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IEEE www.comsoc.org

Passive Optical Networks

MAGAZINE l ria to Tu eo c id So d V 9 om n g e C dba Pa ee oa e Fr Br Se

Special Supplement

February 2011, Vol. 49, No. 2

•Next-Generation Mobile Networks •Synchronization over Next Generation Packet Networks

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A Publication of the IEEE Communications Society

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Director of Magazines Andrzej Jajszczyk, AGH U. of Sci. & Tech. (Poland)

IEEE

Editor-in-Chief Steve Gorshe, PMC-Sierra, Inc. (USA) Associate Editor-in-Chief Sean Moore, Centripetal Networks (USA) Senior Technical Editors Tom Chen, Swansea University (UK) Nim Cheung, ASTRI (China) Nelson Fonseca, State Univ. of Campinas (Brazil) Torleiv Maseng, Norwegian Def. Res. Est. (Norway) Peter T. S. Yum, The Chinese U. Hong Kong (China) Technical Editors Sonia Aissa, Univ. of Quebec (Canada) Mohammed Atiquzzaman, U. of Oklahoma (USA) Paolo Bellavista, DEIS (Italy) Tee-Hiang Cheng, Nanyang Tech. U. (Rep. Singapore) Jacek Chrostowski, Scheelite Techn. LLC (USA) Sudhir S. Dixit, Nokia Siemens Networks (USA) Stefano Galli, Panasonic R&D Co. of America (USA) Joan Garcia-Haro, Poly. U. of Cartagena (Spain) Vimal K. Khanna, mCalibre Technologies (India) Janusz Konrad, Boston University (USA) Abbas Jamalipour, U. of Sydney (Australia) Deep Medhi, Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City (USA) Nader F. Mir, San Jose State Univ. (USA) Amitabh Mishra, Johns Hopkins University (USA) Sedat Ölçer, IBM (Switzerland) Glenn Parsons, Ericsson Canada (Canada) Harry Rudin, IBM Zurich Res.Lab. (Switzerland) Hady Salloum, Stevens Institute of Tech. (USA) Antonio Sánchez Esguevillas, Telefonica (Spain) Heinrich J. Stüttgen, NEC Europe Ltd. (Germany) Dan Keun Sung, Korea Adv. Inst. Sci. & Tech. (Korea) Danny Tsang, Hong Kong U. of Sci. & Tech. (Japan) Series Editors Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks Edoardo Biagioni, U. of Hawaii, Manoa (USA) Silvia Giordano, Univ. of App. Sci. (Switzerland) Automotive Networking and Applications Wai Chen, Telcordia Technologies, Inc (USA) Luca Delgrossi, Mercedes-Benz R&D N.A. (USA) Timo Kosch, BMW Group (Germany) Tadao Saito, University of Tokyo (Japan) Consumer Communicatons and Networking Madjid Merabti, Liverpool John Moores U. (UK) Mario Kolberg, University of Sterling (UK) Stan Moyer, Telcordia (USA) Design & Implementation Sean Moore, Avaya (USA) Salvatore Loreto, Ericsson Research (Finland) Integrated Circuits for Communications Charles Chien (USA) Zhiwei Xu, SST Communication Inc. (USA) Stephen Molloy, Qualcomm (USA) Network and Service Management Series George Pavlou, U. of Surrey (UK) Aiko Pras, U. of Twente (The Netherlands) Networking Testing Series Yingdar Lin, National Chiao Tung University (Taiwan) Erica Johnson, University of New Hampshire (USA) Tom McBeath, Spirent Communications Inc. (USA) Eduardo Joo, Empirix Inc. (USA) Topics in Optical Communications Hideo Kuwahara, Fujitsu Laboratories, Ltd. (Japan) Osman Gebizlioglu, Telcordia Technologies (USA) John Spencer, Optelian (USA) Vijay Jain, Verizon (USA) Topics in Radio Communications Joseph B. Evans, U. of Kansas (USA) Zoran Zvonar, MediaTek (USA) Standards Yoichi Maeda, NTT Adv. Tech. Corp. (Japan) Mostafa Hashem Sherif, AT&T (USA) Columns Book Reviews Andrzej Jajszczyk, AGH U. of Sci. & Tech. (Poland) History of Communications Mischa Schwartz, Columbia U. (USA) Regulatory and Policy Issues J. Scott Marcus, WIK (Germany) Jon M. Peha, Carnegie Mellon U. (USA) Technology Leaders' Forum Steve Weinstein (USA) Very Large Projects Ken Young, Telcordia Technologies (USA) Publications Staff Joseph Milizzo, Assistant Publisher Eric Levine, Associate Publisher Susan Lange, Online Production Manager Jennifer Porcello, Publications Specialist Catherine Kemelmacher, Associate Editor

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MAGAZINE February 2011, Vol. 49, No. 2

www.comsoc.org/~ci SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT ADVANCES IN PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS GUEST EDITORS: MAHMOUD DANESHMAND, CHONGGANG WANG, AND WEI WEI

S12 GUEST EDITORIAL S16 OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEXT-GENERATION OPTICAL ACCESS Next-generation optical access technologies and architectures are evaluated based on operators’ requirements. The study presented in this article compares different FTTH access network architectures. DIRK BREUER, FRANK GEILHARDT, RALF HÜLSERMANN, MARIO KIND, CHRISTOPH LANGE, THOMAS MONATH, AND ERIK WEIS

