New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena: The Meta-structures project

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The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

Systemics and Emergence


Gianfranco Minati

The Meta-structures project

Polimetrica


New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena

International Scientific Publisher


Open Access Publications 2008 Polimetrica ® S.a.s. Corso Milano, 26 20052 Monza – Milano Phone ++39.039.2301829 Web site: www.polimetrica.com ISBN 978-88-7699-143-1 Printed Edition ISBN 978-88-7699-144-8 Electronic Edition The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. This book is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.


in memory of Evelyne Andreewsky and John P. Van Gigch


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Table of Contents

Table of Contents The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini

4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Preface ....................................................................................................... 5 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Foreword ................................................................................................... 9 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82

PART 1 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Introduction, Definitions and Hypothetical Approaches

4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90

Introduction ............................................................................................ Bibliography ......................................................................................... 13 97 1. Colombia: Introductory Definitions .................................................................... 15 5. Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 UrsRelations Watter ......................................................................................... 15 1.1 5.1 State Interest..................................................................................... and Responsibility 1.2 Interactions 16 towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 1.3 Organization ................................................................................... 16 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 1.4 Structure ......................................................................................... 17 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 1.5 Systems........................................................................................... 18 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 1.6 The homogeneous hypothesis......................................................... 23 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 1.7 The heterogeneous assumption....................................................... 25 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 1.8 Self-organization, Emergence and Collective Behaviour ............... 26 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 1.9 Four general kinds of systems ........................................................ 29 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 1.9.1 Organised systems ................................................................. 29 1.9.2Together Evolutionary systems ............................................................. 29 Working for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 1.9.3 Non-structured systems.......................................................... 30 Barry Halliday 1.9.4 Self-organised systems........................................................... 31

Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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2. Some Hypothetical, Ideal and Introductory Approaches................ 35 The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

3.4 Human Rights’ 58 2.1 The Self-organisation as Approach........................................................ a dynamic transformation of structure ........... 37 3.5 ...................................................................................... 59 2.2 Conclusion Coherence as dynamic regularity.................................................... 39 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

PART 2

4.Phase The Ethics of Migration. Transitions, Self-Organisation, Emergence: the Role of Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Variable Structure for Modelling and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini Introduction ............................................................................................ 43 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 3. Structured Interactions: From Dynamic Models Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian to 4.2 Dynamics of Models ........................................................................... 45 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

4. 4.3 Emergence ........................................................................................... From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 51 82 4.1 Selective The concept of emergence .............................................................. 4.4 Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 51 87 4.2 Equal Modelling and simulating emergence............................................. 4.5 Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 56 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Conceptual Models of Structural Changes in Phase Transitions, Self-Organisation, and Emergence .................................. 59 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 5.1 UrsPhase Wattertransition............................................................................... 61

5.2 State Self-organisation............................................................................. 62 5.1 Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.3 Emergence ...................................................................................... 64 5.2 5.3.1 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Maintaining emergent properties without processes ofand emergence.......................................................... 67 5.3 Migration Policy Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108

PART 3

5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Meta-Structures in Collective Phenomena 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Introduction ............................................................................................ 71 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114

6. Bibliography Description of the Approach..............................................................116 73 ....................................................................................... 6.1 Meta-element ................................................................................. 74 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 6.2 Meta-structure................................................................................. 75 Barry Halliday 6.3 Level of Description and Meta-level .............................................. 78 Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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6.4 The approach .................................................................................. 79 The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

Theories of scaling for metabolic rates as meta-models ........ 83 3.4 6.4.1 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 7. Use of the Simulation of Flocks Established by Agent-Boids.......... 85 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 7.1 Meso-state variables and Meta-structures for flocking................... 88

............................................................................... 90 4. 7.2 TheTransient Ethics ofstates Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies 7.3 The search for meta-ordering boids ................................................ 90 and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini

8. Objectives of the Project, Critical Experiments and Milestones .... 93 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 9. Possible Future Developments........................................................... 97 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 98 73 9.1 Migration: Modelling meta-structures .............................................................. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 10. Meta-Structural Systems Analysis .................................................. 99 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 11.4.5 Possible Applications...................................................................... Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................101 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX From property to decision: can Meta-structural Systems Analysis help?...................................... 107 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 1.1 of bio-chemical constraints UrsConversion Watter of living systems into behaviour................................................... 107 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility 1.2 towards Conversion properties of non-living matter into decisions....... 110 theirofCitizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 1.3 Applied Qualia ........................................................................................... 5.2 Ethics .............................................................................. 110 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 113 108 Bibliography.......................................................................................... 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 List of Tables and Figures.................................................................... 125 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Index ...................................................................................................... 127 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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Preface The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.


4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65

The purpose of this book is to introduce new conceptual approaches Initiatives processes for Governing and Humanitarian for4.2modelling of Family self-organisation and emergence. The Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration reason for introducing new approaches is related to the............. need 73 to generalise a trans-disciplinary way those developed, for instance, 4.3 From in Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 by physics and only transposed through current inter-disciplinary 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 approaches into other disciplinary fields by changing the meaning Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 of 4.5 theEqual variables considered. In inter-disciplinary approaches, a) the same models are considered Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 for modelling phenomena in different disciplinary contexts such as Colombia: dynamic Including systems in physics inand economics, b) ....... models 5. Emigrants Their Societies ofand Origin 101 based on sub-symbolic computation, such as Cellular Automata Urs Watter (CA), Neural Networks (NN) and Agent-based-models (ABM) are 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility considered to simulate phenomena of agent behaviour within different towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 disciplinary contexts thanks to their emergent properties such as 5.2 Appliedprocesses Ethics .............................................................................. 104 evolutionary and learning. In Migration trans-disciplinary focus is placed upon models, 5.3 Policy andapproaches Ethics ......................................................... 106 and their relationships, of systemic properties including openness, 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 autopoiesis andPolicy learning in general, i.e., discipline independent. The introduces a possible trans-disciplinary way to model,109 in 5.5book “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... a generalised way, processes of collective behaviour through the 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 concepts of meso-state variables (at the mesoscopic level), meta5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 structure and meta-properties. The possibility of modelling processes of self-organisation, emerBibliography ....................................................................................... 116 gence and acquisition of new properties by systems in a generalised way is of Together fundamental importance forofelaborating a general theory119 of Working for the Well-being Migrants ........................... emergence reduced today to collections of disciplinary approaches Barry Halliday which are inter-disciplinarily transposed. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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We also take the opportunity of facing the need to suitably refine definitions of terms even in an idealistic way, such as coherence, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 collective behaviour, emergence, interaction, organisation, phase 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 transition, self-organisation and structure. We introduce conceptually, and some ideal, approaches to show Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 the reader the range of conceptual possibilities available for trans4. The Ethicsmodelling. of Migration. disciplinary Reflections Recent Migration Policies Systemics,oni.e., the huge and often generic rather than general, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 corpus of concepts related to entities, namely systems, acquiring Laura Zanfrini properties that their composing elements do not possess, uses models and at the logical levelfor of Immigrant description used..for 4.1representations Restrictive Policies andsame Structural Demand Labour 65 properties. We present some new possible different conceptual 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian approaches, such as Meta-structures, in the line of research we have Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 been following for a number of years with colleagues which led to the 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 introduction of the Dynamical Usage ofGuests Models (DYSAM), logical openness and Policies Collective purpose is to introduce new, 4.4 Selective andBeings. the BrainThe Drain............................................ 87 possible, i.e., non-contradictory, conceptual, approaches suitable for 4.5 Equal Opportunity and acquisition Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 modelling processes of of properties in collective behaviour, such......................................................................................... as self-organisation and emergence. Bibliography 97 As introduced in Part 3 the new approach is based on considering Meta-structures, i.e., mathematical properties of sets of Origin values ....... adopted 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies 101 Watter variables at given points in time during the occurrence by Urs meso-state of 5.1 processes of collective behaviour. State Interest and Responsibility The approach is based on using meso-state variables constructivtowards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 istically realised by the observer, rather than macroscopic state 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 variables of the system and microscopic state variables representing single-agent Agent-based models are rule-based and 5.3 Migrationbehaviour. Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 make agents interact. Other models of computational emergence are 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 based on, for instance, Neural Networks and Cellular Automata. 5.5 nos une”...................................................................... 109 In “Colombia the first part we mention the state of the art and some new conceptual ideal approaches possible for modelling processes of 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 self-organisation and emergence. We also introduce definitions 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 suitable for dealing in the following chapters with the new approach, based on Meta-structures. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 In the second part we focus upon the concept of variable strucWorking Togetherfurther for thenew Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 ture to introduce ways ofofconsidering phase transitions, Barry Halliday and emergence, suitable for approaching metaself-organisation


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structures in a more precise way, i.e., suitable for implementing experimentation. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 In the third part we present some details of the project with the 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 purpose of finding Meta-structures in collective phenomena. Experimentation of the Meta-Structural approach is now in progress Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 regarding computational emergence. We present the project de4. The to Ethics Migration. voted the of search for Meta-structural properties while still in its Reflections stage on Recent Migration Policies experimental in order to introduce new hypothetical approaches and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 for opening new conceptual ways to trans-disciplinarily model colLaura Zanfrini lective phenomena of the acquisition of properties, searching for suitable, validation processes. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 The conceptual approaches mentioned in the book are general 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian theoretical contributions per se; for the purpose of activating new Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 approaches, new experimentation and then understanding the results Guest Workers to Unwelcome GuestsThis .................................. 82 in 4.3 theFrom widest possible scientific framework. relates to the fact that Meta-structural approach is strongly based upon the 4.4 the Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 contructivistic role of the observer, i.e., the identification of meso4.5 variables Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 state to modeland coherence and the maintaining of coherence of Bibliography collective behaviour as retaining its identity. ......................................................................................... 97 We prefer to present something conceptually new even if possibly wrong, i.e., ineffective. think thatofan interesting, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants inWe Their Societies Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter although possibly mistaken approach, contributes to science more thanInterest an obvious truth. For instance, string theory is a 5.1 State and Responsibility developing mathematical approach in........................................... theoretical physics under towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102 investigation for decades but still expected to produce predictions to Applied Ethicsvalidated, .............................................................................. 104 be5.2 experimentally but considered a suitable conceptual, theoretical framework. review processes for scientific 5.3 Migration Policy and Current Ethics ......................................................... 106 contributions privilege obvious, i.e., deducted and coherent, novelties 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 and applications rather than new theoretical approaches, confusing 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... robustness with nos conservatism, i.e., usage and re-usage of what109 is consolidated in academic contexts. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 We conclude by mentioning the possible implementations of 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Meta-structural Systems Analysis and, in Appendix 1, how this theory may help in still unresolved issues such as qualia and related Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 topics. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday



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Foreword The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



I must admit that I had some difficulty whilst reading Gianfranco 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family Humanitarian Minati’s manuscript in “tuning in” and to its “wavelength”. Why such Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 extreme patience in introducing and reformulating in an innovative way in a to Systemics book, where the most intriguing 4.3basic Fromparadigms Guest Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 part is the new approach with meta-structures? 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 A closer, more accurate reading helped me understand the reasons. Equal Opportunity and Deniedemerges Opportunities ................................ 90 A 4.5 stereoscopic view of problems from the various situations, where the principles and development of ideas related to issues like Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 structure, organization, interaction, emergence and self-organisation areColombia: reconsidered. 5. Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 This operation is a very delicate one and, from a certain point of Urs Watter view, disarming: given that the conceptual framework of the book is 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility based on logical openness, the limits of previous approaches cannot towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 be overcome simply by means of new powerful and even more 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. general closedEthics models, but only by representing openness within 104 the models themselves. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 This work combines a strong passion with profound intellectual 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... honesty: new approaches for modelling emergence are presented, 108 and the5.5 author also attempts to define means of validating these approaches “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 within the world of collective phenomena, where experimental 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 verifications closely interact with theoretical developments. 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 I realized that there is a manifesto hidden in this book (I write this fearing that I may have misunderstood the complex thinking in the Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 book): the author suggests a way of capturing the mechanisms, if they exist, which would for allow upper levels of a system to influence119 its Working Together the the Well-being of Migrants ........................... lower levels through a type of dynamics, never studied before, between Barry Halliday


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different scales. This may lead to the future development of a Theory of 3.4 Emergence. The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 The perspectives which such research, if successful, could 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 open in the most diverse fields would be unbelievably vast and epistemologically very significant. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 I think Minati’s book will inspire many people within the 4. The Ethics of Migration. scientific community to follow this research path. Our group already Reflections on Recent Migrationpreliminary Policies pursues this line by conducting experimental research and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 aiming to identify meta-structures in collective phenomena simulated Laura Zanfrini by computational emergence. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian

Salvatore Di Gregorio Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Department of Mathematics Fromof Guest to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 & 4.3 Center HighWorkers Performance Computing University of Calabria, Italy 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter

5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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PART 1 The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Introduction, Definitions and Hypothetical Approaches Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini

4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82

In first part of this book we present some inter-dependent definitions 4.4 Selective Policies andtext. the Brain Drain............................................ 87 crucial for the whole These definitions are suitable reelaborations based upon literature. Such definitions are 4.5 Equal Opportunity andsystemic Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 presented not as formal, closed and static results with a general Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 consensus and validation. They are solid, but dynamic and contextsensitive bricks to build our proposals and theory. Within this 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 framework Urs Watterthey are not self-sufficient, but complementary for a constructivistic reading. Moreover, the purpose of this book is to 5.1 Statenew Interest and Responsibility introduce approaches, such as that based on the concept of Metatowards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Structure to model and manage processes establishing Collective Behaviour intended as processes having continuously variable, non5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 homogeneous and incomplete structures, generating coherence 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 able to give rise to emergent entities (i.e., systems) having emergent 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 properties. We5.5mention coherence as a concept possessing several distinct “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 disciplinary meanings. For instance, in physics the coherence of 5.6waves Alianzarelates País .................................................................................. two to how well correlated they are as quantified112 by the5.7 cross-correlation function quantifying the possibility of Challenges .................................................................................... 114 predicting the value of the second wave by knowing the value of Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 the first. It is also possible to consider self-coherence when the second wave is not a separate one, but the first wave at a different Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 time or Halliday position. In this case the measure of correlation is the Barry autocorrelation function. Examples of other disciplinary meanings Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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include usages in philosophy when considering the consistence of concepts, in cognitive when considering cognitive states, 3.4 The Human Rights’ science Approach........................................................ 58 and in linguistics with reference to semantics. In Systemics we 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 consider coherence, as for the binding problem and collective behaviour, the dynamic establishment and maintenance of 60a Bibliography ......................................................................................... property continuously established by interacting components. 4. Theinstance, Ethics of the Migration. For property of a set of boids in establishing a Reflections on Recent Policiesbeing established and this flock is that the latter Migration is continuously and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 continuity is considered coherence of the collective or coherent Laura Zanfrini behaviour of boids (see, for instance, Mikhailov and Calenbuhr, 2002 for an overview models of complex coherent action related 4.1 Restrictive Policieson and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 to processes of self-organisation). 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian After these definitions, we propose two ideal and hypothetical Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 approaches for modelling coherence established by Collective 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests 82 Behaviours, namely a) Self-organisation as .................................. a dynamic transform of 4.4 structure, b) Coherence dynamic regularity. The two Selectiveand Policies and the Brainas Drain............................................ 87 approaches are not proposed nor developed in the subsequent parts, Equal Opportunity and reader Denied the Opportunities ................................ 90 but4.5presented to show the conceptual space in which we present and propose in Parts 2 and 3 other conceptual and theoretical Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 approaches. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter



