On Being Human: A Conversation With Lonergan and Levinas (Marquette Studies in Theology, #35,)

/N"EING(UMAN !#ONVERSATIONWITH,ONERGANAND,EVINAS

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-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

3UBJECTIVITYASA0OSTUREOF/PENNESSFOR THE /THER  4HE#ORPOREALITYOF,EVINASS3UBJECT  #ONCLUSION  #HAPTER&OUR 4HE)SSUEOF!LTERITY  0ROBLEMSIN)NTERPRETING/THERNESS  ,ONERGANON"EING(UMANINTHE-IDSTOFTHE/THER  2EVISITING,EVINASS/THER  #ONCLUSION  #HAPTER&IVE &IGURING3UBJECTIVITYIN0OSTMODERN#ONTEXT 4HE0ROTEAN3UBJECT  /PENNESSAS'IFTAS!NSWERTO 0OSTMODERN1UESTIONSOF/THERNESS  4HE#ONNECTIONBETWEEN/PENNESSAND&REEDOM  /PENNESS!N)NVITATIONTO3OLIDARITY  !&IGUREOF/PEN%MBODIED3UBJECTIVITY 4HE0ROTEAN3UBJECT  #ONCLUSION  #HAPTER3IX #ONCLUSION  !VENUESFOR&URTHER4HEOLOGICALAND 0HILOSOPHICAL2ESEARCH  'ENDERAND2ACE4HEORYIN #HRISTIAN!NTHROPOLOGY  .EW1UESTIONSFOR3ACRAMENTAL4HEOLOGY  %VALUATIONOFTHE$IALOGUEBETWEEN ,ONERGANAND,EVINAS  "IBLIOGRAPHY  )NDEX 

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$EDICATION &ORMYFATHER

!CKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4HISSTUDYBRINGSTOGETHERSOMANYOFMYINTERESTSSPANNINGFROM MYLOVEFORTHE#ATHOLICTRADITIONTOMYAFlNITYFORWHATSOMECALL APOSTMODERNSENSIBILITY7RITINGTHISBOOK WHICHEXAMINESTHESIG NIlCANTCONNECTIONBETWEENRELIGIONANDCULTUREONWHATITMEANS TOBEHUMAN HASBEENAPRIVILEGE EVENAGIFT THATWOULDNOTHAVE BEENPOSSIBLEWITHOUTTHEENCOURAGEMENTANDSUPPORTOFCOLLEAGUES FRIENDS ANDFAMILY 3O MUCH ABOUT BEING HUMAN IS RELATED TO GIFTˆAN OPENNESS TO ANOTHER WITHOUT EXPECTATION OF REWARD OR COMPENSATION4HE FOL LOWING SCHOLARS HAVE GIVEN ME THE GREATEST GIFTS ANY PERSON COULD WANTINTELLECTUALCHALLENGEANDEMOTIONALSUPPORT7HILEWRITINGTHIS WORK MYMENTOR -3HAWN#OPELAND WASASOURCEOFKNOWLEDGE WISDOM ANDCARE"YENCOURAGINGMETOATTEND-ARQUETTE5NIVERSITY TOSTUDY2OMAN#ATHOLICTHOUGHTATTHEDOCTORALLEVEL SHEOPENED MENOTONLYTOAWORLDOFIDEAS BUTTOACOMMUNITYOFSCHOLARS) HAVEAGREATDEALOFAFFECTIONANDRESPECTFOREACHOFTHEFOLLOWING THINKERS AS)WORKEDCLOSELYWITHTHEMASTHEYSERVEDONMYDISSERTA TIONCOMMITTEE INWHICHTHISWORKORIGINATED&ROMTHE4HEOLOGY $EPARTMENT MYTEACHERANDFRIEND "RADFORD(INZE CONTINUESTOBE APERSONWITHWHOM)SHAREIDEASANDLEARNFROM ASHISEXCITEMENTFOR THEINTELLECTUALLIFEISINSPIRINGANDCONTAGIOUS#HRISTINE&IRER(INZE AND0HILIP2OSSIALSONURTUREDANDRElNEDMYRESEARCHBYCHALLENGING MEONTHEISSUESOFJUSTICEANDMODERNITY RESPECTIVELY#LIFF3PARGO OF -ARQUETTE 5NIVERSITYS %NGLISH $EPARTMENT PROVED INVALUABLE INHELPINGMEWORKTHROUGHTHERIGORSOFCONTEMPORARYCONTINENTAL THEORY)NTRODUCINGMETOTHETHOUGHTOF%MMANUEL,EVINAS #LIFFWENT BEYONDSUPPORTINGAPROJECTOUTSIDEOFHISDISCIPLINE TOCOMMITTING TOITSFULlLLMENTBYENGAGINGINREADINGGROUPSASAWAYOFFURTHER DEVELOPINGMYUNDERSTANDINGOF,EVINASIANTHOUGHT!SEACHOFTHESE TEACHERSHASHELPEDTOHONEMYWORKTHROUGHCAREFULQUESTIONINGAND PROOFREADING !NDREW4ALLON THE$IRECTOROF-ARQUETTE5NIVERSITY 0RESS PUSHEDMEFURTHERONTHEQUESTIONOFSUBJECTIVITY ESPECIALLY



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INTERMSOFAFFECTIVEINTENTIONALITY)AMEXTREMELYAPPRECIATIVEOFHIS COMMITMENTTOTHISPROJECT )WOULDALSOLIKETOACKNOWLEDGETHESUPPORTTHATMYFAMILYHASPRO VIDEDTHROUGHOUTTHISENDEAVOR-YPARENTS 'UYAND0HYLLIS3ARACINO HAVESHOWNMETHEGIFTOFBEINGLOVEDANDSUPPORTEDUNCONDITIONALLY -YSISTERANDBROTHER #AROLYNNAND-ARK WEREENCOURAGINGOFTHIS PROJECTININNUMERABLEWAYS FROMCOMEDICRELIEFTOMONETARYSUPPORT #AROLE%INHORN MYMOTHER IN LAW WASHELPFULINPROOFREADINGEARLY DRAFTSOFTHETEXT!NDlNALLY )WANTTOACKNOWLEDGEMYHUSBAND +ENNETH%INHORN WHOASIDEFROMOPENINGHIMSELFTOBRAIN STORM ING PROOFREADING ANDIMPROMPTUANALYSIS HASCHALLENGEDMETORISK BEINGHUMANNOTONLYINTHEORY BUTALSOINPRACTICE)TISWITHINTHE CONTEXTOFFAMILYTHAT)CANONLYBEGINTOIMAGINETHEPOSSIBILITYOF BEINGHUMANFOROTHERS

)NTRODUCTION



)NTRODUCTION

4

HEHISTORYOFTHE/THERHASBEENAHISTORYOFSUFFERING4HE 3HOAH THE-IDDLE0ASSAGE THE#RUSADES ANDNOWTHERISEOF INTERNATIONALTERRORISMAREINSTANCESINWHICHHUMANITYCON TINUESTOCAUSETHE/THERSSUFFERING/NEWONDERSWHYSUFFERINGSTILL OCCURS4HISISPERHAPSMOSTSURPRISINGCONSIDERINGTHEPROGRESSMADE INTHEAREASOFRIGHTS FREEDOM ANDJUSTICESINCETHE%NLIGHTENMENT #OULDITBETHATHUMANITYHASBECOMEANESTHETIZEDTOSUFFERING/R MAYBE WEHAVEBECOMEFORGETFULOFTHEANGUISHOFTHEPAST ANDBLIND TOTHATOFTHEPRESENT7HILETHESEQUESTIONSINmUENCEOURENGAGE MENTWITHOTHERS THEYAREMERESYMPTOMSOFADEEPERPROBLEMAN INABILITYTODEALWITHDIFFERENCE 'RAPPLINGWITHDIFFERENCE WHETHERITBEINRELATIONTOCLASS GENDER RACE ORRELIGION ISDIFlCULT5NDERTHECURRENTPRETENSEOFTOLERANCE ITHASBECOMEUNFASHIONABLETOASSERTTHATONEPERSONSOPINIONONTHE ISSUEOFDIVERSITYISMORELEGITIMATETHANTHATOFANOTHER4HISFAILURE TOSPEAKABOUTTHEIMPLICATIONSOFDIFFERENCEISLINKEDTOANOTHERIS SUEˆALACKOFCONlDENCEINRELIGIONTOHELPUSUNDERSTANDTHEQUES TIONOFDIFFERENCE7HEREASRELIGIOUSCOMMUNITIESUSEDTOPROVIDEA FOUNDATIONFORTHINKINGABOUTBEINGHUMANINRELATIONSHIPS MANY PEOPLEAREAVOIDINGORGANIZEDRELIGIONFORAVARIETYOFREASONS)NPLACE OFRELIGIONPEOPLESUBSTITUTEASECULARIZED RELATIVISTETHICSINORDER TODEALWITHOUTSIDERS#LEARLY INTHECURRENTPOSTMODERN PLURALIST CONTEXT BOTHRELIGIOUSANDSECULARWORLDVIEWSNEEDTOBEANALYZED 4HEHUMANRESPONSETOSUFFERINGCANNEITHERBEANOSTALGICRETREATINTO RELIGIOUSIDEALISMNORANOUTRIGHTCAPITULATIONTOARELATIVISTMENTAL ITY3UCCESSINUNDERSTANDINGDIVERSITYDEPENDSONTHEVERYWAYIN WHICHWENEGOTIATEBETWEENTHEOLOGICALANDSECULARINTERPRETATIONS OFBEINGHUMAN)NOTHERWORDS BOTHTRAJECTORIESOFANTHROPOLOGY RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR ARE NECESSARY IN FOSTERING COMMUNITY IN THE TWENTY lRSTCENTURY 3ECULARINTERPRETATIONSOFTHESUBJECTARENOTTOBETAKENLIGHTLY4HEY AREGROUNDEDINASOPHISTICATEDTHEORETICALACCOUNTOFMETAPHYSICS



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THATDESCRIBESTHESUBJECTASENMESHEDINANDEMERGINGFROMAMATRIX OFCOMPETINGNARRATIVES SCHEMA ANDPERSPECTIVES4HISTHEORETICAL ACCOUNT OF BEING HUMAN CAN BE TRACED TO MUCH OF CONTEMPORARY CONTINENTALTHOUGHT INWHICHTHESUBJECTSIDENTITYISTHEORIZEDTOBE ANEFFECTOFVARIOUSDISCOURSESˆSTORIESTHATFRAGMENTANDDECENTER THESUBJECT)NTHISPREDICAMENT THESUBJECTISBURDENEDBYhACON TESTATION OF MULTIPLE CONmICTING DISCOURSES x MAKING IT DIFlCULT IFNOTIMPOSSIBLETOACCOUNTFORAGENCYv#ADY  (ENCE RELATEDTOTHECONmICTEDANDFRAGMENTEDNATUREOFSUCHSUBJECTIVITY ISTHEHUMANPERSONSINABILITYORREFUSALTOMAKEACCURATEJUDGMENTS ABOUTWHATISTRUEANDGOOD!LTERNATIVELY THEOLOGICALACCOUNTSOF BEINGHUMAN SPECIlCALLYWITHINTHE#HRISTIANWORLDVIEW MAINTAIN ASTABLENOTIONOFSUBJECTIVITYINWHICHTHEHUMANPERSONISCAPABLE OFANDRESPONSIBLEFORJUDGINGANDACTINGINTHEFACEOFCHANGEAND DIVERSITY0UTANOTHERWAY #HRISTIANTHEOLOGYCLAIMSTHATEVENTHOUGH HUMANBEINGSHAVEDISTINCTIVEEXPERIENCES COMEFROMVARIOUSSOCIAL LOCATIONS ANDAREINCOMPLICATEDRELATIONSHIPSWITH'ODANDTHEIR NEIGHBOR THESECONTINGENCIESNEEDNOTLEADTOFRAGMENTATION7HATS MORE FOR#HRISTIANS FRAGMENTATIONISNOTINTERPRETEDASNORMATIVE RATHERISEXPLAINEDPEJORATIVELYASTHEALIENATIONRESULTINGFROMSIN FROMTHEFALLOFHUMANITY 9ETTHECONCRETESUFFERINGOFTHE/THERINHISTORYPROHIBITSTHEOLOGIANS FROMDISMISSINGTHEFRAGMENTEDEXPERIENCEOFBEINGHUMAN&RAGMEN TATIONISNOTAMYTH)TISTHECONFUSEDIDENTITYBORNOFTHESUBJECTS LIVEDEXPERIENCE7HENTHISCONFUSIONESCALATESFROMTHEINDIVIDUAL TOSOCIETALREALM ITHASAWAYOFLEADINGTOAhCYCLEOFDECLINEvˆGIV INGRISETOTHEEFFECTSOFTHESOCIALSINSOFCOLONIALISM RACISM SEXISM ANDCLASSISM#OPELAND  5NDOUBTEDLY THEOLOGIANSNEEDTO TAKETHEFRAGMENTEDLIFEOFTHEPERSONQUITESERIOUSLY)NANEFFORTTO REVERSETHISCYCLEOFDECLINE THEOLOGIANSNEEDTOCONSIDERBOTHSECULAR CONTEMPORARYTHEORY WITHITSRECEPTIVITYTOTHEINTRICACIESOFOTHER NESS AND#HRISTIANTHEOLOGY WITHITSCALLFORJUDGMENTINTHEMIDST OFSUCHOTHERNESS-OSTPEOPLELIVEBETWEENTWOWORLDS SECULARAND RELIGIOUS BOTHOFWHICHINFORMTHEIRDECISIONSANDBEHAVIOR"OTH DISCOURSESSPEAKTOOURMODERNDILEMMAOFHOWTOBEHUMANINTHE FACEOFTHE/THER

)NTRODUCTION



)NANEFFORTTOTEASEOUTSOMEOFTHEISSUESCOMPLICATINGTHEINTER PRETATIONOFBEINGHUMANINTHEMIDSTOFALTERITY )HAVEBROUGHTA CONTINENTAL*EWISHTHINKER %MMANUEL,EVINAS INTOAPOSTHUMOUS CONVERSATIONWITHA2OMAN#ATHOLICTHEOLOGIAN "ERNARD*&,ONERGAN 4OGETHERTHESETWOTHINKERSEMPHASIZETHETENSIONSWITHINOURCULTURE REGARDINGOURENGAGEMENTOFDIFFERENCE7HILE,EVINASISNOTTHESTRAW MANFORSECULAR RELATIVISTTHOUGHT HISDISTINCTSTRANDOFCONTEMPORARY CONTINENTALTHEORYUNDERSCORESTHECOMPLEXITYOFALTERITYINSOCIETY!T THESAMETIME,ONERGAN WHILENOTTHEONLYVOICEWHOCANARTICULATE ATHEOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGYOFSUBSTANCE REMAINSCERTAINLYONEOFTHE FEW THEOLOGIANS TO LINK ANTHROPOLOGY MOST DIRECTLY WITH KNOWING ACTING ANDLOVINGFOROTHERS &ORSOME ,ONERGANAND,EVINASMAYSEEMLIKEUNLIKELYDIALOGUE PARTNERS !LTHOUGH THEY ARE CONTEMPORARIES IN AGE THEIR RELIGIOUS BACKGROUNDSANDPHILOSOPHICALPROJECTSAREQUITEDISTINCTIVE,ETME EXPLAINFURTHER,ONERGANWASBORNIN"UCKINGHAM 1UEBECIN ANDENTEREDTHE3OCIETYOF*ESUSIN(ESPENTHISLIFEATTEMPTINGTO MODERNIZE2OMAN#ATHOLICTHOUGHTBYFREEINGITFROMTHESHACKLESOF CLASSICISTNOTIONSOFCULTURE STATICTHEOLOGICALMANUALS ANDAHISTORICAL PROPOSITIONS,ONERGANWROTEWITHACLEARMEMORYOFTHEATROCITIESOF 7ORLD7AR)) ASWELLASWITHINA#ANADIANSOCIETYENTRENCHEDINAN ECONOMICDEPRESSION!SARESULT HEWASATTENTIVETOQUESTIONSABOUT THEHUMANGOOD ORDER ANDCIVILIZATION *UDGINGFROMHISGOALSANDCAREER MANYWANTTOCATEGORIZE,ONERGANS THOUGHTASINLINEWITHTHEAIMSOFMODERNITY%VENASTHENOTIONOF MODERNITYISCONTESTED ONECOULDARGUETHATMODERNITYREFERSTOA WORLDVIEWCONSUMEDWITHQUESTIONSOFFREEDOM AUTONOMY KNOWLEDGE DOMINATION PROGRESS AND RATIONALISM .ONETHELESS IT IS INCORRECT TOTYPE,ONERGANASMODERNINTHESENSETHATHEBLINDLYEMBRACES RATIONALISM2ATHER HECANBEUNDERSTOODASMODERNSINCEHISWORKIS GROUNDEDINACONCRETESTRUGGLETOADEQUATELYENGAGEHUMANREASON )N,ONERGANSTHOUGHTTHEREISANEXPLICITCRITIQUEOFTHEWEAKNESSES OF MODERN OR %NLIGHTENMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SUBJECTIVITY !S HE TESTSTHELIMITSOFRATIONALISM HETRANSCENDSTHECRUDEANDCOMMON SENSELABELOFMODERNANDREACHESTHEBOUNDARIESOFCONTEMPORARY CONTINENTALTHOUGHT&URTHERMORE ,ONERGANUNDERSTANDSTHESUBJECT BEYOND COGNITION THUS AGAIN TRANSCENDING THE BOUNDARIES OF MO



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)NTRODUCTION



WILLBEGINTOUNDERSTAND ISRELATEDTOHISFEELINGSFORTHE/THERWHO SUFFERSˆCOMPASSIONEXTENDINGFROMTHETRAUMAOFTHOSEWHOWERE TORTUREDINTHE3HOAHTOTHEPLIGHTOFTHEPHYSICALLYHANDICAPPED 4HEREFORE EVENTHOUGH,EVINASISPOSTMODERNINTHESENSETHATHEIS ATTENTIVETOALTERITYANDTHEPOWERSTHATTHREATENIT HEISMODERNINHIS CONCERNFORSUFFERINGANDDEMANDFORJUSTICE!MORENUANCEDWAYTO DESCRIBEHISTHOUGHTISINTHEDISCOURSEOFCONTEMPORARYCONTINENTAL THEORY FORHISSTARKREJECTIONOFMODERNNOTIONSOFBEING OBJECTIVITY ANDREALITYLOCATEHIMINTHECAMPOFSUCHCONTEMPORARYCONTINENTAL THINKERSAS*ACQUES$ERRIDAAND*EAN &RAN½OIS,YOTARD &ROMTHISBRIEFSKETCH WECANBEGINTOAPPREHENDHOWBOTHTHINK ERS ENCOURAGE US TO UNDERSTAND THE SUBJECT AS SOCIAL AND OPEN FOR THE/THER7HILESOMESCHOLARSINSISTONLUMPINGEACHTHINKERINTO EITHERAMODERNORPOSTMODERNCAMP WEWILLCOMETOREALIZETHAT THESETHINKERSDEFYANDOVERmOWTHOSECATEGORIES7HILE,ONERGAN #ATHOLICANDTHEOLOGICAL AND,EVINAS *EWISHANDTHEORETICAL MAY EMPLOYDIFFERENTDISCOURSESINTHEIRDISCUSSIONOFWHATITMEANSTOBE HUMAN ITBECOMESCLEARTHATONLYINCONJUNCTIONWITHONEANOTHER THROUGHBOTHTHEOLOGYANDTHEORY CANWESPEAKTOTHECONTEMPORARY PREDICAMENTOFBEINGHUMANINRELATIONTOOTHERS 3IGNIlCANTLY BOTH,ONERGANAND,EVINASIMPLOREUSTOTHINKABOUT BEINGHUMANINTERMSOFGIFT"EINGOPENED ORIENTED ANDPOSTURED BYTHE/THERISAGIFTOFRELATIONSHIP!SSOMEMAYBEAWAREOF GIFTIS AFREQUENTLYEMPLOYEDTERMINTHEOLOGYANDPHILOSOPHY SOITISEASYTO CONFUSEITSMEANING)NMYSTUDY GIFTISROOTEDIN$ERRIDASWORK !GIFTISSOMETHINGTHATNEVERAPPEARSASSUCHANDISNEVEREQUAL TOGRATITUDE TOCOMMERCE TOCOMPENSATION TOREWARD7HENA GIFTISGIVEN lRSTOFALL NOGRATITUDECANBEPROPORTIONATETOIT! GIFTISSOMETHINGTHATYOUCANNOTBETHANKFULFOR!SSOONAS)SAY @THANKYOUFORAGIFT )STARTCANCELINGTHEGIFT)STARTDESTROYINGTHE GIFT BYPROPOSINGANEQUIVALENCE THATIS ACIRCLEWHICHENCIRCLES THEGIFTINAMOVEMENTOFREAPPROPRIATION3OAGIFTISSOMETHING THATISBEYONDTHECIRCLEOFREAPPROPRIATION BEYONDTHECIRCLEOF GRATITUDE  

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AREMAINDER AWRAPPING ANDATRACE4HESUBJECTSGIFTEDORGRACED RELATIONSHIPWITHTHE/THERISSIMILARLYBEYONDREAPPROPRIATIONAND SATISFACTION4HE/THERTURNSTHESUBJECTINSIDEOUT THATIS OPENSTHE SUBJECTTOBEINGHUMANFOROTHERS(UMANITYEMERGESINTHEPERFOR MANCEOFSERVICE CHARITY ANDOBLIGATIONˆSHOULDERINGTHEBURDENOF ANOTHER!NDEVENASWEMAYTRYTOFREEOURSELVESFROMOBLIGATION OUR RESPONSIBILITYFOROTHERSISLIMITLESS4HISMEANSTHATWECANNEVERDO ENOUGHTORELEASEOURSELVESFROMOBLIGATION!LLSOCIALRELATIONSAND PRACTICESBRINGABOUTNEWRESPONSIBILITIES -YDISCUSSIONOFGIFTDOESNOTENDWITH$ERRIDA INDEEDFOR,EVINAS THE NOTION OF GIFT IS EVEN RADICAL ,EVINAS ARGUES THAT THE SUBJECT SHOULDAPPROACHTHE/THERNOTINGRATITUDEORAPPRECIATION BUTIN PERSONALOBLIGATION4HISAPPROACHISNOTBASEDONFAMILIARITYANDOR ONKNOWLEDGE BUTINRISKANDTHEUNKNOWNˆTHESUBJECTBECOMES HUMBLE AND VULNERABLE IN THE FACE OF THE /THER4HE RESPONSE OF THE/THERISNOTONEOFTHANKSANDAPPRECIATION BUTOFINGRATITUDE 4HENOTIONOFINGRATITUDEUNDERSCORESTHEASYMMETRICALRELATIONAND LIMITLESSOBLIGATIONBETWEENSUBJECTAND/THER,EVINAS LIKE$ERRIDA MAINTAINSTHATGRATITUDEANDTHANKSCANCELTHERADICALGENEROSITYOF THE GIFT AND THE INTANGIBLE NATURE OF THE RELATION -OVING BEYOND $ERRIDA ,EVINASREFERSTOINGRATITUDEASASENSEOFBEINGAWAKEAND VIGILANTTOTHECOMPLEXALTERITYOFTHESITUATION4HE/THERSINGRATITUDE PROHIBITSTHESUBJECTFROMBECOMINGCOMPLACENT FORTHESUBJECTIS ALWAYSOBLIGATEDTOTHE/THER(ENCE THERELATIONOFBEINGOPENFOR THE /THERISAGIFTOFANOBLIGEDSUBJECTWHODEMANDSNOTTHANKS BUT INGRATITUDE ,ONERGANALSOUNDERSTANDSTHEOPENNESSOFTHESUBJECTINTERMSOF GIFT'IFTISNOTEXPLAINEDEXPLICITLYINTERMSOFALTERITY BUTIMPLICITLY BYWAYOFTHELANGUAGEOFGRACEANDCONVERSION!CCORDINGTO,ONER GAN RELIGIOUSEXPERIENCEWAKESUSFROMOURSLUMBERANDREORIENTSUS INAPOSTUREFORTHE/THER'ODCALLSUSINTOAGRACEDSTATEOFBEING HUMAN&OR,ONERGAN AGRACEDSTATEISONEINWHICHWEREACHTOWARD 'ODINDESIREAND AUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITYEMERGESINTHISRELATIONSHIP OFTRANSCENDENCE.OTICEFOR,EVINASAND,ONERGAN THEGIFTOFOPEN NESSISNOTMERELYCOGNITIVEORVOLITIONAL BUTAFFECTIVEˆACALLAND DESIREFROMOUTSIDETHESUBJECT FROMABOVE4HEAFFECTIVEDIMENSION

