Philosophy and social hope

IC

RICHARD RORTY

Philosophy and Social Hope

P EN G U I N B O O K S

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Contents

Acknowledgements Preface

ix X1l

Introduction: Relativism: Finding and Making

XVl

I Autobiographical 1 . Trotsky and the Wild Orchids

3

II Hope in Place of Knowledge: A Version of Pragmatism 2. Truth without Correspondence to Reality

23

3· A World without Substances or Essences

47

4· Ethics Without Principles

72

III Some Applications of Pragmatism 5· The Banality of Pragmatism and the Poetry of justice

93

6. Pragmatism and Law: A Response to 104

David Luban 7. Education

as

Socialization and as

Individualization

8. The Humanistic Intellectual: Eleven Theses

114 127

viii

9· The Pragmatist's Progress: Umberto Eco on Interpretation 10. Religious Faith, Intellectual Responsibility and Romance I I. Religion As Conversation-stopper 12. Thomas Kuhn, Rocks and the Laws of Physics

I75

13. On Heidegger's Nazism

IV Politics If. Failed Prophecies, Glorious Hopes

20I

15. A Spectre is Haunting the Intellectuals: Derrida on Marx I6. Love And Money

210 223

I7. Globalization, the Politics ofldentity and Social Hope

229

V Contemporary America

I8. Looking Backwards from the Year 2og6

243

19. The Unpatriotic Academy

252

20. Back to Class Politics

255

Mterword: Pragmatism, Pluralism and Postmodernism

262

Index

278

Acknowledgements

The pieces in this book were originally published in the following places (copyright Richard Rorty unless otherwise marked):

Introduction: ' Relativism: Finding and Making': Debating tlu State of

Phiwsop�: Hahermas, R.ot!J and Kowkowski, Jozef Niznik and John T.

Sanders, eds. (Praeger, 1 996). Copyright© Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Science, 1 996. Reprinted by permiSSIOn.

1. 'Trotsky and the Wild Orchids': Wild Orchids and Trotslg: Messages .from American Universities, Mark Edmundson, ed; (New York: Viking, 1 993). Copyright© Viking, 1993. Reprinted by permission. 2. 'Truth without Correspondence to Reality': First appearance in

English; a German translation appeared in my Hf!ffiwng statt Erkmlniss (Vienna: Passagen Verlag, 1994); a French translation appeared in my

L'espoir au lieu de sawir (Paris: Albin Michel,

1 995).

3· 'A World without Substances or Essences': First appearance in

English; a German translation appeared in my Hf!ffiwng statt Erkentniss (Vienna: Passagen Verlag, 1994); a French translation appeared in my

L'espoir au lieu de savoir (Paris: Albin Michel,

1 995).

4· 'Ethics without Principles': First appearance in English; a German

translation appeared in my Hf!ffiwng statt Erlrmtniss (Vienna: Passagen

Verlag, 1994); a French translation appeared in my L'espoir au lieu de

sawir (Paris: Albin Michel,

1 995).

5· 'The Banality of Pragmatism and the Pqetry ofjustice':

Pragrrwtism

in Law and Socie�, Michael Brint and William Weaver, eds. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1 991), pp. Bg-97. First published in Southern Califomw Law Review. Copyright© Southern California Law Review, 1990. Reprinted by permission.

"'

6. ' Pragmatism and Law: A Response to David Luban': Cardozo lAW Review, vol. XXVIII, no. I. Copyright © I996, Yeshiva University. Reprinted by permission.

1· 'Education

as Socialization and as Individualization': originally

published

'Education without Dogma', Dissent (Spring I989),

as

pp. I98-204. Copyright © Dissent, I989. Reprinted by permission. 8. 'The Humanistic Intellectual: Eleven Theses':

A CLS Occasional

Papers (November I989), no. 10, pp. 9-I2. Reprinted by permission.

g. 'The Pragmatist's Progress: Umberto Eco on Interpretation':

Interpretation and Overinterpretation, Stefan Collini, ed. (Cambridge: Cam­ bridge University Press, I992), pp. 89-108. Copyright© Cambridge University Press, I992. Reprinted by permission. IO. ' Religious Faith, Intellectual Responsibility and Romance': 77ze

Cambridge Companion to William James, Ruth Anna Putnam, ed. (Cam­

bridge: Cambridge University Press, I997), pp. 84-102. Copyright© Cambridge UniversitY Press, I997· Reprinted by permission.

II. 'Religion as Conversation-stopper': Common Knowledge (Spring I994), vol. III, no. I, pp. I-6. Copyright © Common Knowledge, I994· Reprinted by permission. I2. 'Thomas Kuhn, Rocks and the Laws of Physics': CommonKrwwledge (Spring I997), vol. VI, no. 1. Copyright© Common Knowledge, I997· Reprinted by permission.

