Patty's Industrial Hygiene Volume 1

Contents

. 1.

Introduction to Industrial Hygiene Industrial Hygiene: Retrospect and Prospect

1

George D. Clayton, CIH (Ret.; 2.

Rationale for Industrial Hygiene Practice

15

Robert L. Harris, Ph.D, CIH, Lewis J. Cralley, Ph.D and Lester V. Cralley, Ph.D I. Recognition and Evaluation of Chemical Agents 3.

The Mode of Absorption, Distribution and Elimination of Toxic Materials

41

Bertram D. Dinman, MD, Sc.D., and Jonathan D. Dinman Ph.D 4.

The Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dust

89

William Eschenbacher, MD, Gregory J. Kullman, Ph.D., CIH, and Christina C. Gomberg, RN, MS 5.

Man-Made Mineral Fibers

131

Jaswant Singh, Ph.D, CIH and Michael Coffman, CIH 6.

Occupational Dermatoses

165

David E. Cohen, MD, MPH

xi

XII

7.

CONTENTS

Theory and Rationale of Exposure Measurement

211

Jeremiah R. Lynch, CIH

8.

Workplace Sampling and Analysis

265

Robert D. Soule, CIH, CSP

9.

Assessment of Exposures to Pneumoconiosis-Producing Mineral Dusts

317

Howard E. Ayer, CIH and Carol H. Rice, Ph.D, CIH

10.

Basic Aerosol Science

355

Parker C. Reist, Sc.D., PE

11.

Computed Tomography in Industrial Hygiene

411

Lori A. Todd, Ph.D, CIH

12.

Potential Endocrine Disruptors in the Workplace

447

Paige E. Tolbert, Ph.D

13.

Atypical Human Responses to Low-Level Environmental Contaminants: The Problem of Multiple Chemical Sensitivities

479

Mark R. Cullen, MD

14.

Analytical* Methods

507

Robert G. Lieckfield Jr., CIH

15.

Calibration

535

Morton Lippman, Ph.D, CIH

16.

Quality Control

613

William E. Babcock

17.

Odors: Measurement and Control

639

Amos Turk, Ph.D, Angela Merlo, MD, Ph.D, and Samuel Cha, MS

18.

Interpreting Levels of Exposures to Chemical Agents

679

Stephen M. Rappaport, Ph.D, CIH

Index

747

Contents

Iil. 19.

Physical Agents industrial Noise and Conservation of Hearing

757

Kevin 1. Michael, Ph.D and David C. Byrne, MS, CCC-A 20.

Nonionizing Radiation

811

George M. Wilkening, CIH (Deceased) 21.

Ionizing Radiation

893

Herman Cernber, Ph.D, PE, CHP 22.

Heat Stress

925

Jerry D. Ramsey, Ph.D, PE and Thomas E. Bernard, Ph.D, CIH

23.

Physiological Effects of Altered Barometric Pressure

985

Claude A. Piantadosi, MD 24.

lighting for Seeing and Health

1015

Richard L. Vincent 251.

Safety and Health

1125

xi

XII

CONTENTS

IV. Biohazards 26.

Biohazards and Occupational Disease

1163

Patricia A. Heinsohn, Ph.D, MPH, CIH 27.

Control of Biohazards

1209

Patricia A. Heinsohn, Ph.D, MPH, CIH V. Engineering Control and Personal Protection 28.

Potential Exposures in the Manufacturing Industry— Their Recognition and Control

1257

William A. Burgess, CIH 29.

Philosophy and Management of Engineering Control

1341

William A. Burgess, CIH 30.

Industrial Hygiene Engineering Control

1401

Robert D. Soule, CIH, CSP

31.

The Emission Inventory and Dilution Ventilation Robert L. Harris, Ph.D, CIH and Earl W. Arp jr., Ph.D, OH

1455

32.

Respiratory Protective Equipment

1489

Warren JR. Myers, Ph.D, CIH 33.

Asbestos Management in Buildings

1551

Michael A. Coffman, CJH, CSP and Jaswant Singh, Ph.D, CIH Index

1585

Contents

VI.

Law, Regulation, and Management

34.

Job Safety and Health Law

1595

Robert J. Harris, JD 35.

Compliance and Projection

1651

Robert J. Harris, JD 36.

