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Edited by Hal Draper
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For the C
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1871 - 1971
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•
ress L-xcer
s
o es
Edited by Hal Draper
.
For the C
Ie nlal
1871 - 1971
•
ress _xcer
s
o es
Edited by Hal Draper
the C
Ie nlal
1871· 1971
INDEPENDENT SOCIALIST CLIPPINGBOOKS
Oh e 'FSM Pape r s
No. 8
Copyright
0
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS AND EPHEMERA OF THE "FREE SPEECH MOVEMENT" AT BERKELEY IN 1964-65 . . . 0N MICROFILM
1 97 1
by the Independent Socialist Press
The Free Speech Movement at the Univ ersity of C al i forni a at Berkel ey--the first big explos ion of the New Left student movement gave rise t o innum erab l e b ooks and art i cl es . Yet most of the material is sued by the FSM it s e l f , and other students at the time,· is not general ly avai l ab l e for re search . Hence this col l ection , which includes only material never repub l ished in any of the books and art i cles (except for excerpts i n s ome ca s e s ) . I t has been col l at ed from three private col l ect i ons , plus additions phot ocopied from the university ' s ar chive department , to ensure the most comp l et e as semb ly anywhere of this type of material . I t includes the vo luminous report "Administ rative Pres sures [&c " whi ch was the FSM ' s most comp l ete ocumentation of its retro spect ive cas e ; a comp l ete fi l e of the FSM NewB lette� , p lus al l supp lements ; other periodi cals is sued on the camp us , now virtual ly unobt ainab l e ; and above al l , a l arge , editori al ly dated and chronological ly arranged co l lec tion o f l eafl ets issued by the FSM or re l ated s tudent groups ; fo l lowed by l eaflets and other ephemera peF�ain ing t o the 1965 peri od of the Kerr res i gnat i on , att empt to fOl1l1 a Free Student Union ; and more . AU of this has been paginated so that a detai led Tab le of Contents oould be added at the beginning of the miorofiUn .
DENT IflC/AL/IT � PREll Box 6332 Albany sta.
Berkeley, Cal. 94706
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Edited by Hal Draper , author of Be�K e ley: The New Student Revo lt ( 1965) . One reel positive microfilm .... $45.00 Order from the Independent Socialist Press
CONTENTS . . . . . . . . Introduction NOTEBOOK ON THE PARIS COMMUN E (Press E xcerpts and Note s ) •
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March 18 . Dai l y News
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March 18 . La Si tuation March March March March March March March March March March March
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10 18 . La Li berte 10 18 . Le Na ti onal 19 , 20 . La Si tuati on 19 . Le Fi garo 11 12 20 . Dai l y News •
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21 . 21 . 22. 21 . 23 . 23.
March March Apri l March March
25 . 25. 1. 27 . 27 . March 28 . March 28 . March 28. March 30 . March 30 .
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March 31 . Dai l y News
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S tandard . 15 La Cloche 16 Le Peti t Journal 19 Dai l y News Dai l y News 19 Dai l y Telegraph Le Rappel . 21 Dai l y N 25 Irishman 26 Standard . 28 Dai l y News 29 Le Pe ti t Journal Dai l y News 29 Standard 30 Dai l y News 30 Le Rappel 31 •
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April April April April April April April April April Apri l Apri l April April April April April April Apri l Apri l
Dai l y Telegraph Dai l y Telegraph Times 36
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33 La Si tuati on 34 La Si ruati on Dail y News 34 Le Peti t Journal Evening Standard
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March 21 . March 28 . Apri l 1 . April 3 . Apri l 3 . 3. 4. 4.
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35 35 36 36
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April April April Apri l
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Le Rappel . . . 44 Dai ly News 44 Le Peti t Journal Dai l y News 45 •
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April 12. Le Vengeur
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Apri l 12 . Standard
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April 12 . La Si tua tion April 13 . La Si tuation
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48 April 13 . Le Rappel 50 Apri l 13 . Dai l y News 51 Apri l 14 . La Si tuati on 54 Apri l 14 . Standard 54 Apri l 14 . Le Rappel 54 Apri l 15 . Standard •
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Apri l April Apri l Apri l Apri l Apri l Apri l Apri l
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55 Le Rappel 55 Standard 17 . La Si tuation 56 Le Rappel 57 Dai l y News 58 Le Vengeur 60 Standard 61 Dai l y News
April Apri l Apri l Apri l Apri l Apri l April Apri l Apri l Apri l April
20 . 20 . 21 . 21 . 20 . 22 . 22 . 22 .
Le Mo t d'Ordre 61 61 Dai l y News 63 Echo Dai l y News 63 Dai l y News 65 65 Le Mo t d'Ordre 66 L ' A vant-Garde 67 La Si tua ti on 67 Dai l y News Irishman 67 Observer 67 Dai l y News 68 24 . La Si tua tion 69 69 La Si tuation
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Apri l 24 . April 23 , April 25 .
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Apri l 2 4 . Le Mo t d'Ordre 72 Apri l 25 . Dai l y News •
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72 Apri l 25 . Le Mot d'Ordre Apri l 2 4 . La Tribune de Bordeaux April 25 . La Tribune de Bordeaux 77 Apri l 26 . Le Mot d'Ordre •
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Chronol ogi cal T ab les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gloss ary Name Index About Some Unpub l i shed Notebooks by Marx . . . •
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78 Apri l 26 . Dai l y News 78 April 27 . Le Mot d'Ordre 79 Apri l 28 . Le Mot d'Ordre 80 Apri l 28 . Dai l y News 80 April 29 . Le Mot d'Ordre 82 April 29 . Dai l y News 83 Apri l 29 . La Si tuation April 30 , May 1 . La Si tua tion Notes. . . 84 •
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. 92 . 96 . 102 Cover
bes and .
Introduction Thi s book i s , in a way , a companion volume to the col lecti on of Marx and Engels' Writings on the Paris Commune, edi ted by the undersi gne d , whi ch was pub lished in March of this centennial year by the Monthly Revi ew Press . My Foreword to th at v olume expl ains the circumstances under whi ch Marx wrote his work The Ci v
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ii War in France, as an " address " of the General Council of the In ternational . �ftice to recal l here tha t , al though Marx's final draf t was not read to the Gen eral Council un ti l May 30 , 187l , two days after the fal l of the Commune , the fact is th at he had been working on the material ever since the " revolution of March 18" in Paris .
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The notebook reproduced here was one part of Marx ' s preparatory work . quote a few lines from the a ccoun t gi ven in my Foreword:
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Marx began organizi ng the mass of press reports and infoDt/ati on gleaned from COl/ut/une newspapers immedi atel y after the March 18 revol u tion . . . •
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Marx ' s prepa ratory materials for the wri ting of The Civi l War in France are in three s ec ti ons . Firs t , there is a notebook of excerpts and notes from the press (including the Commune press) , beginning wi th the papers of March 18 and mainl y in Engl i sh and French . The bulk is considerable; in fact i t is the l onges t of the three secti ons , taking up twen ty-four large numbered pages in a copybook . (Thi s section i s not included i n the presen t volume . )
TMs is the section whi ch IS presen ted i n the foll owing pages . It was after he had • .
accumulated mos t of the material i n thi s notebook tha t , in the l at ter half of AprH, M a rx began work on the fi rs t draft of the address; and abou t May 10 he s tarted on a second draf t . (Both of these prel iminary drafts are included in the MR Press
edition.) Then , about mi d-May or a li ttle l ater , Marx s tarted over again wi th wha t was going to be the final versi on of The C ivi l War in France; and i t was thi s las t version which was adopted by the General Council on May 30 . All three secti ons of Marx's notebooks on the Pari s Commune (the "excerpts and notes " and the two preliminary drafts) were first publi shed in 1934 by the Institute of Marxism-Lenini sm , Mos cow , in the journal Arkhiv Marks a i Enge l ' s a, vol. 3 (8). The original tex t , as deciphered from Marx's diffi cul t handwri ting ,
Ippeared on the l efthand the right .
�ven-numbered
)
pages
whil e a Russian translation ran on
Thi s book presen ts a direct reproducti on of the pages in the Arkhiv M-E rMch gi ve the ori ginal text of the " excerpts and notes " secti on . The original on (of the Arkhiv M-E) i s gi ven in brackets to the left of the text , on a level w i th the first l ine of the page indi ca ted . Na tural l y , as indi cated , al l of .. these page numbers are even . In the Arkhiv M-E, the ori ginal text on the lef t was spaced out i n order to run page for page wi th the Russi an translat i on on the righ t . This extra spa cing been eliminated here . It should be understood that the notebook di d not con tain actual cl ippings the press; every thing was wri t ten out by Marx . The entries include summari es paraphrases as wel l as quo tati ons or verbatim extracts; and the use o f quota cannot be rel i ed on t o dis ti ng ui sh the former from the la tter . I t i s to assume that the emphasis (underlining here , i talics) was added by Marx was not in the original press s tory . This also indica tes wha t speci all y inter Marx about the i tems �
5
6 As a rule, Marx used Engli sh in those s ections dealing wi th the English
press, and French for i tems from the French press; bu t this is not invari abl y so; and German words and expressions are casually s ca t tered abou t . In fact, there are senten ces whi ch use Engli sh, French and German al l wi thin the compass of a single line . The text of this notebook has never been republished anywhere since i ts ori ginal appearance in 1934; i t was not included i n the Marx-Engel s Werke. Even as far as transl a ti ons are concerned, the only version I know of, after the 1934 Russi an transl ation, i s a French translation incl uded i n La Guerre Civi l e en
France , 1 87 1 . Edit ion nouve l le accompagnee des travaux prel iminaires de Karl Marx
(Pari s, Edi tions Soci a l es, 1953, repub . 1968) . Thi s French edi tion also has a spe ci al body of annotati ons based on a check of Marx's notes agains t the ori ginal text of the papers he quotes . Where I have used i nfollUation from this E . S. edi tion in the following pages, the source has been credi ted each time, as " E . S . " In the presen t book, all passages i n French or Gelman are translated in footnotes. The footnote numbers are placed to the ri gh t of the text and on a lev el wi th the fi rst line of the passage in ques t i on . The transl ations are presented on a paragraph-by-paragraph basis . That i s : in a given footnote the transl ation does not go beyond the end of the paragraph; i f necessary, a new footnote number i s used for the next paragraph . The i ntention was to make i t easier to match the translati on wi th the trans l ated passage . Words and terms not transl ated in the footnotes may be found in the Glossary . In the footnot es, a typographi cal dis tincti on i s made between two kinds of matter . Transl ati ons are gi ven i n thi s kind o f roman type (Adjutant ) combined with this kind of italic type (Light Ita lic) . Other footnotes or o ther parts of foot notes whi ch are edi tori al in nature are gi ven i n the type used i n thi s sentence . In general, the footnotes do not gi ve expl ana tions (of all usions , terms, etc . ) whi ch are already gi ven in the annotati ons to the MR Press col l ecti on or whi ch are contained in any of the three versions of The Civi l War in France . It shoul d be noted tha t the ori ginal text includes the use of square bracke ts i n two kinds of cases : i n the headings, whi ch typi cally gi ve the name of a newspaper, then its date, and then gi ve the number of tha t i ssue in square bracke ts; and after entri es, to give the page and column number, e . g . " {p . 4, c . S]." In the second case, the square bracke ts natural l y reappear in the footnoted trans la ti on; bu t all other brackets used in the footnotes indicate edi tori al i nterpola As for the headings, not e that' these are not transl ated a t all, insofar as ti ons . they consis t of the three el ements mentioned . The onl y el ement subject to transla ti on wou ld be, of course, the month . The reader wil l meet the fol l owing names of the months i n the headings and in a few other pl aces : March Apri l May
Fr. Fr. Fr.
mars avri l
Ge r .
Marz
ma� •
The two chronological tables a t the end of the book appl y, of course , not onl y to the materi al i n thi s book bu t to all of Marx and Engels ' wri tings on the Commune and French pol i tics. They had to be omi t ted from the MR Press vol ume because of space considerations bu t wi ll, I think, be found useful for reference . Table II, on the Commune, i s based primari l y on the Journal Officiel of the Commune , plus some of the standard histories, especi al l y Lissagaray's and Jellinek's . Apri l 1971
HAL DRAPER
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[92]
N4chzuaehn: Daily New8 una PallMall tlom 19 Marz, 22 Mars, ',1 24M. 29 M: Daily New,. 18 March. [oM 7763] Picard, the Home Minister, engaged to reorganize the Municipal CounciL Prefecture of Seine offered to Casimir Perier: General Valentin the :new prefect of polici. Tem 8 thinks that his appointment a warning,
p
that the government does not consider the state of Paris normal. «It
is certaim, it adds, «that the cannons of Montmartre cannot remain in position indefinitel)'). [p� 4, c.5] (Paris. 16 March.) (Elections at Pari, tooTe place at the 8.thMarch.) «These fine fellows (the National Guards) have become unruly and refuse authority».·
(Pari8 CON'eap.16March) Valentin's dirst business is to establidh
a thoroughly efficient constabulary». «rebels of Montmartre... great
heroes... so long as the people came to look at them». «Shamfights and
sham-soldiery»; «The sham is all in all». Als Beweis, dass die NationaI Guards sham, dass das Th£ers gOVf�rnment has �rcwardcd the French
army with no less than 3 658 crosses of the Legion of Honour». «Plan des
gotlernment to lay a «stamp of 2 centimes on each copy of every peri� odical, whatetler ita nature». [po 6, c. i]
Paris, 17 March (telegram): «All the governcent officials... retur-
ned to Paris ... Thiers, who is to receive 3 million fcs. a year, has his headquarters at Versailles ... Excitement.;; among merchants .. Peti
i.2
:3 ,, , •
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tions for a speedy modification of the law relating to bills of exchange»; [po 3, c. 1]
, , I,
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Situation; 18 Mars. [N!! i54] .