I3. 'On Heidegger's Nazism': Originally published as 'Another Poss­ ible World' in the London Review of Books (8 February I990), p. 21. Copyright© London Review of Books, I990. Reprinted by permission. I4. 'Failed Prophecies, Glorious Hopes': First appeared as 'Endlich sieht man Freudenthal' in FranlifUrter Allgemeine .?_eitung, 20 February I998. Copyright© FAZ, I998. Reprinted by permission. I5. 'A Spectre is Haunting the Intellectuals: Derrida on Marx': European ]ouTTIIJ.l of Philosop� (December I995), vol. III, no. 3, pp. 289-98. Copyright © European Journal of Philosophy, I995· Reprinted by permission.

I6. 'Love and Money': Common Knowledge (Spring I992), vol. I, no. I,

pp. I2-I6. Copyright© Common Knowledge, I992. Reprinted by

permission.

I7. ' Globalization, the Politics ofldentity and Social Hope': originally

published as 'Global Utopias, History and Philosophy' in

Pluralism, IdentitY and Globalization,

Cultural

Luiz Soares, ed. (Rio de Janiero:

UNESCO/ISSC/EDUCAM, 1996), pp.

457-6g.

18. 'Looking Backwards from the Year 2og6': originally published as

'Fraternity Reigns' in pp.

7he New T'l1li£S Maga I2, 20, 47· 105,

remapping, I76, 1 77, 1 8o

140, I4I, I 43 · 144, 146,

class division, 247

I82, 193. 2 1 1 -2 I , 236, 237

Claude!, Paul, I96

Dalai Lama, 6

Cleon, 264

Damien, Father, 203

clergy, liberal, I28

Dante Alighieri, 264

Clifford, W. K., I5o, I5I,

152, 154> I55, I57

Darwin, Charles, xxi, xxxi,ii 12, 19, go, g8, 64. 66,

CLS, 94, 97 cognitive/ non-cognitive, Committee for the Free commodification, 2 I 6, 2 I 7,

Descartes, Rene, xxi,

common sense, xviii , xx, u6,

I58, 164. 263-4

communism, 2I8 Communist Manifesto, 201 -9, 2 I 3

community, I 6g

25, 47· I4Q, I44, 182,

128, I4Q, I73. 220, 232, 234> 250, 253· 26g

and pragmatism,

24

24, 8I Organizations, 26 I

as antidemocratic, xxx

and the self, 78

and Baier, 76

and truth, 32-3, g6, 37

and clarification of ideas,

d e Man, Paul, I 8 , I2g, I 4 1 , I43. 2 I 2 Debs, Eugene, 203

Congress of Industrial

xi, xx, xxxii, 4-,

IO, I2, I4, I9, 20, 35, 47,

and language, I38

deconstruction, 2I9-20

conceptual analysis, xxii

Inquiry, 5, 6

and knowledge, 33

pluralist, 270

conditioned/ unconditioned,

Dewey Commission of Dewey, John,

democratic, I70, 237

Comte, Auguste , go

34, g6,

191 desires, xxiv-xxv

270

and Dummett, 95

commodity-value, 2 I 7

on metaphysics, I4I

266, 26g

I 85, 235

227

and Habermas, 238 and linguistic meaning, I 8 Derrideans, 24

Davidson, Donald, xx, xxii,

World, 3

and grammatology, xxii

68, 128, 262, 263-4. Darwinism, xxiv, Gs, 26g,

I52 - 5

54 -s, sa. 6g, 95.

249· 250

Democritus, 88, 1 1 o

deconstructive literary criticism, I40, I42, I45 democracy, 3, 23, 25-6,

1 09 an d th e community, I 63 and core of his thought, 237 and democracy, 25-6, 29, 49, I l l ,

I I9-2I, I26

and dualisms, 52

28-9, 1 1 6, I I7, I 73, I93,

and education, 1 18

274

and Emerson, 1 20, I26

and capitalism, 2 44

an d Freud, 78

28 1

on the function of philosophy, 66 and growth, 28, 120, 126 and Hegel, 30, 3 1 , 2 1 1

Durkheim, Emile, 181

essentialism/ essentialists, 53,

Dworkin, Ronald, 83, 93,

ss. s 8 . s9, 64, 66 ethnic separatism, 235

94- s. 98, 99

an d justification, 149

Eagleton, Terry, 4., 15

Keatsian vision, 97

Eccles, Sir John, 1 84

Euclid, 1 1 2 Eurocentrism, 212, 227 European Community, 250

and knowledge, 23, 2 9 , 33

Eco, Umberto, 1 3 1 - 46

Euthyphro, 108

on Marx, 30-31

education:

Evers, Medgar, 257

and morality, 23

and moralityIprudence,

Dewey and, 1 1 8

evidence, 150, 1 5 1 , 152

higher, 1 16, 1 17, 1 18, 1 20,

evolution:

73 . 74. 75 and Nietzsche, xxix-xxx

individuation, 1 1 7

on philosophy, 29, 109, 1 10

and Platonic dualisms, xiv and the Platonic tradition,

xii

122-5, 127-8

biological, 38, 75, 26g cultural, 75, 87

and the left, 1 14- 1 6, 1 17

evolutionary theory, 68

pre·college, 1 20, 1 2 1 , 122

existentialism, 2 1 1

primary, 1 1 6, 1 1 7, 1 18

experimentalism, 120

quality of, 1 2 1 and the right, 1 14- 1 7

fascism, 8 , 1 7

an d pluralism, 237

secondary, 1 16, 1 17, n8,

feminism, 87-8, 1 29, 229,

24, BB. 9s . gB and rationality, 23

as socialization, 1 15, u6,

and science, 36

teachers' pay, 1 2 1

Fichte,Johann Gottlieb, 67

and the scientific method,

and truth, 1 1 7

Fli'St Great Depression, 248

and pragmatism, xvii, 8,

xxii scorning, 8-9 and the self, 77-8, 8o and social

constructionism, 49

and social democracy, xiii, 18 and truth, 18, 3 1 -2, 37, 1 1 9, 1 2 1

123 1 17

egalitarianism/ egalitarians,

xxxi , 23, % 99

235 feudalism, 120 Feyerabend, 35, 95

FISh, Stanley, 14-Q, 142, '44· 182

Eisenhower, Dwight, 245

Fitoussi, 21 5

Eliot, T. S . , 9, 97, 196

Fiudd, Robert, 131, 1 33

Ely, Richard, 99

Fodor,Jerry, 95

Emerson, Ralph Waldo,

formalism, 93, 94, 97

25-6, 1 20, 253. 254,

Forster, E. M., 223-8

26g

Foucault, Michel, xx, 4, 12,

Dewey and, 1 20, 1 26

47· 48, 1 15, 1 1 6, 1 19,

dialectical materialism, 8

and hope, 1 20

128, 1 29, '3'· 168, 237.

difference, 234, 235, 237

and self-reliance, 34

238

dignity/value, So, 81

and 'true' definitions,

Dilthey, Wilhelm, 139 , 141 disciplinary matrix, 1 78 Divine Will (Will of God), 83, 84, • so, ' 7 ' • •72, 184., 203, 237 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 271

Drtd Scott decision, 99

Dreiser, Theodore, 249 Du Bois, W. E. B., 253

dualisms, xi, xiii, xiv, xxi, 29, 3 ' · 52, 97. ' 33. 1 52 - 3 Dummett, Michael, 95

g6-7 empiricism/ empiricists, xxi,

34. 35. 48, 55

'dogmas of empiricism', 1 17 Empson, Sir William, 144 Engeb, Friedrich, 2o1, 202

Enlightenment, xxviii -xxix , xxx , 17, 107, no, 1 1 1 ,

' 33. 168, 16g, 170, 172, '74. 230

epistemology, 105, 108, 1 73

and the archaeology of knowledge, xxii

and genealogy, xxii and self-knowledge, 236

and social

constructionism, 49 found/made, xix, xx, xxi,

xxiii foundationalism, 151, 152, 1 64 foundationalists/ antifoundationalists,

xxix

282

6 248, 249, 251 freedom, 1 14, 1 15, 258 academic, n6, l i?, 123, 125 economic, 1 15 expanding, 129 narrative of, 1 2 1 -2 political, 1 15 and truth, 1 14, 1 15, u8- 1g, 1 2 1 Frege, Gotdob, 24. g1, 56-7, 68 French Revolution, 26g Freud, Sigmund, 78, 84, 87, 128, Igg, 144, IBI, 219, 236, 26g Frye, Northrop, 176 Frank, John,

gratification, xxx

fraternity,

greater-happiness principle,

fundamentalism, religious,

xxvi, 157. 276

Gabel, Peter, 94

Gadarner, Hans-Georg, xx,

xxii Galbraith, John Kenneth,

245, 259 179

Galen,

gB, 176,

Galileo Galilei,

179 GATT,

215

gay liberation,

129, 229,

2g5 gaybashing, xxxi , 17, 172 Geertz, Clifford, 26g, 271 ,

272, 275 General Motors, genetics,

255, 258

264

218-19 26o globalization, 2 15, 221, 2g1, 2g2-4, 250, 258 Goede!, Kurt, 178 Good Will, 83 good/evil, XXX Goodman , Andrew, 24, 25, gg, m, 257 gramrnatology, xxii George, Henry, Gitlin, Todd,

XXX

and pragmatism, and rationality,

gg, g6, 97, gg, 104, IQ5, 106, 108 growth, 28, 120, 125, 126, 2gg Grunbaum, Adolf, 181 Guzman, Abiel, 205 Grey, Thomas,