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Introduction The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



Various approaches and tools are available for representing and 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Familybehaviour and Humanitarian simulating processes of collective (e.g., Neural Networks, Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ ............. 73 Cellular Automata, Agent-based Models, GeneticMigration Algorithms, tools based on Fuzzy and, of course, classical approaches based 4.3 From Guest Systems Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 on the Theory of Dynamical Systems). They are all related to 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 computational emergence and are used to model phenomenological 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 emergence. Management of phenomenological emergence is based upon Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 models using computational emergence dealing, for instance, with theColombia: effects ofIncluding variations in behavioural usedofbyOrigin agents, 5. Emigrants in Theirrules Societies .......local 101 transition rules, such as for CA, connection weight and layers, as Urs Watter with NNs, and of boundary conditions. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility In specific domains, approaches are used for the control of selftowards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 organisation processes intended as non-structured processes of the 5.2 AppliedofEthics acquisition new .............................................................................. properties, for instance, in the production104 of nanostructures as in the transition from microelectronics to nanotech5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 nologies and molecular-level devices (Banzhaf et al., 1996; Drexler, 5.4 Migration 1986; 1992). Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 As“Colombia far as wenos know, a general approach, i.e., usable in a trans5.5 une”...................................................................... 109 disciplinary, general way, is not currently available. One reason 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 for this, in our view, is that the conceptual approaches used are 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... based upon adopting the same level of description at which 114 the collective phenomena take place, rather than searching for one Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 which is able to allow generalisation, i.e., based on more abstract properties, meta-properties in ourofproposal. In previous cases, Working Together for the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 generalisation relates to the simulation of collective behaviour, Barry Halliday


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established by agents of a different nature, and adopted using the same specific behavioural rules. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Below are some definitions suitable for introducing more abstract 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 approaches. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini

4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter



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1. Introductory Definitions The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



Within the framework outlined in the introduction there are some 4.2 Initiatives for will Governing Family definitions which be useful laterand in Humanitarian this book. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

1.14.3 Relations From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 In 4.4 mathematics a relation R Brain over Drain............................................ the sets X1,…, Xk is a subset 87 of Selective Policies and the their Cartesian product: R ⊂ X1 × … × Xk. We recall that the 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Cartesian Product of two sets A and B is a set containing all Bibliography ......................................................................................... possible ordered combinations of one element from each set: A ×97 B = {(a, b) | a in A, b in B}. This definition can be extended to 5. Colombia: Including products of any numberEmigrants of sets. in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter a relation is intended as relationship, e.g., quantitative, In general logical, philosophical or linguistic, or any 5.1 Statephenomenological, Interest and Responsibility combination of these, between suitable for identifying 102 the towards their Citizens Living entities Abroad ........................................... one(s) corresponding to the other(s). Entities may have multiple5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 relations between them including, for instance, binary and triadic 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 relations. Within this Policy conceptual framework a general system S is defined 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 as: S ⊂ V1 × ... Vn. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... The components of the relation Vi are the objects belonging109 to the5.6system. system S is to be intended as the “totality112 of Alianza The País .................................................................................. alternative ways in which the respective feature is observed or 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 experienced”. (Mesarovic, 1972). Bibliography ....................................................................................... Several definitions of system have been introduced by using 116 the concept of relation. For instance, one of the first definitions of Working Togetherby forA. theD.Well-being of Migrants system, proposed Hall and R. E. Fagen ........................... in 1956, was “a119 set Barry Halliday of objects together with relationships between the objects and between their attributes” (Hall and Fagen, 1956). Bertalanffy Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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considered that “A system is a set of units with relationships among them” (Von Bertalanffy, 1968). In this way a system may be 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 defined as a set of relations between suitable state variables. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59

1.2Bibliography Interactions ......................................................................................... 60 Relations are previously defined in an abstract way and relate to

4. The Ethics of Migration. some specific aspects of properties and completely define all Reflections on Recent Migration Policies correspondences between properties of elements. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61

Interactions describe in an abstract way all possible effects of an Laura Zanfrini action of one element upon another(s). An interaction between 4.1 Restrictive Structural Demand for Immigrant 65 elements is saidPolicies to takeand place when the behaviour of one Labour affects..the behaviour of another. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Interaction intended, for but instance, as a Migration process of mutual Migration: is Labour Migration not Workers’ ............. 73 exchange of energy, matter or information between elements able to 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 affect their behaviour. 4.4 and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 In Selective this wayPolicies we consider, in a generalised way, interaction, for instance, between balls, particles, drugs (as in pharmacodynamics), 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 ideas, and information. Bibliography Depending ......................................................................................... upon the phenomenon under study, processes 97 of interaction may occur through an exchange of energy, matter and 5. Colombia:which Including inupon Theirenvironmental Societies of Origin ....... 101 information can Emigrants also depend conditions. Urs Watter Elements may be different and have different ways of reacting. Any structure amongst elements limits the degrees of freedom 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards theirelements Citizens Living through which can Abroad interact........................................... because the process 102 of interaction must respect relations and parameters as constraints. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 1.35.3 Organization

MigrationtoPolicy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 It 5.4 is possible conceive the organization of a system as defined by5.5 a set of relationships and interactions amongst its components. “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Maturana and Varela (Maturana and Varela, 1973) introduced this 5.6 Alianza Paísreference .................................................................................. 112 definition with to living, and thus autopoietic, systems. The of relationships and interactions identifies the living sys5.7set Challenges .................................................................................... 114 tem as belonging to a specific class such as animal, vegetable, or Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 virus. This definition makes no reference to the nature of the components. In the way autopoiesis is to........................... be intended as Working Together forsame the Well-being of Migrants 119a general organizational scheme common to all living organisms. Barry Halliday


1. Introductory Definitions 10

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Organization is then independent of the characteristics and properties system components. 3.4ofThe Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 When dealing more generally with systems, an organisation is 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... intended as a network of a) pre-established relationships or 59 b) modelled in this way by the observer, in which processes of mutual Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 input/output exchange of energy, matter or information between 4. The Ethics of Migration. interacting components occur. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies

“Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 1.4and Structure Laura Zanfrini

In mathematics, we consider structures over a set. This means 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant .. 65 considering additional mathematical aspects, such asLabour algebraic structures (e.g.,forgroups, rings andand fields), equivalence relations, 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family Humanitarian measures, metric structures (i.e., geometries), orders and topologies. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 An abstract structure is a formal object defined by a set of 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 composition rules, properties and relationships. This view is then 4.4 Selective and the aBrain Drain............................................ 87 generalised byPolicies considering structure as consisting of, possibly dynamic, relations between general elements, e.g., structures between 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 data in a data-base, signal processing or modelling. According to this Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 view, a structure is intended as a set of constraints towards interactions between elements by establishing some relations or 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 parameter values. Urs Watter George Klir introduced in engineering a definition of system based on the following definitions of structure (Klir, 1969): 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

The ST-Structure (State transition state) defined as “The com5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 plete set of states together with the complete set of transitions between thePolicy states and of the system”. 5.3 Migration Ethics ......................................................... 106

•

•5.4 The UC-structure of the universe and couplings) Migration Policy in(Structure Colombia ...................................................... 108

defined as “A set of elements together with their permanent behaviours and with a UC-characteristic”.

5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112

It is well known that there are various different disciplinary meanings .................................................................................... 114 of 5.7 theChallenges term structure. Related definitions are available in a wide range of fields, including architecture, biology, computer science, Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 engineering, linguistics and music. The general meaning refers to Working Together for theproperties Well-beingof of Migrants ........................... 119 the configurations and links between components. Barry Halliday Structured elements are able to establish a new entity acquiring a new property thanks to the structure existing among them. An abstract Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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structure is any formal object defined by a set of coherent laws, rules, properties, and Rights’ relationships such as organisations, games and 3.4 The Human Approach........................................................ 58 juridical codes. In this case the structure of a system may be 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 considered as the rules or constraints and suitable parameters imposed by the......................................................................................... designer, through which components may interact. Bibliography 60 A typical example is given by electronic circuits where components, 4. The powered Ethics of on, Migration. when may only interact as allowed by the connections on Recent of Reflections the electronic circuit.Migration Another Policies example in engineering is given and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 by mechanical devices whose components have very well-defined Laura Zanfrini degrees of freedom for interacting and establishing a mechanism having an acquired property, such asDemand a machine or an engine. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Structure is thus to be intended as an organization applied to 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian specific cases, i.e., to components possessing characteristics and Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 properties to which the general organizational schema is applied. 4.3 From organization Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 While deals with networks of relations with undefined parameters, structure with networks of relations 4.4 Selective Policies and the Braindeals Drain............................................ 87 having well-defined parameters. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 One example is the distinction between organization and structure describing a Neural Network: as an organisation with97n Bibliography ......................................................................................... inputs, m hidden layers and s outputs or, as a structure, i.e., a network withIncluding precise values of connection weights of and well-defined 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter transfer functions associated with the individual neurons. While organisation relates to the general architecture of a 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility system, a structure relates to a specific type of system having this towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 organisation. 5.2 Appliedadopt Ethics .............................................................................. Systems different structures, for instance, following104a phase transitionPolicy or a revolution. 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108

1.5 Systems

5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

For many years now the scientific literature has described systems Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 as 5.6 entities established by interacting elements, taking on properties which the individual component elements do not possess. A 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 necessary and sufficient condition is considered when elements, as Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 designed (for artificial systems) or represented (for natural systems) by the observer, interact in a suitable way. Working Well-beingbetween of Migrants 119 It is Together possible for to the distinguish two........................... conceptual cases Barry Halliday (Guberman and Minati, 2007):





1. Systems are considered in an objectivist way when they are artificially designed, i.e., we know the component parts and how 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 they interact because they were designed that way. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59

2. Systems are considered in a constructivist way (as for natural Bibliography 60 systems which ......................................................................................... have not been artificially designed) when the observer decides to apply a level of description (i.e., partitioning and 4. The Ethics of Migration. interactions) to those systems, as if they had been designed as such. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies In and this“Non-policies” case, the observer constructivistically (Butts and Brown, in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 1989; von Glasersfeld, 1984) models phenomena as systems, by Laura Zanfrini assuming elements and interactions. When this level of description 4.1 Restrictive Policies it and Demand for 65 works for applications, isStructural often considered theImmigrant true one,Labour within..the conceptual framework of a discovery, resuming an objectivist 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and thus Humanitarian approach. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Systems have been modelled in the scientific literature in different ways. We mention them here for the approaches and 4.4 Selective Policiessome and theofBrain Drain............................................ 87 theories used in this book. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90

Bibliography Using ......................................................................................... 97 the theory of dynamical systems

A continuous dynamical system in an open interval w is described in Urs mathematics by an autonomous system of ordinary differential Watter equations which hold for a vector of dependent variables x. In this 5.1 the Statemeaning Interest and case of Responsibility autonomous is that right hand members are towards their Citizens Livingis:Abroad ........................................... 102 time independent. An example

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101

5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104

dx / dt = F ( x)

(1)

5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106

The theory of dynamical systems is based on the fundamental 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 intuition of H. Poincaré (1854-1912). A dynamical system is based on5.5 two“Colombia kinds of nos information: une”...................................................................... 109 Alianza Paíswith .................................................................................. 112 •5.6 One dealing the representation of the system’s state and

information the system itself; 5.7 Challengesabout .................................................................................... 114 •Bibliography The other specifies the dynamics of the system, through a rule ....................................................................................... 116

describing its evolution over time.

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119

Examples of models of this kind are those used to model simple Barry Halliday systems such as the motion of the pendulum or the moon moving


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along its orbit, by using the equations of motion of classical mechanics. Moreover, to this description it was possible 58 to 3.4 The Human Rights’thanks Approach........................................................ identify the so-called Three Body Problem, i.e., the problem of 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 computing the orbits resulting from the mutual gravitational interaction amongst three ......................................................................................... separate masses. This problem represents the passage Bibliography 60 from classical physics to the physics of complexity. Dynamical 4. The Ethics of Migration. systems showed the co-existence of ordered and chaotic behaviours in Reflections the study on of Recent almostMigration any kindPolicies of system in mathematics and and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 physics. Laura Zanfrini In simple systems, like the pendulum, a state variable describes the4.1microscopic behaviour of elementary may.. 65 be Restrictive Policies and Structural Demandcomponents for Immigrantand Labour sufficient to describe the behaviour of the entire system. In more 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian complex systems macroscopic variables are assumed as state Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 variables suitable for describing the system as a dynamical system 4.3 From WorkersWithin to Unwelcome Guestsconceptual .................................. 82 using thoseGuest variables. the second framework Ludwig von Bertalanffy, considered to be the father of General 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 System Theory, described a system S, characterized by suitable 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied ................................ 90 macroscopic state variables Q1, Opportunities Q2,..., Qn, whose instantaneous values specify......................................................................................... the state of the system. Evolution over time of the Bibliography 97 state variables is modelled by a system of ordinary differential equations, such as: 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter

 dQ1 State = f1Interest (Q1 , Q2and ,...,Responsibility Qn )  5.1 dt towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102   dQ 2 .............................................................................. 104 = f 2 (QEthics  5.2 Applied 1 , Q2 ,..., Qn ) dt Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106  5.3 (2) .............................  5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108  dQ 5.5n“Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109  dt = f n (Q1 , Q2 ,..., Qn )

5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114

This system represents how the change in the value of a given state Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 variable, affects all other state variables. Theoretical analysis of the structural properties of a system is Working for the Well-being Migrants ........................... dealt withTogether by mathematical modellingofbased on the description of 119 the Barry Halliday structural properties of its evolution, independently from particular interpretations of the state variables. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy




Let us now present some examples of state variables and their usage in models. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 a) 3.5 TheConclusion concept of...................................................................................... state variable is well represented by the motion of59a point particle in 1-dimensional space governed by Newton’s Second Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Law: 2 4. F (The x) =Ethics md 2 x of / dtMigration. (3) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” Italy and ........................................... where x denotes the in position of Europe the particle and plays the role 61 of

Laura ZanfriniF(x) describes the force field. state variable.

Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour b) 4.1 In Restrictive macroscopic thermodynamics, a system is described by.. 65 its state variables (such as pressure, volume and temperature of a gas) 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian and aMigration: state of the system is defined by Workers’ a set of values, one............. for each Labour Migration but not Migration 73 state variable. In thermodynamics a system is described through 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 suitable variables, used as state variables, as their values define the 4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 system state inPolicies a univocal way. Examples of variables used as state variables are: 1) extensive variables, i.e., depending upon the whole 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 extension of the system, its spatial volume, such as mass, internal Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 energy and entropy; and 2) intensive variables, i.e., defined for each point of the volume occupied by the system and independently from 5. Including Emigrants Their Societies of Origin ....... and 101 theColombia: value of this volume, such as in mass density, entropy density Urs Watter specific heat. Stateexamples Interest and c) 5.1 Other ofResponsibility state variables used to model processes of towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 phase transitions in systems are temperature and pressure and the Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 six5.2 state variables, i.e., three-dimensional position coordinates and three components of the of particles used in physics106 to 5.3 Migration Policy and momentum, Ethics ......................................................... model a system. The state of each particle at a given time is 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 specified in a six-dimensional phase space. We recall that a phase space is an abstract n-dimensional space where each state variable 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 of the system is associated with a coordinate axis and evolution of a 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 dynamical system may be geometrically represented by a graph. In 5.7case Challenges .................................................................................... 114 this the form of the orbits does not describe the geometrical movement of the system, but the relationships among its Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 independent variables. It is possible to represent in a graphical way such space only infor thethe particular cases of n = 2 ........................... or 3 dimensions, n Working Together Well-being of Migrants 119 being the number of state variables. In an appropriate phase space, Barry Halliday i.e., where all the state variables are represented, the system


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behaviour can be represented as the motion of a point along a trajectory. It is inRights’ phaseApproach........................................................ space that theoretical analysis deals with 3.4 The Human 58 attractors, stability and chaotic behaviour. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59

Thus, state variables may be assumed to describe macroscopic Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 states of the system and be considered as suitable indices for the microscopic For instance, temperature may be considered 4. The Ethicsdescription. of Migration. as Reflections a macroscopic state variable forPolicies a system and at the same time as on Recent Migration anand index of the molecular agitation of its........................................... composing and interacting “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 Laura Zanfrini molecules. In this case, the inverse effect is that used by the technology of microwave ovens, inducing molecular to 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrantagitation Labour .. 65 produce increases in the temperature of the system. 4.2 Governingby Family Humanitarian In Initiatives this viewfor modelling usingand macroscopic state variables is Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 based on the homogeneous hypothesis, i.e., elementary components are4.3 indistinguishable and to completely as introduced From Guest Workers Unwelcomeinterchangeable, Guests .................................. 82 in 1.6. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Dynamical Systems of state variables have been used in the 4.5 Equal Denied of Opportunities ................................ 90 literature toOpportunity model the and dynamics different entities such as preypredator populations by using their density (Lotka-Volterra), the Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 reaction between two reactants X and Y (The Brusselator introduced byColombia: Prigogine)Including or reactions between spatialSocieties components x, y,....... z of 5. Emigrants in Their of Origin 101a point in 3D space (as for Lorenz equations). Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Modelling single-agent behaviour towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

This is the case for Agent-Based Models where agents have 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 available a set of behavioural rules, applied according to their 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethicsand ......................................................... 106 interactions with other agents the environment, and a simple, even simulated, cognitive system. Other examples of systems 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 modelled by the rules of interactions of elements are Neural 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 Networks, wherenos units or neurons interact through connection lines associated a connection weight modulating the activation 5.6 Alianzawith País .................................................................................. 112 signal along them, and Artificial Life. 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114

Modelling structures in engineering and cognitive interactions Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 between heterogeneous elements performing various roles Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119

The modelling of systems is further discussed in the following Barry Halliday sections for two possible assumptions about interacting elements,





i.e., homogeneous or heterogeneous hypotheses (see Sections 1.6 and fourRights’ general kinds of systems (see Section 1.9) having 3.41.7), The and Human Approach........................................................ 58 suitable ways to be modelled and as in Table 2. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59

1.6Bibliography The homogeneous hypothesis ......................................................................................... 60

In the homogeneous hypothesis, interacting elements are considered

4. The Ethics of Migration. as not being labelled, and indistinguishable, apart from their Reflections on Recent Migration Policies temporal and spatial coordinates, on the basis of their states during and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61

interaction. In Systemics this has been the typical case of elements Laura Zanfrini assumed to be particles. A typical example is given by gases 4.1 Restrictive and Structural for Immigrant .. 65 established by Policies interacting particlesDemand adopting systemic Labour properties such temperature and pressure. are some sub-cases of the 4.2 as Initiatives for Governing Family Here and Humanitarian homogeneous hypothesis when: Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome •4.3 Indistinguishable elements interactGuests using.................................. the same rules 82 at

different times. Evolution of theDrain............................................ system depends only upon the 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain 87 initial spatial configuration at a given point in time; changes in

4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied ................................ configuration produced fromOpportunities outside; and the number 90 of

computational steps. Examples are Cellular Automata such as 97 in Bibliography ......................................................................................... the Game of Life.

5. •Colombia: Includingelements Emigrantsinteract in Their using Societies Originrules ....... 101 Indistinguishable theof same at Urs Watter

different times also depending upon the parametrical intensity of

5.1 Statevariables. Interest andExamples Responsibility some are systems established by particles towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 interacting using the same rules at different times and depending

upon the Ethics intensity of the interaction, i.e., kinetic energy, and 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104

environmental conditions, processes in light emission establishing

5.3 Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 theMigration laser, and thermal currents in water establishing, for instance,

Bènard rollers. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 •5.5 Indistinguishable elements are modelled as interacting by using “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

different rules among the same set of those available, at different times. Selection of the rules occurs because of different 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... environmental conditions requiring different modelling such114 as different phases acquired by the environment, the presence of Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 fields, high energy. Examples are molecules of water interacting in different ways the occurrence of phase transitions and Working Together for after the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 the need for the quantistic modelling of optical phenomena. Barry Halliday 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112


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• Indistinguishable


elements interact using different rules among the same set of rules at times depending upon the parametri3.4 The Human Rights’different Approach........................................................ 58 cal intensity of some variables. Selection is made by simple cogni3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... tive natural or artificial systems having available a limited set 59 of rules and because of different contextual situations such as the Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 presence of perturbations. Examples include interacting artificial 4. The Ethics provided of Migration. elements with simple cognitive systems such as robots Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and by interacting living elements provided with simple cognitive and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 systems such as insects. Laura Zanfrini • Elements are

modelled in a reductionistic way as indistinguishable

4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant Labour elements interacting using different rulesfor among the same set.. 65 of

rules at different times Family and depending upon the parametrical 4.2 Initiatives for Governing and Humanitarian intensity of some variables. is made Migration by simple............. cognitive Migration: Labour MigrationSelection but not Workers’ 73 natural or artificial systems having available a limited set of rules and because of different contextual situations such as the 4.4 SelectiveofPolicies and the Brain Drain............................................ presence perturbations. Examples are given by agents 87 in markets simulating real buyers, a crowd simulating critical 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 situations, and in urbanistic contexts simulating the use of city Bibliography facilities. ......................................................................................... 97 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82

The sameIncluding indistinguishable elements at different 5. •Colombia: Emigrants in Their interact Societiesusing, of Origin ....... 101

times, different rules from the same set of rules. This is the case Urs Watter for Multiple Systems (MSs). A MS is a set of systems established

5.1 State Interest and Responsibility by the same elements interacting in different ways, i.e., having towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

multiple simultaneous or dynamical roles. The role of single

5.2 AppliedinEthics 104 systems a MS.............................................................................. should not be confused with that of subsystems

related to different functions within the same system. Within 106 the 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... conceptual framework of a MS, concurrent/cooperative effects of

5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia different interactions affecting...................................................... the same elements perturb 108 the

effects of single interactions. Moreover, the action of concurrent 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

interactions may be neither simultaneous nor regular. The same interacting components may establish different systems, through 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... structure or emergence, at different times (i.e., simultaneously114 or dynamically). Examples of MSs in systems engineering include Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 networked interacting computer systems performing cooperative tasks, Together as well for as the theWell-being Internet, ofand electricity networks 119 (an Working Migrants ........................... unfortunate Barry Hallidayemergent property is the black-out) where different systems play different roles in continuously new, emerging usages. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112




• The


same indistinguishable elements interact by simultaneously or dynamically deciding the use, in the model constructivistically 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 designed by the observer, of different cognitive models, i.e., 3.5 Conclusion 59 different sets...................................................................................... of rules. In this case, elements establish Collective Beings (CBs), particular cases of MSs. Examples are cases where Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 agents may simultaneously belong to different systems (e.g., 4. The Ethics Migration. of families, workplaces, traffic systems, behave asofcomponents Reflections Recenttelephone Migrationnetworks) Policies and dynamically give rise consumers,onmobile and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 to different systems, such as temporary communities (e.g., Laura Zanfrini audiences, queues, passengers on a bus), at different times and without considering multiple belonging (Minati and Pessa, 2006). 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian 1.74.2 The heterogeneous assumption

Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

In the heterogeneous assumption, elements are assumed to be 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 different, distinguishable. In this case each element interacts in a 4.4 Selective different way. Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Equal Opportunity and Denied ................................ 90 •4.5 Different elements interact in a Opportunities structured way. Different elements

interact in different ways by following different functional rules 97 in Bibliography .........................................................................................

artificial, i.e., designed, systems such as electronic devices (e.g., transistors,Including resistorsEmigrants and capacitors, interact through exchange of 5. Colombia: in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watterestablishing systems having functionalities), assembly energy, lines, in natural systems, i.e., constructivistically intended as 5.1 Stateand Interest and Responsibility such by the observer, biological organs and eco-systems. towards their Citizensincluding Living Abroad ........................................... 102 •5.2 When interaction between different elements with cognitive sysApplied Ethics .............................................................................. 104

tems is due to the cognitive processing, for instance, of informa-

5.3 Migration Policy and Ethicsinferring ......................................................... tion, emotions, knowledge, and making decisions, able106 to

affect the behaviour the autonomous systems. This is the typical 5.4 Migration Policy inof Colombia ...................................................... 108 case of social systems such as classrooms, families and communities where the cognitive system is complex enough to make 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 reduction to the homogeneous case impossible. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

Challenges .................................................................................... 114 •5.7 When interaction is between elements of specific species with

interaction ....................................................................................... occurring in different ways, e.g., competing 116 for Bibliography

reproduction, territory or food. Elements and systems display evolutionary processes, by adapting and modifying. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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1.8 Self-organization, Emergence and Collective Behaviour The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

3.4concept The Human Approach........................................................ 58 The of Rights’ self-organization was introduced during the first years of Cybernetics (Ashby, 1956). It was developed in the study 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 of binary networks. In those networks every element could adopt a Bibliography 60 state of on or......................................................................................... off, as in the case of light bulbs, depending upon previous states and upon the states of other nodes according to 4. The Ethics of Migration. commutation rules. Those systems were able to reach a configuration Reflections on Recent Migration Policies in and which the lights were no longer flashing in a random manner, but “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 in an ordered way, through self-organization. Laura Zanfrini In the scientific literature, the concept of self-organizing system 4.1then Restrictive Policies Structural systems Demand for Immigrant Labourtheir .. 65 was considered forand specifying which can change internal structure and mode of reacting to external influences 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian (Banzhaf, 2001).Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Migration: The hypothetical term, self-structuring, refers to a specific 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 change in structure, such as sets of phase transitions, whereas self4.4 Selectiverefers Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 organisation to and a general change in structure, leaving aside parametrical settings defining the structure in specific cases. In this 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 view the study of processes of phase transitions in general relates to Bibliography ......................................................................................... self-organisation whereas single cases refer to specific changes 97 in structure. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 The concept of self-organisation is considered here as an Urs Watter undefined or only partially defined process of continuous 5.1 StateinInterest and Responsibility changes structure. A single, specific and complete process of towards their Citizens Abroad ........................................... self-organisation occurs Living in phase transitions. As we shall 102 see below a way to define the continuous process of changes in 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 structure is to model it using meta-structural properties. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics 106 Consider now systems such ......................................................... as collective phenomena established by5.4 interacting subsystems, establishing flocks, swarms, Migration agents, Policy ini.e., Colombia ...................................................... 108 ant-hills, fish schools and herds. Properties of such systems are not 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 considered as being due to a specific structure, but, possibly in our 5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 approach, to País partial and dynamic adoption of different structures, which is self-organisation as considered here. In this case, interacting 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 components are elementary units, such as boids, and not macroscopic Bibliography state variables........................................................................................ 116 Self-organisation is intended as a suitable continuous variability Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 of the structure. In this view self-organisation is a process of mutual Barry Halliday





exchange of energy, matter or information between components in a non-completely and dynamically structured way. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 In this book we focus upon the variability of structures although 3.5 Conclusion 59 possible areas of...................................................................................... research would include the variability of parameters used to convert general organisations into structures. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 In this case, incompleteness of the structure is a necessary 4. The Ethics of Migration. condition. It should be stressed that, of course, not every incomplete Reflections on transformed Recent Migration structure can be into aPolicies generator of collective behaviour. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 Incompleteness must relate to suitable ........................................... rules of organisations and Laura Zanfrini parameters. ButRestrictive what is Policies sufficient to establish coherent, collective behav4.1 and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 iour? Some aspects relate to the way in which the partial structure is 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian applied, the nature of the rules of interaction, the influence of the Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 environment (by inducing, for instance, fluctuations and acting 4.3 From Guest Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 upon sources of Workers energy) to and the constructivist role of the observer modelling emergent properties. 4.4 Selective Policiescollective and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 One example of an incomplete structure for modelling flocks, to Equal Opportunity and ................................ 90 be4.5 completed by the way inDenied which Opportunities they are applied such as by setting suitable parameters, is given by considering only very simple Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 interaction rules for flock components, applied algorithmically (homogeneity assumption), for instance: 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter

1. Max distance < M;

5.1 State Interest and Responsibility 2. Min distance > m; towards their Citizens Abroad 102 3. Distances alwaysLiving change over ........................................... time;

4. Different between agents, but with angles < α. 5.2 Applied Ethicsdirections .............................................................................. 104 These separation, alignment and......................................................... cohesion rules were introduced106 by 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics C. Reynolds (Reynolds, 1987) for flocks of Boids considered as 5.4 Migration Policy Colombia ...................................................... 108 particles and used ininsimulation programs for computer-animated cartoon production. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Moreover, we must also consider the continuity of the paths of 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 individual agents which are not able to suddenly change direction in 5.7one Challenges .................................................................................... 114 only computational step. Other aspects include the relationship between M and m; acceptable differences between the speeds of Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 individual boids; the number of boids; the way of changing distances,Together the establishment of flocks and their aggregation and Working for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 disaggregation Barry Halliday(transient states) and other parameters.