S25 COST AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS OF ADVANCED WDM-PONS The authors compare several WDM-PON concepts, including hybrid WDM-PON with integrated per-wavelength multiple access, with regard to these parameters. They also show the impact and importance of generic next-generation bandwidth and reach requirements. KLAUS GROBE, MARKUS ROPPELT, ACHIM AUTENRIETH, JÖRG-PETER ELBERS, AND MICHAEL EISELT

S33 TOWARD ENERGY-EFFICIENT 1G-EPON AND 10G-EPON WITH SLEEP-AWARE MAC CONTROL AND SCHEDULING The authors briefly discuss the key features of 10G-EPON. Then, from the perspective of MAC-layer control and scheduling, they discuss challenges and possible solutions to put optical network units into low-power mode for energy saving. JINGJING ZHANG AND NIRWAN ANSARI

S39 MULTIRATE AND MULTI-QUALITY-OF-SERVICE PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK BASED ON

HYBRID WDM/OCDM SYSTEM

The authors present a new scheme to support multirate and multi-quality-of-service transmission in passive optical networks based on a hybrid wavelength-division multiplexing/optical code-division multiplexing scheme. The idea is to use multilength variable-weight optical orthogonal codes as signature sequences of a hybrid WDM/OCDM system. HAMZEH BEYRANVAND AND JAWAD A. SALEHI

S45

PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK MONITORING: CHALLENGES AND REQUIREMENTS The authors address the required features of PON monitoring techniques and review the major candidate technologies. They highlight some of the limitations of standard and adapted OTDR techniques as well as non-OTDR schemes. MOHAMMAD M. RAD, KERIM FOULI, HABIB A. FATHALLAH, LESLIE A. RUSCH, AND MARTIN MAIER

IMT-ADVANCED AND NEXT-GENERATION MOBILE NETWORKS GUEST EDITORS: WERNER MOHR, JOSE F. MONSERRAT, AFIF OSSEIRAN, AND MARC WERNER

82 84

GUEST EDITORIAL

92

ASSESSING 3GPP LTE-ADVANCED AS IMT-ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY: THE WINNER+ EVALUATION GROUP APPROACH

EVOLUTION OF LTE TOWARD IMT-ADVANCED The authors provide a high-level overview of LTE Release 10, sometimes referred to as LTE-Advanced. First, a brief overview of the first release of LTE and some of its technology components is given, followed by a discussion on the IMT-Advanced requirements. The technology enhancements introduced to LTE in Release 10, carrier aggregation, improved multi-antenna support, relaying, and improved support for heterogeneous deployments, are described. STEFAN PARKVALL, ANDERS FURUSKÄR, AND ERIK DAHLMAN

The authors describe the WINNER+ approach to performance evaluation of the 3GPP LTE-Advanced proposal as an IMT-Advanced technology candidate. The official registered WINNER+ Independent Evaluation Group evaluated this proposal against ITU-R requirements. The authors provide an overview of the ITU-R evaluation process, criteria, and scenarios, and focus on the working method of the evaluation group. KRYSTIAN SAFJAN, VALERIA D’AMICO, DANIEL BÜLTMANN, DAVID MARTIN-SACRISTAN, AHMED SAADANI, AND HENDRIK SCHÖNEICH

IEEE Communications Magazine • February 2011

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2011 Communications Society Elected Officers

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COORDINATED MULTIPOINT: CONCEPTS, PERFORMANCE, AND FIELD TRIAL RESULTS

112

EVOLUTION OF UPLINK MIMO FOR LTE-ADVANCED

122

A 25 GB/S(/KM2) URBAN WIRELESS NETWORK BEYOND IMT-ADVANCED

Byeong Gi Lee, President Vijay Bhargava, President-Elect Mark Karol, VP–Technical Activities Khaled B. Letaief, VP–Conferences Sergio Benedetto, VP–Member Relations Leonard Cimini, VP–Publications Members-at-Large Class of 2011 Robert Fish, Joseph Evans Nelson Fonseca, Michele Zorzi Class of 2012 Stefano Bregni, V. Chan Iwao Sasase, Sarah K. Wilson Class of 2013 Gerhard Fettweis, Stefano Galli Robert Shapiro, Moe Win 2011 IEEE Officers Moshe Kam, President Gordon W. Day, President-Elect Roger D. Pollard, Secretary Harold L. Flescher, Treasurer Pedro A. Ray, Past-President E. James Prendergast, Executive Director Nim Cheung, Director, Division III IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE (ISSN 01636804) is published monthly by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Headquarters address: IEEE, 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA; tel: +1-212705-8900; http://www.comsoc.org/ci. Responsibility for the contents rests upon authors of signed articles and not the IEEE or its members. Unless otherwise specified, the IEEE neither endorses nor sanctions any positions or actions espoused in IEEE Communications Magazine.