28,

190-91 24

reality/appearance,

and Thinking, xxii

1go

24

and truth,

Heisenberg, Werner,

1 84

Helsinki Declaration of Human Rights, xxxiii ,

Bg go, g2, g8, 107, 108, uo, ug, 149. 168, 170, I7g, Igg, 2g8 Hacking, Ian, 12 Hackney, Sheldon, 252-g Hallam, Arthur, 168 Hanson, 95 Hart, Herbert, 108 Hartshorne, Charles, 28 Harvey, William, 179 Havel, Vaclav, 17 Habermas,Jilrgen,

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm

Friedrich, xxi, xxxii , 1 1 - 12, 20, 67, 1 28, 179, 182, 218, 2 19, 220 and Dewey, go, g1, 2 1 1 an d Kant, 1 6 and Marx, 30 and pragmatism, 30 subject/ object, 49 hegemonic discourse, 1 30 Heidegger, Martin, xiii , xiv, xx, 4> 12, 29, 97. 144, 146, 179, 182, 1go-g7, 212, 213, 219 and Aristotle, 191 and Being, Igo, 191 and democracy, 196 on metaphysics, xix, 28, 48, Ig2 and metaphysics, 191 Nazism, 18, 191-7 and the onto-theological tradition, xxiii and phenomenological

gy, xxi

ontolo

Henry VIII, King,

Hercules, 94,

206

g6

1 g7, 140 1 17, uB, 1 2 1 -5, 1 34 Hider, Adolf, 8, 17, 1 gg, 275 Hobbes, Thomas, 59, 2g1-2, 26g, 264 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 25, gg, gg Holocaust, 19g homogenization, 2g7 homosexuality, xxxi , 2g6, 246, 276 Hook, Sidney, 8, 19, g5, 95, 192, 2 1 1 hope, 265 Emerson and, 1 20 loss of, 2g2 national, 1 2 1 -2, 254 political, 229 social, 248, 277 utopian, 229 Howe, Irving, 25g, 254 hermeneutics, xxii, Hirsch, E. D.,

human equality, xxx human nature,

1 18, 1 25, 1 26,

156, 168 human rights, unconditional,

Bg-8 human suffering, xxx humanism,

17

humanistic intellectuals,

127-46 humanities,

127-30 67, 76, 105

Hume, David,

morality as a matter of sentiment,

87

a8 and Plato, 77 and reason, 153 Hwnphrey, Hubert, 18 Hunter, James Davison, 16, '7 Husserl, Edmund, 176, 179 Hutchins, 8 Hutchinson, Allan, 94

and pragmatism, xxii , 24, '59. 100 religious hypothesis, I 58, 163 and truth, 3 1 -2, 151, 268 utilitarian, I<j-0, 148 Jaures,Jean, 203 jefferson, Thomas, 105, 106, 16g, 170, 249, 259 jews, 253 Johnson, Lyndon, 259 Jonson, Ben, 217 Joyce,James, 137, 138 justice, 7, 8, g, 19, 27, 107, 2 1 2, 213, 215, 248 social, 204, 238, 257 justification, 3 2 , 34, 37, 38 , 82, '49· '54· '59

identity, 234, 237 cultural, 235 ethnic, 229, 238 national, 229, 252, 253 politics of, 235 relativization of, 236 religious, 229, 238 ideology, 3 1 individualism, 26, 245 liberal, 4, 17, 172, 225, 227, 237· 256 Kant, Immanuel, xvii , xxi, individuality, 237 xxxi , xxxii, 19, 34, 67, individuation, I I7 107, I <j.8, 176, 178, 219, Industrial Revolution, 264, 276 26g categorical imperative, xxx , 75; 265 industrialization, 203, 245 inquiry, xxvi, xxviii , 37, 68, and dignity/value, 8o, 81 the fixed and external, I tg, 238 I II-12 intellectual responsibilities, Good Wi11 , 83 ' 54 intellectual rigour/sensual and Hegel, 16 sloppiness, 133 'holy will', 79 International Monetary and juridical vocabulary, III Fund, 225 intrinsic/extrinsic, 50 and the moral self, 77 irrationality, 275 morality as a matter of irredentism, 229 reason, 87 and Nietzsche, 23 James, William, xiii , xiv, and reason, xxx , 77, 265 and Sartre, 1 3 xvii , XX, 15, 17, 28, 31, 35, 36, 47, s8, 61 , 'Thing-in-Itself', 49, 54, 1 48-64, 16g, 2 68- 7 1 , s8 and unconditionality, 67 276 and univenality, 75 and Clifford, • 50 Keats,John, 97 and gratification, xxx and the Platonic tradition, Kerensky, Alexander, 18 Kermode, Frank, 141, 144, xii and polytheism, 161-2 145