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Lea. Canons deMontmarlre.� «L1ieux gardes que jamais ... Ie comite
central (der Garde nationalc) est tout-puissant; il donne exclusivement
5
des ordres, et son influence efface absolument celIe des magistrats mu�
Look up: Daily News and Pall Mall [Gazette] of 19 March, 22 March, 24 March, 29 Mal'ch. 2. As proof that the N at iona l Guards [ are] sham , [ it s ays ] that the Thiers...
1.
e e
3. "Plan of the...
4. fcs . : francs .
S. The cannons of Montmartre: ''bet ter guarded than ever . . . the central conrmittee
(of the National Guard) is a l l-pow erful ; i t alone gives orders , and its influence
absolutely ob liter ates that of the muni cipal magis trate s . " (Journal des Debats) "Bes ides the dis t rust arous ed by the government ' s attitude with respe ct to the re lI10VaZ of the Assembly to Ve!'saillesand the measures taken against the press, the rumor has gone through Montmartre that Gener al Vinoy had decid ed to throw a block-
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[94]
nicipaux». (Journal des Debats) «En dLhors des defiances que souleve l'attitude du go uvernement en ce qui touche au transport de l'.A.ssemb Ue a Versailles et aux mpsure.'1 prises contre la presse, Ie bruit a couril: it Montmartre que Ie general Vin�y s'etait decide a faire le hlocus de Montmartre. Quelque absurde que puisse paraitre ce bruit, iI a ete for tement accredite dans Ie public. De la . . . Ia resolution inebranlable de ne pas se demunir de I 'artillerie etc». «Apres cela ... la question d'Aurelle de Poladil1es . . . Ie noeud du dtbat. La garde nationale veut etendre a son c h�f supreme Ie droit d 'election et non I'accepter du Gouvernement . . . Question de principe . . . qui a fait rompr� les transactions etc . . . . Gari baldi... unanimement proclame comme general en chef de la garde na tionale ... On est intraitable sur ce point». [po 3, c . 1) .La grotesque armee des bataillons revolutionnaires continue a 6 camper a Montmartre , autour des canons conquis sur les artilleurs fran�is. Le gouvernement ne trouve-t-il pas que ce carnaval demagogique . se prolonge un peu trop avant dans Ie careme? N'y aurait il pas plus d 'avantages a faire cesser cette lugubre plaisankrie qu'a supprimer quelques journaux obscurs et a empecher de creer ju.�qu 'il, la levee de t'etat de .,iege de nouveaux organes de publicite? Nous esperons que Ie commandant de l'armee de Paris ne tardera pas a . . r€tablir l'ordre». (Libe1'1� 16 Mars) .•H ie r matin (16-th 1 7-th), une longue file de chariots d'artille- 7 rie se Bont diriges, par ordre, vers les hauteurs de Montmartre , afin de charger et d'emmener les munitions du trop fameux parc des buttes. L 'operation, selon les instructions donnees, devait reussir d'emblee. ou bien, il ne devait pas y etre donne suite , selon l'attitude des volon taires. II parait que Ia nuit n 'avait pas encore porte conse;'l ; on a parle .
ade around Montmartre . However absurd this rumor may seem, it has been firmly be lieved by the public. Hence...the unshakable deteI1Ilination not to be disposs essed of the artillery etc." "After that...the question of Aure Ue de Paladines the crux of the debate. The National Guard wants to extend their election rights to [elect] its conunander in chief and not accept it [his appointment] by the Government... Question of principle ...which has broken up negotiations etc. . .. Garibaldi...unanimously proclaimed as general in chief of the National Guard... They are unyielding on this point." [p.3, c.l] 6. "The grotesque aI1IlY of the revolutionary battalions continue to make camp in Montmartre, around the cannons conquered from French artillerymen. Doesn't the government feel that this demagogic carnival is lasting a little too long into the Lenten season? Would it not be more advantageous to put an end to this dismal jest than [merely] suppress some obscure newspapers and prevent the establishment of new public organs unti l the s tate of siege is raised? We hope that the [Ver saillese] commandant of the Paris army will not delay...re-establishment of ord er." (Libert�� March 16) 7. "Yesterday morning (l6th-17th), a long column of gun-carriages headed, under orders [from Versailles], for the heights of Montmartre in order to load and take away the military supplies of the all too famous grounds on the hill. According to the instructions given out, the operation had to succeed then and there or else it could not be carried out at all, depending on the attitude of the volunt eers. It seems that night still did not bring counsel; there was hardly a few minutes of talk and the carriages went back. In fact, the National Guards kept their cannons, but it was all done without making any row." (Gau lois . ) [p.3, c.2] .
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9 a. peine quelques minutes, et les chariots sont revenus. Les ,gardes natio
naux ont, en effet, garde leurs canons, mais .tout cela s'est fait sans causer aucun tumu1te». (Gaulvis.) [po 3, c. 2]
.ArB'mhlee notiollale. 11 Mars (Bordeaux) Prtsiamt: «Notre prochaine sance est fixee a Versailles au lundi 20 Mars•• [po 3, c. 4] Nach loi volee (proposee par Dufaure) 10 Mars a l'As,'temblee bUMs
a p"!/t!r ae,� le 16-th. (Te1e,gramme 16 Mars Paris) (
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4 April. Times: [N! 27028] Leader. Encounter before Paris on Sunday 2 April. Great batU.� of 3 April. On 2 April the Versailles government had sent forward a division chiefly consisting 'of Gendarmes, .J.llarines, Fore:;;t Guard", and Policl� Versailles troops in this first engagement 4 to 1 , sent them in wild flight. over the bridge of Neuilly ; [p o 8, c. 4] the insurgents, though engagins against overwhelming odds with unequal weapons, had to fall back in complete disorder. Stood their ground at their barricade before th'� bridqe fer ' a long time keeping up a very hot fusillade. Some of the insurgent prisoners shot in cold-blood.
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1 19 . Chass eurs d ' Afrique : l i ght infantry from Afri ca [ i . e . Algeria] 1 20 . Mont Valerien : one of the fo rts , occupied by Versaillese troops , •
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on the
west side of Paris , on the ro ute to Versailles . 121 . Pontifical Z ouaves : formed in 1860 under Gen . Charette , as papal troops for Pius IX , on the model of the French " Z o uave" t roops in Algeria , but recruited from French (s ometimes Belgian) upper-class youth i used by the pope against Garibaldi ; agains t hated by the Roman people . In 1870 they were pulled back to France , & used the Commune in 1871 .
ne at e Od i br he ate ti edi cal I
37 Throughout the night and at break of day, the insurgents il ssemh:
ed to the number of 100 000, and marching in 3 columns from eli e h !! a nd .Yet/ illy, Poi n t dlt Jo u r and Chilt illon, they advanced '
sailles . at
once
Their
right
bro ken
guffered
and
severely
dispersed ;
but
on
upon Ver nearing Mont Valerie n ,
on the
southeast,
the
ce ntre
and left o f the insurgents . . . gained ground upon the enemy in the di rection of Meudon, where Bcrge1'et was at 1 0 o 'clock , a s k in� for rein
forcements. 30 000 with artillery , sent to his support undEr G wita v e
Flourens , thwarted b y the g::lvernmental troops , fell d i s o rd e rly b a c ;; .
upon Paris.
(onere Paris rabble» [po 8, c . 5]
.
E. Farcy, A. Peyrat, Edgar Quinet, Langlois, Dorian) parlent d 'insz.,r rection et des mots de moderation prononces par M. Thiers. [p o 2 , c . 4]
1 57 1 58
12 April. Standard. [;N; 14569]
Leader. The world which was lately upbraiding Paris for its want
of spirits is now compelled to bewail its courage . . . desperate obsti nacy . . . If the Versailles army has grown accustomed to bombarding Paris, Paris has grown accustomed to being bombarded : «The ment of Paris by the Prussian was almost a farce . . . The bombard ment of Paris by Frenchmen is a stern reality». [p o 4, c . 4]
12 April. Situation. [J.l� 174] Fast 100 Bonapartist Generals at Versailles. Les officiers superieurs sont p resque tous rentres en France, et ont rer,m un emploi de . leur grade . [po 3 , c . 4] Paris 11 April. La ligue repIlblicaine a publie un manifeste pour faire cesser la lutte fratricide . Verlangt : la suppression de l'armee de Paris, remplacee par la garde nationale ; l ' election de tous les fonction naires de Paris par les citoyens, enfin armistice complet pour les ci toyens. Gingen zu Thiers. Abgewiesen . Nun nach den andren Stadten. [po 4, c. 1 ] La garde nationale et 1'armee se battent couragPlHlernent sur Ie terrain meme OU Trochu pretendait ne pas pouvoir reussir a les opposer •
1 59
1 60
161
attempt to maint ain its e l f by b omb arding the capital . What ! after s ending their she l ls through the vaulted arches o f the Hote l des Invalides or the Pantheon , aft er raining bul l ets on the dwe l l ings of your fami l ies , they [the government] would come be fore you to ask them to keep them in power ! But that wou ld be a hundred times more impossib le after the victory than before . " [p . 2 , c . 2 ] 1 5 7 . La Verite : "We do not want the Repub l i c only , but [ a l s o ] repub lican insti tut i ons at the b as e of and at the summit of the s o ci al edifice . " 1 5 8 . The s e c i t i z ens (Louis B lanc, H . Brisson, Ed. Adam, L . Tirard, E . Farcy , A . Peyrat, Edgar Quinet, Lang lois, Dorian) t alk about insurrection and ab out wor� of moderation spoken by M . Thiers . [Thi s refers to a s ta tement i ss ued by the nine Par is depu ti es to the Versai l l es assembl y , call ing for support to Versai l l es vers us the Commune bu t advi sing moderation on the governmen t . ]
159 . Nearly 100 B onap artist generals at Vers ai l les . The h i gher offi cers have al mos t a l l returned t o F rance [ from impris onment by the P rus s i ans ] , and have been given p osts according t o their rank . [p . 3 , c . 4 ] 1 60 . Paris, 1 1 Apri l . The Ligue Repub li caine [Union Repub l i caine ] has pub lished a manifes to t o end the fratricidal s truggl e . Demands : ab o l ition of the army of Par is , to b e rep l aced by the N at i onal Guard ; e l e ct ion of a l l Paris officials by the ci t i z ens ; l as t ly , comp lete a1111 i s ti ce for the citi zens . Went t o see Thiers . Rej ect ed . Now t o the other t owns . [p . 4 , c . l ] 1 6 1 . The Nat i onal Guard and the army are fi ght ing b rave ly on the very s ame ter rain where Tro chu cl aimed [he ] cou l d not suc ceed in victorious ly pitting them a-
. •
-
-
,
47 victorieusement aux Prussiens. M. Trochu n'a jamais ose .'avancer it porte. dr.
c. GJ c t
ma rc he
,
1 68
La province est sous Ie coup de la loi des suspects. Les arrestationa 1 69 se multiplient. . Die lettres o f the Archbishop of Paris (Darboy) (d. d. Maza8 8 April) 1 70 an Thiers und im selben Sinn von Deguerry (cure de la Madeleine) [p o 2 , c . . 1 ] ( d . d . Conciergerie 7 April) ne sont pas signees par deux pretres en liberte, mais par deux ecclesiastiques prisonniers ·et qui pourraient craindre d'etre les objets des derribl. represaillen dont parle M. Deguerry. (In dem Brief des letzten Kerls heissts : �Ces executions soulevent de grandes cole res A Paris et peuvant y produire de « terribles represailles» . ) «Ainsi l'on est resolu, it chaque nouvelle exe cution, d 'en . ordonner deux des nombreux otages que 1 'on a entre lea mains. Jugez it quel point ce que je vous demande comme pretre est, cl 'une rigoureuse et absolue necessite.. Der Rappel bemerkt : «Une chose qui a ete fort remarquee, c'est 1 7 1 que , commerc;ants, francs-mac;ons , journalistes, maires, representants, tous les groupes de citoyens se sont entremis pour arreter l'effusion du excepte les pretres. La deputation des chambres syndicales sang est allee d �ux fois A Versailles ; la deputation de franc-mar;onnerie, et la deputatlon de l'Union Republicaine en arrivent. Les cures sont restes A Paris. C'est pourquoi nous craigpons que l'intervention «de deux des nombreux otages que l'on a entre les mains» ne fasse croire que Ie sang dont ils aspirent it empecher 1 'effusion est Ie leuf)) . La Republique laissera aux generaux de l'Empire «les atroces exces qui ajoutent A l'horreur de nos luttes fratricides». [p o 2, c . 2] (Die letzten Worte aus dem Brief des archeveque. )
168 . "M. Lucien Dubois, inspector o f marketp l aces [p . l , c . 6 ] and stores , was he l d for two days at the central po l i ce s t at i on . . . Accus e d o f hiding a part of the flour stocks whi ch are s tored away . " 169 . The provinces are threatened with the L aw o f Suspects . Arrests are multi plying . 170 . The l etters o f the Archb ishop o f P aris (Darboy ) (dated Mazas Prison, 8 Ap ri l) to Thiers , and to the s ame effect from Deguerry (cure of the Made leine) [p . 2 , c . l ] (dated Conciergerie , 7 Apri l ) are not s i gned by two priests at l iberty but by two eccles ias t i cs in pri s on , who might we l l be afraid o f bei ng the obj ects of the "te rrib �e reprisa�s II that M . Deguerry speaks o f . ( I n the l e tter written by the l atter fe l low , it s ays : "These executi ons arouse great anger in Paris and can cause ' terrib Ie repris als ' there . " ) "Thus they have res o l ved , every t ime there is a new executi on , t o order the s ame for two of the many hos t ages who are in their h ands . Judge to what extent that whi ch I ask you as a priest is a stri ct and ab s o lute ne cess ity . " 171 . Le Rappe � comment s : "One thin g that h as been much remarked i s this , that merchants , Freemas ons , j ourn alist s , mayors , repr esen tat ives , every group of cit izens have intervene d t o s top the flow o f b lood- excep t the pries ts . The de lega tion of the Chamb res Syndi ca�es went t o Vers ai l les twi ce ; the de l e gati on of the Freemasonry , and the de l eg at i on of the Union Repub �icaine are going there . The cures remai ned in P ari s . That is why we are afrai d that , when "two o f the numer ous hos t ages they h ave in their h ands" do intervene , one mus t b e l ieve that the flow of b lood they ' d l ike to s t anch is thei r own . " The Repub l i c wi 1 1 l e ave to the gener a l s o f the Empire "the atroc ious exces s e s which add t o the horro r of our frat ri cida l s tru gg l es . " [ p . 2 , c . 2 ] (The l as t wor ds [ are ] from the · aTchbis hop ' s lett er . )
50 Heroisme des femmes A Paris I [p o 2, c. 3 13
-
4]
1 72
April. Daily News. [oM 7786]
,
Ttlegr. Paris. 12 April. Paris was in great commotion last night, on account of the night attack made by the Versailles troops on the west .and south o f Paris, simultaneously. The troops just received 30 new guns, o f large calibre, and began to try them last night. Failed. Con tinued to-day. ( Rochefort in another article to-day denounces Felix Pyat and his get as abominable tyrants or rather downri,qht fools.) , Chief object of the cannonade to-day Porte Maillot, battered by the guns of Mont Valerien. Numerous shells about the Arch o f Triumph. Catholic General Cathelineau forms at Compiegne a Breton legion. {po 3, c . 1] , ,
[ 172]
Corr. St. Denis April 11. The best (governmental) of gendarmes, mostly Corsicans. [p o 6, c . 3] Versailles 11 April. Corr. War in Paris. In Paris .