GUEST EDITORS: STEFANO BREGNI AND RAVI SUBRAHMANYAN

130 132

GUEST EDITORIAL

140

SYNCHRONIZATION OF AUDIO/VIDEO BRIDGING NETWORKS USING IEEE 802.1AS

148

NGN PACKET NETWORK SYNCHRONIZATION MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS

156

PERFORMANCE ASPECTS OF TIMING IN NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS

164

USING IEEE 1588 AND BOUNDARY CLOCKS FOR CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION IN TELECOM NETWORKS

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: Address to: Editorin-Chief, Steve Gorshe, PMC-Sierra, Inc., 10565 S.W. Nimbus Avenue, Portland, OR 97223; tel: +(503) 4317440, e-mail: [email protected].

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The authors present a survey on the technical challenges of future radio access networks beyond LTE-Advanced, which could offer very high average area throughput to support a huge demand for data traffic and high user density with energyefficient operation. They highlight various potential enabling technologies and architectures to support the aggressive goal of average area throughput 25 Gb/s/km2

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The evolution of LTE uplink transmission toward MIMO has recently been agreed in 3GPP, including the support of up to four-layer transmission using precoded spatial multiplexing as well as transmit diversity techniques. The authors provide an overview of these uplink MIMO schemes, along with their impact on reference signals and DL control signaling. CHESTER SUNGCHUNG PARK, Y.-P. ERIC WANG, GEORGE JÖNGREN, AND DAVID HAMMARWALL

in beyond IMT-Advanced systems. SHENG LIU, JIANJUN WU, CHUNG HA KOH, AND VINCENT K. N. LAU

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Coordinated multipoint or cooperative MIMO is one of the promising concepts to improve cell edge user data rate and spectral efficiency beyond what is possible with MIMO-OFDM in the first versions of LTE or WiMAX. Interference can be exploited or mitigated by cooperation between sectors or different sites. Significant gains can be shown for both the uplink and downlink. RALF IRMER, HEINZ DROSTE, PATRICK MARSCH, MICHAEL GRIEGER, GERHARD FETTWEIS, STEFAN BRUECK, HANS-PETER MAYER, LARS THIELE, AND VOLKER JUNGNICKEL

EVOLUTION OF THE STANDARDS FOR PACKET NETWORK SYNCHRONIZATION The authors summarize the work done by ITU-T Q13/15 over the last six years to standardize the transport of timing over packet networks. They provide a summary of the published documents in this area from ITU-T while providing some of the background that went into each document including the specification of synchronous Ethernet and IEEE 1588 telecom profiles. JEAN-LOUP FERRANT AND STEFANO RUFFINI The Audio/Video Bridging project in the IEEE 802.1 working group is focused on the transport of time-sensitive traffic over IEEE 802 bridged networks. Current bridged networks do not have mechanisms that enable meeting these requirements under general traffic conditions. IEEE 802.1AS is the AVB standard that will specify requirements to allow for transport of precise timing and synchronization in AVB networks. GEOFFREY M. GARNER AND HYUNSURK (ERIC) RYU As the transport of data across the network relies increasingly on Ethernet/IP methods and less on the TDM infrastructure, the need for packet methods of synchronization transport arises. Evaluation of these new packet methods of frequency and time transport requires new approaches to timing measurement and analysis. LEE COSART Circuit-switched networks based on time-division multiplexing require synchronization to deliver information, whereas packet-switched networks can deliver information in an asynchronous environment. However, all real-time services require that synchronization and timing information be delivered over the network. Performance of timing distribution is quantified using particular metrics and adherence to requirements determined by using masks. KISHAN SHENOI

The authors describe the use of IEEE 1588 and boundary clocks for clock distribution in telecom networks. The technology is primarily used to serve the radio interface synchronization requirements of mobile systems such as WiMAX and LTE, and to reduce the deployment and dependence of GPS systems in base stations. MICHEL OUELLETTE, KUIWEN JI, SONG LIU, AND HAN LI President’s Page Letters to the Editor Certification Corner New Products

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Conference Calendar Product Spotlights Global Communications Newsletter Advertisers’ Index