)NTRODUCTION



OFBEINGATTENTIVETOALTERITYISATTHEHEARTOFMYDISCUSSIONOFGIFT ANDOFOURTASKOFBEINGHUMANINTHEMIDSTOFTHE/THER !S)DISCUSSBEINGHUMANINTERMSOFGIFT METHODOLOGICALLY MY WORKREMAINSINTHElELDOFINTERPRETATION)NTERPRETATIONINVOLVES THREEMOMENTSUNDERSTANDINGTHETEXTJUDGINGYOURUNDERSTANDING OFTHETEXTANDSTATINGYOURJUDGMENTOFTHETEXT,ONERGANC   5NDERSTANDINGTHETEXTINQUESTIONISNOTAMATTEROFSCAN NINGABOOKORTAKINGALOOK BUTOFEXACTINGTHEMEANINGOFTHETEXT EVENIFTHEMEANINGCONTRADICTSONESORIGINALUNDERSTANDING!RGU ABLY THEPROCESSOFUNDERSTANDINGINVOLVESAGENEROSITYONTHEPART OFTHEINTERPRETERINTHATIFTHEREAPPEARSTOBEADISCONTINUITYINTHE TEXT THEREADERQUESTIONSHISHERINTEGRITY INSTEADOFTHATOFTHETEXT "EYONDTHESTAGEOFUNDERSTANDINGISTHETASKOFJUDGING INWHICHTHE INTERPRETERNEEDSTOKNOWNOTONLYWHATTHEAUTHORMEANS BUTMUST REALIZEHISHERBIASESINORDERTOAVOIDIMPUTINGONLYHISHERQUESTIONS ONTOTHETEXT!SENSEOFINTELLECTUALHONESTYOUGHTGUIDETHEINTERPRETER ASSHESTRUGGLESSIMULTANEOUSLYWITHHISHERINTENTIONSASWELLASWITH THEAUTHORS!TSOMEPOINTSINTHEDISCUSSION ONEMIGHTHAVETOARGUE THAT ONE SCHOLARS IDEA ANDOR ARGUMENT IS INCOMMENSURABLE WITH ANOTHERSCLAIM#ONSEQUENTLY HONESTINTERPRETATIONISNOTCORRELATIVE ORREDUCTIONIST BUTRATHERDIALECTICALANDDIALOGICAL!S)ENGAGETHE DISCONTINUITIESWITHINANDBETWEEN,ONERGANSAND,EVINASSWORK ) HIGHLIGHTBOTHTHECOMMONALTIESANDCONmICTSTHATEMERGEFROMAN ENCOUNTERBETWEENTHESEUNIQUETHINKERS!FTERUNDERSTANDINGAND JUDGING )ARTICULATEMYUNDERSTANDINGOFBOTHOFTHESETHINKERSWRIT INGSONBEINGHUMANANDANTICIPATEHOWTHISSTUDYHASIMPLICATIONS FORTHEWAYTHATTHEOLOGIANSEXPLAINTHEDOCTRINEOFANTHROPOLOGY 4HEPLANOFMYSTUDYISASFOLLOWS!BOVE )HAVEATTENDEDTOTHE PROBLEM CONTEXT INTERLOCUTORS ANDMETHODOFTHEBOOK!BRIEFBIO GRAPHICALREVIEWOF,ONERGANAND,EVINASSERVEDTOSITUATEMYANALYSIS OFTHEIRWRITINGS4OFURTHERCONTEXTUALIZETHESETHINKERS )CLARIFYTHE PHILOSOPHICALBACKGROUNDOF,ONERGANSAND,EVINASSANTHROPOLOGI CALPROJECTSIN#HAPTER/NE)BEGINBYADDRESSINGTHEPHILOSOPHICAL LEGACIESOF2EN£$ESCARTES )MMANUEL+ANT AND&RIEDRICH.IETZSCHE INORDERTOEXPLAIN,ONERGANSCRITIQUEOFTHE%NLIGHTENMENTSUBJECT -UCHOF,ONERGANSWORKONTHESUBJECTBUILDSONTHEINADEQUACIES OFTHESETHINKERSINTERPRETATIONSOFSUBJECTIVITY,ATERINTHATCHAPTER



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

)INVESTIGATETHETHOUGHTOF-ARTIN(EIDEGGERAND*ACQUES,ACANIN ORDERTOCOMPREHEND,EVINASSCONCERNSABOUTBEINGHUMAN4HESE PHILOSOPHERS EACHINTHEIRDISTINCTWAY SETTHESTAGEFOR,EVINASSWORK ONIDENTITYANDALTERITY)NTHESECONDHALFOF#HAPTER/NE )DISCUSS BOTHTHEOVERLAPPINGANDINCOMMENSURABLETHEMESINTHEDIALOGUE BETWEEN,ONERGANAND,EVINAS )NTHESECONDCHAPTER )EXPLORE,ONERGANSTHOUGHTON#HRISTIAN ANTHROPOLOGY"YWAYOFANINTRODUCTION )DISCUSS,ONERGANSTRANSITION FROMFACULTYPSYCHOLOGYTOINTENTIONALITYANALYSIS ASWELLASMAPHIS THOUGHTSONBIASANDCONVERSION4HEN )FORMALLYBEGINMYINVES TIGATIONOF,ONERGANSANTHROPOLOGYBYPINPOINTINGTHREEIMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICSOFHISNORMATIVESUBJECTWONDER TRANSCENDENCE AND INTERSUBJECTIVITY4HROUGHANANALYSISOFTHESECHARACTERISTICS WEWILL BEGINTOUNDERSTANDTHATHUMANITYISOPENEDTOOTHERNESSONTHREE LEVELS FACT ACHIEVEMENT ANDGIFT!S)INVESTIGATEALLTHREELEVELS ) FOCUSONOPENNESSASGIFTTHEPOINTATWHICHTHESUBJECTFALLSINLOVE WITH'ODANDOTHERS4HROUGHFALLINGINLOVEWITH'OD THESUBJECT ISCALLEDTOBEATTENTIVETOTHECOMPLEXITYOFOTHERNESS,ONERGANS THOUGHTSONTHECORPOREALCHARACTEROFPERSONHOODANDRELATIONSHIP CONCLUDETHISCHAPTER 4HESTRESSINCONTEMPORARYCONTINENTALTHOUGHTONTHECOMPLEXITYOF SUBJECTIVITY SPECIlCALLYINTHEWORKOF,EVINAS ISTHEFOCUSOF#HAPTER 4HREE4HERE)DENOTE,EVINASSSUBJECTASPOSTUREDFOR THE /THERIN FOURPHASES&IRST )EXPLORE,EVINASSNOTIONOFFACINGINWHICHTHE /THERDEMANDSTHATTHESUBJECTOPENANDTRANSCENDHISHEREGOISM 3ECOND )HIGHLIGHTTHECOMPLEXITYOFOPENNESSANDITSCONNECTION TOQUESTIONSOFFREEDOMANDRESPONSIBILITY4HIRD THEWAYSINWHICH SPEECH TIME ANDPOSTUREMARKTHESUBJECTSRELATIONFOR THE /THERARE EXAMINED,EVINASSGENDEREDDESCRIPTIONOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEEN THESUBJECTAND/THERCONCLUDESMYSTUDY)MPORTANTLY THENOTION OFSHOULDERINGISINTRODUCEDASAWAYOFEXPLAININGTHESUBJECTSRE SPONSIBILITYFOROTHERSINNON GENDEREDTERMS "OTHTHESECONDANDTHIRDCHAPTERSLINKTHEISSUEOFSUBJECTIVITYTO NOTIONSOFEMBODIMENT ASWECANNOTADEQUATELYADDRESSWHATITMEANS TOBEHUMANWITHOUTEXPLAININGTHEBODYOFTHEHUMANPERSON)NTHE CURRENTTHEOLOGICALANDPHILOSOPHICALCONTEXT HOWEVER THEMEANING OFEMBODIMENTISNOTEASILYUNDERSTOOD7ILLIAM,A&LEURARGUESTHAT

)NTRODUCTION



THESUBJECTOFTHEBODYISARELATIVELYNEWlELDOFTOYEARSOLD    !LTERNATIVELY MANYTHEOLOGIANSANDPHILOSOPHERSOBJECT TOTHEASSUMPTIONTHATTHESTUDYOFTHEBODYISNEW4HEYCLAIMTOTHE CONTRARYTHATTHEQUESTIONOFBODYANDSACRAMENTALITYHASBEENTHE QUESTIONOF#HRISTIANLIFEANDTHOUGHTFORTWOTHOUSANDYEARSFORhSACRED KNOWLEDGEWASENCOUNTEREDTHROUGHTHEBODYv-ELLORAND3HILLING   .ONETHELESS ,A&LEURSPOINTOUGHTNOTBEDISMISSEDTHE WAYSINWHICHTHECONTEMPORARYMEDICALANDSOCIALSCIENCESGRAPPLE WITHISSUESOFBODYAREGROWINGEXPONENTIALLY!NUMBEROFQUESTIONS ARISEINTHISDISCUSSION(OWDOESTHEBODYRELATETOKNOWLEDGE)S THERESUCHTHINGASANORMATIVEBODYORAREBODIESTEXTSANDCANVASES TOBEINVENTED(OWISEMBODIMENTRELATEDTOTHECONSTRUCTIONOF GENDER RACE ANDCLASS(OWDOESEMBODIMENTCONNECTWITHSUBJEC TIVITY/VERALL INTHISSTUDY)ASSUMEBODYTOMEANTHEmESHINESSOF BODY THATIS THESHAPE PIGMENT SIZE ANDPOSTUREOFTHEBODYTHAT ISANINTEGRALDIMENSIONINOURENGAGEMENTWITHOTHERS 4HEISSUEOFBODYISSOIMPORTANTTOMYANALYSISFORANUMBEROF REASONS.OTMERELYBECAUSEASSUBJECTSWEREACTANDRELATETOOTHERS THROUGHEXPRESSION GESTURE ANDPOSTURE ASWELLASASSUMPTIONSABOUT OUREXPRESSIONS GESTURES ANDPOSTURES BUTALSOBECAUSETHEBODYIS THESITEOFOURRELATIONSHIPOFOBLIGATIONWITHOTHERS&ORTOOLONG 7ESTERNTHEOLOGYANDPHILOSOPHYHASLINKEDOURRELATIONSWITHOTHERS INTERMSOFKNOWINGANDWILLING BYWAYOFCOGNITIONANDVOLITION 7HATWEWILLREALIZEASWEINTERROGATE,ONERGANSAND,EVINASSWORK ISTHATBEINGOPENFORTHE/THERISNOTONLYAFUNCTIONOFOURMIND ANDWILL BUTALSOOFOURFEELINGS7HILETHEBODYISNOTTHELOCATION OFTHEFEELINGS ITISMOSTOBVIOUSLYTHATBYWHICHFEELINGSARESENSED (ENCE EMBODIMENTISMYSTARTINGPOINTFORANANALYSISOFHOWFEEL INGSAFFECTBEINGHUMANFOROTHERS4HECONVERSATIONDOESNOTEND THERE7HILE FEELINGS AND AFFECTION ARE IN A COMMONSENSE MANNER CONNECTEDTOOURINTERPRETATIONOFBODY ITISMOREIMPORTANTTOMY INVESTIGATIONTOEXACTHOW,ONERGANAND,EVINASEXPLAINFEELINGAS PARTOFOURUNDERSTANDINGANDRELATINGTOTHE/THER )N#HAPTER&OUR )CONSIDERHOW,ONERGANSAND,EVINASSCLAIMS ABOUTTHEEMBODIEDSUBJECTSOPENNESSRELATETOTHECURRENTQUANDARY OVERHOWTOINTERPRETDIFFERENCE7EOFTENIGNORETHECONCRETEREALITY OFDIFFERENCEBYDEMOCRATIZINGIT FETISHIZINGIT ANDERASINGIT)TISHERE



-ICHELE3ARACINO,ONERGANAND,EVINAS

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^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS

4

HIS CHAPTER EXPLORES THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ,ONERGANSAND,EVINASSPROJECTS)TISANIMPOSINGTASK FOR BOTHTHINKERSRELATETOAVARIETYOFPHILOSOPHERS2ATHERTHAN CATALOGUINGTHEOVERWHELMINGNUMBEROFTHINKERSWHOHAVESHAPED BOTHOFTHESESCHOLARSLIFESWORK )HIGHLIGHTONLYTHOSEPHILOSOPHERS WHOHAVEINmUENCEDTHEIRINTERPRETATIONOFSUBJECTIVITY)NMYANAL YSISIMPORTANTQUESTIONSABOUTBEINGHUMANEMERGE INCLUDINGHOW SUBJECTIVITYISCONNECTEDTOKNOWLEDGE RELATEDTOTHEBODY ANDROOTED ININTERSUBJECTIVITY)TISMYHOPETHATBYUNDERSTANDINGTHESEISSUES WECANAPPRECIATEHOW,ONERGANAND,EVINASINTERPRETSUBJECTIVITY INTERMSOFACORPOREALRESPONSIBILITYFORTHE/THER -Y EXPLORATION INTO THE PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND OF THESE TWO THINKERSUNFOLDSINFOURSTAGES&IRST )DEMONSTRATEHOW,ONERGAN RETHINKSSUBJECTIVITYBEYONDACOMMONSENSE#ARTESIANEMPIRICISM +ANTIAN IDEALISM AND .IETZSCHEAN EXISTENTIALISM 2EWORKING THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF %NLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHY ,ONERGAN DEVELOPS A RElNEDNOTIONOFAUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITY3ECOND )EXPLAIN,EVINASS ACCOUNT OF BEING HUMAN BY FOCUSING ON HIS CRITIQUE OF ONTOLOGY EXEMPLIlEDINTHEWORKOF-ARTIN(EIDEGGER ASWELLASONHISRE JECTIONOFPSYCHOANALYTICTHEORY ASPRESUPPOSEDBYTHEANALYSISOF *ACQUES,ACAN)NCONTRASTTOTHESEONTOLOGICAL(EIDEGGERIAN AND PSYCHOANALYTIC,ACANIAN TRAJECTORIES ,EVINASEXPLAINSSUBJECTIVITY IN TERMS OF A PROPHETIC ETHICAL RELATION OF BEING FOR THE /THER )N THETHIRDANDFOURTHSECTIONS ,ONERGANSAND,EVINASSOVERLAPPING CONCERNS ASWELLASSOMEINCOMMENSURABLEISSUESAREADDRESSED4HE WAYINWHICHTHEYAPPROPRIATEPHENOMENOLOGY PARTICULARLYTHEWORK OF%DMUND(USSERLAND-AURICE-ERLEAU 0ONTY PROVESINTEGRALTO THESELASTTWOSECTIONS



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^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



DISTINGUISHESAMONGTHEOPERATIONSOFEXPERIENCING UNDERSTANDING JUDGING AND DECIDING !CCORDING TO ,ONERGAN HUMAN COGNITION UNFOLDSINFOURSTAGES)NITIALLY THEPERSONEXPERIENCESORENCOUNTERS SENSEDATA WHICHPROVOKESAQUESTIONWHATISIT 7HATFOLLOWSIS AN ATTEMPT TO UNDERSTAND AND JUDGE THE SENSE DATA BY MARSHALING ANDWEIGHINGEVIDENCEANSWERINGTHEQUESTIONOFISITSO 4HIRD THE PERSONREmECTSONTHELEGITIMACYOFTHEJUDGMENTANDASKSWHETHER WHATSHEPROPOSESCANBEVERIlEDASTRUEISITREALLYSO &INALLY THE SUBJECTACTSONWHATSHEHASVERIlEDTOBETRUE THATIS DECIDESON ANDCOMMITSTOACOURSEOFACTIONSINCEITISTRUE )MUSTDOX /NLY WHENALLFOUROPERATIONSAREINTEGRATEDDOESTHEAUTHENTICKNOWING SUBJECTBEGINTOEMERGE ,ONERGAN ARGUES THAT %NLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT DEVELOPED IN THE WORKOF$ESCARTES +ANT AND.IETZSCHE FAILSTOADDRESSTHESEISSUES OF UNDERSTANDING AND BEING ADEQUATELY -ODERN CONSCIOUSNESS AS EXPLICATEDBYTHESETHREETHINKERSLEADSTOTRUNCATED IMMANENTIST AND ALIENATED NOTIONS OF SUBJECTIVITYˆALL OF WHICH ARE UNSUCCESS FULATCAPTURINGTHECOMPLEXEXPERIENCEOFBEINGHUMAN,ONERGAN DElNESTHEPROBLEMATICTRUNCATEDSUBJECTASAPERSONWHODOESNOT KNOWHIMHERSELF BECAUSESHEEQUATESREALITYWITHWHATISSENSED INDULGINGINPICTURE THINKING"YTHEPHRASEPICTURE THINKING )REFER TOTHEWAYTHATTHETRUNCATEDSUBJECTFAILSTOQUESTIONANDEVALUATE WHATSHESENSESORSEES)NSTEAD THETRUNCATEDSUBJECTASSUMESWHAT IS SEEN IS REAL UPHOLDING THE COMMONSENSE LOGIC THAT TO SEE IS TO BELIEVE!SSHECORRELATESTHESEENWITHASTATICIDEAOFTHEREAL THE TRUNCATEDSUBJECTFAILSTOQUESTIONHISHERPRESUPPOSITIONS7ITHOUT QUESTIONINGHISHEREXPERIENCE THISTRUNCATEDSUBJECTASSUMESTHAT HISHERPARTICULAREXPERIENCEISNORMATIVEANDREFUSESTOTRANSCENDTHE WORLDOFPOSITIVIST PICTURE THINKING&ORBETTERORFORWORSE ,ONERGAN ASSOCIATESTHISTRUNCATEDSUBJECTWITHTHE#ARTESIANSUBJECT 4HESECONDTYPEOFINAUTHENTICSUBJECTTHAT,ONERGANDISCUSSESIS THEIMMANENTISTSUBJECT WHOISTRAPPEDWITHINHIMHERSELF4HEIM MANENTISTSUBJECTORIGINATESFROMA+ANTIANIDEALISM WHICHPROPOSES THAT ALL KNOWLEDGE IS ENMESHED WITHIN REPRESENTATIONS AND IDEALS 7HEREASTHETRUNCATEDSUBJECTEQUATESTHEWORLDOFSENSEWITHREAL ITY THEIMMANENTISTSUBJECTINFERSTHATTHEWORLDOFSENSEISMERELYA REPRESENTATIONOFREALITY4HUS ANYJUDGMENTINREGARDTOTHATIDEAL



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REALITYISMERELYADECISIONBASEDONREPRESENTATIONS,ONERGANMAIN TAINSTHATSUCHhTHINKINGvLEADSTORELATIVISM 4HESTANCEOFTHERELATIVISTLEADSTO,ONERGANSTHIRDKINDOFINAUTHENTIC SUBJECTINMODERNITY THEALIENATEDSUBJECT4HISALIENATEDSUBJECTIS ENTRENCHED FOR,ONERGAN INTHEPHILOSOPHYOF.IETZSCHE!RGUABLY ALLOF.IETZSCHESWRITINGSARENOTPROBLEMATICFOR,ONERGAN/NLY THOSEWRITINGSANDINTERPRETATIONSOF.IETZSCHETHATFOSTERANIHILISTIC RECKLESS ANDINAUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITYAREDISPUTED%VENTHOUGH,O NERGANDOESNOTEXPLICITLYSTATEIN4HE3UBJECTTHAT.IETZSCHESTHEORY ISPROBLEMATIC HEARGUESTHATTHOSEEXISTENTIALTHEORIESTHATUPHOLD THE hDEATH OF 'ODv MENTALITY ARE hABSURDv AND DANGEROUS   -OREOVER INANESSAY h4IMEAND-EANING v,ONERGANCHARGES .IETZSCHE WITH ESPOUSING THE DEATH OF 'OD MANTRA A   #ONNECTINGTHESERATHERVAGUEREFERENCES )WILLEXPLICATETHEISSUES OFTHEALIENATEDSUBJECTINTERMSOF.IETZSCHESANTHROPOLOGY WHICH FOR,ONERGANISGROUNDEDINANEXTREMEEXISTENTIALISM 4HEREARETWOFORMSOFEXISTENTIALISMFOR,ONERGAN/NTHEONE HAND THEREISAPRAISEWORTHYFORMOFEXISTENTIALISM WHICHSUPPORTS THESUBJECTSOPTIONFORTHEHUMANGOODTHROUGHAPROCESSOFOPEN NESSANDCONVERSION/NTHEOTHERHAND THEREISANEXTREMEFORMOF EXISTENTIALISM WHICHTEMPTSTHESUBJECTTOWARDAPOSTUREOFRELATIVISM ADISPOSITIONTOAPATHYINWHICHALLOPINIONSANDVIEWSAREVALID!S THEhGOODEXISTENTIALISTvSORTSANDUNDERSTANDSTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEEN POSITIONSANDCOUNTERPOSITIONS THEhEXTREMEEXISTENTIALISTvISLULLED INTOASENSEOFALIENATION!LIENATIONOCCURSBYWAYOFTHEPERSONS REFUSALTOCOMMITTOTHEHUMANGOODTHROUGHENGAGINGINTHEDYNAMIC STRUCTUREOFKNOWING ACTING ANDLOVING4HUS THEALIENATEDSUBJECT UNDERSTANDS HIMHERSELF AS ALONE POWERLESS HOPELESS INEFFECTIVE ANDIGNORANT RATHERTHANCONNECTED POWERFUL HOPEFUL CAPABLE AND KNOWLEDGEABLE,ONERGANPRIVILEGESTHEEXISTENTIALSUBJECTBECAUSESHE ISFREEANDRESPONSIBLEYETATTHESAMETIME ,ONERGANACKNOWLEDGES THATANEXTREMEEXISTENTIALISTATTITUDECOULDLEADTOARECKLESSPOSTURE ANDINAUTHENTICLIVING(AVINGONLYBRIEmYINTRODUCEDTHEWAYSIN WHICH ,ONERGANS UNDERSTANDING OF THE SUBJECT IMPLICITLY OFFERS A CRITIQUEOFTHE%NLIGHTENMENTSUBJECT BELOW)WILLDEVELOPHISARGU 

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^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



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^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



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^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



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^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



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^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



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^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



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)N THIS PASSAGE "ORDO DEMONSTRATES THAT AS MODERN THEORY ERASES THE BODY FROM THE PARAMETERS OF SUBJECTIVITYˆLEAVING THE BODY NOWHERE POSTMODERN THOUGHT FETISHIZES THE BODYˆRENDERING THE BODYEVERYWHERE !PPROPRIATINGTHEINSIGHTSOF-ERLEAU 0ONTY ,ONERGANAND,EVINAS AVOIDTHEEXTREMEMODERNANDPOSTMODERNPOSITIONSOFTHEBODYAS NOWHEREANDEVERYWHERE"ORNIN&RANCEIN -ERLEAU 0ONTYWAS ACONTEMPORARYOFBOTH,ONERGANAND,EVINAS ANDISCITEDBYEACH ONVARIOUSOCCASIONS,ONERGANESTEEMS-ERLEAU 0ONTYSWORKh(EIS BRILLIANTONTHESIGNIlCANCEOFONESOWNBODYINONESOWNPERCEIVING SENTIENTANDSENSIBLESPATIO TEMPORAL NEITHERPURELYPOUR SOINOR

^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



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-ICHELE3ARACINO,ONERGANAND,EVINAS

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^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



CONmICT THEINCONSISTENCYBETWEENTHEWAYSTHEYREGARDKNOWLEDGE)N THENEXTFEWPARAGRAPHS )WILLELABORATEONSOMEOFTHESENOTEWORTHY DISTINCTIONSIN,ONERGANSAND,EVINASSWORLDVIEWS ,ONERGANS WORK IS GROUNDED IN A 2OMAN #ATHOLIC THEOLOGICAL WORLDVIEW WHICHISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHAT'ODISTHEGROUND OFALLBEING)MPLICITIN,ONERGANSWORKISTHEBELIEFTHATTHEINCARNA TIONOF#HRISTISTHEEXEMPLARYPERFORMANCEOFAUTHENTICSUBJECTIV ITY#ONSEQUENTLY ALL#HRISTIANSDESIRETOLIVEINTHEIMAGEOF'OD TOIMITATE#HRISTINTHEIRBEING)NCONTRASTTOTHE2OMAN#ATHOLIC WORLDVIEW OF ,ONERGAN THERE IS A DElNITIVE *UDAIC GROUNDING TO ,EVINASSWRITINGS"YGIVINGSPECIALATTENTIONTO0LATONICTHOUGHT *EWISH2EVELATION AND4ALMUDICCOMMENTARY INANESSAYh)DEOLOGY AND)DEALISM v,EVINASMAINTAINSTHAT'ODISBEYONDBEING ANDTHAT HUMANITYShDIRECTENCOUNTERvWITH'ODISA#HRISTIANAXIOM  4OBESURE ,EVINASISNOTCONCERNEDWITHMODELINGBEINGIN LIGHTOFTHE#HRISTEVENT(EISPREOCCUPIEDWITHANETHICSTHATMOVES BEYONDBEINGASIMITATIONORASFORCEDMORALITY@"EYONDBEINGISAN IMPORTANTMANTRAFOR,EVINAS!S3EÕN(ANDELOQUENTLYCONVEYSINHIS INTRODUCTORYREMARKSTO4HE,EVINAS2EADER h)NTHEAGEOF!USCHWITZ ,EVINASSHOWSTHATTOBEORNOTTOBEISNOTTHEULTIMATEQUESTIONIT ISBUTACOMMENTARYONTHEBETTERTHANBEING THEINlNITEDEMAND OFTHEETHICALRELATIONv,EVINAS   'OD FOR,EVINAS ENTERS THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSUBJECTAND/THERINTHEFACEOFTHE/THER THATIS INTHEVOICEORDEMANDOFTHE/THER!CCORDINGTO,EVINASS INTERPRETATIONOF*UDAISM 'ODISTHE4HIRD0ARTYWHOIMPINGESON THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSUBJECTAND/THER ,EVINASSCOMPREHENSIONOF*EWISH2EVELATIONINTERMSOFMYSTERY ANDHIDDENNESS ASWEWILLREALIZEFURTHERIN#HAPTER4HREE PREVENTS HIMFROMBEINGOVERCONlDENTWITHTHENOTIONOFBEING!LTERNATIVELY ,ONERGAN WORKINGWITHINTHE.EO 4HOMISTTRADITION PROBLEMATIZES ANDCOMPLICATESTHENOTIONOFBEINGINORDERTOREWRITEWHATITMEANS "EINGFOR,ONERGANISNOTSOMETHINGTHATALREADYEXISTSASANALREADY OUT THERE NOW REALRATHER BEINGISTHEUNRESTRICTEDDESIRETOKNOW ACT ANDLOVEFOROTHERS4HEDISCORDBETWEENTHEIRVIEWPOINTSONTHETOPIC OF@BEINGLEADSTOTHESECONDOBSTACLETHATBLOCKSDIALOGUEBETWEEN ,ONERGANAND,EVINASTHEIRRIVALDElNITIONSOFKNOWLEDGE