troops the corps
nothing to mdi cate that a fierce combat was ra�.lg within 2 miles of the Madeleine. The cafes had their usual number of inmates, and most of the theatre� were open. The «Gaulois» picture (in yesterday's edition) of a complete reign of terror and violence . . . a mere fiction... very violent counsels 'prevail with the authorities o f the regular troops. Most horrible details of the cold-blooded shooting of prisoners, not deserters, related �th an evident gusto by general officers and other eye-withesses. [po 6, c. 4] , ,
.An English Visitor in Paris: «As for my general impressions with regard to the Commune , I must beg to differ entirely from the corres�
pondents who have painted the Nationals in such black colours, and who pretend that they represent only a small section of .Paris. Th� contest seems to me to be eminently one between Paris and the peasants, and the great majority of those now in Paris sympathise heartily with the Commune . . The ramparts are crowded with people o f, all ranks, and among them many bourgeois wishing success to the Guards, and cursing «ces Prussiens-Ia» . The National Guards are by no means an ill-looking set of men ; in fact, their respectability struck me at once , and their officers are of the usual and most polished type of French officer, and a regiment o f the Guard may compare well with the Mobile and even the Line , certainly in looks, apd, I fancy, also in fighting. I may add �hat since I have been in Paris, I have not seen one man drunk, and both at the H otel de Ville and everywhere else , have met with the greatest politeness, and I believe that every unprejudiced Englishman coming and seeing the untiring energy, the self- denial, the patriotism of these men as compared with the sloth and jobbery of Empire and Assembly alike, would end by crying, as all do here : « Vive la C()mmune! Vive Paris/tl ,
.
1 7 2 . Heroism of the women in Paris ! [p . 2 , c . 3 - 4 ] 1 73 . National s : Nat i onal Guards . 174 . . . . " thos e Prus s i ans . " [Meaning the Vers ai lles e , 1 7 5 . Mobi l e : the Mobi l e Guard .
1 73
p
,
us
1 74
1 75
according to E . S . J
5 f
•
51 14 April. Situation
[;N; 176]
L 'Officiel de la Commune : «Lorsque les perquisitions eurent .fait
decouvrir la p reuve de la veracite des informations ; ordre donne e� . payem ent fait par Ie Gouvern2ment de VersailLs ; recommandation re' cente d 'accelerer I 'execution d 'une guillotine perfectionnee; plan, ouvriers, ol,ltil s, et enfin Ie corps de delit. �equisition en rut C?peree, [ 1 7 4 ] ainsi que de l 'instrument ordinaire : Ie sous-comite assemble en de liberation , decida que les deux instruments de supplice seraient broIes en place publique, apres que l'avis en aUf!lit ete lu et tambourine. Voici Ie texte du p lacard aUiche:' «Citoyens. Informe qu'il Be faisait en ce moment une nouvelle guillotine, payee et commandee par l 'odieux gouvernement dechu (guillotine plus portative et acce. Ierative), Ie sous-comite du 11-e arrondissement a fait saisir ces instru ments serviles de la domination monarchique et en a vote la dc:struc tion pour toujours. En consequence, la combustion va en �tre faite, Bur la p lace de la Mairie, pour Ia purification de I 'arrondissement et la consecration de Ia nouvelle liberte, a 10 heures, 6 Avril 187b.
1 76
,
Les membres du Sous-Comite etc . 5 .Af)�il 1871. [po 2, c. 4] 1 7 7 ' «L 'Assemblee siege paisiblement. (Circulaire de Thiers aux pr�fets). Elle aussi a le coeur Uger. .. N 'etait-ce pas assez pou r ces Spartiates
de pacotilles, qui ne savaient ni mourir, ni etre victorieux, d 'avoir livre Paris par une capitulation honteuse ; avaient-ils jure aussi de l'achever par Ia guerre civile ? . . [p o 5 , c. 3] un Triboulet sanguinaire a Ia livrea rouge de Philippe-Ega lite. «Thiers et Ies Ho m�es du 4 Septembre , aveugles par Ia cupidiM
1 78
.
1 79
176 . The [Jour-nalJ Offieie l of the C omnnA.n e : "When inve s t i gat ions were made to confirm the t ruth o f the news [ ab out the new gui l l otine ] : order turned in and payment made by the Vers ai l l es Government ; recent recommendation t o hasten the comp letion of an improved gui l l ot ine ; p l ans , work ers , tools and finally the corp us de l i cti itse l f . It was commandeere d , a l ong w ith the ordinary gui l l otine : the subcommittee , meet ing t o cons ider it , dec i ded that the two ins truments o f punish ment wou l d b e burnt in a pub li c p l ace , after not i fi c at i on of it had b een read and proc laimed by drum- rol l . Her:e i s the text o f the pos t er put up : "Citi zens . In formed that a new gui l l ot ine was b eing made at thi s t ime , paid for and ordered by the odious government that has fall en (a more port ab le and speedier gui l l otine) , the sub committee o f the 1 1th arrondi s sement has s e i z ed the s e s l av i sh ins truments of monarchi s t dominat i on and voted the i r des truc t i on forever . Cons equent ly , their burning wi l l t ake p l ace nn the P l ace de l a Mai ri e , for the puri fi cat i on o f the arrondis s ement and the cons e crati on o f the new freedom , at 1 0 o ' c l o ck , 6 Apri l 1871 . " [The date 177 . The merribers of the Subconunittee etc. 5 Apri l 1 871 . [p . 2 c 4 ] 5 Apri l appl ies onl y to the pos ter ; the whole passage was in the Jour-nal Officie l for Apri l 1 0 , where i t i s dated Apri l 9 . J 1 78 . "The Assemb ly is mee ting peacefu l ly " (Thiers ' s circul ar t o the prefect s ) . I t too has a light heart . . . Wasn ' t i t enough for thes e papier-mache Spartans , who knew neither how to die nor how to be victorious , to have handed Paris over by a shame ful capitul at i on ; h ave they also swon1 t o finish it off by civi l war? . . [p . S , c . 3 ] a b loodthirs ty Trib ou l et in the red l ive ry of Phi l ippe - Egal it� . 179 . "Thiers and the Men o f 4 Septemb e r , b l inded by cupidity even more than by political passion . . . res ort t o the most infamous o f s l anders , that the Vers ai l les troops have to face on ly c onvicts on the l o os e . 200 , 000 conv i cts in Paris . . . Odious j es t . " [p . S , c . 4 ] ,
.
52 plus encore que par la passion politiqut... recourt iI. la plus infime
des calomnies, que les troupes de Versailles n 'ont devant elles que des for(jats en rupture de ban. · 200 000 for(jats iI. Paris.. . Plaisanterie odieuse• . [p o 5, c. 4] ' mome nt ou a eclate la Revolution parisienne , l'emprunt Pouyer- 1 80 «Au Quertier allait etre conclu ; et par des moyens, iI. I 'emploi desque ls la maison Rothschild elle-meme ne pouvait s'oppo ser, ees messieurs et ees dames Be trouvaient pouvoir realise r, en 10 annees , un benefice net de 327 835 000 fcs . . . L'operation et1it conclue ; lea parts etaient faitea, il ne manquait, pour mettre la main dessus, que d 'alleger Mont martre de ses canons . . . [p o 6, c. 1] Les dames Thier" Jules Favre, Pouyer- Quertier, Picard et Simon se connaissent en chiffre. . . Sous l'empire d'une telle preoccupation Ie salon de M-me Thiers est devenu l'antre des femmes . Sans la moindre vergogne 1es femmes y sautent 1 8 1 au cou des generaux revenant du champ de bataille, pour un pouce de terrain gagne qui rapproche la bande de la caisse ; la personne etc . . a 1 82 entendu ce cri du coeur sortir des levres de M-lle Dosne : .Les mise rabIes, qu�d tout allait etre signe t» [po 6, c. 2] Social : «Flourens tUff! les federes vaincus! La rente montait». 1 8 3 II .Tous les coulissiers Ie savent, notre victoire est leur detaite. Le travail viendra reprendre la place qu'ils ont volee». [p o 7 , c. 1 ] Vengeur : Thiers. 1 ) Qui a rerue en 1830 la Repuhlique du National 1 84 ]lour Be convertir it la meilleure des . Republiques? 'rhiers. 2) Qui a ttrahi son bienfaiteur, M. Lafitte, pour prendre sa place de ministre? ·Thiers. 3) Qui a emprisonne son ami et collaborateur Carrel pour gar der sa place de ministre ? Thiers. 4) Qui a, comme ministre, altere l 'his rtoire de la Revolution, qu'il avait faite comme repuhlicain? Thiers. .
[ 1 7 6]
-
-
180 . "Jus t when the Paris revoluti on b roke out , the Pouyer-Quert ier loan was go ing t o b e s e t t l ed ; and by s ome me ans or other which even the Hous e of Roths chi ld CQu l d not oppos e , the s e . gent l emen and l adies found they could make a net profit of 3 2 7 , 835 , 000 francs in 1 0 years . . . The operati on was carried through ; the shares were divided up ; the only thing s ti l l l acking , for them t o get their hands on the money , was t o re l ieve Montmartre of its cannons . . . [p . 6 , c . l ] The ladies � Mmes . Thiers � Favre � Pouyer-Quertier� Picard and Simon know what to do about money . Dominated by thi s preoccupation , Mme . Thi ers ' s s al on b ecame the women ' s den . With out the S l i ghtest shame the women fal l al l over generals returning from the b attle fie l d , for an inch o f territ ory gained whi ch brings them c l oser to the moneybags ; the pers on etc . . . heard this heart - fe lt cry spring from the l ips of M l l e . Dosne : "The wret ches ! j us t when everything was going t o be s i gned ! " [p . 6 , c . 2 ] 18 1 . Wi thout a note about i t , E . S . changes the reading to " l ' antre des furies , " .
.
"Mme . Thiers ' s salon bec ame a den of furi es . " This certainly makes more sense . 1 8 2 . . . . the pers on etc . : The ful l text in the newspaper reads : "the pers on who gave us thi s infonnati on as sures us he he ard this heart - fe l t cry . . . " et c . - Ml le . Dosne -was Thi ers ' s sis ter-in-law . i . e.
183 . Sociale : "Flourens ki l led! the Federals beaten ! Dividends went up . " "Al l the s t o ckj obb ers know , our vict ory is the i r de fe at . L ab or wi l l move in t o take back the pos i t i on they have usurped . " [p . 7 , c . l ] 1 84 . Vengeur : Thie rs . 1 ) Who in 1 830 dis owned the Repub l i c of Le National in orde r to 'go over to the best of repub lics ? Thie rs . 2) Who betr ayed his bene fact or , M . L affi tte , in orde r to t ake his p l ace as mini s ter? Thi ers . 3 ) who impris oned his friend and col l ab orat or Carre l in orde r to keep his pl ace as mini ster? Thiers . 4 ) Who , as mini s ter , chan ged the hist ory of the Revo lut ion wh i ch he had made as a repub lican? Thi ers . 5 ) Who prop os ed the Sept embe r l aws agai nst the
,
52 plus
encore que
par la passion politiqttt... recourt a la plus infAme
des calomnies, que les troupes de Versailles n 'ont devant elles que des fortate of siege felt in the mattel' France from the Commune . of food. Prices are rising very fast . . . Paris is to be starve d out. [po 3, c. 1] . . Leader. «The Reds of Paris are not given to reflection ... Regi ments of loungers, who draw their-pay, wear a uniform, and enjoy idle ' ness on the centimes granted them by an illegal power, are not likely to give up that ocCupation through mere weariness of . it». [p o 4 , c. 5] .
.
19
.
.
.
.
