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IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE
[VOLUME 28 NUMBER 6 NOVEMBER 2011]
MULTIMEDIA QUALITY ASSESSMENT
VOLUME 28 NUMBER 6 NOVEMBER 2011
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[VOLUME 28 NUMBER 6]
[CONTENTS]
13 READER’S CHOICE Top Downloads in IEEE Xplore
[SPECIAL SECTION—MULTIMEDIA QUALITY ASSESSMENT] 17 FROM THE GUEST EDITORS Touradj Ebrahimi, Lina Karam, Fernando Pereira, Khaled El-Maleh, and Ian Burnett
18 SPEECH QUALITY ESTIMATION Sebastian Möller, Wai-Yip Chan, Nicolas Côté, Tiago H. Falk, Alexander Raake, and Marcel Wältermann
29 REDUCED- AND NO-REFERENCE IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT
68 IP-BASED MOBILE AND FIXED NETWORK AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA SERVICES Alexander Raake, Jörgen Gustafsson, Savvas Argyropoulos, Marie-Neige Garcia, David Lindegren, Gunnar Heikkilä, Martin Pettersson, Peter List, and Bernhard Feiten
80 ASSESSING VISUAL QUALITY OF 3-D POLYGONAL MODELS Abdullah Bulbul, Tolga Capin, Guillaume Lavoué, and Marius Preda
Zhou Wang and Alan C. Bovik
41 VIDEO IS A CUBE Christian Keimel, Martin Rothbucher, Hao Shen, and Klaus Diepold
50 VISUAL ATTENTION IN QUALITY ASSESSMENT Ulrich Engelke, Hagen Kaprykowsky, Hans-Jürgen Zepernick, and Patrick Ndjiki-Nya
60 AUDIOVISUAL QUALITY COMPONENTS Margaret H. Pinson, William Ingram, and Arthur Webster [COVER] ©GETTY IMAGES
91 MULTIMEDIA QUALITY ASSESSMENT STANDARDS IN ITU-T SG12 Paul Coverdale, Sebastian Möller, Alexander Raake, and Akira Takahashi
[FEATURE]
One City—Two Giants: Armstrong and Sarnoff: Part 1 Harvey F. Silverman
137 APPLICATIONS CORNER Applications of Objective Image Quality Assessment Methods Zhou Wang
143 LECTURE NOTES A Single Matrix Representation for General Digital Filter Structures J. David Osés del Campo, Fernando Cruz-Roldán, Manuel Blanco-Velasco, and Sergio L. Netto
149 DSP TIPS & TRICKS Fixed-Point Square Roots Using L-b Truncation Abhishek Seth and Woon-Seng Gan
154 EXPLORATORY DSP Compressed Two’s Complement Data Formats Provide Greater Dynamic Range and Improved Noise Performance Manuel Richey and Hossein Saiedian
159 STANDARDS IN A NUTSHELL
98 SUB-NYQUIST SAMPLING Moshe Mishali and Yonina C. Eldar
[COLUMNS]
MPEG-M: Multimedia Service Platform Technologies Panos Kudumakis, Xin Wang, Sergio Matone, and Mark Sandler
164 DSP FORUM
2 FROM THE EDITOR Shining Bright: The Golden Era of Signal Processing Li Deng
8 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE Increasing the Visibility of Signal Processing Mostafa (Mos) Kaveh
9 SPECIAL REPORTS Telepresence: Virtual Reality in the Real World John Edwards
SCOPE: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine publishes tutorial-style articles on signal processing research and applications, as well as columns and forums on issues of interest. Its coverage ranges from fundamental principles to practical implementation, reflecting the multidimensional facets of interests and concerns of the community. Its mission is to bring up-to-date, emerging and active technical developments, issues, and events to the research, educational, and professional communities. It is also the main Society communication platform addressing important issues concerning all members. IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE (ISSN 1053-5888) (ISPREG) is published bimonthly by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997 USA (+1 212 419 7900). Responsibility for the contents rests upon the authors and not the IEEE, the Society, or its members. Annual member subscriptions included in Society fee. Nonmember subscriptions available upon request. Individual copies: IEEE Members $20.00 (first copy only), nonmembers $141.00 per copy. Copyright and Reprint Permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of U.S. Copyright Law for private use of patrons: 1) those post-1977 articles that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; 2) pre-1978 articles without fee. Instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee. For all other copying, reprint, or republication permission, write to IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Copyright©2011 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Canadian GST #125634188
Printed in the U.S.A. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSP.2011.941849
125 DSP HISTORY
_____
Multimedia Quality Assessment Fatih Porikli, Al Bovik, Chris Plack, Ghassan AlRegib, Joyce Farrell, Patrick Le Callet, Quan Huynh-Thu, Sebastian Möller, and Stefan Winkler