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COMSOC MARKETING: VALUED OFFERINGS FOR VALUED CUSTOMERS

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and challenges that must be addressed in arketing, in general, is a term that order to best serve ComSoc customers. I we often use, but are not sure of the share this issue with Stan Moyer, ComSoc exact definition. For the purposes of this artiDirector of Marketing and Industry Relacle, we cite the definition provided by the tions, and John Pape, (staff) Director of MarAmerican Marketing Association.1 keting and Creative Services. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, Stan Moyer is an executive director and and processes for creating, communicating, strategic research program manager in the delivering, and exchanging offerings that have Applied Research area of Telcordia Techvalue for customers, clients, partners, and nologies, where he has worked since 1990. society at large. Currently, he is leading a business developKey to this definition is the concept that ment effort for end-user information privacy “offerings” must have value for the customer. protection for mobile services. In the past he Therefore, determining what products and led research and business development activiservices customers find of value is a crucial ties related to digital content services and aspect of marketing. Our members are “cusBYEONG GI LEE home networking. He has also worked on tomers,” with the Society’s marketing efforts ATM switch hardware, broadband having primary focus on satisfying network architectures and prototheir needs while meeting the cols, middleware, Internet network broader goals of their Society. Since and application security, Internet any organization must operate withQoS, and voice over IP. He is curin the boundaries of its mission rently President of the OSGi and/or goals, we revisit the goals of Alliance. He served as a member of the IEEE Communications Society the IEEE Technical Activities (ComSoc) first, which are two-fold: Board Finance Committee. Within •Scholarly — scientific and ComSoc, he is currently serving as directed toward the advancement of Director-Marketing and Industry the theory, practice, and application Relations, a member of the Comof communications engineering and Soc Standards Board, Vice-Chair of related arts and sciences. the IEEE CCNC steering commit•Professional — promoting high tee, and co-Chair of the Ad hoc professional standards, developSTAN MOYER JOHN PAPE Industry Promotion Committee. ment of competency and the Stan has a ME degree in Electrical advancement of the standings of Engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology and an members of the professions. MBA degree in Technology Management from the University These goals are implemented through a diverse set of of Phoenix. activities by members and the business actions managed by John Pape has served as the (staff) Director of Marketing volunteer leaders and paid staff. Our main business includes and Creative Services since 1997. His responsibilities include publishing journals and magazines, holding meetings and conplanning and implementing the society’s marketing activities ferences, offering education and training, and selling adverfor membership, publications, continuing education, and contisements. Our business is to serve ComSoc’s customers, ferences. During his tenure, products have migrated from including members, and to achieve the goals of the Society. print to electronic media, and marketing tactics have evolved Next, we need to understand the background of ComSoc’s from direct mail and manual processing to complicated e-mail customers, which include members, publication subscribers, campaigns and social media outreach. Recently, he has led conference attendees, and recipients of other ComSoc serComSoc’s efforts to provide members with a digital option for vices. Most current members have advanced educations: postIEEE Communications Magazine and to create and execute graduate degrees in EE, physics, mathematics, computer the plan to offer a virtual course in wireless communications sciences, business, or related fields. engineering. From 1989 to 1997, he managed the Publications Serving ComSoc’s “customers” is the mission of ComSoc’s Marketing Department of the American Society of Civil EngiMarketing and Creative Services Department, which promotes neers. He has managed marketing activities for more than 30 all ComSoc products and provides creative services to Comyears with international publishers including S. Karger PubSoc officers, volunteers, and all other departments of Comlishers, Methuen, and Springer-Verlag. Soc. The department completes over 300 marketing projects per year in order to refine and renew ComSoc’s offerings. COMPETITORS AND ADDRESSABLE MARKET ComSoc offerings can be grouped into four major areas: membership, publications, conferences, and education & ComSoc, just like most businesses, has competitors for its training. products and services. ComSoc competes for time, prestige, In this article we will describe the marketing of ComSoc in money, authors, attendees, readers, volunteers, subscribers, terms of ComSoc offerings, marketing process, and the issues and resources with other organizations, events, publishers, and information sources in the communications field. Some might 1 American Marketing Association website, http://www.marketingpowconsider communications websites or self-organized social media as directly competitive as they can provide alternative er.com/aboutama/pages/definitionofmarketing.aspx

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IEEE Communications Magazine • February 2011

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Telecommunications Management and technical consulting Scientific R&D services

US employment trends (1000s)

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400 1/99

1/00

1/01

1/02

1/03

1/04

1/05

1/06

1/07

1/08

1/09

FIGURE 1. U.S. employment trends. resources for members and potential members. Some known competitors, in that context, include trade or corporate-centric organizations such as the ITU, GSMA, IET, ACM, TIA, ATIS, CTIA, AFCEA, OSA, ISOC, and other national organizations. Publishers such as John Wiley and Sons, SpringerVerlag, CMP, Cambridge University Press, and Elsevier provide alternative global publications (books, journals, magazines) as information sources and legitimate venues for scholarly authors and practical technical publishing. Certain forums and/or special interest groups (SIGs) deal with rapid technological developments, such as the WiMax Forums, Telecommunications Management Forum, NGN, IMS, and the Femto Forum. Trade shows and technical conferences (sponsored by corporate entities such as the Yankee Group or non-profits such as PCIA) on communications topics can be found throughout the year at locations around the globe. Within the IEEE, other societies such as Antennas and Propagation, Signal Processing, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory, Computer, Photonics, Consumer Electronics, and Microwave Theory and Techniques all have some technical overlap with ComSoc. However, ComSoc does not have a broad-based direct global competitor serving individuals within the global community in its technical scope. When marketing products and services, it helps to understand the addressable market – that is, the entire space for which our products and services would be of interest. Defining the estimated universe of potential members or communications related subject matter experts can be a challenge. Based on published data, there have been about 800,000 EE BS degrees granted in the US in the past 40 years. Less than half of them attained a Master’s degree or Ph.D. level degree. Historically about 14% enter communications-centric employment, resulting in about 110,000 individuals with an undergraduate degree and about 50,000 individuals holding an EE Master’s degree or higher in the US. With 20,000 members in the US, ComSoc member demographics imply that ComSoc has captured about 25% of the potential US market holding Master’s degrees or higher. Of those earning a Bachelor’s Degree, data would suggest that ComSoc has captured about 10% of the potential US universe. The potential member universe could include other disciplines such as physics, mathematics, computer science, and business management, but all EE graduates do not pursues careers in EE fields. Data sources for the international higher education area and employment markets are unreliable and inconsistent; it is not possible to estimate realistically the global member universe, although someone may estimate the size to be double the US.

