Pindar's Poetry, Patrons, and Festivals: From Archaic Greece to the Roman Empire

Pindar’s Poetry, Patrons, and Festivals

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Pindar’s Poetry, Patrons, and Festivals From Archaic Greece to the Roman Empire

Edited by

Si m o n H ornblower and C atherine Morgan

1

3

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2007 Translations from the Loeb edition of Pindar reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from PINDAR: VOL. I OLYMPIAN AND PYTHIAN ODES and VOL. II NEMEAN ODES, ISTHMIAN ODES AND FRAGMENTS translated by William H. Race, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Copyright ß 1997 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College1 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN: 978-0-19-929672-9 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

contents Notes on Contributors List of Illustrations Abbreviations Map: The Mediterranean World of Pindar

1. Introduction

vii ix xiii xv

1

Simon Hornblower and Catherine Morgan

2.

Part 1

45

The Origins of the Festivals, especially Delphi and the Pythia

47

John Davies

3.

Origins of the Olympics

71

Stephen Instone

4. Pindar, Athletes, and the Early Greek Statue Habit

83

R. R. R. Smith

5. Fame, Memorial, and Choral Poetry: The Origins of Epinikian Poetry—an Historical Study

141

Rosalind Thomas

6. Epinikian Eidography

167

N. J. Lowe

7.

Pindar’s Poetry as Poetry: A Literary Commentary on Olympian 12

177

Michael Silk

8.

Pindar, Place, and Performance Christopher Carey

199

vi

c o n te nts

Part 2 9. Debating Patronage: The Cases of Argos and Corinth

211 213

Catherine Morgan

10. Elite Mobility in the West

265

Carla M. Antonaccio

11. ‘Dolphins in the Sea’ ( Isthmian 9. 7): Pindar and the Aeginetans

287

Simon Hornblower

12. Thessalian Aristocracy and Society in the Age of Epinikian

309

Maria Stamatopoulou

Part 3 13. The Entire House is Full of Crowns: Hellenistic Ago¯nes and the Commemoration of Victory

343 345

Riet van Bremen

14. ‘Kapeto¯leia Olympia’: Roman Emperors and Greek Ago¯nes

377

Tony Spawforth

15. Conclusion: The Prestige of the Games Mary Douglas Bibliography Index locorum General Index

391 409 447 461

notes on contributors Carla M. Antonaccio is Professor of Classical Studies at Duke University in North Carolina. Previously she taught at Wesleyan University. She works on early Greek history, ritual, and material culture, and has published extensively on Greek hero and ancestor cult. Her most recent work focuses on early Greek colonization in the Western Mediterranean, especially in Sicily. She is co-director of the excavations at Morgantina on Sicily, working in and publishing the seventh- to fifth-century settlement. Riet van Bremen teaches Ancient History at University College London. She is the author of The Limits of Participation: Women and Civic Life in the Greek East in the Hellenistic and Roman periods (1996). Her research interests include the epigraphy and history of Asia Minor. She has recently worked and published on Hellenistic Caria. and is preparing a study of the sanctuaries at Lagina and Panamara. Christopher Carey has taught at St Andrews, University of Minnesota, Carleton College, and Royal Holloway and is currently Professor of Greek at University College London. He has published on Greek lyric poetry, Greek oratory and law, Greek tragedy and comedy. Emeritus Professor John Davies FBA was Rathbone Professor of Ancient History and Classical Archaeology at the University of Liverpool from 1977 till 2003. He has edited two journals (JHS and Archaeological Reports) and three books, and is the author of Athenian Propertied Families (1971), Democracy and Classical Greece (1978; 2nd edn. 1993), of Wealth and the Power of Wealth (1981), and of many articles and chapters on Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic Greek history, especially their economic, cultic, and administrative aspects. Mary Douglas, DBE was born in Italy in 1921. She taught in the Anthropology Department of University College London 1951–77, and then in the USA until retirement in 1988; she is now an Honorary Research Fellow at UCL. The enduring research influence after training in Social Anthropology in Oxford in the late 1940s and early 1950s was fieldwork among the Lele people in the Congo, but civil wars ruled out field research there. Purity and Danger (1966), which was a reflection on concepts of defilement and taboo, was followed with various exercises in the comparison of cultures. For the last twenty years she has concentrated on the anthropology of the Bible. Simon Hornblower is Professor of Classics and Ancient History at University College London. His most recent book is Thucydides and Pindar: Historical Narrative and the World of Epinikian Poetry. He has written the chapter on ‘Greek lyric and the politics and sociology of archaic and classical Greek communities’ in the forthcoming Cambridge Companion to Greek Lyric. He is now working on the final volume of a historical and literary commentary on Thucydides for Oxford University Press (vols. i and ii, 1991 and 1996).