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In this book we consider the hypothesis that it is possible to formulate constraints (e.g., the ways in which rules are applied and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 vary) as meta-structures at a higher level of description, able to 3.5 Conclusion transform (i.e., ...................................................................................... complete and make sufficient) an incomplete 59 or partial structure......................................................................................... relating to suitable rules, into a collective behaviour. Bibliography 60 A meta-structure should be the missing part of the undefined or only 4. The Ethics of Migration. partially defined process of continuous changes in structure, ReflectionsatonaRecent Migration formulated meta-level and Policies sufficient to establish collective and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 behaviour (see Part 3). Laura Zanfrini Collective Phenomena or Collective Behaviours are considered to 4.1 beRestrictive established by self-organising elements (non macroscopic Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 state variables), i.e., elements interacting in an undefined or only 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian partially defined process of continuous changes in structure. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 The undefined aspects may mean that structure and its way of 4.3 From i.e., Guestthe Workers to Unwelcome 82 changing, constraints through Guests which .................................. elements interact, do not4.4govern allPolicies possible degrees of freedom which are Selective andbehavioural the Brain Drain............................................ 87 neither fixed nor pre-established, but variable, non-homogeneous 4.5showing Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 and coherenceand to the observer. In this case......................................................................................... the word “self” relates to the degrees of freedom 97 of Bibliography elements assumed to be governed by meta-structures, depending upon boundary conditions and with reference to certain parameters, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 UrsasWatter such distance, timing, position and number of elements. Several other approaches have been introduced in the literature 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility for modelling and simulating Phenomena (Minati and towards their Citizens LivingCollective Abroad ........................................... 102 Pessa, 2006 and references therein). Moreover, we are interested Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 1 (rather than sub-symbolic, able104 to in 5.2 symbolic representations simulate but not toand explain, i.e., symbolically and explicitly 5.3 Migration Policy Ethics ......................................................... 106 model, collective phenomena) suitable for introducing our approach. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 In specific domains, such as physics and chemistry, processes of self5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... organisation arenosalso intended as non-structured processes 109 of acquisition of new structures, for instance, through phase transitions 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114

1 “In order to model processes of emergence researchers use computational tools, such

Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 as Neural Networks, Cellular Automata, Genetic Algorithms and agent-based models. These are very good tools for artificially reproducing, in a conceptually analogical Working Together for theInWell-being of Migrants ........................... 119 way, processes of emergence. any case this approach is completely dependent upon computers: instead of theoretical considerations, there are computational steps (What Barry Halliday if Simplicio had had computers available?).” (Guberman and Minati, 2007, Page 11, line 12). Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy




as discussed in Part 2. As also introduced in Part 2 (see Table 2), emergence is considered as a hierarchy of structural variations, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 dynamic and coherent, generating hierarchies of systems and 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 correspondingly acquired properties. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

1.9 Four general kinds of systems

4. The Ethics of Migration. We complete this first chapter dedicated to the introduction of Reflections on Recent Migration Policies suitable definitions presenting, for the convenience of the reader, a and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61

listLaura of four possible ways in which systems are established or Zanfrini phenomena are modelled by the observer: 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65

1.9.1 4.2 Organised Initiatives forsystems Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration:systems, Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. In organised when heterogeneous elements interact in73a structured way,toi.e., structureGuests is intended as the application 4.3 From functional Guest Workers Unwelcome .................................. 82 of organisation, as a network of pre-established functional relationships 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain 87 controlling ways of interacting. In Drain............................................ this case rules of interaction are applied by a)Opportunity following aand design or Opportunities b) are constructivistically intended 4.5 Equal Denied ................................ 90 as such by the observer. In both cases they are necessary and sufficient Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 conditions for establishing systems. Structured rules completely define theColombia: way in which elements interact,ini.e., they define of allOrigin the degrees of 5. Including Emigrants Their Societies ....... 101 freedom of interactions between elements, at the specific level of Urs Watter description considered (for instance, organisation may only describe 5.1components State Interestinteract and Responsibility how without considering their molecular, atomic towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 or quantum description). Examples of case a) are mechanical devices, 5.2as Applied Ethicsor.............................................................................. 104 such machines, electronic equipment, such as circuits. Examples of 5.3 non-designed systems, as in case b), are natural entities modelled as Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 systems by the observer, such as organs performing given functions Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 in 5.4 living beings,Policy or eco-systems. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

1.9.2 Evolutionary systems

5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112

In evolutionary systems when homogeneous elements, i.e., elements .................................................................................... of 5.7 theChallenges same species mutually interact (e.g., competing for territory114 or food, reproduction), or heterogeneous elements, i.e., elements of 116 difBibliography ....................................................................................... ferent species interact (e.g., prey-predator or symbiosis), or elements Working for theconditions, Well-beingby of Migrants ........................... deal with Together environmental adapting and modifying. It119 is Barry Halliday possible to consider properties acquired by the established collective systems (e.g., ecosystems), and changes as acquired properties of a Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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single element to better perform the processes of interaction, i.e., competition, cooperation and adaptation. Two cases are possible. 58 In 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ the first case, the process of interaction is ruled by fixed evolutionary 3.5 establishing Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 rules a system acquiring properties different from those of Bibliography its components over time. An example is given by ants interacting ......................................................................................... 60 according to fixed evolutionary rules as in their simple cognitive 4. The Ethics of no Migration. system having or very limited ability to change, for instance, by Reflections Recent Migration Policies learning and onestablishing ant-hills with their properties. In the and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 second case process of interaction is ruled by variable evolutionary Laura Zanfrini rules, for instance, through processes of mutation and learning. The two cases mayand occur in combination at different times. 4.1previous Restrictive Policies Structural Demand forand Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Non-structured Initiatives for Governing 1.9.3 systemsFamily and Humanitarian


In non-structured systems when heterogeneous elements interact 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 not following specific structure or evolutionary rules. We may 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain 87 consider two general cases. In theDrain............................................ first case, interaction between autonomous systems, i.e., systems provided with cognitive systems, 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 is due to the processing of data by cognitive systems. The cognitive Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 system processes, for instance, information, emotions, knowledge, and infers and takes decisions, and is capable of affecting the 5. Colombia:ofIncluding Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 behaviour the autonomous systems. One cognitive process Urs Watter affects the other. Coherence, i.e., the establishment of a system, is ensured byInterest suitableand cognitive interaction. Examples of non-structured 5.1 State Responsibility their Living Abroadclassrooms, ........................................... 102 socialtowards systems areCitizens markets, families, and micro- even temporary communities such as users of services (e.g., users of 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 transportation and telephone networks). We stress how in those cases 5.3 Migration Policy and by Ethics ......................................................... interaction is regulated micro-rules (e.g., economic rules 106 for payments, behavioural imposing ways of interacting such as 108 not 5.4 Migration Policy inrules Colombia ...................................................... interrupting, not speaking aloud and paying attention), but new 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 properties are acquired thanks to the cognitive, semantic processing Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 of 5.6 interactions. When the cognitive system is very simple (e.g., insect societies) interaction may be simulated by very simple rules. This 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 approach can be used when considering systems established by Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 processes of self-organisation (e.g., a crowd). The second case comprises the establishment of new structures of homogeneous Working for the of Migrantsacquisition ........................... 119 elements Together in physics withWell-being the corresponding of new Barry Halliday systemic properties occurring, for instance, through phase transitions and spontaneous symmetry breaking as discussed later in Part 2. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy



1.9.4 Self-organised systems The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 In 3.4 so-called self-organised systems, homogeneous elements interact in 3.5 a nonor not-completely structured way. In this case, structure, Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 as a network of pre-established functional relationships controlling Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 ways of interacting and the rules of that interaction, are not or only partially defined, i.e., they do not define all the degrees of freedom 4. The Ethics of Migration. for interactions between elements nor their ways of changing, at the Reflections on Recent Migration Policies specific level of description considered. Examples of such systems and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 areLaura flocks, swarms, industrial districts, lasers, ferromagnetic and Zanfrini superconducting systems. In this case relations and the rules of 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Immigrant Labour .. 65 interaction, i.e.,Policies organisation and Demand structureforas its parameterised application, arefor notGoverning sufficientFamily conditions for the establishment of a 4.2 Initiatives and Humanitarian system based on collective behaviour or self-organisation. Other Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 conditions relating to how they are applied and vary, or some other 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 contextual, boundary conditions are necessary. Such additional 4.4 Selective the Brain Drain............................................ 87 conditions mayPolicies be of aand different nature depending, for instance, upon whether or not the elements possess a cognitive system or whether 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 they are related to fluctuations and energy from the external BibliographyA......................................................................................... 97 environment. generalised approach, as introduced in Part 3, is the purpose of a General Theory of Emergence (Minati, 2008b) and it is 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 the subject of the research proposal outlined in this book as further Urs Watter described below. Processes of adopting or changing structures, as 5.1phase State Interest and Responsibility with transitions, have also been considered in the literature as their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... singletowards and specific self-organisational processes. It is possible102 to artificially establish such processes by changing the boundary 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 conditions (for instance by changing the temperature or establishing 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethicsa......................................................... 106 order parameters). Moreover, general theory of phase transitions such for biological cognitive and social systems is still 5.4 as Migration Policy inmatter, Colombia ...................................................... 108 lacking due to the heterogeneous frameworks encountered. The use 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 of Dynamical Systems Theory and the homogeneity assumption, 5.6neglecting Alianza Paísany .................................................................................. 112 i.e., differences between the components, whether particles, planets.................................................................................... or molecules, has been very successful in science. 5.7 Challenges 114 Examples of models of this kind used to model emergence are NoiseBibliography 116 induced phase....................................................................................... transitions and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB) in Quantum Field Theory. Such models are unsuitable for a Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 general theory of emergence because emergence has to be considered Barry Halliday as arising from a suitable combination of dynamical rules and


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fluctuations, e.g., produced by noise, quantum effects, impurities or other effects, or using heterogeneity-based models when considering 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 differences between components such as in biology, cognitive and 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 social systems (Minati and Pessa, 2006, pp. 128-134). Examples of Bibliography models based on the homogeneity assumption for modelling ......................................................................................... 60 emergence are based on Cellular Automata, Artificial Life, Neural 4. The Ethics Migration. Networks, andofImmune Networks. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies We conclude this session by reconsidering some definitions introand “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 duced in an interdependent way for modelling with the homogeneous Laura Zanfrini or heterogeneous assumption (see Table 1). 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65

Organisation

4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Organisation ofLabour a system may bebutconsidered at an elementary level Migration: Migration not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

when representing relations between elements and and the rules of 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 their interacting. 4.4 Policies andsystems, the Braini.e., Drain............................................ 87 In Selective modelling general systems considered in a transdisciplinary way by considering state variables and general systemic 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 properties, organisation should be considered between state variables. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 It may be intended as the architecture of a system without considering specific applications.

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter

Interactions

5.1 State Interest and elements Responsibility Interactions between are processes of mutual exchange of towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

energy, matter or information able to affect their behaviour as in the 5.2 Applied Ethicsmodel. .............................................................................. 104 stimulus-response Relations define the organisation of the system representing how 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 interactions may occur. 5.4 Migration Policy Colombiaelementary ...................................................... 108 Interactions may beinbetween state variables describing microscopic processes or between macroscopic state variables repre5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 senting the system. Moreover, state variables represent at the macro5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 scopic level, as indices, interactions between elementary components of 5.7 theChallenges system. .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Structure

Working for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Structure Together is one among several possible applications of an organisaBarry Halliday tion suitable for making the system acquire desired properties or modeling a phenomenon in this way. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy




Equations modelling the evolution of Dynamical Systems, e.g., the3.4Brusselator, LorenzApproach........................................................ and Lotka-Volterra equations may be The Human Rights’ 58 considered as suitable structures, i.e., parameterised organisations, 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 setting constraints upon macroscopic state variables, i.e., indices forBibliography microscopic......................................................................................... variables. 60 Rules used for evolving, rule-based systems organised in this 4. Thee.g., Ethics of Migration. way, Cellular Automata and Agent-Based Models, may be Reflections Recent structures Migration when Policies considered ason specific using specific rules, setting and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 constraints upon elementary interacting........................................... elements, i.e., cells and Laura Zanfrini agents. A Restrictive way to structure interactions elements byLabour following 4.1 Policies and Structural between Demand for Immigrant .. 65 variable rules, conceptually considered in the following, is to 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian influence or set changes in the behavioural rules. For instance, by Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 making rules sensitive to the context not only by considering 4.3 From Guest Workers Guests .................................. 82 parametrical changes duetotoUnwelcome environmental changes, but by making them e.g., bythe simulating learning, as behavioural rules 4.4 evolutionary, Selective Policies and Brain Drain............................................ 87 for evolving artificial systems such as Neural Networks. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90

Self-organization, Emergence and Collective Behaviour 97 Bibliography ......................................................................................... Processes of this kind may be considered as undefined or only

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 partially defined processes of in continuous changes in structure

Urs Watter between state variables, i.e., the constraints by which elements interact, doInterest not govern all possible behavioural degrees of freedom 5.1 State and Responsibility towards Abroad ........................................... 102 and they aretheir notCitizens fixed Living or pre-established, but variable, nonhomogeneous and showing coherence to the observer. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Emergence is defined only with reference to a specific observer. 5.3 Policy of and emergence Ethics ......................................................... Two Migration general kinds have been introduced in 106 the literature: 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108

“Colombia nos emergence. une”...................................................................... •5.5 Computational This involves the establishment109 of

unexpected effects detected by using a specific model. A typical 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112

example is given by the Three-Body Problem introduced by H.