IEEE Communications Magazine • February 2011

The US Department of Labor maintains employment data for the telecom industry for all employees (including nondegreed employees). Employment in the traditional telecommunications industry has declined by 35% since reaching highs of more than 1.4 million in 2000; there have been other areas of employment growth. While telecom employers have been shedding traditional full-time employees, technical consulting and scientific research employment have increased by 50% in the last decade. As a result, the US membership market is not as apparent or easily accessible as it once was. Communications specialists can be found in a much broader array of companies and working scenarios. Figure 1, drawn based on the US Bureau of Labor statistics charts, represents this shift graphically.

MEMBERSHIP One of the primary “products” that ComSoc provides to “customers” is membership in the society. As a society of the IEEE, ComSoc membership is offered for a fee in addition to IEEE membership dues. ComSoc sets the price and defines the benefits of society membership. The prime justifications for membership are to maintain technical competence, receive desired services at discounted rates, and network with colleagues. Each member receives monthly issues of IEEE Communications Magazine, the leading technical periodical devoted to communications technologies on an advanced level. ComSoc membership dues are $25 in 2011, with digital delivery of IEEE Communications Magazine; in 1999 ComSoc membership dues were $23 with print delivery of IEEE Communications Magazine. From the end of February to the end of September each year, dues for new members are half the regular price. ComSoc membership was about 8,800 when the Society was founded in 1963 with the establishment of IEEE. Membership has increased rapidly over the past 15 years, which was influenced by the half-year free membership campaign started in 1998 and the technology bubble of the late 1990’s. However, it began to decline from the early 2000’s due to the rapid decline of traditional telecommunications employment and full implementation of IEEE Xplore, which resulted in online IEEE (and ComSoc) content availability. The membership decline stopped at the 40,000+ level in the late 2000’s and maintained that level until it began to increase in 2010 to about 48,000. The majority of ComSoc members reside outside the US, whereas the majority of IEEE members reside in the US. This is the result of several phenomena. The communications industry diffused globally and became successful in many Asian and European countries. IEEE Xplore sales penetration in the US market has resulted in many potential US members satisfying their need for technical publications without joining ComSoc. In the late 1990’s, our surveys indicated that more than 62% of members were industry-employed; in 2008 that number decreased to 45%. This indicates that any membership growth in the future is most likely to come with the support of industry, consulting, or government areas. Each year ComSoc recruits about 11,000 new members. The majority of these new members result from offering to new IEEE members a free ComSoc membership for the first year. Some new members join during the annual IEEE renewal process. To recruit new members, marketing executes various print, online, and e-mail direct response campaigns; trade show exhibits; free book premiums; conference registration offers; and monthly new IEEE member e-campaigns. In addition, membership recruiting is supported by extensive web page updating; distributing promotion material to Sister Societies;

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% of CommMag Readers that Read

EE Times

23.50%

Telecommunications

20.60%

EDN

15.90%

Electronic Design

15.10%

Wireless Design & Development

13.60%

Microwave & RF

13.20%

Network World

13.10%

Microwave Journal

12.60%

Lightwave

8.90%

Business Communications Review

7.00%

Test & Measurement World

6.50%

Internet Telephony

5.60%

Photonics Spectra

4.90%

Telephony/ Connected Planet

4.10%

Urgent Communications

2.70%

TABLE 1. Percentage of CommMag readers that read other magazines. local Chapter support with promotion material, sample copies, posters and special offers; cover wraps; free offers of a brief communications history book highlighting Society notables; an up-to-date Society PowerPoint presentation for group presentations; back-office coordination/support for data and other membership development activities such as Chapter Chair Congresses, Distinguished Lecturer Tours, and volunteer visits; Best of the Best and other book/DVD/product special offers; and special opportunistic efforts. In recent years, the Industry Now program has been established to offer bulk or multiple memberships to companies in emerging economies that are not acquainted with the advantages of ComSoc association. Retaining members is a constant process of providing reminders and opportunities to members that illustrate the value of membership. The annual ComSoc Community Directory and letter from the President are sent to each new ComSoc member on a biweekly basis. Members are surveyed for satisfaction and needs. Articles and columns dealing with member issues appear every month in IEEE Communications Magazine, as do advertisements specifically aimed at members. Monthly issues of e-News spotlight the President’s monthly message and present member-only special offers, including conference registrations, the Book of the Month, free tutorials, technically sponsored Webinars, new product offers, and other useful information such as the Top Ten list of ComSoc papers appearing in IEEE Xplore, and content announcements for optional publications. Support for volunteer committees, Chapters, Distinguished Lecturer Tours, premiums, and other programs also contribute to retention efforts.

PUBLICATIONS ComSoc publishes magazines, journals/transactions, proceedings, DVDs, books (with IEEE’s publisher John Wiley and independently) and newsletters. There are several methods to measure the popularity and effectiveness of periodical publications, e.g., subscription data, electronic PDF downloads, submissions, the ISI Journal Citation report, and reader/member surveys. Most periodicals are available in print or electronic format.