viii

notes on c ontributors

Stephen Instone teaches at University College London, where he is an Honorary Research Fellow. He has published on both Pindar and Greek athletics, and is the author of Pindar: Selected Odes, Edited with Introduction, Translation and Commentary (1996). He is currently working on a new Oxford University Press World’s Classics edition of Pindar’s epinikia, and on a reader of Greek personal religion. N. J. Lowe is Senior Lecturer in Classics at Royal Holloway, University of London, and author of The Classical Plot and the Invention of Western Narrative (2000). His research interests include Greek and Roman comedy, formalist literary theory, and the reception of antiquity in the nineteenth century. He is currently writing a book on the construction of ancient Greece in modern fiction. Catherine Morgan is Professor of Classical Archaeology at King’s College London. Her main research is in the archaeology and early history of the Peloponnese and western Greece, with special focus on sanctuaries. She is currently co-director (for the British School at Athens) of fieldwork at Stavros, northern Ithaka, jointly conducted with the 6th Ephoria of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. Her recent publications include Isthmia viii (1999) and Early Greek States beyond the Polis (2003). Michael Silk is Professor of Classical and Comparative Literature at King’s College London. Recent publications include Aristophanes and the Definition of Comedy (2000) and Homer: The Iliad (2nd edn. 2004). He is currently writing a book on poetic language, to be published by Oxford University Press. R. R. R. Smith is currently Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology and Art at Oxford University. His main research is in the visual cultures of the Greek and Roman worlds, with special focus on the use and significance of statues. He is co-director of New York University’s excavations at Aphrodisias in Caria, and his most recent book is Roman Portrait Statuary from Aphrodisias (forthcoming). Tony Spawforth is Professor of Ancient History at Newcastle University. His books include Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities (2nd edn. 2002), co-written with Paul Cartledge; The Complete Greek Temples (2006); and The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies, an edited collection to be published by Cambridge University Press. He is currently working on a book which explores the Roman reshaping of Greek identity, 1st cent. bc–3rd cent. ad. Maria Stamatopoulou is Lecturer in Archaeology at Lincoln College, Oxford. She specializes in the archaeology of Thessaly. She is preparing her D. Phil. thesis on Thessalian funerary practices in the fifth to first centuries bc for publication and is also working on the publication of the Archaeological Society of Athens’ excavations in the cemeteries of Demetrias and Pharsalos. She is co-editor (with Marina Yeroulanou) of Excavating Classical Culture: Recent Archaeological Discoveries in Greece (2002) and Art and Archaeology in the Cyclades (2005). Rosalind Thomas is Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History at Balliol College, Oxford. She is the author of Oral Tradition and Written Record in Classical Athens (1989), Literacy and Orality in Ancient Greece (1992), and Herodotus in Context: Ethnography, Science and the Art of Persuasion (2000).