-ICHELE3ARACINO,ONERGANAND,EVINAS

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^0HILOSOPHICAL&OUNDATIONS



OFTENKNOWLEDGEISROOTEDINANAÆVEREALISM WHICHASSUMESASIMPLE CORRELATIONBETWEENTHEEMPIRICALANDTHEREAL5NLIKEMANYIDEALISTS ,ONERGANREFUSESTOCLAIMTHATTHESENSUALROOTOFHUMANEXPERIENCE PROHIBITSPEOPLEFROMUNDERSTANDINGANDJUDGING)NDEED HISCRITICAL REALISTAPPROACHALLOWSHIMTOARGUETHATBEING THEDESIRETOKNOW INTENDSTOWARDTHEREALTHROUGHEXPERIENCING UNDERSTANDING JUDGING ANDDECIDING)TISONLYTHROUGHTHESUBJECTSWEIGHINGTHEEVIDENCE ANDSORTINGOUTPOSITIONSANDCOUNTERPOSITIONSTHATSHECANMAKEA JUDGMENTANDCOMMENCEACTION !LTERNATIVELY ,EVINASDISPUTESTHEVALIDITYOF(USSERLSTRANSCENDENTAL REDUCTIONONOTHERGROUNDSSPECIlCALLY HEEQUATESTHESUBJECTSACT OR MOVEMENT TO KNOW REALITY AS A VIOLENT EVENT OF THEMATIZATION ,EVINAS PROBLEMATIZES INTENTIONALITY IN THE ESSAY ENTITLED h.ONIN TENTIONAL#ONSCIOUSNESSvC   )NTHEINTENTIONALACTOF MAKINGMEANINGORREPRESENTINGTHESUBJECT THESUBJECTERASESTHE INDIVIDUALITYOFTHE/THER THATIS lXESTHE/THERASOBJECTINTHE SUBJECTS CONSCIOUSNESS )N THIS THEMATIZATION THE THING OR PERSON THATTHESUBJECTISINTENDINGTOKNOWISSTRIPPEDOFALLITSPARTICULAR ITYANDDISTINCTIVENESSANDISASSIMILATEDINTOTHENEEDANDUSEOFTHE SUBJECT,EVINASlNDSTHETRADITIONALACTOFKNOWINGHOSTILETOWARD THEINTEGRITYOFTHE/THER 4HEREFORE ,EVINAS WHENCOMPAREDTO,ONERGAN ISLESSCONlDENTIN THEMERITORIOUSINTENTIONSOFKNOWING)NSTEADOFREWORKINGKNOWLEDGE ASHEREWRITESSUBJECTIVITY ,EVINASSEEMSTOGIVEUPONTHEPOSSIBILITY OFKNOWLEDGEALTOGETHER(ECLAIMSTHATKNOWLEDGEISSYNONYMOUS WITHTHEMATIZATIONANDREJECTSTHEPRIMACYOFTHERATIONALINHOPEOF CONSTRUCTING WHAT(ANDCALLSAhPOST RATIONALETHICSv,EVINAS V ,EVINASASSOCIATESKNOWINGWITHAGRASPING AHANDLINGTHATHE INTERPRETSASANAGGRESSIVEACTTHATASSIMILATESOTHERNESSINTOTHESELF &OR,EVINAS HENCE BEFOREGRASPINGTHEREISADESIREFORTHE/THER 4HISFEELING NOTREASONORKNOWLEDGE GROUNDSINTERSUBJECTIVERELA TIONS%VENWITHTHISSAID ITWILLBECOMEAPPARENTINTHEFOLLOWING CHAPTERSTHAT,EVINASLATERDEVELOPSAMORENUANCEDUNDERSTANDING OFREASONANDKNOWLEDGE&ORNOW HOWEVER ITISIMPORTANTTOKEEP INMINDTWOFUNDAMENTALPOINTSTHATAPPEARTOCAUSECONmICTINTHE DIALOGUEBETWEEN,ONERGANIANAND,EVINASIANTHOUGHT&IRST ,EVINASS UNDERSTANDINGOFBEINGISDISTINCTFROMTHATOF,ONERGANSTHOUGHT

3ECOND THESECONmICTINGNOTIONSOFBEINGRELATETODISPARATEINTER PRETATIONSOFKNOWLEDGE

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4HE/PEN0OSTUREOF,ONERGANS 3UBJECT

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NTHEPREVIOUSCHAPTER WEINTERROGATED,ONERGANgSAND,EVINASgS RESPECTIVE PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUNDS"Y SKETCHING ,ONERGANS UNDERSTANDINGOF$ESCARTES +ANT AND.IETZSCHE WEWEREABLE TOGRASPHOW,ONERGANBOTHCONTESTSTHE%NLIGHTENMENTRENDITIONS OFTHESUBJECTANDPROPOSESANOTIONOFAUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITY)NTHIS CHAPTER,ONERGANSCONTRIBUTIONTO#HRISTIANANTHROPOLOGYISFURTHER EXPLORED!RGUABLY ,ONERGANSGREATESTACHIEVEMENTISURGINGTHEO LOGIANS TO ADVERT TO THEIR COGNITIONAL OPERATIONS TO ENTER INTO THE PROCESSOFSELF APPROPRIATION ANDTOINTERROGATETHEINTERCONNECTEDNESS OFKNOWINGANDDOING%QUALLYIMPORTANT HOWEVER ISHISDISCUSSION OFHOWWEARENOTONLYOBLIGATEDTOKNOWANDACTINTHEFACEOFTHE /THER BUTALSOHOWWEARECOMPELLEDTOBEATTENTIVETOOURFEELINGS FORTHE/THER%ACHOFTHESEISSUESISSIGNIlCANTTOANYDISCUSSIONOF SUBJECTIVITYINTHEPOSTMODERN PLURALISTICWORLD)NORDERTOSUFlCIENTLY ADDRESS,ONERGANSCONTRIBUTIONTOTHISCONVERSATION )FOCUSONFOUR THEMESHISTRANSITIONFROMFACULTYPSYCHOLOGYTOINTENTIONALITYANALYSIS HISINTERPRETATIONOFTHREEDIMENSIONSOFAUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITYHIS INVESTIGATIONOFTHESUBJECTSOPENNESSTOALTERITYANDHISCONCERNFOR THEEMBODIMENTOFTHESUBJECT )TISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATTHEFOLLOWINGANALYSISOFAUTHENTICSUB JECTIVITYHIGHLIGHTS,ONERGANSLATERWORKINWHICHHEmESHESOUTHIS IDEASONINTENTIONALITYANALYSISANDHISTORICALCONSCIOUSNESS$AVID 4RACY MAPS,ONERGANSTHOUGHTINTHREEPHASES4HESESTAGES RANGE FROM HIS EARLIEST WORK ON !QUINAS TO A NEW CONTEXT WHICH SHIFTSTHEFOCUSFROM!RISTOTELIANTHEORYANDTHE-ANUALIST4RADITION TOQUESTIONSOFINTELLIGIBILITY ANDlNALLYTOAMODERNCONTEXTTHAT MOVESPASTTHEQUESTIONOFINTELLIGIBILITYTOTHECULMINATINGISSUESOF MEANINGANDHISTORY)TISDURINGTHISLASTPERIOD WHICHEMPHASIZES MEANING AND HISTORY IN WHICH ,ONERGAN PRESENTED HIS PAPER 4HE 3UBJECT  AND WROTE -ETHOD IN4HEOLOGY C 4HESE TWO



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^4HE/PEN0OSTUREOF,ONERGANS3UBJECT



OFTHEHUMANPERSONAND INPARTICULAR OFTHEHUMANPERSONSAP PROACHTO'OD4YRRELL IX X 

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TERNOFEXPERIENCE THEREFORE TRACESTHEPRACTICALANDCONCRETELIVING OFTHESUBJECTAMONGOTHERS %VENAS,ONERGANCOMPLEXIlESOURTHEOLOGICALANDPHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE HUMAN PERSON THROUGH HIS DISCUSSION OF THE PATTERNSOFEXPERIENCE HEWARNSUSAGAINSTINTERPRETINGTHESUBJECTAS STRATIlEDBYEXPERIENCE,ONERGANARGUESTHATTHESUBJECTISUNIlED ANDWHOLETHROUGHTHEINTERCONNECTEDNESSOFHISHERSPIRITUALAND MATERIALDIMENSIONS4HEBODYISTHEMATERIALBASEOFTHEPERSONAND THEMINDPROVIDESFORTHESPIRITUALFOUNDATIONOFTHEHUMAN)NDEED THESEMATERIALANDSPIRITUALREALITIESTOGETHERFOSTERTHEPOSSIBILITYOF SELF TRANSCENDENCE !GAIN TRANSCENDENCE DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE SPIRITUAL REALM LEAVES THE MATERIAL REALM BEHIND BUT RATHER MEANS THATTHEWHOLEPERSONPOSTURESFORWARDINORDERTOPARTICIPATEINTHE ANTICIPATIONOFSOMETHINGGREATER /NEPROBLEMSURFACESIN,ONERGANSEXPOSITIONOFTHECONNECTION BETWEENTHEMINDANDBODYORBETWEENTHESPIRITUALANDMATERIAL DIMENSIONS!TCERTAINPOINTSINHISWRITINGS,ONERGANIMPLIESTHAT THE SPIRITUAL COMPONENT OF THE HUMAN IS COMPREHENSIVE AND THUS SUPERIORTOTHEMATERIALCOMPONENT)NTHECITATIONBELOWHEARGUES THATTHECENTRALFORMOFTHEPERSONISTHESPIRITUALBASE SEEMINGLY UNDERMININGTHEIMPORTANCEOFBODILYEXPERIENCE !SOLUTIONSEEMSTORESULTFROMASIMPLEPRINCIPLE NAMELY THAT MATERIAL REALITY CANNOT PERFORM THE ROLE OR FUNCTION OF SPIRITUAL REALITY BUT SPIRITUAL REALITY CAN PERFORM THE ROLE OR FUNCTION OF MATERIALREALITYxFORTHESPIRITUALISCOMPREHENSIVEWHATCAN EMBRACETHEWHOLEUNIVERSETHROUGHKNOWLEDGE CANPROVIDETHE CENTREANDGROUNDOFUNITYINTHEMATERIALCONJUGATESOFASINGLE MAN  

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#ONCLUSION )NTHISCHAPTERWEHAVETRACED,ONERGANSUNDERSTANDINGOFSUBJECTIVITY FROMHISREJECTIONOFTHESTATICNOTIONSOFFACULTYPSYCHOLOGYTOTHE MOREDYNAMICANDPROTEANLEANINGSOFINTENTIONALITYANALYSIS)MPLICIT INTHISDISCUSSIONIS,ONERGANSASSUMPTIONTHATTHESUBJECTHASTHE POTENTIALTODEVELOPHIMHERSELFBYREJECTINGBIASANDBEINGOPENTO INTELLECTUAL MORAL ANDRELIGIOUSCONVERSION4HROUGHCONVERSION THE SUBJECTJOURNEYSTOWARDBECOMINGANAUTHENTICSUBJECT)NTHESECOND SECTIONOFTHECHAPTER THEREFORE )OUTLINEDTHREEDIMENSIONSOFAU THENTICSUBJECTIVITYTHEDESIRETOKNOW ACAPACITYFORTRANSCENDENCE ANDAPOTENTIALFORRELATIONSHIPWITH'ODANDOTHERSINCOMMUNITY )THENARGUEDTHATBYDEVELOPINGONESELFASAUTHENTIC THESUBJECTIS OPENEDFOR'ODANDOTHERS!SARESULT OPENNESSBECAMEANIMPORTANT THEMEINTHETHIRDSECTION WHERE)EXPLOREDWHAT,ONERGANMEANT WHENHEEXPLAINEDOPENNESSOFTHESUBJECTBYWAYOFFACT ACHIEVE MENT ANDGIFT,ASTLY )DEMONSTRATEDTHAT,ONERGANSSUBJECT UNLIKE THEDISEMBODIEDSUBJECTOFMODERNITYANDTHEOVERDETERMINEDBODY OFPOSTMODERNITY ISASPECIlCCORPOREALSUBJECTWHOISCONTINUOUSLY CHALLENGEDTOKNOW ACT ANDLOVEINTHEFACEOFOTHERS

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EVINAS LIKE,ONERGAN HASAPROFOUNDFAITHINTHEABILITYOFTHE SUBJECT TO REACH AUTHENTIC SUBJECTIVITY )N FACT IN AN ESSAY ENTITLED h6IOLENCEOFTHE&ACE v,EVINASUNDERSCORESTHEVALUE INALLOFUSTOhTOASPIRETOSAINTLINESSv  !LSO ASINTHECASE OF,ONERGAN THENOTIONOFPOSTUREISCRUCIALTO,EVINASSDISCUSSION OFSUBJECTIVITY)NDEEDFOR,EVINAS HUMANBEINGSARECALLEDINTOA POSTUREOFSAINTLINESSTHROUGHADRAMATICENCOUNTERWITHTHE/THER %VENAS,EVINASSPEAKSOFFACINGASTHATONWHICHSUBJECTIVITYISBASED ANDRESPONDSTO )AMINTERESTEDMOREINTHENOTIONOFPOSTURETHANOF FACING0OSTUREREFERSTOTHESTANCEINWHICHTHESUBJECTlNDSHISHER BEINGINBECOMINGOPENFOR THE /THER RATHERTHANINTERMSOFSELF )NORDERTOGETATTHEROOTOFWHAT,EVINASMEANSBYSAINTLINESSOR BEINGFOR THE /THER THISCHAPTERWILLUNFOLDINFOURPARTS)NTHElRST SECTION ,EVINASSNOTIONOFFACING ANENCOUNTERTHATINVITESTHESUBJECT INTOASTANCEOFOPENNESSFOR THE /THER ISDETAILED4HEIMPLICATIONSOF THISOPENNESSARETHENEXPLOREDINTHESECONDSECTIONOFTHISCHAPTER &ROMTHERE )SHOWHOWTHEFACECALLSFORTHTHERESPONSIBLESUBJECT TOBEOPENEDTHROUGHDISCOURSE THROUGHTHEDEMANDSOFTIME AND THROUGHPHYSICALPOSTURING&INALLY ,EVINASSGENDEREDDESCRIPTIONOF THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESUBJECTAND/THERCONCLUDESMYINVESTI GATION)NUSING,EVINASSTHOUGHTONSUBJECTIVITYTOCOMPLICATEAND DEEPENOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEHUMANPERSONINTHECONTEMPORARY LANDSCAPE )HOPETOALLOWTHEPLAYBETWEEN,ONERGANSAND,EVINASS THOUGHTTOGUIDEUSTOWARDAMOREAPTARTICULATIONOFSUBJECTIVITYFOR OURPOSTMODERNCONTEXT 

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 #ONCLUSION )NTHISCHAPTER)EXPLAINED,EVINASSINTERPRETATIONOFSUBJECTIVITYIN TERMSOFANEMBODIEDPOSTURETHATISOPENEDBYTHEFACEOF/THER 4HEFACE ASATRACEOFTHE)NlNITE COMMANDSTHESUBJECTTOEXPOSE HIMHERSELFINAPOSTUREOFPASSIVITYANDGENEROSITY4HISKINDOFGIVING TRANSCENDSSIMPLEHANDOUTSANDDEMANDSTHATTHESUBJECTOPENTOTHE POINTOFSUBSTITUTION4HEWAYINWHICHTHEFACEOPENSTHESUBJECT TOADISPOSITIONOFPASSIVEANDGIFTEDRESPONSIBILITYTHENWASBROKEN DOWNINTOTHREECATEGORIES INCLUDINGSPEECH TIME ANDPOSTURE!S LANGUAGEISTHEMEDIUMBYWHICHTHESUBJECTGLORIlESANDBEARSWIT NESSTOALTERITY SPEECHSIMULTANEOUSLYRECOGNIZESDIFFERENCEANDMARKS RELATIONSHIP3UCHBEARINGWITNESSTAKESPLACEOVERDIACHRONICTIME IN WHICHTHEINTERRUPTEDMOMENTMARKSALTERITY"ESIDESBEINGATTENTIVE TOLANGUAGEANDTIME )ATTEMPTEDTOREWORK,EVINASSINTERPRETATION OFSHOULDERINGTHROUGHTHEIDEAOFPOSTURING0OSTURINGEMBODIESTHE SUBJECTSRESPONSIBILITYFOR THE /THER )NMYANALYSISOFPOSTURE ITBECAMECLEARTHAT,EVINASSWORKIL LUSTRATESTHEIMPORTANCEOFANINCARNATIONALETHICS!NDINTHELAST SECTION WELEARNEDTHATBOTH(USSERLSAND-ERLEAU 0ONTYSPHENOME NOLOGYPROVIDEDTHEFOUNDATIONFOR,EVINASSINCARNATIONALETHICS4HE CONNECTIONBETWEENCORPOREALITYANDMORTALITYWASEXPLORED ANDAN EMPHASISWASPLACEDONTHESUBJECTSBODILYRESPONSIBILITYOFSUBSTITUTION FOR THE /THER%VENAS)PROBLEMATIZEDHOWSUBSTITUTIONANDSACRIlCE ISOFTENFRAMEDINFEMININERHETORIC ,EVINASSWORKSEEMSTOCOUNTER ANYCHARGEOFGENDERESSENTIALISM!STHEIDEAOFTHEBODYASTHESITE OFETHICSANDJUSTICEWASBROUGHTTOTHEFORE THENOTIONOFSUBJECTAS POSTUREDFOR THE /THERBECAMEEVENMOREPOIGNANT

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4HE)SSUEOF!LTERITY

)

NTHEPREVIOUSCHAPTERS WEEXAMINED,ONERGANSAND,EVINASS INTERPRETATIONSOFSUBJECTIVITY BOTHOFWHICHASSUMETHATBEING HUMANEMERGESONLYINRELATIONTOOTHERPEOPLE)NTHISCHAPTER WECONTINUETOEXPLORETHEIMPLICATIONSOFINTERSUBJECTIVERELATIONSHIPS BY FOCUSING ON THE QUESTION OF DIFFERENCE4HEORETICALLY THE TERM DIFFERENCECANBEDElNEDASACONTESTATIONOFSAMENESS)NORDINARY SOCIALPRACTICES HOWEVER DIFFERENCEISNOTALWAYSUNDERSTOODASSUCH &OR EXAMPLE WHEN DIFFERENCE IS INTERPRETED FROM A COMMONSENSE PERSPECTIVE ITOFTENISEXPLAINEDBYWAYOFBINARIESANDDICHOTOMIES &ROMSUCHASTANDPOINT ITISARGUABLETHATOTHERNESSISTHEOPPOSITE OFEVERYTHINGWITHWHICHTHESUBJECTIDENTIlES!SFEMINISTSANDCRITI CALRACETHEORISTSHAVELONGPOINTEDOUT THISTHINKINGISPROBLEMATIC INTHATITFAILSTOTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHESUBJECTIN RELATIONTOTHE/THER$IFFERENCEMAYHAVENOTHINGATALLTODOWITH GENDER RACE CULTURE ORRELIGION BUTMAYBERELATEDTOONESABILITIES ORGIFTS)NWHATFOLLOWS )INVITE#HRISTIANSTOFREETHEMSELVESFROMTHE DUALISTICFRAMEWORKTHATTOOOFTENCONCEPTUALIZESDIFFERENCEINEITHEROR TERMS"YDEVELOPINGANUNDERSTANDINGOFDIFFERENCE WHICHHASROOTS INRELIGIOUSALTERITY ASWELLASINCONTEMPORARYTHEORY )ILLUSTRATETHAT SUBJECTIVITYANDDIFFERENCEAREINEXTRICABLYCONNECTED"OTH,ONERGANS THEOLOGYAND,EVINASSTHEORYAREPERTINENTTOTHISDISCUSSION 4HEENSUINGDISCUSSIONOFALTERITYISANARDUOUSANDTAXINGONE %VENINSOMEOFTHEBESTCONTEMPORARYTREATMENTS INADEQUATEIN TERPRETATIONSOFOTHERNESSEXIST#ONSIDERTHEPOLITICALTHEORYOF)RIS -ARION9OUNG !LTHOUGH)RESPECT9OUNGSWORKINTHEAREA OFTHEORIZINGJUSTICE )AMCRITICALOFHERPOLEMICIZATIONOFDIFFERENCE ANDOTHERNESS3HEDESCRIBESDIFFERENCEINPOSITIVETERMS REFERRINGTO THEHETEROGENEITY PLURALITY ANDAMBIGUITYOFSITUATIONS GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS!LTERNATIVELY SHEREADSOTHERNESSINANEGATIVELIGHT EM



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

PHASIZINGITASANESSENTIALISTCONCEPTORPREJUDICIALTYPETHATISIMPUTED ONTOSOCIALGROUPSORINDIVIDUALSASASTIGMA(ERARGUMENTISSUSPECT "YCONTRASTINGTHEIDEASOFDIFFERENCEANDOTHERNESS 9OUNGUPHOLDS THEBINARYOPPOSITIONBETWEENNORMATIVEANDDEVIANTSUBJECTIVITY ,IKE,ACAN SHEASSERTSTHATOTHERNESSSTEMSFROMTHESUBJECTANDAS ACREATIONOFTHESUBJECT ISPROJECTEDONTOOTHERS)F INA,EVINASIAN MODE 9OUNGWOULDCLAIMTHATOTHERNESSISNOTARESULTOFLACK ASWE ENCOUNTEREDINTHEWORKOF,ACAN BUTASAPOSITIONINCOMMENSURABLE WITHTHEPOLITICSOFTHESAME HERTHEORYOFJUSTICEWOULDBECOMEMORE VALUABLE2EADINGALTERITYASANINCOMMENSURABLEPOSITIONFACILITATESA BONDBETWEENSUBJECTAND/THER ARELATIONSHIPTHATLEADSTOOBLIGA TIONANDJUSTICE-YAIMHEREISNOTTODEBUNK9OUNGSTHEORY BUT TOUNDERSCORETHECOMPLEXITYOFUNDERSTANDINGALTERITY"ELOW MY INVESTIGATIONOFALTERITYBEGINSBYCOMMENTINGONTHEWAYSINWHICH 7ESTERNERSHAVEDIFlCULTYDEALINGWITHDIVERSITYINTHEHUMANCOM MUNITY)TENDSINADEMONSTRATIONOFTHEIMPORTANCEOFOTHERNESSIN RELATIONTOBOTH,ONERGANSAND,EVINASSTHOUGHT

0ROBLEMSIN)NTERPRETING/THERNESS 'RAVEPROBLEMSARISEWHENWEUNDERSTANDALTERITYINTERMSOFBINARY OPPOSITIONS-OSTPREVALENTISTHESITUATIONINWHICHARGUMENTSREGARD INGDIFFERENCEENDUPINLIBERALDEBATEANDEQUALRIGHTSLANGUAGE!S EXEMPLIlEDLATER INSUCHCASES LIBERALINITIATIVESSPIRALINTOTOTALITAR IANMOVEMENTSOFSAMENESS)NADDITIONTOIGNORINGTHEPOLITICSOF DIFFERENCETHROUGHLIBERALRIGHTSLANGUAGE MODERN7ESTERNCULTURE INSUFlCIENTLYDEALSWITHDIFFERENCEBYSUFFUSINGITINTHERHETORICOF POPULARCULTUREANDPOSTMODERNJARGON&EWWOULDARGUEABOUTTHE DANGERSOFBOTHTHESETENDENCIES)TISNOTTOOSTRONGTOSUGGEST NEV ERTHELESS THATTHEMOSTINSIDIOUSHAZARDASSOCIATEDWITHBINARYLOGIC ISTHEINCLINATIONTODISTORTOTHERNESSINTOANIMAGEOFANEXOTICAND ANTAGONISTICEVIL4HECURRENTSITUATIONINTHEh7AR!GAINST4ERRORISMv WORKSTOEMPHASIZETHISPROBLEM )NTHElRSTCASE THENEEDTOEXPRESSDIVERSITYINSOCIETYISOBSCURED BYTHEPROLIFERATIONOFEQUALITYANDRIGHTSLANGUAGE4HERHETORICOF EQUALITYISBASEDONTHEIDEATHATALLPEOPLEARECREATEDEQUALˆANIDEA

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THATLEADSTOTHELEGALAFlRMATIONTHATALLPEOPLEARETHESAME REGARD LESSOFGENDER RACE ORCLASS&ROMATHEOLOGICALPERSPECTIVE THISLOGIC SEEMSREASONABLE SINCEHUMANCREATIONHASJUSTONEHUMANNATURE 4HERE ARE NOT DISTINCTIVE HUMAN NATURES FOR WOMEN MEN BLACKS ORWHITES)NDEED ALLOFCREATIONISGROUNDEDINONEHUMANNATURE EVENASSOCIALANDBIOLOGICALFEATURES SUCHASRACEANDSEX PARTICULAR IZEHUMANBEINGS4HISPARADIGMISSIMPLEENOUGH BUTTHELOGICOF EQUALITYOFTENCOLLAPSESUNDERTHERUBRICOFTHESAME%QUALRIGHTS MOVEMENTSTENDTOIGNORETHEACCIDENTSOFINDIVIDUALITYINORDERTO FOSTERTHEDEVELOPMENTOFADEMOCRATICSOCIETY7HENTHEGOALOFLIBERAL PROGRESSISTAKENTOANEXTREME THECONTINGENTFACTORSOFGENDER RACE ANDCLASSAREREADASOBSTACLESTOOURFREEDOMANDABILITYTOSECURETHE FRUITSOFDEMOCRACY #OMPLICATINGTHESITUATIONFURTHER THECURRENTDESIREFOREQUALITY ISINTERTWINEDWITHTHEAIMSOFTHEPOLITICALCORRECTNESSMOVEMENT 0OLITICALCORRECTNESSISTHEPRACTICEINWHICHONEATTEMPTSTOADDRESS DIFFERENCE IN NON PEJORATIVE NEUTRAL TERMS #OPELAND EXPLORES THE HISTORYANDIMPLICATIONSOFTHETERMPOLITICALCORRECTNESSINHERESSAY h0OLITICAL#ORRECTNESSANDTHE,IFEOFTHE-INDvB !CCORDING TO#OPELAND BOTHCONSERVATIVESANDLIBERALSMANIPULATETHETENETS OFPOLITICALCORRECTNESSFORTHEIROWNGAIN,IBERALSEMPLOYPOLITICAL CORRECTNESSNAIVELY WITHOUTUNDERSTANDINGTHESOCIALIMPLICATIONSOF DIFFERENCE WHILECONSERVATIVESMOCKTHEPOLITICALCORRECTNESSMOVE MENTBYDISREGARDINGTHESOCIALIMPLICATIONSOFHISTORY CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT!LTHOUGH)AMVEXEDBYTHECONSERVATIVEATTITUDETOWARDS POLITICALCORRECTNESS )AMBOTHEREDMOREBYTHELIBERALPRESUPPOSITION THATDIFFERENCECANBEEFFECTIVELYENGAGEDTHROUGHSIMPLISTICEGALITAR IANRHETORIC 4HELIBERALPOSITIONREFUSESTOUNDERSTANDDIFFERENCEASTHEGROUND OFCOMMUNITY)NSISTINGONPOLITICALLYCORRECTLANGUAGEANDPRACTICE LIBERALSREDUCEDIFFERENCETOTHATWHICHIMPEDESCOMMUNITY!CCORDING TOLIBERALRHETORIC ALTERITYDOESNOTSTRUCTUREARELATIONSHIPOFJUSTICE BETWEENSUBJECTAND/THER BUTRATHERALTERITYTHWARTSJUSTICE7HEN DIFFERENCEISINTERPRETEDINSUCHANEGATIVELIGHTˆASANOBSTACLETO JUSTICE THENITMUSTBEFRAMEDINTERMSOFTHEACCIDENTAL)MPLICITLY POLITICALCORRECTNESSATTEMPTSTOSIMPLIFYTHEAMBIGUITYOFDIFFERENCE BYCONTEXTUALIZINGALTERITYASSIMPLYACCIDENTAL ANDTHUSINCIDENTAL



