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ORIENTAL
PENMANSHIP
SPECIMENS OF
PERSIAN HANDWRI...
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ORIENTAL
PENMANSHIP
SPECIMENS OF
PERSIAN HANDWRITING ILLUSTRATED WITH FACSIMILIES FROM ORIGINALS IN THE
SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM
BI LATE
LORD
E.
H.
ALMONER'S
PALMER,
M.A.
PROFESSOR OF ARABIC, CAMBRIDGE,
ETC.
TO WHICH ARE ADDED
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE NAGARI CHARACTER BY
FREDERIC PINCOTT,
M.R.A.S.
56R563
LONDON
CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7,
STATIONERS' HAt.L COURT, LUDGATE HILL,
E.G.
PREFACE. THE
following
Professor
late
disastrous
last
of
exposition
H.
E.
mission
Persian
Palmer, to
a
was
handwriting
few
months
before
In
addition
to
Egypt.
by the
compiled
he
on
started
the unusual facility with
which Professor Palmer could speak Eastern languages, he had paid attention
to
Persian
calligraphy,
elegance, in several different friends.
and was himself able as
styles,
Not only had he acquired
is
well
skill
in
his
known
more
the
write, with
to to
special
his
much
more intimate
beautiful
forms of
Oriental penmanship, but he had also mastered the Shikasta, or running hand,
which
has
so
Europeans.
constantly
It is
proved
a
notorious that the great mass of
standing their colloquial knowledge of after
Urdu and
and riddle
officials in
Persian,
come
to
ordinary
India, notwithshort,
though
twenty or more years spent in the East, of mastering the intricacies of the
running hand. in
stumbling-block
an Oriental
Professor Palmer, without the advantage of prolonged residence country,
attained
expertness
in
this
most
difficult
style
of
PREFACE.
iv
which the
principles on
has
forth
set
had
he
because
writing,
the
in
the
analyzed
letters
connected
are
book
following
character,
and
;
that they will remove all difficulties from
him
to correspond freely with natives of
official
to
documents
contents
for the
depend on his 'amala or
The were
Plates
for
under
prepared
the
of
had
and
These principles he
together. it
may
the
discovered
be anticipated
securely
the learner, and enable
the path of
the East, and to read for himself the
which he has had hitherto, generally,
sarishtaddr.
greater
part
of the
own
Palmer's
Professor
Persian eye
he
;
book
of this
portion
the
superintended
engraving personally, making several experiments, in order to ensure accuracy
and beauty, and
finally
tional illustrations
of the raqam, or
of
approved
them
as they
now
have been added, by way of exercises
method of noting numbers, has been
Some
appear.
addi-
and an explanation
;
given,
in view
of
its
great utility to all officials and people having business relations with the East,
and because that
also is a source of perplexity to the majority of students.
In order to render the work more valuable special section is
for the
of
the
has been
use of those
character
exhibited
;
is
but the
added
who
given, practical
on
the
Sanskrit and
some specimens
nature of
the
Nagari character.
are studying
and
to
the
of
Indian
work rendered
a
This, of course,
An
Hindi.
fairly
official,
good it
analysis
writing
undesirable
are to
introduce the more ornamental forms of Nagari.
The energy with which the Hindi language has into
notice,
and the determination
evinced to render
it
recently been brought
an
official
medium
of
PREFACE.
forms
epistolary
made
have
communication,
of
models
character
of the
a
possesses
in
It
use.
character, in the perfect legibility of even
The
Lundi,
Sarrafi,
sufficient
documents.
It
are not
&c.,
or confined
either local,
claim
&c.,
to
importance
illustrated
lead
to
people, and
general
may, however, be counted on as certain
the
at present
and
Bihar, it
is
form
will
case.