5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Poincarè (1854-1912). His work on the restricted three-body

problem formed the foundation of deterministic chaos theory. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Other examples include computing through the collective behav-

iour of single for computational agents, emergence of properties Working Together the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry fromHalliday local computing such as in Neural Networks and Cellular

Automata. Very simple examples are given by the Conway’s Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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Game of Life and learning in NN. Other examples relate to Computational Chemistry, Computational Ecology and so on. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 •3.5 Phenomenological emergence. This involves the need of the Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59

observer to change the model used during observation to effec-

Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 tively deal with an evolving phenomenon. This is the typical case

of collective behaviour and acquired properties. Examples of spe-

4. The Ethics of Migration. cific cases are flocks, swarms, superconductivity, ferromagnetReflections on Recent Migration Policies ism, lasers, crowds and industrial districts. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini with the with the .. 65 4.1 Restrictive PoliciesModelling and Structural Demand forModelling Immigrant Labour homogeneity assumption

heterogeneity

4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian assumption Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 By using macroscopic Macroscopic By using macroscopic state variables to model 82 state variables variables as indices of Guestsstate 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome .................................. microscopic behaviour of

properties adopted by

functional structures interacting 4.4 Selective Policieselementary and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 components (e.g.,

between different

for evolutionary and self-

different roles (case

4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunitiescomponents ................................ 90 having temperature and density) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 1.9.1) organised systems (cases 1.9.2 and 1.9.4)

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their of microscopic Origin ....... 101 Microscopic By using microscopic state Societies By using Urs Watter state variables

variables as with Cellular Automata (case 1.9.3-very 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility simple cognitive systems)

state variables to describe behaviour of autonomous systems towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... (case 1.9.3-complex 102 cognitive systems)

5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and variables Ethics ......................................................... 106 Table 1: State for the homogeneity and heterogeneity assumptions. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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2. Some Hypothetical, Ideal and Introductory 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Approaches 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini

4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian

In the literature the concept of reductionism has been considered in Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 various ways (Minati and Pessa, 2006). Two of these, mentioned 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 below, are suitable for conceptually introducing the suitability of the approach basedPolicies on meta-structures propose it as a new approach 4.4 Selective and the Brain and Drain............................................ 87 for modelling processes of emergence. Reductionism is considered as Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 the4.5adoption of an unsuitable level of description which confuses necessary and sufficient conditions for the establishment of a system. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 We consider first the level of description used by an observer for 5. Colombia: Including Their by Societies of Origin ....... 101 representing a systemEmigrants given, in inshort, variables, interactions Urs Watter between components, disciplinary knowledge and scaling used. The approach considered here is based on the ineffectiveness of 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility reductionism providing an inappropriate level of description. A level towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 of description is taken as appropriate when it allows the user to 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 manage the system, i.e., modify it in conformance with her/his purposes, use itPolicy in combination with other systems, reproduce106 it, 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... and predict properties and behaviour. Such a level of description is 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 higher (i.e., more abstract, more general) compared with that 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... through which itnos is possible to describe how the system works. 109 Dealing with levels of description relating to how the system 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 works implies the use of necessary conditions, not sufficient for 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... managing the system. For instance, at the physiological level it114 is possible to describe the necessary conditions for the establishment116 of Bibliography ....................................................................................... a cognitive system. Moreover, it is at the cognitive level that it is Working for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 possible Together to describe sufficient conditions explaining autonomous Barry Halliday phenomena such as effects related to mind and effects due to behaviour. The cognitive level necessarily uses the physiological one. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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On the other hand, what happens when the level of description adopted too high, i.e.,Approach........................................................ too abstract? As reductionism is intended 3.4 TheisHuman Rights’ 58 as adopting an inappropriate level of description, this is also the 3.5 even Conclusion case when...................................................................................... the level of description is too high. Moreover, 59 in this case it is adopted to deal not with necessary conditions, as for Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 lower levels, nor with sufficient conditions for a suitable level of 4. The Ethicsbut of Migration. description, with general conditions of the kind one-to-many and Reflections on Migration Policies many-to-one. AnRecent example is given by the representation of a and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... physiological problem by using a psychological level of description.61 Laura Zanfrini Only the observer can change the level of description (i.e., build a new to adjust it to properties detected by for his/her cognitive system 4.1one) Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 as being incongruent, inexplicable and indescribable, i.e., emergent, 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian with reference to the previous level of description. The theoretical Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 framework for all this is given by so-called logical openness, as 4.3 Fromwith Guestthermodynamic Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 compared opennessGuests (see point 4.1). Another way to consider reductionism related to an unsuitable 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 usage of levels of description, for instance, is to confuse necessary 4.5 Equal for Opportunity and DeniedofOpportunities ................................ conditions the establishment a system, i.e., the acquisition 90 of new properties, with sufficient conditions for regulating the system, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 i.e., the new, acquired, emergent properties (Minati, 2008a). NecessaryIncluding conditions relate, for instance, to properties of what 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Watter areUrs considered as component elements and their interactions by the observer. theResponsibility changing of necessary conditions destroys 5.1 State Because Interest and the system, it has obvious effects on emerging acquired properties, towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 and then they are considered as sufficient conditions for managing Appliedi.e., Ethics .............................................................................. 104 the5.2 system, regulating the emergent properties. OnMigration the contrary, emergent properties should be managed 106 by 5.3 Policy and Ethics ......................................................... considering, using a suitable model, the cooperative actions of 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 individual elements and their interactions and not just individual 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... elements and their interactions; environmental conditions and 109 the constructivistic role of the observer. Consider, for instance, systems 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 established through suitable structures or processes of emergence 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 (Baas and Emmeche, 1997; Baas, 1994). In the first....................................................................................... case, consider electronic equipment such as a TV. Bibliography 116 The suitable functioning of the device, i.e., maintaining its acquired Working Together the Well-being of Migrants ........................... properties, may befor destroyed by the malfunction of a component119 or Halliday byBarry making them interact in an unsuitable manner, for instance, by using unsuitable voltages. The regulation of systemic properties, Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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such as the suitable display of images or the faithful reproduction of audio signals, notApproach........................................................ depend upon the actions of individual 3.4 The Humandoes Rights’ 58 components, but by the suitable operation of all components 3.5 Conclusion 59 coherently within...................................................................................... the TV electronic circuitry. The suitable operation of Bibliography individual components is a necessary condition. ......................................................................................... 60 In the second case, consider the example of flocks. It is possible 4. Ethics Migration. to The destroy a of flock by perturbing it using loud noises, but not to Reflections on Recentthe Migration regulate, for instance, numberPolicies of boids, their nearest-neighbour and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 distances or velocities. Laura Zanfrini Reductionism may also relate to adopting the homogeneous assumption to model of heterogeneous components, 4.1 Restrictive Policiesthe andbehaviour Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 using models based on macroscopic state variables as indices of 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian microscopic phenomena. Such a level of description may be Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 suitable for the level of description adopted by the observer, but 4.3also Frombe Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 may insufficient model specific microscopic interactions useful for other levelsand ofthe description. For instance, density in the 4.4 Selective Policies Brain Drain............................................ 87 Lotka-Volterra model is a suitable macroscopic state variable to 4.5 Equal Opportunity and prey-predator Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 model evolution of the system in an ecological community, but it is insufficient for modelling changes in the way Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 by which prey-predators interact. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies ofapproaches Origin ....... 101 We present two ideal, although unrealistic, to Urs Watter modelling collective behaviour useful for introducing the concepts proposed Parts and 2 and 3. 5.1 Statein Interest Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

2.1 Self-organisation as a dynamic transformation of structure

5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104

The basic idea is to consider self-organisation as a flexible, non5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 linear, dynamic, variable for each component and with suitable general constraints, transformation of structure suitable at that 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 moment in time for establishing a system. In this view an acquired 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 emergent property should also always be considered as a property Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 of 5.6 a structure, even though the system is transformed. This is not reducible to distorted, non-linearly equivalent, per5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 ception by the observer because of the occurrence of related procBibliography ....................................................................................... esses of emergence, i.e., acquisition of properties. Clearly, 116 the role of the observer detecting emergent properties through a Working the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 suitable Together cognitivefor model is the same when detecting the transBarry Halliday formation of a structure.


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It is possible to hypothesize the original structure and compute, at each step, the difference compared to the hypothetical 3.4 evolutionary The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 new structure. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 This is an ideal view ignoring the very high level of complexity related to the transformations mentioned above. Transformations, 60 as Bibliography ......................................................................................... a homogeneity-based approach, are expected to be so complex as to 4. Thethe Ethics of Migration. make approach useless. Reflections on Recent This approach may Migration be adoptedPolicies in an ideal way and below we and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 attempt to consider it for very simple cases. The approach is based Laura Zanfrini on modelling processes of self-organisation as parametric, variable and of structured processes. 4.1non-linear Restrictivetransformations Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Consider, for instance, structured flocks of boids. In this case 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian they establish an entity like that of a platoon, assuming a) the same Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 structure is applied to each component and b) that it is invariable. 4.3 examples From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Real relate to flocks of geese Guests flying .................................. in a v-shaped group.82 Because of Policies the structure this entity presents regularities 4.4 Selective and theadopted, Brain Drain............................................ 87 such as distances between boids, directions and speeds of boids. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Consider: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

a) different transformations over time of the values acquired by each variableIncluding representing properties a boid,of e.g., 5. Colombia: Emigrants in TheirofSocieties Origindistances ....... 101 between boids, directions and speeds of boids; Urs Watter b) 5.1 theState set of transformed values acquires some suitable properties, Interest and Responsibility be such as ergodic, statistical or symmetry conservation. This may102 towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... considered as being related to regularities in the differences 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 between the Ethics various transformations. The acquisition of suitable properties should ensure coherence, i.e., the transformation of 106 the 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... structured identity into a non-structured flock having collective, 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 self-organised behaviour. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

The interesting aspect of this case is that we can, ideally, start from 5.6structure Alianza País 112 any and.................................................................................. transform it in such a way as to obtain, using suitable constraints such as collision avoidance, continuity of paths 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 and persistence over time, self-organised behaviours, i.e., variable Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 and coherent structural changing. A firstTogether hypothetical is related to transforming a structured Working for thecase Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 system, i.e., where (several) components interact in a fixed, structured Barry Halliday way, into a self-organised system where for each discrete step: Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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•

The evolutionary steps of single components change over time;


Theevolutionary Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ •3.4 The rule governing the step of each component 58 is

different over...................................................................................... time for each component. 3.5 Conclusion 59 A Bibliography hypothetical......................................................................................... example may relate to CA, for instance, having 60 variable rules for each cell. Can we design variable and coherent 4. Thegenerating Ethics of Migration. (i.e., coherence), while not functional, transition rules? Reflections on Recent Migration Policies The set of values taken by suitable variables acquired by compoand “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 nents has suitable properties to ensure coherence, such as collision Laura Zanfrini avoidance, continuity of paths and persistence over time. Consider how the two correspond meta-elements 4.1 Restrictive Policies andcases Structural Demand to fora)Immigrant Labour ..and 65 b) meta-structural properties as introduced in Sections 6.1 and 6.2. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

2.2 Coherence as dynamic regularity

4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82

In order to outline this other idealistic approach, we need to specify SelectiveofPolicies and the Drain............................................ the4.4 concepts regularity andBrain suitably elaborate that of coherence.87 The concept of regularity is intended in the................................ literature as being90a 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities property related, for instance, to: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

1. Processes having a finite, i.e., constant, repetition cycle, i.e., a 5. Colombia: period; Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter

2. Systems having the same reaction to the same input over time 5.1orState andof Responsibility the Interest same way processing it; towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

3. Systems using the same evolutionary rule, e.g., fractals or CA;

5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104

4. Constants in processes and in patterns, e.g., geometrical.


The concept of coherence, as a homogeneity-based approach, may Migrationas Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 be5.4 considered dynamic regularity when constants used to model regularity vary with regularity, even within a finite hierarchy. With 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 reference to previous cases considered for regularity: 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112

1. a repetition cycle which, in its turn, varies 5.7Processes Challengeshaving .................................................................................... 114 with a finite, i.e., constant, repetition cycle. The same approach Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 may be considered for a finite hierarchy; 2. Systems whichforreact to the sameofinput varying over time with Working Together the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 regularity; Barry Halliday


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3. Systems using evolutionary rules varying over time with regu3.4larity; The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 4. processes and in patterns varying with regularity.59 3.5Constants Conclusionin...................................................................................... The concept of......................................................................................... dynamic regularity may be, in this case, generalised Bibliography 60 by considering suitable constant properties of the set of variations 4. The Ethics of Migration. rather than the way in which variations occur. Examples of such Reflections on Recentare Migration Policiesof boids having the same properties for flocks the number and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 direction or speed or distance over time and ergodicity. Laura Zanfrini Self-organisation may be considered as coherence at a higher level regularities, i.e., between rules establishing 4.1 between Restrictivedynamic Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 dynamic regularities over time and for different suitably clustered 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian components with the assumption of suitable restrictions such as Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 collision avoidance, continuity of paths and persistence over time. 4.3 Guest Workers to approach Unwelcomeconsider Guests .................................. ForFrom an example of this regularity in a set 82 of elements e as the constancy of the distance between them or its i 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 dependence upon local parameters and time, as established by a 4.5 Equal fixed rule. Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Dynamic regularity may consist of changes in the distance Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 between them as modelled by a periodic function, i.e., varying in a 5. Colombia: regular way. Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter Self-organisation may be considered as the establishment of coherent different dynamic coherences. Consider various periodic 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility functions f , f , f ,..., f modelling the changes in distances between 1 their 2 3 Citizens n towards Living Abroad ........................................... 102 the same elements over time. The values of the functions fn over 5.2 have Applied time to Ethics be, in.............................................................................. their turn, coherent, thereby establishing, 104 for instance, sets Policy havingandsuitable statistical or ergodic properties 5.3 Migration Ethics ......................................................... 106 considered as meta-structures as introduced in Sections 6.1 and 6.2. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 An ideal, but unrealistic, possibility is that the values of 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 functions fn overnos time can be interpolated by a periodic function F. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Phase Transitions, Self-Organisation, Emergence: the Role of......................................................................................... Variable Structure for Modelling Bibliography 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini


This second part of the book presents some conceptual new approaches Selectiveprocesses Policies and Brain Drain............................................ 87 for4.4 modelling of the self-organisation and emergence. In Equal the literature there various approaches for defining and 4.5 Opportunity andare Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 modelling processes of self-organisation and emergence. We will Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 conceptually consider processes of self-organisation and emergence as phase transitions, widely studied and modelled in physics, being 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 based, respectively, on stable, dynamic and coherent changes in Urs Watter structure. In this book we consider the concept of self-organisation State Interest Responsibility as 5.1 a dynamic set ofand constraints upon interactions between elements towards their Citizens Abroad Specific ........................................... 102 suitable for establishing Living coherence. and non dynamic changes in structure are modelled using the theories of phase 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 transitions in physics. Generalisation of those models is usually 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 reduced to transpositions in different disciplinary fields by changing Migration of Policy in Colombia 108 the5.4meaning variables. We...................................................... will introduce new conceptual approaches suitable for a generalisation based on the variability109 of 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... structure. In systems, including some kinds of Collective Phenomena, 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 structure is considered as changing in a repetitive and stable way (self-organisation). In processes of emergence structure is considered 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 as changing in an unstable, non-repeatable, but coherent (as detected Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 by the observer) way and allows further establishment of hierarchical levels. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday



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We consider, in various processes of the establishment of systems, Initiatives forconcept Governing andas Humanitarian the4.2fundamental of Family structure introduced in Section 1.4 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration 73 and discussed in Part 1. We will continue to focus upon ............. the structure upon the changing of .................................. structure (repeatable, 4.3and Fromparticularly Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests 82 corresponding to self-organisation, or non-repeatable correspond4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 ing to emergence), of constraints which interacting components, 4.5agents, Equal Opportunity andto Denied Opportunities 90 like are expected follow. In physics,................................ processes of phase transitions refer to changes in structure. We consider processes of Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 self-organisation as processes of dynamical and repetitive changes in Colombia: structure. We then consider processes emergence as processes 5. Including Emigrants in Theirof Societies of Origin ....... 101 In this view dynamics of Urs dynamical coherent changes of structure. Watter does not refer to time dependence in equations, but to their 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility changing. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Within this conceptual framework, collective behaviours are 5.2 Appliedby Ethics .............................................................................. established a) suitable dynamic structures intended as sets104 of suitable dynamic constraints to the interaction of elements (or 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 modelled as such by the observer) or b) by coherent changing of 5.4 Migration Colombia ...................................................... 108 constraints overPolicy time in rather than by the same constraints. In “Colombia this viewnos processes of phase transitions relate to specific 5.5 une”...................................................................... 109 changes, i.e., from one structure to another, as from structure of 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 matter in the liquid phase to that in the solid phase due to some 5.7 Challengesinput, .................................................................................... 114 environmental e.g., change of temperature or pressure. In collective phenomena we distinguish when structure is changBibliography ....................................................................................... 116 ing in a repetitive way (self-organisation); when structure changes in a non-stable, repeatable, but coherent detected by the observer) Working Together for the Well-being of (as Migrants ........................... 119 way, i.e., processes of emergence occur, or when coherent changes Barry Halliday


