Piping Design and Engineering - 6th Ed

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Grinnell Industrial Piping, Inc.

PIPING DESIGN cnd

ENGINEERING SIXTH EDITION (Revised 1981)

ITT

PIPING DESIGN AND ENGINEERING CoPYRIGHT 1963, 1971, 19?8, 1976, 1981 ITT GRINNELL CORPORATION

ll5fl]I crionell Industrial piping, Inc. AII tiEhtsresetved includinEthose undet the I

ntetnat ionat and Pan-Ametican CopyriEht

Convent;ons. This book, ot parts thercoL may not be reprcduced in any Iorm without permisston ot ITT Grinne Coeoration. PRINTED

IN TIIE sP 3000

U.S.A.,

1981

FOREWORD The plan of this book has been to compile in a single publication engineering data

and technical information for the use of engineers engaged in the design and application of pressure piping systems hitherto available only by consulting a number of sources. To this we have added considerable material never previously published. We have endeavored to cover, as broadly as possible, all ofthe more importantphases

of piping design and engineering. We gratefully acknowledge our indebtedness to all members ofthe engineering staff

of ITT Grinnell Industrial Piping Inc. and theITT Grinnell PipeHanger Division who

had a Dart in the production of this material.

fII

Cti"rr"tt Industrial Piping, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

yiii

Code Requirement s

E)CAi\SION AND

STRESSES

Introduction,

1

Nomenclature and Symbols.

2

.

Pipe Wall Thickness

2

Stresses. . Cold Springing Modulus of Torsional Rigidity

3 .

Thermal Expansion Srress

Intensification Factor

Flexibility Factor .

7 8 8

.

.

Expalsion Facior, c . Properties of Pipe-Curvature Factors

of Common Shapes 90o Tum .

Tables

11

..

r'7

20 20

Hooked Z Shape

2l U Shape with Equal Tangents . U Shape with Tangenls Lr / 12= 2 U Shape with Tang ents Lj I $= 3 U Shape with Tangetts Li I L;= 4 U Shape with Single Tangent U Shape - Unequal Legs. . . . UShape -Equallegs . . . . .

UShape-Modihed..

...

.

22 24 25

26 27 28 28

.

Two Plane U. Two Plane U - With Tangents Thee Dimensional 90o Turns

29

30 .

Expansion Bends. Double Offset Expansion Bend Circle Bend Exparsion U Bend. Expansion U Bend Tangents = 2 feet Expansion U Bend Tangents =R Exparsion U Bend Tangents = 2R . Expansion U Bend Targents = 4R

Double Offset U Bend

34 38 39

40 41

42 44

.....

45

Lines Inertias Center of GmYity

Centroid

.

Product of Inertia Moment of Inertia Functions of . Functions ofR

O

.

........

46 46 47 49 )l 51

Single Plane System Single Plane System Containing Circular Arcs

...

.

52 54

Multiple Plane System Containing Circular Arcs .

.

62

Multiple Plane System

.....

f,t)

VEI,OCITY AND PRESSURE DROP Equivalent kngth of Fittings Flow ofwaier in Standard Wall Pipe . Reynolds Number - Friction Factor.

Viscosity

Kinematic Flow ofwater in TypeZ Copper Flow of Steam in Standard Wall Flow of Steam Conversion Flow of Iow Pressure Gas in Standard Wall Pipe . . . Flow of High Pressure Gas in Standard WallPipe. . .

Tube Pipe. Factors

. .

.......68 -.....,,., 70 . .. . ,.. ... 72 ......72 ...,...,. 73 .,,...,,.. 74 ......, ., . .. 76 .. .. , ,. 77 . , . . . . . 79

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

HEAT TRANSFER

80

PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS. . . . .

.

.

81

Seamless Carbon Steel Grade B,

A.S.Tlvt. A53 and A 106 Seamless Carbon Steel Grade C, A.S.T.M. A106 Seamless Clxomium,Silicon-Molybdenum Steel A.S.T.M. A335 Grade p1 I 1/a% Chromjtm - th% Molybdenum Seamless Chromium-Molydenum Steel A.S.T.M. A335 Grad,e p2Z 2/e% Ctvomium 1% Molybdenum Seamless Stainless Steel A.S.TM. A312 and 4376 Grades 304 & 304H Seamless Stainless Steel A.S.T.M. 4312 and A376 Grades 316 &316H A.S.T.M. Chemical Requirements .

