Massoretic Text New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity New Testament Novum Testamentum New Testament Studies Oxford Classical Dictionary, eds. N. G. L. Hammond and H. H. Scullard, 2nd ed. (see bibliog.) AD 185/186-254/255 Old Testament 43 B C - A D 17

Pausanias, second century AD Petronius, first century AD Grenfell, B. P., Hunt, A. S. and Hogarth, D. G. Fayum Towns and their Papyri (see bibliog.) Papiri Fiorentini, documenti pubblici e privati delVetd romana e bizantina. Eds. G. Vitelli and D. Comparetti (see bibliog.) Papyri Graecae Magicae, ed. K. Preisendanz (see bibliog.) c. 30 BC - AD 45 Philostratus, second century AD Philologische Wochenschrift c. 429 - 346 BC AD 23/24-79

Philo Philostr. PhilW Plato Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger C. AD 6l-II2 Plut. Plutarch, c. AD 46 - c. 120 PUP Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People. E. P. Sanders (see bibliog.) P. Lond. Greek Papyri in the British Museum, eds. F. G. Kenyon and H. I. Bell (see bibliog.) P&P Past and Present P. Par. Brunet de Presle, W. Notices et extraits des

List of abbreviations

P. Oxy. PPJ PW, PWSup Quint. RAC RB RE REG RestQ RevPhil RevQ RevScRel RGG RHE RS RSR Sen. S. E. SEA SEG SG SIFC SIG3 SNTU SO Stat. Str-B Str. Suet. Tac.

xv

papyrus grecs du musee du Louvre et de la bibliotheque imperiale (see bibliog.) Oxyrhynchus Papyri, eds. B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt et al (see bibliog.) Paul and Palestinian Judaism. E. P. Sanders (see bibliog.) Paulys Real-Encyclopddie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, and supplementary volumes, ed. G. Wissowa (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1894- ) Quintilian, b. between AD 30 and 35 - c. 100 Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum, ed. T. Klauser (Leipzig: Hiersemann, 1941- ) Revue biblique Revue Epigraphique Revue des Etudes grecques Restoration Quarterly Revue de Philologie Revue de Qumran Revue des Sciences Religieuses Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart Revue d'histoire ecclesiastique Religious Studies Recherches de science religieuse Seneca, b. between 4 BC and AD 1-65 Sextus Empiricus, second century AD Svensk exegetisk arsbok Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum Studium Generale Studi italiani difilologia classica Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd ed. (see bibliog.) Studien zum Neuen Testament und seiner Umwelt Symbolae osloenses Statius, c. AD 45-96 Strack, H. L. and Billerbeck, P. Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, 6 vols. (Miinchen: Oskar Beck, 1922-56) Strabo, 64/63 BC - AD 21/22 Suetonius Tranquillus, c. AD 69 - 115 Tacitus, c. AD 56 - c. 115

xvi

List of abbreviations

Tat. TB TNIDNTT TQ Trypho TS TSK TWNT TZ Vett. Val. Vidman VT West WZKM YCS ZA W ZNW ZTK

Tatianus, second century AD Tyndale Bulletin The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, ed. C. Brown, 3 vols. (Exeter: The Paternoster Press, 1975-78) Theologische Quartalschrift first century BC Theological Studies Theologische Studien und Kritiken Theologisches Worterbuch zum Neuen Testament, eds. G. Kittel and G. Friedrich, 10 vols. (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1933-78) Theologische Zeitschrift Vettius Valens, second century AD Vidman, L. Sylloge inscriptionum religionis Isiacae et Serapiacae (see bibliog.) Vetus Testamentum West, A. B. Corinth: Latin Inscriptions 18961927 (see bibliog.) Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes Yale Classical Studies Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift fiir die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift fiir Theologie und Kirche

The method of citation Abbreviations of primary sources follow established usage: for classical literature see LSJ and OCD, for Jewish material see JBL 95 (1976) 335-38 and for Philo and Josephus see LCL. Commentaries on 2 Corinthians are cited by author only. All other books and articles are cited by author and short title.

INTRODUCTION

No student of the New Testament who wishes to come to grips with the nature of the Christian ministry can afford to neglect the second epistle of St Paul to the Corinthians. In this letter the apostle paints a remarkably candid picture of his own experience as a minister of Christ. His autobiographical sketch reaches a climax in 2 Corinthians 12:10, in the words 'When I am weak, then I am strong!' At first glance Paul would seem to be indulging in a meaningless contradiction. How can he be both weak and strong? How can he sum up his vocation in terms which are normally thought to be mutually exclusive? Yet on further reflection we discover something very different: what appears on the surface to be a clear absurdity is for Paul a profound teaching. Over and over in this epistle he describes his ministry in terms of two completely different, yet overlapping, experiences. In chapter one he defines his vocation in terms of comfort experienced through suffering; in chapter three in terms of glory manifested through shame; in chapter four in terms of life working in death; in chapter six in terms of riches won through poverty; and in chapters twelve and thirteen in terms of power expressed through weakness. It is clear from this general overview that at the core of Paul's teaching in 2 Corinthians lies an important paradox - a paradox whichfindsexpression in a number of different antitheses and which drives to the heart of what it means to Paul to be a minister of Christ. It will be the aim of this book to make sense of this paradox. We shall seek to discover what Paul means by the cryptic words oxav yap aa0eva), xoxe Suvaxoc; eijii. The problem

The task before us will be complicated by the fact that 2 Corinthians is an occasional epistle. Most of what Paul says in this letter represents a careful response to a very specific set of problems

2

Power through weakness: the background

within the Corinthian church. If we are to make sense of his teaching, we must reconstruct the situation which lies behind it. But here we encounter a problem. Paul never reveals the precise nature of the situation he is addressing. He merely alludes to the various issues and events which trouble him and assumes that his readers, the Corinthians, can fill in the details.1 This leaves us with the delicate task of trying to piece together the 'background' of the epistle using only the scattered and oblique references to it which Paul himself provides. Such an endeavour is naturally fraught with difficulties, yet it is not without reward. With due care and diligence we can construct a fairly convincing picture of the situation which gave rise to Paul's teaching. We begin the process in what follows. The situation at Corinth Most scholars would agree that 2 Corinthians contemplates a different set of problems from that of 1 Corinthians. The sort of party strife and misuse of wisdom, knowledge and glossolalia which we find in the earlier epistle have largely disappeared from view in the latter.2 Instead Paul turns his attention to an intruder (6 &5iKf|aac;, 7:12), one who appears to be attacking him personally (cf. OUK SJJLS ^8A,6TCT|K8V, 2:5; 6 Ksxdpianai, 2:10). What troubles Paul is not so much that he is being assailed, but that his converts have not rallied to his support. For this reason, he addresses a harsh letter to the Corinthians and calls on them to punish the intruder (2 Corinthians 2:3-4; 7 :I2 )- To his great relief they quickly demonstrate both their 'innocence' in the matter (ayvoi, 7:11) and their loyalty to him (7:7) by bringing the offender to justice (2:6). Paul's joy is renewed (7:7, 16) and his confidence in his converts restored (7:14). This, however, represents only part of the picture. One of the most puzzling features of 2 Corinthians is that in a space of a few verses Paul can both rejoice in the loyalty of his converts (7:7) and bemoan their lack of affection for him (axevoxcopgiaGe 5e ev xoic; a7cA,&y%voic; 6|acov, 6:12), applaud their earnestness on his behalf (7:12) and wonder at their failure to make room for him in their 1

2

Cf. Munck Paul 168: 'of all Paul's letters II Corinthians is probably the most difficult to understand in detail. He alludes again and again to events of which we otherwise know nothing'. Thus Barrett 'Christianity at Corinth' 286-87; 'Opponents' 236-37; Kummel Introduction 284-85; Georgi Gegner 14; Oostendorp Another Jesus 5; pace Schmithals Gnosis 274-75 who envisages the same 'background' for both epistles.

Introduction

3

hearts (cf. 6:13: 7cXaxi)vGr|T8 Kai ujaeTq; 7:2: xcopfjaaxs fuiaq). It would seem that, despite their outward obedience, the Corinthians harbour reservations about their apostle (H14).3 Indeed, according to 2 Corinthians 7:2, they feel betrayed by him. Paul suggests that this is because they understand him only in part (eTreyvcoxe f||ia (v. 12) suggest an 'unshakable resolve'.

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Power through weakness: the background 4

2 Corinthians 12:13

Just how this edification takes place may be inferred from 2 Corinthians 12:13. Here Paul asks rhetorically, 'for what is there in regard to which148 you came lower than149 the rest of the churches, except that I myself did not burden you?' Some commentators interpret this verse as bitter sarcasm, as though Paul were treating with incredulity the possbility that his refusal of support might promote feelings of inferiority.150 But the verse can also be interpreted in a straightforward manner. It is possible, for instance, that the Corinthians do indeed feel inferior to other churches.151 While there is little in the context to indicate which of the two interpretations is correct, our study of first-century attitudes to wealth and money would suggest the latter. We learned that people in antiquity were skilled in the art of using money for personal advantage. By adorning their cities or guilds or leaders with material splendour they effectively adorned themselves.152 If Corinthian Christians could maintain their apostle Paul in some measure of self-respect it would clearly enhance their capacity to boast. This probably explains why Paul's refusal of support provokes such a collective outcry. Not only does it deny his converts the opportunity to glory in their own munificence, it also forces them to identify with the poverty of their apostle and hence to feel inferior to churches whose apostles are better maintained. Ironically, it was probably the expectation of just such an outcry which caused Paul to refuse support. He knew that if he were to accept Corinthian money he would be encouraging his converts to indulge in a kind of self-boasting not dissimilar to the boasting of his rivals and hence patently at odds with his gospel. He could never 148 149 150 151 152

Thus Moule's rendering of the relative 6 (Idiom 131). T h e i)7csp here is c o m p a r a t i v e ; s o W i n e r Grammar 501. Cf. Furnish 556. Though not because they sense that Paul regards them as less responsible than other churches, pace Dungan Paul 39; Barrett 322. See above pp. 22-24, 41; and cf. Cic. Off 1.14.44: 'We may observe that a great many people do many things that seem to be inspired more by a spirit of ostentation than by heartfelt kindness; for such people are not really generous but are rather influenced by a sort of ambition to make a show of being open-handed'; and Pliny Ep. 1.8.15: 'But when people accompany their generous deeds with words they are thought not to be proud of having performed them, but to be performing them in order to have something to be proud of; and cf. also Hands Social Aid 26'. 'In the vast majority of texts and documents relating to gifts in the classical world, it is quite clear that the giver's action is self-regarding'; and see Danker Benefactor 436.

The situation in the Corinthian church

93

be an accomplice in such egotistical boasting. By refusing their support he forced his converts to participate in his humility and thus to conform, albeit unwillingly, to the pattern of Christ. In this way the poverty of Paul might work for his converts' exaltation (11:7). Now we can see what lies behind Paul's claim that his refusal of support represents an act of supreme love (Tcepiaaoxepox; \)\iaq dyarccov, 12:15b; cf. 11:11), the kind of love a parent might lavish on a child (12:14c), the sort of self-giving love which seeks the good of another (cf. sycb 8e fi8icrca 8arcavf|a(o Kai £K8a7cavr|0f|(7O|iai mtep TCOV i|/i)x,dv yap uoi \iaXXov &7ro0aveiv (v. 15) The clause i'va aoyKoivcovoq aoiou (viz. 'the gospel') yevooum can mean 'that I may be a partner with the gospel' (i.e. in the work of salvation; as Orr-Walther / Corinthians 243; Robertson-Plummer First Corinthians 193), or 'a partner in the benefits of the gospel' (Barrett First Corinthians 216; Bruce 89; BAG 782) or, as we have rendered it, 'a partner in the gospel', i.e. a participant in the sufferings of Christ.

The situation in the Corinthian church

gj

awakening them to the folly of boasting about their own generosity. This conclusion agrees with our analysis of 2 Corinthians.162 2 1 Thessalonians 2:1-13 In this passage Paul gives a detailed account of the way in which he behaved when he was in Thessalonica. He touches briefly on his policy on support (v. 9), as well as his attitude to speech (vv. 2-6) and physical demeanour (vv. 7-8) - the very issues which would later come to trouble the Corinthians. In particular, he reminds his readers that he never preached with impurity or deceit (v. 3) and never attempted to win applause from men (vv. 4, 6) through either flattery (v. 5) or abusive behaviour (v. 7).163 Instead he came as gently as a nurse (v. 7)164 and manifested through his life the gospel which he preached (v. 8).165 Such gentleness naturally produced opposition and scorn (v. 2). But no matter: he could rest assured that he had imparted the gospel as a word from God and not from man (v. 13) and thus that he had encouraged his converts to walk in a manner worthy of God (v. 12). We see in this passage many similarities to 2 Corinthians.166 Paul rejects a proud and domineering attitude and adopts a spirit of gentleness. Not surprisingly, this has a pronounced effect on his policy on support. He endures 'labour and hardship, working night and day so as not to be a burden to any of you' (v. 9). In this way he hopes to build up his converts (v. 8). 5

The Macedonians

Paul makes one noteworthy exception to his policy of refusing support. He allows the brethren in Macedonia to fill up his need when he is in Corinth (2 Corinthians 11:9; Philippians 4:15). Having 162

On the similarity between 1 Cor. 9 and 2 Cor. 11 and 12 cf. Bultmann 'Kauxdoum' 652; Liidemann Paulus 2.136; Kiimmel 180; and cf. esp. 1 Cor. 9:15 with 2 Cor. 11:10; pace Kasemann Questions 227. 163 Since the clause 8uvd|i£voi £v pdpei elvai in v. 7 is linked closely to ^nxoCviec; e£, avGpamcov 56^av in v. 6, it may be rendered 'to be impressive'. The allusion is primarily to domineering behaviour (cf. pdpuq Kai ioxvpoq in 2 Cor. 10:10), though perhaps secondarily to Paul's upkeep (see ^rcipapfjaai in v. 9; and cf. 2 Cor. 11:9); so Henneken Verkiindigung 14-17; Laub Eschatologische 79. 164 On reading r\n\o\ rather than vf|7Cioi see Metzger Text 230-33. 165 T h e t e r m ooxox; in v. 8 serves t o link his 'gentle' b e h a v i o u r (v. 7) t o t h e gospel (v. 8); cf. Spicq "ErciTtoGeiv' 194. 166 T h u s Dibelius Thessalonicher 9; L a u b Eschatologische 134.

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Power through weakness: the background

been so uncompromising with the Corinthians, why does he seem to change his position with the Macedonians? One scholar suggests that it is because Paul loves the Macedonians more than the Corinthians.167 But Paul not only affirms his love for the Corinthians, he argues that his refusal of support proves that love (2 Corinthians 11:11; 12:15b). Others suggest that Paul has a policy of receiving gifts only from distant donors.168 But there is no way to test that theory. We simply do not know whether Paul took money from the Macedonians when he was in Macedonia. Still others insist that Paul refuses support in order to distinguish himself from his Corinthian opponents.169 As we have seen, there is some truth in that view, yet there may be a more fundamental reason for his position with the Macedonians. It is immediately noticeable that the Macedonians' attitude to giving differs markedly from the Corinthians'. They view their support as an opportunity to participate with Paul in his affliction (auyKOivcovfjaaviec; fiou xfj 0Ai\|/ei, Philippians 4:14) and to share in the service of the saints (xfjv Koivcoviav xfjg 5iaKovia.r|6iv6v ('I a m myself M o s e s y o u r p r o p h e t t o w h o m you have given your mysteries which complete I s r a e l . . . this is your true name'); cf. P G M II (126-8); III (158-59); X I I (92-94); a n d see Jos. A . 2.276. N o t surprisingly people prayed for this same knowledge; cf. Griffith a n d T h o m p son Demotic Magical Papyrus 13, col. 5 (13-14): 'reveal yourself (great G o d seated in fire) t o m e here today in the fashion of your revelation t o Moses which y o u made upon the mountain'. Cf. A u n e ' M a g i c ' 1519. Some of the magical papyri cited above are from the third and fourth centuries, but their content probably dates to the first century (so Griffith and Thompson Demotic Magical Papyrus 11-13). It is worth noting that Pliny the Elder, a first-century encyclopaedist, refers incidentally to 'another branch of magic, derived from Moses' (HN 30.2.11). This demonstrates that the link between Moses and magic had already been established by Pliny's day (for evidence of the same link in the second century cf. Apul. Apol. 90). It might be wondered whether papyri and amulets bearing the name of Moses might not be Jewish in origin (so Goodenough Jewish Symbols 266) and so of little value in assessing the attitudes of

io8

Power through weakness: the meaning

The literary and papyrological evidence thus points in the same direction: the great lawgiver of the Jews, Moses, was a famous and much honoured personage in the Graeco-Roman world. We are probably safe to conclude, then, that Paul's Gentile readers were well acquainted with Moses - if not with the details of his life, at least with his status as an exalted figure. But may not we conclude much more? As newly initiated members into the people of God, as members now of a tradition which honoured Moses as its most illustrious patriarch,29 would not their knowledge of him exceed that of their pagan contemporaries? The fact that Paul can write almost incidentally of the law of Moses (i Corinthians 9:9) and baptism into Moses (1 Corinthians 10:2) would seem to indicate that his readers had much more than a superficial grasp of the lawgiver. In order to discover how much they might have known we must examine the contemporary Jewish teaching about Moses, and especially the broad outlines of such teaching, the sort of things which Paul might naturally have passed on to his Christian congregation.30 In contemporary Judaism we find that Moses received even greater acclaim and exaltation than he did in the OT.31 In Judaism, for example, he was magnified as 'God's chief prophet throughout the earth, the most perfect teacher in the world' (As. Mos. 11.6), the one for whom the world was created (b. Sanh. 98b), a type of the Messiah (Qoh. Rab. 1.9; Ruth Rab. V.6), the 'greatest and most perfect of men' (Philo Mos. 1.1)32 and sinless (b. Sabb. 55b).33 But these are merely a prelude to greater accolades. He is more than 'a mere man' (As. Mos. 11.6); he is 'a man, God' (Pesiq. Rab. Kah. XXXII; cf. Deut. Rab. XI.4), 'a divine man' (Beioc; dvf|p, Jos. A. 3. 180), 'glorious as God' (Sirach 45:2) - indeed it is difficult to tell

29 30 31 32 33

Greeks a n d R o m a n s . B u t the boundaries between Judaism, Hellenism a n d R o m a n i s m were, by the first century, fluid a n d ill-defined (cf. Hengel Judaism and Hellenism; Kraabel 'Six D i a s p o r a Synagogues' 89), a n d thus it is impossible t o attribute a n y o n e d o c u m e n t t o a single tradition. Instead the evidence above probably reflects a n interplay of all three traditions (thus, commenting specifically on the magical papyri, the conclusion of Dieterich Abraxas 7 0 - 7 1 ; Reitzenstein Poimandres 182, 185; Gager Moses 156-57). Cf. Deut. Rab. X L 3 where Moses is said t o 'excel t h e m all' (namely, A d a m , N o a h , A b r a h a m , Isaac a n d Jacob); also Jeremias 'Manxrfjc;' 854. O r which Jewish members of the Corinthian church (cf. Acts 18) would naturally teach t o Gentile converts. So Jeremias 'Mcooafj*;' 854, 860. Indeed 'the holiest of men ever yet b o r n ' {Mos. 2.192). R. Simeon, however, dissents, arguing that 'Moses and Aaron too died through their sin' (b. Sabb. 55b).