200 IN THE SPOTLIGHT “Trends” Expert Overview Sessions Revived at ICASSP 2011: Part 2 Alle-Jan van der Veen and Jose C. Principe Trends in Bioimaging and Signal Processing Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin, Michael Unser, Laure Blanc-Féraud, Andrew Laine, and Boudewijn Lelieveldt Trends in Design and Implementation of Signal Processing Systems Mohammad M. Mansour, Liang-Gee Chen, and Wonyong Sung Trends in Machine Learning for Signal Processing Tülay Adalı, David J. Miller, Konstantinos I. Diamantaras, and Jan Larsen Trends in Multimedia Signal Processing Phil Chou, Francesco G.B. De Natale, Enrico Magli, and Eckehard Steinbach
[DEPARTMENTS] 178 DATES AHEAD 179 2011 ANNUAL INDEX
IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE [1] NOVEMBER 2011
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[from the EDITOR]
Li Deng Editor-in-Chief
[email protected] ______________ http://signalprocessingsociety.org/ publications/periodicals/spm ___________________
Shining Bright: The Golden Era of Signal Processing
T
hree years ago, I wrote my inaugural editorial, “Embracing a New Golden Age of Signal Processing,” [1] for our IEEE Signal Processing Magazine (SPM). Today, while writing this farewell editorial and in representing our entire SPM editorial team, I can proudly say the golden era has not only arrived for us to embrace and celebrate, but it is also shining bright and is here to stay. My service for SPM started in 2004, when Prof. Ray Liu, then editor-in-chief, invited me to be the lead guest editor for a special issue. Since then, SPM has been a main focus of my service to the IEEE Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSP.2011.942544 Date of publication: 1 November 2011
IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE Li Deng, Editor-in-Chief — Microsoft Research AREA EDITORS Feature Articles — Antonio Ortega, University of Southern California Columns and Forums — Ghassan AlRegib, Georgia Institute of Technology Special Issues — Dan Schonfeld, University of Illinois at Chicago e-Newsletter — Z. Jane Wang, University of British Columbia EDITORIAL BOARD Les Atlas — University of Washington Jeff Bilmes — University of Washington Holger Boche — Technische Universität München Yen-Kuang Cheng — Intel Corporation Liang-Gee Chen — National Taiwan University Ed Delp — Purdue University Adriana Dumitras — Apple Inc. Brendan Frey — University of Toronto Mazin Gilbert — AT&T Research Bernd Girod — Stanford University Jenq-Neng Hwang — University of Washington Michael Jordan — University of California, Berkeley Vikram Krishnamurthy — University of British Columbia, Canada Chin-Hui Lee — Georgia Institute of Technology Jian Li — University of Florida-Gainesville
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSP.2011.942735
wide range of SP-enabled future wants and needs (e.g., [4]). In my own work environment within a major computer software company, SP methods and applications as defined in the expanded scope had also permeated every corner. Our community had clearly come to realize that while SP played an integral part in the technological development of television, telephone, communication, multimedia, space travel, and computers, more exciting challenges and opportunities would lie ahead for SP in broad areas such as intelligent communication; natural human-machine interface; universal language translation; biomolecular information processing; automated navigation; efficient generation/ distribution/consumption of “green” energy; intelligent sensor and human
Signal Processing Society (SPS) and to the SP community. When working as an editorial board member and area editor under the leadership of my predecessor, Prof. Shih-Fu Chang, I witnessed the immeasurable vibrancy, invigorating energy, and unbounded intellectual landscape of our SP community. During 2007–2008, with Prof. Chang’s guidance, I initiated the effort in expanding the scope and technical fields of SP [2]. This led to substantial broadening of the article coverage in SPM along the two axes of “signal” and “processing” [3]. In the meantime, while helping Prof. Chang to solicit potential articles for SPM, I interacted with several pioneers in various technical areas pertinent to SP. These interactions provided me with the opportunity to learn, analyze, and appreciate a