Keynes, john Maynard, 215 KGB, 204 Kierkegaard, Soren, 30, 159-00, 220 Kierkegaardians, ro8 King, Revd Dr Martin Luther, Jr, 253, 257 knowledge, 3, 34, 36, 148, 26g antipresentational view of, xxviii the archaeology of, xxii coherence theories of, g6 Davidson and, 33 Dewey and, 23, 29, 33 dream of perfect, xxviii as an end in itself, xii historical, I I o Hwne and, 67 moral, 84 nonlinguistic, 55-6 as power, 50 religion 'as a source of moral knowledge', 173 scientific, 183 towards greater human happiness, xii Kojeve, Alexandre, 218, 219 Kolakowski, 210, 2 14, 215 Kozody, Neal, 3 Kraffi-Ebbing, Richard, 5, 7 Kripke, Saul, 185 Kuhn, Thomas, xvii, xx, xxii, 12, 35-6, 95, 105, 175-89 Kundera, Milan, 20 Kung, Hans, 106 labour movement, 255, 256 Labour Party (Britain), 255 labour unions, 255, 256, 259, 260, 261 see also trade unions Lacan, Jacques, 236, 238 Laclau, Ernesto, 232 language : and antiessentialism, 55-9

284

language - cont. as a barrier, 50, 64 Darwinian way of looking at, 6s

Davidson and, 1 38 history of, 74-5

and its object, xxviii

Luban, David, 1 05, 106-g, Ill Lucretius, 88, 263, 264 Luther, Martin, 1 1 0 Luttwak, Edward, 215, 216, 258, 259

Luxemburg, Rosa, 203

literary, 1.p, '43

origin of, 68, 74 positivists and, 151 Latour, Bruno, 47 law, 93- 100, 104- 1 2 moral, 237, 272 morality and, 73 pragmatism and, 93 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 258 left, the, 4, 19, 248, 252 -4 and being true to ideals, 129

and education, 1 14- 1 6, "7· 1 26

and mapping culture, 18o and Marx, 2 1 1 refomtist liberal, 1 23 revolutionary radical, 1 23 legal realism, 93, 94, 95 Lenin, Vladimir Uyich, 18, 205

Lentricchia, Frank, 1 15 Levinson, Harold, 1 64 Lewis, David, 95, 97, '57 Lewis, Sinclair, 1 6 liberal arts curriculum, 1 25 liberalism, 172, 225, 271 , 272, 274

bourgeois, 236 Liebling, A J., 7 Lincoln, Abraham, 205, 254, 259

McGilvary, 97 McGovern, George, 200 Macintyre, Alasdair, 12, 155, •s6

McKeon, Richard, 8 Maeterlinck, Maurice, 25-6 Mann , Thomas, 1 93 Mansfield, Harvey, 3 Mao Tse-tung, 192, 205, 206 marginalized groups, 252, 200

Marx, Karl, xxi, 1 1 , 87, 1 15, 201, 202, 205, 210

and Derrida, 2 1 1 -2 1 forecasts proletarian revolution, 230, 232 and Hegel, go vision of the victory of the proletariat, xii - xiii Marxism-Leninism, 20 Marxists/Marxism, '4> 15, '9· 3 1 , 1 18, 202, 204, 2 1 1 , 212, 2 1 3, 215, 2 1 6, 2 1 9-20, 225, 227, 231 , 232 materialism, 263

mathematics, 1 76, 18o Maturana, Humberto, xxiv Mead, George Herbert, 237 meaning, 109 and significance, 1 34 Mendel, Gregor, 26{

Lind, Michael, 258, 259, 274 linguistic turn, 24-5 Meno, 267 Locke,John, xxiv, 25, 34, 55, metaethics, 105, 108 metaphysics, xix, xxiii , 28, 68, 105, 178, 231 -2 logic, • 77 3 1 , 48, So, 84,, 1 05, 108, symbolic, •78, '79 1 32, '4' · 14,2, '43. '9' · logocentrism, 219, 221 236 Lovejoy, Arthur, 97 Microsoft, 258

Mill ,James, 120 Mill , John Stuart, xxxi , 17, 1 20, •4,8, 154, 235, 236, 267, 271

greater-happiness principle, xxx liberal utopia, 272

Nietzsche mocks, 26g and pluralism, 237 and right action, 268 Miller, Hillis, 129, 1 42, 143, 146

Milosevic, Slobodan, 275 mind/body, 133 Moore, Michael, 95 moral choice, xxix, xxx moral consciousness, 1 27 moral obligation, 14, 15, 76, 78-Bo, 82, 83

moral principles: firm, xxx - xxxii universal, xxxi , xxxii moral progress, 76, 79, 8 1 , 82, 8 6 , 8 7 , 24,6

moral relativism, xxx morality, xxix, 67, 78, 79 Dewey and, 23, 73, 74 and law, 73 Plato and, 8o and prudence, xvii , 72-6, 144

thick and thin, xxxii- xxxiii

Mouffe, Chantal, 232 multiculturalism, 252 Mussolini, Benito, 192 NAFTA, 2 1 5 Nagel, Ernest, 95, 97 Nagel, Thomas, 1 09

nationalism, 253 natural science, xxvi, xxix, 59· 122, ! 8 1

naturalism, xxi , g6-7 nature, 27, no, 1 15, 26g and culture, 140, 1 4 1 passional, 1 5 2 , 1 53, 155