Avril. Vengeur. [2 e serie, ;M 21] -
(
(c!. 1 7 Avril Rappel) «Messieurs, lorsque, il y a 50 ans, le8 Autri· 2 1 2 chiens exer�ant les droits de la guerre, pour s'epargner les longueurs d 'un siege, voulurent bombarder Lille, lorsque plus tard les Anglais, qui exer. (21 Mai entry o f General Douay par la porte de St. Cloud. ) 1 6 .blai Thiers ' s maison detruite . 371 Seance du 11 .J{ai 372 21 .Jla rch «Come what may I will not send an armed force to Paris», while Jules Favre menaced «the coupable emeute de Paris a jamais 3 7 3 maudite» with the fire and sword of Bismarck . 27 Ma1'ch «I found the Republic an accomplished fact», goes on with his peace etc . , aber beschliesst to go on the same day after having'receiv-. 3 74 ed news o f the defeat of the Commune at Lyons. .
.
,
[ 238]
•
.
•
Mysteres du couvent de Picpus. (Mot d 'Ordre. 5 Jlay).
Cou ven t de Picpus, faubourg St. A ntoine.
375 Perquisitions there have ' 3 7 6
led to the discovery o f an atrocio us crime . In a cell of some square feet there were found three nuns there shut up for 9 years. In coniequence of this long sequestration they have become idiots. The oldest, 73 years, installed at the casern of Rueilly under the protection of the National . 3 7 7 guard ; the 2 others, one about 40 and the other about 30 years taken care . of in Ll.le private houl:!es of citizens. Des fouilles operees dans Ie couvent 3 7 8 have led to the discovery o f different skeletons and bones of children buried in the soil .
,
368 . " I repe at i t t o s at i e ty . . . Let the s e impi ous arms fal l from the h an.ds whi ch D I d them and the punishment w i l l s top at once ; b ecom es an act of peac e , exce pt ith rega�d to the crim inal s who , fortunat e ly , are not very nume rous . (Sti rrin gs , you ore l imp I , me l l e t , n leme t "Gen : rs Thie . . " . ) ght Ri the on es ench b ous vari n s are far from nume r m I wron g? Do you re gret that I cou l d s ay that the crim inal us ? . . . I s i t not fortunat e , fort una te amids t this mis fortune , that thos e who oul d shed the b l ood of C l ement Thomas and Gene ral Lecomte are rari t i e s ? " . 369 . Assemb ly of 1 8 May Fran kfor t t re aty , 1 0 May 1 87 1 . Adop ted in the As s emb ly f 1 8 May , voting : 5 88 ; in favo r 490 ; against 9 8 . 370 . 22 May " I told you a few days ago , we are marching towa rd the goal . Today , come here to t e l l you the goal has b e en re ache d . " ( 2 1 May entry o f Gene ral ouay vi a the gate of St . C loud . 3 7 1 . 1 6 May Thiers ' s hous e des troyed . 372 . Session of 1 1 May 373 . " the criminal outb reak in P aris , foreve r accurs ed" . . . 374 . . his pe ace e tc . , but decides to go on . . . 375 . Mysteries of the Picpus convent . (Mot d 'OrdT'e . 5 May l . 376 . Picpus convent 377 . casern (Fr . caserne ) : b arracks . 378 . Exc avations made in the convent . . . .
.
.
•
.
379 . 380 . 381 . monast t reatl C apuchl 382 . _ than :2 more t •
91 This mon astery (couvent) of Picpus an immense property. The olde st was i n a sma l l cage . . . Starved , whippe d , ·all because she wanted to leave the cloy ster and retum to her fa:mi�y-. Lo..v.e i\ffaire with Fatbet Raphae l. When she had got leave to go , sne was caught on· her departure , and shu t up . . . In two cage s, sma ller and muc h more low than those in which the leop ards o f the Jardin des Plan tes. In it un miserable grabat sur lequel les malheureuses ont passe 9 ans . In a small jardin situated plus au fond du jardin instruments of tortu'i't (as found in the caves of the Inquisition in Spain and at Rome ) A souterrain leading from the couvent des soeurs de Picpus avec un etablissement de religieux situe tout en. face de l 'autre cote de la rue . Le traite s.ur les & vortements que I 'on a trouve chez la superieure est du per� Bousquet, capucin. Dans les souter'rains de l 'Eglise de St. Laurent un espace de plus de 20 metres cubes remplis d 'ossements humains . · Plus loin , quelques squelettes, remontant a une date plus recente . . . •
.
3 79 3 80
.
381
3 82
379 . In it a mis e rab l e pal l et on whi ch the unfortunate women spent 9 years . 380 . In a sma l l garden s i tuated at the farther end of the garden . . . 381 . An underground pas s age l e ading from the convent o f the Pi cpus sis ters to a monastic ins tituti on s i tuated right across on the other s ide of the s treet . The treatis e on ab ortions found at the mother superi or ' s is by Father Bousquet , a C apuch i n . 382 . In the underground passages of the Churoh of St. Laurent a space of more thm 20 cubic met ers fi l l ed with human b ones . Further on , s ome ske l etons , of a more recent dat e .
,
i
j
Ii
I
•
I
i i
92
CHRONOLO G I CAL TABLE I .
Da tes in French H i story
1 8 04
May
1 80 5
1 789 - 1 87 1
menti oned by Ma rx and Engel s i n thei r wri ti ngs on the Pari s Commune
1 806
(This tab le is intended only as a practi ool aid to the readi ng of Ma� and Engels� and not as a systematic ch�noz.ogy of French his tory . Included also are a few dates conaeming Prussia and the de velopment of the First Intel>national. )
Ju] Aug
1 806-07 1 806
Oei
1 807
JUI
1 807 - 11
THE G REAT FRENCH REVOLUT I ON
1 808- 14
May 5 June 1 7 June 20 July 14 Aug . 2 7 O ct . 5 - 6
Est at e s - General meets in Vers ai lles . Third Est at e forms its e l f into Nat iona l Ass emb ly . "Tennis Court Oath" in Jeu de P aume . Storming of the B as t i l le (Bas t i l l e D ay) . D e c l aration of the Ri ghts o f Man . Mass march on Vers ai l les ; l ib eral monarchical cons t i tution .
1 790
July 14
Reorgani z ation of government s tructure ; king accepts cons titution .
1791
June 2 0 - 2 5 F l i ght of the king t o Varennes ; he i s captured and returned . Sept . 30 Disso luti on of the Nat ional Ass emb ly . Oct . 1 Legis l at ive Ass emb ly e lected.
1792
Apri l Aug . 10 Sept . 20 Sept . 2 1 Sept . 2 2
War o f the F i rs t Europe an Coalition agains t France begins . Storming of the Tui l eries ; government fal l s . French mi l i t ary victory at Valmy : tunling-point in w ar . Nation al Conventi on meets ; France dec l ared a repub li c . Firs t day of the Firs t Repub l i c .
Jan . 2 1 Feb . 1 March Apr . 6 June 2 2 July 1 3
Execution o f Louis XVI . F rance at w ar with Britain , Ho l l and , Spain . Royalist peas ant revo lt in the Vendee . C ommittee o f Pub li c S afety estab l ished . Cons t i tution of 1 7 9 3 s ent for rat i ficat i on . Ass as s ination of Marat .
1 7 89
1793
1793-94 1 794
July 2 7
1 794-95 1795
Mar . 5
Aug . 2 2
1796 - 9 8
1 8 12 1 81 3- 141 1 8 1 4 f\
1 814
1815 .
1 824-;
" Reign of Terror" ; "Cult of Reas on" ; levee en mass e ; est ab lishment of " Revo luti on ary C alendar" ; suppress ion of Enrage s.
1 830
Fal l o f Robespierre (on 9 Thermidor) . Power of P aris Commune and J acobin c lubs b roken by "Thermidoreans" ; s ome monarchists return . Peace with Prus s i a ; t re aty of Bas e l .
The Directory e s t ab l ishe d : power vested in Directory of five ; Bonaparte in command of t roops . Mi l i t ary campai gns by N apo leon .
1798
Dec . 24
War of the Second Europe an Coalition agains t F rance begins .
1799
Nov . 9
Coup d ' e t at by N apo leon (on 1 8 Brumaire ) ; Dire ct ory overthrown ; N apoleon become s Firs t C onsul (the C onsul ate ) .
!
l 814- 1 �
•
THE NAPOL EON I C P E R I OD { 1 795-1 81 4 } 1795
1 809
•
1831 1834 1835, 1836 1 839 184C 1 84:
93 1804 May' 1 8
N apoleon pro c l aimed Emperor (First Empire
1805
War o f the Third Europe an Coalition against F rance . --O ct . 2 1 : Bat t l e o f Trafal gar . De c . 2 : Bat t l e of Austerl i t z .
1806 July 1 2 Aug . 6 1806-07
C onfederation of the Rhine estab l i shed . End of the Holy Roman Empire . F rance at w ar with Prus s i a and Rus s i a .
1806 Oct . 14
B at t l e of Jen a .
1807 July 7 - 9
T reat i e s of T i l s it � with Prus s i a and Rus s i a .
1807 - 1 1
Stein-Hardenburg l ib e ra l i z ing re fol'IIls in Prus s i a .
1808- 14
Peninsu l ar War : F rance vs . Brit ain (Britain aiding the Spanish and Portugues e ) .
1809
France at war with Aus t ri a . July 5 - 6 : Batt l e of Wagram . --Oct . 14 : Tre aty of Sch�nb runn ends war .
1812
French invas i on of Rus s i a . Sept . 15- 1 9 : Burning of Mos cow . - O ct . -Nov . : Napo l e on ' s retreat from Mos cow .
1813- 14
Ge rman "wars o f l ib e ration" agains t Napoleon .
1814 Apr . 1 1
Napo l eon ab dicates ; exi l e d t o E lb a .
ti l l 1 8 1 4 ) .
THE RESTO RAT I ON MONARCHY ( 1 81 4 - 1 830 ) 1814 May 3
Louis XV! ! ! enters P aris .
1814-15
Congress o f Vienna.
1815
N apol eon l ands in France . The Hundred Days : Mar . 20 to June 2 9 . -- Exi l e to St . He l ena . F irst parl i amentary e le ct i on under Res toration ; the new par l i a ment ( "ChcorlbT'e intT'ouvah l.e ") i s ult ra- royal ist � reactionary . Ho ly A l l i ance formed (Rus s i a , Prus s i a , Aust ri a) .
Mar . 1 Aug . 2 2 Sept . 26
1824- 30
. .
Rei gn of Charles X .
THE " JULY MONARCHY " OF LOU I S PH I L I PPE ( 1 830-48 ) 1830
1831
July 2 8 Aug . 7
Outbreak of the "July revolution . " Louis Phi l ippe , Duke of O r le ans , procl aimed king by par l i ament ary rump .
• ·
,
·
, ,
I
Feb . 14- 1 5 Ant i - Legit imi s t riot in Paris . Nov . Workers ' insurrection in Lyons .
,
!
, •
, I • , •
1834 Apr . 1 3 - 1 4 Repress ion of revolts in Paris .
,
•
1835
Sept .
,
"Septemb e r L aw s " for contro l of press .
, •
1836
Feb . -Sep .
First minis try of Thiel'S .
1839 May 1 2
B l anqui st put s ch in P aris suppres sed .
1840 Mar . -Oct .
Se cond ministry o f Thiel's .
1847-48
C ampaign of politi cal "b anquets " by par l i amentary oppos ition .
I ,
94 THE REVOLUTION OF 1 848 AN D THE S ECOND RE PUBL I C 1 848
1 849 1851
Feb . Feb . JWle Dec .
22 24 23-26 10
Apr . -June June 13 Dec . 2 Dec . 2 1
The "Feb ruary revolution" in Paris . Louis Phi lippe ab di cates ; repub l i c procl aime d . Workers ' insurrection in Pari s ; C avaignac dict atorship . L ouis Bonaparte e lected Pres ident of the repub l i c .
Oc! ,
F rench attack on the Roman Repub l i c . Abortive demons trat i on by Ledru-Ro l l in ' s Radi cals suppres s e d . C oup d ' etat b y Louis Bonaparte . P l eb i s cite held by Bonapart e .
Oc1
N01 No' N01 N01
THE SECON D EMP I RE ( 1 852- 1 870 ) 1852 1854
Nov . 2 Mar . 28
Empire procl aimed with Louis Bonaparte as Napo leon I I I . No:
France at war with Rus s i a (Crimean War) .
1859
France and Piedmont at war with Aus t ri a .
1861-67
French invas i on of Mexi co . Firs t International founded at St . Mart in ' s Hal l , London .
1864
Sept . 2 8
1865
Sept . 25 - 29 London C on ference of the International .
1 866
June 1 4 July 3 Sep . 3 - 8
War between Prus s i a and Aus t ri a . Bat t l e of Sadowa : Prus s i a victori ous over Aus tri a . First Congres s of the International , Geneva .
1 867
Sep . 2 - 8
Second C ongress o f the Internat i onal , Laus anne .
1868
Mar . -May Sep . 6 - 1 5
French government persecution of International in France , ar res ts , tri al s . Thi rd congress o f the Internati onal , Brus sels .
1 869
Sep . 6 - 1 2
Fourth Congress of the International , Bas el .
