Recent Results in Cancer Research
Managing Editors
P.M. Schlag, Berlin H.-J. Senn, St. Gallen Associate Editors
P. Kleihues, Zürich F. Stiefel, Lausanne B. Groner, Frankfurt A. Wallgren, Göteborg Founding Editor
P. Rentchnik, Geneva
186
Kerry S. Courneya • Christine M. Friedenreich (Editors)
Physical Activity and Cancer
13
Editors Kerry S. Courneya Professor and Canada Research Chair in Physical Activity and Cancer Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation University of Alberta E-488 Van Vliet Center Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H9 CANADA
[email protected] Christine M. Friedenreich AHFMR Health Senior Scholar Alberta Health Services Adjunct Professor University of Calgary 1331 29 St NW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N2
[email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-04230-0 e-ISBN 978-3-642-04231-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04231-7 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010937975 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: estudioCalamar Figueres/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science + Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
1
Physical Activity and Cancer: An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kerry S. Courneya and Christine M. Friedenreich
1
1.1 1.2 1.3
2 2
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Physical Activity, Exercise, and Health-Related Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . Content and Organization of the Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methodological Issues in Physical Activity and Cancer Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Physical Activity and Cancer Prevention Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Physical Activity and Cancer Survivorship Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Physical Activity and Cancer Special Topic Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Research Directions for Physical Activity and Cancer Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overall Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 4 6 7 8 9 9
Part I Physical Activity and Cancer Prevention 2
Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brigid M. Lynch, Heather K. Neilson, and Christine M. Friedenreich
13
2.1 Epidemiologic Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Overall Associations Between Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Type, Dose, and Timing of Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.4 Population Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.5 Summary of Epidemiologic Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Biologic Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Sex Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 13 14 17 20 27 28 30
v
vi
Contents
2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3 3
Insulin-Related Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adipokines and Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32 33 34 34 35
Physical Activity and Genitourinary Cancer Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael F. Leitzmann
43
3.1 3.1.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2
43 43 44 44
3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.3.8 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3
Epidemiologic Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiologic Studies of Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overall Association Between Physical Activity and Total Prostate Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Physical Activity and Total Prostate Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . Dose of Physical Activity in Relation to Total Prostate Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timing of Physical Activity in Relation to Total Prostate Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Activity and Total Prostate Cancer Risk in Population Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Epidemiologic Findings on Physical Activity and Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiologic Studies of Physical Activity and Bladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overall Association Between Physical Activity and Bladder Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Physical Activity and Bladder Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dose of Physical Activity in Relation to Bladder Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timing of Physical Activity in Relation to Bladder Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Activity and Bladder Cancer Risk in Population Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Epidemiologic Findings on Physical Activity and Bladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Renal Cell Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiologic Studies of Physical Activity and RCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overall Association Between Physical Activity and RCC Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44 45 46 48 49 50 52 53 53 53 53 54 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 57
Contents
3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.4.7 3.4.8
Type of Physical Activity and RCC Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dose of Physical Activity in Relation to RCC Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timing of Physical Activity in Relation to RCC Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Activity and RCC Risk in Population Subgroups . . . . . . . . . Summary of Epidemiologic Findings on Physical Activity and RCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Testicular Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiologic Studies of Physical Activity and Testicular Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overall Association Between Physical Activity and Testicular Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Physical Activity and Testicular Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dose of Physical Activity in Relation to Testicular Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timing of Physical Activity in Relation to Testicular Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Activity and Testicular Cancer Risk by Tumor Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Epidemiologic Findings on Physical Activity and Testicular Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limitations of Epidemiologic Studies of Physical Activity and Genitourinary Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biological Mechanisms Relating Physical Activity to Genitourinary Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Renal Cell Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Testicular Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57 59 60 60
Physical Activity and Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . Kathleen Y. Wolin and Hallie Tuchman
73
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.4 4.5
73 74 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.5.7 3.5.8 3.6 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.8 4
vii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colon Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dose of Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timing of Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Subgroup Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colon Sub-site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colonic Adenomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rectal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gastric Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 64 65 65 65 66 66 66 67 67
viii
Contents
4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.6 4.7 5
Type of Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dose of Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gastric Subsite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biologic Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical Activity and Lung Cancer Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Aina Emaus and Inger Thune 5.1 5.2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiologic Studies of Physical Activity and Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 Overall Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Subgroup Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Hypothesized Biologic Mechanisms Relating Physical Activity to Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Main Findings and Further Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
101 103 103 104 127 129 130
Physical Activity and Hematologic Cancer Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Sai Yi Pan and Howard Morrison 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.4
7
85 86 87 87 90 90