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whether he is human or divine (avGpomivoq f] Oeioq, Philo Mos. 1.27).34 This remarkable association of Moses with deity seems to be rooted in his unique encounter with Yahweh on Mount Sinai.35 There he not only saw what no other mortal had ever seen, the radiating splendour of God's glory,36 he also came to possess that glory for himself, reflecting it brilliantly on his face.37 This, more than any other episode in his life, profoundly influenced Jewish exegetes and caused them to wax eloquent on the theme of Moses' glory.38 It also prompted them to elevate Moses above the other patriarchs,39 even to the very realm of God. The possibility that Paul's Corinthian converts were unaware of this exalted and glorified vision of Moses is extremely unlikely. It is more reasonable to assume that they had embraced the vision for themselves. Moses' dramatic meeting with God on Mount Sinai thus left a deep imprint on two traditions: Graeco-Roman and Jewish. Both depicted Moses in exceedingly lofty terms, as a man above men and one to be revered with God/the gods. Doubtless Paul's readers, as beneficiaries of both traditions (i.e. as pagans turned Christian), would have held Moses in the loftiest esteem. Indeed it was probably their exalted regard for the lawgiver which led Paul to incorporate Moses into the defence of his ministry in 2 Corinthians 3.40 34 35

36 37

38

39 40

Cf. Philo Quaest. in Ex. 2.54; Sac. 9; Post. 28; o n the divinity of Moses in Philo see G o o d e n o u g h By Light 224-34. Cf. Pesiq. Rab. Kah. XXXII: 'he was a man in the hour he climbed the mountain, a god in the hour he came down' (cf. Deut. Rab. XI.4); and Philo Mos. 1.158: 'he was named "god" and "king" (0eo.&|i\|/ei, 6q45 eXa\i\\fzv ev xaiq KapSiaiq f||ac5v fj Pou^f|v, 29:15); and cf. 40:27 where Israel boasts, ' M y way is hidden (&7i£Kp6pr|) from G o d ' (see also 44:8); a n d 33:9-10 where, n o t wanting ' t o hear the law of G o d ' (v. 9), it implores its prophets, ' D o not announce to us [God's law] . . . b u t speak to us . . . a different error' (v. 10). So 1:2,25; 63:8. T h u s 1:4-5, 2 5 ; 3 : 8 ; 5:7> 2 4 ; 9 : I 7 ; 10:6; 13:11; 24:5; 31:6; 33:14; 48:8, 18; 5 0 : 1 ; 53:5; 57:4; 58:1; 59:3, 4, 6, 12; 64:6. Cf. 2:18; 1 0 : 1 0 - 1 1 ; 30:22; 31:7; 4 4 : 9 - 1 0 , 1 2 - 1 7 ; 45*20; 4 6 : 1 ; 4 8 : 5 . S o 1:4; 17:10; 51:13; 57:11. S o 30:2; 3 1 : 1 ; 56:11; 66:3. Cf. the same e r r o r in J o b 17:12 ( M T ) : ' T h e y m a k e night i n t o d a y , saying " T h e light is n e a r , " in t h e presence of d a r k n e s s ' ; a n d i Q S 3.3: 'seeking the ways of light he (the wicked) l o o k s t o w a r d d a r k n e s s ' ; cf. also J o b 5:14; T. Judah 18:6.

Cf. Brueggemann 'Isaiah Tradition' 93: Israel is 'organized against reality, against God's sovereignty'.

120

Power through weakness: the meaning And I have brought forth a blind people (A,aov xoA,6v); For [their] eyes are alike blind (xix|)>.oi), And those having ears are deaf. 43:8 They have no understanding to perceive, For they have been blinded so that they cannot see with their eyes, Nor perceive with their heart. 44:18 See how they are all blinded (&Kxexix|)taDvxai): They have not known; [They are] dumb dogs [that] will not bark; Dreaming of rest, loving to slumber.

56:10

and note especially, And he (Yahweh) said, 'Go and say to this people, Hearing, you will hear and not understand; Seeing, you will see and not perceive. For the heart of this people has been dulled, And they hear with their ears heavily, And they have shut [their] eyes.' 6:8c-ioa 81 The recurring emphasis here on blindness serves to highlight the true nature of Israel's problem. Their darkness is not the product of bad light, but of corrupt vision. In the words of the prophetical author, it is t o mj/oq xfji\|/eco epycov (9:32a). That is to say, as 10:3 makes clear, their pursuit of righteousness has not been marked by humble submission to God (OOK D7i8Tdyr|aav [10:3c] = OOK £K Tuaxeax; [9:32a]).28 Instead they have become arrogant and proud, as though they were establishing 'their own righteousness' (xf|v iSiav 5iKaioa6vr|v ^rixoCvieq [10:3b ] = cog ££ epycov [9:32a]).29 Israel's zeal for the law has thus caused it to commit the very error acknowledged personally by Paul in Philippians 3, the sin of revelling in its righteousness as though it were its own accomplishment. This is a grave offence, for it amounts to using for its own honour a righteousness which was meant for God's. 30 The last time we encountered Israel usurping the honour of God in this way was in our study of Isaiah. 31 There we learned that in exalting itself Israel necessarily lost sight of the exaltedness of God. Now in Romans 10 we discover a similar idea. In seeking to exhibit its own righteousness Israel naturally misses the righteousness of God (Rom io:3). 32 But there is another consequence of Israel's pride: namely, that it also misses God's Messiah, Jesus Christ, 'the end of the law for righteousness to all who believe' (v. 4). The two-fold nature of Israel's blindness is underscored in verses 6-8. Speaking metaphorically, Paul compares his compatriots to those 28

T h e frequent use of niGTiq in Phil. 3 a n d R o m . 9 - 1 0 is instructive. It denotes

humble trust in God.

29

T h e contrast here between ' G o d ' s righteousness' a n d 'their o w n righteousness' is thus explained by the phrase ifj 5iKaioor6vr| TOO 0eoC OVK vnerdyricrav. by failing to seek righteousness in a humble a n d submissive manner, Israel arrived at its o w n righteousness, n o t G o d ' s , a n d hence n o righteousness at all (cf. R o m . 9:31: 'Israel, pursuing a law of righteousness, did n o t attain [that] law [of righteousness]'). Pace

30

C o m m e n t i n g o n R o m . 9:30-10:13, Sanders PLJP 2,1 maintains that 'Israel's failure is n o t that it does n o t obey the law in the correct way, b u t that it does n o t have faith in Christ'; their problem is n o t anthropological, b u t christological (cf. Raisanen Paul and the Law 168-69). But th* s ls t o P o s e a f a l s e dichotomy. Israel's law-inspired pride a n d its lack of faith in Christ are, as we have seen, different sides of the same coin: anthropology a n d christology are intertwined. See above p p . 117-120. O f course in Isaiah Israel's blindness was d u e t o disobedience t o the law (cf. Isa. 42:24), whereas in R o m . 10 it is d u e to self-righteous obedience. In b o t h cases pride serves as the basis of blindness.

31 32

Sanders PUP 37-38.

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Power through weakness: the meaning

who search for righteousness in the heights of heaven (v. 6) and in the depths of the abyss (v. 7), unaware that it is immediately before them in the gospel which he preaches, the gospel of the righteousness of Christ (v. 8). These verses also disclose the reason for Israel's blindness. In citing the injunction 'Do not say in your heart . . . "Who shall ascend into heaven?" . . . "Who shall descend into the pit?'" (10:6-7), P a u l lifts the first six words - [ir\ eiTtrjc; ev xfj Kap5ig aou directly from LXX Deuteronomy 8:17 and 9:4, verses which in their original contexts serve to warn Israel against pride and boasting.33 By quoting these words here Paul reveals his conviction that the warning against egotism is just as pertinent to contemporary Israel. His fellow-countrymen have become proud, and it is because of their pride that they are unable to see the righteousness of Christ in their midst. This may help to explain what Paul sees as the blindness of his rivals in 2 Corinthians. If the opponents are of Jewish extraction and possibly even schooled in the teachings of Judaism, as Paul seems to imply in 2 Corinthians 11:22, they could well be afflicted (he would think) by the same veil which blinded the pharisaic Paul before his conversion. In their zeal to uphold the law they may have been smitten by the very pride which blinded Paul to the great end and goal of the law, namely, the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. Naturally, as self-proclaimed servants of Christ (cf. 2 Corinthians 1:23), they would reject such a suggestion and eagerly affirm the proposition that divine glory now appears pre-eminently in Jesus. But for Paul their affirmation would lack substance. Their law-engendered pride has caused them to miss the peculiar sort of glory which radiates from the exalted Christ. It will be helpful now to summarise our findings. Both the pharisaic Paul and first-century Israel, and perhaps even his present opponents, suffered (the apostle would think) from an acute insensitivity to divine glory. In particular, they were veiled to the true identity of Jesus Christ. According to Paul, such blindness was linked directly to an intense devotion to the law. His own zeal for the Torah had promulgated in him an irresistible urge to exalt himself, the sort of urge which, as we have seen in our study of LXX Isaiah, always blinds one to the exaltedness and glory of God. It was thus a law-engendered pride which veiled Paul to the glory of Christ. 33

So Cranfield Romans 2. 523.

The shame of the cross

739

It would require a divinely-inspired revelation to eradicate that veil, in particular, a shaft of heavenly light beamed into his heart. Only then would he be empowered to see what he had hitherto missed, the divine glory in the face of Jesus Christ. To understand the nature of this veil still further we must consider how exactly the divine light served to open Paul's eyes. The Messiah In 2 Corinthians 3:14 Paul explains how one comes to see the glory of the Lord: '[the veil] is removed in Christ'. If we take the emphatic dative term sv %piaicG in an inclusive and titular sense we may translate: 'the veil is abolished in solidarity with the Messiah'. 34 In principle, first-century Israel would have been eager to link its destiny to a Messiah, an anointed one of God. But it would have rebelled vigorously at the thought of solidarity with Jesus Christ. That was because Jesus singularly failed to accomplish what Israel expected of one appointed by God. It will be helpful to examine the nature of Israel's expectations. Future expectations: the glory of a new age We know that the principal expectation of many first-century Jews was that of a coming new age. They eagerly awaited a time when God would re-assert his rule over the earth and restore his people to the position of honour they enjoyed in the days of David.35 Naturally they longed to share in the glory of such an age and they prayed fervently for its arrival (cf. the first-century Kaddish prayer: 'May he establish his kingdom in your lifetime and in your days' 36). There may also have been a lesser expectation of an individual whom God would appoint to help in the inauguration of that age. 37 This person 34 35

36 37

T a k i n g ev xpiaxcp locatively, see W r i g h t Colossians 47, 6 3 . T h e Jewish literature, especially apocalyptic, is filled with speculation a b o u t a coming age. O n t h e future reign of G o d see D a n . 2:44; 4:17, 25, 32; Sib. Or. 3:47-48, 175-79; -As. Mos. 10:1; i Q M 6:6; Ps. Sol. 17:3; o n t h e subjugation of enemies: Ps. Sol. 17:24-25; Jub. 23:30; / Enoch 71:14-17; o n t h e glory of the new k i n g d o m : / Enoch 62:2; 91.7-16; 4 Ezra 7:112; o n t h e new age generally: / Enoch 47:1-4; 96:8; 2 Enoch 50:2; 61:2; 66:6; Jub. 1:22-25, 27, 29; 4 Ezra 6:9; 7:47, 113; 8:1; a n d for discussion see R o w l a n d Open Heaven 156-76. T h e citation is reproduced in Jeremias New Testament Theology 198. Cf. Ps. Sol. 17-18; 2 Bar. 70:1-10; 4 Ezra 12:32-34; on the glory of the Elect One see / Enoch 45:3-4; cf Ps. Sol. 17:31. But the important point, stressed by Harvey

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would, according to a few reports, assist in the overthrow of foreign oppressors and in the restoration of Israel to its former eminence.38 He would personify the nation's fondest aspirations. It is doubtless these expectations which explain the reticence of many to accept Jesus the Christ. How could he be God's appointed when he so completely failed to inaugurate the new age? Far from manifesting divine glory, he seemed to bear a divine curse. Far from purging the nation of pagan domination, he succumbed to a pagan cross. The latter detail would have been especially repugnant to first-century Israel. Still fresh on its mind was the bitter memory of mass crucifixions of Jews under the repressive regimes of the Seleucid king Antiochus Epiphanes IV in 175 BC39 and the Roman general Varus in 4 BC.40 It was precisely this kind of barbarity that a representative of God would avenge. To suggest that a Messiah had endured a similar fate was not only intolerable but made a mockery of Jewish expectations. It effectively nailed those expectations to a cross. No self-respecting Jew could accept such a Messiah.41

38

39

40

41

Jesus 77-79, 136, 145, is that the new age took priority in Jewish minds over a person appointed by G o d to bring it. O n the glory which Israel would receive in the new age cf. D a n . 12:3; Bar. 5:1, 3; i Q S 4:7-8; C D 3:20; i Q H 17:15; / Enoch 5:7-9; 38:2, 4; 50:1-5; 58:3-6; 62:14-16; 96:3; 104:2; 2 Enoch 22:8-9; 3 Enoch 12:1-2; Jub. 1:29; 2 Bar. 15:8; 51:3, 5, 10; 54:15-16, 21; Sib. Or. 3:282; 4 Ezra 7:96-8; 8:51; T. Levi 18:9; Mart. Isa. 7:25; 9:9; Midr.Ps. 27:1. F o r the poignant account see Josephus A . 12.256: '[the Jews] were whipped, their bodies were mutilated, a n d while still alive a n d breathing, they were crucified (dveaxaopouvxo), while their wives a n d their sons . . . were strangled, the children being m a d e t o h a n g from the necks of their crucified parents'. In the words of the a u t h o r of The Assumption of Moses, this was 'a visitation a n d wrath such as h a d not befallen [the Jews] from the beginning' (8:1). Cf. the report of 'Antiochus' slaughter of the Jews' in 1 Mace. 1:48, 60, 61. Cf. again Josephus B. 2.75: 'Varus n o w detached p a r t of his army t o scour the country in search of the [Jewish] a u t h o r s of the insurrection, m a n y of w h o m were brought in . . . , the most culpable [of w h o m ] , in n u m b e r a b o u t t w o thousand, he crucified' (dveaxaupcxrev; cf. Jos. A . 17.295; also As. Mos. 6:9). Crucifixion of the Jews continued u n d e r C u m a n u s in A D 48-52 (Jos. A . 20.129; B. 2.241), Felix in A D 54 ('of those w h o m he crucified [dvaaxaopojOevxcov]... the n u m b e r was incalculable', Jos. B. 2.253), Florus in A D 66 ('many of the peaceful [Jewish] citizens were arrested a n d . . . scourged a n d then crucified . . . , the total n u m b e r of that day's victims . . . a m o u n t e d t o a b o u t 3,600', J o s . B. 2.306-7; cf. 2.308) and, finally, Titus in A D 70 ('[Jewish rebels] were accordingly scourged a n d subjected to torture of every description, before being killed, a n d then crucified (dveaxaopoovxo) . . . , a n d so great was their n u m b e r that space could n o t be found for the crosses o r crosses for the bodies', Jos. B. 5.449-51; cf. 5.289). Israel thus rejected Jesus n o t because he failed t o conform to a set of well defined 'messianic expectations' - there probably were n o such expectations - but because G o d did n o t inaugurate a powerful a n d glorious new age while Jesus was alive.

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If the Jewish notion of a Messiah was more developed than what we have just suggested, if for example the people of Israel were looking specifically for a royal Messiah from the line of David, then their reasons for resisting Jesus would have been all the more formidable.42 Such a figure would, like David, represent the nation in an inclusive manner.43 What would be true of him would be true of them.44 To suggest that Jesus was the Davidic heir would require far more than accepting that he merely personified the nation's aspirations. It would mean acknowledging that he summed up the nation in himself- that in his death the whole nation had effectively died. No one in his right mind would willingly embrace such a Messiah. In order to escape the indignity and the curse of his cross Jesus would have been rejected out of hand. This brief assessment of the expectations of Israel receives potent support from the pen of Paul in Romans 9:32-33, where he suggests that Israel has 'stumbled over' its Messiah:45 As it is written, 'Behold I am laying in Zion a stone of stumbling and a rock of offence And the one who believes in it [or him] shall not be ashamed' (v. 33) This verse represents a skilful conflation of two passages from the Septuagint, Isaiah 8:14a and Isaiah 28:16. The structure and content of Paul's words derive basically from Isaiah 28:16, except at one crucial point where he replaces the 'precious corner stone' of 28:16 with the 'stone of stumbling' of 8:14a.46 For Jews familiar with the OT Paul's point would have been inescapable. They have mistaken the costly foundation stone, their Messiah, for a stone of stumbling. They have regarded what was laid up in Zion for their good as a rock for their offence. But there is a profound irony in Israel's antipathy to Jesus. The 42

43

44 45 46

O n the evidence for a Davidic Messiah in the inter-Testamental period cf. Ps. Sol. 17:21-32; Shemoneh Esreh 15 (Bab. rec.) a n d 14 (Pal. rec; though see Harvey Jesus 128); 4QPBless; 4 Q 161; also 4 Q F l o r 1:11-12; cf. Vermes Jesus the Jew 130-34; and H o r b u r y 'Messianic Associations' 39-40. Cf. 2 Sam 19:12-13 where David refers t o Israel as 'my bone and my flesh' (see also 2 Sam. 5:1; 1 C h r . 11:1); a n d 2 Sam. 20:1 where the rebellious Sheba asserts that 'we have n o portion in David, n o r d o we have inheritance in the son of Jesse' These passages suggest that David was regarded as Israel's inclusive representative. Cf. Wright Messiah 11-13; Caird 'Paul's Theology' 738. Cf. Barrett Romans 194; Michel Romer 322; Lagrange Romains 250. Cf. the analysis of Paul's use of Isaiah here by Evans ' R o m a n s 9 - 1 1 ' 563-66.