1 870
J an . 1 0
Repub l i can j ournali s t Vi ctor Noir shot by Prince Pi erre Bonaparte ; demonstrati ons . Government b e gins arrests of Int ernational l eaders (3rd attack) . Apr. 3 0 B onaparte holds p l ebis cite on " l iberali zed" Empire . May 8 June -July Trial of arrested Internati onalists . Beginning o f Franco- Prus s i an war : France decl ares war . July 1 9 Firs t Addres s of the General COWlci l of the Internat ional on July 23 the war . F i rs t P rus s i an victories in war . Aug . 4-6 Anti - government demons trat i ons in Paris . Aug . 6 Stat e of s iege impos ed on Paris . Aug . 7 Demons trat i ons ; Pal ikao mini stry repl aces O l livier. Aug . 8-9 B l anquist put s ch in La Vi l l et t e s e ct ion of Paris . Aug . 14 Aug . 14- 1 8 Gen . Bazaine ' s army encirc l ed by Prus s i ans in Met z ; siege of Met z . Batt l e of Sedan ; French forces captured, Emperor t aken (Sep . 2 ) , Sep . 1 - 2 he l d at Wi lhelmsh�he (Sep . 5 , 1 870 t o Mar . 19 , 1 8 7 1 ) . Mass demonst rati ons in P aris at news of Sedan . Third Repub l i c pro Sep . 4 c l aimed by parl i ament ary rump ; "Government of National De fense " (Favre , G amb ett a , T ro chu) . Government pos tpones e l e ct i ons . Sep . 8 Second Addres s o f the General C ounci l of the International on Sep . 9 the war : F avre leaves to negotiate with Bismarck . Sep . 1 5 Siege of P aris by Prus s i ans b e gins . Sep . 19
1871
Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja
PI Pi Pi pi F
M
N
95
! ,
,
,
! ,
,
i I
Sep t 2 2 Sep t 28 Oct . 5 Oct . 2 7 O ct . 30
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'
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!
,
,
j, ,
Oct . Nov . Nov . Nov . Nov .
31 1-2 3 4 5
, ,
; j , ) ,
/ 1871 ,
I
I
1
,
1 ,
1
I
Nov . 9 + Jan . Jan . J an . Jan . J an . Jan . J an .
5 7 15-17 18 19 22 23
Jan . 2 8 Jan . 3 1 Feb . 6 Feb . 8 Feb . 1 3 Feb . 1 5 Feb . 1 7 Feb . 19 Feb . 24 Feb . 26
Mar . 1 - 3 Mar . 3
Mar . 8 , , ,
i
,� ,
Mar . 10 Mar . 1 1
,
Nati onal Guard de lega tes and city lead ers demand e l e ction of an aut onomous C ommune of P aris . Bakunin ' s puts ch in Lyons ( " abo l i ti on of the s t ate" ) . Att empt at s e i zure of P aris C i ty Hal l by F l ourens ' s b at t al ion of National Guards . Gen . Baz aine surrenders Met z ("t reas on" ) . Thiers returns from t our of Europe an courts , agrees with Favre to �o f01' armi s t i ce . Attempt at revo lutionary puts ch in Paris . C ommune e s t ab l ished at Mars e i l l es for two days . P l eb is cite h e l d by Government o f National Defense . Demonst rati ons in Lyons . Paris e lection for mayors (of arrondi ss ements ) ; government st arts crackdown on popul ar le aders . C l ement Thomas named head of Nat i onal Guard . Army of the Loire has init i al succes s es against Prus s ians , then suffers reverses . Prus s i ans s t art b omb ardment of Paris . N ational Guard puts up posters demanding a C ommune . Gen . Bourb aki defe ated by Prus s i ans at HH·i court . King of Prus s i a , Wi lhe lm I , p ro c l aimed German Emperor at Vers ai l l es . P ari s i an forces b e aten in b attle of Buzenval . B l anqui s t - l e d puts ch s uppres sed in P aris . Government repres s ion intens i fies : l e ft -wing clubs b anned ; 1 7 newspapers suppres sed . F avre b egins negoti ations for capi tu l at i on of Paris . C apitu l ation of Paris ; armistice agreement . G ambetta decrees Bonapart ist officials ine l i gib le for e le ct ion ; Bismarck protests , Paris government capitu l ates to him. Gambetta res i gns from the government . E l e ctions to the National Ass emb ly . New National As s emb ly meets at Bordeaux with b i g reacti onary ma j ority (As s emb ly of the "Rural s " ) . Ass emb ly ab o l i shes 3 0 - s ous payment of National Guards . -- Paris Federal Committee of the International reorgani zes . Thi ers e l ected Chi e f of the Executive Power . Thiers forms his ministry . Central C ommittee of the N at ional Guard set up by 2000 de l egates of b attalicms . Prel iminary peace tre aty with Prus s i a s i gned by Thiers and F avre ; adopted by Nat i onal As s emb ly Feb . 2 8 . --National Guard t rans fers its cannon t o Montmart re and Bel l evi l l e to avoid sei zure by the Pruss i ans . Prus s ian troops occupy outskirts of P aris and cert ain forts (als o , for a couple of days , the Champs E lysees ) . National Guard as s emb ly of de l e gates , at V auxhal l , adopts s t atutes of the Repub l i can Federation of the National Guard and e l e cts an exe cutive committee . Thiers names Gen . d ' Aure l l e de Pal a dines to be commander of Nat i onal Guard . Thiers government t ries unsucces s ful ly to s ei ze cannon of Nat ional Guard in the Luxemb ourg . Nat ional Assemb ly adopts "Dufaure ' s Laws , " on b i l l payment s , hit ting the poo r . As s emb ly votes to trans fer s e at t o Vers ai l les . De ath s entences pronounced agains t B l anqui and F l ourens in vio l a tion of government promises of Oct . 3 l . --National Ass emb ly adj ourns .
,
, '
96
Mar . 1 3 Mar . 1 4 .Mar . 1 5 Mar . 16
Central Committee o f National Guard rat i fied by 2 1 5 b attalions out o f 270 . e lecte d . Paris-Journa l, pub l i shes article about a ( forged) l etter by Marx ; the fake letter itse l f pub lished on the 19th . Fourth ass emp 1y o f .Nationa1 Guard : list of Central Committee mem �erS i s definitive ly pro c l aimed. National Guard repulses government attempt to s ei ze its cannon in P l ace des Vosg�s . Valentin named P aris prefect of police by the government .
CHRONO
MARCH 18
19
20
G l o s s a ry accoucheur :
obstetrician ; medical attend
ant at birth .
arrondi s sement :
one of the 20 administra
tive divisi ons of Paris , each headed by its "mayor" (maire) . As s emb lee : Assembl y . avri l : April .
b at ai l lon : battalion . Bours e : stock exchange . canai l le : Col lectivel y :
rabbl e , riffraff; individuall y : scoundrel , bl ackguard . Chamb res Syndi cales : in this usage , t rade asso ciations (of empl o yers ) . Chass epot : breech-l oading rifle , the best then avail able in France . Chouannerie : pro-ro yalist movement of peasants in 1 793 . cocottes : l o ose women ; kept women ; cour tesans ; " higher prostitutes " (Marx) . ., cure : pr�est . Decemb ris eur : a supporter of Louis Bonaparte ' s coup d ' etat or regime . enceinte : city walls . f . , fcs . : francs (abbrev . ) fait accompli : accomplished fact . franc- fi l eur : absconder; one of the people who fled from Paris . .
Hotel de Vi l le : city hall . kepi : peaked mi litary cap . l evee en mas s e : mass arming
21 of the
peopl e .
mai : May (the month) . maire : mayor (see arrondiss ement) . mairie : town hal l ; boro ugh hall . mars : March (the month) . mit rai 1 le : grapesho t ; rain of bull ets . rnitrai l leus e : machine-gun . Mont - de-Piete : municipal pawnshop . oct roi : tax levied by a city on go ods bro ught in fo r sale . part ageux : divi der-up , " communist . " pre fet : prefect . rappe l : call to arms . rond-point : circular intersection of several roads . ruraux : " rura1s , " i . e . reactionary pro vincial l andl ords . s ou : small coin , "penny . " Ternes : Paris district north of the Etoile .
Trib oulet :
a victor Hugo character , the tragic-buffo on type .
22
25i
26 2� 28
2£
3:
APR:
1
21
97 CHRONOLOGI CAL TABLE I I . •
•
T h e 72 Days of th
• •
•
Pa r i s C o m m u n e
MARCH 1 8 to MAY 2 8 , 1 87 1 , wi th
an
E P I LOGUE
(A Z Z entries� unZess o the�ise speaified� refer to Paris and its Commune not to Versai Z Ze B � the PrusBians � e ta. Dates refer to events� not to the date of pub Ziaation in the Commune press or e Zsewhere ; in general,� the date of pub Ziaation in the Journal Officiel was the fo l,Zowing National, Guard. C . C . of day . Abbreviations : N . G . Jour N.G. CentraZ Commit tee of Nationa l, Guard. J . O . naZ Offiaie Z . ) =
=
=
MARCH 18
19
20
21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
(Saturday ) Government s ends armed force to Butte Montmartre to s e i ze cannon b e l onging to P aris N . G . ; troops fraterni z e w ith the peop l e ; mass action in the streets ; Gen . Lecomte and C lement Thomas ki l l e d ; C . C . of N . G . ins t al ls i ts e l f in C i ty Hal l . Firs t p roc l amat i on of C . C . sets Communal e l e ct i on for Mar . 2 2 ; rai s es state of s iege ; amnes ty for politi cal pri s oners . Group of mayors (of arrond i s s ement s ) and deput ies rej e ct authority of C . C . and cl aim contro l . - Thiers names Admiral Sais set t o rep l ace Gen . d ' Aure l l e de Pal adines as N . G . commander . National As s emb ly re convenes at Vers ai l les ; names commi ssion of 1 5 to aid (and w at ch ) Thiers in putting down P aris . First is sue of JournaZ Offiaie l, de l,a Repub Uque Franr;aise i s sued under auspices of C . C . (materi al in this issue is dat ed Mar . 1 9 ) . Statutes of Repub l i c an Federat i on of N . G . pub l ished in J . O . Communal e lec tion postponed to May 2 3 . Demons t rati on by pro-Vers ai l l es "F riends of Or der" dispersed by N . G . , P l ace de la Bours e . Vers ai l les government oc cu pies Fort Mont -Val erien (outs i de Paris , on road to Vers ai l les ) . Se cond and more aggress ive armed demonstration and march of " Friends of Ord er" b roken up at P l ace de Vendome . -- Commune estabHshed in Lyons . Commune estab lished in Mars ei l les . Conci l i ation move by Paris mayors rej e cted by Vers ai l les . Communes estab l ishe d in N arbonne , Toul ouse , Saint -Etienne . Paris mayors accept princip l e of imme di ate Communal e l ection . -- Commune in Lyons fal l s . Commune e l e ction he l d , without incident . --C ommune estab lished in C reusot . Commune in Toulous e fal l s . Commune of P aris offi c i al ly procl aime d , ins t a l l ed in C ity Hal l . --Commune in Saint - Etienne fal l s . De crees : abo l i t i on of cons cription ; formati on of 1 0 commi s s i ons (equivalent of ministries ) ; defe rral of rent payments ; s al e of pawne d goods suspend e d ; gamb l ing b anned . E lection Commis s i on validate s e l e ction of forei gners to C ommune . --De cree : C ommune members are administrators of the i r arrondi ss ements . Commune in N arb onne fal ls .
APR I L
1 2
Maximum s al ary for al l functionaries fixed at 6000 fr o per year . -- De l egate for Bib l iotheque Nationale is sues order on s afe guarding l ibrary . Firs t att ack by Vers ai l le s forces , on Courb evoie . De cree : s eparation of church and s t ate .
I
J
I I I ,
!