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There are three general categories for the subscription market: subscription agents; libraries; and individuals. ComSoc relies heavily on IEEE Sales and Marketing for sales to libraries and to subscription agents; all electronic package sales, including consortia licensing sales, are handled by the IEEE. The IEEE offers several packages of periodicals. The All Societies Periodical Package (ASPP), Enterprise, the IEEE Electronic Library (IEL), and the new IEEE Communications Library are among the offerings that include ComSoc periodicals and conference proceedings. IEEE participates in library conferences such as the ALA and SLA annual trade shows. All ComSoc periodicals are included in the annual Society brochure, on Society Membership applications, online web and PDF formats, and in the ComSoc Community directory. IEEE Communications Magazine (CommMag) is the most important Society publication, which all members receive monthly. The editorial data reflects hot topics of interest to members and is written in a style to be accessible to all members, with academic and corporate interests alike. CommMag is a hybrid publication, containing editorial material that can be described as scholarly with sufficient industry attraction to generate $1 million plus in advertising sales each year. No other IEEE society magazine can claim the distinction of most non-member subscriptions, most 2009 magazine Xplore views, high ISI Journal Citation Report impact factor (rated #5 in telecommunications in 2009), and $1+ million generated in advertising revenue. CommMag is the most significant scholarly/industry publication in the specialty of communications. To emphasize the uniqueness of ComSoc members, a survey of readers found that no competitive trade publication was read by more than 25% of CommMag readers (see Table 1). IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine and IEEE Network Magazine complement IEEE Communications Magazine and focus on two strong areas of communications technology. These are optional bi-monthly publications with technical cosponsorship with the Computer Society. Both are similar to CommMag in layout and offer a broader readership concept. Core ComSoc archival journals/transactions including IEEE Transactions on Communications, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Communications Letters, IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials (e-only), and IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management (eonly) reflect the scope of the scholarly activity. And financially co-sponsored journals such as IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, and IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing demonstrate relationships with other related specialties.

CONFERENCES All conferences sponsored and co-sponsored by ComSoc are marketed and promoted by mixed media through different channels. The degree of marketing effort increases as the level of financial ownership and budget increases. For a specific event, a separate marketing plan or strategy is created. There are some common areas. Most of these events include conference proceedings with papers also appearing online in IEEE Xplore. This results in authors/presenters wanting to submit papers and contribute to the conferences and ComSoc revenue. Conferences generate more gross revenue than any other product in the portfolio, and conferences command more marketing resources than any other products in the ComSoc portfolio. Conferences have different levels of financial co-sponsor(Continued on page 10)

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THE PRESIDENT’S PAGE (Continued from page 8) ship that range from fully financially sponsored by ComSoc (e.g., ICC, GLOBECOM, CCNC), financially co-sponsored by ComSoc (e.g., OFC/NFOEC, MILCOM), and conferences with no financial sponsorship (IEEE Sarnoff 2009, WTS 2009, IEEE Policy 2009). Those conferences are typically technically co-sponsored by ComSoc. Depending on budgets, most fully-owned ComSoc conference marketing includes web site development, Call-forPapers (CFP) assistance, advance and final program design and production, online and media advertising, flyers, and a series of e-mail efforts. Recently, there have been additional activities such as recording live sessions and other program events. Under the ComSoc Webcasts brand, access to these events can be purchased for live participation or recorded listening. Often, a keynote speech can be enjoyed free of charge. At some recent flagship events, there have been increased visibility activities with press releases and local, national, and global media coverage. Some ComSoc volunteer leaders have made trips to local high schools and colleges to explain the benefits of careers in the communications sciences. At a recent MILCOM, high school science students visited the exhibit floor to sample the experience and view the scope of the industry. Social media – e.g., blogs, Facebook, Linkedin, Twitter – are now playing a larger role in conference marketing. ComSoc has more than 35 social media sites dedicated to conferences! Social media also provides new ways for registrants to participate. Marketing efforts related to conferences not only help to promote the conference, but also utilize the conference to market other ComSoc products and services. Conferences serve as a great forum for the ComSoc marketing staff and volunteers to meet ComSoc members and conference attendees to get feedback and input on what they do and do not like about ComSoc, the conference, and other products and services.

Wireless Communications (specifically the areas covered by the WCET certification program) was held at 4G World in Chicago. A five-day virtual intensive course on Wireless Communications was held in September 2010. This first offering was very successful, with 75 registrants from 15 countries. Each day’s sessions were held over the Internet; participants never had to leave their computers. For 2011, the five-day virtual intensive course on wireless communications is scheduled for multiple offering times. Eventually this event could be settled as a quarterly or bimonthly course, demand permitting. ComSoc’s WCET (Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies) Certification Program was officially launched in early 2008. It was developed by ComSoc and an international collection of industry experts to address the worldwide wireless industry’s growing need for professionals with real-world problem-solving skills. Industry consensus, obtained through an industry survey with more than 1,300 individual responses representing more than 65 countries from around the world, was that a wireless certification program is necessary. The purpose of the WCET is to certify individuals in wireless communications. Two testing windows are offered each year, during which individuals can sit for the exam. There are more than 500 testing sites located in 75 countries around the world. The exam is administered at a Computer Based Testing facility and consists of 150 multiple-choice questions encompassing seven major wireless areas: RF engineering; propagation and antennas; access technologies; network and service architecture; network management and security; facilities infrastructure; agreements, standards, policies, and regulations; and fundamental knowledge. The WCET program has evolved for the past two years while passing through a learning curve. Marketing strategy for the WCET exam originally started with the objective to generate direct individual applications, but the focus was changed from the individual to the company and from the exam to training. The five-day virtual intensive course thus developed has proved popular with industry and provides a natural sequence for those wishing to successfully navigate the WCET exam.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