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very 'Messiah' who causes them to stumble is, according to Paul, the only one through whom they can regain their sight. This, we may recall, is the message of 2 Corinthians 3:14. It is in solidarity with Jesus the Messiah that the veil can be removed. We are now in a position to understand the inner logic of this unveiling. Future salvation: the shame of the cross In our study of Isaiah we learned that the pride of Israel would one day be crushed in a humiliating judgement. We also discovered that such a judgement would have the supreme corollary effect of opening Israel's eyes to the exalted glory of God. It is worth noting that Paul refers to the death of Christ as a divine judgement on sin. 'God . . . judged (Kaxeicpivev) sin47 in the flesh [of his son]' (Rom 8:3). This suggests that the apostle sees a connection between the death of Jesus and the judgement foretold in Isaiah. If so, such a link would have had a devastating effect on religious Jews of the first century. It would have meant not only that their Messiah had suffered the curse of crucifixion, but also that in Jesus, the inclusive Messiah, they themselves had been judged and subjected to the shame of crucifixion. By participating in the judgement pronounced on the representative Christ they would have been profoundly humbled. But as we learned in our study of LXX Isaiah, that was precisely the intent of the coming judgement - it was meant so to humble God's people that they would forget about their own glory and focus exclusively on his. In Paul's mind the promises of Isaiah find striking fulfilment in Jesus Christ. It is Christ who brings salvation through judgement, who crushes Israel's pride and renews its humility, who opens Israel's eyes to the glory of the Lord, who re-creates the people according to God's image, who accomplishes God's 'strange task' and 'alien work' (Isa. 28:21). The eschatological light has arrived in Jesus Christ - and so is a paradoxical light. Instead of bringing judgement and radiating salvation through a dazzling display of force and splendour, it accomplishes its dramatic work through the humility of a shameful cross. It is perhaps the very profundity of this paradox which enables us to reconcile the two apparently incongruous reasons for Israel's 47

Presumably this includes Israel's sin; so Wright Messiah 154-55; Cranfield Romans I. 382).

The shame of the cross

143

blindness examined earlier in the chapter: divine hardening and human pride. Perhaps God is seen by Paul as having achieved the hardening of Israel by choosing to manifest his glory precisely where Israel, in its pride, would refuse to see it. In that way it could be ensured that when Israel did come to see the glory it would be on God's terms - when Israel had been humbled sufficiently to see the glory in the ignominy of the cross. Just how this glory served to illuminate Paul personally is recorded in 2 Corinthians. According to the apostle's own admission, he once viewed Christ Kaxd a&pica (2 Corinthians 5:16) - that is, according to self-seeking desires aroused by the law. Like his fellow countrymen, he had been awaiting a new age in which God would restore the nation of Israel to its former grandeur and eminence. But the revelation of divine glory put an end to such self-regarding ambitions. It made Paul see that an anointed one had come in the person of the crucified Jesus and that in this inclusive Messiah all had died (siq OTisp TNXVXCGV &7r80avsv, dpa oi ndvreg aneOavov, 2 Corinthians 5:14). This proved to be a radical illumination of knowledge' (4:6), for it meant that he, Paul, had himself been crucified with Christ, together with his self-centred passions and desires (cf. Galatians 5:24: 01 5e xou xpiaxou 'IrjaoO xf|v a&pica eaxaupoxrav GUV xolq 7ia0f||aaaiv Kai xaic; S7u0i)uiaic;). In Christ he had therefore become a new creature, the old things passed away, new things had come (2 Corinthians 5:17). He no longer sought his own advantage, but lived for him who died and rose for him (5:14). He was reconciled to God (5:18-19). Profoundly humbled, he could now see the Lord's glory (4:6). Conclusion

We may now return to the question posed at the outset of this chapter, Why, in Paul's view, are his critics veiled to his glory? Perhaps it is because they have been smitten by the same veil which once darkened the heart of the pre-Christian Paul - the veil of self-exaltation and pride. If the church in Corinth included a contingent of Jewish or proselyte converts, many could have been influenced by the same sort of Jewish environment which, with its intense devotion to the law and its lofty eschatological expectations, had engendered pride in Paul and erected his veil. In addition, Gentile Christians would not have been immune to such a veil, for they were party to a Graeco-Roman milieu which, as we saw in our

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Power through weakness: the meaning

historical study of chapter two, was every bit as egocentric as anything the pharisaic Paul had encountered. Could it be, then, that Jew and Gentile alike were imbibing a self-regarding outlook? And is it possible that the opponents were exploiting this outlook in order to win the favour of Corinthian Christians? We will test the hypothesis in the next chapter.

THE PATTERN OF THE CHRISTIAN MINISTRY: GLORY THROUGH SHAME

In the last two chapters we have examined Paul's verdict on those who fail to appreciate the superlative glory of his ministry. In a word, a veil has darkened their vision (2 Corinthians 4:3). This could well be the veil of self-exaltation and pride, like Paul's own veil before his conversion. To test this theory we must discover two things: how divine glory is actually manifested in Paul and how such a manifestation would have been viewed by those enmeshed in the environment of first-century Corinth. In the first half of the chapter we shall consider Paul's understanding of how his glory works out in practice. In the second half we shall consider how his converts interpret that glory. By finding answers to these questions we shall be in a position to make sense of Paul's paradoxical teaching of power through weakness. Transformed into the image of the cross We may begin by considering Paul's own description of the glory manifested in his ministry. The most illuminating text is 2 Corinthians 8s ndvxec, avaK8Ka>,i)|i|i£vq) Trpoaamcp if)v 86^av KaTO7CTpi^6|i8voi xf|v auxf|v eiicova jiexa|iop(j)o6|is0a and So^rjc; eiq So^av, KaGarcep and Kupiou This verse presents many interpretive difficulties, each of which must be resolved before the text as a whole can be understood. First is the meaning of the participial phrase avaKSKaA,i)|i|ievq) 7cpoad)7cq). The word dvaKa^uTrxco is used once elsewhere in the NT, notably four verses earlier in 2 Corinthians 3:14 where Paul employs it to explain why Israel fails to see the glory of the Lord - it is 145

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Power through weakness: the meaning

(3e\|/ai)as 'xr|e 9ei^ . . . pejiaiva vov).1 He then prescribes a remedy for such a veil: 'it is abolished in Christ' (v. 14). The logic of this unveiling was examined in the last chapter. The one who is 'in Christ', who shares in the judgement pronounced on the crucified Messiah, is so humbled and divested of pride that he is able to see the exalted glory of the Lord. By using the perfect participle dvaKSKa>-U|i(a8vcp of himself in verse 18, Paul directs our attention to the moment of his 'unveiling', his cocrucifixion with Christ, and discloses the principal ongoing result of that mutual death, clarity of vision. This interpretation of dvaKSKaX,i)|a|isvcp in turn sheds light on the meaning of the second participle KauoTrcpi^oiaevoi.2 Commentators have long debated whether this word should be translated 'reflecting as a mirror does' 3 or 'beholding as in a mirror'. 4 Our understanding of &vaKSKa>wi)|i|i8vcp would suggest the latter. Uppermost in Paul's mind is the fact that the veil is gone and he can now see. The opening words of verse 18, fuieiq 5e Ttavxe^, seem to confirm this interpretation. They serve to contrast Paul (and his fellow believers) with Israel, his unveiled face with Israel's veiled heart, his ability to see with Israel's blindness (cf. 3:14-15). 5 Hence the first half of 2 Corinthians 3:18 affirms what we discovered in the last chapter, that in dying with Christ one is enabled to see the glory of the Lord. When we turn to the latter half of the verse we break new ground in our study, and in the area which concerns us most - how the divine glory is manifested in Paul. The verse may be paraphrased as 1

2 3 4

5

Hence the translation of Barrett 120, Furnish 209 and Windisch 122 who take the neuter participle with Kok\)\i\m. The alternative is to regard \if\ avaKa^imionevov as absolute (cf. BDF § 424): 'the veil remains, it not being revealed t h a t . . . ' (so Allo 91; Collange 98-99). A hapaxlegomenon in the NT, though see eaojcxpov in 1 Cor. 13:12 and Jas 1:23. Thus Dupont 'Le Chretien, miroir de la gloire divine' 392-411; van Unnik 'With Unveiled Face' 167-8; Caird 'Everything to Everyone' 392; Allo 96; Plummer 105-6. Cf. Hugede La metaphore du miroir 20-24; Wilckens Weisheit 74; Collange 116-18; Furnish 214; Wolff 77; Windisch 128; Kummel 200. Bultmann 93-97 (cf. Hughes 119 n. 19) translates KaxoTiipi^co, 'to see', without reference to a mirror; but see Philo Leg. All. 3.101, where a mirror is clearly implied (so Brooke 98). Wright 'Reflected Glory' 145 argues that the mirror in which Christians see the reflected glory of the Lord is not Jesus Christ, but one another. So Barrett 124-25; Furnish 213, 239; Bultmann 93-94. Others argue that Paul's use ofrcpocjGmovin 3:18 suggests that the contrast is between Paul and Moses (cf. 3:13): the 'face' of Moses is veiled whereas Paul's is not (so Plummer 105-6). The most likely solution is that Paul intends 'a double contrast', with both Israel and Moses (so Windisch 127).

Glory through shame

147

follows: Since we behold with unveiled face the glory of the Lord we are being transformed into the same image.6 The expression xf|v auxf|v eiKova is surprising here. We would have expected xf|v aircf|v 56^av, since (i) the adjective xf)v auxfiv clearly refers back to the term ifjv So^av Kupiou7 and (ii) the word 56^a has already appeared some eight times in the context (in 3:7—11). Why does Paul suddenly shift to eiiobv?8 Moreover, what does he mean by the phrase 'transformed into the same image'? Here a detailed look at the verb |i8Ta(aop(|)6co is instructive. Transformation Many scholars believe that Paul has borrowed this term from the hellenistic mystery religions where transformation into the image of the gods was a prominent theme. 9 Others suggest that the apostle is indebted more to Jewish backgrounds, and especially to the recurring apocalyptic idea that one day the elect will be transformed. We read in 2 Bar. 51 , for example, that '[the elect] will be transformed into the light of their beauty' (v. 3), 'they will be changed into the splendour of angels' (v. 5), 'they will be changed into . . . the splendour of glory' (v. 10).10 Rather than choose between these two traditions, perhaps we should view Paul as borrowing from both, drawing the word (asxa|xop(t)6co itself from the hellenistic milieu but filling it with Jewish meaning. Regardless of origin, however, we cannot be confident of the term's meaning until we have examined its usage elsewhere in Paul. In the entire pauline corpus the word fi£Ta|iop(|)6cG occurs elsewhere only in Romans 12:2. There Paul exhorts his readers to be 'transformed by the renewing of the mind' ((I8ia|iop(t)oi)a0s ifj 6

7 8 9

10

The participles dvaKSKaA-umievcp and KaiOTrxpi^ojaevoi are subordinated causally to the main verb u£Ta|iop(j)o6u£0a, and xf|v auxf|v eiKova points to both the manner and the goal of the transformation (Robertson Grammar 486, 530). Cf. Lambrecht 'Transformation' 243-46. We are assuming here that 'image' and 'glory' are not identical; cf. de Lacey 'Form of God' 56, 62; pace Larsson Christus ah Vorbild 280-81. Cf. an initiate into the cult of Isis at Corinth named Lucius who, on seeing the brilliant light of the gods, began to shine himself (Apul. Met. 11.23-24). On the hellenistic derivation of nexaux)p(t)6(Q see Behm 'u£xauop(|)6G>' 763-67; Reitzenstein Mysterienreligionen 158-9, 208-9; Lietzmann 113-4; Windisch 129. Cf. also / Enoch 50:1; 58:3-6; 62:16; 108:11-14; 2 Bar- 4 8: 49; 54 : I 5; a n d see Furnish 240-41. Further on the future glory of the elect see above p. 140, n. 38. For the motif of being transformed through sight at Qumran cf. Fitzmyer 'Glory' 640-44.

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dvoiKaivcbaei xoC vooq). Transformation thus appears to consist of a change of one's mind. The precise nature of this change is perhaps hinted at in Colossians 3:10, a verse roughly parallel to Romans 12:2, in which the new self is said to be renewed according to the image of God (xov dvaKaivoujievov eic; 87riyvcocriv icax' eiicova xou KxiaavTOc;). This bears a striking resemblance to 2 Corinthians 3:18, where the apostle implies that the goal of his transformation is to reflect if|v auxf|v siKova, that is, the image of the Lord. Taken together, the three verses - 2 Corinthians 3:18, Romans 12:2 and Colossians 3:10 - manifest a common thread, namely that transformation entails a remoulding of a person, especially of a person's mind, according to the image of God. We must learn more about Paul's understanding of the divine image. Adam and Christ It is natural to suppose that Paul derived his notion of God's image from Genesis 1:26 where it is reported that God created man Kax' eiKOva f||j,exspav Kai Ka09 6|ioicoaiv (LXX).11 These words have been much interpreted, but probably mean no more than what they explicitly say, that man was created in 'a relation of likeness to God'.12 Later the rabbis, doubtless reflecting on what God is like, added a second dimension to God's image, that of glory. We see this in the rabbinic picture of Adam. As one created in God's likeness, Adam manifested superlative glory.13 When R. Bana'ah 'came to the cave of Adam,14 a voice came forth from heaven saying "Thou hast beholden the likeness of my likeness'" - an experience which prompted R. Bana'ah to declare, 'I have discerned his [Adam's] two heels, and they were like two orbs of the sun' (b. B. Bat. 58a).15 We may compare the view of R. Levi: The ball of Adam's heel outshone the sun . . . how much more the beauty of 11

12

13 14 15

Jervell Imago Dei 173-76 views Paul's teaching on eiiccbv in 2 Cor. 3:18-4:6 as a midrash on Gen 1:27; cf. Spicq Dieu et Vhomme 188; Dahl 'Christ, Creation and the Church' 435; Black 'Second Adam' 174. On an allusion to Gen. 1 in Col. 3:10 cf. Scroggs Last Adam 69. So Barr 'Image of God in the Book of Genesis' 24. The word ouoioxnc; in Gen. 1:26 thus defines and limits the meaning of the first term eiiaov — to be created in God's image is to be 'like' God in some sense (cf. de Lacey 'Image' 11-12). So Jervell Imago Dei 100-101; see esp. his references to Tanch Pikude 2 and Deut. Rab. XI.3. I.e. the cave of Machpelah where according to tradition Adam and Eve were buried. Further on the link in Adam between God's image and glory cf. Gen. Rab. XXII.2

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149

his face' (Qoh. Rab. VIII. 1.2; cf. Lev. Rab. XX.2; Pesiq. Rab. Kah. 36b).16 As long as Adam remained in God's presence he reflected God's glory.17 When he sinned and was expelled from the Garden of Eden the glory departed.18 This suggests that, in sinning, Adam fell from his relation of likeness to God and that the divine image was in some sense effaced. The rabbis, however, never explicitly say this. 19 What they do affirm is that the glory returned at the giving of the law, appearing pre-eminently on the face of Moses after he had been in God's presence.20 But his glory also faded, when Israel sinned.21 The rabbis now look for yet a third visitation of glory when it will appear on the face of one who will perfectly reflect the divine likeness, the Messiah.22 This matrix of Jewish ideas regarding the divine image, while comparatively late in document form, probably reflects an exegesis current in the first century AD. It certainly reflects an exegesis known to Paul, for he repeatedly combines the notions of 'image' and 'glory' and usually in contexts where Adam is at least implicit. 23 Yet the apostle goes beyond rabbinic teaching in at least one important sense. He attempts to show why sin causes the glory to fade and the image to wane. 16

17 18

19

20

21 22

23

The earliest reference to Adam's glory is perhaps Sir. 49:16 (LXX) where it is said that Shem, Seth and Adam £5o£da0r|aav. For 'all the glory of Adam' in the scrolls of Qumran cf. iQS 4:23; CD 3:20; iQH 17:15. See further 2 Enoch 30:11; Gen. Rab. XXII.12; Num. Rab. XIII.3; Mek. Exod. 20:11; Cave of Treasures, fol. 5a, col. 1 (Budge 52-55) Cf. 3 Enoch 5:3 Num. Rab. X I I I . 2 . Cf. Gen. Rab. X I . 2 : '[God] deprived h i m ( A d a m ) of his splendour a n d expelled him from the G a r d e n of E d e n ' . O n A d a m ' s sin leading t o expulsion from G o d ' s presence a n d consequent loss of glory see Apoc. Mos. 20:2; 21:6; 3 Bar. 4:16; Pesiq. R. X X I I I . 6 ; Gen. Rab. XII.6; X V I I . 8 ; X I X . 7 ; X L I I . 3 ; Num. Rab. XII.6; XIII.12; Qoh. Rab. V.1.1. O n the darkness of A d a m : 2 Bar. 18:2; Pirqe R. El. 14. T h o u g h see Deut. Rab. X I . 3 : ' A d a m said t o Moses: " I a m greater t h a n you because I have been created in the image of G o d " . . . M o s e s replied t o him: " I a m far superior to you, for the h o n o u r which was given t o you (that of being created in G o d ' s image?) has been taken away'; cf. Wis. 2:23-24. O n Moses regaining the glory which A d a m lost cf. 2 Bar. 17:4-18:2; Gen. Rab. X I X . 7 ; Num. Rab. XIII.2; Cant. Rab. V.1.1; also Murmelstein ' A d a m ' 55-56; Scroggs Last Adam 53. F u r t h e r o n the glory of Moses see below p p . 106-9; a n d Jervell Imago Dei 45, 115-18. O n Israel's sin resembling A d a m ' s cf. Num. Rab. XVI.24; b.Yebam. 103b. O n the Messiah restoring w h a t A d a m lost cf. 2 Bar. 73-74; Gen. Rab. XII.6; Exod. Rab. X X X . 3 ; further on the glory of the Messiah see p . 128, esp. nn. 126, 127. Cf. e.g. t h e p a s s a g e we a r e presently studying, 2 C o r . 3:18-4:6 a n d also R o m . 1:21-23 (which we will c o n s i d e r next); a n d see R o m . 8:29-30; 1 C o r . 11:7; 15:40-49; Phil. 2:6-11 (where nopf| GeoC is used for eiiccbv TOO GeoO).

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In Romans 1:23 Paul reveals the following about sinful people: 'they exchange the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man' (fiAAa^av xf|v 56^av xoC &(|)0dpTOI) 08ou sv 24 6|aoicb|iaTi eiicovoc; (|)0apTOi3 dv0pd)7roi)). These words probably represent an allusion to LXX Psalms 105:20 - 'they exchanged their glory for the likeness of a calf {^Xka^avxo xf)v 86^av auxoov ev 6|ioi6|iaTi fioa^ou) - and thus to Israel's worship of idols. 25 By substituting his own phrase 'the likeness of the image of corruptible man' for 'the likeness of a calf in Psalms 105 Paul is making the penetrating point that the people of his day are worshipping, not idols, but man. Or more precisely, they are making idols of themselves, and hence, effectively, of God's image. 26 This represents a flagrant misuse of the divine likeness. It is to use for human glory what was meant for God's. It is to exchange God's glory for a corrupted image. It is to turn what was meant to reflect God's likeness - namely themselves - into a darkened image. We are probably right to see behind Paul's teaching here an implicit reference to the story of Adam. 27 We know from Genesis 3 that Adam abused the image of God. Instead of reflecting the divine likeness he tried to become like God, knowing good and evil.28 Ironically, in his quest to achieve divine status he became less like God. 29 The details of Adam's experience seem to coalesce neatly with Paul's instruction in Romans 1 and thus doubtless serve as the backdrop for his teaching that self-exaltation is patently not the way in which to manifest the divine likeness. When the apostle remarks in 2 Corinthians 4:4 that his critics have been blinded to 'the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ who is the image of God' (xov (|)C0TiG|idv xou euayye^ioi) xfjAov Tr|aoi3v, then perhaps it is because their Jesus is not making the same moral requirements on them as he does on Paul, that is to say, not producing in them the same servant-like humility.58 This would seem to be the implication of the opening words of 2 Corinthians 4:5, 'We do not preach ourselves' (ou ydp eaoioix; KT|p6aao^i8v). The emphatic sauiouc; here suggests that Paul is conducting an oblique polemic against those who do preach them54

55

56

57 58

See above p p . 8-9.