,
,
i
,
•
•
,
I
I
I
1
98 Three co lumns of N . G . march on Vers ai l les ; Bergeret ' s column dispers ed by fire from Fort Mont -Valerien ; F lourens ki l led ; Gen . Gal l i ffet mas s acres Federal prisoners . C l us e ret name d Delegate for War . 4 Federal forces retreat ; Duval c aptured and shot . Host ages arrested , inclu ding Archbi shop Darboy and Deguerry . COlldllun e at Mars ei l Ies defe ated by government troops , who take over on the 5th . Decree : pers ons in co l lus i on ' wi th Vers a1 1 1es to be held as hos t ages . 5 C ommune issues appeal to provinces . Vers ai l les names MacMahon as head of 6 d forces . C ommune burns gui l l ot ine in pub l i c ceremony . De cree : rank o f general abo li shed . Dombrowski named Paris s t aff headquart 7 (Ap r . 7 - 8) Dele gates of Chamb res Syndi cales (emp l oyer ers cOlldnander . as sociat i ons ) fai l in c onci l i at i on attempt at Vers ai l les . 8 Format ion of a Commis s i on on Barri cades i s announced . - F avre goes to Prus s i an he adquarters at Rouen to negotiate rel e as e of French prisoners of war in order t o s trengthen Vers ai l le s forces . Regul ati ons on demo crat i c organi z ations and dis cipl ine of N . G . is sued . 9 Firs t b omb ardment of Paris by Vers ai l lese . 1 0 De cree : pens i on for fami ly of s o l diers ki l le d in defense of C ommune . - Com mune Exe cutive Committee issues s t atement vindi cating choi ce of a foreign e r , the Pole Dombrowski , as P aris commande r , as " a s o l dier devoted to the Univers al Repub l ic . " C onci liation e ffort by represent atives of Freemas ons rebuffed by Vers ai l les . 1 1 Decree : e l e ct i on of dis cipl inary counci ls in N . G . -A meeting estab l ishes Union of Women for organ i z at i on of oi toyennes in defens e of Paris . 1 2 Decree : demo lition of Vendome C olumn as symb o l of mi l i t arism and " false gl o ry" ; suspens ion of pros e cuti on for non-payment of debts . -Pierre Leroux dies of a s t rike , in Paris . Paris Federal C ounci l of International expels T o l ain . Negoti at i ons with Vers ai l le s on e xchange of B l anqui for archb ish op and other hos tages . Federals under Domb rowski counteratt ack . 14 Decree : s afeguards against arb itrary arrest . Commune Execut ive s ets up com mi s s i on of inquiry on "the dict atorship of September 4 [ 1 870] " and capitu l ation of Paris . Federation of Art i s ts founded at meeting convened by C ourbet and Pottier under C ommune auspi ces . Report of Union Repub l i caine on fai lure of conci l i at ion attempt with Vers ai l l es pub l ished in J . O . (Ni ght o f Apr . 1 4 - 15) Heavy fi ghting for Fort Vanves ; Vers ai l les e repulsed. ' 1 5 J . O . beg ins regul ar pub l i cation of C ommune proceedings ( firs t report is on Apr . 1 3 sess i on) . -Order is sued forb i dding riders to gal l op hors es through the s treets , to prevent accidents . 16 Supp lementary e le ction he ld , t o fi l l vacant s e at s in Commune . Decree : cal l ing for p l an to operate ab andone d workshops by workers ' cooperatives ; head o f a N . G . l e gion (of arrondiss ement ) i s subordinate to C ommune member (for th at arrondi ss ement ) and the two post s c annot b e comb ine d . - Pro-Commune demons trations in Grenob le and Bordeaux . 1 7 Decree : 3 -year moratorium on debts and b i l l payments . Reorgani z at ion of School of Medecine p l anned . Federation of Artists meeting in Louvre e l e cts commission of 47 (painters inc lude Courbet , Corot , Daumie r , Manet , Mi l let ) . -Academy of Sciences ho l ds regul ar sess i on in P aris as i f nothing had hap pened . Vers ai l les forces be gin offensive . 1 8 Decree : agains t arb i trary arrest . Suppress ion of four pro-Vers ai l l es papers for advocating civ i l war agains t Commune . 19 Programmat i c mani festo , "De c l aration to the French Peop l e , " is sue d by Com mune . Results of Apr . 1 6 suppl ement ary e le cti on rat i fi e d . -Vers ai l les adopts "Dufaure L aw" for control of pres s . 20 C orps of "aeronauts " (b al looni s ts ) formed . Executive decrees abo l ition of night work by bakers . Executive reorganized to cons i st of he ads o f nine commis s ions . -Vers ai l les As s emb l y b itterly rej ects Brunet propos al for paci fic ation commiss ion . 3
21
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Spec Ded
22 23
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24
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25
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26
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31
27
Dec:
28
De c
11
II E "
]
29
e
Fre
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1
•
•
30
C ll I
1
MAY 1
Co:
2 3
Re De
4 5
DE C.
99
21 Commune refus es to act on F . Pyat ' s res i gnati on . 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29
30
1 2 3
4 5
6
Federals under Domb rowski gain in fight ing around C l i chy . - Announce that Bib l iotheque Nat i onale wi ll be reope ned Apr . 24 ; emp l oyees ' exemp tion from mi l i t ary s ervi ce continued . Speci al tribunal of pub li c s afet y is ins titut e d . Decre e : not aries , b ai l i ffs and other munic ipal offi cers t o recei ve a fixed sal ary and turn over al l fees to Commune . Decree : requi s i t i on of vacant lodgings for use by peop l e b omb e d out of their homes . Rigault res i gns as head of po l i ce commiss ion after C ommune dis cus sion of right of police to ho ld p ri soners in close custody not open to vis it by Commune memb e rs ; rep l aced by C ournet ; Ferre , fo l l owing Rigault , re s i gns from the commi s s i on . C ommiss i on on L ab or announces that , beginning Apr . 2 6 , a headquarters w i l l b e avai l ab le for t rade uni ons to carry on their work , espec i al ly the imp lementat i on of the Apr . 1 6 decree on use of ab and oned workshops . Ceas e - fire for s everal hours to a l l ow evacuation of civi lians from Neui l ly . --Four Federal s o l di ers c aptured at Bel le -Epine shot out of hand by Versai lles offi cer . Commis si on on external re l at i ons announces order on protection of pers ons and possess ions o f forei gners . Ri gault named Pub li c Prosecutor . - · Preemasons announce Vers ai l le s has rej e cte d conci l i ation , promis e support to Commune after a las t tes t (see Apr . 2 9 ) . Decree : demol ition of Brea church (memori al to government mas s acre of June 1848 mas s acre ) . Decree : forb i ds fines and deduct ions from w ages and s al aries . C ommune be gins thre e - day debate on propos al to set up C ommittee of Pub lic Safety . - Executive decree : confi rms and further defines abolition of ni ght work in b akeries . Commiss i on estab lished to organi ze system of s e cular e l em entary and voc at i onal s choo l s . Freemas ons (as announced Apr . 2 6 ) p l ant thei r b anners on ramparts to test Vers ai l l es 1 s des ire for pe ace . Fort I ssy evacuated by Federal s o l di ers without any att ack . E l ie Rec lus named new director of Bib l iotheque Na tional e . J . O . announces F ederation of Artists has estab lished a commis sion for theat e r and concert b ene fi t s . Cluseret re cal led as De le gate for War . arres t e d ; rep l aced by Ross e l . Fed eral troops reoccupy Fort I s sy . Pro-Commune demonst ration by the Al l i ance Repub l i caine des Departements . P l ace du Louvre . Muni cipal e le ctions he ld in the provinces by Vers ai l les government . show repub li can gains . Commune votes 4 5 - 2 3 to e s t ab lish C ommi ttee of Pub l i c Safety of five (begin ning of Maj ori ty-Minority s chism) . (Ni ght o f May 1 - 2 ) Vers ai l les troops capture C l amart s t at i on . Reorgani z at i on of the Seine river gunboat b att alion o f the N . G . Decree : confi rms ab o l i t i on of night work in b akeries and pres cribes penal t ies . Education C ommi s s i on appoint s adnii n istrator to return Mus eum of Na tural History to operat i on . -- (Ni ght of May 3 - 4 ) Vers ai l l es forces surprise garris on at redoubt of Moul in Saquet . mas s acre many in their s leep . - Clamart s tation reoccupied by N . G . Decree : ab o l ition of pol i t i cal and occupati onal oaths . C . C . of N . G . is put in charge of administrati on of mi l i t ary s ervi ces , intro ducing amb i guity in authority . - - Decree : demolition of the Chapel of Atone ment of Loui s XVI . Seven pro-Vers ai l l es p apers suppress e d . Commune mem ber B l anchet (alias of Stanis l as Pouri l l e) exposed as po l i ce agent . res i gns . arrested . Decree : free return of goods p awned at Mont - de - Piete . --Educat i on Commiss ion announces opening s oon of first vocat i on al s chool for youth . Manifesto of Union of Women for the defens e of P aris .
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Decree : fixing pri ce o f b read ; l imiting powers of C . C . of N . G . in mi l i t ary adminis trati on . F ederal s ab andon Fort I s sy . (Vers ai l l e s e o ccupy it next day . ) Vers ai l l es governm ent i ss ues u l timatum to Paris ; b ans congres s of municip al de l e gates s chedu l ed for Bordeaux by L i gue P atrioti que des Vi l l es Repub l i caines . Commit tee of Pub l i c Safety memb e rship changed . Ros s e l res i gns as De l egate for War; C . C . of N . G . decides Ros s e l shoul d b e dictator . --J . O . pub l i shes report (part i a l ) of Federal COllonis s i on of Art i s ts on reorgani z ation of fine arts . Deles c luze named De l egate for War to succeed Ros s e l , who is to b e arrested and tried ; Ros s e l flees . Decree : s e i zure of Thiers ' s property in Paris and demo l ition of his hous e . Thi ers government s i gns final peace treaty with Germany at Frankfurt . Education Commiss ion (Vai l l ant) i s sues order ab o l ishing re l i gi ous symbols in s chools . Six periodi cals are s uppress e d . De cree : revi s i on o f al l contracts entered into by Commune ; civi l tribunal for summary dispens ation o f j us tice . Ves inier named editor of J . � . Ferre named to head po l i ce commiss i on inst e ad o f C ournet . --Vers ai l l es forces occupy Fort Vanves . Decree by Committee of Pub l i c S afety : every cit i z en wi l l be required to car ry a card o f ident i fi c ation . Commune Minority ( 2 2 memb ers ) is sue a pub li c mani fes t o attacking Maj ority for setting up a dictatorship in Committee for Pub l ic Safety , announce withdrawal from Commune s e s s ions ; mani festo pub l ished in press on 1 6 th . De cree by Committee o f Pub l i c Safety : civi l commi s s ars appointed for each of the three mi l i t ary commanders (Domb rowski , L a Ceci l i a , Wrob lewski ) . Ven dome Column is pul led down in pub l i c ceremony . - -Vers ai l l es As s emb ly re j e cts recognit ion of the repub l i c . Bitter deb at e at Commune over Minority manifes to ; part of Minority attends ; Federal Council of Internati onal c al l s meeting for 20th to dis cus s the s chism . --Ab o l ition o f dis t inction between l egi timate and i l l egitimate . wives in payment o f pens ions . C artridge factory of Avenue Rapp b l ows up . --Education C ommis s i on (Vai l l ant ) cal l s for organi z ation of vo cational . s choo l system. Commi ttee of Pub l i c Safety decrees suppression o f 10 papers ; no new papers to be pub l ished t i l l end of w ar . Decree cal l s for s e cu l ari z ation of al l s chools in 48 hours . -- C . C . of Union of Women convenes meeting of women workers to form trade-union organi z ations . --Vers ai l les Ass emb ly rati fies Treaty o f Frankfurt of May 10 . Decree : e s t ab l ishes accounting commi s s i on as check against corruption . -Ri gault ho lds fi rs t trial of Vers ai l les pris oners to decide whom to ho l d as hos t ages . Federal Counci l of International , in special sess ion , approves views of Min ority but ins is t s on unity in C ommune . Decree : theaters are under control o f Education Commi s s i on , not to b e monop o l i z ed by any theatri cal or other group . C lus eret is tried b e fore Commune and free d . (L as t regul ar meeting of Commune . ) --Vers ai l lese fo rces ent er Paris by St . C l oud gat e , on s i gnal from a trai t or , and occupy two se ctions o f the city . Be ginning of Za Semaine SangZante (B l oody Week ) . Barri cades ris e in workers ' di stricts . De l es clu z e is sues " fatal procl amation" encouraging dis regard of mi l it ary di s cip l ine . Vers ai l lese reach Champs E lysees , exterior b oulevards , come up agains t b articades in Bat i gno l l es . Prus s i ans al low Vers ai l l es troops their zone to outf l ank Montmart re . Vers ai l lese take Bat i gno l les and Montmartre ; be gin mass acre of unal1ued peop l e , in cluding women and chi ldren . Women ' s Batt alion retre ats from Pl ace B l anche .
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Dombrowsk i fat al ly wounde d . Great fires be gin . Rigault has four host ages shot . City Hal l evacuated ; Federals move headquarters t o mairie of 1 1th arrondis se ment . Vers ai l 1es e occupy center of Pari s ; t ake Latin Quarter ; Rigault ki l led . Wrob l ewski hol ds firm at Butte - aux-Cai l les . Ferre s i gns order to execute s ix hos t ages ; Archb ishop D atb oy , Deguerry , and four others shot . Las t issue o f J . O . Vers ai l lese l eve l heavy attack on Butte - aux-C ai l l es , Chateau - d ' Eau ; o ccupy mos t o f Paris , except 1 9th and 20th arrondis s ements and p arts of 1 1th and 1 2th . Sununary mass acre in s treets by Vers ai l lese troops becomes general . De les c luze dies on the b arri cades . Commune members evacuate headquarters ; l as t C ommune meeting of any kind . Vers ai l lese t ake Bas t i l l e ; shoot deputy Mi 1 liare . Federal forces fal l b ack on Be l l evi l l e . Federal headquarte rs moved t o Rue Haxo (Cite Vincennes ) , taken over by C . C . of N . G . Ab out 5 0 hos t ages executed by Federal s o l diers with no official authori z at ion . Last mass s truggl e in Bel levi l l e ; Buttes Chaumont t aken by Versai l l es e ; bloodi es t mas s acre by Vers ai l lese troops at Pare Lach ais e cemetery , at the Wall (now MUr de s FedBres ) . Last res is t ance around dis t ri ct o f Rue du F aubourg- du- Temp le , Boulevard de Bel l evi l l e ; l ast b arric ade in Rue Ramponneau . Order rei gns in Paris over 30 ,000 corps es .
E P I LOGUE
1871 May 29
Fort of Vincennes capitu l ates . May 30 In London , Marx reads The Civi Z War in Franae t o General Counci l of the Int ernat i onal , whi ch adopts it unanimous ly . Mass execut ions o f thous ands by Vers ai l l es e continue into the June fi rs t days o f June . Sununary executions continue to middle of June . July "Restoration of order" continues with mas s arrests . Supplementary e lections show 100 , 000 fewer e lect ors in Paris than in February . Aug . 7 Government begins show-tri al o f captured Communard leaders . (Sentences rendered Sep . 2 . ) Sep . 1 7 - 2 3 London Conference of the International . Nov . 2 8 Ferre and others e xe cuted at Satory .
1874 June 6
Last o f the " l egal " executions of C ommunards . (But condemnations to prison , deport ation , etc . continues for years . )
1876 May 18
Chamb e r of Deputies ( after an e lection won by the Radi cal " left " ) rej e cts amnes ty 396 -50 .
1879 Mar . 3 1880 July 1 1
Partial amnesty l aw voted. Tot al amnes ty voted .