Industrial Hygienist's Liability Under Law

1685

Ralph E. Allan, JD, CIH 37.

Litigation in Industrial Hygiene Practice

1697

Ralph E. Allan, JD, CiH 38.

Odor: A Legal Overview

1725

Ralph E. Allan, JD, CIH 39.

Hazard Communication and Worker Right to Know Programs

1735

Lisa K. Simkins, CIH, PE and Charlotte A. Rice, CIH 40.

Pharmacokinetics and Unusual Work Schedules

1787

Dennis J. Paustenbach, Ph.D., CIH, DABT

xi

x

"

41.

CONTENTS

The History and Biological Basis of Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents

1903

Dennis J. Paustenbach, Ph.D., CIH, DABT 42.

Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Industrial Chemicals

2001

Vera Fiserova-Bergerova, Ph.D. and Jarosiav Mraz, Ph.D. 43. «

Cost-Effectiveness of a Multidisciplinary Approach to Loss Control and Prevention Programs

2061

Judith F. Stockman, RN, CANP, COHN and Ted C. Johnson, MSPH, CIH, CSP

44. Industrial Hygiene Surveys, Records and Reports

2085

Carolyn F. Phillips, CIH 45.

Data Automation

2113

Richard A. Patnoe, Ph.D. 46.

Risk Analysis for the Workplace

2151

Robert G. .»Tardiff, Ph.D., ATS 47.

Health Surveillance Programs In Industry

2199

Mitchell R. Zavon, MD 48.

Health Promotion in the Workplace

2221

B. Toeppen-Sprigg, MD, MPH, K. Schmidt, RN, COHN-S, and A. Hart, Ph.D., CIH, CSP 49.

Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems

2247

Charles F. Redinger, Ph.D., CIH and Steven P. Levine, Ph.D., CIH 50.

Business Analysis for Health and Safety Professionals

2303

Lawrence R. Birkner, MBA, CIH and Michael T. Brandt, Ph.D. 51.

Industrial Hygiene Education, Training, and Information Exchange

2343

Dennis K, George, Ph.D., CIH and Michael R. Flynn, Sc.D, CIH Index

2375

Contents

VII.

Specialty Areas and Allied Professions

52.

Statistical Design and Data Analysis

2387

Nelson A. Leidel, Sc.D and Kenneth A. Busch, MS 53. Occupational Health Nursing

2515

Bonnie Rogers, DrPH, COHN-S, FAAN and Judith Ostendorf, MPH, RN, COHN-S, CCM 54. Ergonomics

2531

DonaJd S. Bloswick, Ph.D, PE and Timothy J, Villnave, DC, MSPH 55. Occupational Safety

2639

DonaldS. Bloswick, Ph.D, PE, CPE and Richard Sesek, Ph.D, CSP 56.

Explosion Hazards of Combustible Gases, Vapors, and Dusts

2687

Martin Hertzberg, Ph.D, Consultant 57.

Environmental Control in the Workplace; Water, Food, Wastes, and Rodents

2735

Maurice A. Shapiro and Gerald M. Barron, MPH 58.

Air Pollution

2779

David J. McKee, Ph.D and John D. Bachmann

xi

XII

59.

CONTENTS

Air Pollution Controls

2839

Mark A. Golembiewski, CIH and Frederick I. Cooper 60.

Agricultural Hygiene

2933

William J. Popendorf, Ph.D, CIH and Keliey J. Donham, DVM 61.

Hazardous Wastes

2979

Lisa K. Simkins, PE, CIH 62.

Industrial Hygiene Aspects of Hazardous Materials, Emergencies and Cleanup Operations

3005

Ruth Mclntyre-Birkner, MBA, Gary R. Rosenblum, MS, CIH and Lawrence R. Birkner, MBA, CIH, MA 63.

Health and Safety Factors in Designing an Industrial Hygiene Laboratory

3051

Robert G. Lieckfield Jr., CIH and Ronald C Poore, CIH 64.

Occupational Epidemiology: Some Guideposts

3089

John F. Gamble, Ph.D 65.

Indoor Air Quality in Nonindustrial Occupational Environments

3149

Philip R. Morey, Ph.D, CIH, W. Elliot Homer, Ph.D, Barbara L. Epstien, MPH, CIH, Anthony G. Worthan, MPH and Marilyn S. Black, Ph.D 66.