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

9ET AMBIGUITYREGARDINGDIFFERENCEISDIFlCULTTOSUPPRESS!STENSIONS BUILDWITHINTHECOMMUNITY AMBIGUITYREGARDINGDIFFERENCEEMERGES OVERANDOVERAGAIN/NEWOULDTHINKTHATADIALOGUEWOULDEMERGE INSUCHAHEATEDMILIEU/NTHECONTRARY WITHTHECONSTANTTHREATOF APPEARINGPOLITICALLYINCORRECT CULTURALLYINSENSITIVE OREVENWORSE BIASED INDIVIDUALSREFUSETOREmECTONTHEPHILOSOPHICALANDONTOLOGI CALASSUMPTIONSTHATGROUNDDISCUSSIONSOFDIVERSITY !TTHISMOMENTINHISTORY POLITICALCORRECTNESSASANAPPROACHTO THE QUESTION OF DIFFERENCE IS BANKRUPT 0OLITICAL CORRECTNESS EFFORTS INTHEIRSEMINALSTAGEHADPOTENTIALTOBRINGTHEQUESTIONOFDIFFER ENCETOTHEPUBLIC ATLEASTONTHERHETORICALLEVEL)TWASNOTLONG HOWEVER BEFOREPOLITICALCORRECTNESSMOVEMENTSBECAMEFADDISHAND NONSENSICAL7HILEAPOLITICALLYCORRECTAPPROACHINTENDSTOENGAGE DIFFERENCEINARESPECTFULANDHOSPITABLEMANNER NON CONTROVERSIAL LANGUAGEANDINNUENDOOBSCURETHEACTUALDIFFERENCETHATISINQUES TION)NOTHERWORDS INITSlXATIONUPONEGALITARIANISMANDITSFEAR OFCONFRONTATION POLITICALLYCORRECTCONVERSATIONFAILSTOPROBLEMATIZE WHATEXACTLYISMEANTBYORATSTAKEINTHEQUESTIONOFDIFFERENCE)T WOULDBEWRONGTODISMISSTHEMERITSOFEQUALITYRIGHTSLANGUAGEAL TOGETHER!FTERALL DEMOCRACYANDFREEDOMFORALLISAPOWERFULGOAL 9ET TOOOFTENTHISEGALITARIANIDEALISCONmATEDWITHTHEASSUMPTION THATDIFFERENCEMUSTBECONCEPTUALIZEDANDTHEMATIZEDINTOASINGLE IDEALOFWHATISNORMATIVE$IFFERENCE INSUCHCIRCUMSTANCES ISNOT ESTEEMED BUTERASED 4HE ERASURE OF DIFFERENCE IS ILLUSTRATED IN AN ANALYSIS OF FEMINIST EQUALITYRIGHTSMOVEMENTS!RGUMENTSTHATSUPPORTWOMENSRIGHTS RESULTINTHEAFlRMATIONTHATWOMENAREJUSTASSTRONG SMART AND POWERFULASMEN7OMENANDMENARETHESAME4HISAFlRMATION HASSUBSEQUENTLYREQUIREDTHATWOMENASSIMILATEINTOAMALEIDEALBY ATTEMPTINGTOSHEDANYSOCIALMORESTHATARECONSIDEREDFEMININE)N PRACTICE ITBECOMESOBVIOUSTHATNOTALLWOMENAREACCORDEDEQUAL RIGHTS RATHERONLYTHOSEWOMENWHOATTEMPTTOMIMICTHEMASCU LINEIDEALACQUIRERIGHTSANDSOCIALPOWER(ERE EQUALITYISBASEDON UNIFORMITY SAMENESS ANDTOTALITY)NREACTIONTOTHEHEGEMONYOF SAMENESS DIFFERENCEISCONCEPTUALIZEDINTERMSOFSTIGMA4HENO TIONOFSTIGMALEADSUSTOTHENEXTOBSTACLEINOURINEFFECTIVENESSIN

^4HE)SSUEOF!LTERITY



ENGAGINGDIFFERENCETHEPROBLEMATICCONlGURATIONOFDIFFERENCEIN POPULARCULTURE h%NDGAME vANANALYSISOFTHE7ORLD#UPCOMPETITIONDEM ONSTRATESHOWTHECURRENTDISCUSSIONOFDIFFERENCEISUNDERMINEDBY POPULARCULTURE4HEAUTHOR !DAM'OPNIK SHOWSTHATTHERHETORICOF OTHERNESSISRESTRICTEDNEITHERTOTHEPOLITICALSPHERENORTHEACADEMIC ARENA BUTHASCOMETOIMBUETHECULTURALREALM)NRECOUNTINGTHE OPENINGCEREMONIESOFTHEINTERNATIONALSOCCERGAMES 'OPNIKNARRATES ACONVERSATIONAMONGMEMBERSOFTHE&RENCH0RESSWHOWERECOVERING THEFESTIVITIES2EPORTINGONTHEOPENINGSPECTACLE THEMEMBERSOF THEPRESSBEGANTOPLAYWITHTHELANGUAGEOFSELFAND/THER)NORDER TOEMPHASIZETHEGLOBALCHARACTEROFTHE7ORLD#UP FOURGIANTSIZED MECHANICALMEN EACHPHYSICALLYREPRESENTINGADIFFERENTETHNICRACIAL HUMANTYPE MARCHEDTOTHECENTEROF0ARIS!STHEMAMMOTH)NDIG ENOUS !FRICAN !SIAN AND%UROPEANMENPROCEEDEDTOTHEMIDDLEOF 0ARIS &RENCHCOMMENTATORSFRIVOLOUSLYPONDEREDh4HEGIANTSCON FRONTEACHOTHER BUTDOTHEYSEEASTRANGERORTHEMSELVESv'OPNIK   )NTHISCONVERSATION ETHICALDISCOURSEABOUTDIVERSITYWAS SUBVERTEDBYACARNIVALESQUECONTEXT!LTHOUGH'OPNIKSINTENTWAS TOCOMMENTONTHESPIRITOFTHEEVENTANDNOTTOPROBLEMATIZETHE COMMENTATORS USE OF POSTMODERN JARGON HIS ESSAY INADVERTENTLY DEMONSTRATESHOWWEDE POLITICIZETHERHETORICOFDIVERSITYTHROUGH POPULARCULTURE0UTANOTHERWAY THEPOPULARUSEOFTHEVOCABULARY OF DIFFERENCE UNDERMINES CONCRETE EFFORTS TO ENGAGE DIVERSITY AND RECONSTRUCTCOMMUNITYBASEDONOTHERNESS 3OMEMAYWONDERIFDISCUSSIONSABOUTOTHERNESSARESIGNSOFOUR PROGRESSORREGRESS!S,ONERGANMAKESPLAIN INTELLIGENTANDRESPONSIBLE CONVERSATIONABOUTTHEVALUEANDNEEDOFTHE/THERISNECESSARYFOR ACOMMUNITYTOPROGRESS7HENVALUESAREIGNOREDANDTHEGOODIS OBFUSCATED SOCIETYSPIRALSINTOREGRESS"YLOCATINGTHEQUESTIONOF OTHERNESSINFRIVOLOUSTERMSOFMECHANICALMENATAPAGEANT RATHER THANINTHEHARSHLIGHTOFRACISM SEXISM ORCLASSISM SOCIETYCOURTS REGRESS)NSUCHASITUATION ALTERITYBECOMESAGAMEFORTHEALIENATED SUBJECTWHOISDEVOIDOFMORALINTEGRITYANDWHOHASNOTHINGMORE THANlLLERANDmUFFTOSAY"OTH,ONERGANAND,EVINASWOULDARGUE THATTHEREISPLENTYLEFTTOSAYINREGARDTODIFFERENCE4HEYWOULDASSERT THATEVADINGANDUNDERMININGALTERITYINCOMMONSENSEORCOMEDIC



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

LANGUAGE IS INDICATIVE OF INAUTHENTIC IRRESPONSIBLE SUBJECTIVITYˆA PROBLEMTHATONLYWILLBERECTIlEDWHENDIVERSITYBECOMESAGENUINE PRIORITYFORHUMANITY )NADDITIONTOTHEWAYINWHICHPOPULARCULTUREABSORBSTHE/THER INTOFRIVOLOUSLANGUAGE THEREISALSOTHEWAYTHATCONSUMERCULTURE ERASESTHEAMBIGUITYANDDEMANDOFDIFFERENCETHROUGHMEDIA)NAN EXAMINATIONOFPOPULARADVERTISING CULTURALCRITIC BELLHOOKSCOM MENTSONTHEWAYINWHICHCAPITALISTSOCIETYASSIMILATESOTHERNESSINTO POPULARCULTURE3HEPINPOINTSTHEPROBLEMOFTHEhCOMMODIlCATIONOF DIFFERENCEvINWHICHTHE/THERISABSORBEDINTOCULTUREBYRECONlGURING SUCHDIFFERENCEASMARKETABLE ANDTHEREBYERASINGTHEHISTORICALAND MATERIALSIGNIlCANCEOFALTERITYHOOKS  7HENTHEMARKETER COMMODIlESCATEGORIESOFDIFFERENCE THECONSUMER INSTEADOFBEING REORIENTEDORCONVERTEDBYTHEDIFFERENCE AVOIDSTHEAMBIGUITYOFTHAT DIFFERENCE)NOTHERWORDS ADVERTISERSEXPLOITDIFFERENCESROOTEDINNA TIONALITY ETHNICITY GENDER ANDCLASSINORDERTOSUPPRESSTHEAMBIGUITY THATSURFACESINTHEDIALOGUEABOUTDIFFERENCEHOOKSEXPLAINSTHATTHE hRACIALIZEDSUBTEXTvINADVERTISEMENTSFORSUCHCOMPANIESAS*#REW AND4WEEDSDISTORTSOTHERNESSINTWOWAYS)TCREATESNOSTALGIAFORA lCTIVESTRANGERAND ITDRAMATIZESDIFFERENCE SUCHASWHITENESSATTHE EXPENSEOFFETISHIZINGOTHERDIFFERENCE SUCHASBLACKNESS )NBOTH STRATEGIES MARKETERSRELYONSTEREOTYPESABOUTINDIVIDUALSANDGROUPS INORDERTOENTICETHEREADERINTOPURCHASINGTHEPRODUCT)NORDERTO COMPREHENDHOOKSSIDEAS WEMIGHTIMAGINEAlCTIONALINSTANCEIN WHICHTHEMEDIAPLAYSWITHCONTROVERSIALANDCONTESTEDIMAGESTOSELL PRODUCTS"ELOW )WILLNARRATESUCHAHYPOTHETICALSCENARIO !COSMETICSCOMPANYWANTSTOMARKETITSNEWANDIMPROVEDSUNTAN OIL4HEADVERTISEMENTAGENCYTHATPUBLICIZESTHEPRODUCTDECIDESTO DEVELOPACAMPAIGNBASEDONTHEIDEATHATUSINGTHECOMPANYSSUNTAN OILLEADSTOANEXOTIC SAVAGETAN!MAINSTREAM!FRICAN!MERICANWOMAN FROM.EBRASKAISSELECTEDTOMODELTHISCAMPAIGNANDISADORNEDAS AN%GYPTIAN1UEEN!STHEREADERGAZESATSUCHANIMAGE SHEISLED TOCONFUSETHEMODELSRACEWITHASPECIlCGEOGRAPHICALREGION!FRICA ASWELLASWITHASENSEOFPRIMITIVISM5PHOLDINGTHERACISTIDEOLOGY THATCONmATESTHENOTIONOFBLACKNESSWITHTHETHEMESOFTHETROPICAL EXOTIC ANDTHEPRIMITIVE THISADDIVERTSTHEREADERSATTENTIONFROM THE PARTICULARITY OF THE PERSON IN THE IMAGE IN ORDER TO CONJURE A

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FANTASYOFOTHERNESS!CRITICALREADINGOFTHISREPRESENTATIONWOULD REQUIREUSTOQUESTIONTHERACISTIMPLICATIONSOFTHEIMAGE PARTICULARLY THEWAYINWHICHTHEVISUALTEXTATTEMPTSTOAVOIDTHEHISTORICALAND SOCIALCOMPLEXITYOFRACIALDIFFERENCE#ULTURALCRITICISM NEVERTHELESS ISNOTFOSTEREDINACONSUMERISTSOCIETY!DSSUCHASTHISONEFEIGNTHE CELEBRATIONOFDIFFERENCE WHILEPARADOXICALLYENCOURAGINGTHEREADERS FEAROFALTERITY&OR,ONERGANAND,EVINAS THEPRESENCEOFTHE/THER SHOULDOBLIGATETHEREADERTOREJECTHISHERFEAROFDIFFERENCE/NLY INWORKINGTHROUGHOURCONmICTEDFEELINGS CANWEUNDERSTANDHOW CONCEPTUALIZATIONS AND THEMATIZATIONS OF DIFFERENCE THWART ETHICAL RELATIONSWITHOTHERS !NOTHERWAYINWHICHALTERITYISSUBVERTEDINTHEMEDIAISINTHE EXPLOITATIONOFBLACKNESSTHROUGHTHEHEGEMONYOFWHITENESS)MAGINE ACOMMERCIALTHATSHOWSDIVERSITYWITHINTHECOMMUNITY4HISADVER TISEMENTILLUSTRATESDIVERSITYBYPORTRAYINGWHITETEACHERSLECTURINGTO BLACKSTUDENTS ORWHITESTUDENTSFEEDINGHOMELESSPEOPLEOFCOLOR %VENTHOUGHTHISlCTIONALTABLEAUISINTENDEDTOHIGHLIGHTTHEMU TUALITYBETWEENDIFFERENTINDIVIDUALS ITDRAWSTHEREADERSATTENTION TOTHEDOMINANCEANDFREEDOMOFTHEWHITEPERSONOVERANDAGAINST THESUBSERVIENCEANDBONDAGEOFTHEBLACKPERSON3UCHMARKETING CAMPAIGNS ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE ATTEMPTS TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEXITYOFHUMANDIVERSITY/NTHECONTRARY THESEPOPULARIMAGES DEMONSTRATEBIASAGAINSTANDTHEMATIZATIONOFOTHERNESSINORDERTO STABILIZETHEWHITEPERSONASTHENORMATIVESUBJECT!DVERTISEMENTS LIKETHESEIGNORETHEAMBIGUITYOFDIFFERENCE RATHERTHANINVITEUSTO PAUSEANDQUESTIONOUROWNPRESUPPOSITIONSANDINTENTIONS ! THIRD WAY IN WHICH INTELLIGENT DISCUSSION ABOUT DIFFERENCE IS THWARTEDISTHROUGHTHEACTIVEOTHERIZINGOFTHOSEWHOAREDEEMED DIFFERENT"YTHETERMOTHERIZING )REFERTOTHEWAYINWHICHDOMI NANTGROUPSSOMETIMESDISTANCETHEMSELVESFROMANYCOMMUNITY ANY INDIVIDUAL ORANYTHINGTHATTHEYREGARDASTHREATENINGTOTHEIROWN IDENTITY/THERIZINGCANONLYBESUCCESSFULIFTHEDOMINANTGROUPIS CONVINCEDTHATITISWITHOUTANYLACKORIMPERFECTION/NLYTHENCAN THE DOMINANT GROUP PROJECT DIFFERENCE AND SUFFERING ONTO ANOTHER PEOPLEORPLACEINTHEWORLD0ROJECTIONFOSTERSDISTANCEANDANTAGONISM BETWEEN GROUPS WHICH USUALLY LEADS TO AN US VERSUS THEM ATTITUDE !SCONCRETEDIFFERENCEANDSUFFERINGAREINEFFECTERASEDTHROUGHTHIS



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

DISTANCING THEDOMINANTGROUPISRELEASEDFROM ANY OBLIGATIONTO THEOTHERGROUP /NETHINKERWHOPROBLEMATIZESTHECULTURALRAMIlCATIONSOFOTHER IZING ORTHEREFUSALTODEALWITHDIFFERENCEIS%DWARD73AID$URING THES 3AIDBECAMEKNOWNFORHISRESEARCHINTOTHE%UROPEAN INVENTIONOFTHEIDEAOFTHE/RIENT)N/RIENTALISM 3AIDMAPS THEWAYTHATTHE7EST THROUGHWAR POLITICS ACADEMICS ANDPOPULAR CULTURE HAS CONSTRUCTED AND FETISHIZED A lCTIONAL AND HEGEMONIC OTHERNESS3AIDEXPLAINSTHATTHENOTIONOFTHE@/RIENTISAlCTIONAL PROJECTIONOFTHEINTELLECTUALPOWEROFTHE7EST4HEOPPOSITEOFEV ERYTHINGTHATTHE7ESTWANTSTOBEISPROJECTEDONTOAFARAWAYLOCALE ORADISTANTTIME ANDDEEMEDTHE/RIENT3AIDDElNES/RIENTALISM SIMILARLY TO THE WAY IN WHICH ,ONERGAN AND ,EVINAS CONSIDER THE PROBLEMATIC APPROACHES OF CONCEPTUALISM AND THEMATIZATION !S ,ONERGAN EXPLAINS THAT A CONCEPTUALIST POSTURE IMPUTES BARBARISM ONTOANOTHERCULTUREMERELYBECAUSEITISDIFFERENT 3AIDSTATESTHAT THE/RIENTALISTTYPESPEOPLEASINFERIORANDTHENFRAMESTHEIRDEPRAV ITYINTERMSOFTHE/RIENTAL#ONSEQUENTLY THEh/RIENTALISIRRATIONAL DEPRAVEDFALLEN CHILDLIKE @DIFFERENTTHUSTHE%UROPEANISRATIONAL VIRTUOUS MATURE NORMALv3AID  !S,EVINASOFFERSACRITIQUE OFTHEAGGRESSIVEACTOFTHEMATIZINGSTRANGERSWITHWINDOWDRESSINGOR INlCTIONALCULTURALADORNMENT 3AIDASSERTSTHATTHE/RIENTALISTCRE ATESTHElCTIONOFINFERIORITYBYUPHOLDINGASTEREOTYPEOFTHE/THER RATHERTHANALLOWINGTHE/THERTOPRESENTHISHERDISTINCTIVESELFTO THESUBJECT3AIDARGUES )N A SENSE THE LIMITS OF /RIENTALISM ARE x THE LIMITATIONS THAT FOLLOWUPONDISREGARDING ESSENTIALIZING DENUDINGTHEHUMANITY OFANOTHERCULTURE PEOPLE ORGEOGRAPHICREGION"UT/RIENTALISM HASTAKENASTEPFURTHERTHANTHATITVIEWSTHE/RIENTASSOMETHING WHOSEEXISTENCEISNOTONLYDISPLAYEDBUTHASREMAINEDlXEDINTIME ANDPLACEFORTHE7EST 

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^4HE)SSUEOF!LTERITY



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^4HE)SSUEOF!LTERITY



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-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

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^4HE)SSUEOF!LTERITY



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^4HE)SSUEOF!LTERITY



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^4HE)SSUEOF!LTERITY



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-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

ANDhNEVER;AS=APARTICULARPERSONv /NTHEOTHERHAND THE SCHOLARISNOTONLYLIMITEDBYHERRACE BUTALLOFHERRACEISJUDGEDBY HERACTIONS&OR#OPELAND THESCHOLARINQUESTIONhBEARSTHEBURDEN OFHERRACEANDTHERACEBEARSTHEBURDENOFHERPERFORMANCEv  %VENASTHESCHOLARIN7ESTERNCIVILIZATIONISSUPPOSEDTOBETHEICON ANDAUTHORITYlGUREENTRUSTEDWITHTHETASKOFRELAYINGKNOWLEDGE OURBIASBLINDSUSTOTHESCHOLARLYROLEOFTHISPARTICULARTEACHER!S THISBLACKFEMALESCHOLARISTOEDUCATEACULTURE BIASEDNOTIONSABOUT HERRACEANDGENDERPREVENTHERFROMDOINGSO 4HEmIPSIDEOFTHISDILEMMAINVOLVESERASINGRACIALDIFFERENCEALTO GETHER3TUDYING&ANONSTHEORY CULTURALCRITIC $AVID4HEO'OLDBERG DISCUSSES HOW THE BLACK BODY IS CONSTRUCTED AS hRACIALLY MARKED v WHILE THE WHITE BODY POSES AS hRACIALLY INVISIBLEv   4HE BODIESOFWHITESPERFORMASIFTHEYARENAKED UNDRESSED PURE RACIALLY UNMARKED ANDNORMATIVE WHILEBLACKSAREMARKED COSTUMED AND DRESSEDINAHEGEMONIC STEREOTYPICALCOVERING)NTHISSCENARIO THE PERSONISATONCEASYMBOLANDANONYMOUS!SWEHAVELEARNEDFROM #OPELAND INDIVIDUALPERSONSOFCOLORSERVEASSYMBOLS ANDATTHE SAMETIME ACCORDINGTO'OLDBERG PERSONSOFCOLORASINDIVIDUALSARE RENDEREDANONYMOUS 7ITHOUT A DOUBT IT IS DANGEROUS TO CORRELATE EITHER EXPERIENCE OR BIOLOGICAL PHENOTYPE WITH ONTOLOGY 4O MEET THIS PROBLEM IN UNDERSTANDINGANTHROPOLOGY THEOLOGIANSNEEDTOENGAGEDIFFERENCE BEYONDTHESUPERlCIALCONNOTATIONSATTACHEDTOGENDERORRACE/NLY THENCANAUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITY THATIS BEINGFOR THE /THER BECOMEA REALITY!RGUABLY ,EVINASSTHOUGHTIMPLIESACRITIQUEOFESSENTIALISM &OR,EVINAS DIFFERENCEISNOTAMONOLITHICCATEGORY SUCHASFEMALE BLACK ORPOOR RATHERTHEPOSITIONOFALTERITYCONSTANTLYSHIFTS4HIS MOVEMENT COMPLICATES THE DICHOTOMOUS WAYS IN WHICH THE 7EST OFTENCONlGURESDIVERSITY PROPOSINGTHEIDEATHATSOCIETYEMERGESIN THESHIFTINGPOSITIONSOFSUBJECTIVITYANDOTHERNESS)Nh4IMEANDTHE /THER v,EVINASCOMMENTS ;)=NTHEVERYHEARTOFTHERELATIONSHIPWITHTHEOTHERTHATCHARACTERIZES OURSOCIALLIFE ALTERITYAPPEARSASANONRECIPROCALRELATIONSHIPˆTHAT IS ASCONTRASTINGSTRONGLYWITHCONTEMPORANEOUSNESS4HE/THERAS /THERISNOTONLYANALTEREGOTHE/THERISWHAT)MYSELFAMNOT 4HE/THERISTHIS NOTBECAUSEOFTHE/THERSCHARACTER PHYSIOGNOMY

^4HE)SSUEOF!LTERITY



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ONLYNORMATIVEDIMENSIONOFTHE/THERISTHERESPONSIBILITYTHATSHE PLACESONTHESUBJECTSSHOULDERS

#ONCLUSION )NTHISCHAPTER )BEGANADISCUSSIONOFDIFFERENCEINORDERTODEMONSTRATE THATSUBJECTIVITYINTHECONTEMPORARYPOSTMODERN GLOBALMILIEUIS TIEDTOALTERITY!FTERREVIEWINGTHEDElNITIONOFALTERITY )EMPHASIZED THREEWAYSINWHICHHUMANITYISCONFOUNDEDBYOTHERNESS(UMANITY ISCONFUSEDBYDIFFERENCEBECAUSEOFTHEMISUSEOFLIBERALRIGHTSLAN GUAGE THECOMMODIlCATIONOFDIFFERENCE ANDTHElCTIONALIZATIONOFA NORMATIVESUBJECTANDADEVIANT/THER4HEWAYINWHICH,ONERGANS ETHICSOFTHINKINGENCOURAGESTHESUBJECTTOTAKEEXPERIENCESERIOUSLY ANDENGAGEDIFFERENCEWASTHENBROACHEDTOCOUNTERTHESECULTURAL PROBLEMS)MMEDIATELYFOLLOWING )ASSESSED,EVINASSTREATMENTOF OTHERNESSANDQUESTIONEDTHEIMPLICATIONSOFESSENTIALISMFORPRESENT DIALOGUEABOUTGENDERANDRACE &ROMTHISSTUDY WECANIDENTIFYTHREEMAINWAYSINWHICH,ONER GANSAND,EVINASSTHOUGHTONALTERITYINTERSECTSWITHCONTEMPORARY THEOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGY&IRST THESUBJECTSATTRACTIONFORTHE/THER ISGROUNDEDINALOVEANDDESIREFORTHE/THER3ECOND CONNECTEDTO THESUBJECTSATTRACTIONTOTHE/THERARETHENOTIONSOFRELATIONSHIP AND INTERSUBJECTIVITY BOTH OF WHICH CAN BE DETECTED IN THESE TWO THINKERSSENTIMENTSONDIFFERENCE4HIRD THEREISTHEAMBIGUITY RISK ANDCHALLENGEASSOCIATEDWITHTHESUBJECTSENCOUNTERWITHOTHERNESS %VENASTHESUBJECTISAFFECTIVELYCALLEDTOAGRACEDANDGIFTEDPOSTURE OF OPENNESS IN THE MIDST OF THE /THER THIS STANCE IS FRAUGHT WITH VULNERABILITYANDINITIALIGNORANCE)TISIMPORTANTTOKEEPINMIND THATNEITHEROFTHESETHINKERSEXPLICITLYEQUATES'ODWITHTHEABSOLUTE /THERNONETHELESS THEIRCONCERNFORAGRACEDANDETHICALRELATIONSHIP BETWEENSUBJECTAND/THERIMPLORESUSTOTHINKABOUTTHECOMPLEX MATRIXOF'OD HUMANITY ANDJUSTICE