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I n dex
Thi s Index appl ies onl y to Marx ' s Notebook , not to the Chronologies or Introduction. No more in All persons lis ted are French unless o thezwise speci fi ed . " {n . m . i . } " In some cases , where the info.lllla ti on is avai lable , the usual forma tion avai l able . fi rs t name used has been indicated by pu t ting all others in bracke ts . The short depu ty in the Versail les Na ti onal Jf.ss embl y in 1 871 . form " Vers . dep . ' 71 " =
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Adam , [Antoine ] Edmond , 1 8 1 6 - 77 . Left - repub . politi cian and e ditor. 1 6 , 46 . Affre , Denis Augus te , 1 79 3 - 1 84 8 . Archb ishop of Paris , ki l le d during June 1 848 up ris ing . 7 0 Ame l ie : see Marie - Ame lie . Andrieu [el'l'on . Andrieux] , Jules Loui s , 1 82 0 - 84 . E le cted Commune member ; head of Pub l i c Servi ces & memb e r o f Exe cutive . 6 7 Ass i , Ado lphe Alphons e , 1 84 1 - 86 . Machinis t , o f I ta l i an origin ; strike l e ader , N . G . commandant ; e l e cted Commune memb e r . 2 8 Audi ffret- Pasquier , Edme Annand Gas ton , duc d ' , 1 8 2 3 - 1905 . Orleani s t po l i t i ci an ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 79 Aumal e , Henri Eugene Phi lippe Louis d ' Orleans , duc d ' , 1 82 2 - 9 7 . Fourth s on of Lou is Phi lippe ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 2 7 , 29 , 3 4 , 6 1 , 7 4 , 75 , 79 , 89 Aure l le de Pal adines , Louis Jean Baptiste d ' , 1 804 - 7 7 . General ; c lericalist ; named commander of Pari s N . G . Mar . 3 , ' 71 ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 8 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 16 , 65 , 74 . Banvi l le : see Bouvi l l e . Barai l : see B arral . Barral [el'l'on . Barai l ] , du (n . m. i . ) . General , commander of Vers ai l lese camp at Satory . 3 1 Barrot , Odi lon , 1 7 9 1 - 1 8 7 3 . Orleanist p o l i t i c i an , l ib eral monarchist ; pres . Counci l of State unde r Thiers 1 87 1 . 3 7 , 84 , 8 5 Baze , Jean D i di e r , 1 800 - 8 1 . Cons ervative repub . p o l i t i ci an ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 2 2 Berge ret , Jules , 1 830- 1905 . N . G . commandant ; staff offi cer who dispe rs ed P l ace Ven dome demonstration Mar . 2 2 , 1 87 1 ; e l e cted C ommune memb e r . 24 , 2 5 , 36 , 3 7 , 39 Bernard , Aristide Mart in , 1 8 08 - 8 3 . Anti - Bonaparti s t repub l i c an ; l e ftist Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 16 Bes l ay , Charl es , 1 7 95 - 1 87 8 . Proudhonist busines sman ; e l e cted Commune member ; D e le gate for Bank of France , which he protect e d . 5 6 , 79 Bismarck , Otto , FUrs t von , 1 8 1 5 - 9 8 . Pomerani an Junker ; chance l l or of Prus s i a and German Empire 1 8 6 2 - 9 0 . 2 3 , 25 , 2 7 , 34 , 6 2 , 8 1 , 88 , 9 0 Bisson (n . m . i . ) . Bonapartist general . 7 1 B l anc , Louis , 1 8 1 1 - 82 . Ear ly stat e - soci alisti c soci a l - democrat ; member Provis ion al Govt . of 1 848 ("Nat i onal Workshop s " ) ; l e ft i s t Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . l6 , 46 , 78 , 8 li Blanqui , Louis Auguste , 1 805 - 8 1 . Main le ader o f revo luti onary s ecret s ocieties , puts chis t Jacobin socialis t , from l 8 30s on . 10 , 80 Bomb a : see Ferdinand I I . Bonaparte , Louis Napoleon , 1 80 8- 73 . Nephew of N ap o l eon I ; l ater Napo leon I I I , 1 8 5 2 - 7 0 . 29 , 34 , 44 , 7 6 , 84 , 8 5 , 89 Bouis , C as imi r , 1 843 - 19 16 . B l anquist l awyer & j ournalis t ; C ommunard . 5 5 Bourb aki , Charles D enis Sauter , 1 81 6 -9 7 . General ; led Army o f the Eas t under Thiers in 1 870 . 7 1 Bousquet , pere (n . m. i . ) . 9 1 Bouvi l l e [el'l'on . Banvi l l e ] , Loui s Alexandre Henri , comte de , l 8l 4 - l 8 8 ? Bonapartist offi cial . 87 Brisson , Eugene Henri , 1 83 5 - 19 1 2 . Repub l i can pol i t i ci an ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 1 6 , 46 Bruat (n . m . i . ) . Versai l l es e general . 35 Brune t , Jean Baptiste , l 8 l4 - ? Repub l i can officer & p o l i t i ci an ; l eftist Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , l ater ri ghtwinge r . 16 , 64 , 7 7 Buffet , Louis Jos eph , 1 8 1 8 - 9 8 . Bonaparti s t p o l i t i ci an ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 2 2 Canrob e rt , F ran�ois Cert ain , 1809-95 . Bonaparti s t general . 2 1 , 63 , 7 1 , 77 , 8 1 , 88 ,
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Carayon- Lat our , Joseph de , l 8 24 - ? Legitimis t , clericalis t ; Vers o dep . ' 7l . 75 Carlos , Don , 1 54 5 -68 . Son o f Phi lip I I o f Spain . 8 5 Carre l , Armand , 1 800- 36 . Liberal editor and politi cian . 5 2 Cassagnac , Bernard Adolphe Granier de , 1 806- 80 . Re acti onary Bonapartist j ournalis t . 8 1 Caste l l ane , de (n . m. i . ) . Royalist ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 2 2 Cathelineau , Henri de , 1 8 1 3 - 9 1 . Royalist genera l . 26 , 39 , 5 0 Cavaignac , Louis Eugene , 1802- 5 7 . Repub l i can po litici an & general , s uppressed June 1 848 upris ing. 70 , 8 5 , 86 �angarnie r , Nico l as Aime Theodule , 1 7 93 - 1 8 7 7 . Royal ist general & politician ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 7 1 , 84 , 8 5 Chanzy , Ant oine Eugene A l fred , 1 8 2 3 - 83 . Conservative repub . general ; l e ft- cent er Vers o dep . ' 7 1 ; captured by C ommune but re leas e d . 10 , 16 , 2 7f, 28 , 29 , 8 8 . Charette de l a Contrie , Athanas e , b aron de , 1 83 2 - 19 1 1 . Legit imist Breton l and owner , general o f Ponti fi c al Z ouaves . 23 , 25 , 30 , 3 2 , 36 , 39 , 40 Chevreau , Julien Theophile Henri , 1 82 3 - 1903 . Bonapartist o ffi ci al ; in Pal ikao cabinet 1 8 70 . 8 1 Cissey , Ernes t Loui s Octave Courtot de , 1 8 1 0 - 82 . General & po litici an ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 7 1 Clinchamp : see C linchant . Clinchant [ e rron . C linchamp ] , Charles , 1 8 20 - 8 1 . General . 63 Cluseret , Gust ave [Paul ] , 1 82 3 - 1900 . Mi litary & politi cal adventurer ; e lected Commune member , Delegat e for War Apr . 3 - 30 (ous ted) ; l ater Bakuninist and anti-Semit i c reactionary . 40 , 6 7 , 69 , 72 Coetlogon , Louis Charle s Emmanue l , comte de , 1 8 1 4 - 86 . Bonapartist officer and functionary . 24 Combault , Amedee Benj amin Alexandre , 1 83 7 - d . after 1 884 . A founder of Int ' l in France ; adminis trator during Commune . (But it is uncertain whether this is the Comb ault in the reference . ) 44 Conde , Louis J os eph de Bourb on , prince de , 1736- 1 8 1 8 . Aristocrati c emi gre , raised army agains t F rench Revo lution . 2 3 Conneau , Henri , 1803- 77 . Do ctor, intimate o f Loui s Bonaparte . 77 Conti , Charles Etienne , 1 81 2- 72 . Bonapartist l awyer & offi cial ; Vers o dep . , 71 . 8 1 Corbon , C l aude Anthime , 1 808- 9 1 . Artisan who made career as anti - radi cal j ourn alist ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 1 2 Courbet , Gust ave , 1 8 1 9 - 77 . F amous p aint e r ; s oci al istic repub l i can ; elected Com mune member , organi zed Federation of Art is ts . 69 Cournet , Frederic Etienne , 1 839 - 85 . Radi cal j ournal ist ; e l e cted Commune member , head of Pol i ce C ommi s s i on . 78 Cremieux , I s aac Moi s e , known as AdO lphe , 1 796- 1 8 80 . Lawyer and politici an ; minister of Jus t i ce in gov ' t aft er Sep . 4 , 1 870 . 29 , 89 Dalouvert (n. m . i . ) . Bonapart ist po l i ce o ffi cer . 54 Danton , Georges J acques , 1 759 -94 . Le ader in French Revo lution . 54 Darboy , Georges , 1 8 1 3 - 7 1 . Archbi shop o f P aris , arrested by Commune as hos tage and executed May 24 . 40 , 49 David, Jerome Frederic Paul , b aron , 1 82 3 - 82 . Bonap artist offi cer and politician ; minister in Pal ikao cab inet Aug . 1 870 . 81 Davoust (n. m . i . ) . Vers ai l les e colone l . 60 Deguerry , Gaspard , 1 79 7- 1 87 1 . Cure o f the Church of the Made leine ; arrested by the Commune as hostage , exe cuted May 24 . 40 , 49 Deles cluz e , Charles , 1 899 - 7 1 . J acobin repub l ican , radi cal j ournalis t ; elected Commune member; De legate for War May 1 1 to end . 69 N . G . o ffi cer during June 1 848 upri s ing . 70 De lpech , C . (n. m. i . ) Desmarets (n . m . i . ) . Vers ai l lese captain of gendarmes who ki l l ed F l ourens . 41f, 8 1 Devienne , Adrien Marie , 1802-84 . Bonapartist functi onary . 77 •
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Domb rowski , J aros l aw , 1 83 6 - 7 1 . Polish offi cer ; after 1 863 insurrection agains t Rus s i a , member of Int ' l in P aris ; general of Commune t roops , k i l led on b arri cades May 2 3 . 4 3 , 44 , 63 Domb rowski , Ladis l as vr Theophi le , 1 84 1 -90 . Brother of J aros l aw ; also offi cer in N . G . under Commune . 4 3 Dori an , Pierre F rederi c , 1 8 1 4 - 7 3 . P o l i t i c i an ; deputy under Bonaparte ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , at first conci l i ationis t . 46 Dosne , F e l i cie , 1 8 2 3 - 1906 . Sister- in- l aw of Thiers . 5 2 Douay , F e l i x Charles , 1 8 1 6 - 79 . General under Bonaparte ; he lped suppress Commune . 90 Dubois , Lucien (n . m. i . ) . 49 Ducrot , August e Ale xandre , 1 81 7 - 82 . Orleanist general ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 ; organi zed Vers ai l le s e forces . 6 3 , 6 7 , 7 1 , 8 1 Dufaure , [Jules ] Armand [Stanis l as ] , l 7 9 8 - l 88 l . Orleanist l awyer & pO litician ; deputy and minis ter under Loui s Phi l ippe , Bonaparte & Thiers ; Vers o dep . and minis ter of j us tice 1 8 7 1 . 9 , 1 5 , 1 9 , 20 , 30 , 3 1 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 36 , 42-44 , 7 7- 79 , 8 1 , 82 , 8 5 , 86 , 8 9 Dupont , A . [Anthime o r Aminthe ? ] , 1 8 4 1 - d . after 1 8 79 . E le ct e d Commune member , member of P o l i ce Commi s s i on . 5 6 , 6 2 Dupont , Eugene , ca . 1 83 7 (or l 83 l ? ) - 1 8 8 l . One o f the French founders o f Int ' l ; res ident in Engl and 1 8 6 2 on ; General Counci l 1 86 4- 7 2 ; corr . s e cy . for France 1965 - 7 1 . 5 6 , 62 Durnof (n . m . i . ) . C apt ain of C ommune bal l oonis t corps . 66 Duval , Emi l e Vi ctor , 1 840- 7 1 . Strike - leade r ; B l anqui st ; j oined Int ' l 1 86 7 ; mem ber of C . C . o f N . G . ; e l ected Commune memb e r ; a commander in Apr . 3 march on Versai l les . 3 8 , 39 , 4 1 , 44 , 5 7 , 7 1 , 7 9 Espartero , Bal domero , 1 7 9 2 - 1 879 . Spanish general ; regent 1 84 1 -43 ; fled from up ri s ing ; premier 1 854- 5 6 . 5 8 Espinas s e , Ch arles Mari e Esprit , 1 81 5 -5 9 . Bonapartist general ; k i l led in b at t l e of Magent a . 10 , 6 2 Fab ri ce , Georg Friedri ch A l fred von , 1 8 1 8-9 1 . German general , commanded occupa tion t roops in P aris re gi on F eb . -June 1 87 1 . 7 1 Faidherbe , Loui s Leon C e s ar , 1 8 1 8 - 89 . General in F r . - Pruss . War ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , res igned to prot est T reaty o f F rankfurt . 1 4 F ai l ly , Pierre Loui s Charles de , 1 8 1 0 - 9 2 . General under Bonaparte . 7 7 Farcy , Eugene , 1830- 1 9 1 0 . Navy offi ce r ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , at fi rs t conci l i ation ist . 1 6 , 46 F avre , [Gab ri e l C l aude ] Jules , 1 8 09 - 80 . Repub li can l awye r and po liti cian ; as min is ter of foreign affairs , p l ayed l e ading ro l e in gov ' t of Sept . 4 , 1870 and in suppress ing Commune . 1 5 , 20 , 2 3 - 2 5 , 2 7 , 29 34 , 36 , 3 7 , 4 5 , 47 , 48 , 54 , 55 , 59 , 7 3 , 74 , 84 , 88-90 Favre , Mme . (n . m . i . ) . Wife o f Jules F avre . 47 , 5 2 Ferdinand I I , 1 8 1 0 - 5 9 . King of the Two S i ci l ies (of Neapo litan Bourbons ) ; dubbed "King Bomba" after b omb arding Pal ermo and Mes s ina in 1 84 8 revo lut ion . 60 Ferry , Ju les [ F ran90is C ami l l e ] , 1 8 3 2 - 9 3 . Republi can lawyer and po l i t i c i an ; secy . of gov ' t of Sept . 4 , 1 870 ; mayor of Pari s 1 8 70 - 7 1 b e fore and after Commune . 1 5 , 16 , 3 2 , 33 F l oquet , Charl es Thomas , 1 8 28-96 . Ant i - Bonpartist l awyer and po l i t i cian , found ed Union Repub l i caine ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , res i gned Apri l as conci l i ationis t . 16 , 3 1 , 3 8 F lourens , Gus tave [ P aul ] , 1 83 8- 7 1 . Scient i s t , dismiss ed for radi cal views ; ard ent revo lut i onist , led Be l l evi l le N . G . b attalion 1 870 ; e l ected Commune member; a commande r in Apr . 3 march on Ve rs ai l les . 10 , 1 7 , 3 6 - 39 , 4 1 , 5 2 , 81 Fran90is (n . m. i . ) . Member of 2 l 5 th N . G . b attal ion , ki l l ed in Mar . 22 demonstra tion . 2 5 Frank e l [also F rancke l , F ranke l ] , Leo , 1844-9 6 . Hungari an ; active as socialist in Germany , then France ; memb e r of Int ' l in Paris ; e l e cted C ommune member , he ad