Role of the Industrial Hygiene Consultant

3243

Henry J. Muranko, MPH, CIH, CSP 67.

Industrial Hygiene Abroad: Occupational Hygiene

3273

Thomas A. Hethmon, CIH, ROH and Henry J. Muranko, MPH, CIH, CSP Index

3401

Cumulative Index, Volumes 1-4

3415

PATTY'S INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Fifth Edition Volume 1 I INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE II RECOGNITION AND EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL AGENTS ROBERT L. HARRIS Editor

CONTRIBUTORS H. E. Ayer W. E. Babcock S.Cha C. D. Clayton D. E. Cohen L J. Cralley L. V. Cralley M. R. Cullen B, D. Dinman

J. D. Dinman W. Eschenbacher C. Gomberg R. L. Harris G.J. Kullman R. G. Lieckfield, Jr. M. Lippman J. R. Lynch A. Merlo

A Wiley-lnterscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York / Chichester / Weinheim

/

Brisbane /

S. M. Rappaport P. C. Reist C. H. Rice J. Singh R. D. Soule L. A. Todd P. E. Tolbert A. Turk

Singapore /

Toronto

This book is printed on acid-free paper. © Copyright © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved, i* Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copf fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Request t$ the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WHJEY.COM. For ordering and customer service, call 1-800-CAIX*WILEY. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Patty's industrial hygiene / [edited by] Robert L. Harris. — 5th ed. [rev.] v. {> cm. Fourth ed. published as: Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-29756-9 (Vol. 1) (cloth : alk. paper); 0-471-29784-4 (set) 1. Industrial hygiene. I. Harris, Robert L., 1924- . H. Patty, F. A. (Frank Arthur), 1897- Industrial hygiene and toxicology. RC967.P37 2000 613.6'2—dc21 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

99-32462

Contributors

Howard E. Ayer, CIH, Cincinnati, Ohio William E. Babcock, OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah Samuel Cha, MS, TRC Environmental Group, Windsor, Connecticut George D. Clayton, CIH, Retired, Formerly Chairman of the Board, Clayton Environmental Consultants Inc. San Luis Rey, California. David E. Cohen, MD, MPH, Director of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology NYU Medical Center, Department of Dermatology New York, New York Lester V. Cralley, Ph.D Fallbrook, California Lewis J. Cralley, Ph.D Cincinnati, Ohio Mark R. Cullen, MD, Yale Occupational and Environmental Medical Program New Haven, Connecticut

Bertram D. Dinman, MD, Sc.D, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Jonathan D. Dinman, Ph.D Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Robert Wood Jotinson School of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Piscataway, New Jersey William Eschenbacher, MD, NIOSH Morgantown, West Virginia Christina Gomberg, RN, MS NIOSH Morgantown, West Virginia Robert L. Harris, Ph.D, CIH Raleigh, North Carolina Greg J. Kullman, Ph.D, CIH NIOSH Morgantown, West Virginia Robert G. Lieckfield Jr., CIH, Clayton Environmental Consultants Novi, Michigan Morton Lippmann, Ph.D, CIH NY University Medical Center Tarrytown, New York

VI

Jeremiah R. Lynch, CIH Rumson, New Jersey Angela Merto, MD, Ph.D Lawrenceville, New Jersey Stephen M. Rappaport, Ph.D, CIH Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina

CONTRIBUTORS

Jaswant Singh, Ph.D, CIH, Managing Director, Liberty Risk Services Malaysia Robert D. Soule, CIH, CSP Indiana, Pennsylvania Lori A. Todd, Ph.D, CIH Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Parker C. Reist, Ph.D, PE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina* Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Paige E. Tolbert, Ph.D, Environmental and Occupational Health Department, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia

Carol Rice, Ph.D, CIH, University of Cincinnati Medical Center Cincinnati, OH

Amos Turk, Ph.D Danbury, Connecticut

Preface

Industrial hygiene is an applied science and a profession. Like other applied sciences such as medicine and engineering, it is founded on basic sciences such as biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics. In a sense it is a hybrid profession because within its ranks are members of other professions—chemists, engineers, biologists, physicists, physicians, nurses, and lawyers. In their professional practice all are dedicated in one way or another to the purposes of industrial hygiene, to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of work-related health hazards. All are represented among the authors of chapters in these volumes. Although the term "industrial hygiene" used to describe our profession is probably of twentieth century origin, we must go further back in history for the origin of its words. The word "industry," which has a dictionary meaning, "systematic labor for some useful purpose or the creation of something of value," has its English origin in the fifteenth century. For "hygiene" we must look even earlier. Hygieia, a daughter of Aesklepios who is god of medicine in Greek mythology, was responsible for the preservation of health and prevention of disease. Thus, Hygieia, when she was dealing with people who were engaged in systematic labor for some useful purpose, was practicing our profession, industrial hygiene. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology was originated by Frank A. Patty with publication of the first single volume in 1948. In 1958 an updated and expanded Second Edition was published with his guidance. A second volume, Toxicology, was published in 1963. Frank Patty was a pioneer in industrial hygiene; he was a teacher, practitioner, and manager. He served in 1946 as eighth President of the American Industrial Hygiene Association. To cap his professional career he served as Director of the Division of Industrial Hygiene for the General Motors Corporation. At the request of Frank Patty, George and Florence Clayton took over editorship of the ever-expanding Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology series for the Third Edition of Volume I, General Principles', published in 1978, and Volume II, Toxicology, published in vii

VIII

PREFACE

1981-1982. The First Edition of Volume III, Theory and Rationale of Industrial Hygiene Practice, edited by Lewis and Lester Cralley, was published in 1979 with its Second Edition published in 1984. The ten-book, two-volume Fourth Edition of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, edited by George and Florence Clayton, was published in 19911994, and the Third Edition of Volume III, Theory and Rationale of Industrial Hygiene Practice, edited by Robert Harris, Lewis Cralley, and Lester Cralley, was published in 1994. With the agreement and support of George and Florence Clayton, and Lewis and Lester Cralley, it is a signal honor for me to follow them and Frank A. Patty as editor of the Industrial Hygiene volumes of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Industrial hygiene has been dealt with very broadly in past editions of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Chapters have been offered on sampling and analysis, exposure measurement and interpretation, absorption and elimination of toxic materials, occupational dermatoses, instrument calibration, odors, industrial noise, ionizing and nonionizing radiation, heat stress, pressure, lighting, control of exposures, safety and health law, health surveillance, occupational health nursing, ergonomics and safety, agricultural hygiene, hazardous wastes, occupational epidemiology, and other vital areas of practice. These traditional areas continue to be covered in this new edition. Consistent with the past history of Patty's, new areas of industrial hygiene concerns and practices have been addressed as well: aerosol science, computed tomography, multiple chemical sensitivity, potential endocrine disrupters, biological monitoring of exposures, health and safety management systems, industrial hygiene education, and other areas not covered in earlier editions. Although industrial hygiene has been practiced in one guise or another for centuries, the most systematic approaches and the most esoteric accomplishments have been made in the past fifty or sixty years—generally in the years since Frank Patty published his first book. This accelerated progress is due primarily to increased public awareness of occupational health and safety issues and need for environmental control as is evidenced by Occupational Safety and Health, Clean Air, and Clean Water legislation at both federal and state levels. Industrial hygienists know that variability is the key to measurement and interpretation of workers' exposures. If exposures did not vary, exposure assessment could be limited to a single measurement, the results of which could be acted upon, then the matter filed away as something of no further concern. We know, however, that exposures change. But not only do exposures change—change is characteristic of the science and practice of our profession as well. We must be alert to recognize new hazards, we must continue to evaluate new and changing stresses, we must evaluate performance of exposure controls and from time to time upgrade them. These volumes represent the theory and practice of industrial hygiene as they are understood by their chapter authors at the time of writing. But, as observed by the Greek philosopher Heracleitus about 2500 years ago, "There is nothing permanent except change," Improvements and changes in theory and practice of industrial hygiene take place continuously and are generally reported in the professional literature. Industrial hygienists, the practitioners, the teachers, and the managers, must stay abreast of the professional literature. Furthermore, when an industrial hygienist develops new knowledge, he/she has what almost amounts to an ethical obligation to share it in our journals.