list of illustrations The Mediterranean World of Pindar

xv

1. Grave kouros of Aristodikos. Athens, NM 3938. Photo: Museum

85

2. Riace B. Bronze statue. Reggio Calabria, Museo Nazionale. Photo: Hirmer

85

3. Foundry Cup. Berlin, Staatlichemuseen 2294. After Fu¨rtwangler and Reichhold (1904–32) pl. 135

93

4. Olympia. Plan of Altis. After Curtius and Adler (1882) pl. iii

96

5. Olympia. Model of Altis, view from south-west. After Ashmole and Yalouris (1967) fig. 6

96

6. Inscribed base for statue of Kyniskos of Mantinea. After IvO 149

98

7. Inscribed base for statue of Pythokles of Elis. After IvO 162–3

98

8. Bronze statue fragments from Olympia. Photo: DAIAthen, Neg. 72/3595 (G. Hellner)

104

9. Bronze statue fragment from Olympia. Photo: DAIAthen, Neg. 74/1123 (G. Hellner)

104

10. Bronze statue fragment from Olympia. Photo: DAIAthen, Neg. Olympia 941 (H. Wagner) 11. Bronze statue fragment from Olympia. Photo: DAIAthen, Neg. 72/3607 (G. Hellner) ´ cole 12. Marble torso from athletic statue. Delos Museum A 4277. Photo: E franc¸aise d’Athe`nes, Neg. inv. 46691 (P. Collet) ´ cole 13. Marble torso from athletic statue. Delos Museum A 4275. Photo: E franc¸aise d’Athe`nes, Neg. inv. 46690 (P. Collet)

104 104 106 106

14. Pubis fragment from large kouros. Samos P 143. Photo: DAIAthen, Neg. 1984/615 (G. Hellner)

113

15. Torso fragment from youthful male statue. Athens, Acropolis Museum 6478. Photo: DAIAthen, Neg. 1975/543

113

16. Pubic hair styling, sixth and early fifth century. Drawing: R. R. R. Smith

114

17. Athlete with right hand raised in prayer. Art market, Smyrna. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1908 (08.258.10). Photo: Museum, Neg. 152615 B

117

18. Athlete pouring libation. Syracuse, Museo Nazionale Archeologico 31888. Photo: Hirmer, Archive 601.3159

117

19. Amelung Athlete. Universita` di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, Museo dell’Arte Classica, Gipsoteca, 269. Photo: ICCD 80105, courtesy Marcello Barbanera

119

20. Hoplitodromos. Athenian red-figured amphora, attributed to the ‘Berlin Painter’. Paris, Louvre G 214. After Hauser (1887) p. 100

119

x

list of illustrations

21. Hoplitodromos: bronze statuette. Tu¨bingen, Universita¨tssammlung. Photo: Museum, Neg. 196.74

119

22. Youth throwing discus. Obverse of silver tridrachm of Kos. Photo: Hirmer, Archive 14.0639V

121

23. Athlete with discus in raised hand. Bronze statuette. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1907 (07.286.87). Photo: Museum, Neg. 148961 B

121

24. Ludovisi diskobolos. Rome, Museo Nazionale 8639 (Ludovisi collection). Photo: DAI Rome, Neg. 37.1052

122

25. Detail of Fig. 24. Head. Photo: DAI Rome, Neg. 37.1059

122

26. Head of same type as Ludovisi diskobolos. Vatican, Galleria Geografica 28866. After Lippold (1956) iii.2, pl. 201 122 27. Gelon’s chariot monument at Olympia. Three surviving inscribed blocks from base. After IvO 143

125

28. Foundation of chariot monument from Olympia. After Eckstein (1969) 58, fig. 13

125

29. Sicilian chariot coin. Obverse of silver tetradrachm of Syracuse. Photo: Hirmer, Archive 11.0082V

127

30. Delphi charioteer. Delphi Museum 3484, 3520, 3540. Photo: Bildarchiv Foto Marburg, Neg. 134.387

127

31. Detail of Fig. 30. Head. After Chamoux (1955) pl. xvi.2

127

32. Delphi chariot monument. Fragment of horse’s tail. Delphi Museum 3541. After Chamoux (1955) pl. v.2

128

33. Delphi chariot monument. Two rear legs of horse(s). Delphi Museum 3485 and 3538. After Chamoux (1955) pl. iii.1

128

34. Delphi chariot monument. Reconstruction by R. Hampe. After Brunn and Bruckmann (1902–43) 786–90

129

35. Delphi chariot monument. After Rolley (1990) 293, fig. 7

129

36. Motya, plan. After Moscati (1988) p. 189

131

37–8. Motya charioteer. Marsala, Museo Archeologico. After Bonacasa and Buttita (1988) pls. 3–4