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of structures allow the establishment of hierarchical systems (see Table 2). Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 3.4 The Considering processes of establishment of collective-behaviours Conclusion ...................................................................................... as 3.5 typical examples of complex systems, i.e., when processes 59 of self-organisation or further processes of emergence occur within Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 them, we mention some innovative approaches introduced in 4. The Ethics of Migration. literature to model phenomenological emergent complexity, such on Recent Migration Policies(DYSAM) based on the as Reflections the Dynamic Usage of Models and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 simultaneous usage of different models ........................................... and relationships between Laura Zanfrini them; the use of variation of ergodicity informing the observer that a process of self-organisation or emergence, a process of..re4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand fori.e., Immigrant Labour 65 structuring, is occurring even if she/he is unable to detect the 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian corresponding new property being established; the concept of Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 logical openness when the observer is able to multi-model the 4.3 From Guest Workers Guests .................................. phenomena under study;to Unwelcome the concept of Collective Beings 82 as Multiple Systems established by the same elements interacting in 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 different ways; and meta-structures, subsequently presented in a 4.5 Equal Opportunity Opportunities ................................ more complete way in and PartDenied 3, as mathematical properties of sets 90 of values adopted by (mesoscopic) meso-state variables abductively Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 decided by the observer to model processes of self-organisation or emergence order to Emigrants find invariants andSocieties correspondences. Within 5. Colombia:inIncluding in Their of Origin ....... 101 Watter thisUrs framework we will also mention the universal quarter power as a theory ofInterest scalingand forResponsibility metabolic rate. 5.1 State Wetowards conclude with an Living overview on ........................................... ideal and non-ideal models their Citizens Abroad 102 for emergence. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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3. Structured Interactions: from Dynamic Models The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 to3.4 Dynamics of Models 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini


Dealing with structures by which occur, it is possible 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Familyinteractions and Humanitarian to consider different possible processes related to the ............. changing, Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration 73 acquisition or the loss of structure: 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82

a) Change of structure, i.e., from one structure to another;

4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87

b) Acquisition of a structure, i.e., change from a non-structured 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 configuration to a structured one; Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

c) Loss of structure, i.e., change from a structured configuration to a non-structured one. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter The three cases regard, for instance, phase transitions, i.e., the change between phases ofand matter such as first-order transitions related to the 5.1 State Interest Responsibility towards their Citizens Livingtransformation Abroad ........................................... 102 transformation water-ice-vapour and to so-called orderdisorder transitions. The latter relates, for instance, to structural spon5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 taneous symmetry breaking when a number of different equilibrium 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 behaviours havePolicy the same probability (e.g., spontaneous magnetization, laser and...................................................... superconductivity). When phase 5.4 crystallization, Migration Policythe in Colombia 108 transitions occur in systems, a special type of ordering takes place at “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 the5.5microscopic level. Moreover, near the critical point of a phase transition, wePaís observe a number of clues which show that some pro5.6 Alianza .................................................................................. 112 found structural change is occurring. We notice that processes of 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 changing structure may be detected by considering, for instance, Bibliography 116 variations in ....................................................................................... ergodicity (Boschetti et al., 2005; Minati, 2002a; Minati and Pessa, 2006, see chapter 6). Second-order phase transiWorking Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 tions, such as transitions from the paramagnetic to the ferromagBarry Halliday netic state, the occurrence of superconductivity or superfluidity occur abruptly and simultaneously within the whole system under Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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consideration. At the critical point there is no coexistence of both phases, in the Rights’ case ofApproach........................................................ first-order phase transitions. This kind 58 of 3.4 TheasHuman transition consists of an internal rearrangement of the system 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 structure, occurring at the same time at all points within it. In other words, the transition occurs because the conditions necesBibliography ......................................................................................... 60 sary for the stable existence of the structure corresponding to the 4. The Ethics Migration. initial phase of cease to be valid and a new stable structure replaces on Recent Policies it. Reflections Second-order phaseMigration transitions are considered as the protoand “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 types of phenomena of profound structural change and as typical Laura Zanfrini examples of emergence. Moreover, most models of emergence have builtPolicies on the and basis of the features of Immigrant second-order phase 4.1 been Restrictive Structural Demand for Labour .. 65 transitions. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian After Landau's original works (Landau and Lifshitz, 1959), Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 further developed by various other researchers (e.g., Kuramoto and 4.3 From1975; GuestMinati Workers to Unwelcome .................................. Tsuzuki, and Pessa, 2006,Guests pp. 201-226), processes 82 of phase transitions have been described by models formulated in 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 terms of partial differential equations. Systems may then allow for Equalnumber Opportunity and Denied 90 an4.5 infinite of solutions andOpportunities the form of ................................ their general solution cannot be identified only by using suitable parameters. The difference Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 between two solutions of a partial differential equation is given by an arbitrary function. Moreover, it isinpossible to findofinOrigin these ....... models 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Their Societies 101 Urs Watter locally stable solutions as descriptions of self-organising processes. The of such is the so-called Brusselator (Nicolis and 5.1simplest State Interest andmodels Responsibility Prigogine, 1977; Babloyants, 1986). The........................................... model was very useful 102 for towards their Citizens Living Abroad studying dissipative systems such as Rayleigh-Benard Convection 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Cells (Koschmieder, 1993) and the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction (Belousov, 1959; Zhabotinsky, 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics1964). ......................................................... 106 Phenomena of pattern formation related to research on dissipa5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 tive structures were considered as emergent (Nicolis and Prigogine, 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 1977; Prigogine,nos 1967; Prigogine and Glansdorff, 1971). Hermann Haken (Haken 1987; 1988) introduced Synergetics to 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 deal with collective phenomena such as ferromagnetism, supercon5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... ductivity, superfluidity, collective oscillations in crystal lattices, 114 the laser effect and....................................................................................... further extended it to several interdisciplinary fields Bibliography 116 related to social systems. Working Together for themesoscopic Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Synergetics assumes descriptions of systems having Barry dependent Halliday variables. At this level of description the unstable several mode, at the critical point, is due to the fact that the amplitude of Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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the fluctuations in one of the dependent variables grows with time while the Human amplitudes of Approach........................................................ fluctuations in the other variables, continue 3.4 The Rights’ 58 to decrease over time (stable modes). The behaviour of a system 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 close to the critical point has been hypothetically considered as being analogous to that of a system undergoing a phase transition. This Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 hypothesis, known as the adiabatic approximation, implies that the 4. The Ethicsofoffluctuations Migration. in all stable modes can be expressed in amplitudes Reflections on Recent of Migration Policies terms of the amplitude fluctuation in the only unstable mode. All and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 the stable modes determining the main features of the new emerging Laura Zanfrini pattern are enslaved by the only unstable one. The amplitude of fluctuations of Policies the unstable modeDemand is consequently called order 4.1 Restrictive and Structural for Immigrant Labour .. 65 parameter driving the dynamics of the pattern formation. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Such kinds of processes, so-called order-disorder transitions Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 modelled as phase transitions through the adiabatic approximation, 4.3 From Unwelcome Guests .................................. have been Guest namedWorkers more to generally as self-organisation, relating 82 to the4.4ability of components to autonomously change/acquire a new Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 structure, i.e., not governed externally. The intrinsic limitations of Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ the4.5theory of phase and transitions for modelling phenomena 90 of emergence have been widely discussed (see, for instance, Minati Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 and Pessa, 2006). Moreover, the concept of self-organisation has been used in Including this bookEmigrants in a conceptual extensive way, ....... making 5. Colombia: in Theirand Societies of Origin 101 Urs Watter reference to processes assumed as being established by dynamic structures, characterized by continuous and coherent changing. The 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility case relates to the establishment of Collective Behaviours through towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 continuous processes of self-organisation, i.e., of multiple dynamic 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 coherent structuring. In this case elements interact by establishing coherence rather than following or self-establishing a fixed, 5.3 Migration Policy andby Ethics ......................................................... 106 even though new, organisational structure. Coherent behaviour 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 (named Collective Behaviour) of particles or agents, i.e., systems, “Colombianot nosdue une”...................................................................... 109 is 5.5 established to an explicit design setting functions and roles, but as a consequence of their coherent rather than structured 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 interaction. Collective behaviours, or systems established by 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... collectively behaving components, display stable properties114 of different kinds....................................................................................... depending upon the disciplinary nature of 116 the Bibliography phenomenon. Modelling collective behaviours as phase transitions Working of Systems Migrants Theory ........................... 119 is based Together upon thefor usetheofWell-being Dynamical approaches Halliday andBarry on the homogeneity assumption.


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In this conceptual context, self-organisation is modelled as the3.4behaviour a system of interacting entities processing The Human of Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 different data over time, due to their individual interaction, and ...................................................................................... 59 in 3.5 theConclusion same, suitable way, for instance by applying behavioural rules. It is possible that the system of entities displaying selfBibliography ......................................................................................... 60 organisation reaches equilibrium in such a way that properties 4. Ethics of Migration. of The self-organisation are repeated with continuity over time. This Migration is Reflections the case, on forRecent instance, when Policies all elements are considered as and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 indistinguishable, as particles, and all interact in the same way, i.e., Laura Zanfrini modelled by the same rule(s), as for Rayleigh-Benard Convection Cells, the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction andfor theImmigrant laser as Labour considered 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand .. 65 in general using Synergetics (Haken 1981; 1987). Another example 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian occurs when modelling collective behaviour by considering Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 behavioural rules for boids such as those for the model introduced From Guest to Unwelcome Guestsand .................................. 82 by4.3Reynolds in Workers 1987 (Reynolds, 1987) further developed (Reynolds, 2006). Inand thisthecase model considers separation, 4.4 Selective Policies Brainthe Drain............................................ 87 alignment, and cohesion rules. Several other lattice models have 4.5 Equal Opportunity andas Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 been introduced, such Fluid Neural Networks (Solé and Montoya, 2001), Fixed Threshold Models (Bonabeau et al., 2000; Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Dorigo et al., 2000), and Swarm Networks (Millonas 1994; Rauch et Colombia: al., 1995). In hydrodynamic-like models the of establishment of 5. Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter collective behaviour is identified by the appearance of large-scale, spatially stationary, stable or metastable, solutions of the 5.1 Statedependent Interest and Responsibility macroscopic evolution equations. These........................................... kinds of models consider, towards their Citizens Living Abroad 102 for instance, local inhibition, medium range activation and long 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 range inhibition. The advantage of this approach is to make explicit the5.3influences controlling the onset and the maintenance of these Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 “collective” solutions (Minati et al., 1997; Pessa et al., 2004) such as 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 for Swarm Intelligence (Bonabeau et al., 1999). 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... Within the same particle-approach, as in physics, processes of 109 the self-acquisition of new properties may be modelled as spontaneous 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 symmetry breaking when the system acquires properties such as 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 superconductivity and superfluidity. Those processes are modelled within the theoretical framework of Quantum Theory by considering Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 quantum phase transitions (QPT), i.e., phase transitions between Working Together for the Well-being Migrants 119 different quantum phases, i.e., phasesofof matter ........................... at zero temperature Barry Halliday (Sachdev, 2000; Sewell, 1986) and considered by some physicists not only as non-structured, but also as the real models of self-organisation Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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(Anderson, 1981; Anderson and Stein, 1985). However, as mentioned above theyHuman are unsuitable for the heterogeneous case. 3.4 The Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Three kinds of situations can be considered: 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59

1. The system is established under stable environmental conditions. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Conceptually, it may be considered as a phenomenon occurring within a closed system. Examples are non-perturbed swarms, i.e., 4. The Ethics of Migration. synchronised oscillators, established by suitable initial conditions, Reflections on Recent Migration Policies reaching stationary states in a non-perturbed environment, such 61 as and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... populations of fireflies (Buck and Buck, 1966) and traffic jams Laura Zanfrini with hovering data clouds (Fekete et al., 2006). 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65

2. The system must process environmental perturbations, e.g., 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian changes in temperature, pressure or the presence of a predator for Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 flocks; 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82

3. The system must process internal changes due to any reasons, 4.4 as Selective Policies and the Brain fluctuations Drain............................................ 87 such the occurrence of intrinsic (of different natures, such as stochastic noise, chaotic behaviour and quantum-like 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 phenomena) and decisions taken by autonomous systems. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

We have to consider how coherence is maintained in the last two 5. Colombia: in Their Societies of Origin ....... i.e., 101 cases. These Including are casesEmigrants where processes of emergence occur, Urs Watter hierarchical and coherent processes of self-organisation continuous, take 5.1place. State Interest and Responsibility It towards is conceptually possible model, as shown later, all these their Citizens LivingtoAbroad ........................................... 102 processes as phase transitions: 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104

1. 5.3 Phase transitions in physics relate to changes in structure. Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Changes in properties are related to changes in structure. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108

2. Processes of self organisations may be understood as phase 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 transitions whennos a newly acquired structure is dynamic and stable, i.e., its changing or transition over time is regular, e.g., cyclic. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 3. 5.7 Processes of emergence may be understood as phase transitions Challenges .................................................................................... 114 when newly acquired dynamic structures change over time in a Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 coherent way (cyclic change is a particular case). Emergence relates to the coherent (as modelled by the observer and corresponding to the Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 newly acquired property) change in the dynamic structure over time. Barry Halliday This approach is suitable for modelling collective behaviours of


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entities with cognitive systems, as autonomous systems are, based upon continuous changing of the rules of interaction, i.e., structure. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 It is an idealist way of modelling possible processes of emergence Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 for3.5non-autonomous systems, because the process of changing structure should be modelled on a case-by-case basis. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Following this 4. The Ethics of reasoning, Migration. emergent collective behaviour can not be adequately described by using rules of interaction amongst Reflections on Recentonly Migration Policies agents exhibiting simple stimulus-response, action-reaction mechaand “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 nisms, adopting a behaviourist conceptual framework (Therelauz Lauraby Zanfrini and Gervet, 1992; Therelauz and Deneubourg, 1994). In order to 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 model collective behaviour in a more useful and realistic way, the 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian cognitive modelforused by autonomous, interacting agents must be Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration 73 taken Migration: into account as well the cognitive model used by the............. observer able to detect coherence in the global process of interaction. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Finally, another approach being studied is based on meta4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 structures, i.e.,Policies the mathematical properties of sets of values adopted by Opportunity meso-state variables a process of................................ self-organisation 90 or 4.5 Equal and DeniedinOpportunities emergence. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97