PREFACE

IX

One cannot ponder the rapid changes and advancements made in recent decades in science and technology, and in our own profession as well, without wondering at what the next two or three decades will bring. Developments in computer technology and information processing and exchange have greatly influenced manufacturing (robotics, computer controlled machining) and the general conduct of commerce and business in the past one or two decades. This change will only accelerate with computer speeds and capacities doubling every 18 months or so, and processing units approaching microsize. The possibility for continuously monitoring and computer storage of exposures of individual workers may become reality within the next decade. The human genome project holds promise for prevention and cure of many diseases, including some associated with conditions of work. World population continues to increase geometrically and is expected to be about eight billion in the year 2020; with improvements in preventive health care this will be an increasingly older population. Genetic engineering and highly effective pesticides are already improving yields of agricultural commodities; if all goes well in this area, and if we can avoid set-backs as might be associated with potential endocrine disrupters, feeding the expanding human population may not be a limiting factor. Globalization of manufacturing and commerce has already begun to reduce manufacturing employment in the United States and in Europe, and to expand opportunities for expanding populations in some developing nations. The United States and other developed nations are on their way to becoming world centers of information and innovation. How will all of this affect the future practice of industrial hygiene? In the Preface to the Fourth Edition of Patty's, George and Florence Clayton suggested that the future of industrial hygiene is limited only by the narrowness of vision of its practitioners. More recently, Lawrence Birkner, past president of the American Academy of Industrial Hygiene, and his co-worker and spouse, Ruth Mclntyre Birkner, in writing about the future of the occupational and environmental hygiene profession, say much the same thing. (See "The Future of the Occupational and Environmental Hygiene Profession" in A.I.H.A. Journal, pp. 370-374,1997) Larry and Ruth report that we must be aware of the changes likely to take place in the next couple of decades, and must develop strategies now to assure the profession's full participation in protecting the health and safety of workers, and the environment, of tomorrow. ROBERT L. HARRIS Raleigh, North Carolina

USEFUL EQUIVALENTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

1 kilometer = 0.6214 mile 1 meter = 3.281 feet 1 centimeter » 0.3937 inch 1 micrometer = 1/25,4000 inch = 40 microinches = 10,000 Angstrom units 1 foot * 30.48 centimeters 1 inch - 25.40 millimeters 1 square kilometer = 0.3861 square mile (U.S.) 1 square foot = 0.0929 square meter 1 square inch = 6.452 square centimeters 1 square mile (U.S.) = 2,589,998 square meters = 640 acres 1 acre = 43,560 square feet = 4047 square meters 1 cubic meter - 35.315 cubic feet 1 cubic centimeter = 0.0610 cubic inch 1 cubic foot = 28.32 liters = 0.0283 cubic meter = 7.481 gallons (U.S.) 1 cubic inch » 1639 cubic centimeters I U.S. gallon « 3,7853 liters = 231 cubic inches = 0.13368 cubic foot 1 liter = 0.9081 quart (dry), 1.057 quarts (U.S., liquid) 1 cubic foot of water = 62.43 pounds (4°C) 1 U.S. gallon of water = 8.345 pounds (4°C) 1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds

1 gram = 15.43 \ 1 pound = 453.59 grams 1 ounce (avoir,) = 28.35 grams 1 gram mole of a perfect gas o 24.45 liters (at 25°C and 760 mm Hg barometric pressure) 1 atmosphere =» 14.7 pounds per square inch 1 foot of water pressure « 0.4335 pound per square inch 1 inch of mercury pressure = 0.4912 pound per square inch 1 dyne per square centimeter = 0.0021 pound per square foot 1 gram-calorie « 0.00397 Btu 1 Btu - 778 foot-pounds 1 Btu per minute » 12.96 foot-pounds per second 1 hp * 0.707 Btu per second * 550 foot-pounds per second 1 centimeter per second = 1.97 feet per minute = 0.0224 mile per hour 1 footcandle = 1 lumen incident per square foot =» 10.764 lumens incident per square meter 1 grain per cubic foot = 2.29 grams per cubic meter 1 milligram per cubic meter = 0.000437 grain per cubic foot