Mark Liao — National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan Hongwei Liu — Xidian University, China K.J. Ray Liu — University of Maryland Tom Luo — University of Minnesota Nelson Morgan — ICSI and University of California, Berkeley Fernando Pereira — ISTIT, Portugal Roberto Pieraccini — Speech Cycle Inc. H. Vincent Poor — Princeton University Nicholas Sidiropoulos — Tech University of Crete, Greece Yoram Singer — Google Research Henry Tirri — Nokia Research Center Anthony Vetro — MERL Patrick J. Wolfe — Harvard University ASSOCIATE EDITORS— COLUMNS AND FORUM Andrea Cavallaro — Queen Mary, University of London Rodrigo Capobianco Guido — University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Andres Kwasinski — Rochester Institute of Technology Rick Lyons — Besser Associates Aleksandra Mojsilovic — IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Douglas O’Shaughnessy — INRS, Canada Greg Slabaugh — Medicsight PLC, U.K. Clay Turner—Pace-O-Matic, Inc. Alessandro Vinciarelli — IDIAP–EPFL Michael Gormish — Ricoh Innovations, Inc. Xiaodong He — Microsoft Research Fatih Porikli — MERL
ASSOCIATE EDITORS—E-NEWSLETTER Marcelo Bruno — ITA, Brazil Gwenael Doerr — Technicolor, France Shantanu Rane — MERL Yan Lindsay Sun — University of Rhode Island IEEE PERIODICALS MAGAZINES DEPARTMENT Jessica Barragué — Managing Editor Geraldine Krolin-Taylor — Senior Managing Editor Susan Schneiderman — Business Development Manager +1 732 562 3946 Fax: +1 732 981 1855 Felicia Spagnoli — Advertising Production Mgr. Janet Dudar — Senior Art Director Gail A. Schnitzer — Assistant Art Director Theresa L. Smith — Production Coordinator Dawn M. Melley — Editorial Director Peter M. Tuohy — Production Director Fran Zappulla — Staff Director, Publishing Operations IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying. For more information, visit http://www.ieee.org/web/ aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html.
IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY Mos Kaveh — President K.J. Ray Liu — President-Elect John Treichler — Vice President, Awards and Membership V. John Mathews — Vice President, Conferences Min Wu — Vice President, Finance Ali H. Sayed — Vice President, Publications Ahmed Tewfik — Vice President, Technical Directions Mercy Kowalczyk — Executive Director and Associate Editor Linda C. Cherry — Manager, Publications
IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE [2] NOVEMBER 2011
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[from the EDITOR]
continued
networks; global financial market analysis; and much more [4], [5]. All these, together with the numerous SPempowered technological advancements—e.g., mobile devices becoming ubiquitous, multicore and cloud computing going mainstream, Web search turning intelligent—already brewing in the midst of economic recession three years ago, heralded a new tech boom and a bright era ahead in our field of SP. Indeed, during the past three years, we have witnessed tremendous growth in signal processing at the global scale. I was honored to lead an energetic, diligent, creative, and productive editorial team to embrace the vitality of our SP community in this golden age. The magazine served not only as an educational tool but also as a catalyst in advancing SP technology. Our articles exemplified and embodied technical rigor and new trends of SP as well as the extraordinary variety of SP applications in our daily lives and their societal impact. Our editorial team took a unique approach to running SPM. We took risks, pushed the limit, and we were eager to innovate and try things that had never been done before. We embraced the motto that it is more fun being movers and shakers than being followers and being incremental. We held the attitude that if we fail, let it be, but if we succeed, we would win big. (Don’t we all run research groups and do SP research in the same way?) One significant innovation we engendered over the past two years is the translation editions of SPM into Chinese and Brazilian Portuguese, where we saw huge emerging SP engineering bases and potential explosive readership growth. This is the first time in history that IEEE publications have done a Chinese translation. References [6]–[10] are just a few examples of a larger pool of the articles we have translated to Chinese and Brazilian Portuguese. We listened closely to our readers’ feedback in Asian-Pacific countries and published side-by-side English-Chinese translation. This enables them not only to read the technical content more efficiently in their native language, but more importantly, to write better SP articles in