IN CLOSING

Continuing education and/or educational products/product development are important but least developed areas within ComSoc. In reality, everything ComSoc produces falls under the subject of education, and most member surveys indicate support for additional educational opportunities. In response, we plan to invest intensive efforts to fully develop the education and training areas in accordance with the progress of the mobile converged communications era. Conference Tutorials are developed with ComSoc events, but they are developed under the banner of the event itself, so marketing for these tutorials falls under the domain of the individual event. Tutorials Now represent an online portfolio of individual half-day or full-day tutorials that had been given at ComSoc events. The total number of titles accumulated so far is 84, but it grows every year. Selected presenters record voice over slide presentations after the event and forward the completed files to ComSoc for quality control testing and uploading. Presenters receive an honorarium and/or royalties for accepted tutorials. Recently these tutorials have been indexed for access through the ComSoc Digital Library. Some Tutorial Now modules are offered as potential sponsorship to companies. These can be offered to ComSoc members free of charge for a limited time when a sponsor has been secured. Courses/sessions can be developed for non-ComSoc conferences and trade shows. In 2009 and 2010, a course on

With a membership of more than 48,000 global individuals, ComSoc is the second largest IEEE society and has strong volunteer commitments, a dedicated staff, expert operational support, and a global reputation of excellence. ComSoc excels at producing technical publications, organizing technical conferences, as well as fostering educational programs. ComSoc has a potential to grow much more in the future while undergoing transformation toward the converged communications era. ComSoc’s marketing has adapted to many changes in the past decade, thus enabling ComSoc to reach its current status. Anticipating future opportunities, the ComSoc volunteer/staff partnership for marketing will support increased industry patronage, new partnerships with organizations and companies that can help enhance ComSoc’s position as the “go-to” resource for the communications industry. Further, it will help promote new publications and conferences in emerging communications areas, develop new services geared to industry, attract non-US members, expand digital delivery of information and virtual meetings, explore social media opportunities, and prepare for the unexpected. ComSoc’s marketing will keep playing a pivotal role while ComSoc navigates through the newly emerging converged communications era, creating new offerings that have value for the ComSoc’s customers and thereby making ComSoc a valuable home for all the communications communities and professionals of the world.

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IEEE Communications Magazine • February 2011

LYT-LETTERS EDITOR-February

1/21/11

10:07 AM

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LETTERS TO THE EDITOR EDITED BY MISCHA SCHWARTZ Comments on “An Early History of the Internet” by Leonard Kleinrock Greg Adamson, Melbourne

To the Editor, I read your “History of Communications” pages with interest, and particularly the August 2010 article by Leonard Kleinrock. This article creates a challenge for the reader: how to weigh an account of historical events by a major participant in those events. I have separately seen the problem described as “military history written by generals.” You would be aware that Donald Davies in part covered the same ground in an article published in 2001 (The Computer Journal, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 152–62). I found Davies’ account very moving: a renowned researcher in his dying months establishing his view of a contested period of discovery (and not to assert his own claim). After reviewing the work of Kleinrock and Paul Baran, he summed up his finding in the following way: “My contention is that the work of Kleinrock before and up to 1964 gives him no claim to have originated packet switching, the honour for which must go to Paul Baran. The passage in his book on time-sharing queue discipline, if pursued to a conclusion, might have led him to packet switching, but it did not.” I appreciate that Leonard Kleinrock would not agree with this perspective, yet I feel his article is too oblique. I would be very interested in seeing a

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more specific response to the points that Davies made. Perhaps you should have an occasional column titled “Debates in the History of Communications.” Response to Greg Adamson: by Leonard Kleinrock

In my August 2010 article, I state that the detail I afford to my perspective is based on personal experience and is not a claim to importance. I also call attention to many more histories of the Internet in need of study; Adamson calls this whole enterprise “military history written by generals” and has asked me to respond to claims he cites from the late Donald Davies in which my work on time-sharing is addressed. A major goal of packetization is to prevent long messages from hogging the channel and thereby causing shorter messages to wait inordinately. This was raised by Davies as a major concern since it provided the network operator the ability to control network delay rather than being at the mercy of the end user. In my 1962 dissertation I clearly considered the role of message priority classes and priority queueing disciplines in accomplishing this. Relating this to network delay, I devoted Chapter 5 to studying the “...manner in which message delay is affected when one introduces a priority structure (or queue discipline) into the set of messages....” I isolated the effect of queue discipline by looking at a single node, as “An understanding of the effects of a