It
shortly
the
to
as
Nagari
of the
Arabic
Mahajani, Modi, in
that they are
cannot,
adoption that, in
much more
has been recognized
spread
from actual
the
that
in this book,
a few years, the Kaithi character will come into is
seen
as the Kaithi,
their
to
be
the
accepted
confidently
Shikasta
of
classes
special
selected
of
hurried forms.
its
such
derivative forms of Nagari,
be
will
the
over
advantage
conspicuous
have been
They
and therefore may daily
some specimens
include
to
necessary
Nagari writing.
by natives of India,
letters
it
in
official
the course of
general use than
in
officially
therefore,
the
province of
North-West Provinces, where, indeed,
almost universally employed by Hindus,
it
although
has not yet been
recognized in Courts and Kachharis.
would
have
add his
final
It
lived
to
bears upon
it
at last appears it
all
in a
closes with
health
began to
additional to
had Professor Palmer
advantage,
the work
of his originality,
now
offered to the public.
dignity
the
It
is
hoped that
it
of his distinguished reputation, and
catalogue of his
useful
book consciously run counter suffer
It
and shows the thoroughness with
branches of his favourite study.
manner not unworthy
one respect does this his
an
corrections
the impress
which he explored
that
been
from close application
to
publications.
to
his
wishes.
In only
When
important pursuits,
he
PREFACE
vi
resolved in
to
give up
teaching the elements of Persian
1880, he declared that he would
This,
his
resolved
concluding to
teach
teach the alphabet,
no it
more.
He
to
be hoped,
enable others to attain, in
eminence.
some
the University,
and,
" never again teach alphabets to boys." is
posthumous work,
is
at
will
devoted to the
continue, by for
many
measure, the
means
years
skill
to
subject of
he
had
this book,
to
come, and thereby
which raised his name to
CONTENTS. PAGE
PERSIAN HANDWRITING
...... ........
1
ELEMENTS OF THE ALPHABET
6
SERIES OF EXAMPLES
9
RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OF CHARACTERS
THE
SHIKASTA, OR
CURRENT HAND
SPECIMENS OF SHIKASTA
RAQAM NOTATION EXPLAINED
.
... .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.28 .24 .80 .89 .42
NAGARI HANDWRITING SPECIMENS OF CAREFUL WRITING
.
SPECIMENS OF EPISTOLARY STYLE
.
46 .
.
.
.49
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
THE Arabic
character, which
The paper
left.
is
held,
used by Persians,
is
by Eastern
and may be supported on the opinion, be rested upon a table.
a card
the paper
may be
The pen it
is
too large,
it
held
lightly
neath to support find
beginning
to
the
but should not, in their
knee,
or lightly doubled
rolled
up
;
or
it.
the middle finger
;
is
then placed under-
it.
propev
write,
drawn downwards thus
may be
hand while
between the thumb and forefinger, so that
turns easily between the two
To
left
held in the left hand to support
is
written from right to
calligraphists, in the left
writing,
If
is
place
the
to the right,
hold the pen
to
position
nib
at
make a
:
Fio.
1.
such
an
perfect
on
the
angle that
"diamond"
paper it
when
would,
if
or "lozenge,"
PERSIAN HANDWRITING. "dot"
This lozenge or
must learn
make.
to
make every
dot,
final
O
forms. >,
examples consists
alphabet,
Letters
and next, the
which
are given only
once.
differ
of,
first,
initial
only in
the detached forms
form of each, followed
the
diacritical
points, as
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
Bismi b
alif
r
The sentence with which means,
" In the
name
of
k
I
m
n
bs
bsh
L^, the bodies of
forms.
z
s
this
sh
s
t
bs
Idm-alif bt
b
b
y
f
c_> will, of
f
q
is
Arabic,
Compassionate."
and It
is
UJ
^
writings or books.
y
bf
'ain
commences
exercise
Mohammadan
h
iv
The combinations with and
z
God, the Merciful, the
always placed at the head of
k
'r-rahmdni 'r-rahim
'lldhi
d
j
10
bq
bd bk
bt
bl
bj
bd
br
bm
course, serve
for
O
cl>
these letters being the same in the initial and medial
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
bh
bid
by
js
jsh
jr
jd
by js
jb
f
jt
V ji7
jm jm jn sd
sb
sh
sd
jh
jd jd
jf jq
jTc
jh
sd
jw
sr
jld
sr
s
them from the mere prolongation
jy
jy
ss
or sh,
in careful writing,
of a letter, aa
jr of the second line of the previous piece of writing.
j
is
prolonged merely to
fill
up the
jr
V
(Three dots are often placed under the distinguish
jj
11
line,
or for artistic
in
to
the second
In that case, the
effect.)