82 85

88

-

91

94 98

t02

Selection of Materials Piping and Tubing Materials. . . Fitting and Flange Matedals . . Bolting Materials . Gasket Materials Corrosion Chemical Resistance of Piping Materials. Pr-esure-Temperalure Ratings for Steel pipe Flalges and Flanged Fittrngs Alloy-Stee1 Bolt Stud Dimensions. Numbers for Ring-Joint Gaskets and Grooves . . Sugg€sted Specifications for Power Plant piping Materials

103

to4 105 106 107 113

122

124 128

PIPE FABRICATION Procedures . Pipe Bending Tolerances. . . . . Method of Dimensioning Welded Assemblies. . . .

129 130 .

133

FabricatingTolerances. . . . . Butt Welding End Preparation

134

Manual Shielded Metal-Arc and Automatic Submerged Arc Welding . . Manual Inert-Gas Tungsten-Arc Root Pass Welcling. Butt Welding Ends to ANSI 816.25 and p.F.I. ES-1 Typical Details of Bnnch Connections Brarch and Flange Comections Commercial Split Type Backing Ring ITT Grinaell Consumable Backing Rings Standard Pipe Bends Calculations of Pipe Bends kngth of Arcs for Radius

NUCLEAR PIPING

.

135

136 137 139

t40 1,41

t46

PIPE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS The Design of Pipe Hangen . . . . . The Determination of llanger Locations . . . . . Hanger Spans Thermal Movement Calculations.

149 1s0

.

150 153

Hangerload Calculations. . . . Center of Gravity of Bends and Elbows

1s6 158

Selection of the Proper llanger.

Rigid Hangers

Rollers .

162 164

.

.

168 170

Typical Pipe Support Specifications

vl

TABLE OF CONTENTS PIPE HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

. Materials . . Pipe Pipe. .. . . . Beam Dimensions Force Applied at Hanger...

Weights of Piping Materials

Page

(continued)

......172 ......., 198 .,.... L99 -.....2OO .,....201 .....,,....202 ........ . 203 ....,.204 ......,205

.

Thermal Expansion of Piping Insulation Weight Factors . . Deflection of Empty Pipe . . Bending Stress in Empty Bending Stress in Water Filled Minimum Distance to First RigidHanger.

GENERAI TABLES Thermal Expansion of Pipe Materials Propefiies of Saturated Stea.n . Tamna'arrr"o h- ar^ l^'

206 206

.

207

BTU Content and Theoretica! Air Requlements for Combustion of Various Fuels. Heat I-os from Horizontal Bare Steel Pipes . . . . . Wirc and Sheet Metal Guages .

Drill

207

201 208 209 209 209 210

Sizes

Americal National Wood Sqews Tap Drills for ANSI Pipe Threads Tap Dril1 Sizes for Unified and American Screw Threads. Safe Loads for Chains and Ropes Areas and Circumferences of Circles for Diameters in Units and Fractions Table for Gauging Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks - Flat Ends

Weight per Foot of Solid Steel Rounds Equalization of Pipe Discharge Rates. Equalization of Copper Tubing Discharge Rates . Safe I-oads on Steel Pipe Columns American Standard Taper Tfueads Anerican Standard Straight Tfueads . General Thread Information . Bdtish Standard Taper Tlueads Normal Engagement for Tight Joints.

TrigonometdcFormulas. . . .

211 216 219

220 222 222 223 224

.

225

22s 226 226 227

.

Natural Functions of Angles . Ilardness Comparison. . . . . . Properties of Common Materials. Weights in Lbs / Ft.3 of Air at Various Presswes and Temperatues. . . Specific Gravity of Gases Related to Free Ar . . . . . .

Temperatueconyenions

.,

..,.

228 230 232 232 233 234 235 236 237

.

hessureConversions . . hoperties ofwater at Satuntion Pressure . . Decimal Equivalents. . . .. . . Metric ConversionTable. . . .

...

Conversion Factors

238

hoperties of Pipe Index

244

250

Bibliography,

...,.....

vu

Z5S

CODE REQUIREMENTS

Codes fo! various piping services have been developed by nationally rccognized bodies. The sound engineering psctices incorporated in these Codes indicate the minimum safety requirements for the selection of materials, dimensions, design, ercction, ard testing of piping systems. By means of inte4retation and revision thes€ Codes continua.lly reflect the knowledge gained through the research and expeiience of the entirc industly. Generaly, piping Codes form the basis for state or municipal safety laws, Compliance with a Code which has attained this status is mandatory for a.l1 systems induded withir its judsdiction. Although some of today's piping installations are not witiin the scope of.Lny maldatory Code, it is advisable to comply with the applicable Code in the intelests of safety and as a basis for contract negotiaXions. Crntracts with valious ageocies of the Federal Government are regulated by FedeEl specifications or lules which have no direct connection with