132

39. Detail of Fig. 37. Head. After Bonacasa and Buttita (1988) pl. 7.1

132

40. Restored base (chariot group) and inscription for Pronapes of Athens: Athenian Acropolis. Reproduced from Raubitschek (1949), no. 174, by courtesy of the Antony E. Raubitschek family and the Archaeological Institute of America

153

41. Inscribed capital for pillar dedication by Alkmaionides son of Alkmaion. Athenian Acropolis (Raubitschek (1949), no. 317). Illustration by courtesy of the Antony E. Raubitschek family and the Archaeological Institute of America

155

42. Grave marker for Damotimos of Troezen (originally carrying a tripod). Illustration by courtesy of the Jeffery Archive, University of Oxford

164

list of illustrations

xi

43. (a) and (b) The sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Corinth, c.500 bc and c.400 bc. Reproduced by courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Corinth Excavations

241

44. The sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Corinth. Photo: C. Morgan

242

45. Plan of Corinth c.400 bc. Reproduced by courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Corinth Excavations

245

46. Isthmia, sanctuary of Poseidon c.400bc. Reproduced by courtesy of the University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia

248

47. The Early Stadium at Isthmia. Photo: C. Morgan

248

48. Argos: the Classical and Hellenistic Agora. Reproduced by courtesy of ´ cole franc¸aise d’Athe`nes the E

252

49. The theatre at Argos. Photo: C. Morgan

252

50. The Argive Heraion. Reproduced by courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens

253

51. The Argive Heraion. Photo: C. Morgan

253

52. The sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea. University of California, Berkeley, Nemea excavation archives, no. PD 95.5

258

53. The Temple of Zeus at Nemea. Photo: C. Morgan

258

54. The central Mediterranean. Reproduced by courtesy of NASA.http://visibleearth.nasa.gov

266

55. The treasury terrace at Olympia. Plan: C. Antonaccio

269

56. Dedications at Delphi. Plan: C. Antonaccio

275

57. Thessaly. Map: C. L. Hayward

314

58. Part of an acroterion from the sanctuary of Apollo at Korope. Photo: DAIAthen Thessalien 87. W. Wrede

322

59. Part of raking sima from the sanctuary of Apollo at Korope. Photo: DAIAthen Thessalien 86. W. Wrede

322

60. Part of a frieze from Dendra. Photo: DAIAthen Thessalien 91. W. Wrede

322

61. Grave stele from Krannon: Larisa Archaeological Museum. 842. Photo: DAIAthen Thessalien 264. E.-M. Czako

325

62. Head of a youth from Meliboia: Volos Archaeological Museum ¸ 532. Photo DAIAthen Thessalien 121. H. Wagner

325

63. Grave stele from Rhodia Tyrnavou: Larisa Archaeological Museum 78/74. Photo DAIAthen 87/131. E. Gehnen

325

64. Grave stele from Sophades: Volos Archaeological Museum BE 2696. Photo DAIAthen 87/133. E. Gehnen

326

65. Torso of an Athena statue from the acropolis of Pherai: Volos Archaeological Museum ¸ 738. Photo: DAIAthen 87/123. E. Gehnen

326

66. Fragmentary torso of an athlete from Larisa: Larisa Archaeological Museum ¸ 88. Photo: DAIAthen 1987/115. E. Gehnen

326

xii

list of illus trations

67. Clay female protome from Pharsala: Volos Archaeological Museum M4520. Photo EFA L5147, 6. F. Croissant

326

68. Clay female head from the Sanctuary of Enodia and Zeus Thaulios at Pherai. Photo: DAIAthen Thessalien 129. W. Wrede

328

69. Bronze hydria from Pelinna in the National Archaeological Museum NM18232. Photo: Museum

328

70. View of the Verdelis Tomb. Photo: Peter Marzolff

329

71. (a) and (b) Bronze hydria in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 13792. Photo: Museum