To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit: °C (9/5) + 32 = °F To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius: (5/9) (°F - 32) *= °C For solutes in water: 1 mg/liter o 1 ppm (by weight) Atmospheric contamination: 1 mg/liter c= 1 oz/1000 cu ft (approx) For gases or vapors in air at 25°C and 760 mm Hg pressure: To convert mg/liter to ppm (by volume): mg/liter (24,450/mol. wt.) = ppm To convert ppm to mg/liter: ppm (mol. wt./24,450) = mg/liter

XIII

CONVERSION TABLE FOR GASES AND VAPORS0 (Milligrams per liter to pans per million, and vice versa; 25° C and 760 mm Hg barometric pressure) 1 Moleculajr mg/liter Weight ppm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

XIV

24,450 12,230 8,150 6,113 4,890 4,075 3*493 3,056 2,717 2,445 2,223 2,038 ,881 ,746 ,630 ,528 ,438 1,358 1,287 1,223 1,164 1,111 1,063 1.01$ 978 940 906 873 843 815 789 764 741 719 699 679 661 643

1 ppm mg/liter

0.0000409 0.0000818 0.0001227 0.0001636 0.0002045 0.0002454 0.0002863 0.000327 0.000368 0.000409 0.000450 0.000491 p.000532 0.000573 0.000614 0.000654 0.000695 0.000736 0.000777 0.000818 0.000859 0.000900 0.000941 0.000982 0.001022 0.001063 0.001104 0.001145 0.001186 0.001227 0.001268 0.001309 0.001350 0.001391 0.001432 0.001472 0.001513 0.001554

1 1 JMolecular mg/liter 1 ppm ]Molecular mg/liter 1 ppm mg/liter Weight ppm mg/liter Weight ppm 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

627 611 596 582 569 556 543 532 520 509 499 489 479 470 461 453 445 437 429 422 414 408 401 394 388 382 376 370 365 360 354 349 344 340 335 330 326 322

0.001595 77 0.001636 78 0.001677 79 0.001718 80 81 0.001759 0.001800 82 0.001840 83 0.001881 84 0.001922 ' 85 0.001963 86 0.002004 87 0.002045 88 89 0.002086 0.002127 90 91 0.002168 92 0.002209 0.002250 93 94 0.002290 0.002331 95 0.002372 .96 97 0.002413 0.002554 98 99 0.002495 0.00254 100 0.00258 101 0.00262 102 0.00266 103 104 0.00270 0.00274 105 0.00278 106 107 0.00282 108 0.00286 0.00290 109 0.00294 110 0.00299 111 112 0.00303 0.00307 113 114 0.00311

318 313 309 306 302 298 295 291 288 284 281 278 275 272 269 266 263 260 257 255 252 249.5 247.0 244.5 242.1 239.7 237.4 235.1 232.9 230.7 228.5 226.4 224.3 222.3 220.3 218.3 216.4 214.5

0.00315 0.00319 0.00323 0.00327 0.00331 0.00335 0.00339 0.00344 0.00348 0.00352 0.00356 0.00360 0.00364 0.00368 0.00372 0.00376 0.00380 0.00384 0.00389 0.00393 0.00397 0.00401 0.00405 0.00409 0.00413 0.00417 0.00421 0.00425 0.00429 0.00434 0.00438 0.00442 0.00446 0.00450 0.00454 0.00458 0.00462 0.00466

CONVERSION TABLE FOR GASES AND VAPORS (Continued) (Milligrams per liter to parts per million, and vice versa; 25°C and 760 mm Hg barometric pressure) 1 Molecular mg/liter 1 ppm ppm mg/liter Weight 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152

212.6 210.8 209.0 207.2 205.5 203.8 202.1 200.4 198.8 197.2 195.6 194.0 192.5 191.0 189.5 188.1 186.6 185.2 183.8 182.5 181.1 179.8 178.5 177.2 175.9 174.6 173.4 172.2 171.0 169.8 168.6 167.5 166.3 165.2 164.1 163.0 161.9 160.9

0.00470 0.00474 0.00479 0.00483 0.00487 0.00491 0.00495 0.00499 0.00503 0.00507 0.00511 0.00515 0.00519 0.00524 0.00528 0.00532 0.00536 0.00540 0.00544 0.00548 0.00552 0.00556 0.00560 0.00564 0.00569 0.00573 0.00577 0.00581 0.00585 0.00589 0.00593 0.00597 0.00601 0.00605 0.00609 0.00613 0.00618 0.00622