111 8 5 nature/convention, xx, 1 19

and Eco, 1 35

Nazis, 8, 15, 16, 18, 85, 86,

and pragmatism, 24, 35,

191 -97, 2 1 0

55

Neidegger, 235 neo-Thomists, 8, 1 9 1

134

and science, 36

New

'System', 1 34

1 92, 200

New Science, 67

Nietzsche, Friedrich

analytic, xxii, 1 77-82, 187

of diversity, 227

Continental, 1 8 1

6 1 , " 5 · • 33 · 19 1 , 2 1 0,

definition, 109

220, 235. 2 3 6 , 265, 268,

distinguished from

leftist, 200 Popper, Karl, 3 1 , 36, 220 positivists, 1 5 1 - 2

as antidemocratic, xxx

function of, 66

and Dewey, xxix -xxx , 23

and knowledge, 29

Heidegger and, 195

origin of, 29

and human brotherhood,

Posner, Richard, 94-6, g8, 99, 104, 105-6, I l l , 1 1 2

post-Darwinian philosophy, XX

political, 231, 232 positivistic analytic, 96

84

inversion of Platonism, 126

identity, 231 polytheism, 1 6 1 - 2

science, '39

27 1 , 276

111,

class, 255-61

aim of, 109

5, 26, 47,

poetry writing, 170 politics, xxi, xxvi, 83, academic, 200

philosophy:

Newton, Sir Isaac , 68, 84, 87

Wilhelm, 4>

Poe, Edgar Allan, 1 35

1 29, 254

and truth, 43, 149

New Testament, 20 1 -9

philosophical, 27 1 , 275, 276, 277

'the reality of Thirdness',

Neuhaus, Richard, 3

Left,

pluralism, 237, 252, 266

post-Nietzschean

of science, 156, 182

philosophy, xvn, xx postmodernism/

scientific, 95, 176-9

and Kant, 23

social, 231, 232

postmodernists, xiii-xiv,

mocks

physical science, oo- 6 1

4· 5. '7· 1 8, '9· 1 6 8 , 262,

Mill and Darwin,

physics, 173, 179, 1 8 1

26g

and Plato, 23 on Truth,

276

laws of, 182, 183, 184, 187

xvii

Nietzscheans, xxix , 1 30 nominalism, 237

Piaget,Jean, 1 84 Plato, xi,

xvii, xx, g,

po;er, xx, 8 commercial, 273

12, 15,

knowledge as, 50

16, '9· 34-5, 5 1 • 105,

military, 273

numbers, 52-7, 61, 63

1 10, 1 1 2, 1 1 8, 1 20, 2 19,

money, 245

Nuremberg Laws, 2o6

276

political, 207

and erotic

practice/theory, 1 44

'objective', so -5 1

teacher-student

objective immortality, 163

relationships, 125

pragmatism/ pragmatists: accusations against, So-81 as an American

objectivity, 3, 18, 93, '59

Forms, 63

Okrent, Mark, 190

and Hume, 77

orthodox, the, 17, 1 8

ideal state, xii

pantheism, 1 2, 1 6

an d mathematics, 1 76

banality of, 93, 95

Paracelsus, 1 33

and morality, So

classical,

particle physics, 59-00

and Nietzsche, 23

philosophy, 23, 25 'the apotheosis of the

and the left, 1 15

Pater,

Walter,

Peano, Giuseppe, 6 1 ,

62

Peirce, Charles Sanders, xii , xxv, 20, 24, 25, 68, 1 73

and a belief, •48

tradition, 264-5

xix, g - t o,

20, 48, 263

inverted, 1 26

25, 27, 35,

and Darwinism, 26g Dewey and,

Whitehead on, xix Platonism, xi,

24.

159

secularist philosophical

7

Paul, St, 88

future', 27

xvn,

8, 24.

88, 95 12,

Donaldson and, 24 Dworkin and, 93 Hegel and, 3 0

lt86 pragmatism

- cont.