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4. Emergence The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



Among the different meanings established over time and in various 4.2 Initiatives Governing Humanitarian disciplines, theforupper, i.e.,Family moreand general, level of emergence Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 introduced is so-called intrinsic emergence (Cruchtfield, 1994), related to Guest a process in to which the occurrence of a hierarchy 82 of 4.3 From Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. certain behaviours acquired by heterogeneous elements is not only 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 unpredictable, but gives rise to profound changes in the system 4.5 Equal(we Opportunity andthis Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 structures understand as being related to coherent, dynamic changes in structures) sufficient to require the observer to formulate Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 a new model. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101

4.1Urs The concept of emergence Watter

Emergence, as introduced in literature (see, for instance, Corning, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility 2002;towards Crutchfield, 1994; Minati and ........................................... Pessa, 2006; Pessa, 1998; their Citizens Living Abroad 102 2002), requires the constructivist role of the observer able to detect Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 not5.2only structural or ergodic changes, as for phase transitions and, 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... more generally,Policy for self-organisation, but also the acquisition106 or establishment of new properties (Butts and Brown, 1989; Ronald et 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 al., 1999; Rueger, 2000; von Foerster 1981; 2003; von Glaserfeld, 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 1984). Self-organisation can then be intended as a particular case112 of 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. emergence, occurring by accepting the homogeneous assumption at 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 one single layer corresponding to a new structure. Overall, there is agreement amongst most researchers, although various ways116 of Bibliography ....................................................................................... considering emergence have been introduced, on at least four Working Together forofthe Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 fundamental aspects processes of emergence: Barry Halliday


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1. It must be possible to describe and measure the interaction between enabling the formulation of a model; 3.4 Thecomponents Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 2. 3.5 TheConclusion occurrence of intrinsic fluctuations (of different natures, such ...................................................................................... 59 as stochastic noise, chaotic behaviour and quantum-like phenomena) Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 amongst components; 3. The The Ethics process is considered by the observer as occurring at a 4. of Migration. macroscopic of description, higher than that used for single Reflections level on Recent Migrationi.e., Policies components; and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini 4. The emerging system must be thermodynamically open to allow 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 contributions from the and environment (as forfordissipative structures) and for allowing a continuous process of modelling 4.2logically Initiativesopen for Governing Family and Humanitarian by theMigration: observer Labour (MinatiMigration et al., 1998). but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

Processes generate single initial emergent property occur 4.3 Fromable GuesttoWorkers to aUnwelcome Guests .................................. 82 in self-organisation, in non-structured (for both autonomous and 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 non-autonomous elements) and in evolutive systems when dealing 4.5 successive Equal Opportunity and Denied 90 with configurations andOpportunities considering................................ transitions between them, for instance, by using families of categories, as for changing Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 in biological systems whilst maintaining their identity (Ehresmann and Vanbremeersch, 2007). 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Emergence is then established by systems acquiring, hierarchiUrs Watter cally, new properties as properties of systems. Emergence relates to 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility the process of acquisition of subsequently new systemic properties, towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 corresponding to the establishment of new emerging systems, in a 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 hierarchy of systems established by previous systems by interacting through related Policy acquired (Licata and Sakaji, 2008). 106 5.3 Migration and properties Ethics ......................................................... At each level, the process of establishment of a new emerging sys5.4may Migration Policy in 108 tem be modelled in Colombia different ...................................................... ways by the observer, as being due to 5.5 organization self-organisation. In this way it is possible to realize “Colombiaornos une”...................................................................... 109 structures and processes of self-organisation. It is then possible for the 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 organization of properties to be established by previous levels of self5.7 Challenges organisation and.................................................................................... self-organisation of properties by previous levels114 of organisation. This way of understanding emergence relates to systems Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 able to establish new hierarchical ways of interaction, i.e., when systems are elements system atofa Migrants previous level (Table 2). 119 Working Togetherof foranother the Well-being ........................... Barry Halliday


4. Emergence

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10 Table of Contents Emergence of Emergence of Phase transition Self-organisation: hierarchies of variable as a change of Variability of the 3.4structure The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ systemic 58 behaviours: structure is properties: variability of the stable, i.e., 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... variability of the59 structure is, repetitive and structure is not dynamic, foreseeable Bibliography ......................................................................................... only dynamic, 60 irregular, but irregular and coherent coherent, but 4. The Ethics of Migration. also generates Reflections on Recent Migration Policies hierarchies of systems and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61

Laura Zanfrini Variability of the Variability of the Variability of the Change in structure of a structure of a structure of a structure, adoption 4.1 andofStructural Demand Labour .. 65 process of selfprocess offor self-Immigrant process selfof a Restrictive new one or Policies organisation is not organisation is organisation is loss of structure 4.2(e.g., Initiatives for Governing Family anddynamic, Humanitarian only dynamic, stable, i.e., gas) irregular and 73 irregular, but Migration repetitive and but not corresponding to Labour Migration: Migration Workers’ ............. coherent, but also coherent, i.e., as foreseeable. the acquisition of generates 82 detected by .................................. the Stability of a new property. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests hierarchies of observer. For variability Examples of phase systems acquiring87 instance swarms corresponds to transitions, i.e., Policies 4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ subsequent and flocks stability of the changes in properties. For 90 adopting variable acquired structure, in social 4.5 Equal Opportunity andproperty. Denied Opportunities ................................ example, in living behaviours as in For instance, systems are matter there is the97 the presence of swarms having revolutions or ......................................................................................... Bibliography emergence of any suitable repetitive learning in systems having environmental behaviour, lasers, cognitive systems. 5. Phase Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 functionalities condition. ferromagnetism, transitions such as cognitive Subsequent superconductivity occur in the Urs Watter abilities. Then systems are not or dissipative presence of mind is hierarchical, but structures, such as external changes. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility established which sequential and whirlpools in the Abroad External inputtheir Citizens towards Living ........................................... 102 is able to coherent over absence of any initiates a new influence all the time, i.e., they or external 5.2structure. Applied Ethicsinternal .............................................................................. 104 underlying levels. display to the fluctuation. observer the same Coherence relates is ......................................................... 5.3 Migration PolicyVariability and Ethics 106 property. to the modelling of allowed by 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... the observer.108 Coherence is thermodynamic maintained in the openness. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 presence of any internal or 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 external perturbation.

5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114

Correspondence between structure and Dynamic change of structure corresponds acquired property to dynamic acquisition of properties to 116 be Bibliography ....................................................................................... suitably modelled by the observer (e.g., by DYSAM and Meta-structures)

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday Table 2: Phase transition, Self-organisation and Emergence compared with reference to structure and acquisition of properties.


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With reference to the last point, the concept of emergence is based upon: 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 a) 3.5 TheConclusion theory of...................................................................................... logical openness, as opposed to thermodynamic 59 openness (Minati et al., 1998; Minati and Pessa, 2006). This relates Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 to the constructivist role of the observer generating n levels of logical openness by: 4. The Ethics of Migration. Recent Migration •Reflections assuming on n different levels of Policies description

(n may be taken as an

and “Non-policies” in Italy Europe 61 index of complexity of theand system, see........................................... Licata, 2008);

Laura Zanfrini • representing

one level through another;


•

having the ability to move amongst the levels, i.e., to decide

4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian which one toforuse; Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

•

considering simultaneously more than one level as, for instance,

4.3 Guest Workers Guests .................................. 82 in From the Dynamic UsagetoofUnwelcome Models (DYSAM). Policies andof theModels Brain Drain............................................ b) 4.4 TheSelective Dynamical Usage (DYSAM) where the observer87 is expected to model the relationships between models (meta4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 modelling); for instance, between their fundamental parameters such ......................................................................................... 97 as Bibliography constants, indices of variability, statistical and ergodic values (Minati and Brahms, 2002; Minati and Pessa, 2006). This approach is 5. Colombia:suitable Including in Theirwhere Societies of Origin ....... 101 particularly forEmigrants complex systems continuous processes Urs Watter of emergence occur. An introductory model of DYSAM based on 5.1 State Interest and Neural Networks has Responsibility been published (Minati and Pessa, 2006, pp. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 75-88). Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 c) 5.2 The heterogeneous assumption, relating to the interacting elements and multiple interactions. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106

d) 5.4 Hyperstructures. relates to the changing108 of Migration PolicySelf-organisation in Colombia ...................................................... structure by which elements interact and subsequently acquire new 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 properties. Emergence generates new entities, i.e., properties and systems, able establish new systems with new emergent 5.6 Alianza Paísto.................................................................................. 112 properties instead of making the same entities adopt new properties. 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 This process relates to the establishment of hyperstructures (Baas, Bibliography 116 1994; Baas and....................................................................................... Emmeche, 1997) made through mutually influential properties. For instance, we may consider processes of emergence Working the Well-being Migrants ........................... occurringTogether in living for matter establishingofneurological systems based119 on Barry Halliday physico-chemical processes. Neurological processes then establish learning and psychological processes. A cognitive system is then Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

4. Emergence 10



established. Examples in linguistics relate to the emergence of multiple DYSAM represents and is a suitable instrument 3.4 Themeaning. Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 for managing such dynamic complexity. This is completely different 3.5 systems Conclusion ...................................................................................... from established by sub-systems having functional roles. 59 60 e) Bibliography Considering,......................................................................................... amongst the various possible definitions available in the literature, complexity as related to processes of emergence 4. The Ethics of Migration. occurring within the same system at different hierarchical levels of Reflections on Recent Migration Policies acquired properties and in some ways represented by the layers and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 used by DYSAM to model this process, i.e., the levels of logical Laura Zanfrini openness involved. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65

Within the context of previous approaches introduced in the 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian literature (Baas, 1994, Baas and Emmeche, 1997; Kitto, 2006), we Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 consider Emergence as dealing with the hierarchical, dynamic and 4.3 Fromprocess Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 coherent of the establishment of systems having, as their component parts, properties adopted at the previous level. In this 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 case a hierarchy of systems of properties is established displaying, Equal Opportunity and Deniedbased Opportunities 90 at 4.5 each level, new properties on the................................ necessary multiple modelling of the observer. Examples are: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 a) Colombia: life as a hierarchy propertiesinofTheir biological systems established 5. IncludingofEmigrants Societies of Origin ....... 101 byUrs physico-chemical components; Watter

b) 5.1 cognitive abilities a hierarchy of properties acquired by living State Interest andas Responsibility systems; towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 c) 5.2 learning as Ethics collective, hierarchical properties acquired by multipleApplied .............................................................................. 104 social systems (e.g., linguistic, economic and religious systems). (See Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 the5.3 theory of Collective Beings; Minati and Pessa, 2006). 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108

By the way, emergence does not require the observer to possess a 5.5 “Colombia 109 cognitive modelnos ableune”...................................................................... to model each level of the hierarchy, nor even the5.6relationships between them, but only the very last one where Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 previous systems are considered as elements with acquired proper5.7 Challenges ties. Emergence.................................................................................... does not relate to evolutive processes, but to 114 the acquisition of ....................................................................................... properties by agents interacting by using, in a stable Bibliography 116 way, the original, acquired systemic property. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants 119 Multiple simultaneous or dynamical, but non........................... hierarchical, ways Halliday of Barry interacting are those of Multiple Systems and Collective Beings


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whereas in sub-systems elements have different roles, i.e., different ways of interacting. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Conclusionand ...................................................................................... 59 4.23.5 Modelling simulating emergence ......................................................................................... 60 A Bibliography system is considered as self-organizing when it is able to change its internal structure in response to external circumstances (Banzhaf, 4. The Ethics of Migration. 2001). Not man made is not equal to self-organisation. Moreover, Reflections on Recent Migration Policies in Italy andthat Europe ........................................... 61 1. and We “Non-policies” can consider phenomena we model as systems which are

notLaura manZanfrini made. In this case, as such systems exist in nature and no designer is assumed to and be the authorDemand of theirfor structure, then we may 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural Immigrant Labour .. 65 consider, or model them, as if they had an unknown designer. In 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian these cases systems possess an organisation and any change in their Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 structure leads to the destruction of the systems. Examples are the 4.3 From Guestand Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 solar system biological devices performing well-defined functions suchPolicies as the heart, orDrain............................................ stomach in living beings. Thus, 4.4 Selective and theliver Brain 87 systems and their structure can be discovered. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90

2. We may also consider dynamically established systems. Here Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 also, there is no designer of their structure, but we can expect and study the process of establishment of the system whereas in the 5. Colombia: Societies of Origin ....... 101 previous caseIncluding we only Emigrants discoveredinit.Their Systems not only possess, but Urs Watter dynamically, i.e., continuously, acquire structures. Examples are 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility flocks, swarms, crowds, ecosystems and traffic. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

The concept of self-organisation regards cases where organisation Ethics .............................................................................. 104 is 5.2 not Applied prescribed from the outside and we can study transient states, i.e., processes of Ethics adopting, maintaining, dissolution and 5.3 their Migration Policy and ......................................................... 106 transformation. This is Case 2. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 In Case 1 we merely refer to natural systems modelled as if 5.5 had “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 there been anos designer. The set of cases considered as not man made is larger than those 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 relating to self-organisation. 5.7 .................................................................................... 114 A Challenges system showing emergence possesses a hierarchy necessarily initiated by a process of self-organisation (see Section 4.1), but it116 is Bibliography ....................................................................................... possible to build models of self-organizing systems, which do not, Working theinteresting Well-beingforms of Migrants ........................... 119 however,Together show thefor most of emergence. Barry Hallidaycan be modelled using traditional methods based on Emergence Dynamical Systems Theory, bifurcation phenomena, i.e., a change Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