the Codes enumerated below, Use$ of this book are cautioned that the piping Codes are now changing morc often than in previous years. Although the fotmulas and other data in this book are in accordance with the Code rles in effect at the time of this pubtcation, it must be recognized that Cod€ fldes may change, and piping engineering and design work pelfolmed in accoralance with infolmation contained herein does not provide complete assurance that all Code rcqufuements have been met, The reader is urged to faniliadze himself with the Code Editioo and Adderda which contain mandatory requirements applicable to his work, The A.S,M.E. Boiler and hessure Vess€l Code is mandatory in many cities and states in the United States and Canada. Local application of this Code into law is oot uniform, making it necessary to investigate the city or state laws which have jurisdiction o1€r the installatiod in question. Compliance witi this Code is required in al locations to qualify fot insuance apprcval, Section I: "Powe! Boilers" concems all piping connections to pover boilers or superheaters including the first stop valve on single boilels, ot including the second stop valve fo! qoss con]lected multiple boiler installations. Section refe$ to ANSI 831.1 which conlains rules for design and constuction of "boile! extemal piping". "Boiler extemal piping" is under the julisdiction of Section I and requfues inspection and code stamping in accordance with Section I even though the flrles fo! its design and construction are contained in ANSI 831.1. Section II: "Matedal Specifications" gives detailed specilications of the materiat which are acceptable under this Code. Section "Nuclear Components " co'Icems all nuclear piping. ft is the responsibility of the designer to determine whether or not a particular piping $ystem is "nuclear" piping, since Section III makes this determination the rcsponsibility of the designer. ln geneol, piping whose failurc could result ir the release of radiation which would endanger the public or plant persormel is considered "nuclear" piping, Section VIII: "Unlired Prcssure Vessels" concems piping, or|ly to the extent of the flanged or threaded connections to the vess€l; exc€pt that the ertire section vill apply in those special cases where unlired pressure vessels are made from pipe and fittings. Section IX: "Welding and Brazirg Qualifications" establishes the minimum requilements for Crde welding.

I

III

Section

Xl:

"Rules for Inseivice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components" contains rulos for the

examination and repair of components throughout the life of the plant, A.S.M.E. also sponsors and publishes the following American National Standards on piping, Variou$ U.S. and Canadiao legislatures have adopted some of these standards as legal requircment$ for that piping. The minimum s€fety requirements of these standards have been accepted by the irdustry as a staidaid for all piping outside the jurisdictiol of othei C,odes. The piping systems covered by these standaJds are lirted belorv: 1: Power Piping 831.1 2i Fuel cas Piping B31.2 3: Petroleum Refinery Piping B31.3 4: Liquid Petroleum Transpodation Piping Syslems 831.4 5: Refr(geration Piping B31.5 6: Cas Tmnsmfusion and Distribution Piping Systems 831,8

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(IIiIN\I.]I,I, IIPIN(i DUSl(iN A\D

DN(IINI'I'IIINC

EXPANSION AND STRESSES INTRODUCTION

Iu order to

of expausic,rr .rrrd is necessary to kno$':

determine the effects

stresses $'ithin a piping system,

it

1. Which Code applies to the system. 2. The design pressure and temper?ture conditions. 3. The material specification. 4. 'l'he pipe size and nall thickness of each of the pipirg components. 5. The layout of the system inclu iing dimensions and the thermal movements, if any, of the terminal points.

6. Limitations of end reactions on termilal points as established by equipment manufacturers. Having determined the basis of the problem, the applicable Code l'ill establish minimum safety requirements for the material at the design conditions of pressure and tcmperature. Some Codes s'pecify thermal expansion Iactors and moduli of elasticity for commonly used piping materials as ryell as forrnulae to determine stress intensification factors and flexibility factors for piping components. Beyond this, the Codes impose no restrictions rvith regard to analysis methods or procedures. Hox'ever, Codes do state that in calculating the flexibility of a piping system betu'een anchor points, the system shall be treated as a tvhole, and that the significance of all parts of the line incLrding restraints such as solid hangers or guides shall be recognized. In addition, Codes require that calculations shall take into account stress intensification factors which apply to components other than sections of straight pipe. The ANSI 831.1 Code for Pressure Piping states that formal calculations or model tests shall be required 'where reasonable doubt exists a,s to the adequate flexibility of a system. In the absence of better information, the need for a formal stress analysis for a two-anchor system of uniform size is indicated when the following approximate criterion is not satisfied: DV

\tr -j*

u)'

lvhere D = nominel pipe

I : U: Z

:

Page 2 illustrates the application

of Code formulae

for pipe wall thickness.


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