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Etiology and Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epidemiologic Studies on Physical Activity and Hematologic Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Myeloma and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Main Hypothesized Biologic Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enhancement of Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maintenance of Energy Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improvement of Antioxidant Defense Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact on Metabolic Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anti-inflammatory Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
135 136 137 138 138 138 144 144 144 148 149 149 150 151 151
Physical Activity and Gynecologic Cancer Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Anne E. Cust 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3
Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overall Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domain of Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intensity, Duration and Frequency of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160 160 162 162
Contents
7.1.4 7.1.5 7.1.6 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.3 7.3.1 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 7.4.6 7.4.7
ix
Age Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overall Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domain of Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intensity, Duration and Frequency of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Age Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overall Findings and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biologic Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sex Hormone Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adiposity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insulin-Mediated Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immune Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metabolic and Cellular Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biologic Mechanisms – Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
164 164 165 166 166 167 167 169 169 170 171 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 177 178 178
Part II Physical Activity and Cancer Survivorship 8
Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Kathryn Schmitz 8.1 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5 8.2.6 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 8.3.7 8.4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinical Aspects – Effects of Treatment That Might be Altered by Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hormone Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Targeted Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effects of Physical Activity on Supportive Care Outcomes . . . . . . . . Safety of Exercise During and After Breast Cancer Therapies . . . . . . Aerobic Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Body Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lymphedema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary and Conclusions Regarding Effects of Physical Activity on Supportive Care Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disease Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
189 190 190 191 191 192 192 193 193 193 200 202 203 204 205 206 206
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8.5 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.6 8.7 9
Future Research Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . During Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . After Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinical Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
207 207 208 208 208 209 209
Physical Activity and Genitourinary Cancer Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Daniel A. Galvão, Dennis R. Taaffe, Nigel Spry, and Robert U. Newton 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.4 9.4.1 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Prostate Cancer and Common Adverse Effects . . . . . . Androgen Deprivation and Sarcopenia-Related Disorders . . . . . . . . Body Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bone Mass and Skeletal Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insulin Resistance and Lipoprotein Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Side Effects from Androgen Deprivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quality of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Bladder and Kidney Cancers and Common Adverse Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise Interventions During Prostate Cancer Treatment . . . . . . . . Exercise Studies and Effects on Testosterone and PSA (Disease Outcomes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise Interventions Post-treatment of Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . Physical Activity and Bladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinical Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217 218 219 219 220 221 222 222 222 223 229 229 230 230 231 232 232
10 Physical Activity and Gastrointestinal Cancer Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Christopher M. Sellar and Kerry S. Courneya 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinical Significance of Gastrointestinal Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Activity and Disease Outcomes in Gastrointestinal Cancer Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.1 Potential Mechanisms of Physical Activity for Improved Disease Outcomes in Gastrointestinal Cancer Survivors . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 Physical Activity and Supportive Care Outcomes in Gastrointestinal Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.1 Observational Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.2 Intervention Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 Summary and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
237 238 239 240 243 244 244 250 250 251
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11 Physical Activity and Lung Cancer Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Lee W. Jones 11.1 11.2
Clinical Significance of Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lung Cancer Survivors Have Poor Cardiorespiratory Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Central Importance of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Across the Lung Cancer Continuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Exercise Therapy Following a Cancer Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 Exercise Therapy Following a Lung Cancer Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5.1 Exercise Therapy for Operable Lung Cancer – Prior to Surgical Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5.2 Exercise Therapy for Operable Lung Cancer – Postsurgical Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 Exercise Therapy for Inoperable Lung Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 Clinical Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
255 256 257 259 259 259 263 267 267 268 271 271
12 Physical Activity and Hematological Cancer Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Claudio L. Battaglini 12.1 12.2 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.3 12.2.4 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.2 12.3.3 12.3.4 12.4 12.5 12.6
Background and Significance of Hematological Cancers . . . . . . . . . Treatments for Hematological Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immunotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stem Cell and Marrow Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise Intervention Studies on Adult Patients with Hematological Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Studies Conducted with Mixed Patients with Different Hematological Cancer Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Studies Conducted in Patients with Multiple Myeloma . . . . . . . . . . . Studies Conducted in Patients with Acute Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . Studies Conducted in Patients with Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinical Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Research Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
275 276 276 276 277 277 278 279 290 291 297 298 298 302 302
13 Physical Activity and Gynecologic Cancer Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Karen M. Gil and Vivian E.von Gruenigen 13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 13.2 Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 13.2.1 Recurrence and Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