priority discipline at the single-node level is necessary before one can make any intelligent statements about the multinode case.” Among the classes of discipline I studied were the preemptive disciplines where the transmission of a message can be interrupted and then continued later. I devoted an entire section to time-shared servicing of data traffic in which I broke messages into smaller, fixed size pieces. I also provided a mathematical analysis and showed that the deleterious effects of channel hogging were indeed avoided. It would take far more space to delineate the properties of packet switching, since it involves much more than just chopping messages into smaller fixed length segments (the issue addressed by Adamson to which I have herein responded). Briefly, it also involves network efficiency which I addressed with the broader issue of demand access; it involves robustness and reliability which comes about from distributed adaptive routing in a mesh network, which I also presented in my early work. In the August 2010 article, I explain how my work informed the technology of the ARPANET as well as its timing relative to that of Baran’s. Prior to the writing of Davies’ posthumous article, he contacted me about these topics, and I did respond accordingly. Dr. Adamson has raised these same issues, which I have already explained in my article.

IEEE Communications Magazine • February 2011

LYT-CERTIFICATION-FEB

1/19/11

4:25 PM

Page 14

CERTIFICATION CORNER THE VALUE OF VOLUNTEERS BY ROLF FRANTZ In many of the months this column has appeared, it has often included some words about the volunteers who have made WCET certification possible. It’s worth taking more time to describe the many roles that volunteers have played – and continue to play – because of the value they bring to the program. It started when the original Practice Analysis Task Force (PATF) convened in December 2006 to develop the Delineation (the description of wireless practice and underlying knowledge). The PATF included more than 15 industry experts from around the world who gave their time to get the program off to a strong start. Without their commitment, there would not be a WCET certification program. Several of these volunteers remain actively involved today, especially in championing the value of certification within the industry. The next volunteers were the participants in Focus Groups and the Independent Reviewers. Dozens of industry experts studied the Delineation and offered constructive feedback that helped make it

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even more representative of wireless communications practice in a broad range of companies and countries. Again, some of those volunteers remained active in the WCET program for years, taking on specific roles and responsibilities, and their continued involvement has been valuable in guiding and growing the program. Special thanks go to the volunteers who have served on the Industry Advisory Board. They have given focused feedback on all aspects of the WCET program, ranging from promoting the program to industry to critiquing the WCET website. The fact that Board members represent companies in all segments of the wireless commu-

nications industry, based in countries around the world, has helped maintain the vendor neutrality and trans-national nature of WCET certification. Other volunteers have served as question writers, question reviewers, and on the exam committee that has used the best questions to create exams covering the breadth of wireless communications. They have maintained the balance among the seven technical areas that was developed by the PATF and reinforced by industry feedback as to the relative importance of various tasks and knowledge in the workplace. Some of these volunteers recently joined with others to form a “mini-PATF” to review all the detailed feedback on the Delineation that we have received. They invested their time and effort to refresh and update the Delineation to reflect changes in the industry over the past few years. A Core Team of volunteers has provided steady leadership to the program throughout its history. They have led committees that looked at issues of policy, marketing, the Handbook, strategy, training, the WEBOK, recertification, and question writing and exam creation. A couple dozen volunteers have made a significant commitment to these leadership positions over the years. The Steering Committee is responsible for the long-term direction of the WCET program. More than a dozen volunteers have served on this committee, helping to identify strengths and weaknesses and also areas where ComSoc can build on the certification program. An example of the latter is the development of ComSoc training offerings, an area where there was a clear demand in the industry and a path within ComSoc to address the need. The title of this month’s column sums it up: the hundreds of volunteers who have played many different roles in the development, growth, guidance, and success of WCET certification have been our most valuable asset. We have expressed our thanks to each as they have relinquished a role or responsibility, but we owe one large THANK YOU to all of them. Attention WCP certificate holders in particular: volunteer opportunities abound! Please let us know how you would like to contribute to continuing to grow the WCET program to its full potential.

IEEE 1/17/11 3:31:21 PMCommunications

Magazine • February 2011

LYT-PRODUCTS-FEB

1/20/11

12:06 PM

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NEW PRODUCTS CHIP FAMILY SUPPORTS THE ITU-T G.HN GLOBAL STANDARD Lantiq Lantiq has introduced a chip family supporting the ITU-T G.hn global standard for next generation wired home networks. Lantiq XWAY HNX devices provide manufacturers of consumer, computing and smart home electronics with the foundation for in-home networks that can be connected using any combination of phone, power and cable wiring. Endorsed by the 191 member countries of the ITU in June 2010, the G.hn standard defines technology to provide network connectivity across all common in-home wiring with data rates as high as 1 Gigabit per second (Gbps). As G.hn becomes an integral feature in residential gateways, consumer electronics devices, personal computers and Internet-connected smart home devices, service providers will be able to realize significantly reduced installation and operations costs as a result of plug-andplay network operation and greater device connectivity. Lantiq XWAY HNX chips can be used in standalone G.hn node applications or as part of multi-service platforms. The device is provided to customers with a software package that includes pre-integrated drivers for the broad range of Lantiq system-level silicon devices, including Gigabit speed gateway processors, 802.11n WLAN supporting carrier-grade video, DECT/CAT-iq, VoIP and analog voice. http://www.lantiq.com/hnx

LOW NOISE, HIGH-OUTPUT XPON VIDEO RECEIVER

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