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
ss
sn
s/.
s'
sw
sh
sh
sld
sr
r
sr
sq
sk
sl
sm
sm
s/
sd
sy
sy
ss
ssh
ss
st.
sm
sm
sn
sw
sb
s
12
sj
l
sf
sh
sh
ad
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
tm 'a
'&
'
tw
in '
d
'
d
th
'
r
th
'
r
tld
'
r
'
13
iy
ty
s
'
sh
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
'*
w
'n
t
*h
"
/
'h
'Id
A A A
/d fk
l
fl
/*
Lam
,\
exactly like is
is
t>
(
'y
y
/*
f$
fm fm fn fw
The combinations with cJ, not given in
n
'k
'q
(
m
'm
fd fb
ft
fh fh
fj
f
ff
fid
fy
fd
fq
fy
of course, serve for initial q&f ^J.
combination
with
kdf in this respect, except that
without the slanting stroke on the top.
the it
is
other letters,
as
not quite so
tall,
it
is
and
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
kd kl
km
kn
kb
kd
kj
kw
kh
kr
ks
ksh
kid
ky
ky
m
mt
mm mn mw mh
mid
ms
ms
m
(
my
k
k%
md mb
mf mq my
hd
k
15
l
mj
kf
kq
md mr mr
mk
ml
hb
hj
hd
hd
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
cr
16
:
Zf
t ^^
^H--.
^J ^^^^^
^vW *y**w^ **
JO
DWRITING.
T
aTC
Air
19
mumerr
flabr et Jcemdl
i
i wuqu'dt i nik o bad mihnat in niz bugzarad.
PERSIAN H
VD WRITING.
V Jahdndah husan Miidat ddmi
tatbiq idar
ydrdn
Wazir-i-awwal badshdh-i-aivwal ddmiyat bashqah 'dlimdar.
PERSIAN H
rV
^3 fe
A
^a
fi| vv*^
* ^sj**Tl^ 5).^^%,
v^
MPTr 1 J ^,^W$W* f
/
'/
.
X
n.
5^
-
x
^l
1
yt,^-y> /'b ' .
,
*sr
fix
^
;
.^.^f
>
|y ii;^p
f!^l ^ i i
W
:
W WRITING.
21
\
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
22
Transliteration of Plate, p. 21. Innahu n in Sulaimdna i
wa
innahu.
Eismi
'r-rahmani
'lliihi
'r-rahimi.
Abn Bakrin
'Umaru
as-siddi'i
'1-fariiqu
at-taqi.
'n-naqi'.
Wa ma Muhammadnn
ill
Qala 'llahu ta'ala jalla jallaluhu.
rasu-
Wa
lun sadaqa.
'An
la bi '1-qasiri '1-mnta-
'1-mu'mini'na
ami'ri
kana rab'atan mina '1-qaumi wa lam yakun bi '1-ja'di '1-qatati
t:ilihin bni Abi karrama 'llahu wajhabn kana wasifa 'n-nabiya
wa
salla
raddadi
bi
la
kun
llahn 'alaibi wa sallama qala lam yakun
kiina
's-sibti
ja'dan rajilan
'Ah'yi
wa lam
ya-
'1-mutahhami.
bi
bi
'1-mumagh-
't-tawili
ghaji.