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13.2.2 13.2.3 13.3 13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 13.4
Clinical Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Research Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinical Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Research Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary: Lifestyle and Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
309 309 310 311 313 313 313 313
Part III Physical Activity and Cancer Special Topics 14 Physical Activity and Pediatric Cancer Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Alejandro F. San Juan, Kathleen Wolin, and Alejandro Lucía 14.1 14.1.1 14.1.2 14.1.3 14.2 14.2.1 14.2.2 14.2.3 14.2.4 14.3 14.4 14.4.1 14.4.2 14.4.3 14.4.4 14.5 14.6
Medical Overview of Pediatric Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Types of Hematological Malignancies in Children . . . . . . . . . Other Types of Pediatric Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Side Effects of Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Early Side Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Late Side Effects: Opposite Effects of Cancer/Treatment and Regular PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HSCT Further Impairs Children’s Physical Function . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancer Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Activity and Fitness Levels in Children with Cancer and in Survivors of Childhood Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise Interventions in Children with Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Children not Receiving HSCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Children Undergoing HSCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Follow-Up Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Safety and Side Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Practical Clinical Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Gaps and Future Research Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
319 320 320 321 322 322 322 325 326 326 333 333 340 340 340 341 342 342
15 Physical Activity and Palliative Cancer Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Sonya S. Lowe 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fatigue in the Palliative Cancer Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State of the Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinical Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
349 350 359 362 363 363
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16 Physical Activity Motivation and Cancer Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Bernardine M. Pinto and Joseph T. Ciccolo 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.7.1 16.7.2 16.7.3 16.7.4 16.7.5 16.8 16.9 16.10
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cognitive Behavioral Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Social Cognitive Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theory of Planned Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transtheoretical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Self-determination Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Theories and Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attribution Theropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motivational Interviewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roy Adaptation Model and the Levine Conservation Model . . . . . . Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Five Factor Model of Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinical Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
367 368 371 373 375 377 378 378 379 379 380 380 380 382 382 383
Physical Activity and Cancer: An Introduction
1
Kerry S. Courneya and Christine M. Friedenreich
Abstract Physical activity (PA) is an important health behavior for many diseases, but its role in cancer control has been understudied and underappreciated. In this chapter, we introduce this volume on PA and cancer and provide an overview of its content and organization. We also review some of the methodological challenges in this field, summarize the key conclusions of each chapter, and offer some general directions for future research. The volume contains 16 chapters organized by the major cancer sites and the phases of the cancer control continuum. In addition to this introductory chapter, the volume includes six chapters on cancer prevention, six chapters on cancer survivorship, and three chapters on special topics. Overall, the research to date suggests that PA reduces the risk of developing some cancers, helps cancer survivors cope with and recover from treatments, improves the long-term health of cancer survivors, and possiK.S. Courneya (*) University of Alberta, E-488 Van Vliet Center, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H9 Canada e-mail:
[email protected] C.M. Friedenreich AHFMR Health Senior Scholar Alberta Health Services University of Calgary, 1331 29 St NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N2 e-mail:
[email protected] bly even reduces the risk of recurrence and extends survival in some cancer survivor groups. Much research remains to be done in this field, but the compelling data produced thus far suggests that PA has an important role to play in cancer prevention and survivorship. Physical activity (PA) is an important health behavior for the prevention and management of many acute and chronic diseases; however, research in cancer has lagged behind other major chronic diseases. Nevertheless, the compelling data produced in this field over the past 2 decades has resulted in PA receiving a prominent place in many cancer control and exercise science guidelines including the American Cancer Society’s guidelines for cancer prevention (Kushi et al. 2006) and survivorship (Doyle et al. 2006), the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research guidelines for cancer prevention (WCRF 2007), the Australian Association of Exercise and Sport Science’s exercise guidelines for cancer survivors (Hayes et al. 2009), and the American College of Sports Medicine’s exercise guidelines for cancer survivors (Schmitz et al. 2010). The purpose of this volume is to bring together some of the world’s leading researchers to provide comprehensive and authoritative reviews on key topics related to PA and cancer. In this chapter, we introduce the topic of PA and cancer, provide an overview of the content and organization of this volume, review some
K.S. Courneya and C.M. Friedenreich (eds.), Physical Activity and Cancer, Recent Results in Cancer Research 186, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04231-7_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
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of the methodological challenges in this field, to move throughout a full range of motion summarize the key conclusions of each chapter, (ACSM 2010). Body composition refers to the and offer some directions for future research. proportion of fat and fat-free tissue in the body (ACSM 2010) and often includes measurements of anthropometry which deal with the size, weight, and proportion of the body.
1.1 Physical Activity, Exercise, and Health-Related Fitness
PA is defined as any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase in energy expenditure (Bouchard and Shepard 1994). Leisure-time PA refers to activity undertaken during discretionary time based on a personal choice and is usually contrasted with occupational and/or household activity. Exercise is a form of leisure-time PA that is performed on a repeated basis over an extended period of time with the intention of improving fitness, performance, or health. PA is often categorized by intensity levels using metabolic equivalent task (MET) units with 1 MET being equivalent to the amount of energy a person expends at rest. Activities requiring 21.6 versus £11.1 h per week per year) of lifetime total light physical activity, but no association with moderate or vigorous activities (Friedenreich et al. 2010). Colbert et al. (2003) reported a reduced risk with moderate physical activity but only after several years of exposure. Studies that have assessed the role of inactivity, such as sitting time, found increased risk for those sitting for more than about 5 h a day (Friberg et al. 2006; Patel et al. 2008; Gierach et al. 2009). Friedenreich et al. reported an 11% increased risk for every 5 h per week per year of sedentary occupational activity (Friedenreich et al. 2010). For duration of physical activity, Schouten et al. (2004) found that increasing the duration of nonoccupational physical activities (combining walking and/or cycling for transportation or recreation, gardening and odd jobs, sports or exercise) was significantly associated with reduced risk, with 1 h or more per day (versus
