Nuclear and Radiochemistry

Nuclear and Radiochemistry

Nuclear and Radiochemistry

Jo´zsef Ko´nya and Noe´mi M. Nagy Isotope Laboratory, Department of Colloid and Environmental Chemistry University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary

AMSTERDAM  BOSTON  HEIDELBERG  LONDON  NEW YORK  OXFORD PARIS  SAN DIEGO  SAN FRANCISCO  SINGAPORE  SYDNEY  TOKYO

Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA First edition 2012 Copyright r 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-391430-9 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at store.elsevier.com This book has been manufactured using Print On Demand technology. Each copy is produced to order and is limited to black ink. The online version of this book will show color figures where appropriate.

Contents

I'rerate I

2

xiii

Introduction FUl1her Rcml ing

I II

Basic Concepts

13 13 13

2.1

ATomic Nuclei 2.1.1 COlI\r ofSllCCc"iv. Decay 4.1.6 Ibdioocli,"c &Juilibri. R.di"""I ;' " Ike.y Series Radioocli,-e O.,ing 4 ,3.1

Radi.>;ICI;'.., O;'li ng by Lc.d

JJ.oIOpc

Ral;'''''

Radi ..active o..l; n ~ by Hdi"", C"JI«flIrn,ion 4. 3.3 RaJ;."",li"" D;"in8 hy J'j.~i(H1 "f Uranium 4, 3.4 Radiooclh-e [);,t;ng by A. gon CooCCnlMiQII " .3.S R.di""",;,·c DOli ng by " Rb_ ' l Sr . P-""'nl - D.u~hlcr Pai .. 4.3.6 Radiocarbon Daling ~ I ",h"ni..., "r R.Jioacti.,c DecIY 4.4.1 Alpl~, o""ay 4.4.2 Bela O«.y. 4.4.3 Elect",n C'p1ure 4,3.2

4.4

I'm«ln and Neurrl)ll Ixc"y 4A.S SPOO'a,)Coos fi!->ion 4 .4.4

,

4 .4.6 [.. ""cric Tr3 11~ili"n (IT) 4. 4.7 E>oIi ~ Decay Funher R.ading InicTIlclion of Radiation with M a Uer

S.I

Oa.,ic Cone.pls

S.2

In,crnclioo o f Alpha Ponkle . ... i, l, Mallor 5.2.1 Enr'llY l=< of Alpha Pani"'.5.2.2 aacl;." ,allcri ng "f Alph. I'"~nkl". [n,,,,.,o,' '''' or ad. R. d':ttion with Mall'" 5.3. 1 In'cr.lc:1ion of !let. Panicle< w i,h Orbi"'l [;loclmn •

S.l

5 .3.2 5 .3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6

SA

• N ,.... t'/""Ioar Fid d Cbcl\'nlnv Radimi"" ,\onihi l. lio" or p",ilmns

AbsoIVl~," of Ikw R;oJialioo Se lf-Absorption of Bel. R3dialion B.cl;sc,"crin~ of Bel. R.di.lioo [n,< ,.,,,,,,''''' of O.nuD. R~d ia liOl' with MOiler 5 .J.1 Rayleigh Scall.ring

5A.2 Thom"", S
•••

Rod;OOCli,,, l>O!opc;. in Tracer Mcd>ds 8,6.1 Tril;u", Carbon- IJ 8,6.3 lso.""". U,.,.I;n Medic.l PIIT 8,M Sod;"m M~gncs;um · 28 W Alum ;num·!8 8,6.7 Ph"'ph,,..., •. )2 (1'•.12) 8,6.8 Su lfur·15 (S.35) 8,6.1l 00100'; ..... 36

'''''ope,

~,6.10 ~.6.1

POI..,;"", 10 Main SI~P;S o f lhe ProdUClioo of S.altd Radi,,!lCI;"o Source. 8.H.2 Qua)ily Conlm) of Sc.lcd Ihdioacl i.e Source. 8.9 f.dlilics . &juip"",nl.•ntI Toni, Serving for PmJUClioo ,,[ Radi"ac, ive Sub