K a s e m a n n ' s interpretation of c$Aopaiva>' TWNT 2 (1935) 770-73. 'icaox&ouai' TWNT3 (1938) 646-54. Exegetische Probleme des zweiten Korintherbriefes. Zu 2. Kor 5,1-5; 5, 11-6,10; 10-13; 12,21. Uppsala: Wretmans Boktryckeri, 1947. Theology of the New Testament. 2 vols. Tr. K. Grobel. London: S.C.M. Press Ltd., 1952-55. Burford, A. Craftsmen in Greek and Roman Society. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972. Burton, E. DeW. Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek. 3rd. ed. Repr. 1973. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1898. Cadbury, H. J. 'Erastus of Corinth' JBL 50 (1931) 42-58. 'The Macellum of Corinth' JBL 53 (1934) 133-41. Caird, G. B. 'The New Testament Conception of Doxa.' D. Phil, dissertation. Oxford University, 1944. 'Everything to Everyone' Int 13 (1959) 387-99. 'Paul's Theology'. In Dictionary of the Bible, pp. 736-42. 2nd ed. Ed.

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Wiseman, J. R. 'Ancient Corinth: The Gymnasium Area' Arch 22 (1969) 216-25. 'Excavations in Corinth, the Gymnasium Area, 1967-1968' Hesp 38 (1969) 64-106. The Land of the Ancient Corinthians: Studies in Mediterranean Archae-

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1912. Wolff, C. Der erste Brief des Paulus an die Korinther. Zweiter Teil Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1982. Woodhead, A. G. The Study of Greek Inscriptions. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1967. Wright, K. S. 'A Tiberian Pottery Deposit from Corinth' Hesp 49 (1980) 135-77Wright, N. T. 'The Paul of History and the Apostle of Faith' TB 29 (1978) 61-88. 'The Messiah and the People of God'. D. Phil, dissertation, Oxford University, 1980. 'Adam in Pauline Christology' In Society of Biblical Literature 1983 Seminar Papers, pp. 359-89. Ed. K. H. Richards. Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1983. 'dpTcayixoq' and the Meaning of Philippians 2: 5-11' JTS 37 (1986) 321-52. The Epistles of Paul to the Colossians and to Philemon: An Introduction and Commentary. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1986. 'Reflected Glory: 2 Corinthians 3:18' In The Glory of Christ in the New Testament: Studies in Christology, pp. 139-50. Eds. L. D. Hurst and N. T. Wright. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. Wuellner, W. H. 'The Sociological Implications of 1 Corinthians 1:26-28 Reconsidered'. In Studia Evangelica VI, pp. 666-72. Ed. E. A. Livingstone. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1973. Yadin, Y. 'Pesher Nahum (4Q pNahum) Reconsidered' IEJ 21 (1971) 1-12. Young, F. and Ford, D. F. Meaning and Truth in 2 Corinthians. SPCK: London, 1987. Zeilinger, F. Der Erstgeborene der Schopfung. Untersuchungen zur Formalstruktur und Theologie des Kolosserbriefes. Vienna: Herder, 1974. Zerwick, M. Biblical Greek: Illustrated by Examples. Adapted from the

fourth edition by J. Smith. Rome: Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici, 1963.

Zmijewski, J. Der Stil der paulinischen 'Narrenrede'. Analyse der Sprachgestaltung in 2 Kor 11,1-12,10 als Beitrag zur Methodik von Stiluntersuchungen neutestamentlicher Texte. Bonner Biblische Beitrage 52. Cologne-Bonn: Peter Hanstein, 1978. Zuntz, G. The Text of the Epistles. Oxford: The University Press, 1953.

INDEX OF PASSAGES CITED

Biblical sources Old Testament Gen. 1, 112, 148 Gen. 1:2, 124 Gen. 1:3, 112 Gen. 1:26, 148 Gen. 1:26-28, 60 Gen. 1:27, 148 Gen. 3, 150 Gen. 3:17-19, 86 Gen. 5:29, 86 Gen. 18:7, 167 Gen. 28:15,l&9 Exod. 3:11, 167 Exod. 3:14, 107 Exod. 7-12, 107 Exod. 15:16, 73 Exod. 20:21, 109 Exod. 33:18-23, n o Exod. 34:29, n o Exod. 34:30, 109 Exod. 34:30b, n o Lev. 6:21, 165 Lev. 15:12, 165 N u m . 12:3, 168 Deut. 2:25, 73 Deut. 8:17, 138 Deut. 9:4, 138 Deut. 11:10-15, 86 Deut. 11:25, 73 Deut. 21, 132 Deut. 21:22, 132 Deut. 21:22-23, l3l> J33 Deut. 21:23, 131, 132 Deut. 25:4, 94 Deut. 27:26, 131 Deut. 29:2-4, 120 Deut. 29:3, 135 Deut. 31:6, 169 Deut. 31:8, 169

224

josh. 10:26, 131 Judg. 6:15, 167 Judg. 7:2, 61 1 Sam. 2, 60 1 Sam. 2:2-3, 61 1 Sam. 2:8, 167 1 Sam. 16:7, 184 1 Sam. 18:23, 167 2 Sam. 5:1, 141 2 Sam. 19:12-13, 141 2 Sam. 20:1, 141 2 Sam. 22:28, 167 1 Chr. 11:1, 141 l Chr. 28:20, 169 Job 3:9, 133 Job 5, 76 Job 5:8, 76 Job 5:9-10, 77 Job 5:11, 77, 167 Job 5:12-13, 77 Job 5:13, 59, 76 Job 5:14, 119 Job 12:17-22, 60 Job 17:12, 119 Ps. 2:11, 73 Ps. 5:11,61 Ps. 15:10, 169 Ps. 19:8, 133 Ps. 26:1, 133 Ps. 30:13, 165 Ps. 33: 20, 174 Ps. 34:3, 61 Ps. 34:18, 167 Ps. 36:25, 169 Ps. 36:28, 169 Ps. 43:4, 133 Ps. 44:8, 61 Ps. 44:22, 174 Ps. 49:5-6, 61 Ps. 52:1, 61 Ps. 77:14, 133

Index of passages cited Ps. 82:5, 124 Ps. 89:8, 133 Ps. 93, 77 Ps. 93:3-4, 77 Ps. 93:9, 77 Ps. 93:11, 60, 77 Ps. 94:3, 61 Ps. 94:11, 60 Ps. 105, 150, Ps. 105:20, 150 Ps. 112-113:8, 180 Ps. 112-117, 180 Ps. 113-118, 180 Ps. 113:9-117, 180 Ps. 114:3, 180 Ps. 114:8, 180 Ps. 115:1, 180 Ps. 118:130, 133 Ps. 137:6, 167 Ps. 138:11, 133 Ps. 147:6, 167 Prov. 3:34, 167 Prov. 6:23, 133 Prov. 11:2, 167 Prov. 15:33, 167 Prov. 18:12, 167 Prov. 29:23, 167 Isaiah 113 Isa. 1:2, 119 Isa. 1:2-3, 118 Isa. 1:3, 118 Isa. 1:4, 119 Isa. 1:4-5, 119 Isa. 1:15, 121 Isa. 1:24, 123 Isa. 1:24-26, 121 Isa. 1:25, 119 Isa. 1:26, 124 Isa. 2:2, 117 Isa. 2:3, 124 Isa. 2:5, 123 Isa. 2:10, 114, 118, 122 Isa. 2:11, 117 Isa. 2:12, 117, 122 Isa. 2:17, 117, 123 Isa. 2:17b, 122 Isa. 2:18, 119 Isa. 2:19, 114, 118 Isa. 2:21, 114, 118 Isa. 2:25, 117 Isa. 3:1-2, 123 Isa. 3:1-15, 121 Isa. 3:8, 119 Isa. 3:8-9, 121 Isa. 3:16, 117

225 Isa. 3:18, 114 Isa. 3:18-26, 124 Isa. 3:25, 123 Isa. 4:2, 112, 116, 118, 122 Isa. 5:7, 119 Isa. 5:12b, 117 Isa. 5:13, 118 Isa. 5:15, 117, 122 Isa. 5:150-16a, 122 Isa. 5:20, 119 Isa. 5:21, 123 Isa. 5:22, 123 Isa. 5:24, 119 Isa. 5:24-30, 121 Isa. 6:1, 118 Isa. 6:1-3, 123 Isa. 6:3, 116 Isa. 6:5, 125 Isa. 6:8c-io, 120 Isa. 6:9-10, 118, 121 Isa. 6:11, 121 Isa. 7:17-25, 121 Isa. 8:9, 123 Isa. 8:14a, 141 Isa. 8:17, 121 Isa. 9:1, 112, 115, 116, 126 Isa. 9:1-7, 125 Isa. 9:8, 117 Isa. 9:9, 117, 118 Isa. 9:12, 118 Isa. 9:13, 125 Isa. 9:17, 119 Isa. 9:18-21, 121 Isa. 10:6, 119 Isa. 10:10-11, 119 Isa. 10:12, 114, 117, 120 Isa. 10:15, 117, 124 Isa. 10:20, 124, 125 Isa. 10:22, 124 Isa. 10:33, I J 7 Isa. 10:33-34, 117, 121 Isa. 11:1-5, I 2 5 Isa. 11:2, 123 Isa. 11:3, 113 Isa. 11:6-9, I 2 4 Isa. 11:9, I 2 3 Isa. 11:10, 115 Isa. 12:2, 124, 125 Isa. 12:4, 118 Isa. 13:3, 117 Isa. 13:10, 121 Isa. 13:11, 117, 119, 121 Isa. 14:11, 114 Isa. 14:13, 117 Isa. 14:32, 125

226

Index ofpassages cited

Isa. 16:6, 117 Isa. 17:4, 114, 117, 124 Isa. 17:7, 123, 124 Isa. 17:8, 117 Isa. 17:10, 119, 125 Isa. 19:11, 123 Isa. 19:16, 73, 121 Isa. 20:6, 125 Isa. 21:17, 123 Isa. 22:3, 123 Isa. 22:11, 117 Isa. 22:25, J I 4 Isa. 23:7, 117 Isa. 23:9, 117, 124 Isa. 24:3-4, 122 Isa. 24:5, 119 Isa. 24:14, 114, 118 Isa. 24:14-15, 124 Isa. 25:1, 124 Isa. 25:4, 167 Isa. 25:9, 124, 125 Isa. 25:11, 117 Isa. 26:3-4, 124 Isa. 26:10, 114, 116, 118 Isa. 26:18, 121 Isa. 27:11, 118 Isa. 28:1, 114, 117 Isa. 28:3, 117 Isa. 28:14-22, 76 Isa. 28:15, 123 Isa. 28:16, 141 Isa. 28:17, ll9, J 23 Isa. 28:21, 126, 142 Isa. 29:9-10, 121 Isa. 29:10, 120, 135 Isa. 29:13, 76 Isa. 29:14, 59, 76 Isa. 29:14b, 123 Isa. 29:15, 119 Isa. 29:16, 117, 124 Isa. 29:18, 120 Isa. 29:20, 117 Isa. 29:23, 121 Isa. 29:24, 123 Isa. 30:1-5, 76 Isa. 30:2, 119 Isa. 30:3, 124 Isa. 30:12, 119, 123 Isa. 30:14, 165 Isa. 30:15, 119, 123, 125 Isa. 30:16, 124 Isa. 30:22, 119 Isa. 30:26, 123 Isa. 31:1, 119, 124 Isa. 31:1-3, 76

Isa. 31:5, 124 Isa. 31:6, 119 Isa. 31:7, 119 Isa. 32:3, 124 Isa. 33:2, 125 Isa. 33:9, 119 Isa. 33:9-10, 119 Isa. 33:10, 118, 119 Isa. 33:14, 119, 121 Isa. 33:17, 113 Isa. 33:19, 118 Isa. 33:22, 124 Isa. 33:23, 117 Isa. 34:11, 124 Isa. 35:2, 120 Isa. 35:2-5, 122 Isa. 35:3, 126 Isa. 35:4, 124, 125 Isa. 35:4-5, 122 Isa. 35:5, 120 Isa. 36:7-9, 124 Isa. 37:16, 123 Isa. 37:20, 124 Isa. 37:23, 117, 120 Isa. 37:32, 124 Isa. 37:35, 124 Isa. 38:11, 124 Isa. 38:20, 124 Isa. 38:21, 125 Isa. 40ff., 112 Isa. 40-55, 115 Isa. 40:5, 124, 125 Isa. 40:6, 113 Isa. 40:13-14, 118 Isa. 40:18, 123 Isa. 40:21, 118 Isa. 40:25-26, 118 Isa. 40:26, 114 Isa. 40:27, 119, 124 Isa. 40:28, 118 Isa. 40:29, 126 Isa. 41:4, 123 Isa. 41:4-5, 121 Isa. 41:14, 125 Isa. 41:17, 126 Isa. 41:20, 123, 124 Isa. 42:5, 123 Isa. 42:6-7, 126 Isa. 42:9, 124 Isa. 42:12, 124 Isa. 42:16, 120, 124 Isa. 42:17, 117 Isa. 42:19-20, 119 Isa. 42:24, 124, 137 Isa. 42:25, 118

Index of passages cited Isa. 42:28, 123 Isa. 43:1, 117, 123, 125 Isa. 43:3, 124 Isa. 43:4, 123 Isa. 43:7, 117, 123 Isa. 43:8, 120 Isa. 43:10, 123 Isa. 43:11, 123, 125 Isa. 43:14, 125 Isa. 43:19, 124 Isa. 44:2, 123 Isa. 44:6-8, 123 Isa. 44:8, 119 Isa. 44:9-10, 119 Isa. 44:12-17, 119 Isa. 44:18, 118, 120 Isa. 44:19, 118 Isa. 44:20, 123 Isa. 44:21, 123 Isa. 44:23, 123, 125 Isa. 44:23-24, 125 Isa. 44:24, 123 Isa. 44:25, 123 Isa. 45:5, 118 Isa. 45:5-6, 123 Isa. 45:7-8, 123 Isa. 45:8c, 117 Isa. 45:9, 117 Isa. 45:11-12, 123 Isa. 45:14, 123 Isa. 45:15, 125 Isa. 45:17, 124 Isa. 45:18, 123 Isa. 45:18-19, 124 Isa. 45:19, 119, 123 Isa. 45:20, 118, 119 Isa. 45:21, 123 Isa. 45:21-22, 123 Isa. 45:22, 125 Isa. 45:24, 114 Isa. 45:26, 123 Isa. 46:1, 119 Isa. 46:4, 124 Isa. 46:5, 123 Isa. 46:6, 126 Isa. 46:8, 124 Isa. 46:9, 123 Isa. 46:13, 124, 125 Isa. 47:4, 125 Isa. 47:8, 118 Isa. 47:10, 118 Isa. 48:1, 123 Isa. 48:5, 119 Isa. 48:6-8, 118, 124 Isa. 48:8, 119

227 Isa. 48:11, 123 Isa. 48:13, 123 Isa. 48:17, 124, 125 Isa. 48:18, 119 Isa. 48:20, 124, 125 Isa. 49:3, 124 Isa. 49:7, 125 Isa. 49:8, 151 Isa. 49:10, 119 Isa. 49:13, 126, 167 Isa. 49:26, 124, 125 Isa. 50:1, 119 Isa. 50:2, 125 Isa. 50:3, 121 Isa. 50:10, 116, 124 Isa. 51:1, 124 Isa. 51:4-5, 126 Isa. 51:13, 119, 123 Isa. 51:14, 124 Isa. 52:6, 123 Isa. 52:7, 124 Isa. 52:8, 120 Isa. 52:9, 125 Isa. 52:9-10, 126 Isa. 52:13, 118, 123 Isa. 52:15, 123 Isa. 53:1, 115 Isa. 53:2, 113 Isa. 53:4-10, 123 Isa. 53:5, 119 Isa. 53:6, 124 Isa. 53:11, 123 Isa. 54:5, 123, 125 Isa. 54:7, 121 Isa. 54:7-8, 121 Isa. 54:8, 125 Isa. 55:5, 123 Isa. 55:6, 124 Isa. 55:7, 125 Isa. 56:1, 124 Isa. 56:10, 118, 120 Isa. 56:11, 118, 119, 124 Isa. 57:4, 119 Isa. 57:11, 119 Isa. 57:15, 126, 167 Isa. 57:17, 121 Isa. 58:1, 119 Isa. 58:2, 124 Isa. 58:8, 122 Isa. 58:10, 123 Isa. 58:12, 123 Isa. 59:2, 121 Isa. 59:3, 119 Isa. 59:4, 119, 123 Isa. 59:6, 119

228

Index ofpassages cited

Isa. 59:7-8, 124 Isa. 59:9, 116 Isa. 59:10, 122 Isa. 59:12, 119 Isa. 59:14, 124 Isa. 59:14-15, 123 Isa. 59:15, 118 Isa. 59:19, 121 Isa. 59:20, 125 Isa. 60:1, 122, 125, 128 Isa. 60:1-2, 123 Isa. 60:1-3, II6 Isa. 60:3, 128 Isa. 60:6, 124, 125 Isa. 60:7, 124 Isa. 60:16, 124 Isa. 60:19, 123 Isa. 60:20, 123 Isa. 60:22, 126 Isa. 61:1, 120, 126, 167 Isa. 61:3, 123, 126 Isa. 62:1, 126 Isa. 62:2, 123, 124 Isa. 62:11, 125 Isa. 62:12, 125 Isa. 63:4-5, 124 Isa. 63:5, 125 Isa. 63:8, 119, 125 Isa. 63:8-9, 124, 125 Isa. 63:9, 125 Isa. 63:14, 124 Isa. 63:16, 125 Isa. 63:17, 124 Isa. 64:4, 59, 120 Isa. 64:5, 124 Isa. 64:6, 119 Isa. 64:7, 121 Isa. 64:8, 124 Isa. 64:10, 114 Isa. 64:11-12, 122 Isa. 65:1, 115 Isa. 65:2, 124 Isa. 65:10, 124 Isa. 65:16, 59 Isa. 65:17, 124 Isa. 66:2, 125 Isa. 66:3, 124 Isa. 66:18, 120 Isa. 66:19, 126 Isa. 66:22, 124, 167 Isa. 66:33, lI9 Jer. 4:22-23, 124 Jer. 5:21, 120 Jer. 8-9, 60