^4HE)SSUEOF!LTERITY



&IGURING3UBJECTIVITYIN0OSTMODERN #ONTEXT4HE0ROTEAN3UBJECT

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BEINGHUMAN-OREOVER )PLANTODEMONSTRATEHOWTHENARRATIVEmOW OFPROTEANISMCANAPPEALTOAPOSTMODERNSENSIBILITYWITHOUTLOSING HOPEFORASUPERNATURALEND)NDEED PROTEANISMCANBEUNDERSTOOD IN,ONERGANSWORDS ASAhDIRECTEDDYNAMISMv   4HEMOSTPRESSINGREASONFORCHOOSINGPROTEANISMASATROPE HOW EVER ISTOAVOIDAPROBLEMATICCORRELATIONBETWEENAUTHENTICITYAND SUFFERING4HIS CORRELATION SUGGESTS FALSELY THAT BEING AUTHENTICALLY HUMANINVOLVESSOMESORTOFSUFFERING3UCHLOGICCANBEFOUNDIN ,EVINASSTHOUGHTONTHESUFFERINGSERVANT  E  ASWELLASIN,ONERGANSNOTIONOFBEING IN LOVEC  ND ,EVINASOFTENCITESTHEMESCONNECTEDTOTHECALLOF)SA IAHˆTHEPROPHETWHOIMPLICITLYSPEAKSOFSUFFERINGASREDEMPTIVE ANDRESOLVESTOSHOULDERTHEBURDENSANDILLSOFTHEWORLD,EVINASS REFERENCESTO)SAIAHHIGHLIGHTTHEPASSIVITYOFTHESUBJECT THATIS THE SUBJECTSOPENNESSTOTHE/THERATALLCOSTS EVENDEATH7ITHTHETHREAT OFDANGERANDTHEREALITYOFMORTALITYINTHEETHICALRELATIONSHIPOF FACINGBETWEENSUBJECTAND/THER ITISNOTWRONGTOARGUETHATSUF FERINGISINEXTRICABLYCONNECTEDTO,EVINASSSAINTLYSUBJECTIVITY,IKE ,EVINAS ,ONERGANALSOUPHOLDSACONNECTIONBETWEENSUFFERINGAND AUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITY SPECIlCALLYASHEEMPHASIZESTHEREDEMPTIVE ANDTELEOLOGICALDIMENSIONSOFTHE#ROSS ANDTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFSELF SACRIlCIALLOVEFOROTHERS/VERALL BOTHTHINKERSMAINTAINTHEUNEASY CORRELATIONOFBEINGHUMANWITHSUFFERING 4HE THEME OF SUFFERING AS A SIGN OF AUTHENTIC SUBJECTIVITY IS NOT LIMITED TO THE *UDEO #HRISTIAN RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS -ANY MARGIN ALIZEDGROUPSEITHERVOLUNTARILYORINVOLUNTARILYSUBSCRIBETOTHEPROB LEMATICCORRELATIONBETWEENAUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITYANDSUFFERING&OR EXAMPLE INTHE5NITED3TATES THElRSTWOMENSSUFFRAGEMOVEMENTS VALORIZEDAPASSIVEANDSELF SACRIlCINGNOTIONOFSUBJECTIVITY)NTHOSE MOVEMENTS TRUEWOMENWEREMORALLYOBLIGEDTOASSUMEASACRIlCIAL SAINTLYDISPOSITION3TRIVINGFORAUTHENTICITYTHROUGHSUFFERING HOW EVER ISNOTALWAYSASVOLUNTARYASINTHECASEOFWOMENSMOVEMENTS 4HROUGHOUT!MERICANHISTORY VARIOUSCULTURALANDRACIALGROUPSHAVE BEENVIOLATEDANDFORCEDTOSACRIlCEMORETHANOTHERSDUETOSYSTEMIC FACTORS!WARETOTHEINVOLUNTARYNATUREOFSACRIlCEINSUCHSITUATIONS ITWOULDSEEMIRRESPONSIBLETOARGUETHATTHESEGROUPSWERESOMEHOW

^&IGURING3UBJECTIVITYIN0OSTMODERN#ONTEXT4HE0ROTEAN3UBJECT 

MORESACRAMENTALORTHATTHEIROPPRESSIONWASSOMEHOWCONNECTEDTO 'ODANDAUTHENTICITY7ITHTHENOTIONOFTHEPROTEANSUBJECT )lGURE NOTONLYTHESACRIlCINGSUBJECT BUTTHEOPEN EVOLVING DEVELOPING RESPONSIBLE RECOVERING RECONCILING EMBRACING HOSPITABLE RESTLESS BELIEVING SACRAMENTALSUBJECTOFPOSTMODERNITY -INEISNOTTHEONLYWORKINWHICHATHEOLOGIANHASBEENHESITANT TODESIGNATESUFFERINGASTHEDElNINGCHARACTERISTICOFAUTHENTICSUB JECTIVITY7ECANNOTIGNORETHEGROUNDBREAKINGWORKOFWOMANIST THEOLOGIAN$ELORES7ILLIAMS)N3ISTERSINTHE7ILDERNESS 7IL LIAMSEXPLAINSTHAT!FRICAN!MERICANWOMENSHOULDREFUSETOIDENTIFY THEMSELVES WITH THE SUFFERING SERVANT ROLE OF #HRIST BECAUSE THAT PARTICULARREADINGOVERDETERMINESANDREIlESTHEHISTORICALOPPRESSION OFBLACKWOMENIN7ESTERNCULTURE3HEINSISTSTHATSUFFERINGNEEDS TOBESITUATEDINTHEPRESENTCONTEXTOFPOVERTY DOMESTICVIOLENCE RACISM ANDSEXISM(ERRESEARCHPOINTSTOTHEDANGEROFROMANTICIZ ING HISTORICIZING ANDGENERALIZINGSUFFERINGATTHECOSTOFIGNORING REALPROBLEMSINSOCIETY(UMANSUFFERINGISNOTATHINGOFTHEPAST SUFFERINGPERMEATESTHEPRESENTININDIVIDUALLIVESANDCOMMUNITIES %VENASSUFFERINGISAKEYDIMENSIONOFAPERSONSEXPERIENCE STRUGGLING AGAINSTTHATSUFFERINGISALSOSIGNIlCANT"EYONDSUFFERING THEN BEING CONNECTEDTOOTHERSASTHEYCELEBRATE LOVE ANDSTRUGGLEFORHAPPINESS AREALSOIMPORTANTDIMENSIONSOFAUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITY%RODINGTHE ABSURDCORRELATIONBETWEENSUFFERINGANDSUBJECTIVITYMUSTBEDONE WITHSTEADFASTNESS ASMANYINCONSISTENCIESINTHE#HRISTIANDOCTRINE OFANTHROPOLOGYWILLBEREVEALEDWHENTHECORRELATIONISCHALLENGED &OREXAMPLE THEOLOGIANSWOULDBEPUSHEDINTOCONSIDERINGWHETHER COMMUNITYCOULDEMERGEAMIDPLEASUREANDJOY RATHERTHANINPAIN &URTHERMORE INDEMYSTIFYINGTHELINKBETWEENSUFFERINGANDBEING SOCIALINSTITUTIONSWOULDHAVETODEALWITHTHEISSUEOFWHYTHESAME GROUPSOFPEOPLESEEMTOSACRIlCEMOREOFTENTHANOTHERS )NTRINSICALLY PROTEANISMASAWAYOFINTERPRETINGANTHROPOLOGYDOES NOTDENYTHEIDEATHATSUFFERINGISPARTOFBEINGHUMAN BUTDISPROVES THENOTIONTHATSUFFERINGISTHEONLYIMPORTANTDIMENSIONOFBEINGHU MAN4RAUMAANDPAINAREREALYET THEYDONOTDElNEBEINGHUMAN ALONE0SYCHOLOGISTSKNOWTHIS FORRECOVERYISTHEPOINTOFTHERAPY #HRISTIANSKNOWTHIS FORFORGIVENESSISTHEPOINTOFRECONCILIATION



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#HANGEANDCONVERSIONINTHEMIDSTOFCONmICTIVEEMOTIONSISENDEMIC TOTHEHUMANCONDITION!SPROTEANSUBJECTS WEAREOPENEDFOROTHERS INMANYWAYS4HISGIFTEDOPENNESSFOR'ODANDOTHERSINVOLVESNOT ONLYRISK FEAR VULNERABILITY ANDPAIN BUTSECURITY LOVE CONlDENCE ANDPLEASURE)NORDERTODEVELOPADISCUSSIONOFPROTEANISM SEVERAL IDEAS NEED TO BE FURTHER UNDERSTOOD AND INTEGRATED4HE MEANING OFOPENNESSINBOTHTHE*EWISHAND#HRISTIANTRADITIONSMUSTBEEX PLOREDMORETHOROUGHLY)NEXTRICABLYCONNECTEDTOTHEINVESTIGATION OFOPENNESSISDIALOGUEABOUTFREEDOM4HECONVERSATIONCANNOTEND THERE ASISSUESOFOPENNESSANDFREEDOMNEEDTOBELINKEDTOCURRENT CONlGURATIONSOFSOLIDARITY/NLYAFTERATTENDINGTOTHESEISSUESCAN PROTEANSUBJECTIVITYlNALLYEMERGEASANINTEGRATIVETERMTHATEXPLAINS THESUBJECTASOPEN FREE ANDSOCIAL

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RELATIONSHIPSWITHOUTESSENTIALIZINGANYONEPARTICULARBODYTYPEOR CHARACTERISTIC %MBRACE WHILEPROVINGTOBEANADEQUATEPOSTUREFORBEINGOPEN TOOTHERNESS STILLFALLSSHORTONSEVERALPOINTS/NEDISADVANTAGETOTHE NOTIONOFEMBRACEISTHATFORTHEEMBRACETOBECONSTITUTEDITNEEDS TOBERECIPROCATED)NOTHERWORDS EVENTHOUGHITISASYMMETRICALIN THATSOMEONEINITIATESTHEGESTUREANDONERECEIVESTHEGESTURE THEREIS ANEXPECTATIONTHATTHEEMBRACEISRETURNED(OLDINGANOTHERPERSON ISNOTANEMBRACE RATHERTWOPERSONSHOLDINGEACHOTHERFORMSAN EMBRACE3UCHASTANCEISNOTAGIFTEDPOSTUREOFOPENNESS BUTONETHAT DEMANDSRECOGNITIONANDAPPROVAL2ECALLFROMOURPREVIOUSDISCUSSION OFGIFTANDSATISFACTIONTHATBOTH,ONERGANSAUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITYAND ,EVINASSBEINGFOR THE/THERGOESAGAINSTTHENOTIONOFRECIPROCATION ANDPAYBACK7EDONOTOPENOURSELVESFOROTHERSOUTOFOUROWN PREROGATIVEANDINEXPECTATIONOFAPAYOFF)NSTEAD WEAREOPENEDFROM WITHINFOROTHERSINTOAPOSTUREOFSURRENDER4HENOTIONOFEMBRACE HIGHLIGHTSTHEGENEROSITYANDSENSIBILITYASSOCIATEDWITHOPENNESS YET MISSESTHEGIFTEDANDIRRECONCILABLEMARKOFOPENNESS #ONTRARYTOTHENOTIONOFEMBRACE WHENWESHOULDER WEARENOT WAITINGFORARESPONSE7ESHOULDACTANDENGAGEOTHERSWITHOUTAP PRECIATIONORPOSSIBLYWITHOUTCONSENT4HISMIGHTSEEMPROBLEMATIC INTHATACTIONWITHOUTCONSENTSEEMSAGGRESSIVEANDDOMINATING"UT MOREOFTENTHANNOT IFWEREFUSETOTAKEACTIONUNLESSTHEREISCONSENT THENITISTOOLATE&ORINSTANCEINTHECASEOFDOMESTICABUSESITUA TIONS SHOULDERINGTHE/THERWOULDDEMANDTHATWEGETINVOLVEDEVEN WHENTHESITUATIONISAMBIGUOUSANDPRIVATE)NSUCHASCENARIO THERE WOULDMOSTPROBABLYBENOMOMENTATWHICHWEWOULDBEREASSURED BYTHE/THERSGRATITUDEORRECIPROCATION7EWOULDBECOMPELLEDTO RISKEVERYTHINGASGIFTFOR THE /THER 4HEREAREVARIOUSlGURESINMYTHANDCULTURETHATRELATETOTHENO TIONOFSHOULDERING)N'REEKMYTHOLOGY ITWASTHE4ITAN !TLAS WHO BORETHEBURDENOFSHOULDERINGTHEWORLDˆHISPUNISHMENTFORLOSING THEBATTLETOTHE'ODS3HOULDERINGTHEWORLDCONlNEDHISFREEDOM ANDPROHIBITEDHIMFROMAGAINREBELLINGAGAINSTTHE'ODS&ROMTHIS MYTHDEVELOPEDANUNDERSTANDINGOFFREEDOMASPOWEROVERPEOPLE ANDRESPONSIBILITYWASINTERPRETEDASABURDENANDPUNISHMENT-ANY 7ESTERNERS ESPECIALLY!MERICANS HAVEASIMILARPERSPECTIVE!MERICAN



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

INDIVIDUALISMTHRIVESONPERSONALRIGHTS BUTREFUSESTOREALIZEFULLY THE CONNECTION OF RIGHTS TO RESPONSIBILITIES .ONETHELESS WE LEARN FROMTHE*UDEO #HRISTIANWORLDVIEWTHATBEINGOBLIGATEDTOANOTHER PERSONTOTHEPOINTOFSUBSTITUTIONDOESNOTLIMITFREEDOMBUTCRE ATESAUTHENTICFREEDOM*UXTAPOSEDWITH!TLASWHOCOMPLAINSABOUT HAVINGTOBEARTHEWORLDONHISSHOULDERS #HRISTFREELYSHOULDERSTHE WORLDINONEMOMENT )NTHEPREVIOUSCHAPTERS )NOTEDTHAT#OPELAND A,ONERGANSCHOLAR CALLS#HRISTIANSTOSHOULDERONEANOTHERINANACTOFSOLIDARITY AND REFERENCEDTHEWAYINWHICH,EVINASSPEAKSABOUTTHEWEIGHTONONES SHOULDERS 4HIS WEIGHT OVERDETERMINES THE SUBJECTS INDEPENDENCE FROMANDSOLIDARITYWITHANOTHERPERSON,EVINAS  ,EVINAS SEEMSTOABANDONTHISEXPLANATIONOFSUBJECTIVITYINHISLATERWORK .ONETHELESS ,EVINASIANSCHOLARS SUCHAS,INGIS CONTINUETODEVELOP ,EVINASSNOTIONOFSUBJECTIVITY4HEYIMPLYTHATTHESUBJECTISOPEN ANDVULNERABLETOOTHERSINTERMSOFAPOSTUREOFSHOULDERING BEAR INGTHEWEIGHTOFANOTHERPERSONSBURDEN!SMETAPHORANDSYMBOL OFBEINGOPENEDFOROTHERS SHOULDERINGHIGHLIGHTSTHERELATIONALAND EMBODIEDCHARACTEROFBEINGHUMANASILLUSTRATEDIN,ONERGANSAND ,EVINASSWORK )NTHEABOVESECTION *EWISHAND#HRISTIANROOTSOFOPENNESSWERE EXPLORED4HETHEOLOGICALANDTHEORETICALCONTRIBUTIONSOF,ONERGAN AND,EVINASWERECALLEDUPONTOEXPRESSTHEWAYINWHICHOPENNESS MARKS THE GIFTED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBJECT AND /THER .OTING THATOPENNESSISBEINGEXPLOREDINCONTEMPORARYTHEOLOGY )FURTHER EXPLAINEDTHEADVANTAGESOFlGURINGOPENNESSINTERMSOFSHOULDERING /BVIOUSLY THE NOTION OF BEING FOR OTHERS IN TERMS OF OPENNESS IS COMPLICATED BY INTERSUBJECTIVE RELATIONS WHICH WE WILL INVESTIGATE FORTHEREMAINDEROFTHISCHAPTER

^&IGURING3UBJECTIVITYIN0OSTMODERN#ONTEXT4HE0ROTEAN3UBJECT 

 4HE#ONNECTIONBETWEEN/PENNESSAND &REEDOM )MPLIEDINTHECONVERSATIONABOUTTHESUBJECTSOPENNESSTOOTHERNESS ISTHEQUESTIONOFFREEDOM7HENFACEDWITHTHECALLTOOPENONESELF INHOSPITALITYORCHARITY THESUBJECTMUSTSTRUGGLEWITHCHOICES WITH HISHERFREEDOM)NINTERSUBJECTIVERELATIONS THERESEEMSTOBEATENSION BETWEENONESDESIRETOBEFOROTHERSANDONESDESIRETOBEFORSELF)N THE7ESTERNCONTEXT THISTENSIONREGARDINGFREEDOMISOFTENFRAMED INTERMSOFRIGHTSANDPOWER&REEDOMHEREISGEAREDTOWARDSELFAND OFTENISOBTAINEDATTHEEXPENSEOFOTHERS%XTREMEINSTANCESOFSUCH FREEDOMCANBELOCATEDINTHEVIOLENTCONQUERINGOFOTHERCULTURES &URTHERMORE COMMONSENSEKNOWLEDGEABOUT!MERICANDEMOCRACY HAS PROBLEMATICALLY CONmATED FREEDOM WITH COMPETITION AND INDI VIDUALISM2ELYINGONTHEINSIGHTSOFBOTH,ONERGANAND,EVINAS ) WILLDEPARTFROMTHESESOMEWHATSKEWEDINTERPRETATIONSOFFREEDOM ANDWILLTRANSITIONFROMTHINKINGABOUTFREEDOMASAPOSSESSIONOFTHE SUBJECTTOTHINKINGABOUTITASAGIFTTHATENACTSRIGHTRELATIONS &OR,ONERGAN FREEDOMISENACTEDINDECISION INPRAXIS+NOWING ACCOUNTSNOTONLYFORTHESUBJECTSEXPERIENCING UNDERSTANDING AND JUDGING BUTALSOFORHISHERDECIDING4HESUBJECTSFREEANDACTIVE ENGAGEMENTOFTHEWORLDOCCURSONTHEFOURTHLEVELOFCONSCIOUSNESS RATIONAL SELF CONSCIOUSNESS DELIBERATION AND ACTION &REEDOM FROM EGOISM SURFACES IN THE HUMAN BEINGS ENGAGEMENT OF THE WORLD AS hCONTINGENCETHATARISESxINTHEORDEROFTHESPIRIT OFINTELLIGENTGRASP RATIONALREmECTION ANDMORALLYGUIDEDWILLv,ONERGAN   #LEARLYFOR,ONERGAN FREEDOMMUSTALWAYSBEREALIZEDINRELATIONTO SOMETHINGLARGERTHANTHEPERSON INRESPONSETOPROGRESS ORDER AND THEHUMANGOOD&REEDOMISUNDERSTOODASLIBERTYWHENITSLEADSTO PROGRESS ANDANYTHINGLESSISEVIDENCEOFBIASTHATLEADSTODECLINE ,ONERGANFRAMESFREEDOMINTERMSOFPROGRESSANDDEVELOPMENT IMPLICITLYPOSINGTELEOLOGICALIMPLICATIONS)NOTHERWORDS FREEDOMIS DIRECTEDTOWARDANEND AlNALITY4HISlNALITYISBOTHlNITE WHICHHE CALLSHORIZONTALlNALITY ANDINlNITE WHICHHENAMESVERTICALlNALITY )NANESSAYENTITLED h-ISSIONAND3PIRIT v,ONERGANREFERSTOHORIZONTAL



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

lNALITYASACONCRETEENDORTHATWHICHMEETSONESIMMEDIATENEEDS   6ERTICALlNALITYISMORECOMPLEX)TREACHESTOWARDGOOD NESSANDENACTSTRANSCENDENCE6ERTICALlNALITYISEXTREMELYIMPORTANT TO,ONERGANSTHOUGHTBECAUSEITOPENSSUBJECTIVITYTOBEINGFOR'OD AND OTHERS4HE SUPERNATURAL GRACE REACHED FOR IN VERTICAL lNALITY EQUIPSUSWITHTHEFREEDOMANDPOWERTOSTRUGGLEAGAINSTDECLINEAND MOVETOWARDPROGRESS(UMANDESIREFORLOVEANDRELATIONSHIPISTHE GROUNDFROMWHICHFREEDOMSPRINGSFORTH)NBEING IN LOVE WITH 'OD AND IN RIGHT RELATIONS WITH OTHERS HUMAN BEINGS ARE FREE TO MOVE FORWARD%VENASTHISFORWARDMOVEMENTISIMAGINEDINTERMSOFGOALS ANDENDS ITSHOULDNOTBEUNDERSTOODASHEGEMONIC TOTALIZING OR SINGULAR/NTHECONTRARY ,ONERGANEXPLAINSTHEENDASMULTIVALENT ANDCOMPLEX  )T IS NOT TOO STRONG TO SUGGEST THAT ,ONERGANS INTERPRETATION OF FREEDOMISINEXTRICABLYLINKEDTOHISDISCUSSIONOFTHEOPENNESSOF THESUBJECT!UTHENTIC OPENSUBJECTIVITYEMERGESINKNOWING ACTING ANDLOVINGFOROTHERS&REEDOMISNOTUNDERSTOODININDIVIDUALISTIC TERMS BUTINRELATIONTOTHEHUMANGOOD(ENCE FREEDOMCANNOTBE ISOLATEDFROMTHECOMMUNITY BUTISBORNINCOMMUNITY)NANALMOST MYSTICALSENSE FREEDOMEMERGESINTHEMIDSTOFALTERITY"YENGAGING THOSETHATAREDIFFERENTFROMUS WEBECOMEFREE&ROMTHESEIDEAS IT ISEVIDENTTHAT,ONERGANISCOGNIZANTOFTHEDANGEROFABUSINGONES FREEDOM(EREALIZESTHATIFONEACTSFORONESELFONLY ESPECIALLYINTHE FACEOFOTHERS THENSUCHFREEDOMCOULDDETERIORATEINTOEGOISMAND HUBRIS4HEPERVERSIONOFLIBERTYCANBECLASSIlEDUNDERTHEAUSPICES OFSOCIALDECLINEANDALIENATIONFROM'ODANDCOMMUNITY ,IKE,ONERGAN ,EVINASPROBLEMATIZESTHEABUSESOFFREEDOMAND WORRIES THAT FREEDOM HAS BECOME DISCONNECTED FROM THE QUESTION OFJUSTICE)TISNOTSURPRISING THEN THATINh4HE/LDANDTHE.EWv ,EVINASCOMMENTSONTHECORRUPTEDCHARACTEROFFREEDOMINMODERNITY ONTHEhCRISISOFHUMANFREEDOM POWER ANDKNOWLEDGE AREVERSALOF TECHNOLOGICALPOWERINTOENSLAVEMENTv  4HISENSLAVEMENT 

4HENOTIONOFFREEDOMISPREVALENTNOTONLYIN,ONERGANSTHOUGHT BUTINTHEWORK OFHISREADERSASWELL&ORANANALYSISOFTHECONNECTIONSIN,ONERGANSTHOUGHT AMONGFREEDOM COMMUNITY ANDJUSTICE SEE,AMB &ORAGLIMPSEINTO ,ONERGANS CRITIQUE OF THE ABUSES OF POWER AND FREEDOM IN MODERNITY SEE 2 -ICHAEL#LARK 