English. To accommodate the difference between simplified and traditional Chinese styles that are both popular in Asian-Pacific countries, we created a three-column glossary for technical terms of SP in English and in the corresponding simplified and traditional Chinese pairs. As an example of the impact of this “side” glossary project within our much larger translation project, we are looking at extending our approach to all IEEE-relevant technical terms that are far beyond the scope of SP. Another important innovation we have created and pushed hard is the use of Tag for direct and convenient access to multimedia supplementary material via smartphones, which can go with the readers everywhere. It opens a new way of linking and integrating the printed material with the author-created online content. It also opens a new opportunity for creative design of the online supplementary material (e.g., animated figures that would drastically enhance the current static figures in print and the “justin-time” contextual appendix, references, or video/audio/handwriting tutorials, etc.). Other notable innovations we have instituted include the (ongoing) crossSociety collaboration to attract wider audiences, digital delivery of our articles, special issues focusing on emerging SP applications [5], and publications of unique types of articles. Examples of the latter are the articles reporting vastly visible SP applications (e.g., [11] and [12]), highlighting research directions (e.g., [13]–[15]), analyzing technical trends and their future (e.g., [4] and [15]), and focusing on SP education or history with a lecture-note style (e.g., [16]–[20]). Our approach turned out to be quite successful. In the latest IEEE Annual Report, our Chinese translated edition of SPM is prominently featured with the following strong endorsement: … The first IEEE publication in Chinese, this special issue of IEEE Signal Processing Magazine was distributed in 2010 at the Society’s International Conference on Image Processing in Hong Kong. … This Chinese translation is the first step in the Society’s efforts to enhance
its visibility among non-English speaking audiences. …SPM ranks highest among all electrical and electronic engineering journals. In the summers of 2010 and 2011, SPM’s accomplishments were reflected in Thomson Reuters’ Journal Citations Reports (JCR), generally accepted as the world’s most influential source of information about peer-reviewed publications. SPM’s impact factor has dramatically increased from 3.76 in 2008 (ranked ninth; see the comparison group below) to 4.91 in 2009 (moved to first place) and further to 5.86 in 2010 (continues to rank first). Comprehensive compilation in the JCR results shows that our SPM’s top rank is among all publications in the broad electrical and electronics engineering field (247 of them in total, including 147 of IEEE’s) the two most recent years in a row. The five-year long-term impact factor of SPM also jumped from 5.95 (in 2009) to 6.89 (in 2010) as a result of highly cited, most recent SPM articles. Further, the Article Influence Score of SPM continues to rank number one among the 247 journals, again two most recent years in a row—2.48 in 2009, jumping to 3.18 in 2010. This is an outstanding record and an honor brought to our Society and community, which in turn validates our novel approach to running SPM. Behind the success and top-ranking honor are the real heros: our editorial team members. I thank them for taking the journey with me in our relentless pursuit of excellence and in pushing the boundaries of innovation in running our SPM. Area Editors Dan Schonfeld (special issues), Antonio Ortega (feature articles), Ghassan AlRegib (column/forum), and Jane Wang (together with Min Wu, as e-newsletter area editors) deserve special recognition and appreciation. Their dedicated service, infectious enthusiasm, and selfless sacrifice over the past three years have made our SPM what it is today. They, together with their associate editor teams, have been tirelessly working with me towards the common and clear goal of making SPM the best among the best. Thanks also go to our SPM editorial board for their guidance in reviewing white papers, providing feedback, and
IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE [4] NOVEMBER 2011
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