Heidegger and, and inquiry,

and Carnap,

28, 190

25

and pragmatism,

72

James and, xxii,

24, 159,

racism,

4, 247

93, g6, 99 Randolph, A. Philip, 6, 259 and moral progress, 86 neopragrnatists, 24. 25, 27, rational certainty, 10 rationalism, 120 35. 95 rationality, xx, xxxi , 36, 81, Peiree and, 24. 35, 55 234 philosophical force, 99 communicative, 149 and realists, 150-51 Dewey and, 23 theists, I 56 Heidegger and, 24 and truth, 33-4 Ratzinger, Cardinal, 106 and utilitarianism, 268, Rauschenbusch, Walter, 276-7 2o6, 249 Pragmatist's Progress, 133-4 Rawls, John, 107-8, 1 1 1 , 170, Prigogine, Ilya, 184 progressivists, 17 '73. 232 reading lists, 130 proletarian revolution, 230, reading texts, 144-5 232 Reagan, Ronald, 4. 202, 200 proletariat, 201 , 202, 206, realism, 150, 151, 224 233 100

Radin, Margaret,

1 15 75 redescription, 87-8 the triumph of,

24

reason/ experience,

reductionism, xxi Reformation, 1 1 1

203 81 relationality Irelations, xix, 53-4. s6, 57, 68 relativism, xili-xiv, xvii , xxix, XXX, xxxiii , I 5, 33 cultural, 276 postrnodern, 276 religion, 31, 1 20, 148, 149-50 James' definition, t6o philosophy of, '54 privatized, 149, 150, '7' and science, 149, 155, 268 reformism, bourgeois,

relational/nonrelational,

'as a source of moral

173 172 Reuther, Walter, 259 Riesman, David, 181 realists and pragmatists, properly moral/ merely right, the, 4-5 IS0-51 prudent, 24 reality, xxiv, 7-8, g, 19, 27, and education, 1 14, 1 15, Proust, Marcel, 1 1 , 13, 20, 29, 36, 49, 82, 84, 86, 220 1 1 6, 1 17, 1 26 and mapping culture, 18o 104-s. 1 19, '57. 237, 272 prudence, morality and, xvii, and reason, 1 14, 1 17 non-human, 26g 72-6, '44 objective, 183, 184, 185 Rio de Janeiro, 231 psychological nominalism, representing, 26g, 270 48, 49> 54. 55 Rnad Wmrior (film), 274 using, 270 psychologists, 181 Robertson, Reverend Pat, realityI appearance, xx, xxi, psychology, depth, 181 205 psychopaths, 77 , 78 RIH v. Wade, gB, 99 xxiii, 24. so, 5 ' · 54· 72, 8t, ' 33. '90 Ptolemaic astronomy, t 8o Romanticism/Romantics, realityI fiction, 97 pure radiance/diffuse 2], 97. 265, 267 reason, xviii, xxix , xxxii, Rmner v. Evans, 246 reflection, 133 Putnam, Hilary, xx, xxii , Roosevelt, Franklin, 258, xxxiii , s. 10, 2], 68, 74. 75. 1 10, 1 14. t4B, 275 259 xxiii, xxviii , 25, 47. commwticative, 1 1 0 97-8, to6, 182 Roosevelt, Theodore, 245 Rorty, Richard xi-xii, 3, 4, Hume and, '53 and Lewis, 95 105, to6, 183 and pragmatism, 24, 88 and imagination, 97 and scientism, 36 Kant and, XXX, n 265 Ross, Andrew, 183 and truth, 32 monological, 238 Rousseau, Jean:Jacques, 1 15, and passion, 77 1 18, 219 Quine, William , xx, xxii , 31, 'pure practical', xxx Russell, Bertrand, 23, 31, 48, and the right, 1 14. 1 17 36, 138, ' 39. ' 77 · 178, 97. 176-g 235 subject-centred, 110 Russian Revolution, 5 knowledge',

religious argument,

28 7 Sand,Judge, g8

sexism, 4

Sartre,Jean-Paul, xx, 2 1 1 , 220

'Sokal

Shaw, George Bernard, 192,

soul, the, 1 07, 1 14

and Kant, 13, 6 1 -2, 193 and phenomenological ontology,

xxi

and Proust, 1 3

224

hoax', 182

Spencer, Herbert, 30

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 265

Spinoza, Baruch, 61

significance, meaning and,

Spinozists, 62

134

Stalin, joseph, s. 6, 192

Sartreans, 62

Sinclair, Upton, 249

Savonarola, Girolamo, 13

Skinner, B. F. , 1 76, 1 77, 181

Schlesinge r, Arthur, 245, 259

S te inbeck , john, 248, 249

slavery:

S tephen , Fitzjames, g8, 162

Schwerner, Michael, 257 science,

xvii, xxi, 3 1 , 36,

no,

2 1 1 , 227

abolition of, 225

Stevens, Wallace, 97, 126

chattel, 245

Stoicism, 1 1 , 67

wage, 245

Stout , Jef&ey, 1 40, 1 42

creationist, 149

Snow, C. P. , 188

distinguished from

Soares,

philosophy, 1 39

Luiz

Strauss, Leo, 8, 1 18

Eduardo, 229,

231 social behaviour, 95

normal, 1 8o

social construction(ism), 49,

as problem-solving, xxii and religion, 149, •ss. 268 scientific method, xxii, 35-6,