^&IGURING3UBJECTIVITYIN0OSTMODERN#ONTEXT4HE0ROTEAN3UBJECT 

ISWHAT,ONERGANREFERSTOINHISDISCUSSIONOFBIASEDDECISIONSLEADING TOREGRESSANDDECLINE5NLIKE,ONERGAN HOWEVER ,EVINASDOESNOT READTHENOTIONOFFREEDOMINTERMSOFDECISION!LTERNATIVELY ,EVINAS PRIVILEGESTHEETHICALRELATIONOFFACINGFOR THE /THERASAJUSTICETHAT ISANTERIORTODECISIONALFREEDOM %VENAS,EVINASINTERPRETSTHEFACEASINEXTRICABLYCONNECTEDTOFREE DOMANDRESPONSIBILITY HEREFUSESTOCORRELATEFREEDOMWITHDECISION "EFOREANYONESPERSONALFREEDOMISTHEFACEOFTHE/THERˆTHEFACE WHICHDIRECTSONESFREEDOM)NATTEMPTINGTOEMPHASIZETHEHOSTAGE SITUATIONTHATARISESINTHEFACEOFTHE/THERANDORTHETRACEOFTHE )NlNITE ,EVINASARGUESINh4IMEANDTHE/THERvTHAThTHESUBJECTS MASTERYOVEREXISTING THEEXISTENTSSOVEREIGNTY INVOLVESADIALECTICAL REVERSALx4HISISITSGREATPARADOXAFREEBEINGISALREADYNOLONGER FREE BECAUSEITISRESPONSIBLEFORITSELF v  ,IKE,ONERGAN ,EVINASREWRITESFREEDOMTOBEmOWINGFROMONESOBLIGATIONFOROTHERS )NDEED THEHUMANPERSONBECOMESSUBJECTINBEINGFOROTHERS5NLIKE THE'REEKVIEWOFFREEDOMASBEINGFORONESELFORFORTHEPOLIS FOR ,EVINAS FREEDOMISBORNINCOMMUNITY0ARADOXICALLY RESPONSIBILITY ISNOTABURDENTOBEREPUDIATED BUTTHEVERYMARKOFONESSEPARATION ANDCONNECTIONTOOTHERS &ROMTHEABOVEDISCUSSIONOFFREEDOM THESIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCES BETWEENTHETHOUGHTOF,ONERGANAND,EVINASSHOULDBEAPPARENT 5NLIKE,ONERGANWHOHASTHEPOSSIBILITYOFINTERPRETINGFREEDOMIN TERMSOFGRACE ,EVINASMAINTAINSTHATFREEDOMISALWAYSAFTERJUSTICE &OR,ONERGAN THEBELIEVERISINFUSEDWITHGRACESUPERNATURALLY AND THUSORIENTEDTORIGHTRELATIONSWITH'ODANDOTHERS7HILEFOR,EVINAS EVENTHOUGHTHEREISANINFUSIONOFTHE)NlNITEINTOTHEHUMANPER SON THISINFUSIONHASNOTHINGTODOWITHTHENEARNESSOF#HRISTAND EVERYTHINGTODOWITHTHE)NlNITYOFTHE/THER*USTAS,EVINASHASAN AMBIGUOUSRELATIONSHIPTOTHEMERITSOFREASON HEISHESITANTTOEMBRACE THENOTIONOFFREEDOM MOSTPROBABLYBECAUSEOFHISFRUSTRATIONWITH POSITIVISTTHEOLOGY,EVINASAPPEARSTOBEBOUNDTOACOMMONSENSE NOTIONOFFREEDOMINWHICHTHEHUMANBEINGLIVESFORSELFORINWHICH THEPERSONMASTERSANDCOLONIZESOTHERS)TISNOTTOOSTRONGTOSUGGEST THATFOR,EVINAS MASTERYISAPERVERSEFORMOFFREEDOMˆLIBERTYTAKEN TOANEXTREME WHICHCOSTSTHELIVESOFOTHERS



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^&IGURING3UBJECTIVITYIN0OSTMODERN#ONTEXT4HE0ROTEAN3UBJECT 

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)NTERMSOFPERFORMATIVITY ,IFTONSNOTIONOFTHEPROTEANSELFCANBE READAGAINTOEMPLOYTHERHETORICOF-ERLEAU 0ONTY ASACHANGING BODY SUBJECT ANAGINGBODY SUBJECT ANAILINGBODY SUBJECT APEACEFUL BODY SUBJECT ADYINGBODY SUBJECT ASACRAMENTALBODY SUBJECT EACH OFWHOMHAVEMEMORIES NARRATIVES ANDSUBPLOTS!SBODY SUBJECT THE PERSON ENGAGES HISHER AGENCY IN ORDER TO MAKE CHOICES THAT AFFECT HISHER PERFORMANCE OF AUTHENTIC SUBJECTIVITY4HROUGH SUCH PERFORMATIVESUBJECTIVITY THEHUMANPERSONSTRUGGLESINTHESHADOW ANDTHELIGHTOFTHEIMAGEOF'ODTODEVELOPHISHERSELF TORE CREATE AUTHENTICITY"YBEINGRESPONSIBLEONTHEINDIVIDUALLEVELASWELLAS INTHECOMMUNALSPHERE THESUBJECTWRITESHISHERSELFASAUTHENTIC 4HISNOTIONOFPERFORMINGORWRITINGONESELFASSUBJECTWASPREVI OUSLYMENTIONEDIN#HAPTER&OUR4HERE)ARGUEDTHAT,EVINASSAND )RIGARAYSWRITINGSARENOTESSENTIALIST SINCETHEYWORKTORE CREATETHE

^&IGURING3UBJECTIVITYIN0OSTMODERN#ONTEXT4HE0ROTEAN3UBJECT 

MEANINGOFTHETERMS@BODYAND@WOMANASTHEYWRITEABOUTTHEM 3IMILARLY ACCORDINGTO,IFTONSPROTEANSELFHOOD THESUBJECTRE CRE ATESHIMHERSELFASSHELIVES!SPERFORMATIVE ,IFTONSSUBJECTISTHE HOLISTICFREEPERSONABLETOACTRESPONSIBLYINMINDANDBODY4HE PROTEANVIRTUEOFTHISSUBJECTISOPEN CHANGING SHIFTING EVOLVING ORGANIC ANDPERFORMATIVE 0ROTEANSUBJECTIVITYINTEGRATESMANYOFTHEINSIGHTSGLEANEDFROM ,ONERGANSTHEOLOGYAND,EVINASSTHEORY&IRST ,ONERGANSTHOUGHT SHOWSTHATWEAREALWAYSCREATINGOURSELVES7ALTER#ONNEXPLAINSTHE DEVELOPMENTALORPROTEANCHARACTEROF,ONERGANSSUBJECTIVITYINTERMS OFMORALCONVERSION   -ORALCONVERSIONSHIFTSAPERSONS DECISION MAKINGPROCESSFROMSATISFACTIONTOVALUEINORDERTOHIGH LIGHTTHESELF DEVELOPINGDIMENSIONOFBEINGHUMAN)NEVERYDECISION TOWARDAUTHENTICLIVING THESUBJECTISCAPABLEOFhBETTERKNOWLEDGE AND FULLER RESPONSIBILITYv #ONN   ,ONERGANS CONNECTION WITH ,IFTONDOESNOTENDWITHMORALCONVERSION0ROTEANISMUNDERSCORES HOWWERELATETOPEOPLEONTHEBASISOFFEELINGS INTERMSOFAFFECTIVITY !SWECANINTERPRETFROMHISWRITINGSONGIFTANDLOVE ,ONERGANIS QUITEINTERESTEDINTHEFEELINGSTHATUNDERGIRDINTERSUBJECTIVITY EVEN IF HIS LANGUAGE FAILS TO MAKE THAT FACT PLAIN 3IMILAR TO THE WAY IN WHICH,ONERGANEXPLAINSEACHPERSONTOHAVETHESAMEPOTENTIALFOR KNOWING ACTING ANDLOVING ,IFTONCLAIMSTHATEACHPERSONHASTHE POTENTIALFORRESILIENCEINTHEAREASOFCOGNITION WILL ANDAFFECTION 0ROTEANISMCAPTURESTHECHANGEOFHEART WHICH,ONERGANATTEMPTSTO EMPHASIZEINHISDISCUSSIONOFCONVERSIONANDTRANSCENDENCE,ASTLY JUSTAS,ONERGANEXPLAINSTHATEACHHUMANBEING ALBEITBOUNDBY ONEHUMANNATURE HASADISTINCTIVEPERSONALNARRATIVEORDRAMATIC PATTERN ,IFTONASSERTSTHATEACHRESILIENTSELFISEMBEDDEDINACONTEXT AND HISTORY ,IFTON WRITES h7HAT WE CALL THE SELFˆONES INCLUSIVE SENSEORSYMBOLIZATION OFONESBEINGˆISENORMOUSLYSENSITIVETO THEmOWOFHISTORYv  ,IKE,ONERGAN ,EVINASISATTENTIVETOTHEPARTICULARITYOFHISTORYAND CONTEXT NEVERTHELESS,EVINASDEPARTSFROMANEXPLICITACCOUNTOFTHE DEVELOPMENTALCHARACTEROFSUBJECTIVITY)NDEED ,EVINASSDESCRIPTION OFSUBJECTIVITYISAPOCALYPTICANDPROPHETIC INTHATBETWEENEACHMO MENTTHESUBJECTISDISPLACEDFORANOTHERPERSON4HUS THEREISNO LINEARNARRATIVETOEXPLAINTHESUBJECTSJOURNEY4HISDOESNOTMEAN



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

THAT,EVINASSINTERPRETATIONOFBEINGHUMANIGNORESHISTORYORCONTEXT FORTHESUBJECTSRELATIONSTOOTHERSISALWAYSSITUATIONAL.ONETHELESS HISINTERPRETATIONOFSUBJECTIVITYASWAITINGFORANOTHERCOMPLICATESTHE WAYINWHICHWEMIGHTSPEAKOFASUBJECTSDEVELOPMENTALORPROTEAN POTENTIAL3IGNIlCANTLY ,EVINASEVENMAKESAKEYREFERENCETO0ROTEUS IN4OTALITYAND)NlNITY  (EREJECTSTHE0ROTEANMODEOF BEINGINFAVOROFANUNDERSTANDINGOFBEINGTHATISTIEDTOOTHERSIN TERMSOFFECUNDITY)NORDERTOGETAHANDLEON,EVINASSTHOUGHTSHERE ITMAYPROVEHELPFULTOTURNTOTHETEXTINQUESTION)NTHESECTIONIN WHICHHEELABORATESONFECUNDITY ,EVINASWRITES 4HEDIVERSEFORMS0ROTEUSASSUMESDONOTLIBERATEHIMFROMHIS IDENTITY)NFECUNDITYTHETEDIUMOFTHISREPETITIONCEASESx&E CUNDITYCONTINUESHISTORYWITHOUTPRODUCINGOLDAGE)NlNITETIME DOESNOTBRINGANETERNALLIFETOANAGINGSUBJECTITISBETTERACROSS THEDISCONTINUITYOFGENERATIONS PUNCTUATEDBYTHEINEXHAUSTIBLE YOUTHSOFTHECHILD 

4HISSEEMINGLYCOMPLICATEDRHETORICISACTUALLYQUITESTRAIGHTFORWARD ,EVINASWANTSTOEXPLAINTHATFECUNDITYISNOTMERELYANEXTENSIONOF ONESLIFE BUTABIRTHOFNEWANDDIVERSEPERSPECTIVES PERSONS AND RELATIONSHIPS7HATISMORE HEDEMONSTRATESTHATWHATISSIGNIlCANTFOR HISAPOCALYPTICANDPROPHETICESCHATOLOGYISNOTTHECHANGEFROMONE PARADIGMTOANOTHER BUTTHEEMERGENCEOFNEWANDOTHERNARRATIVES 7HATWELEARNFROMTHISPASSAGEISTHAT,EVINASISMORECONCERNED WITHCLARIFYINGHISINTERPRETATIONOFRELATIONSHIPANDCOMMUNITYIN HISTORYTHANWITHCONSTRUCTINGANANTHROPOLOGICALMODEL -YINTERPRETATIONOFPROTEANISMDIFFERSFROM,EVINASSASSUMPTIONS ABOUT0ROTEUSFORTWOREASONS&IRST MYDISCUSSIONOFPROTEANISMISSET DIRECTLYWITHINACONTEXTOFTHEOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGY WHILE,EVINASS REFERENCETO0ROTEUSCANBEUNDERSTOODINRELATIONTOHISCRITIQUEOF A HEGEMONIC AND TOTALIZING READING OF HISTORY !LTHOUGH ,EVINASS WRITINGS SPECIlCALLY/THERWISETHAN"EING GIVERISETOIMPLICATIONS FORANYINTERPRETATIONOFBEINGHUMANINPOSTMODERNITY OVERALLHIS LIFESWORKDOESNOTAIMATCONSTRUCTINGANANTHROPOLOGY4HUS INHIS REFERENCETOTHEINADEQUACIESOFAPROTEANLOGIC ,EVINASSOUNDSMORE LIKEHEISGRAPPLINGWITHHISTORYANDGRANDNARRATIVE THANREALIZING THERESPONSIBILITYOFBEINGHUMAN(ERE ,YOTARDSINSIGHTSABOUTTHE

^&IGURING3UBJECTIVITYIN0OSTMODERN#ONTEXT4HE0ROTEAN3UBJECT 

CRUSHINGWEIGHTOFGRANDNARRATIVECANHELPmESHOUT,EVINASSPROBLEMS WITHAPROTEANINTERPRETATIONOFHISTORY/NECOULDCOMPARE,EVINASS CRITIQUEOFTHETRANSFORMATIVEANDTOTALIZINGCHARACTEROFPROTEANHIS TORYTO,YOTARDSEXPLANATIONOFTHELIBIDINALBAND,YOTARDA  3ECONDLY )BELIEVEINTERPRETINGMYDISCUSSIONOFPROTEANISMWITHIN THECONTEXTOFACONSTRUCTIVETHEOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGYWOULDBECOM PATIBLEWITH,EVINASSOVERALLCONCERNSFORRESPONSIBILITYFOROTHERS) EMPLOYTHENOTIONOFPROTEANISM NOTSOTHATTHESUBJECTCANFREELYAND AGGRESSIVELYCONTROLHIMHERSELFTOAVOIDRESPONSIBILITY BUTTOACCENT THECONSTRUCTED DEVELOPMENTAL ANDSHIFTINGPOSITIONOFTHESUBJECT 4HESUBJECTISPROTEAN THATIS ISTRANSFORMEDTOOPENNESSONLYINTHE PRESENCEOFALTERITY INCLUDINGTHEDIVINE/THER4HISINTERPRETATION OFPROTEANISMACKNOWLEDGES,EVINASSCRITIQUEOFATOTALIZINGHISTORY ANDEXPOUNDSONHISCONCERNFORARESPONSIBLESUBJECTIVITY!SSUCH PROTEANISMREJECTSTHE(EIDEGGERIANAND,ACANIANEMPHASISONSELF ATTHECOSTOFOTHERS ,IFTONS WORK IS APPEALING FOR MANY REASONS !LREADY WE HAVE GRASPEDTHATHISPSYCHOLOGICALDISCUSSIONOFPROTEANISMDEALS BOTH WITHQUESTIONSOFSUFFERINGANDPLEASURE2EMEMBERFROMOUREXPLO RATIONOF,EVINASIANETHICSTHATTHECATEGORIESOFPLEASUREANDDESIRE AREPRIVILEGEDOVERSATISFACTIONORUSE#ONSTRUCTIVETHEOLOGYINTHE NEWMILLENNIUMMUSTEXPLORETHEIMPLICATIONSOFJOYASWELLASPAIN FOR THAT WHICH BRINGS US HAPPINESS IS BECOMINGLY INCREASINGLY DIF lCULTTOASCERTAININTHECONTEMPORARYWORLD-OREOVER THEWAYIN WHICH,IFTONFRAMESPROTEANISMINTERMSOFNARRATIVEAPPEALSBOTHTO MODERNANDPOSTMODERNSENSIBILITIES-ODERNPERSONSCANUPHOLDTHE EVOLUTIONARYIMPULSEANDDEVELOPMENTALDIMENSIONOFPROTEANISM WHILEPOSTMODERNSCANAPPRECIATETHENARRATIVEFORMANDPLURALISTPOS SIBILITIESOFPROTEANSUBJECTIVITY%VENTHOUGH,IFTONSTHEORYEMERGES WITHINAPSYCHOLOGICALPARADIGM ITDOESNOTNEEDTOBECUTOFFFROM QUESTIONS OF EXISTENTIAL MEANING AND RELIGION &OR 'OD INVITES THE PERSONINTOPROTEANBEING THATIS INTOBEINGOPENTOTHERISKSOFSELF /THER ANDCOMMUNITY



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

#ONCLUSION )N THIS CHAPTER ) EXAMINED THE MEANING OF OPENNESS FROM SEVERAL PERSPECTIVES4HE*UDEO #HRISTIANRENDITIONSOFOPENNESSINTERMSOF HOSPITALITYANDCHARITYWEREEMPHASIZEDASWAYSOFREMEMBERINGWHAT ITMEANSTOBEHUMANINCOMMUNITYWITHOTHERSAND'OD,ONERGAN AND,EVINASWERECALLEDUPONTOmESHOUTMODERNANDPOSTMODERN EXPRESSIONS OF OPENNESS FREEDOM AND SOLIDARITY 7E lND IN BOTH THINKERSWORKTHETHEMEOFSUFFERINGONBEHALFOFANOTHER)NANDOF ITSELF BEINGFOROTHERSISADMIRABLE"UTTHEWAYINWHICHSUFFERINGHAS BEENCONlGUREDBYANDFORMARGINALIZEDGROUPSISREASONTOQUESTION THEIMPLICATIONSOFSUFFERINGFORANOTIONOFAUTHENTICSUBJECTIVITY)N ORDERTOAVOIDTHETRAPSOFASUFFERINGSERVANTIDEOLOGY )INTRODUCED THENOTIONOFPROTEANSUBJECTIVITY0ROTEANSUBJECTIVITYNOTONLYTAKES INTOACCOUNTTHESUFFERINGASPECTOFBEINGHUMAN BUTALSOINCLUDESTHE REMEMBERING DEVELOPING CHANGING HEALING FORGIVING CELEBRATORY ANDSACRAMENTALDIMENSIONSOFBEINGHUMAN7HEREAS,IFTONUNDER STANDSTHESELFASPROTEANANDMALLEABLEINRELATIONTOTRAUMA )WANT TOEXTENDTHATMALLEABILITYTOOTHERDIMENSIONSOFHUMANEXISTENCE ASWELL SUCHASINRELATIONTOFRIENDSHIP LOVE ANDJOY )NDEED THElGUREOFTHEPROTEANSUBJECTHOLDSINTENSIONMANYOF THEMESANDISSUESTHATHAVEEMERGEDINTHISDIALOGUEBETWEEN,ONERGAN AND,EVINAS&IRSTANDFOREMOST PROTEANISMCAPTURESTHEUNAVOIDABLE INTERSUBJECTIVECONNECTIONBETWEENSUBJECTAND/THER3ECOND THE lGUREOFPROTEANISMHIGHLIGHTSANOTIONOFOPENNESS WHICHCANNOTBE POSSESSEDBYANYONESUBJECT BUTRATHERISEFFECTEDBYTHEENCOUNTER WITHTHE/THER4HUS IMPLICITINTHECONVERSATIONONOPENNESSISAN ATTENTIONTOITSmUIDITYANDDYNAMISM4HESUBJECTSRECEPTIONOFTHE /THERINTHISmUIDANDDYNAMICPROCESSISNOTSTATICORMECHANICAL BUT CHANGINGANDEMBODIED4HIRD PROTEANISMCAPTURESTHEBOUNDARIES BETWEENSUBJECTAND/THERASWELLASTHEINTENSEINTIMACYBETWEEN SUBJECT AND /THER 0UT ANOTHER WAY PROTEANISM UNDERSCORES THE RELATIONAL INTERSUBJECTIVEQUALITYOFBEINGHUMANTHATISDISTINCTIVE TO,ONERGANSAND,EVINASSPROJECTS3HOULDERINGWASPROPOSEDASA HEURISTIC FOR DEEPENING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THESUBJECTFORTHE/THERBEYONDTHEGENDEREDLANGUAGEFOUNDINTHE RHETORICOF,EVINASASWELLASINCERTAINECCLESIALSITUATIONS0ROTEANISM

^&IGURING3UBJECTIVITYIN0OSTMODERN#ONTEXT4HE0ROTEAN3UBJECT 

BUILDSONTHENOTIONOFSHOULDERING!SPROTEANSUBJECTS WEEMERGE ASPERSONSABLETOSHOULDERONEANOTHER&OURTH PROTEANISMACCOUNTS NOTONLYFORRESPONSIBILITYTOOTHERS BUTALSOFORMAINTENANCEOFOUR SELVES ANACTIVITYTHATISOFTENOBSCUREDBY,EVINASSPREOCCUPATION WITHTHE/THER-YGOALINTHEDISCUSSIONOFPROTEANISMISNOTTOLIMIT THEPOSSIBILITIESOFBEINGHUMANBYCONSTRUCTINGACONCEPTORIDEAL INSTEAD MYINTENTIONISTOHIGHLIGHTTHECOMPLEXITYOFOPENNESSINTHE CONTEMPORARYCONTEXT/PENNESSNOTONLYINVOLVESOBLIGATORYRELATION SHIPSFOROTHERS BUTALSOAREEXAMINATIONOFSELF/PENNESSNECESSITATES ATRANSCENDENCETHATISSENSITIVETOTHEPRESENTNEEDSOFOTHERSASWELL ASTOTHEHISTORYANDEVENTSOFTHEPAST0ROTEANSUBJECTIVITYWITHITS EMPHASISONRESILIENCEACCOUNTSFORSUCHOPENNESS

#ONCLUSION

4

HROUGHOUT THIS STUDY ) HAVE INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEENSUBJECTAND/THERINAPOSTMODERNCONTEXT7HEN) SAYPOSTMODERNCONTEXT )REFERTOTHEPLURALISTICSOCIETYIN WHICHWELIVE ANENVIRONMENTTHATISSHAPEDBYBOTHSECULARAND RELIGIOUSATTITUDES)HAVEATTEMPTEDTOSHOWTHATINTHISGLOBAL DI VERSEMILIEU #HRISTIANTHEOLOGIANSNEEDTOENGAGEQUESTIONSOFHOW TOBEHUMANINTHEMIDSTOFCHANGEANDAMBIGUITY)NMYRESEARCH )HAVEILLUSTRATEDHOWDIFFERENCEANDIDENTITYHAVEBEENTERRIBLYMIS CONSTRUED PARTICULARLYBUTNOTEXCLUSIVELYBYTHE7ESTINITSADUM BRATIONOFMODERNITY)NREACTIONTOTHISCONFUSIONOVERDIFFERENCE ) HAVE SHOWN THAT CONTEMPORARY CONTINENTAL THEORISTS INCLUDING %MMANUEL,EVINAS HAVEFOCUSEDTHEIRATTENTIONONTHECOMPLEXITY OFALTERITY&URTHERMORE INMYANALYSIS )ASSUMETHATCONTEMPORARY THEOLOGIANSSHOULDFOLLOWANDEXPANDTHISTHEORETICALLEAD)MPOR TANTLY ATHEOLOGICALINTERPRETATIONOFALTERITYINAPOSTMODERNMILIEU MUSTAVOIDNIHILISTICCONCLUSIONS THESEEDSOFWHICHAREEMBEDDED INCONTEMPORARYCONTINENTALTHOUGHT(ENCE )MADEITPLAINTHAT #HRISTIANTHEOLOGIANSNEEDTOIMAGINEWAYSOFBEINGHOSPITABLETO DIFFERENCEWITHOUTLEAVINGALLHOPEOFJUSTICEBEHIND)ARGUEDTHAT THENOTIONOFOPENNESSCOULDFUNCTIONASABRIDGEBETWEENTHEORETICAL ANDTHEOLOGICALCONCERNSFORDIFFERENCEANDJUSTICE /PENNESS INTHISINVESTIGATION WASCONlGUREDINANUMBEROFWAYS %MPLOYINGTHEWORKOF,ONERGAN ,EVINAS AND$ERRIDA OPENNESS WASFRAMEDINTERMSOFGIFT4HEOPENDISPOSITIONOFTHESUBJECTWAS NOTEDASGIFTEDBECAUSEITISEXCESSIVE BEYONDRETRIBUTION/PENNESS WASALSOCONTEXUALIZEDWITHIN*EWISHAND#HRISTIANTHOUGHTINORDER TOEMPHASIZETHESUBJECTSRECEPTIONOFTHE/THERASHOSPITABLEAND CHARITABLE4HEOPENANDRECEPTIVEPOSTUREOFTHESUBJECTWASTHEN MADECORPOREALTHROUGHTHENOTIONOFSHOULDERING)PROPOSEDTHE METAPHOROFSHOULDERINGTOCONVEYTHEIMMEDIACYOFTHESUBJECTS COMMUNALOBLIGATIONFOROTHERS WITHOUTRELYINGONINSIDIOUSGENDER



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

STEREOTYPES3HOULDERINGWASSHOWNTOBECONSISTENTWITH,ONERGANIAN AND,EVINASIANTRAJECTORIESOFTHOUGHT"ESIDESDESCRIBINGTHESUBJECT ASOPENTOOTHERSINTHEPRAXISOFSHOULDERING )ATTEMPTEDTOlGURE ANDNAMETHISOPEN RECEPTIVE SAINTLYSUBJECTWHOSHOULDERSOTHERS) CONSIDEREDTHEIDEATHATSHEISSIMILARTOTHESUFFERINGSERVANTFOUND INTHE*UDEO #HRISTIANTRADITION9ET )CONCLUDEDTHAT EVENTHOUGH THEPROCESSOFlGURINGSUBJECTIVITYINPOSTMODERNITYMUSTENGAGETHE QUESTIONSOFSELF SURRENDERANDSACRIlCE ATTENDINGTOISSUESOFBEING HUMANOUGHTTOENCOMPASSOTHERDIMENSIONSOFHUMANITYASWELL&OR INSTANCE NORMATIVESUBJECTIVITYMUSTCONSIDERTHERESILIENTCHARACTEROF SUBJECTIVITYINADDITIONTOTHESUFFERINGDIMENSION)NORDERTOAVOID THETRAPOFVALORIZINGTHENOTIONOFTHESUFFERINGSERVANT )ACCENTED THETROPEOFPROTEANSUBJECTIVITYTOHIGHLIGHTTHEOPEN RESPONSIBLE CHANGING SOCIAL ANDLOVINGSUBJECTOFPOSTMODERNITY)TISPERHAPS SOMEWHATIRONICTHAT)CALLEDUPONASPECTEROFTHE'REEKS (OMERS 0ROTEUS TOEXPLAINTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFOPENNESSINTHE*UDEO #HRISTIAN TRADITION )NMYENDEAVORTOEXPLAINBEINGHUMANINAPOSTMODERN PLURALIST CONTEXT MANYQUESTIONSREMAINUNANSWERED)NTHISlNALCHAPTER ) IDENTIFYTWOAVENUESFORFURTHERRESEARCH&IRST )ENCOURAGETHEOLOGIANS TOINVESTIGATEMOREBOLDLYTHEIMPACTOFTHECONSTRUCTIONOFGENDERAND RACEONTHE#HRISTIANDOCTRINEOFTHEPERSON3ECOND )DEMONSTRATE THATTHECONCENTRATEDFOCUSONEMBODIMENTANDAFFECTIVEINTENTION ALITYINTHISBOOKCREATESNEWQUERIESFORSACRAMENTALTHEOLOGY!FTER RAISINGTHESENEWQUESTIONSFORTHEOLOGIANS )CONCLUDETHISCHAPTER BYDISCUSSINGTHELIMITATIONSANDBENElTSOFPUTTING,ONERGANAND ,EVINASINTODIALOGUEWITHONEANOTHER