Wa
Ajradu zii masbribatin ehasnu '1-kaffaini wa '1qadamaini iza masha ka'annama yataqalla'u yamshi f i sababin wa iza 'Itafata ma'an 'Itafata
bi
rabun
sbarrif
adbabu
ail-aju l-'ainaini '1-ashfari jah'lu
wa
'ala
wa
nabi'yi sbafi'i
'lamishashi
ri'na 't-Jaiyibina ajma'ina ila yaumi
wa
'd-di'ni
Khatamu 'n-nubiiwati wa hnwa khatamu 'n-nabi'n-nasi ajwadu wa a^daqahmn labjatan wa alyanubum yi'iiit
wa
sadran
raza tabaraka wa
'llabn ta'ala 'an jami'i "ssahabati ajma'i'na.
ulliilmmnia ealli wa sallim wa 'azzim 'ala nabi'yi 'r-rahmati wa
'1-katadi.
alibi
sahbibi 't-Jahi-
ahabbabu yaqulu nit-it nbu lam ara qablabu salamubu
wa
saiyidina Mushafi'ina
rifatan
ba'dahu mislahu salawatu 'llahi 'alaihi wa
'1-wajhi tad-
abyazu musbar-
hammadin wa
la
'1-mukalsami
wi'rnn
wa ma'-
fi
Allahnmma salli wa barik wa 'azzim wa 'r-rahmati '1-ummati
baina katafainibi.
Wa man khalatabu
la
wa kana
'arikatan
wa akramahum man ra'abu
'ashi'ratan
badi'batan hiibabu.
saiyidi.
Kama kami
muhwa 'llahi wa
qala 'llahu
fi
kitabi '1-mubini
lakinna rasiila
khatama
'n-nabi'yina sa'1-hauzi mardiidi '1-maqami 'l-mahdiidi
hibi
wa Muhammadin wa alibi wa sahbihi ajma'i'na.
Muhammadun
Wa
jami'i "1-an'l-mursah'na wa 'llazi ba'asa nabiyan wa saiyidi
biya'i
wa
Adama baina '1-ma'i wa 't-tini ra'ufun bi '1-mu'minina
muznibina 'llahu ila
shafi'u
'1-
arsalahu kaiTati khul-
qihi ajma'i'na.
Wa
rasiiln llahi sadaqa 'llahu
kafa
bi 'llahi
nhahidan.
'l-'azfmu.
'Us man zi
'All ar-razi
as-eakhi
'n-niiraini
al-
wafi.
'z-zaki.
Wa
la
arsalnaka
Ruwiya
man
wa
rah mat an
li
'an rnsiili 'llahi salla 'llahu 'alaihi
qala hina yasma'u '1-azana
hizihi 'd-da'wati 'n-nafi'ati
mahmudan
ilia
wa
's-salaii '1-qii'iyati ati
'1-iqamata
'U'alamma.
wa sallama
allabumma rabba
Muhammadan
al-wasilata
wa
'ba'shu
mtqiman
wa'adtahn hallat labu shafa'ati yauma '1-qiyamati sadaqa rasiiiu 'lliibi. Katabahu 'l-'abdn 'd-da'i 'Umaru '1-wasfi Katibu 's-sarai 'l-'iimirati sanah 1220. allazi
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
23
HANDWRITING.
I'KltSIAN
24
THE SHIKASTA, OR CURRENT HAND. The been
Shilcasta,
" broken ") or current hand of the Persians, has
(meaning
always considered a
and arbitrary form of writing, and has
difficult
been only very rarely acquired by Europeans, and that after long practice.
The is
fact,
however,
quite regular, and
is,
that
may be
it
a simple variation of the Ta'liq hand,
is
as easily reduced
to rule as
anv other form
of the Arabo-Persian Alphabet.
The letters
between
chief difference
i
\
join, in Shikasta,
j
alphabets they do not do so.
and the Ta'liq
it
For
towards the this
consists
left,
syllables a,
the additional strokes
and
curves
at
does not join to the
left,
whereas in the other
will
the
which are formed by not taking the pen
letter that
making the
purpose the forms of the letters are
sometimes slightly modified, but such modifications mainly of
in
beginning
off the
but carrying
be found to consist
it
on
paper to the
and
end of
at the end of
beginning of
the next.
The
letters
p
^
(J>
2 are slightly altered
in
shape
;
but the rest
retain the Ta'liq form.
There are one or two combinations which may seem arbitrary at sight, and these will be noticed further on.
The Shikasta differ
from the
alphabet,
Ta'liq,
is
then,
shown
neglecting
those
letters
in the following Plate.
which
do
first
not
PERSIAN HANDWRITING. Detached.
Ta'lfq.