1 Molecular mg/liter 1 ppm mg/liter Weight ppm 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190

159.8 158.8 157.7 156.7 155.7 154.7 153.7 152.8 151.9 150.9 150.0 149.1 148.2 147.3 146.4 145.5 144.7 143.8 143.0 142.2 141.3 140.5 139.7 138.9 138.1 137.4 136.6 135.8 135.1 134.3 133.6 132.9 132.2 131.5 130.7 130.1 129.4 128.7

0.00626 0.00630 0.00634 0.00638 0.00642 0.00646 0.00650 0.00654 0.00658 0.00663 0.00667 0.00671 0.00675 0.00679 0.00683 0.00687 0.00691 0.00695 0.00699 0.00703 0.00708 0.00712 0.00716 0.00720 0.00724 0.00728 0.00732 0.00736 0.00740 0.00744 0.00748 0.00753 0.00757 0.00761 0.00765 0.00769 0.00773 0.00777

1 Molecular mg/liter 1 ppm Weight ppm mg/liter 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228

128.0 127.3 126.7 126.0 125.4 124.7 124.1 123.5 122.9 122.3 121.6 121.0 120.4 119.9 119.3 118.7 118.1 117.5 117.0 116.4 115.9 115.3 114.8 114.3 113.7 113.2 112.7 112.2 111.6 111.1 110.6 110.1 109.6 109.2 108.7 108.2 107.7 107.2

0.00781 0.00785 0.00789 0.00793 0.00798 0.00802 0.00806 0.00810 0.00814 0.00818 0.00822 0.00826 0.00830 0.00834 0.00838 0.00843 0.00847 0.00851 0.00855 0.00859 0.00863 0.00867 0.00871 0.00875 0.00879 0.00883 0.00888 0.00892 0.00896 0.00900 0.00904 0.00908 0.00912 0.00916 0.00920 0.00924 0.00928 0.00933

XV

CONVERSION TABLE FOR GASES AND VAPORS (Continued) (Milligrams per liter to parts per million, and vice versa; 25°C and 760 mm Hg barometric pressure) Molecular Weight

1 mg/liter ppm

1 ppm mg/liter

229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252

106.8 106.3 105.8 105.4 104.9 104.5 104.0 103.6 103.2 102.7 102.3 101.9 101.5 101.0 100.6 100.2 99.8 99.4 99.0 98.6 98.2 97.8 97.4 97.0

0.00937 0.00941 0.00945 0.00949 0.00953 0.00957 0.00961 0.00965 0.00969 0.00973 0.00978 0.00982 0.00986 0.00990 0.00994 0.00998 0.01002 0.01006 0.01010 0.01014 0.01018 0.01022 0.01027 0.01031

1 Molecular mg/ltter Weight ppm

253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276

96.6 96.3 95.9 95.5 95.1 94.8 94.4 94.0 93.7 93.3 93.0 92.6 92.3 91.9 91.6 91.2 90.9 90.6 90.2 89.9 89.6 89.2 88.9 88.6

1 ppm mg/liter 0.01035 0.01039 0.01043 0.01047 0.01051 0.01055 0.01059 0.01063 0.01067 0.01072 0.01076 0.01080 0.01084 0.01088 0.01092 0.01096 0.01100 0.01104 0.01108 0.01112 0.01117 0.01121 0.01125 0.01129

1 Molecular mg/liter Weight ppm

277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300

88.3 87.9 87.6 87.3 87.0 86.7 86.4 86.1 85.8 85.5 85.2 84.9 84.6 84.3 84.0 83.7 83.4 83.2 82.9 82.6 82.3 82.0 81.8 81.5

1 ppm mg/liter

0,01133 0.01137 0.01141 0.01145 0.01149 0.01153 0.01157 0.01162 0.01166 0.01170 0.01174 0.01178 0.01182 0.01186 0.01190 0,01194 0.01198 0.01202 0.01207 0.01211 0.01215 0.01219 0.01223 0.01227

"A. C. Fieldner, S. H. Katz, and S. P. Kinney, "Gas Masks for Gases Met in Fighting Fires," U.S. Bureau of Mines, Technical Paper No. 248, 1921.

XVI