 !VENUESFOR&URTHER4HEOLOGICALAND 0HILOSOPHICAL2ESEARCH )NTHISBOOK )HAVEBEENDEDICATEDTODEALINGWITHQUESTIONSOFDIF FERENCEANDCORPOREALITY3TILL THESETWOISSUESOFOTHERNESSANDEM BODIMENTREQUIREFURTHERSCRUTINY/NEAREAFORFURTHERRESEARCHISIN #HRISTIANANTHROPOLOGY ANDISLINKEDTOTHEQUESTIONOFWHYGENDER

^#ONCLUSION



ESSENTIALISMISDIFFERENTFROMTHATOFRACIALESSENTIALISM4HETENSION BETWEEN&RENCHFEMINISTSANDCRITICALRACETHEORISTSSURFACEDINTHE THIRDANDFOURTHCHAPTERSYETWASNEVERFULLYINTERROGATED"ELOW ) WILLOUTLINEAPOSSIBLERESEARCHPROJECTFORTHEQUESTIONOFTHERELA TIONSHIPBETWEENGENDERANDRACETHEORYINCONSTRUCTIVETHEOLOGY! SECONDAREAFORCONTINUEDINVESTIGATIONISINTHElELDOFSACRAMENTAL THEOLOGY4HE NOTION OF THE SACRAMENTAL SUBJECT WAS ALLUDED TO IN #HAPTER4HREE ON ,EVINASS SAINTLY SUBJECT AS FOR THE /THER AND IN #HAPTER&IVEONTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFTHEPROTEANSUBJECT4HEPLIGHT OFTHESACRAMENTALSUBJECTISMORETHOROUGHLYANALYZEDINTHESECOND PARTOFTHISSECTION

'ENDERAND2ACE4HEORYIN#HRISTIAN!NTHROPOLOGY !LTHOUGH MANY FEMINIST THINKERS AND CRITICAL RACE THEORISTS HAVE IDENTIlEDTHECOMPLEXITYOFREADINGTHEBODYINTHEOLOGY THEREIS LITTLESCHOLARSHIPCOMPARINGANDEVALUATINGTHEIRDIFFERENTTHEORETICAL APPROACHESINEXPLAININGTHENOTIONOFEMBODIMENT)NRESEARCHING ANDWRITINGTHISBOOK ITHASBECOMEAPPARENTTHATSOMEOFTHEISSUES WHICHFEMINISTSEMPHASIZE SUCHASTHEQUESTIONOFESSENTIALISM ARE NOTEASILYADDRESSEDFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCRITICALRACETHEORY)N FUTUREWORK ITWOULDBEENLIGHTENINGTOTRACETHESIMILARITIESANDDIF FERENCESOFUNDERSTANDINGTHEBODYFROMTHEDISTINCTIVEPERSPECTIVES OFFEMINISTANDRACETHEORY3UCHASTUDYCOULDBRIDGECONCERNSABOUT GENDEREDANDRACIALIZEDBODIESTHROUGHADISCUSSIONOFTHEINCARNA TION3PECIlCALLY BYFOCUSINGONTHE#HRISTEVENTˆ'ODBECOMING mESHINALLHUMANPARTICULARITYˆADISCUSSIONABOUTDIFFERENCEAND SUBJECTIVITYMIGHTBEFURTHERED4HROUGHANINTERROGATIONOFTHEROLE OFIDENTITYPOLITICSINTHEINCARNATION QUESTIONSRELATINGTOTHESOCIAL LOCATIONOF*ESUSOF.AZARETHMIGHTBEEXPLORED4WOISSUESWOULD BEPARAMOUNTHERETHEQUESTIONOFTHEEFlCACYOFAMALESAVIORFOR WOMEN ASWELLASTHEIMPLICATIONSOF*ESUSSCLASS ETHNICITY ANDCUL TUREFORCONSTRUCTIVETHEOLOGY5LTIMATELY ITWOULDBEINTERESTINGTO EXAMINEHOWTHEINCARNATIONEITHERSACRALIZESORNEUTRALIZESPARTICULAR HUMANCHARACTERISTICSANDACCIDENTS



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

!PLANFORSUCHAPROJECTMIGHTFOLLOWTHISFOUR FOLDSTRUCTURE) WOULDBEGINWITHANOVERVIEWOFHOW#HRISTIANSCURRENTLYDISCUSSTHE BODYINCONTEMPORARYTHEOLOGICALANDPHILOSOPHICALDISCOURSE3UCH ADISCUSSIONWOULDDRAWONTHEINSIGHTSOFPHENOMENOLOGISTS SOCIAL SCIENTISTS ANDTHEOLOGIANS4HEN AREVIEWOFTHEFEMINISTCONTRIBUTION TOTHECONVERSATIONONEMBODIMENTWOULDBEHELPFUL(ERE THEWORK THATEMERGESIN&RENCHFEMINISMWOULDBESIGNIlCANTTOTHEDISCUSSION ANDSUCHTHOUGHTCOULDRANGEFROMDE"EAUVOIRTO)RIGARAY.EXT AN ANALYSISOFSOMEOFTHEDEBATESINCRITICALRACETHEORYSATTENTIONTO THEBODYWOULDBEINDISPENSABLE&EMINISTANDCRITICALRACETHEORIES WOULDNEEDTOBECOMPARED%VENTHOUGHTHEREHASBEENMUCHCRITI CALTHINKINGSINCETHEWORKOF&RANTZ&ANON HISANALYSISSTILLSEEMS TOEPITOMIZETHEVIOLENTEFFECTSOFRACISMAGAINSTBLACKS4HISISNOT SAYTHATOTHERVOICESARENOTWELCOME FORTHETHOUGHTOFHOOKSAND #OPELAND CONTINUE TO UNCOVER THE PROBLEMS CREATED BY WHITE SU PREMACISTCULTURE&INALLY ONECOULDLOCATEANDEXPLAINTHEEVENTOF INCARNATIONASAMODELFORREADINGTHEBODYASPERFORMATIVE)NTHIS REGARD TRADITIONALINTERPRETATIONSOFTHEWORDBECOMINGmESH ASIN THEWORKOF3T4HOMAS ASWELLASTHENEWLYEMERGINGTHEOLOGIESOF THECROSSFROM.ORTH!MERICAANDTHETWO THIRDSWORLD WOULDPROVE CHALLENGING4HROUGHTHISINVESTIGATIONINTOHOWHUMANEMBODIED PERSONSARESANCTIlEDINTHEINCARNATION CRITICISMOFTHEEVILSOFRACISM ANDSEXISMCOULDBEFURTHERED)NTHEPOSTMODERNCONTEXT ASWEHAVE LEARNEDFROM,ONERGANAND,EVINAS THE/THERCANNOTBEAVOIDED)T ISTHE/THERTHATSUMMONSTHESUBJECTTOBEFOR THE /THER2EADING THEINCARNATIONINTERMSOFRADICALOTHERNESSCOULDHIGHLIGHTTHEGIFT OFBEINGHUMANINRELATIONTOALTERITY

.EW1UESTIONSFOR3ACRAMENTAL4HEOLOGY 4HERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEINCARNATIONOF#HRISTANDTHECORPOREALITY OFHUMANBEINGSLEADSUSTOTHESECONDAREAOFPOSSIBLERESEARCH THE lELD OF SACRAMENTAL THEOLOGY )N MY RESEARCH ) HAVE ATTEMPTED TO DEMONSTRATE HOW AN INTRICATE ANALYSIS OF CORPOREALITY IS SIGNIlCANT FORPOSTMODERN#HRISTIANANTHROPOLOGY!LTHOUGH)DONOTWISHTO

^#ONCLUSION



BEREDUNDANT ONECONCLUSIONISWORTHREITERATING3UBJECTIVITYONLY ARISESININTERSUBJECTIVERELATIONS INTHEFACEOFANEMBODIED/THER 4HIS/THERPRESSESINONTHESUBJECTANDDEMANDSTHATSHEANSWER THE/THERSNEED4HISETHICALRELATIONISNOTFOUNDEDINTHESUBJECTS INTELLECTORWILLALONE BUTINTHEAFFECTIVEDESIREOFTHESUBJECTFOR THE /THER3UBJECTIVITYISAPASSIONATERELATIONSHIP ANDTHEDRAMATIC AND SOCIAL PATTERNS OF LIFE CHRONICLE THE EMOTIVE OPERA AMONG THE PLURALITYOFHUMANBEINGS'ODENTERSINTOTHISOPERAASATRACE AS ANINlNITEDESIRE ASATHIRDPARTY(ENCE BEINGHUMAN WHILEALWAYS CONTEXTUAL CHANGING AND COMPLICATED IS EVEN MORE THAN THAT IT ISSACRAMENTALLYCHARGED,ONERGANAND,EVINASBRINGTOLIGHTTHIS SACRAMENTALCHARGE 4HEOLOGIAN3TEPHEN(APPELCOMMENTSON,ONERGANSCONTRIBUTIONTO SACRAMENTALTHEOLOGY)NANESSAYENTITLED h4HE3ACRAMENTS3YMBOLS 4HAT2EDIRECT/UR,IVES v(APPELADDRESSESTHEAFFECTIVEDIMENSION OF ,ONERGANS METAPHYSICS    4HERE HE SPECIlCALLY REFERSTOTHEMYSTERYOFSYMBOLICMEANINGANDTHESELF SACRIlCIALETHIC IN,ONERGANSTHOUGHT3ELF SACRIlCEANDSELF SURRENDER WHICHOCCUR WHENONEFALLSINLOVEWITH'ODHAVEIMPORTANTRAMIlCATIONSFORTWO SACRAMENTSMARRIAGEANDPENANCE4OSOME THESERAMIlCATIONSSEEM CLEAR)NACOMMITTEDRELATIONSHIP SUCHASMARRIAGE 'ODSPRESENCE mOURISHESINTHECOUPLESOPENNESSTOLOVEANDFECUNDITY!ND INTHE ACTOFCONTRITIONINPENANCE 'ODSPRESENCELOOMSINTHEFORGIVE NESSANDRENEWALOFTHESELF)NBOTHRITUALS MEMBERSOFTHE"ODYOF #HRISTSURRENDERTHEMSELVESTO'ODANDOTHERS3UFFERINGONBEHALF OFANOTHERWOULDSEEMAPPROPRIATEHERE )NABROADBRUSHONECOULDATTEMPTTOEXTEND(APPELSINSIGHT ARGUING THATSELF SACRIlCEISPARTOFBEINGAGIFTED OPEN AUTHENTIC SACRAMENTAL SUBJECTFOR,ONERGAN.EVERTHELESS INLIGHTOFOURPREVIOUSCOMMENTS ONTHESOCIETALEXPECTATIONTHATCERTAINGROUPSARETOSUFFERMORETHAN OTHERS ANUNDERSTANDINGOFSACRAMENTALITYINTERMSOFSELF AFmICTION OUGHTTOBECONTESTED(ENCE IFONEWERETOAPPLY,ONERGANSWORK ONSELF SACRIlCETOTHEQUESTIONOFPOSTMODERNSACRAMENTALTHEOLOGY OTHERISSUESWOULDNEEDTOBEADDRESSED4HESEPROBLEMSENCOMPASS THEFOLLOWINGQUERIESHOWTHENOTIONOFSELF SACRIlCEFOROTHERSIN MARRIAGEORINRECONCILIATIONISEMBEDDEDINGENDERASSUMPTIONSHOW WHITESUPREMACISTLOGICAND7ESTERNIMPERIALISMFRAMEANYDISCUSSION



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

OFTHELEGITIMACYOFSUFFERINGOFAMINORITYFORTHEBENElTOFAMAJORITY ANDHOWTHEREALITYOF#HRISTSSUFFERINGATTHEHANDSOFTHE2OMAN STATEOUGHTTORESHAPETHEWAY#HRISTIANSCONTEXTUALIZESELF SACRIlCE 4HESEQUESTIONSHAVEBEENBUILDINGTHROUGHOUTMYEXAMINATIONOF THEETHICALRELATIONBETWEENSUBJECTAND/THERAND ANINVESTIGATION INTOTHEPOLITICSOFASACRAMENTALSUBJECTWOULDBETHENEXTLOGICAL STEPINPENETRATINGTHEHEARTOFTHESEMATTERS ,IKE,ONERGAN ,EVINASPROVIDESUSWITHRESOURCESFORDISCUSSINGTHE SUBJECTASSACRAMENTAL)NLIGHTOF,EVINASS*EWISHBACKGROUND SOME MIGHTWONDERABOUTMYCLAIMTHAT,EVINASSTHOUGHTCANBEVALUABLE TOA#HRISTIANINTERPRETATIONOFSACRAMENTALITY)SITDANGEROUSTOEM PLOYAPOST 3HOAHWRITERFOR#HRISTIANPURSUITS#ERTAINLYNOT IFONE APPROPRIATES,EVINASSWORKINANINTELLIGENT HONEST ANDRESPECTFUL POSTURE &URTHERMORE ,EVINASS ATTENTION TO THE PHENOMENOLOGY OFTHEBODYISABSOLUTELYNECESSARYFORANYCONVERSATIONABOUTTHE SACRAMENTALITYOFTHEPERSON4OBESURE IMPLICITINMYDISCUSSION OFTHECORPOREALITYOFTHEHUMANSUBJECTISTHEASSUMPTIONTHAT FOR #HRISTIANS THEMEANINGOFTHEBODYISOVERDETERMINED7EAREOVER WHELMEDWITHBODIESANDBODYLANGUAGE4HEREISTHEHUMANBODYOF THEBELIEVER THEECCLESIALBODY THEINCARNATEBODYOF#HRIST ANDTHE -YSTICAL"ODYOF#HRIST"UTEVENAS#HRISTIANSAREOVERWHELMEDBY REFERENCESTOTHEBODY THERESEEMSTOBENOADEQUATEUNDERSTANDING OFTHEROLEOFTHEHUMANBODYINTHEOLOGY"ODYISEVERYWHEREAND NOWHERE!LTHOUGH)ATTEMPTEDTOSHOWTHECONTRIBUTIONOF,ONERGAN TOTHEQUESTIONOFCORPOREALITY ITHASBECOMECLEARTHATPHILOSOPHERS ESPECIALLY PHENOMENOLOGISTS ARE MORE SKILLFUL AT ATTENDING TO THE ROLE FUNCTION ANDPLIGHTOFTHEHUMANBODY THANTHEOLOGIANS!S ARESULT THEOLOGIANSWOULDBEWISETOREVISITSOMEOFTHEINSIGHTSOF PHENOMENOLOGYTOCONSTRUCTANANTHROPOLOGYTHATTAKESSERIOUSLYTHE OPENANDAFFECTIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSUBJECTAND/THER "Y NOW IT SHOULD BE OBVIOUS THAT ,EVINAS IS A RICH RESOURCE FOR UNDERSTANDING THE RELATION BETWEEN BODY AND SACRAMENTALITY IN A POSTMODERNCONTEXT7RITINGOUTOFACULTURALMILIEUTHATREMEMBERS THEHORRORSOF!USCHWITZ ,EVINASIMAGINESANETHICSTHATEMPHASIZES THEPLIGHTOFTHEEMBODIEDSUBJECTAND/THER4HEWAYTHAT,EVINAS DEALSWITHSUCHNOTIONSOFINCARNATION SACRIlCE ANDGENDER CANHELP THEOLOGIANSDEVELOPMORELIFE AFlRMINGWAYSOFDISCUSSINGTHESACRA

^#ONCLUSION



MENTALITYOFTHE#HRISTIANSUBJECT)TISSIGNIlCANTTONOTE HOWEVER THATATNOPOINTDOES,EVINASREFERTOTHESUBJECTAS@SACRAMENTALIN THE#HRISTIANSENSEOFTHEWORD!ND EVENTHOUGHHISDISCUSSIONOF THESINGULARHUMANEMBODIEDPERSONASTHESITEOFSUFFERING MORTALITY ANDSACRIlCEMIGHTBEAPPLICABLETOQUESTIONSABOUTSACRAMENTALITY ITISIMPERATIVETOREALIZETHAT,EVINASDOESNOTINTENDTODEVELOPA #HRISTIAN NOTION OF SACRAMENTALITY )N ALL LIKELIHOOD HIS INTEREST IN THESACREDNESSOFBEINGHUMANISEMBEDDEDINHISAFlLIATIONWITHTHE 4ALMUDICTRADITIONASWELLASWITHHISCRITIQUEOFTHEONTO THEOLOGYOF 7ESTERNPHILOSOPHY.ONETHELESS READING,EVINASSUNDERSTANDINGOF INCARNATION PASSIVITY ANDSUBSTITUTIONASA#HRISTIANTHEOLOGIAN THE IMPLICATIONSOFHISWORKFORSACRAMENTALTHEOLOGYARESTRIKING &ORTHOSEWHOARESTILLUNCOMFORTABLEWITHRELATING,EVINASSWORK TO#HRISTIANTHEOLOGYINTHISWAY ONEKEYWAYTOCONNECT,EVINASS WORKWITHTHENOTIONOFTHESACRAMENTALISTORETURNTOHISREADING OF#ARTESIANMETAPHYSICS,EVINASDRAWSON$ESCARTESSNOTIONOFTHE )NlNITEINTHESUBJECT THEREBYALLUDINGTOTHESUBJECTASTHESITEOF SACRAMENT$ESCARTESCLAIMSTHATITISTHEPRESENCEOFTHE)NlNITEIN HUMANITYTHATMAKESITPOSSIBLEFORTHEHUMANBEINGTOBEINRELATION SHIPWITHTHE)NlNITE)NDEED ALTERITYEXISTSINTHEMIDSTOFOURBEING HUMAN INOUROWNHUMANBEING4HEFEELINGFORTHE/THER ORWHAT )HAVEBEENALLUDINGTOASAFFECTIVEINTENTIONALITY ISTHEBASISFORALL LIVING!LTERITYWITHINUSCALLSUSOUTOFOURSELVESFOROTHERS&EELING FORANDWITHOTHERS MOVESUSTOKNOWANDACTINRELATIONTOOTHERS &OR,EVINAS ANDAS)WILLCONTINUETOARGUE FOR,ONERGAN ALTERITY WITHINUSCALLSUSFORTHE/THERINOURMIDST !S ) PERSEVERE IN CONTEXTUALIZING ,ONERGANS AND ,EVINASS WORK WITHINLARGERTRADITIONS ITSHOULDBEKNOWNTHATREADINGTHESUBJECT ASASITEOFSACRAMENTISNOTANEWPROJECT&RENCHTHEOLOGIAN ,OUIS -ARIE#HAUVET ASSERTSTHATTHEBODYOFTHE#HRISTIANBELIEVERISIN STRUMENTALTOHISHERRECEPTIONOFGRACE(EWRITESh4HELITURGYISNOT AMATTEROF@IDEASBUTOF@BODIESOR BETTER @OFCORPOREALITYv VIII "YREFERRINGTOTHEBODYASBOTHASIGNIlERANDTHESIGNIlED #HAUVETSHOWSTHATCORPOREALITYCANBEINTERPRETEDASSACRAMENTAL 3TILL CONSTRUCTIVETHEOLOGYNEEDSTOGOBEYONDTHEGROUNDBREAKING WORKOF#HAUVETANDINTERPRETTHESUBJECTASSACRAMENTALWITHINTHE GLOBALCONTEXT4HISMEANSTHATWHATBODYSYMBOLIZESNEEDSTOBE



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

COMPLICATED4OUGHQUESTIONSSUCHASTHESENEEDTOBEADDRESSED!RE ALLBODIESSACRAMENTALORONLYTHOSEWHICHAREDEEMEDNORMATIVE 7HATROLEDOESHISTORYPLAYINRECOGNIZINGSOMEBODIESASSACRAMENTAL WHILEINTERPRETINGOTHERSASDElCIENT(OWDOESPOWERINmUENCETHE WAYWEDESIGNATESOMEBODIESASSACRAMENTALANDOTHERSASPROFANE 4HESEQUESTIONSSEEMTOmOWLOGICALLYFROMTHEINTERROGATIONOFEM BODIEDDIFFERENCEIN#HAPTER&OUR4HENEXTSTEPWOULDBETORETHINK WHATITMEANSFORALLHUMANBEINGSTOBEUNDERSTOODASAUTHENTICIN MINDANDBODY 4HETASKOFDEVELOPINGATHEOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGYTHATEFFECTIVELY MEDIATESSACRAMENTALITYWITHPOSTMODERNINTERPRETATIONSOFTHEBODY SUBJECTUNDOUBTEDLYWOULDBERIGOROUS3CHOLARSNEEDTOREADBEYOND THEIRlELDS!LTHOUGHTHENOTIONOFTHEBODY SUBJECTASTHESITEOF SACRAMENTISNOTANEWIDEA THEQUESTIONSRAISEDBYCONTEMPORARY CONTINENTAL FEMINIST ANDCRITICALRACETHEORISTSCOMPLICATEANYAT TEMPTTOSPEAKABOUTTHEHUMANSUBJECTASTHESITEOF'ODSPRESENCE &ORINSTANCE 2OMAN#ATHOLICTHEOLOGIAN3USAN2OSS QUESTIONSTHE #HURCHSPRESUPPOSITIONSABOUTBODYANDGENDERINUNDERSTANDING SACRAMENTALITY 3HEWONDERSHOWhATRADITIONWHICHVENER ATESMATERIALvIShHOSTILEvTOBODIES WOMENSBODIESINPARTICULAR  7HATSMORE SHEASKSWHYWOMENSBODIESARENOTUNDERSTOODTOBE JUSTASREVELATORYASMENSBODIES)NTHECURRENTMILIEU THEOLOGIANS INTERESTEDINQUESTIONSOFTHESACRAMENTALAREOBLIGATEDTODEALWITH QUESTIONS AND INSIGHTS COMING FROM FEMINIST STUDIES CRITICAL RACE THEORY ANDCULTURALANTHROPOLOGY )FONEWERETOEMBARKONASTUDYOFSACRAMENTALITYINPOSTMODERN CONTEXT BOTH,ONERGANAND,EVINASWOULDPROVETOBEVALUABLEVOICES IN SUCH A PROJECT ,ONERGANS WORK ON THE EMBODIED SUBJECT AND PATTERNSOFEXPERIENCECOMPLICATESANYFACILEINTERPRETATIONOFBEING HUMAN&URTHERMORE HISCLEARANALYSISOFTHEHUMANGOOD WHICH ENGAGESTHEISSUESOFBIASANDCONVERSIONASWELLASPROGRESSANDDE CLINE UNDERSCORESTHEWAYINWHICH#HRISTIANSIMAGINETHEINDIVIDUAL PERSONORCOMMUNALCHURCHASSINFULORSACRAMENTAL,EVINASSNOTIONS OFCORPOREALITYANDSUBSTITUTIONALSOWOULDAUGMENTSUCHASTUDY -OREOVER IFONEWERECONCERNEDABOUTTHEREIlCATIONOFSUFFERING THENTHECONVERSATIONABOUTTHESELFASASITEOFSACRAMENTWOULDNEED TOGOBEYONDTHETHOUGHTOFBOTH,ONERGANAND,EVINAS4OEMBARK

^#ONCLUSION



ONSUCHAPROJECT AGAIN THEOLOGIANSWOULDBEWISETOCALLUPONTHE WORKOF&RENCHFEMINISTS CRITICALRACETHEORISTS ANDTHINKERSOFTHE TWO THIRDSWORLD )NTHEABOVESECTION )SKETCHEDAREASOFRESEARCHTHATWERETOUCHED UPONINTHISBOOKANDTHATNEEDTOBEFURTHEREXPLOREDACONVER SATION BETWEEN FEMINISTS AND CRITICAL RACE THEORISTS AND STUDIES IN SACRAMENTALTHEOLOGY4HESETWOAREASWHILESEEMINGLYDISPARATEARE RADICALLYRELATED"OTHDEALWITHUNDERSTANDINGTHESOCIALDIMENSION OFHUMANITY"OTHEXAMINETHEPOLITICSOFDIFFERENCE"OTHARECON CERNEDWITHTHEmOURISHINGOFHUMANBEINGSFOR'ODANDFOROTHERS "OTHAREINTEGRALTOUNDERSTANDINGWHATITMEANSTOBEHUMANINTHE POSTMODERNCONTEXT

%VALUATIONOFTHE$IALOGUEBETWEEN,ONERGAN AND,EVINAS )BEGANTHISRESEARCHWITHTHEUNDERSTANDINGTHAT,ONERGANAND,EVINAS WOULD BE UNLIKELY YET EVOCATIVE INTERLOCUTORS 2EADING ,ONERGAN AND,EVINASTHROUGHASUPERlCIALANDCOMMONSENSELENS ONECOULD CERTAINLY CLAIM THAT THEY HAVE LITTLE IN COMMON #ASUAL CONVERSA TIONINTHEACADEMYISGROUNDEDINTHEASSUMPTIONTHAT,ONERGANIS THOROUGHLYMODERNAND,EVINASISDElNITIVELYPOSTMODERN.ONETHE LESS FROMTHISCRITICALENGAGEMENTWITHTHESETWOTHINKERS ITSHOULD BE APPARENT THAT ,ONERGAN AND ,EVINAS ARE INDEED GRAPPLING WITH SIMILAR PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY "OTH ,ONERGAN AND ,EVINAS lND A CONCEPTUALISTORTHEMATIZINGATTITUDEPROBLEMATIC BOTHREJECTANAÆVE INTERPRETATIONOFFREEDOM BOTHUPHOLDSOMEVARIATIONOFTHENOTIONOF INTERSUBJECTIVITY ANDBOTHREWORKTHEGESTURESOFOPENNESSOUTOFTHEIR RESPECTIVERELIGIOUSTRADITIONS!NDSO AFTERHAVINGBEENIMMERSEDIN THEIRTHOUGHT CONSUMEDBYTHEIRCONCERNS ANDENTRENCHEDINTHEIR DISPARATERHETORICALSTYLES )AMAPTTOSAYTHATTHEYCOULDHAVEBEEN DIALOGUEPARTNERS4HEYCOULDHAVELEARNEDAGREATDEALFROMEACHOTHER ANDTHEIRPROJECTSCOULDHAVEBEENENHANCEDBYSUCHACONVERSATION )NTHISlNALSECTION )EXPLORETHEADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOF THISDIALOGUE)PINPOINTWHERETHElCTIVEDIALOGUEBREAKSDOWN AND NOTETHELIMITSOFEMPLOYINGCONTEMPORARYCONTINENTALPHILOSOPHY