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105 of Lab or and Exchange Commi s s i on ; l ater s upporter of Marx in London and found er of Hungarian s ocialist party . 35 , 38 , 67 Fresneau , Armand F e l ix , 1823- 1900 . Legitim ist po litici an , clerica list ; Vers o dep . . ' 71 . 3 1 Gal liffet , Gas ton Al exandre Auguste , marquis de , 1830- 1909 . Bonapart ist general ; led Vers ai l lese c avalry in mass acre of Commune . 36 , 39 , 42 , 4 3 , 5 7 , 8 1 Gambetta, L�on , 1 8 3 8 - 8 2 . Repub l i can l awyer and politici an ; res i gned from gov ' t Feb . 6 , 1871 in b reak with Thiers ; in Spain during Commune . 70 Garibaldi , Gius eppe , 1807- 8 2 . I t a l i an revolutionary democrat ; leader o f national liberat ion armed forces in I t aly ; e le cted deputy t o Vers o as s emb ly 1 87 1 but res igned at first s e s s i on . 65 , 73 , 74 G� londe , Charles Pierre , 1 8 1 2 - 86 . L aw professor ; Bonapartist ; Vers o dep . ' 7 l . 20 Glyn , George Grenfe l l , 1824- 8 7 . Engl ish financier and L iberal P arty leader . 55 Greppo , [Jean] Loui s , 1 8 10- 8 8 . Lyons s i l k weaver and s o ci alist ; a Paris mayor 1870 - 71 ; Vers o dep . ' 71 , conci l i ationist . 16 , 78 Grevy , Fran90is Paul Jules , 1 80 7 -9 1 . Repub l ic an l awyer and politician ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 22 Grousset , P as chal [Jean F ran90i s ] , 1 844- 1909 . Jacobin l e ftist , radical j ournal ist ; elected Commune memb e r , head of External Rel ations Commission . 45 , 67 , 80 , 82 , 83 Guiod , Adolphe [not Alphons e ] Simon , l805 - ? Art i l lery general . 83 Guizot , Fran90is Pierre Gui l l aume , 1 7 8 7 - 1 8 74 . Orleanis t historian , government leader under Louis Phi l ippe 1840-48 . 75 Heeckeren , Georges Charles d ' Anthe s , b aron de , 1 8 1 2-95 . Aris tocratic adventurer , Bonapartist . 24 Henry , Lucien Fe lix , 1 8 50 - d . after 1 879 . Artist ; N . G . activist in1 8 70 , cal led "General " ; captured by Vers ai l lese Apr . 3 , 1 87 1 . (Sometimes confus ed with the Communard Fortune Henry . ) 3 8 , 4 2 , 43 Hessel : see Het ze l . Hetzel (n . m. i . ) . See footnote 337 , page 83 . Hugo , Vi ctor , 180 2- 8 5 . Poet and nove l i st ; anti - Bonaparte ; e lected Vers o dep . ' 7 l , soon res igned as protes t , went t o Be l gium . 6 5 Jacquemet (n . m. i . ) . Abbe , vicar- general to Archbishop Affre 1848 . 70 Joinvi l l e , F ran90i s d ' Orleans , prince de , 1 8 1 8 - 190 0 . Third s on o f Louis Phi l ippe ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 79 Jourde , Fran90is � 1 843-93 . Member o f C . C . of N . G . ; e l ected Commune memb er. 6 7 Ladmirau1t , Louis Rene P au l de , 1808-9 8 . General under Bonaparte ; active in mas sacre of Commune . 73 , 8 1 Lafargue , Paul , 1 84 2 - 19 1 1 . Member of Int ' l ; married Marx ' s daughter Laura ; during Commune , active in Bordeaux . 76 Laffitte , J acques , 1 76 7 - 1 844 . Banker and politi cian ; Or1eani s t gov ' t l e ader 1830- 3 1 , then ousted by Louis Phi l ippe . 5 2 Lafont (n . m . i . ) . 45 Lambert : see Roche - L ambert . Langlois , Amedee Jerome , 1 8 1 9 - ? Navy offi cer ; Proudhonist ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , enemy of Commune . 16 , 26 , 46 Langouri an (n . m . i . ) . General . 29 , 88 Lasteyrie du S ai 1 1 ant , Ferdinand Charl es L eon , comte de , 1810- 79 . Royalist po li ti cian ; Vers . dep . ' 7 1 . 20
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1 06 Lecomte , C l aude Martin , 1 8 1 7 - 7 1 . General ; in charge o f attempt to steal N . G . can non Mar . 1 8 , 1 8 7 1 ; ki l le d . 1 2 , 1 4 - 1 6 , 1 9 , 20 , 90 Le Flo , Ado lphe [ Emmanue l Charles ] , 1804-87 . General and politician ; deputy 1848 ; mini ster o f w ar under F avre and Thiers 1 870- 7 1 ; Vers o dep . ' 71 . 1 5 , 7 1 Lehi deux (n . m . i . ) . 45 Lemaitre , Frederick [pseudo of A . L . P . Lemaitre ] , 1 800 - 76 . Famous actor , author o f Robert Maoaire . 45 Lemprie re (n . m. i . ) . 86 Litt re , [Maximi l i en P au l ] Emi l e , 1 80 1 - 81 . Lexi cographer ; Comt i s t ; cons ervative repub l i can ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 65 Lockroy , Eti enne Augus te Edouard , known as Simon , 1 840- 1 9 1 3 . Repub lican ant i - Bo napartist ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , res i gned as protest Apr . 3 , arrested . 1 6 , 38 , 56 , 79 Lorgeri 1 , Hippolyte Loui s , vi comte de , 1 8 1 1 - 8 8 . Reacti onary Legitimi s t ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 2 2 Louis Phi l ippe , 1 773- 1 850 . Duke o f Orleans ; king o f France 1 830-48 . 47 , 85 , 86 MacMahon [Fr. Mac-Mahon] , Patrice , comte de , duc de Magent a , 1 808-9 3 . Marshal of F rance ; react ionary Bonaparti s t ; commander-in - chie f of Vers ai l l es e forces agains t Commune . 26 , 36 , 60 , 6 2-64 , 6'8 , 70 ' Magne , Al fred (n . m. i . ) . Son o f Pierre Magne . 76 Magne , Pi erre , 1806-79 . F inancier and po l i t i ci an ; Orleanis t , then Bonapartis t ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 . 76 Mal j ournal , Loui s Charles , 1 84 1 - 9 4 . Member o f CC . o f N . G . Wounded accidentally in cours e of Mar . 2 2 , 1 87 1 demons trat i on . 2 4 Marie-Am� lie de Bourbon , 1 7 8 2 - 1 866 . Married Louis Phi lippe 1 809 ; queen of France 1 830-48 . 75 Marras t , Aliuand , 180 1 - 5 2 . Journal i s t and politician ; memb er Prov o Gov ' t 1 848 , supported s uppression of June upris ing . 85 Maud ' hui (n . m . i . ) . Bonaparti s t general . 8 1 Mi l 1 i ere , Jean Bapt is t e , 1 8 1 7 - 7 1 . Journalis t , repub l i can democrat and left Proud honi s t ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , supported C ommune , shot by Vers ai 1 les e . 16 , 40 Mirabeau , Honore Gab ri e l Riquetti , comte de , 1 749 - 9 1 . Const i tutional-monarchis t leader and orator o f F rench Revolution . 77 Mol inet , vi comte de (n. m . i . ) . 2 5 Mol tke , He lmuth Karl Bernhard , graf von , 1 800-9 1 . German fie l d-marshal , chief of Prus s i an general st aff 1 87 1 . 23 Mont alembert , Charles Forb es , comte de , 1 8 1 0 - 70 . Po litician , cl eri cal ist defend er o f papal power . 8 5 Morny , Charles , comte , Zater duc de , 1 8 1 1 - 65 . Hal f-brother and government leader for Loui s Bonap arte . 6 2 Napo l eon I I I : see Bonapart e , Louis Napoleon . Neumayer (n . m . i . ) , 1789- 1866 . Royal i s t general . 84 Noe l (n . m. i . ) . 8 3 Pal adines : see Aurel l e de Pa1 adines . Palik ao , Charles Cous in-Mont aub an , comte de , 1 796- 1 87 8 . General and po l itici an ; formed c abinet Aug . 1870 ; Bonap art is t ; fled t o Bel gium Sept . 4 . 77 , 81 Pape , von (n. m . i . ) . German general commanding the o ccupation of fort s north and east o f P aris . 6 2 -64 , 68 Pene , Henri de , 1 8 30 - 88 . Legitimis t p o l i t i c i an , writer and j ournal i s t . 24 Perier , C as imir Pierre , 1 77 7 - 1832 . Banker and po l i t i ci an , supporter of Loui s Phi l ippe monarchy . 7 Peyrat , Alphonse , 1 8 1 2-9 1 . Journalis t and p o l i t i ci an , ant i - Bonapart e ; Vers o dep . ' 7 1 , con ci l i ationist at firs t . 1 6 , 20 , 46 , 8 8 Phi l ippe -Egalite [name assumed by Loui s Phi l ippe J oseph , duc d ' Orleans ] , 1 74 71 79 3 . F ather of Louis Phi l ippe ; supported French Revolut ion , gui l l otine d . 5 1 , 75 Pi c , Ju les (n . m. i . ) . Bonap art ist j ournal is t . 24 Pi card , [Eugene] Arthur , l 8 2 5 - ? Brother of Ernes t Picard . 37
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Picard , [Louis Jos eph ] Erne s t , 1 8 2 1 - 77 . Lawyer , moderate repub l i can po l i t i ci an ; minister of finance in Sept . 4 , 1 8 70 gov ' t ; minis te r o f inte rior under Thiel's 1871 ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 . 7 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 18 , 20 , 30 , 3 1 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 48 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 69 , 7 1 , 88 Pietri , Jos eph Marie , 1 820 - 1 90 2 . Bonapart i s t pol i ce offi ci al ; po l i ce prefect of Paris 1 866- 70 . 32 , 42 , 6 2 Polo (n. m . i . ) . 6 1 Pothuau , Louis Pierre Alexi s , 1 8 1 5 - 82 . Admi ral and pol i t i ci an ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 ; navy & co loni al minister in Thiel'S gov ' t , organi zed b omb ardment of Paris . 15 , 36 Pouyer-Quertie r , August e Thomas , 1 8 20-9 1 . I ndustrialist & Bonap art i s t pol i t i ci an ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 ; finance mini ster unde r Thiel'S . 5 2 , 76 Protot , Eugene , 1839 - 1 9 2 1 . L awyer & j ournal i s t ; Bl anquis t ; e lected Commune mem ber ; head of Jus t ice Commi s s i on . 44 , 67 Pyat , Felix , 1 8 1 0 - 89 . Writer and j oul"nal i s t ; profes s i onal demagogue in radi cal ci rcl es ; Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 ; e l ected C ommune memb er , fled when Versai 1 1es e en tered Paris . 50 , 77 , 78 Quinet , Edgar , 1803 - 7 5 . Phi losopher and his tori an ; Vel's . dep . ' 71 , conci l i ation is t at firs t . 46 Ramp on , Joachim Achi l le , comte de , 1806-83 . Vel's . dep . ' 7 1 , supported Thiel'S . 81 Rampont , Germain F ran90is Seb as t ien , l 809 - ? Vel's . dep . ' 71 , supported Thiel'S . 30 , 32 Raphael , Father (n . m . i . ) . 9 1 Rigault , Raoul , 1846- 7 1 . B l anqui s t , s tudent revolutionary ; elected Commune mem ber ; head of Pol i ce Commi s s ion , then Pub l i c P rosecutor . 6 7 , 7 8 , 79 Roche-Lambert (n. m . i . ) . 76 Roche fort , [Victor ] Henri , 1 830 - 19 1 3 . Born Henri , marqui s de Rochefort -Lu