Jer. 8:13-9:24, 60 Jer. 9, 60 Jer. 9:22-23, 60, 63 Jer. 9:23, 59, 60, 61 Jer. 9:24, 59 Jer. 18:1-6, 117 Lam. 3:2, 121 Lam. 4:2, 165 Ezek. 12:2, 120 Ezek. 17:24, 167 Dan. 2:44, 139 Dan. 4:17, 139 Dan. 4:25, 139 Dan. 4:32, 139 Dan. 12:3, 124, 140 Hos. 10:12, 123 A m o s 5:18, 124 A m o s 5:20, 124 Hab. 3:11, 124 Zeph. 2:3, 167 Zech. 14:6, 124 n / , rr Old Testament

, A Apocrypha Tob. 13:11, 124 Jdt. 9:11, 167 Wis. 2, 175 Wis. 2:12, 175 Wis. 2:15, 175 Wis. 2:19-20, 175 Wis. 2:23-24, 149 Sir. 2:10, 169 Sir. 3:20, 167 Sir. 11:1, 167 Sir. 17:6-8, 61 Sir. 29:4, 86 Sir. 31:22, 86 Sir. 32:15-16, 133 Sir. 33:13, 117 Sir. 45:2, 108, 109 Sir. 45:17, 133 Sir. 49:16, 149 Bar. 3-4, 60 Bar. 3:9-4:24, 60 Bar. 4:1-2, 133 Bar. 4:1-3, 133 Bar. 5:1, 140 Bar. 5:3, 140 Bar. 5:9, 124 1 Mace. 1:48, 140 1 Mace. 1:60, 140 1 Mace. 1:61, 140 1 Mace. 10:15, 86 1 Mace. 14:6-15, 86

Index of passages cited Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Apoc. Mos. 20:2, 149 Apoc. Mos. 21:6, 149 As. Mos. 6:9, 140 As. Mos. 8:1, 140 As. Mos. 10:1, 139 As. Mos. 11:6, 108 1 Enoch 1:8, 124 1 Enoch 4:26, 124 1 Enoch 5:7-9, 140 1 Enoch 38:2, 140 1 Enoch 38:4, 140 1 Enoch 45:3-4, 139 1 Enoch 45:4-5, 124 1 Enoch 47:1-4, 139 1 Enoch 50:1, 147 1 Enoch 50:1-5, 140 1 Enoch 58:3-6, 124, 140, 147 1 Enoch 62:2, 139 1 Enoch 62:14-16, 140 1 Enoch 62:16, 147 1 Enoch 71:14-17, 139 1 Enoch 72:1, 124 1 Enoch 91:1, 124 1 Enoch 91:7-16, 139 1 Enoch 92:4-5, 124 1 Enoch 96:3, 124, 140 1 Enoch 96:8, 139 1 Enoch 103:9-15, 170 1 Enoch 104:2, 123, 140 1 Enoch 108:11-14, 147 2 Enoch 22:8-9, 140 2 Enoch 30:11, 149 2 Enoch 50:2, 139 2 Enoch 61:2, 139 2 Enoch 66:6, 139, 170 3 Enoch 5:3, 149 3 Enoch 12:1-2, 140 4 Ezra 6:9, 139 4 Ezra 7:11, 124 4 Ezra 7:30, 124 4 Ezra 7:47, 139 4 Ezra 7:75, 124 4 Ezra 7:96-8, 140 4 Ezra 7:112, 139 4 Ezra 7:113, 139 4 Ezra 8:1, 139 4 Ezra 8:51, 140 4 Ezra 12:32-34, 139 4 Ezra 14:20-21, 133 2 Bar. 15:8, 140 2 Bar. 17:4, 133 2 Bar. 17:4-18:2, 149

229 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar. Bar.

18:2, 149 32:6, 124 38:1-2, 133 44:11-12, 124 44:15, 124 46:2-3, 133 48:49, 147 51, 147 51:3, 140 51:5, 140 51:10, 140 54:15, 147 54:15-16, 140 54:21, 140 57:2, 124 59:2, 133 70:1-10, 139 73-74, 149

2 Bar. 77:13-16, 133 3 Bar. 4:16, 149 Jub. 1:22-25, 139 Jub. 1:27, 139 Jub. 1:29, 124, 139, 140 Jub. 23:30, 139 3 Mace. 2:17, 61 4 Mace. 18:15, 174 Mart. Isa. 7:25, 140 Mart. Isa. 9:9, 140 Mart. Isa. 10:11, 154 Ps. Sol. 17-18, 139 Ps. Sol. 17:3, 139 Ps. Sol. 17:21-32, 141 Ps. Sol. 17:24-25, 139 Ps. Sol. 17:31, 139 Ps. Sol. 18:4, 133 Sib. Or. 3:47-48, 139 Sib. Or. 3:175-179, 139 Sib. Or. 3:282, 140 Sib. Or. 3:282-85, 124 Sib. Or. 3:785-87, 128 Sib. Or. 3:787, 124 Sib. Or. 5:273, 124 Sib. Or. 5:476-83, 124 Sib. Or. 5:482-83, 124 T. Reuben 6:10, 168 T. Levi4:3, 123 T. Levi 13:1, 154 T. Levi 14:4, 133 T. Levi 18:3, 123 T. Levi 18:3-4, 128 T. Levi 18:9, 140 T. Levi 19:1, 133 T. Judah 18:6, 119 T. Iss. 7:7, 154

Index of passages cited T. Dan 5:12, 124 T. Ben. 11:2, 128

New Testament Matt. 10:10, 81, 94 Matt. 11:4, 184 Matt. 13:13-15, 120 Matt. 13:17, 184 Matt. 24:2, 184 Mark 4:12, 120 Mark 8, 177 Mark 8:34, 177 Mark 8:35, 177 Mark 9:41, 83 Mark 10:42-45, 153 Luke 10:7, 81, 94 John 9:39-41, 120 Acts 5:30, 131 Acts 6, 9 Acts 6:1, 9 Acts 6:8, 9 Acts 6:10, 9 Acts 7, 9 Acts 8:1-3, 130 Acts 8:10, 29 Acts 9, 128 Acts 9:2, 104 Acts 9:4, 130 Acts 10:39, 131 Acts 13:1-3,9 Acts 17:18, 72 Acts 18, 108 Acts 18:1, 126 Acts 18:1-16, 37 Acts 18:2, 35 Acts 18:3, 43, 80 Acts 18:4, 126 Acts 18:7, 35 Acts 18:9, 72 Acts 18:24, 37 Acts 19:19, 27 Acts 19:28, 29 Acts 19:34, 29 Acts 22:5, 104 Acts 22:7-8, 130 Acts 26:9-15, 130 Acts 28:26-27, 120 Romans, 105, n o Rom. 1, 150 Rom. 1:20, 59 Rom. 1:21-23, 149 Rom. 1:23, 150 Rom. 2-3, 113 Rom. 2:24, 59

Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom. Rom.

3:4, 59 3:10, 59 3:26, 172 4:17, 59 6:10, 177 6:11, 177 8:3, 142 8:11, 172 8:17, 173 8:29-30, 149 8:35, 171 8:36, 59, 174 9:4, 133 9:13, 59 9:30-10:12, 137 9:30-10:13, 137 9:31, 137 9:32-33, 141 9:32a, 137 9:33, 141 9-10, 137 9-11, 113 10, 137 10:2, 137 10:3, 137 10:3c, 137 10:4, 133 10:6, 138 10:6-7, 138 10:6-8, 137 10:7, 138 10:8, 138 10:9, 131, 153 10:16, 115 10:20, 115 11:7, 135 11:7-8, 134 11:8, 120, 135 12:2, 147, 148 15:12, 115 15:24, 82 16:21, 35 16:22, 35 16:23, 35, 40

Corinthians 7, 8, 11, 60, 74, 75, 77, 153 and 2 Corinthians 54 Cor. -2, 113 Cor. -3,59,61,74,76,78, 159, I6I Cor. -4,75 Cor. :i2, 37, 58, 103 Cor. :i7, 61, 74 Cor. : 17-18, 73 Cor. : 17-24, 73 Cor. 1:19, 59, 76 Cor. 1:20,74,77, 159

Index of passages cited 1 Cor. 1:23, 153 1 Cor. [: 23-24, 168 1 Cor. :24, 73 1 Cor. [125, 76, 77 1 Cor. 1:25-31,76 1 Cor. t:26, ] 40, 58, 60, 61, 184 1 Cor. :26-29, 57, 60, 76 1 Cor. :26-3i, 60 1 Cor. ]:27, 60, 77 1 Cor. ]:27-28, 58, 61 1 Cor. ]:28, 61, 77 1 Cor. :29, 58, 61, 76, 161 1 Cor. [130, 136 1 Cor. 1:31, 59, 60, 61, 64, 161 1 Cor. 2:1,72, 73, 74 1 Cor. 2:1-5, 7 1 1 Cor. 2:2, 73 1 Cor. 2:3, 67, 72, 73, 79 1 Cor. 2:4, 70, 74, 79 1 Cor. 2:5, 74, 77, 162 1 Cor. 2:6, 77, 159 1 Cor. 2:8, 159 1 Cor. 2:9, 59, 120 1 Cor. 2:12, 77 1 Cor. 2:15, 159 1 Cor. 3, 78 1 Cor. 3:1, 159, 180 1 Cor. 3:1-2, 162 1 Cor. 3:5, 59 1 Cor. 3:5-4:5, 59 1 Cor. 3:6-9, 59 1 Cor. 3:7, 58, 59 1 Cor. 3:9-10, 59 1 Cor. 3:10-17, 59 1 Cor. 3:18, 77, 159 1 Cor. 3:18-20, 76 1 Cor. 3:19,59,76,77 1 Cor. 3:20, 60, 77 1 Cor. 3:21, 58, 59 1 Cor. 3:22, 58 1 Cor. 4, 168 1 Cor. 4:1-5, 59 1 Cor. 4:4-6, 59 1 Cor. 4:6, 59, 161 1 Cor. 4:6-7, 136 1 Cor. 4:6b, 59 1 Cor. 4:6b-7, 58 1 Cor. 4:6c, 59 1 Cor. 4:7, 58 1 Cor. 4:8, 159 1 Cor. 4:9, 59, 80 1 Cor. 4:10, 58 1 Cor. 4:11-13, 171 1 Cor. 4:12, 85, 86 1 Cor. 4:13, 77

231 [ Cor. 4:19, 168 [ Cor. 4:19b, 73 [ Cor. 4:21, 67 [ Cor. 5:5, 135 [ Cor. 8, 95 t Cor. 8:9, 184 [ Cor. 9, 81, 94, 95, 96, 97 [ Cor. 9:1-2, 94 [Cor. 9:1-3, 94 [ Cor. 9:1-23, 94 [ Cor. 9:3, 94, 95 [ Cor. 9:3-14, 81 [ Cor. 9:3-18, 80 [ Cor. 9:5, 81, 82, 95 [ Cor. 9:6, 95 [ Cor. 9:6-18, 81 [ Cor. 9:7, 94 [ Cor. 9:8-ioa, 94 [ Cor. 9:9, 108 [ Cor. 9:10, 94 [ Cor. 9:12-23, 95 [ Cor. 9:12, 94, 95, 96 [ Cor. 9:12a, 95 [ Cor. 9:i2d, 95, 96 [Cor. 9:13, 94,95 [ Cor. 9:14, 89, 94 [ Cor. 9:15, 89, 95, 96, 97 [ Cor. 9:15c, 95, 96 [ Cor. 9:17b, 95, 96 [ Cor. 9:18,96 [ Cor. 9:19,90,95 [ Cor. 9:19-22, 96 [ Cor. 9:23, 96 [ Cor. 10:2, 108 [ Cor. 10:18, 184 [ Cor. 10:25, 5 1 [ Cor. 11:7, 149 [ Cor. 11:22, 161 [ Cor. 12, 97 [ Cor. 12:3, 131, 153, 157, 172 [ Cor. 12:9, 180 [ Cor. 13:12, 146 [ Cor. 15, 182 [ Cor. 15:9, 130, 134 [ Cor. 15:12, 159, 181 [ Cor. 15:17-19, 181 [ Cor. 15:30, 181, 182 [ Cor. 15:30-32, 181 [ Cor. 15:31, 173 [ Cor. 15:32, 28, 182 [ Cor. 15:40-49, 149 [ Cor. 16:6, 81 [ Cor. 16:10, 184 [ Cor. 16:15-16, 104 [ Cor. 16:17, 35

232

Index ofpassages cited

Cor. 3:11, 105, n o , 184 Cor. 3:12, 152, 179 Cor. 3:12-18, 134 Cor. 3:13, 105, 146, 184 Cor. 3:14, 134, 135, 139, 142, 145, 146, 184 2 Cor. 3:14-15, 113, 135, 146 2 Cor. :5, 173 2 Cor. 3:15, 135, 184 2 Cor. :6, 178 2 Cor. 3:16, 135, 184 2 Cor. :8, 152, 181, 183 2 Cor. 3:18, 145, 146, 148, 152, 162, 2 Cor. :8-9, 171 2 Cor. :9, 172, 181 164, 177, 180, 183, 184 2 Cor. 3:18-4:6, 112, 148, 149 2 Cor. ]:io, 172 2 Cor. 4, 16, 152, 153 2 Cor. ]:i 1, 65, 184 2 Cor. 4-6, 113 2 Cor. ]:i2, 157 2 Cor. 4:1, 6, 152, 164, 179 2 Cor. ]:i3, 163 2 Cor. 4:1-18, 16 2 Cor. ]: 13-14, 68 2 Cor. 4:2, 91, 157, 163, 184 2 Cor. ]:i4, 3, 68 2 Cor. 4:3, i n , 113, 130, 145, 162, 163, 2 Cor. i: 15-17, 67 164, 184 2 Cor. ]:i6, 81 2 Cor. 4:4, 127, 128, 129, 135, 150, 154, 2 Cor. i:i7, 67, 68 159, 164, 184 2 Cor. ]:23, 138, 161 2 Cor. 4:5, 153, 156, 172, 182 2 Cor. ]^3-2:4, 67, 68 2 Cor. 4:6, 79, i n , 112, 113, 115, 126, 2 Cor. 1:23-2:11,68 127, 128, 133, 135, 143, 164, 183, 2 Cor. 2:3-4, 2, 191 184 2 Cor. 2:3-11, 191 2 Cor. 4:7, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 2 Cor. 2:5, 2 171, 176, 178, 179 2 Cor. 2:6, 2, 178 2 Cor. 4:7-12, 179, 180 2 Cor. 2:9, 191 2 Cor. 4:7-18, 164, 185 2 Cor. 2:10, 2, 184 2 Cor. 2:14, 79, 103, 104, 105, 152, 184 2 Cor. 4:8, 169, 170, 171, 176 2 Cor. 4:8-9, 152, 170, 176 2 Cor. 2:14-4:18, 184 2 Cor. 4:8-12, 169 2 Cor. 2:14-6:13, 191 2 Cor. 4:8-18, 166 2 Cor. 2:14-7:4, 16, 103, 181 2 Cor. 4:9, 169, 170, 171, 176 2 Cor. 2:15, 104, 130 2 Cor. 4:10, 166, 172, 173, 176, 178, 2 Cor. 2:15-16, 104, 163 179,184 2 Cor. 2:16, 172 2 Cor. 4:10-11, 176, 177, 178, 181 2 Cor. 2:17, 4, 87, 91, 104, 157, 180 2 Cor. 4:10a, 172 2 Cor. 3, 16, 105, 109, n o 2 Cor. 3-4, i n , 113, 114, 115, 126, 162,2 Cor. 4:10b, 175 2 Cor. 4:11, 166, 172, 173, 174, 176, 188 177, 178, 183, 184 2 Cor. 3:1, 4, 104, 105 2 Cor. 4:11-12, 179 2 Cor. 3:2, 104 2 Cor. 4:11a, 172 2 Cor. 3:3, 6, 104, 105, 147, 184 2 Cor. 4:11b, 175 2 Cor. 3:4, 152, 179 2 Cor. 4:12, 85, 172, 178 2 Cor. 3:5, 147 2 Cor. 4:12a, 179 2 Cor. 3:6, 6, 105 2 Cor. 4:13, 179, 180, 181 2 Cor. 3:7, 6, 105, n o , 172, 184 2 Cor. 4:14, 172, 181, 182 2 Cor. 3:7-8, 105 2 Cor. 4:15, 7, 164, 178 2 Cor. 3:7-9, 164 2 Cor. 4:16, 152, 182, 183, 184 2 Cor. 3:7-11, 105, n o , i n ,• 1 4 7 2 Cor. 4:16-17, 182 2 Cor. 3:7-4:6, 166 2 Cor. 4:16-18, 182 2 Cor. 3:7b, n o 2 Cor. 4:17, 152, 182, 183, 184 2 Cor. 3:8, 6, no, 184 2 Cor. 4:18, 184 2 Cor. 3:9, 6, 105, no, 184 2 Cor. 5, 16 2 Cor. 3:10, no, 147, 184 2 Corinthians 8, n , 12, 58, 62, 83,!