334

72. Silver Drachm of Larisa: Ashmolean Museum SNG Ashmolean 3849. Photo: Museum

336

73. Silver drachm of Larisa, Ashmolean Museum SNG Ashmolean 3872. Photo: Museum

336

74. Bronze coin from Chalkis. Picard (1979) no. 94. Reproduced by courtesy of Numismatik Lanz (with the assistance of Denis Knoepfler)

356

abbreviations B. BE CAH iv CAH v CAH vi CEG CID CILA DK Drachmann i, ii, iii Eretria ⾻
ø ¯
æØ

FD FGE FGrH Guide de Delphes I. IDidyma IEG2 IG IGR ILS IvO Larisa LfgrE LGPN

Bacchylides ´ pigraphique Bulletin E J. Boardman, N. L. G. Hammond, D. M. Lewis, and M. Ostwald (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, iv. Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c.525–479 B.C., 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1998) D. M. Lewis, J. Boardman, J. K. Davies, and M. Ostwald (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, v. The Fifth Century B.C., 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1992) D. M. Lewis, J. Boardman, S. Hornblower, and M. Ostwald (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, vi. The Fourth Century B.C., 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1994) P. A. Hansen (ed.), Carmina epigraphica Graeca: saeculorum VIII–V a. Chr. (Berlin, 1983) Corpus des inscriptions delphiques, ed. G. Rougemont et al. (Paris, 1977–) Corpus inscriptionum latinarum, ed. A. Bo¨ckh, 4 vols. (Berlin, 1828–77) H. Diels and W. Kranz (eds.), Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker6, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1952) A. B. Drachmann (ed.), Scholia vetera in Pindari carmina, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1903–27; repr. 1997) Eretria: A Guide to the Ancient City (Fribourg, 2004) 
⾻
ø ¯
æØ `æÆØ
 ø ŒÆØ ˝ø æø  ø 
ı —:—ˇ:  ¨ƺÆ ŒÆØ   ıææ æØ
  ð1990---1998Þ: 1 ¯Ø
ØŒ ı  : ´º
; Ø
 1998 (Volos, 1998) Fouilles de Delphes (Paris, 1909–) D. Page, Further Greek Epigrams (Cambridge, 1981) F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, 15 vols. (Leiden, 1923–58) Guide de Delphes: Le Muse´e (Paris, 1991) Isthmian ode A. Rehm and R. Harder, Didyma, 2. Die Inschriften (Berlin, 1958) M. West, Iambi et elegi graeci, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1992) Inscriptiones Graecae Inscriptiones graecae ad res romanas pertinentes, ed. R. Cagnat, J. Toutain, and P. Jouget (Paris, 1906–27) Inscriptiones latinae selectae, ed. H. Dessau, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1892– 1916) W. Dittenberger and K. Purgold (eds.), Olympia Ergebnisse, v. Die Inschriften von Olympia (Berlin, 1896) —æƌ، 
ı ` 
æØŒ
-`æÆØ
º
ªØŒ
 ı 

ı ¸æØÆ— —ÆæºŁ ŒÆØ  ºº
: 26---28 `æغ
ı 1985 (Larisa, 1985) B. Snell (ed.), Lexikon des Fru¨hgriechischen Epos (Go¨ttingen, 1979–) A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1997–2005 and continuing)

xiv

abbreviations

LSJ ML

 Æ

N. O. OCD3 OMS P. —æØ æØÆ Pi. PLG4 PMG Pos. Pros. Ptol. RE Rhodes–Osborne Robert, OMS SEG SGDI SLG SNG Ashmolean Suppl. Hell. Syll.3 TGF ¨ƺÆ A, B Thessaly Walbank, Pol.

H. Liddell and R. Scott, rev. H. S. Jones, Greek–English Lexikon, 9th edn. (Oxford, 1940, with suppl. 1996) R. Meiggs and D. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century BC, rev. edn. (Oxford, 1988)  Æ   ƪ Æ: —æƌ، ıæ
ı