25
Medial.
Initial.
Final.
I 1
alif
)
)
Ir
t 'X
LX>^^
.
'
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
a^lj
I;
34
JUT
yt
^s
gU)l ^ Jl^ LJI
O lj/ c
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
35
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
#/ r^/^/^^^-r
j
fijjj
36
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
37
fotob^fafy*!^
^(fCDS^lf
(-^
L
ix
^
--^^^ ***r-srfM^r, *^jrr jhjja^Ax^b<j2&z
s fi
*
>ff.
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
38
Transcription.
JJ5J
^jl^il
Jw*^* aJ;_jT
W^Xvol
^
S.fe'
^^^1 L*1
^ ,X^
^jl^j al;
^US" ^ki
_fti_j^J
a^-i>
ca.>ol
_J
^V*l3
d)Jl
^^e^
,Ujl_j Lo
j-oU.
)jS,
p
dsi/
aJ;_j
^^olc*
^U-
J_y-. desja^
i!
^K^M
fca
...A ;.!-'
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
39
RAQAM. This
the method universally employed
is
by nations
character for recording pecuniary transactions, and for noting " and measure. of The word
Arabic
the
using all
computations " noting," marking,"
weight
" writing,"
and
is
raqam denotes " " used for the price-mark placed on an article to express
The symbols themselves are merely abbreviations of the Arabic words denoting numbers and, notwithstanding their apparent complexity, are exceedingly simple when their characteristic features are recognized. value.
its
;
The raqam symbols from 1 to 10 are abbreviations of the Arabic words. Thus 1 is expressed by JJ> " number," with a final stroke implying " unity"; 2
is
6
is
represented by the dual form ^loo^ w~e
;
7
is
*-*;
are Shikasta forms of
each
the initial of
is
8
9
~$
3
;
is
10
u-Jtf
4
;
is
*y As
its
^^j
is
characteristic of
>
feature.
10
is
is
.
In forming the symbols
written with the characteristic
feature of
each unit running out into a streak underneath.
therefore,
may be
read
The
10+1, 10+2, 10+3, &c.
as
These symbols, figure
by the characteristic feature of 2 prefixed to the
are placed under this, as before, to express "double
the
The
finial of
characteristic features of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, to render the
numbers
10+1," up and
30, 40, 50, &c.
;
20
finial of
" double ten." symbol for 10, and thus simply enough indicates
10+9."
;
the symbols &)&> these words they are written from right to left; and is
from 11 to 19, the representative
represented
5 is ^~*&*
;
9, are
The to
is
the
units
"double
prefixed to
and the units are
run under each, as before explained, to express the intermediate numbers,
up
to 99.
The
figure 100
is
an abbreviation of the Arabic
uU
;
and the same
process of prefixing the characteristic features of the units, carries us up to
These symbols are placed at the right-hand side of the lesser numbers 20 .100. The symbol for 1000 is the Arabic word thus 123 would be written 900.
;
;
and the usual modifications of
its initial
part carry the numeration up to
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
90,000.
The
thousands are placed to the right of those
representatives of
representing hundreds; thus, 1125 would appear as
numbers beyond 90,000 the Indian words 10,000,000 have been availed the figure
1 prefixed,
improvised, and
up
^^
of.
indicating is
40
or
^5CJ
The word ^XJ " one lakh
"
^
is
.100.1000.
^1
To
100,000,
and
not used alone, but has
for 2 lakhs a dual
;
express
made to express " double lakh."
To render
form
is
3 lakhs
to 90 lakhs, first the units, and, in this case, the tens also are
the primary symbol, until after
we reach
which the former process
is
1
karor, and its
repeated,
if
run under " 2 karors," dual karordn,
such Jhigh numbers are ever
required.
It is
hoped that the foregoing explanation
many Europeans raqam
figures
is
will simplify
to be a puzzling system of notation.
here added.
A
what appears
to
complete table of
PERSIAN HANDWRITING.
41
TABF.E OF RAQAM.
7
2J
**
j
I*
^ V
}
jo.
7-
U
I*
>>
7"-
x
S, 000, 0vf