95, 97, 99 2 Cor. :i-2:23, 191 2 Cor. -7,3 2 Cor. 1-9, 3, 191, 192 2 Cor. 4-6, 178

2 2 2 2 2

Index of passages cited 2 Cor. 5:1-2, 184 2 Cor. 5:1-10, 183 2 Cor. 5:6, 152 2 Cor. 5:7, 184 2 Cor. 5:8, 152 2 Cor. 5:11, 68, 163 2 Cor. 5:12,3, 184 2 Cor. 5:i3,7 2 Cor. 5:14, 143, 177 2 Cor. 5:i5, 177 2 Cor. 5:16,4,7, 143 2 Cor. 5:17, 143, 177 2 Cor. 5:18,6 2 Cor. 5:18-19, 143 2 Cor. 6, 16 2 Cor. 6:2, 151 2 Cor. 6:3,6 2 Cor. 6:3-4, 6, 7 2 Cor. 6:4, 6, 7, 171 2 Cor. 6:4-10, 152 2 Cor. 6:5, H i 2 Cor. 6:9, 177 2 Cor. 6:10, 93 2 Cor. 6:11-13,68 2 Cor. 6:12, 2 2 Cor. 6:i3,3 2 Cor. 7:2, 3, 68 2 Cor. 7:2-4, 191 2 Cor. 7:5, 169 2 Cor. 7:5-13a, 67, 68 2 Cor. 7:5-8:24, 191 2 Cor. 7:6-16, 192 2 Cor. 7:7, 2, 68 2 Cor. 2 Cor. 7:8, 191 2 Cor. 7:8-12, 191 2 Cor. 7:8-i3a, 68 2 Cor. 7:9, 68, 69 2 Cor. 7:9-11, 68 2 Cor. 7:10, 68, 172 2 Cor. 7:11,2 2 Cor. 7:12, 2, 68, 191 2 Cor. 7:i3,68 2 Cor. 7:14,2, 191 2 Cor. 7:16,2,68 2 Cor. 8, 192 2 Cor. 8:2, 88, 98 2 Cor. 8:3, 98 2 Cor. 8:4, 6, 98 2 Cor. 8:5, 98 2 Cor. 8:9, 98 2 Cor. 8:14, 88, 89 2 Cor. 8:18, 192 2 Cor. 8:19, 6 2 Cor. 8:20, 6, 88 8:24, 184

233 2 Cor. 9, 192 2 Cor. 9:1, 6 2 Cor. 9:2, 178 2 Cor. 9:12, 6 2 Cor. 9:13, 6 2 Cor. 10, 61 2 Cor. 10-13, 3, 6, 8, 191, 192 2 Cor. 10:1, 65, 67, 68, 184, 191 2 Cor. 10:1-11, 68 2 Cor. 10:2,4,65, 67, 155, 157 2 Cor. 10:3, 66 2 Cor. 10:3-6, 69 2 Cor. 10:4-5, 66 2 Cor. 10:5, 69, 79, 158 2 Cor. 10:5-6, 68 2 Cor. 10:7, 4, 13, 68, 103, 129, 184 2 Cor. 10:8, 66, 67, 68, 69 2 Cor. 10:9, 68 2 Cor. 10:10, 3, 4, 12, 64, 65, 67, 70, 73, 97, 191 2 Cor. 10:10-11, 68 2 Cor. 10:11, 4, 65, 67, 71 2 Cor. 10:12, 4, 55 2 Cor. 10:12-18, 10, 55, 56 2 Cor. 10:13, 55 2 Cor. 10:15, 55 2 Cor. 10:16, 55 2 Cor. 10:17, 55, 64 2 Cor. 10:18, 55 2 Cor. 11, 97 2 Cor. 11-12, 62 2 Cor. 11:1, 3, 62 2 Cor. 11:2, 155 2 Cor. 11:3, 154 2 Cor. 11:4, 3, 4, 8, 10, 155, 156, 158, 172 2 Cor. 11:5, 6, 81, 82 2 Cor. 11:5-6, 70 2 Cor. 11:6, 12, 70, 71, 73, 78, 79 2 Cor. 11:7, 80, 85, 87, 88, 91, 93 2 Cor. 11:7-9, 86 2 Cor. 11:7-10, 12 2 Cor. 11:7-11, 81 2 Cor. 11:7-12, 91 2 Cor. 11:7-15, 80 2 Cor. 11:8, 6, 88 2 Cor. 11:9, 80, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89, 91, 97 2 Cor. 11:10, 89, 91, 93, 97, 99 2 Cor. 11:11, 12, 88, 93, 98 2 Cor. 11:12, 7, 10, 56, 83, 87, 91 2 Cor. 11:13, 3,6, 155, 157 2 Cor. 11:13-15, 157 2 Cor. 11:14, J 55 2 Cor. 11:14-15, 158 2 Cor. 11:15, 3,6, 154, 157

234 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Index of passages cited

Cor. 11:17, 57, 62 Cor. 11:18, 4, 57, 62, 68, 157 Cor. 11:18-19, 54 Cor. 11:18-20, 3, 7, 10 Cor. u:i8-2ia, 12 Cor. 11:19, 7, 12, 158 Cor. 11:20, 9, 57, 67, 83, 87, 157, 184 Cor. 11:21, 62 Cor. 11:22, 4, 5, 7, 10, 57, 138, 158, 168 Cor. 11:22-29, 63 Cor. 11:23, 6, 86, 172 Cor. 11:23-27, 171 Cor. 11:23-29, 63 Cor. 11:23-33, I1I Cor. 11:23b, 85, 86 Cor. 11:27, 86 Cor. 11:29, 68 Cor. 11:30, 54, 63, 64, 85 Cor. 11:31, 63 Cor. 11:32-33, 63 Cor. 12:1, 54, 62 Cor. 12:1-7, 166 Cor. 12:1-10, 166 Cor. 12:5, 63 Cor. 12:6, 161 Cor. 12:7, 135, 167 Cor. 12:9, 63, 64, 167, 177 Cor. 12:10, 1, 169, 171 Cor. 12:11, 6, 12, 62, 68, 81, 82 Cor. 12:12, 6, 11 Cor. 12:13, 12, 80, 81, 87, 88, 92 Cor. 12:13-14, 87, 89 Cor. 12:13-15, 81 Cor. 12:13-18, 80 Cor. 12:14, 12 Cor. 12:14-15, 90 Cor. 12:14-18, 192 Cor. 12:14c, 93 Cor. 12:15a, 88, 93 Cor. 12:15b, 88,93,98 Cor. 12:16, 88, 89 Cor. 12:16-18, 80 Cor. 12:17-18, 88, 191 Cor. 12:18, 8 Cor. 12:19, 62, 163, 178 Cor. 12:19-13:2, 68 Cor. 12:21, 69 Cor. 13, 174 Cor. 13:1, 69 Cor. 13:2, 66, 69, 161 Cor. 13:3, 3, 13, 68, 103, 104, 129, 162 Cor. 13:4,63,93, 174, 175 Cor. 13:5, 162, 180 Cor. 13:5-6,68

2 Cor. 13:6, 163 2 Cor. 13:9, 163, 178 2 Cor. 13:10, 66, 67, 68, 69 2 Cor. 13:13, 13, 8 Galatians, 105, 110 Gal. 1:6, 155 Gal. 1:13, 130, 134 Gal. 1:13-14, 134 Gal. 1:14, 136 Gal. 3:10, 131 Gal. 3:13, 131 Gal. 4:20, 169 Gal. 5:15, 184 Gal. 5:24, 143 Gal. 6:17, 172, 173 Ephesians, 113 Eph. 6:5, 154 Phil. 1:14, 180 Phil. 2:5-11, 153 Phil. 2:6, 130, 151 Phil. 2:6-8, 150 Phil. 2:6-11, 149 Phil. 2:10, 172 Phil. 2:11, 131, 153 Phil. 3, 137 Phil. 3:2, 184 Phil. 3:2-^9, 135 Phil. 3:3, 135, 136 Phil. 3:4, 136 Phil. 3:5-6, 130, 136 Phil. 3:6, 134, 136 Phil. 3:7, 135, 136 Phil. 3:8, 153 Phil. 3:9, 136 Phil. 3:10, 176 Phil. 3:21, 183 Phil. 4:2-3, 104 Phil. 4:7, 154 Phil. 4:12, 171 Phil. 4:14, 98 Phil. 4:15, 97 Phil. 4:16, 98 Phil. 4:17, 99 Phil. 4:18,98 Col. 1:24, 173 Col. 2:8, 184 Col. 3:3, 162 Col. 3:10, 148, 183 Col. 4:17, 184 Col. 4:22, 154 1 Thess. 1:10, 172 1 Thess. 2:1-13, 97 1 Thess. 2:2, 97, 180 1 Thess. 2:2-6, 97 1 Thess. 2:3, 97

Index of passages cited 1 Thess. 2:4, 97, 180 1 Thess. 2:5, 97 1 Thess. 2:6, 97 1 Thess. 2:7, 97 1 Thess. 2:7-8, 97 1 Thess. 2:8, 97 1 Thess. 2:9, 80, 85, 86, 97 1 Thess. 2:12, 97 1 Thess. 2:13, 97 1 Thess. 2:16, 180 1 Thess. 4:11, 86 1 Thess. 4:14, 172 1 Thess. 5:12-13a, 104 2 Thess. 2:4, 167 1 and 2 Timothy, 113 1 Tim. 1:13, 130 2 Tim. 2:18, 159 Jas. 1:23, 146 3 John 6, 82 Qumran sources iQH 1:21-22, 165 iQH 3:20-21, 165 iQH4:8, 165 iQH 4:29, 168 iQH 5:15-16, 168 iQH 9:6-7, 170 iQH 10:5, 165 iQH 11:3, 165 iQH 12:24-31, 165 iQH 13:15-16, 165 iQH 17:15, 140, 149 iQM 6:6, 139 iQS 4:7-8, 140 iQS 4:23, 149 iQS 11:3, 123 iQS 11:22, 165 4Q 161, 141 4QFlor 1:11-12, 141 4QMess ar, 133 4QPBless, 141 4QpNah 1:6-9, 132 iiQTemple 64.9-12, 132 CD 3:20, 140, 149 Rabbinic sources Mishnah Sank. Abot. Abot. Abot. Abot.

6.4, 131 1.3, 89 1.10, 89 1.13, 86 2.2, 89

235 Abot. 4.5, 89 Babylonian Talmud Ber. 7a, 109 Sabb. 55b, 108 Sabb. 118a, 173 'Erub. 13b, 168 'Erub. 54a, 168 Pesah. 118a, 86, 173 Ta'an. 7a, 168 Meg. 31a, 60 Meg. 31b, 60 Hag. 12a, 128 Yebam. 103b, 149 Ned. 38a, 168 Sota4b-5a, 168 Sota 5a, 168 Sota 12a, 109 B. Qam. 79b, 86 B. Bat. 58a, 148 Sank. 98b, 108 Midrash Gen. Rab. II.3, 124 Gen. Rab. II.5, 124 Gen. Rab. III.6, 128 Gen. Rab. XI.2, 149 Gen. Rab. XII.6, 128, 149 Gen. Rab. XVII.8, 149 Gen. Rab. XIX.7, 149 Gen. Rab. XXI.6, 128 Gen. Rab. XXII.2, 148 Gen. Rab. XXII. 12, 149 Gen. Rab. XXXIII. 1, 124 Gen. Rab. XLII.3, 128, 149 Exod. Rab. I.7, 167 Exod. Rab. 1.20, 109 Exod. Rab. XXX.3, 149 Exod. Rab. XXXV. 1, 128 Exod. Rab. XLVII, 109 Lev. Rab. I.5, 168 Lev. Rab. VII.2, 168 Lev. Rab. XI.7, 128 Lev. Rab. XIX. 1, 133 Lev. Rab. XX.2, 149 Num. Rab. IV.20, 168 Num. Rab. XII.6, 149 Num. Rab. XII. 12, 149 Num. Rab. XIII.2, 149 Num. Rab. XIII.3, 149, 167 Num. Rab. XIII. 12, 128 Num. Rab. XVI.24, 149 Deut. Rab. III. 12, 109

2 36

Index of passages cited

Deut. Rab. VII.3, 133 Deut. Rab. XI.3, 108, 109. 148, 149 Deut. Rab. XI.4, 108, 109 Ruth Rab. V.6, 108 Qoh. Rab. I.9, 108 Qoh. Rab. V.1.1, 149 Qoh. Rab. VIII. 1.2, 149 Qoh. Rab. VIII.4, 133 Cant. Rab. 1.2.3, 168 Cant. Rab. 1.3.3, 124 Cant. Rab. 1.6, 128 Cant. Rab. V.1.1, 149

Other works Acts of Paul and Thekla, 65 Bahodesh 9, 168 Cave of Treasures, fol. 5a, col. 1, 149 Mek. Exod. 16:25, 173 Mek. Exod. 16:29, J 73 Mek. Exod. 20:2, 106 fc. Exod. 20:11, 149 xoflf. 20:15-19, 168 Midr. Ps. 22:11, 124 Midr. Ps. 27:1, 128, 140 Midr. Ps. 27:1-6, 124 Midr. Ps. 36:6, 128 M/dr. Ps. 50:1, 124 M/dr. Ps. 97:11, 128 Pesiq. R. 8.5, 133 Pesiq. R. 15.3, 109 Pesiq. R. 21.6, 109 s/#. R. 23.6, 128, 149 s/#. R. 36.1, 128, 133 s/#. R. 36.2, 128 s/tf. P. 37.1, 128 Pesiq. Rab. Kah. 4, 133 Pesiq. Rab. Kah. 5.44a, 167 Pesiq. Rab. Kah. 21, 123 Pesiq. Rab. Kah. 27, 109 Pesiq. Rab. Kah. 32, 108, 109 Pesiq. Rab. Kah. 36b, 149 Pirqe R. El. 14, 149 Shemoneh Esreh 14, 141 Shemoneh Esreh 15, 141 Sifre Deut. 48, 168 Sifre Num. 5:3, 109 £7/re NWAW. 6:25, 133

7flHc/j A7 totf 121 a, 109 Tanch Pikude 2, 148 Tanh. B. 12b, 167 Tanh. B. 43a, 168 7g. Onq. Deut. 34:7, 109

Classical sources Inscriptions and Papyri B. Mus. Inscr. 3.192-93, 33 B. Mus. Inscr. 3.328-29, 33 B. Mus. Inscr. 3.374-76, 33 B. Mus. Inscr. 3.481, 33 Calabi-Limentani 57, 21 Calabi-Limentani 127, 21 CIG 1104, 40 CIG2716, 28 CIG 3629, 21 CIG 3646, 29 CIG 3792, 28 CIG 6745, 29 CIL 3.6099, 37 CIL 5.2893, 28 CIL 5.3221, 29 CIL 6.2265, 33 CIL 6.2820, 29 CIL 6.9316, 21 CIL 6.9940, 85 CIL 6.9969, 33 CIL 6.10006, 33 CIL 6.15983, 28 CIL 6.16472, 28 CIL 6.17430, 28 CIL 6.18850, 28 CIL 6.19966, 28 CIL 6.28875, 28 CIL 8.2506, 28 CIL 8.3463, 28 CIL 10.1268, 39 CIL 10.3716, 33 CIL 10.6104, 38 CIL 10.6699, 21 CIL 10.7039, 21 CIL 11.741,85 CIL 14.341, 39 CIL 14.2113,33 CIL 14.2977, 33 Edwards 18, 50 Edwards 27, 50 Edwards 53, 50 EG 595, 28 Hicks 609, 45 IG 1.568, 387, 27 IG2.2.9611, 21 IG 4.201, 25 IG 4.203, 26, 40, 50, 51 IG 4.210, 25 IG4.211, 25 IG 4.215-20, 25 IG 4.558, 50 IG 4.795, 51

Index of passages cited IG9.2.1201,29 IG 10.2.291, 85 IG 12.9.906, 32 IG 14.1030, 28, 29, 30 IG 14.2190, 28 IGRR 1.107,28,29, 30 IGRR 3.1020, 33 IGRR 4.144, 33 IGRR 4.520, 51 IGRR 4.1529, 29, 30 ILS 4326, 34 ILS 4413, 32 ILS 6073, 39 ILS 6328, 32 ILS 7366-7817, 85 ILS 7367-73, 85 ILS 7414, 85 ILS 7422, 85 ILS 7427-29, 85 ILS 7430-31, 85 ILS 7438, 85 ILS 7439, 85 ILS 7488, 85 ILS 7516, 85 ILS 7533, 85 ILS 7539, 85 ILS 7627, 85 ILS 7682-84, 85 ILS 7715, 21 ILS 7733, 21 Kent 17, 15 Kent 18, 43 Kent 20, 15, 35, 37 Kent 23-26, 36 Kent 30, 44 Kent 31, 44 Kent 56, 25 Kent 57, 26, 37 Kent 62, 37, 41 Kent 63, 26 Kent 64, 28, 37, 49 Kent 64-65, 40 Kent 67, 37 Kent 99-100, 40 Kent 127, 51 Kent 128, 41 Kent 134, 37 Kent 152, 51 Kent 153, 41, 51 Kent 155, 39, 40, 41, 51 Kent 156, 25, 51 Kent 158, 51 Kent 158-63, 40, 51 Kent 165, 41 Kent 168, 40

237 Kent 171, 37 Kent 173, 41 Kent 175, 41 Kent 181-89, 35 Kent 195, 26, 51 Kent 198, 51 Kent 199, 26 Kent 212, 51 Kent 231, 41 Kent 232, 40 Kent 237, 41 Kent 240, 38 Kent 264, 47 Kent 272, 45 Kent 276, 38 Kent 280, 37 Kent 281, 37 Kent 307, 47 Kent 321, 37 Kent 323, 39 Kent 334, 41 Kent 361, 48 Kenyon Greek Papyri 68, 107 Lane 92, 28 Lane 142, 28 LeBas-Wadd. 516, 28 LeBas-Wadd. 686, 28 LeBas-Wadd. 2343, 28 Meritt 14, 44, 45 Meritt 15, 44, 45 Meritt 54, 40 Meritt 70, 39 Meritt 80, 51 Meritt H I , 37 Moretti 58, 45 Moretti 59, 45 Moretti 62, 45 Moretti 65, 45 Moretti 66, 45 Moretti 69, 45 Moretti 71, 45 Moretti 72, 45 Moretti 75, 45 P. Fay. 21(9), 161 P. Flor. 2.123(7), 161 P. Lond. 121, 29 P. Oxy. 4.725, 86 P. Oxy. 14.1647, 86 P. Oxy. 31.2586, 86 P. Oxy. 1381, 29 P. Oxy. 1766, 32 P. Oxy. 3273, 87 P. Par. 1616, 29 P. Par. 1665, 29 PGM II, 107

238

Index of passages cited

PGM III, 107 PGM XII, 107 PGM XIII, 107 SEG 1.444, 33 SEG 4.105, 21 SEG 18.137,47 SEG 18.143, 37 SEG 29.340, 45 SIG 3 2.700, 23 SIG 3 2.704E, 23 SIG 3 788, 37 SIG 3 814, 42 SIG 3 814 [2-4], 49 SIG 3 814 [10-13], 49 SIG 3 867, 33 SIG 3 1109, 32 SIG 3 1153, 32 Vidman 389, 28, 29 West 2, 25 West 3, 25 West 6, 26 West 10, 26, 29 West 15, 40 West 47-53, 40 West 56, 38 West 67, 37, 39, 40, 51 West 68, 39, 40 West 69, 37 West 76, 37 West 77, 37 West 80-86, 40 West 82, 44 West 86, 44 West 86-90, 51 West 104a, 40 West 108, 40 West 121, 38 West 122, 39 West 124, 51 West 125, 51 West 132, 39, 40 West 138, 38 West 140, 37 West 142, 37 West 151, 37

Classical authors Ael NA 11.35, 28 Ael. VH 2.31, 25 Ael. VH 3.15, 48 Alciphron, Ep. 3.15.1, 36, 42, Alciphron, Ep. 3.15.2, 46 Alciphron, Ep. 3.15.2-3, 48 Alciphron, Ep. 3.15.4, 46

Alciphron, Ep. 3.24.1, 46 Alciphron, Ep. 3.24.3, 36, 41, 47, 87 Alciphron, Fr. 5, 47 Anth. Pal. 9.284, 46 App. Pun. 8.136, 37 Apul. Apol. 90, 107 Apul. Met. 9.14, 32 Apul. Met. 10.18, 43, 46 Apul. Met. 10.19, 42, 46 Apul. Met. 10.20-22, 47 Apul. Met. 10.25, 46 Apul. Met. 10.29, 47 Apul. Met. 10.30-31, 33 Apul. Met. 10.35, 4 2 Apul. Met. 11.23-24, 147 Aret. SA 2.10.4, II2 Arist. Rh. 1.2.10-11, 71 Arist. Rh. 3.1.3, 71 Aristid. Opera Omnia. 46.27, 87 Aristid. Or. 8.52.1, 31 Aristid. Or. 8.54.11, 32 Aristid. Or. 26.97-99, 2 5 Aristid. Or. 46.22, 42 Aristid. Or. 46.23, 42, 43 Aristid. Or. 46.24, 47 Aristid. Or. 46.25, 36, 48 Aristid. Or. 46.27, 41, 42 Aristid. Or. 46.28, 36 Aristid. Or. 46.30, 49 Aristid. Or. 46.31, 48, 50 Artem. 2.12, 22 Artem. 2.27, 22 Artem. 2.33, 29 Artem. 4.17, 22 Artem. 4.18, 21 Artem. 5.26, 27 Cic. Arch. 11.26, 23 Cic. Flac. 18, 84 Cic. Nat. D. 1.38, 30 Cic. Nat. D. 2.6, 29 Cic. Off. 1.14.44,92 Cic. Off. 1.150,84 Cic. Off 2.9, 23 Cic. Off 2.10, 21, 23 Cic. Off 2.17,25 Cic. Off. 2.19, 30 Cic. Tusc. 1.52, 165 Cic. Tusc. 3.22.53, 35 Cic. Tusc. 3.53, 37 Cic. Tusc. 5.15, 21 Crinagorus, Anthologia Graeca 9.284, 37 D. C. 52.8.5, 24