95- 6, 176

social democracyI

xii , xiv

democrats, 8, 97

xxix , 18 James and, xiii see also democracy and Dewey,

scientific philosophy, 95,

176-9

'Social Gospel' movement,

scientific realists, 156-7

strikes, 255-6 Stroud,

Barry, 109

subject / object, xix, xx, xxi,

8s-6, 237 social cooperation,

Straussians, 14, 15, 129, 130,

219

the method o f, 35 philosophy of, 156, 182

standard of living, 273

xxvili, 47. 49

subjectivity I objectivity, 142 supernatural, the, xxx , xxxiii Supreme Court, 98, 101,

1 o6, I l l , 246 -7 Sweeney, john, 256 Sykes, Charles, 128

206, 249

scientificity, 1 79

social science, xxvi, 95, 96,

scientism, 36 Searle, john, 3, 105, 1 06, 182 Second Great Depression,

248

181 socialism, 17, 205, 214, 215,

220, 244 revolutionary, 248

secularization, 1 68

socialization, I IS - I8, 1 20,

self, n-8• , 1 63-4

Tate, Allen, 97, 196

Taylor, Harriet, 236, 267 technologism, 17, 192 technology, 227, 228 television, 1 2 1 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord,

1 68

1 2 1 , 1 24

true, 1 14, 1 17, 1 19

self-creation, 1 1 8, 123, 126, 1 93 . 2 65

society: civil, 273

Thatcher, Margaret, 2o6 Thinking, xxii

self-individualization, 1 1 8

classless, 230, 246

Thomas, Norman, 6, 8

self-knowledge, 236

democratic, 1 26, 238

Thomas, St, 8, 10, no

self-reliance,

disciplinary, 4

Thomists, 14, 1 o8

Lentrecchia on, 1 15

Thompson, E. P., 31

liberal, 1 26

Tillich, Paul, 156, 158, 2o6

34

selfish/ unselfish, 77 Sellars, Wilfrid, 48, 49,

109,

no, 156, •77. •78 semiosis, 133, 1 39, 140, 141

reformist and democratic,

1 24-s

Tillichians, 1o8 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 245

semiotics, 1 33, 1 39

and the true self, 1 1 7

totalitarianism, 214, 273

Sendero Luminoso

and truth, 1 15

Toulmin, 95

movement, 205 Sennett, Richard, 1 8 1 , 253

separatist movement, 229

sociologists, 1 8 1 Socrates, 9, 1 5 , 63, 84, 1 10,

1 25, 264, 267

trade unions, 2o6-7, 246,

249. 274 stt

also labour

unions

288

Trotsky, Leon, 5, 6, 8, 13, 17, 18 truth, xviii, xix, xxviii , 3, s, 8, !8, 31 -3, 38-9, 97, 1 14, 148, 234> 238 Davidson and, 32-3, 36, 37 Dewey and, 18, 23, 3 1 -2, 37. 1 19 and education, 1 1 7 and freedom, 1 14. 1 15, u8- 19, 1 2 1 Heidegger and, 24 James and, 31 -2, 151, 268 Nietzsche on, xvii Peirce and, 32, 149 and pragmatists, 33-4, 8! -2 Pumam and, 32 responsibility to, 148, 149 and society, 1 15 universal, 67, 208 Twain, Mark, 29 tyranny, 1 20 unconditionality, 67, 83 u!'conscious, 78 Unger, Roberto, 94-5, 100

United Auto Workers, 25S-6 United Nations, 234 United Nations Charter, xxxiii, 231 United Nations Organization, 274 universal/ individual, 77 universalism, 238, 271 universality, 75, 229, 230 University of Chicago, 7- 1 1 , 1 6, 1 24 use-value, 2 1 6, 217 utilitarianism/ utilitarians, 73-4, 148, 149> 157. 100, 267, 268, 270, 2]1 , 273, 274. 276 and pragmatism, 268, 276-7 valery, Paul, 145 Vienna Circle, xxi Vietnam War, 200 Wagner Act, 1 29 Walzer, Michael, xxxii Waugh, Evelyn, 196 Weber, Max, 128, 181, 2 1 1 , 227

Weinberg, Steven, 182-8 Wells, H. G., 224 West, Cornel, 26, 97, 253 White, Morton, 93, 97 Whitehead, Alfred North, �, 28, 56, 163, 16g Whitman, Walt, 4> 17, 19, 24-8, 32, 120, 1 64, 234, 250, 259 Williams, Bernard, 144. 1 57 Williams, Michael, 34 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, xxiv, xxviii, 12, 56, 58, 1 3 1 , 1 32, 177, 178, 18g, 235, 237 Wolin, Sheldon, 3-4 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 236 women's suffrage , 129 Woolf, Virginia, 1 68 Wordsworth, William, 1 64 Worker's Defense League, 6 World Bank, 225 Wright, Richard, 250 Yardley, Jonathan, 4 Yeats, W. B., 7, 192 Young, I ris Marion, 237 Young Hegelianism, 30