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

INCONSTRUCTIVETHEOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGY)NTHESECONDPARTOFTHIS SECTION )DELINEATETHEADVANTAGESOFPUTTING,ONERGANAND,EVINAS INTODIALOGUEWITHONEANOTHER)TSHOULDBECOMECLEARTHATTHEIRDIF FERENCES WHILEIMPORTANT ARENOTDIVISIVEENOUGHTODESIGNATETHE WORLDVIEWSOF,ONERGANAND,EVINASASINCOMMENSURABLE 4OBEGINWITHTHEPROBLEMSINTHISHYPOTHETICALDIALOGUE WECOULD ARGUETHATTHISCONVERSATIONBETWEEN,ONERGANAND,EVINASISPATENTLY ARTIlCIAL SINCEBOTHINTERLOCUTORSAREDECEASED)FTHEYWERESTILLLIVING THECHANCETHATTHEYWOULDHAVECONVERSEDSEEMSSLIM4HEYLIVEDAND LEARNEDINDIFFERENTWORLDS"ERNARD,ONERGANWASA2OMAN#ATHOLIC APRIEST A*ESUIT ATHEOLOGIAN%VENTHOUGHHEHADAlRMGRASPOF EXISTENTIALANDCONTINENTALPHILOSOPHY HETHOUGHTANDWROTEWITHIN A#ATHOLICMILIEU(ESTRUGGLEDTOBRING#ATHOLICTHEOLOGYUPTOTHE LEVELOFTHETIMESBYATTENDINGTOKNOWING OBJECTIVITY ANDREALITY HISTORY CULTURE ANDSOCIETY%VENIFHISCOGNITIONALTHEORYLEADSTO ACRITICALLYDERIVEDMETAPHYSICS ,ONERGANWASNOTINTERESTEDINDIS MISSINGONTOLOGYALTOGETHER%MMANUEL,EVINAS ONTHEOTHERHAND LIVEDANDBREATHEDINANOTHERWORLD(EWASA*EW APRISONEROFWAR APHILOSOPHER A4ALMUDICTHINKER7EAREWELLAWARETHAT,EVINASWAS FRUSTRATEDWITHPHILOSOPHYSPRIVILEGINGOFSUCHTERMSASOBJECTIVITY BEING ANDREALITY4HUS HISCONCERNWASNOTTORAISEPHILOSOPHYTOTHE CURRENTTIMES BUTTODEALWITHPHILOSOPHYSINVOLVEMENTINTHEVIOLENCE ANDSUFFERINGENACTEDAGAINSTTHEMARGINALIZEDINHISTORY,EVINASHAD NOINTERESTINREVIVINGTHETERMSOFMODERNITY BECAUSEMODERNITY FOR ,EVINAS WASIS ANINSTANCEOFVIOLENCEANDTOTALIZATION ! SECOND WAY IN WHICH A CONVERSATION BETWEEN ,ONERGAN AND ,EVINASBREAKSDOWNISRELATEDTOTHETOPICOFSUFFERING,ONERGANS INTERPRETATIONOFSUFFERINGIS#HRISTOCENTRIC&ROMHISPOSITIVEIE NON METHODOLOGICAL NON COGNITIONAL THEOLOGICALWRITINGS WECAN GATHERTHATHISPOINTOFREFERENCEFORPAINANDPLEASUREISTHE#HRIST EVENT4HE TRANSCENDENT AND TRANSFORMATIVE GRACE OF #HRIST IS HIS PRIORITYANDFOCALPOINTFORTHINKINGANDBEINGINTHEWORLD)NOTHER WORDS ,ONERGANS#HRISTOLOGY EVENIFONLYSKETCHEDHERE SHAPESHIS ANTHROPOLOGYANDETHICS,EVINASSINTERPRETATIONOFSUFFERINGDIFFERS FROMTHATOF,ONERGANSONTWOLEVELS&IRST ,EVINASISHEAVILYINmUENCED

^#ONCLUSION



BY DECONSTRUCTIONIST AND POSTSTRUCTURALIST THOUGHT #ONSEQUENTLY ,EVINASSRENDERINGOFSUFFERINGISSHAPEDBYQUESTIONSOFOPENNESSTO DIFFERENCE RATHERTHANANYDISPOSITIONTOWARDGRACEORDIVINEINSTINCT 3ECOND ,EVINASDIFFERSFROM,ONERGANINHISPARTICULARREFERENCEFOR SUFFERINGTHE3HOAH!LTHOUGHONECANNOTEASILYARGUETHAT,EVINASISA REPRESENTATIVE*EWISHTHINKER HISCORPOREALCONNECTIONTOTHEVIOLENCE OFTHE3HOAHMARKSHISTHOUGHTASDElNITIVELYPOST 3HOAHWRITING)T ISCLEARFROMHISWRITINGSTHAT,EVINASINTERPRETSSUFFERINGASCONCRETE TANGIBLE EMBODIED CORPOREAL RATHERTHANLINKEDTOTHETRANSCENDENT IN ANY FASHION ,EVINASS VISCERAL CONNECTION TO THE 3HOAH WHICH ENCOMPASSESHISBIRTHASA*EW LABORINGINCAMPS ANDSURVIVINGTHE UNFORGETTABLE FRAMESHISTHINKINGASDEDICATEDTOASPECIlCTYPEOFSUF FERINGHUMANSUFFERING5NDOUBTEDLY ,ONERGANSCRITICALMETAPHYSICS ISCONNECTEDTOQUESTIONSOFSUFFERINGNONETHELESS HISREFERENCEPOINT ISSHAPEDBYTHEMINISTRY DEATH ANDRESURRECTIONOFONEPARTICULAR *EW RATHERTHANTHEDEATHOFSIXMILLIONANONYMOUS*EWS )NSUM ,ONERGANAND,EVINASAPPEARTOINTERPRETSUFFERINGTHROUGH DIFFERENTLENSES&OR,ONERGAN SUFFERINGIS#HRISTOCENTRICCONSEQUENTLY ALLHUMANSUFFERINGCOULDBEREAD ALBEITTANGENTIALLY INTERMSOFTHE #ROSS&ROMTHISPERSPECTIVE EVENWITHBLOODONHUMANHANDS SUF FERINGISPARADOXICALLYCONNECTEDTOTHETRANSCENDENT!LTERNATIVELY WHENREADING,EVINASSWORK ONEENCOUNTERSADISTINCTTWISTONTHE PARADOXICALSITUATIONOFSUFFERING!CCORDINGTO,EVINAS ALLSUFFER INGISHUMANDRIVENNONETHELESS 'ODEMERGESWHENONESUFFERSBY SUBSTITUTIONFOROTHERS4HUS ,EVINASSREADINGOFSUFFERING UNLIKE THATOF,ONERGANS HASAHUMAN CENTEREDORIENTATION,IKE,ONERGAN THOUGH SUFFERINGTHATISBORNINA,EVINASIANRESPONSIBILITYFOROTHERS POSSESSESADIVINE SACRAMENTALCHARACTER-UCHOFTHEWAY,EVINAS LINKSSUFFERINGTOTHEDIVINERESULTSFROMHISCONSISTENTREFERENCINGOF THESUFFERING SERVANTMOTIFIN)SAIAH !S)ALREADYMENTIONED ITISIMPERATIVETHATTHEDISTINCTWORLDVIEWS OF,ONERGANAND,EVINASARENEVERCONFUSED4HEALTERITYBETWEENTHEIR INDIVIDUALHISTORIESANDPERSONALITIESMUSTBERESPECTED3TILL MUCH CANBEGAINEDFROMPUTTINGTHEMINTODIALOGUE&ROMTHEPERSPECTIVE 

$AVID&ORDSTATESTHAT,EVINASIShTOOCONTROVERSIALvTOBELABELEDASAQUINTESSENTIAL *EWISHTHINKER  



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

OF#ATHOLICTHEOLOGY ANENCOUNTERWITH,EVINASSCONTEMPORARYCON TINENTALTHOUGHTISADVANTAGEOUSINANUMBEROFWAYS!LTERNATIVELY ,EVINASSARGUMENTCOULDBESTRENGTHENEDBYTHEFORESIGHTOFABROAD THINKER SUCHAS,ONERGAN"ELOW)OUTLINEWHATCONTEMPORARYTHEO LOGIANSCOULDGAINBYAPPROPRIATING,EVINASSTHOUGHT WAYSINWHICH ,ONERGANIANTHOUGHTCOULDCONTRIBUTETO,EVINASIANSCHOLARSHIP AND AREASINWHICH#HRISTIANTHEOLOGYINGENERALCOULDBESTRENGTHENED BYTHEDIALOGUEBETWEEN,ONERGANAND,EVINAS &IRST THIS4ALMUDIC THINKERS INTRICATE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL RELATIONS HELPSBRINGTOLIGHTTHEEPHEMERALANDPOSITIONALCHARACTEROFOTH ERNESS&ORINSTANCE THEWAYINWHICH,EVINASEXPLAINSALTERITY NOT MERELYINTERMSOFGENDERORRACEORCLASS BUTINTERMSOFDESIRE COULDFACILITATEAMORENUANCEDNOTIONOFSOLIDARITY%VENAS,ONER GANISATTENTIVETOOTHERNESS ,EVINASSCOMPLEXNOTIONOFTHEETHICAL CHARACTEROFBEING THATIS THEALWAYSALREADYOBLIGATORYSTANCEFOR THE/THERCANRElNE#HRISTIANNOTIONSOFSOLIDARITY3OLIDARITYISTHE ACKNOWLEDGMENTTHATWEAREALREADYCONNECTEDANDRESPONSIBLEFOR OTHERS"YINTEGRATING,EVINASSTHOUGHTINTO#HRISTIANTHEOLOGY ONE COULDARGUEMORESTRONGLYTHATBEINGHUMANISABOUTBEINGFOROTHERS lRST"EINGHUMANEMERGESINAFFECTIVERELATIONSHIPS 7HATS MORE ,EVINASS INTERPRETATION OF RESPONSIBILITY GIFT AND FRATERNITY IS GROUNDED IN A RICH RELIGIO CULTURAL TRADITION AS WELL AS INAHISTORYOFSUFFERING#HRISTIANSWOULDBEWISETOATTENDTOTHEIR ENGAGEMENTOFTHISTRADITIONANDHISTORY GOOD BAD OROTHERWISE 7HILETHEREISANOVERWHELMINGAMOUNTOFSCHOLARLYREmECTIONON IMPLICIT#HRISTIANINVOLVEMENTINTHE3HOAH MOREWORKNEEDSTOBE DONEONTHEDOCTRINALLEVELOFRECONlGURINGJUSTICEANDCOLLECTIVERE SPONSIBILITY/FlCIAL#HURCHSTATEMENTS INCLUDING#ATHOLICS2EMEMBER THE(OLOCAUST AREABEGINNING BUTRECONCILIATORYEFFORTSNEED TOCONTINUE)AMVERYlRMONTHISPOINT EVENMORESOAFTERREADING *AMES #ARROLLS COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY #ONSTANTINES 3WORD   4HERE #ARROLLIDENTIlESSOMANYOFTHETHEOLOGICALANDSECULARISSUES SURROUNDING THE #HURCHS RELATIONSHIP TO *UDAISM AND THE 3HOAH #ATHOLICSWOULDDOWELLTOFOLLOW#ARROLLSLEADINTHINKINGTHROUGH THEPOLITICSOFMEMORY

^#ONCLUSION



4HIRD ,EVINASSCRITICISMOF(EIDEGGERSPOLITICALAFlLIATIONOUGHT TOBETAKENSERIOUSLYBY#ATHOLICTHEOLOGIANS)TISQUESTIONABLETHAT SOMUCH#ATHOLICINKISSPILLEDON(EIDEGGERSPHILOSOPHY WITHLITTLE ORNOATTENTIONTOHISQUESTIONABLEBACKGROUND,IKE,EVINAS )REALIZE THEMAGNITUDEOF(EIDEGGERSPHILOSOPHICALPROJECT ANDTHEDANGEROF HISPOLITICS!TTHESAMETIME )AGREEWITH,ONERGANTHATPEOPLEARE THEIRFOUNDATIONS NOTMERELYINTHEIRWORDSBUTALSOINTHEIRDEEDS 4HEOLOGIANS NEED TO BE THOUGHTFUL ABOUT THE USE OF (EIDEGGERS PHILOSOPHY FOR CONSTRUCTIVE THEOLOGY IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM .OT EVERYTHINGMOVINGFORWARDISPROGRESS ACCORDINGTO,ONERGAN)TIS IMPORTANTTOWONDERWHETHEROURFASCINATIONWITH(EIDEGGERMIGHT BEINDICATIVEOFALACKOFCRITICALREmECTIONONOURDECLINE 4HEINSIGHTSOF,EVINASCANSTRENGTHEN#HRISTIANDISCOURSEINEVEN MOREWAYS4HEWAYINWHICH,EVINASLINKSTHEEMBODIEDSUBJECT TOTHESITEOFJUSTICEISANAPPEALINGWAYTOADDRESSTHELEGACYOFAN INSIDIOUSMINDBODYDUALISMINTHEOLOGY-OREOVER THEMANNERBY WHICHHEPLAYSWITHCORPOREALITYINHISDISCUSSIONOFBEINGHUMAN ENLIVENSTHEOLOGIANSTOBETTERDElNETHEIRINTERPRETATIONSOFTHERELATION BETWEENBIOLOGICALACCIDENTSUCHASSEXANDPIGMENT ANDSPIRITUAL DESTINY&IFTH ,EVINASSCONlDENCEINTHEDEMANDOFTHE/THERTOBRING ABOUTTHEBESTINTHESUBJECTISTHEMOSTTHATPOSTMODERNTHEORYHAS TOOFFERTHETHEOLOGICALENTERPRISE,EVINASNEVERDOUBTSTHEINTEGRITY PARTICULARITY ABILITY ANDGIFTOFTHE/THER3UCHAPOSITIVEATTITUDE TOWARDDIVERSEPERSONSANDCULTURESMIGHTFACILITATEMORELIFE AFlRMING MISSIONARYSTRATEGIESINWHICHPEOPLEARENOTCOLONIZEDANDTOTALIZED INTOTHEFAITH BUTWELCOMEDANDINVITED ,ASTLY THEOLOGIANS PARTICULARLY ,ONERGAN SCHOLARS COULD BENElT FROM,EVINASSWRITINGSTYLE,EVINASSVIGILANCETOTHECALLOFTHE/THER ISPRESENTNOTONLYINHISTHEORY BUTALSOINHISWRITINGTECHNIQUE (ISLANGUAGEHASBEENDESCRIBEDAShEVOKINGvˆATERMTHATCAPTURES ,EVINASSBEAUTIFULBLENDINGOFBIBLICALNARRATIVE PHILOSOPHICALQUES TION ROMANCELANGUAGE ANDPERSONALJOURNEY$E"OER   (ISEVOCATIVESTYLEOFDISCOURSEINVITESTHEREADERINTOADISPOSITION OFBEINGFOR THE /THER!S,EVINASSREADERANXIOUSLYAWAITSHISNEXT LINGUISTICTURN SHELEARNSWHATITMEANSTOWAITFORTHECOMMANDOF



-ICHELE3ARACINO/N"EING(UMAN

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^#ONCLUSION



SODRAMATIC)NDEED IN,EVINASSWRITINGOFTHEETHICALSTRUCTUREOF FOR THE /THER ISNOTBEINGFOR THE /THERIMPLIED )NADDITIONTORETHINKINGHISDISCUSSIONOFONTOLOGY ,EVINASSWORK COULDBEBETTERUTILIZEDIFHEHADEXPLAINEDMORECLEARLYTHECONNECTION BETWEENNON BEINGORBEYONDBEINGANDHUMANAGENCY,EVINASDOES ATTEMPTTHISWITHHISWORKONTHETHIRDPARTYBUTMORENEEDSTOBE DONE/NEWONDERSHOW,EVINASACCOUNTSFORTHESUBJECTSENACTMENT OFJUSTICE THEUSEOFREASON ANDTHEHUMANMOTIVEFORGOODNESS(ERE ALARGERFRAMEWORKORCONTEXTFORUNDERSTANDING,EVINASSOVERALLGOALS WOULDPROVEHELPFUL-ORESTRONGLYPUT )THINKTHAT,EVINASSETHICS WOULDBEIMPROVEDBY,ONERGANSMETHOD-ICHAEL0URCELLMAKESA SIMILARCLAIMABOUTTHENEEDIN,EVINASSTHOUGHTFORAMETHOD(OW EVER 0URCELLEMPLOYSTHEWORKOF2AHNERTOEXTEND,EVINASSCLAIMS  )THINKAMORElTTINGMATCHFORTHISTASKIS,ONERGAN WITH HISRElNEDSTRATEGYFORMOVINGTOWARDAUTHENTICPROGRESSANDREALIZING THEHUMANGOOD,ONERGANDOESNOTCONFUSEMETHODWITHABSTRACT IDEASANDRULES BUTDISCERNSMETHODINOUROWNOPERATIONS 4HISQUESTIONLEADSUSTOTHElNALWAYINWHICH,ONERGANSPROJECT CAN INmUENCE FUTURE THOUGHT ON ,EVINAS 7HEREAS ,EVINASS WORK OPENS#HRISTIANTHEOLOGYTOMANYIMPORTANTQUESTIONS HENEVERRE ALLYANSWERSANYOFTHEM(ENEITHERHASAWELL DElNEDMETHODNOR A STRUCTURED ANTHROPOLOGY ,EVINAS DESCRIBES THE LIMITS AND ISSUES SURROUNDINGANTHROPOLOGY YETNEVERCONSTRUCTIVELYENVISIONSONE)N THISRESPECT ,ONERGANSANTHROPOLOGYOFTHEAUTHENTICSUBJECTPROVIDES ,EVINASWITHTHESTRUCTUREHENEEDSTOMOVEFORWARDINHISEFFORTSAT JUSTICEANDSOLIDARITY4OBESURE,EVINASSWRITINGSAREEVOCATIVE BUT ,ONERGANSTHOUGHTSARECONSTRUCTIVE)NORDERTODEVELOP#HRISTIAN COMMUNITY BOTHQUESTIONSANDANSWERS DECONSTRUCTIONANDCONSTRUC TIONARENECESSARY,EVINASSWEAKNESSES INTERMSOFHISAMBIGUOUS NOTIONSOFFREEDOM AGENCY ANDJUSTICEANDHISLACKOFMETHOD ARE INDICATIVEOFHISDESCRIPTIVERATHERTHANEXPLANATORYANTHROPOLOGY)N OTHERWORDS WHERE,EVINASDESCRIBESTHEPROBLEMSIN7ESTERNPHILO SOPHICALANTHROPOLOGYINRELATIONTOBOTHTHEBIBLICALMILIEUANDHIS OWNEXPERIENCE ,ONERGANATTEMPTSTOEXPLAINWHATITMEANSTOBE HUMANINRELATIONTOOTHERHUMANS"EINGHUMANMEANSDEVELOPING ANDENGAGINGTHEPOTENTIALTOEXPERIENCE UNDERSTAND JUDGE ACT AND



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)NDEX



)NDEX !BRAHAM    AFFECTION          AGAPE  ALIENATION         ALTERITY                                                  !NDERSON 6ICTOR   ANTHROPOLOGY                                   !QUINAS 4HOMAS       !RENDT (ANNAH  !RISTOTLE    ASYMMETRY    !TLAS    !USCHWITZ   AUTHENTICITY             "AUDRILLARD *EAN     "EAUVOIR 3IMONEDE    BEING                                                  

BIAS                  BLACKNESS      BLACKS       BODY                                       "ODYOF#HRIST          BODY SUBJECT         "ORDO 3USAN     "UBER -ARTIN     CARESS        #ARROLL *AMES    #ATHOLIC                   #ATHOLICISM  #HALIER #ATHERINE   CHARITY           #HAUVET ,OUIS -ARIE    CHOSENNESS  #HRIST                   #HRISTIAN                                #HRISTIANITY    #HRISTOLOGY  



-ICHELE3ARACINO,ONERGANAND,EVINAS

CHURCH      CLASS          CLASSICIST     COGITO      COGNITION                   COGNITIONAL PROCESS       COGNITIONAL THEORY      CONCEPTUALISM         CONSCIOUSNESS                           CONSCIOUSNESS DIFFERENTIATED  CONTINENTAL THEORY         CONVERSION                        CONVERSION INTELLECTUAL   CONVERSION MORAL    CONVERSION RELIGIOUS         #OPELAND -3HAWN            #ORINTHIANS   CORPOREALITY                   COSMOPOLIS   COVENANT    CREATION       #RITCHLEY 3IMON     CRITICALRACETHEORY      #RÓSEMANN &RANK    CULTURE                               $ALLERY !RLEEN   $ASEIN     

$EAN *ODI     DECLINE          DECONSTRUCTION      $ERRIDA *ACQUES             $ESCARTES 2EN£               DESIRE                                                  $EUTERONOMY  DIACHRONY      DIALECTIC       DIALOGUE                     DISCOURSE                         DISTANCE              DUALISM   £CRITUREF£MININE   EGO         EGOISM              EMBRACE         ENCOUNTER                         %NLIGHTENMENT          EQUALITY       EROS      ESSENTIALISM        ETHICALRELATION             

)NDEX



ETHICS          GIFT                                                   'OD          EXILE             EXISTENTIALISM                         EXISTENTIALIST               %XODUS             EXPOSURE            FACE THE         GRACE                               GUILT        FACING        (EBREWS          (EmING #HARLES   (EGEL 'EORG 7ILHELM &RIEDRICH       FACULTYPSYCHOLOGY       (EIDEGGER -ARTIN                 &ANON &RANTZ          FECUNDITY       HEIGHT       (OLOCAUST          FEELINGS         (OMER            HOOKS BELL  HOSPITALITY              FEMINISM     HOSTAGE        FEMINISTTHEORIST     FEMINISTTHEORY   HUMANGOOD        lNALITY            lNALITY HORIZONTAL      lNALITY VERTICAL  (USSERL %DMUND       FORGIVENESS            FRATERNITY    FREEDOM                  IDEALISM                       IMMANENTISM    INCARNATION              &REUD 3IGMUND  INDIVIDUALISM    GENDER         )NlNITE                                 )NlNITY           'ENESIS   INTENTIONALITY                  



-ICHELE3ARACINO,ONERGANAND,EVINAS

       INTENTIONALITYANALYSIS         INTENTIONALITY AFFECTIVE      INTERIORITY          INTERSUBJECTIVITY                   INTIMACY       )RIGARAY ,UCE        )SAAC  )SAIAH   )SRAEL     

,AWRENCE &REDERICK       ,EVITICUS  LIBERAL       ,IFTON 2OBERT *      ,INGIS !LPHONSO              LOVE                                           ,UKE  ,YOTARD *EAN &RAN½OIS          

*ESUS       *UDAISM       JUSTICE          -ARION *EAN ,UC                       MASK     MATERIALITY         MATERNITY     +ANT )MMANUEL       -ATTHEW   MEMORY                 KNOWING                   -ERLEAU 0ONTY -AURICE                              KNOWLEDGE        MESSIANIC             METAPHYSICS                             MIND                                     ,ACAN *ACQUES        MODERNITY                      LACK                -OSAIC   ,AKELAND 0AUL   ,AMB -ATTHEW     -OSES    LANGUAGE         NAKED            NAKEDNESS                  

)NDEX



.IETZSCHE &RIEDRICH      POLITICALCORRECTNESS     POSITIVISM          POSTMODERNTHEORY   NUDITY  POSTMODERNISM    OBJECTIVITY        POSTMODERNITY                 POSTURE          OCULARCENTRISM              /DYSSEUS             /DYSSEY 4HE           ONTOLOGY                                 ONTO THEOLOGY  OPENNESS          PROGRESS                                             PROTEANSUBJECT                                           0ROTEUS     ORIENTALISM     PROXIMITY       OTHERIZING        OTHERNESS                  PSYCHOANALYSIS             PSYCHOLOGY                   0URCELL -ICHAEL           PASSIVITY                  PATERNITY     PATTERNSOFEXPERIENCE          PATTERNOFEXPERIENCE BIOLOGICAL  PATTERNOFEXPERIENCE DRAMATIC     PATTERNOFEXPERIENCE SOCIAL     0AUL3AINT       PHENOMENOLOGY               PICTURE THINKING         0LATO      PLURALISM     PLURALIST         

RACE                      RACISM       REASON                    REGRESS      RELATIVISM       RELATIVIST      RELIGION         RESPONSIBILITY                                                   



-ICHELE3ARACINO,ONERGANAND,EVINAS

RESPONSIBILITY COLLECTIVE   RESSENTIMENT   REVELATION          RIGHTS            2OMANS   2OSS 3USAN!   SACRAMENT   SACRAMENTALITY     SACRIlCE                3AFRANSKI 2ÓDIGER   3AID %DWARD                3AID THE     SAINT   SAINTLINESS   SAMENESS         3AYING THE    SCALING  SECULARISM  SELF                                                     SELF APPROPRIATION          SENSIBILITY               SEPARATION         SEX        SEXISM       3HOAH        SHOULDER          SHOULDERING              SOLIDARITY             

SPEECH            STIGMA    SUBJECT                               SUBJECT ALIENATED      SUBJECT AUTHENTIC                 SUBJECT IMMANENTIST        SUBJECT TRUNCATED     SUBSTITUTION                 SUFFERING                         SUFFERING SERVANT      SYNCHRONY   4ALLON !NDREW      4AYLOR #HARLES       TELEOLOGY  TELOS  TEMPORAL    THEMATIZATION                     THEOLOGY                                          THIRD PARTY       TIME                                            

)NDEX TRANSCENDENCE                                   TRANSCENDENT          TRANSCULTURAL            âBERMENSCH    6OLF -IROSLAV    VOLUPTUOSITY    WHITENESS    WHITES    7ILLIAMS $ELORES    WONDER