Index of passages cited D. C. 62.15.1, 49 D. C. 62.15.2, 48 D. C. 62.20.5, 48 D. C. 75.22.1, 38 D. C. 79.7.4, 27 D . C . 79.14.4, 38 D. Chr. Or. 4-33-35, 30 D. Chr. Or. 4.83-84, 91 D. Chr. Or. 4.98, 91 D. Chr. Or. 4.133-35, 91 D. Chr. Or. 7.115, 21 D. Chr. Or. 7.124-26, 86 D. Chr. Or. 8, 48 D. Chr. Or. 8.5, 42, 47, 48 D. Chr. Or. 8.7, 48, 49 D. Chr. Or. 8.7-8, 47 D. Chr. Or. 8.8-9, 31 D. Chr. Or. 8.9,46,49, 157 D. Chr. Or. 8.9-10, 47 D. Chr. Or. 8.10, 22 D. Chr. Or. 8.32, 23 D. Chr. Or. 9.1, 44, 45 D. Chr. Or. 9.4, 48 D. Chr. Or. 9.5, 42, 48 D. Chr. Or. 9.8, 36, 87 D. Chr. Or. 9.14, 44 D. Chr. Or. 9.15,47 D. Chr. Or. 9.16,45 D. Chr. Or. 9.19,45 D. Chr. Or. 9.21, 36 D. Chr. Or. 9.22, 22, 48 D. Chr. Or. 12.60-61, 26 D. Chr. Or. 31.37, 157 D. Chr. Or. 31.121, 46 D. Chr. Or. 32.10, 30 D. Chr. Or. 33.6, 30 D. Chr. Or. 34.52, 26 D. Chr. Or. 37, 41 D. Chr. Or. 37.4, 43 D. Chr. Or. 37.8, 42, 43 D. Chr. Or. 37.11, 49 D. Chr. Or. 37.26, 35 D. Chr. Or. 37.33, 49 D. Chr. Or. 37.34, 47 D. Chr. Or. 37.36, 42 D. Chr. Or. 2>1A1^ 4* D. Chr. Or. 38.24, 24 D. Chr. Or. 42.3, 70 D. Chr. Or. 43.11, 25 D. Chr. Or. 44.9, 24 D. Chr. Or. 46.3, 25 D. Chr. Or. 46.3-4, 23 D. Chr. Or. 46.5, 38 D. Chr. Or. 46.7, 38 D. Chr. Or. 51.2, 23

239 D. Chr. Or. 57.5, 24 Demosthenes 36.16, 71 Dig. 50.2.12, 23 Dit. Or. 2.595 (12), 161 Epict. 1.8.7, 7 1 Epict. 2.19.24, 170 Epict. 3.1.33-34,48 Epict. 3.14.12-14, 24 Epict. 3.22.50-51, 31 Epict. 3.22.88, 65 Epict. 3.23.10-11, 30 Epict. 3.23.19, 30 Epict. 3.23.24, 30 Epict. 3.24.54-57, 24 Epict. 4.1.55, 24 Epict. 4.1.157,37 Epict. 4.8.34, 31 Eustathius 1184.18, 82 Eustathius 1396.42, 82 Gal. 18(1). 156K, 172 Gell. 5.6.16, 19, 63 Hor. Epist. 17.36, 36 Jos. A. 2.271, 70 Jos. A. 2.276, 107 Jos. A. 3.180, 108 Jos. A. 9.3, 72 Jos. A. 12.256, 140 Jos. A. 13.380-81, 132 Jos. A. 13.410, 132 Jos. A. 13.410-11, 132 Jos. A. 17.295, 140 Jos. A. 20.129, 14° Jos. Ap. 2.154, 106 Jos. Ap. 2.168, 106 Jos. B. 1.92-7, 132 Jos. B. 1.113, 132 Jos. B. 2.75, 140 Jos. B. 2.241, 140 Jos. B. 2.253, 140 Jos. B. 2.306-7, 140 Jos. B. 2.308, 140 Jos. B. 4.350, 55 Jos. B. 5.289, 140 Jos. B. 5.449-51, 140 Jos. V. 68, 43 Just. Epit. 36.2.11, 106 Juv. 1.24-30, 21 Juv. 1.38-39, 38 Juv. 1.105-6, 39 Juv. 1.106-9, 38 Juv. 1.108-9, 39

240

Index of passages cited

Juv. I.II2-II3, 21 Juv. 1.137-40, 87 JUV. 2.10, 26 Juv. 3.153-54, 23 Juv. 6.576, 27 Juv. 6.582, 27 Juv. 6.588, 27 Juv. 6.610-11, 27 JUV. 7.I34-49, 22 Juv. 7.145, 47 Juv. 8.113, 48 Juv. 9.140, 85 Juv. 13.34-7, 23, 26 Juv. 14.100-4, I Q 6 Juv. 14.204-5, 43

Livy 23.18.7, 63 Livy 28.48.5, 63 Livy 33.32.2, 42, 43, 50 Livy, Per. 52, 35 Longinus, Subl. 9.9, 106 Lucan 6.430-830, 27 Lucian, Alex. 6, 27 Lucian, Alex. 40, 91 Lucian, Am. 9, 46 Lucian, Anach. , 36, 44, 45, 46 Lucian, Cat. 16, 21 Lucian, D. Meretr. 5.2, 42 Lucian, D. Mort. 1, 46 Lucian, D. Mort. 8, 91 Lucian, D. Mort. 21.1, 42 Lucian, D. Mort. 22.7, 42 Lucian, Demon. 11, 25 Lucian, Gall. 11,20 Lucian, Gall. 14, 21 Lucian, Herm. 27, 36 Lucian, Herm. 29, 36 Lucian, Herm. 45, 36 Lucian, Herm. 59, 91, 157 Lucian, Herm. 80-81, 89 Lucian, Hist. Conscr. 29, 48 Lucian, Ind. 19, 48 Lucian, Ind. 21,21 Lucian, J. Tr. 27, 70 Lucian, Ner. 3, 50 Lucian, Ner. 9, 49 Lucian, Nigr. 21, 24 Lucian, Nigr. 23, 21, 22, 23, 24 Lucian, Nigr. 25, 89 Lucian, Peregr. 1, 91 Lucian, Peregr. 3, 31 Lucian, Peregr. 13, 91 Lucian, Peregr. 16, 91 Lucian, Rh. Pr. 21, 30 Lucian, Salt. 10-11, 33

Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Lucian, Mart. Mart. Mart. Mart.

Salt. 15, 33 Salt. 16, 33 Salt. 42, 49 Salt. 67, 33 Somm. 9, 24, 85 Tim. 22,21, 38 Tim. 56-57, 89 Tox. 22, 42 Trag. 53, 25 Vit. Auct. 10, 31

Ep. Ep. Ep. Ep.

2.29, 39 5.13, 38 9.59.11, 43 10.65, 36, 46,

Origen, Cels. 6.15, 24 Origen, Cels. 7.32, 28 Ovid, Fasti 6.249, 2& Paus. 2.1-3, 49 Paus. 2.1.2, 37 Paus. 2.1.7, 5 1 Paus. 2.2.6, 36 Paus. 2.2.6-3.1, 36 Paus. 2.3.3, 43 Paus. 2.3.5, 36, 40 Paus. 7.16.7-8, 35 Paus. 8.33.2, 42 Paus. 10.32.14-16, 33 Petron. Sat. 21, 32 Petron. Sat. 29, 86 Petron. Sat. 31, 43 Petron. Sat. 32, 28 Petron. Sat. 32-33, 39 Petron. Sat. 32-38, 22 Petron. Sat. 36, 38 Petron. Sat. 37, 39 Petron. Sat. 38, 24, 39 Petron. Sat. 44, 26, 31 Petron. Sat. 46, 47 Petron. Sat. 48, 24, 38 Petron. Sat. 50, 39, 43 Petron. Sat. 50-51, 24 Petron. Sat. 52, 39 Petron. Sat. 55, 23 Petron. Sat. 57, 23, 38 Petron. Sat. 58, 22 Petron. Sat. 72, 28 Petron. Sat. 75, 38 Petron. Sat. 75-76, 38 Petron. Sat. 76-77, 38 Petron. Sat. 119, 43 Philo, Agr. 173, 61 Philo, Conf. 127-28, 61

Index of passages cited Philo, Congr. 107, 168 Philo, Leg. All. 1.52, 61 Philo, Leg. All. 3.29-30, 61 Philo, Leg. All. 3.101, 146 Philo, Leg. All. 3.155, 55 Philo, Leg. All. 3.183, 55 Philo, Leg. Gai. 281-82, 37, 126 Philo, Mos. 1.1, 108 Philo, Mos. 1.27, 109 Philo, Mos. 1.158, 109 Philo, Mos. 2.69-70, 109 Philo, Mos. 2.192, 108 Philo, Mos. 2.212, 91 Philo, Op. 81, 55 Philo, Plant. 105, 55 Philo, Post. 28, 109 Philo, Post. 61, 132 Philo, Post. 136, 168 Philo, Quaest. in Ex. 2.40, 109 Philo, Quaest. in Ex. 2.54, 109 Philo, Sac. 9, 109 Philo, Som. 2.213, J 3 2 Philo, Spec. Leg. 1.265, 168 Philo, Spec. Leg. 3.151-52, 132 Philo, Spec. Leg. 4.79, 55 Philo, Virt. 172, 167 Philostr. VA 1.13, 157 Philostr. VA 4.25, 47, 48 Philostr. VA 6.41, 29 Philostr. VA 7.23, 91 Philostr. KS488, 71 Philostr. KS503, 71 Philostr. FS519, 83 Philostr. KS521, 71 Philostr. KS 591-92, 83 Philostr. VS 665, 32 Plato, Rep. 361E, 175 Pliny, Ep. 1.8.15, 92 Pliny, Ep. 1.14, 87 Pliny, Ep. 3.6, 43 Pliny, Ep. 7.27, 27 Pliny, Ep. 8.6, 39 Pliny, Ep. 9.6, 23 Pliny, HN 4.9, 52 Pliny, HN 17.48, 43 Pliny, HN 17.267, 27 Pliny, HN 28.17, 27 Pliny, //TV 28.19-20, 27 Pliny,//TV 28.47, 27 Pliny, //TV 30.2.11, 107 Pliny, //TV 33.41, 27 Pliny, HN 33.134-35, 38 Pliny, HN 34.1, 43 Pliny, HN 34.11, 38 Pliny,//TV 34.3.6-8, 43

241 Pliny, HN 34.6, 43 Pliny, HN 34.48, 43 Pliny, HN 37.12.49, 43 Plut. Caes. 57.5, 37 Plut. Cat. Ma. 18.4, 22 Plut. Cic. 8.1, 22 Plut. Cleom. 39, 27 Plut. Mor. 34D, 91 Plut. Mor. 45F, 30 Plut. Mor. 75C, 21 Plut. Mor. 76B-E, 19 Plut. Mor. 76C-86A, 21 Plut. Mor. 270D, 26 Plut. Mor. 364F, 33 Plut. Mor. 395B, 43 Plut. Mor. 540A-B, 24 Plut. Mor. 745A, 29, 51 Plut. Mor. 831 A, 43 Plut. Mor. 1057E, 169 Plut. Mor. 1090A, 30 Plut. Mor. 1102A, 32 Plut. Mor. 1125E, 25 Plut. Nic. 23, 27 Plut. Per. 6.1, 27 Plut. Tim. 14.2, 43 Plut. Tim. 26.1-2, 27 Quint. 3.7.21, 106 Quint. Inst. ipri5, 26 S. E. M. 1.9,26 S. E. M. 1.260, 51 S. E. P. 1.157, 30 Sen. De civ. D. 6.10, 26 Sen. Dial. 2.15.2-3, 21 Sen. Dial. 6.11.3, 165 Sen. Dial. 7.26.7, 21 Sen. Ep. 5.2, 26 Sen. Ep. 27.5, 38 Sen. Ep. 34-3-4, *9 Sen. Ep. 66.46, 19 Sen. Ep. 67.16, 21 Sen. Ep. 86.7, 39 Sen. Ep. 88.21, 85 Sen. Ep. 91.10, 42 Sen. £/?. 115.3-4, 19 Sen. Luc. 24.18, 28 Sen. Lwc. 36.10, 28 Stat. Silv. 3.3.78, 39 Str. 5.3.10, 33 Str. 7.7.3, 42 Str. 8.6.15, 29, 51 Str. 8.6.20, 42, 43, 44, 47 Str. 8.6.23, 37, 38, 41, 43, 87 Str. 10.5.4, 50

242

Index of passages cited

Str. 12.3.26, 47 Str. 16.2.39, 106 Str. 17.1.17, 29 Str. I7.3-I5,37 Suet. Aug. 70, 43 Suet. Nero 22, 49 Suet. Nero 25, 48, 49 Suet. Nero 34.4, 27 Suet. Nero 36, 27 Suet. Nero 53.55, 48 Suet. Tib. 34, 43 Tac. Ad. Gr. 27.2, 31 Tac. Ad. Gr. 35, 24 Tac. Agr. 4.1, 26 Tac. Agr. 4.3, 26 Tac. Ann. 2.27, 27 Tac. Ann. 4.38, 23 Tac. Ann. 12.22, 27 Tac. Ann. 13.27, 38 Tac. Ann. 14.14, 49 Tac. Ann. 14.14-15, 48 Tac. Dial. 32.3-4, 30 Tac. Hist. 5.4-5, 106 Tat. Ad. Gr. 32, 33 Vett. Val. 1.22, 22 Vett. Val. 2.22, 22

Early Christian sources 1 Clement, 160

1 Clement 2:1, 161 1 Clement 13:1, 161 1 Clement 13:3, 161 1 Clement 16:1-2, 161 1 Clement 16:7, 161 1 Clement 16:17, J 6i 1 Clement 17, 161 1 Clement 17:2, 161 1 Clement 18:8, 161 1 Clement 19:1, 161 1 Clement 21:8, 161 1 Clement 30:2, 161 1 Clement 30:3, 161 1 Clement 30:8, 161 1 Clement 31:4, 161 1 Clement 38:2, 161 1 Clement 44:3, 161 1 Clement 48:6, 161 1 Clement 53:2, 161 1 Clement 55:6, 161 1 Clement 56:1, 161 1 Clement 58:2, 161 1 Clement 59:3, 161 1 Clement 59:3-4, 161 1 Clement 62:2, 161 Did. 11:3-12:2, 81 Eusebius, Praep. Evang. Eusebius, Praep. Evang. Eusebius, Praep. Evang. Eusebius, Praep. Evang. 106

9.26.1, 106 9.27, 106 13:12.1, 106 13:13-16,

INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS

Aalen, 122, 124, 126, 128, 133 Agrell, 83, 86 Allegro, 132 Allen, 180 Allo, 7, 63, 64, 70, 71, 72, 104, 112, 146, 152, 154, 164, 165, 171, 180, 184, 191 Amoussine, 132 Armstrong, 21, 26 Aune, 27, 107 Bachmann, 55, 79, 155, 157, 165, 166 Bain, 130 Baird, 104 Balsdon, 86 Bammel, 110 Barnett, 5 Barr, 148 Barrett, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 72, 74,76,79,81,82,87,92,93,94, 96, 104, 112, 133, 141, 146, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 166, 169, 171, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 191, 192 Barton, 22 Bates, 191 Batey, 191 Bauer, 55, 58, 72, 82, 96, 104, 152, 157, 169, 173, 175 Baumann, 72 Baumert, 152, 179, 180, 181 Baur, 4, 5 Becker, 159 Behm, 147 Berger, 10 Best, 6, 7, 75, 76, 78 Betz, 7, 9, 27, 54, 62, 65, 67, 78, 79, 82, 83, 89, 133

243

Bieder, 8 Biers, 44, 51 Black, 148 Blass, 66, 82, 146, 150, 182 Bolkestein, 86 Boman, 22 Bonner, 27, 107 Bonnet, 65 Bookidis, 50 Bornkamm, 8, 73, 191 Borse, 5, 155 Bosch, 60 Bousset, 89 Bowersock, 30, 37, 42 Braun, 165 Brockington, 113, 125 Broneer, 29, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,47,48,49,50,51 Brooke, 146 Bruce, 72, 96, 104, 128, 132, 152, 159, 167, 172, 173, 177, 191 Brueggemann, 119 Buck, 191 Budge, 149 Bugh, 41, 51 Bultmann, 6, 7, 11, 28, 55, 56, 57, 62, 64,70,75,79,81,82,93,97, 112, 136, 146, 152, 153, 155, 161, 164, 166, 171, 172, 176, 178, 179, 180, 184, 191, Burford, 21 Burton, 70 Cadbury, 40, 51 Caird, 141, 146 Caragounis, 81, 98 Carcopino, 85 Cartledge, 35 Castren, 34 Cerfaux, 60, 93 Childs, 115

244

Index of modern authors

Clarke, 40 Clements, 115, 124 Collange, 8, 105, 109, 112, 128, 146, 152, 157, 166, 171, 172, 176, 179, 180, 181, 184 Conzelmann, 58, 59, 71, 75, 159 Cramer, 26 Cranfield, n o , 135, 138, 142, 174 Crook, 38 Cumont, 26 Dahl, 81,94, 148 Danker, 92 Daube, 89, 96 Dautzenberg, 93 Davidson, 43, 166 Davies, n o , 133 Davis, 75 Day, 37 De Montfaucon, 107 Deissmann, 28 Delling, 72 Demargne, 32 den Boer, 20, 23, 24 Dessau, 35, 48 Dibelius, 97 Didier, 95 Diessmann, 20 Dieterich, 108 Dihle, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27 Dill, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30 Dinkier, 8 Dodd, 62 Dodds, 24, 26, 27 Drage, 106 Dudley, 33 Duff, 38, 40 Dugandzic, n o Dungan, 92, 94, 98 Dunn, 133, 136, 174, 175, 178 Dupont, 131, 146, 165, 170

Ferguson, 19 Feuillet, 182, 183 Findley, 22 Finegan, 49 Finley, 20, 38, 45 Fitzmyer, 132, 147 Foerster, 117, 124 Forbes, 63, 70 Ford, n o , 180 Fredriksen, 131 Fridrichsen, 63, 170 Friedlander, 30 Friedrich, 5, 7, 8, 9, 70, 105 Friichtel, 14, 27 Funk, 75 Furnish, 5, 7, 9, 11, 20, 55, 56, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 82, 83, 84, 90, 92, 93, 112, 146, 147, 152, 153, 154, 157, 161, 164, 166, 169, 170, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 191,192

Eagen, 104 Edelstein, 51 Edwards, 49 Elderkin, 27 Elliger, 41 Ellis, 4, 10, 75, 113, 115 Engels, 20 Ensslin, 106 Erbse, 27 Evans, 121, 141

Gager, 20, 106, 107, 108 Gardiner, 44, 45 Gardner, 49, 50 Garnsey, 20, 87 Geagan, 38, 42, 44, 51 Gebhard, 48, 50 Gegner, 9 Gemoll, 70 Georgi, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 56, 66, 70, 83, 88, 105, 109, 155, 161, 171, 191, 192 Gerhard, 91 Gigon, 20 Gill, 20, 35, 40 Ginsberg, 115 Giversen, 31 Glombitza, 72 Goodenough, 107, 109 Gordon, 21, 22, 23, 26, 38 Goudge, n o , 112, 128, 155, 184 Graf, 28 Grant, 19, 20, 32, 75, 159 Griffith, 24, 107 Grundmann, 168 Giilzow, 20 Gummerus, 85 Gundry, 64, 183 Gunther, 4, 5, 105 Gutbrod, 4 Gutierrez, 93 Guttgemanns, 8, 70, 166, 172

Fantham, 30 Fascher, 4, 72

Haenchen, 132 Hafemann, 55, 104

Index of modern authors Hands, 92 Hanson, 27, 60, 180 Harder, 57 Harner, 123 Harris, 35, 42, 112, 152, 166, 191 Hartman, 72 Harvey, 11, 139, 141 Hatch, 57 Hausrath, 191 Hempel, 126 Hengel, 20, 108 Henneken, 97 Hering, 4, 5, 55, 60, 70, 81, 104, 152, 165, 166, 169, 184 Hertzberg, 36, 48 Hickling, 10, 11, 106, 113, 156 Hill, 36 Hock, 64, 84, 85, 89 Hodgson, 170 Holladay, 9 Holmberg, 6 Hooker, 59, 105, n o , 150, 151, 160, 162, 173, 176, 178, 180, 182 Hoover, 151 Hopel, 130 Hopkins, 20, 22, 38 Horbury, 141 Horsley, G., 22 Horsley, R., 75, 77 Hiibner, 60, 136 Hugede, 146 Hughes, 67, 128, 146, 180, 191 Ibrahim, 49 Imhoof-Blumer, 49, 50 Jacobs, 60 Jeremias, 95, 108, 139 Jervell, 64, 112, 148, 149 Jones, 23, 25, 30, 31, n o Judge, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 55, 62, 63, 70, 83, 84, 87, 90 Kahrstedt, 42, 43 Kaibel, 32 Kamlah, 175, 178 Kardara, 43 Kasemann, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 55, 62, 64, 70, 82, 83, 97, 105, n o , 150, 156, 159 Keck, 12 Kee, 7 Kennedy, 30 Kenyon, 107 Keyes, 104

245 Kim, 104, 128, 133, 152 Kittel, 114 Knierim, 125 Knox, 75 Kolb, 21, 23 Kolenkow, 29 Kos, 37 Koster, 31, 57 Kraabel, 108 Kramer, 172 Kraus, 180 Kreissig, 20 Kuhn, 8, 133 Kummel, 2, 4, 5, 7, n , 55, 56, 70, 82, 97, 104, 146, 158, 159, 170, 173, 191 Lacey, de, 147, 148 Lagrange, 141, 150 Lambrecht, 147, 152, 171, 172, 175, 178 Larsen, 37, 42, 43, 48 Larsson, 147 Lattimore, 28 Laub, 97 Launey, 32 Legault, 59 Lenschau, 36, 42, 48 Liddell, 132 Lietzmann, 4, 5, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 64, 66, 70, 79, 82, 94, 112, 147, 152, 156, 158, 164, 176, 178, 182, 184, 191 Lightfoot, 72, 74, 160 Lindars, 131 Lipsius, 65 Liidemann, 81, 88 Luhrmann, 8 Liitgert, 5, 7, 70, 155 MacMullen, 8, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,26,27,29,31,33,34,38,47, 181 Maher, 168 Malherbe, 12, 20, 66, 67, 82, 84, 154 Markus, 27 Marshall, 90, 104 Martin, 9, 56, 81, 84, 151, 154, 166, 179, 182, 183, 191 Martini, 112 Marxen, 191 Mason, 46, 47 Mattusch, 43 McClelland, 10, 82 McHugh, 59

246

Index of modern authors

Meeks, 20, 22, 25, 31, 43, 81, 106, 109, 182 Meiggs, 21, 22, 85 Menzies, 112, 191 Metzger, 97 Meyer, 79, 172, 179, 184 Michaelis, 184 Michaud, 45 Michel, 128, 135, 141 Miller, 36 Moffatt, 72, 74, 94 Momigliano, 32, 49 Moore, 89, 168 Morris, 98 Mosse, 85 Mott, 90 Moule, 9, 66, 79, 92, n o , 151, 173 Moulton, 66, 79, 175, 182 Miillensiefen, 154 Munck, 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 70, 72, 75, 76, 82, 163, 191 Murmelstein, 109, 149 Murphy-O'Connor, 31, 35, 37, 43, 47, 180 Nielsen, 176 Nilsson, 27, 29, 31 Nock, 8, 26, 27, 29, 32, 34 Norden, 71, 106 O'Brien, 174 Ohlemutz, 32 Olley, 124 Oostendorp, 2, 4, 5, 65, 70, 105, 112, 155 Painter, 72 Payne, 32, 50 Pearson, 75, 77 Pepin, 106 Peters, 14, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30 Peterson, 60 Pfitzer, 45 Pherigo, 191 Philadelpheus, 38 Picard, 33 Pleket, 22, 45 Plummer, 5, 56, 57, 67, 70, 72, 74, 89, 94, 96, 112, 128, 146, 152, 155, 157, 164, 166, 169, 172, 180, 182, 184 Powell, 15 Pratscher, 91, 98 Preisendanz, 107 Prinsloo, 122 Proudfoot, 173

Prumm, 64, n o , 154 Pulcher, 40 Qwarnstrom, 180 Raisanen, n o , 133, 136, 137 Ramsay, 30, 65 Rawson, 37 Reekmans, 21, 47 Rehrl, 24 Reinach, 32 Reinhold, 21, 38 Reisel, 124 Reitzenstein, 64, 67, 70, 75, 108, 147 Richard, 105, 112 Rissi, 8, 70, 105, n o , 164, 172, 173, 179, 180,182 Robert, 25, 28, 30, 32, 45 Robertis, de, 86 Robertson, 72, 74, 94, 96, 147, 169, 171, 175 Robinson, 2, 48, 160 Roebuck, 49, 50, 51 Rood, 166 Ross, 59 Rostovtzeff, 36, 42 Rowland, 139 Salguero, 165 Sanders, 126, 134, 136, 137 Schlatter, 155, 179 Schlier, 72, 75 Schmithals, 2, 7, 64, 70, 75, 81, 94, 155, 165 Schneider, 27, 44, 49 Schniewind, 159 Schoeps, 5

Schottroff, 75 Schrage, 152, 170, 172, 176

Schreiner, 61 Schulz, 105 Schiitz, 6, 7, 155 Schwantes, 124 Scranton, 36, 39, 49, 50 Scroggs, 13, 20, 75, 148, 149 Seeligmann, 123 Sellin, 75 Sevenster, 170 Shaw, 6, 49 Shear, 46 Siber, 180, 181 Simon, 27, 31 Smith, 9, 13, 30, 37, 49 Snell, 22 Solin, 37

Index of modern authors Spawforth, 35 Spencer, 152 Spicq, 97, 148, 165, 169 Stachowiak, 112 Staehelin, 33 Stahlin, 89 Stambaugh, 20, 34, 35 Stanley, 112, 172 Stephenson, 191 Stillwell, 46, 48 Stockhausen, n o Stowers, 84 Strachan, 4, 64, 112, 128, 172, 179, 191 Stuhlmacher, 133 Tannehill, 178 Tarn, 24 Tasker, 81, 84, 191 Taylor, 21, 23, 37, 40 Thackeray, 60 Theissen, 4, 9, 35, 36, 40, 66, 83 Thiselton, 159 Thompson, 107, 115, 124, 125, 161 Thrall, 4, 66, 70, 112, 131, 163, 178, 191,192 Tiede, 9 Tod, 15 Travis, 63 Tuckett, 131

247 Vermeulen, 23 Vielhauer, 191 Warmington, 49 Watson, 67, 191, 192 Weaver, 39 Wedderburn, 150, 159, 182 Weiss, 72, 75, 82, 89, 94, 191 Welter, 32 Wendland, 19, 81, 104, 112, 191 West, 40 Wilckens, 7, 64, 72, 73, 75, 146 Wilcox, 132 Williams, 43 Williamson, 104 Willis, 35 Wilson, 8, 75, 159 Windisch, 4, 8, 56, 57, 64, 66, 81, 84, 93, 98, 112, 128, 146, 147, 152, 157, 158, 161, 166, 170, 172, 173, 184, 191 Winer, 92 Wiseman, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 43, 48, 49 Wissowa, 29 Wolff, 9, 94, 112, 146, 157, 172 Woodhead, 15 Wright, 42, 136, 139, 141, 142, 146, 151, 183 Wuellner, 60

Ulonska, 105

Yadin, 132 Young, n o , 180

Van Diilmen, 134 Van Unnik, 146 Vermes, 141

Zeilinger, 174 Zerwick, 66, 79 Zmijewski, 63

INDEX OF NAMES AND SUBJECTS

Abraham, 109 Adam, his glory, 148 his sin, 150-52, 160 Aelianus, 25 Alciphron, 41, 42, 46 Amphitrite, 50 Antiochus, 41 Antiochus Epiphanes, 140 Aphrodite, 32, 33, 47, 50 Apollo, 33, 50 Apostleship, specifically Paul's its authority, 5-7 its defence, 6-7 its legitimacy, 81, 94 its signs, 11 Appearance, physical its value in the ancient world, 46-47, 64 the unimpressive visage of the apostle Paul, 12, 64, 71, 185 Aquila, 35 Aristides, 31, 41, 47 Artemis, 32, 33, 50 Asclepius, 26, 29, 32, 49, 51 Athena, 50 Athenaeus, 41 Atticus, 38, 41 Augustus, 36, 38, 40, 63 Blindness failure to see the glory of God, 111, 119-20, 134-35, 138 failure to see the glory of Paul's ministry, 129, 134, 143, 154, 185-86, 188 Boasting of Corinthian Christians, 57-58, 96 of Paul, 62-64, 91, 99, 161, 167, 187

248

of Paul's opponents, 12, 55-57, 83, 96, 98, 187 of the world, 76 a parody of worldly boasting, 63-64 Celsus, 28 Christians their stature in Graeco-Roman Corinth, 20 Chrysostom, 26, 43, 44, 71 Cicero, 19, 30, 84, 86 Corinth, the city its buildings, 36-37, 52 its cults, 50-51 its demographics, 37 its economy, 41-43, 50 its elegance, 36, 41-43, 52-53 its entertainment, 47-49 its games, 44, 51 its reputation, 35-37, 52 its Romanness, 37 Corinthians, 2 the literary integrity of, 191-92 Covenant, Old, 105, n o Crucifixion, specifically Christ's its curse, 131 its glory, 188 its ignominy, 188-89 as a paradigm for Christian ministry, 185-86, 189 Cults in Roman Corinth in particular, 50-51, 159 in the Graeco-Roman world at large, 29, 32-34 Cybele, 33, 50 Demeter, 26, 32, 50 Demetrius, 48 Dinippus, 40, 51 Diogenes, 30, 31, 45, 47, 48

Index of names and subjects Dionysos, 33, 50 Discipline Corinthian attitudes to it, 66-67 Paul's attitude to it, 67 Divine Man in christology, 8-9, 155-56 Enyo, 50 Epictetus, 65, 170 Epigraphy, 15, 35 Erastus, 40 Etruscus, 39 Euelpistus, 51 Eurycles, 39, 40 Faustinus, 47 Favorinus, 41, 47 Fortunatus, 35 Freedmen their traits, 37-40, 52, 78 their upward mobility, 37-40, 78 in Corinth, 20, 37, 52, 78 Gaius, 35 Galatians, 105 Games at Isthmia, 44-45, 51 their glory, 45 Glory of Adam, 148-50 of Christ, 128-29, 142, 160 of Israel, 123 of Moses, 105, H I , 129, 188 of Paul, 111-14, 127, 130, 143, 151-52, 161-63, 177, 182-85, 188, 190 of the cross, 143, 161-62 in LXX Isaiah, 112-14, 116, 118, 122-23, I26 > 128-29, 188 the sheer brightness of, 112, 127, 129, 185, 188, 190 Gnosticism, 7-8, 75, 155, 165 Hadrian, 35 Handworker despised vocation, 84 honoured vocation, 85 Hecate, 32 Helios, 26, 28, 29, 32, 50 Heracles, 32, 50 Hermes, 32, 50 Hicesius, 41 Hillel, 89 Horace, 36

249

Humility of Christ, 152, 160, 189 of Israel, 120-22, 143 of Paul, 73, 93, 97, 142, 151-52, 156, 162, 167, 177, 186, 189 in relation to faith, 175, 177, 179-81, 185, 189 equated with 'weakness', 167-68, 186, 187, 189 Image of God, 147-52 Isaac, 109 Isocrates, 71 Iuventianus, 50 Jacob, 109 Janneus, 132 Janus, 26 Jesus the simple name 'Jesus', 172 the 'dying' of Jesus, 173 Jose, 168 Judgement, divine its goal, 122, 126, 142, 151 its rationale, 120-22, 142 Julius Caesar, 35 Juvenal, 21, 26, 38 Kore, 26, 50 Kronos, 50 Laco, 39, 40, 42, 51 Law its goal, 133 its inherent weakness, 130-39 its place in 2 Cor, 5, 10 Life, 175-78, 186, 189 Lucian, 22, 25, 44, 84, 86 Lucius, 35 Messiah, the Christ afflictions of, 173-74 expectations of, 139-42, 143 Ministry, Christian Paul's defence of, 6-7 the paradox of, 1, 162-63, 187-90 Mithras, 32 Moses, 8, 103-11, 132, 168 Mummius, 35 Nag Hammadi, 170 Nemesis, 26, 28, 50 Nero, 27, 36, 42, 48, 49, 50, 52 New age, 127, 139, 176, 186, 188-89

250

Index of names and subjects

Noah, 109 Old Testament Paul's use of, 59-61, 111-15, 126-29, 131-33, 161, 174 Opponents, Paul's their behaviour, 55-57, 64, 67, 68, 83, 91, 93, 98, 156-58, 185-86 their doctrine/teaching, 5, 8, 105, 155-56 their origin and identity, 3-10, 158 their place in the Corinthian church, 3, 158, 161, 187 a critique of scholarly work on the opponents, 9-12, 155-56 the apostle Paul's assessment of the opponents, 91, 138, 158 Oratory classical, 30, 70-71 vulgar, 31, 47, 71, 73, 80, 187 Origen, 28 Ovid, 26 Palaemon, 26, 50 Paradox of the gospel of Christ, 142, 152, 153, 163, 166, 169, 177-78, 185-86, 188 of the lives of Christians, 178 of the ministry of the apostle Paul, 1, 64, 69, 80, 99, 162, 171, 177, 178, 185-90 Pausanias, 36, 37 Philinus, 39, 40, 41, 42, 51 Philo, 75, 132 Philostratus, 30, 48, 70 Plutarch, 22, 26, 169 Poseidon, 25, 29, 31, 39, 45, 47, 50, 5i Poverty its stigma, 22-23, 86-88, 99 Power the apostle Paul's attitude to power, 99, 165-69, 171, 176, 185-89 the attitude to power in the first century, 29, 40, 52, 69, 142 the paradox of power in Paul, 1, 166, 168-69, 185-89 Pride of Adam, 151, 160 of Corinthian Christians, 143-44, 160, 168, 187 of Israel, 116-22, 137, 142-43, 160 of Paul, 135, 138, 143, 160, 167, 188 of the opponents, 156-58, 161, 187

of the spirit of the age, 78, 185-86, 190 Primigenius, 41 Priscilla, 35 Proclus, 51 Pulcher, 40, 51 Quartus, 35 Quintilian, 30, 70 R. Bana'ah, 148 Reconciliation, to God, 151 Resurrection of Christ, 181 of Paul, 181-82 in the future, 181 in the present, 177-81, 182 Romans, 105 Salvation in Graeco-Roman cults, 27-29, 160 in LXX Isaiah, 124-25 in the cross of Jesus Christ, 142, 152, 163,178,189 Satan his agents, 154, 157 his identity, 154 his work, 154, 159 Saturn, 26 Scopelian, 71 Seneca, 26, 28, 38, 86 Serapis, 31, 32 Society, Roman afterlife, 27 arts and entertainment, 33, 50 banquets, 32, 50 commerce, 33, 41-43, 50 competition, 23, 44-45, 46, 49, 52 magic, 27, 107 mobility, 20, 37-40, 99 philosophers, 26, 75, 79 politics, 34, 51 privacy, 22 rank, 20 self-display, 22-23, 39~4°> 45, 49 sophists, 79, 82 superstition, 27 'Sociological school', 13, 90 Spartiaticus, 39, 40, 42 Speech of the apostle Paul, 12, 70-72, 185, 187 Spirit, Holy, 7-8, 162, 180 Stephen, 9 Strabo, 37, 41, 42, 43, 106

Index of names and subjects Suetonius, 48 Suffering of Christ, 171-73, 189 of Paul, 169-74, 180, 183, 185, 189 in relation to 'weakness', 171, 175, 181, 189 Support, financial the attitude to support in first century, 87-88, 187 the attitude to support in Paul, 12, 80, 89-94,95, 185 Tacitus, 38 Tertius, 35 Themison, 45 Tiberius, 44 Titus Justus, 35 Transformation, 145-48, 151, 177 Trimalchio, 26, 28, 38, 39, 86 Trogus, 106 Tyche, 50

25'

Valerianius, 39 Varus, 140 Venus, 25 Victory, 50 Weakness the attitude to 'weakness' in Paul, 65-69, 80, 93, 165, 175, 185, 187-90 the attitude to 'weakness' in the first century, 185 Wealth its rewards in the first century, 20, 40, 52,98-99, 188 Wisdom 'of the world', 74, 77-78, 159 in relation to Paul's use of ^oyoc;, 74,78 the technical use of ao(()ta in 1 Cor, 74

Zadok, 89 Zeus, 32, 50