4. Emergence 10



in the number or type of attractors due to changes in parameter values, and Dissipative Moreover, traditional methods are 3.4 The Human Rights’Structures. Approach........................................................ 58 based on the search for the best model and do not allow one to deal 3.5 the Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 with essential ingredients for emergence such as probability, noise, uncertainty, and fuzziness. Non-traditional methods such 60 as Bibliography ......................................................................................... Synergetics, the theory of phase transitions, Quantum Field Theory 4. The Ethics of Migration. and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking are homogeneity-based ideal Reflections on Recent Policies models, influenced by Migration their origins in physics and focusing upon and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 energy and neglecting the role of the environment, thus presenting Laura Zanfrini problems for generalization. Non-ideal models of emergence are also based on a veryPolicies large class of approaches of a computational 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demandoften for Immigrant Labour .. 65 nature allowing simulation such as Neural Networks, Cellular 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Automata and Artificial Life (Minati and Pessa, 2006) based on subMigration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 symbolic processing (Pessa, 1994). 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 The approaches mentioned aboveGuests are based on considering Emergence as aPolicies generalisation of processes previously introduced for 4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 modelling self-organisation considering the heterogeneity assumption 4.5 the Equalprocess Opportunity and Denied Opportunities and of hierarchically acquiring ................................ new properties 90 as properties of systems of systems (for a general view, see Tables 2 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 and 3). Another possibility is (a) to model, in an ideal way, the stability of the propertyEmigrants take on through behaviour based 5. Colombia: Including in Theircollective Societies of Origin ....... 101 onUrs theWatter continuous and coherent dynamical multiple changing of structure introduced above and also by using models for 5.1 State as Interest and Responsibility computational emergence to model changing of constraints towards their Citizens Living Abroadthe ........................................... 102 rather than the behaviour of elements; and (b) use the concept of 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. meta-structure currently being investigated (see Part 3) which104 is based on the hypothesis is possible to formulate constraints 5.3 Migration Policy and that Ethicsit ......................................................... 106 (e.g., the ways by which rules are applied) as a general structure, 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 i.e., a meta-structure at a higher level of description, able to 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... transform (i.e., nos complete and make sufficient) an incomplete109 or partial structure according to suitable rules, into collective 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 behaviour. Meta-structures are based on mathematical properties 5.7 Challenges taken on by sets.................................................................................... of meso-state variables used by the observer114 to model collective behaviours (Table 3). A meta-structure should116 be Bibliography ....................................................................................... the missing part of the structure as formulated at a meta-level and Working for collective the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 sufficientTogether to establish behaviour. Barry Halliday



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Models based on the Homogeneity assumption

Table of Contents Models based on the Heterogeneity assumption


3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58

Ideal models

Noise-induced phase

Coherent Dynamical Multiple

Spontaneous Symmetry

Collective Beings

transitions Changing of Structure 59 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... Breaking in Quantum Field Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Theory (SSB)

Non-ideal Cellular Automata Agent-based models 4. The Ethics of Migration. models Dissipative structures Artificial Life Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Immune Networks and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61

Laura Zanfrini

Meta-structures Neural Networks


Table 3:for Models for emergence (Minati and Pessa, 2006). 4.2 Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter



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5. Conceptual Models of Structural Changes in 3.4 TheTransitions, Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Phase Self-Organisation, and 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Emergence Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini

4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

As introduced above, a system S, may be modelled by considering 4.3 From Guest WorkersQto1,Unwelcome 82 suitable state variables Q2,..., Qn, Guests whose.................................. instantaneous values specify the state of theand system. Evolution of the state variables may 4.4 Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 be modelled by a system of ordinary differential equations, such as in 4.5 eqs.Equal (2). Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography 97 This system......................................................................................... represents how change in the value of a given state variable, affects all other state variables through interactions fn. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... 101 For instance, consider a system established byoftwo interacting Urs Watter species in an ecosystem, one acting as predator and the other as prey. In 5.1 thisState caseInterest the system may be modelled by considering two state and Responsibility variables, such asCitizens the density individuals belonging to the prey towards their LivingofAbroad ........................................... 102 population, and the other describing the evolution of the density of 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 predators. The Lotka-Volterra model describes interactions between 5.3species Migration Policythose and Ethics ......................................................... 106 two by using two state variables. If we consider the two state variables x, the density of prey individuals, and y, the density of 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 predators, the explicit form of the model is: 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

/ dt = ax − cxy dx (4)  5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 / dt = −bx + cxy dy 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Where: Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

a is the intrinsic rate of prey population increase;

Working Together formortality the Well-being b the predator rate; of Migrants ........................... 119

Barry Halliday c denotes both predation rate coefficient and the reproduction

rate of predators per prey eaten. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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We notice how this approach does not explicitly model interactions between very complicated for systems established 3.4 Thesingle Humanelements, Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 by several elements all adopting different states over time, but by 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 considering suitable macro state variables of the system considered byBibliography the observer as describing evolutionary aspects of the systems. ......................................................................................... 60 In the previous case, the state variables considered were the density 4. of Migration. of The preyEthics individuals and of predators. Reflections Recent Migration Policies Modellingoninteractions between state variables is a way to and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 non-explicitly specify structural constraints upon the interactions Laura Zanfrini of individual elements. WeRestrictive recall that this and approach allows suitable representations of 4.1 Policies Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 system evolution in phase space. System behaviour can be depicted and Humanitarian as 4.2 theInitiatives motion offora Governing point alongFamily a trajectory in phase space. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 In the case of the model introduced above, its solutions consist From Guest Workerswhose to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 of 4.3 periodic behaviours, amplitude depends upon the initial conditions. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 In the following we concentrate upon the conceptual changing Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 of 4.5 models used to represent processes of phase transition, selforganisation emergence occurring within systems modelled Bibliographyand ......................................................................................... 97 using structural change. We presentIncluding some conceptual models forSocieties structuralofchanges starting 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Origin ....... 101 Ursprocesses Watter from of phase transitions. We do not consider crucial theoretical aspects such pressure and temperature in thermodynamic 5.1 State Interest andasResponsibility theory, critical points (e.g., the Curie point in the transition from 102 the towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... paramagnetic to the ferromagnetic state), metastability, or symmetry as Applied 104 in 5.2 theories of Ethics phase .............................................................................. transitions. In the following conceptual examples we5.3 doMigration not even Policy consider generalisations introduced by Synergetics andthe Ethics ......................................................... 106 through adiabatic approximation and order parameters. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 The purpose is to make available to the reader conceptual 5.5 “Colombia nosstructural une”...................................................................... 109 models based on changes compatible with the theories of 5.6 theAlianza processes considered, to provide a clear distinction and País .................................................................................. 112 general (not generic) idea of the three concepts, and their rela5.7 Challenges 114 tionships whilst.................................................................................... also focussing upon the process of structural change. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


5. Conceptual Models of Structural Changes in Phase Transitions, Self-Organisation, and Emergence 10


5.1 Phase transition The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Phase transitions in physics relate to changes in structure. Changes of 3.5 properties relate to changes in structure. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 In this case, as in Thermodynamics, a system is described using Bibliography 60 suitable state ......................................................................................... variables Qn, distinguishing between extensive and intensive ones. 4. The Ethics of Migration. The process of phase transition may be conceptually modelled, Reflections on Recent Migration Policies byand only“Non-policies” considering structural changes, as transition from a system in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 where interaction between state variables are modelled by the Laura Zanfrini structure as in eqs. (2) to a system where interaction between state 4.1 Restrictive Policies by andaStructural for Immigrant Labour .. 65 variables are modelled differentDemand structure 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian

/ dt = g1 (Q1Labour , Q2 ,...,Migration Qn ) dQ1 Migration: but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73  / dt g ( Q , Q ,..., Q ) = dQ 2 2 1 2 n 82  4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................(5) ...............................  4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 dQn / dt = gn (Q1 , Q2 ,..., Qn ) 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Our simple, conceptual model may be related to processes 97 of Bibliography ......................................................................................... symmetry transformation considered in Theoretical Physics. The 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Their ....... 101 transformation considered relates inboth to Societies the formofofOrigin the equations UrstoWatter used describe the system and the form of their solutions. We say that symmetry occurs when a symmetry transformation 5.1aState Interestbreaking and Responsibility leavestowards the form of the equations describing the evolution of 102 the their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... system invariant, but changes the form of their solutions. An example 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 is given by a certian material, which becomes paramagnetic at a given temperature. The formand of Ethics the equations describing the motion of 106 the 5.3 Migration Policy ......................................................... component atoms is invariant to particular symmetry transformations 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 such as space rotations around a given axis. Also the solutions of 5.5 equations “Colombiapossess nos une”...................................................................... these the same invariance. Now consider the case109 in which the material is exposed to an external magnetic field. This 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 exposure will give rise, within the matter, to an induced field aligned 5.7the Challenges 114 with external.................................................................................... one. By the way, if the material is cooled, it reaches a critical temperature (the so-called Curie point) where transition from Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 the paramagnetic to the ferromagnetic phase occurs. An internal Working for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... magnetic Together field of macroscopic dimensions is established due to 119 the Barry Halliday alignment of the magnetic fields of the individual atoms due to their interactions. The existence of such a field leads to a preferred Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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direction for dipoles: that of the internal magnetic field. Because of this, of Rights’ the equations describing the motions of the atoms 3.4the Theform Human Approach........................................................ 58 is still invariant with respect to the symmetry transformations given Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 by3.5spatial rotations, but their solutions are not. The preferred direction breaks invariance. This kind of phase transition and, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 according to Landau, every phase transition can be associated with 4. The Ethics Migration. a breaking ofof symmetry. Reflections on RecentofMigration Policies Further examples symmetry breaking are those occurring and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 within the field theories of fundamental interactions, especially Laura Zanfrini those based upon the so-called gauge theories, a class of theories based on the idea that symmetry transformations can be Labour performed 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant .. 65 locally as well globally (Itzykson and Drouffe, 1989). 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

5.2 Self-organisation

4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82

Processes of self-organisation may be considered as phase transitions 4.4 Selective andstructure the Brainis Drain............................................ 87 when the newlyPolicies acquired dynamic and stable, i.e., changing4.5 orEqual its transition over time is regular. The structure is dynamic, i.e., Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 time-dependent. Bibliography 97 The process......................................................................................... of self-organisation may be conceptually modelled, by considering structural changes, as transitions from a system 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Their Societies of Origin ....... where interactions between statein variables are modelled by 101 the Urs Watter structure as in eqs. (2), to a system where interaction between state variables modelled by this other dynamical structure 5.1 Stateare Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

dQ1 / dt = g1,t (Q1 , Q2 ,..., Qn )  5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 dQ 2 / dt = g 2,t (Q1 , Q2 ,..., Qn ) (6)  5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 ............................... 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 dQ / dt = g (Q , Q ,..., Q ) n ,t 1 2 n  n 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

We5.6recall dynamical system is based on two kinds112 of Alianzathat Paísa.................................................................................. information: a) that dealing with the representation of the system 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 state and information about the system itself and, b) that specifying ....................................................................................... 116 theBibliography dynamics of the system, through a rule describing its evolution. We stress that gn,t are not functions of time specifying the Working for theThey Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 dynamicsTogether of the system. describe the change in structure over Barry Halliday time and not values taken by the same structure over time.





In a simple case, gn,(t+Tn) = gn,t where Tn are suitable periods of, possibly, functions gn,t . These do not describe the trajectory 3.4 The periodic Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 of the system over time as is the case for harmonic oscillators, a 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 planet orbiting the sun or perfectly periodical signals (e.g., sinusoids). Consider, for instance, the case where functions, describing the Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 state of the system with respect to time, change over a certain 4. The Ethics of Migration. period, and our focus is on periods. For instance, functions within a Reflections on Recent Policies step of discretised time, space of functions usingMigration the computational and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... i.e., a counter, as a parameter of self-definition and not as 61a Laura Zanfrini variable, can be used. This approach iterates same Demand cyclic configurations over time 4.1 Restrictive Policies andthe Structural for Immigrant Labour .. 65 as in the study of binary networks (Ashby, 1956) mentioned above 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian or with phenomena such as stochastic synchronization (Balazsi et Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 al., 2003). 4.3 From Guest Workers Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Stationary waves in tocyclic swarms iterate the same cyclic configurations over time andDrain............................................ Hackwood, 1992) with suitable 4.4 Selective Policies and(Beni the Brain 87 constraints avoiding collisions between elements; as in phenomena of 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 cyclic behaviour (Ordemann, 2002) in flocks and swarms, such as Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Daphnia swarms (Erdmann et al., 2004; Mach and Schweitzer, 2007; Ordemann et al., 2003a; Ordemann et al., 2003b; Vollmer et al., 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Theirsystems Societies(Bezrukov of Origin ....... 2007); or in Including fluctuations in biological et. 101 al., Urs Watter 2003) or spontaneuous synchronization in biological systems (Gonze et 5.1 al., State 2005). Interest and Responsibility The conceptual framework is that of continuous phase transitions, towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 also called second-order phase transitions. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Collective behaviour adopted by autonomous systems is 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics 106 typical for various species. On......................................................... the one hand, collective behaviour may be related to physical constraints of various kinds, including 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 dimensional, hydrodynamic, and mechanical for different beings 5.5related “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 and to typical environmental conditions. On the other hand, collective behaviour may be considered as being related to 112 the 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. cognitive system processing environmental input in a suitable way. 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 In this view gn may be considered to represent the cognitive Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 processing performed by agents, which is functional to the interests of species for pattern formation constituting input to the cognitive Working for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 system ofTogether the predator suitable, for instance, to induce it to abandon Barry Halliday the hunt or confuse it when aggregation is an antipredatory strategy


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(Vabo and Nottestad, 1997). Cognitive processing may produce suitable and transforms. 3.4 Thedelays, Humandeformations, Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 5.33.5 Emergence Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Processes of emergence may be considered as phase transitions when newly acquired dynamic structures coherently change over 4. The Ethics of Migration. time. Emergence relates to changes in dynamic structure over time. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies This way of understanding processes of emergence is suitable for and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 modelling collective behaviours of entities provided with cognitive Laura Zanfrini systems, i.e., autonomous systems, allowing them to change their 4.1 Restrictive Policies StructuralItDemand for Immigrant .. 65 rules of interaction, i.e.,and structure. is an idealist way ofLabour modelling possible processes of emergence forHumanitarian non-autonomous systems, 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and because the process of changing structure should be modelled case Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 by case. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 The process of emergence may be conceptually modelled, by 4.4 Selective Policies changes, and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 considering structural as the transition from a system where interactions between state variables are modelled by the dynamic 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 structure as in eqs. (6), to a system where interactions between state Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 variables are modelled by this other coherent structure 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 dQ 1 / dt = h1,t (Q1 , Q2 ,..., Qn )

 Urs Watter dQ2 / dt = h2,t (Q1 , Q2 ,..., Qn ) (7)  5.1 State Interest and Responsibility ...............................  towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 dQ / dt = h (Q , Q ,..., Q ) t 1 2 n  5.2n Appliedn,Ethics .............................................................................. 104

Policy and ......................................................... 106 In 5.3 thisMigration case functions hn,tEthics are not considered like gn,(t+Tn) because they not assumed to Colombia vary with...................................................... regularity, having, for instance, 5.4are Migration Policy in 108a period, but to vary in any way generating, however, coherence, i.e., 5.5 varying “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... their maintains properties of sets of values adopted on109a discretized timescale. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Time specifies indices, functions gn,t amongst a set of suitable 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 functions belonging to a space of functions, e.g., a series, perceived ....................................................................................... as Bibliography being coherent by the observer and relating to the concept116 of dynamical system, as information about the system, as in case a) Working Together for the4.2. Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 listed above in Section Actually, time specifies the structure Barry Halliday valid at time t. Moreover, new state variables related to a hierarchy of coherence are considered by the observer, due to processes of Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy




emergence and the acquisition of new properties to be suitably represented. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Properties of state variables are detected as being stable, regular Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 or3.5 varying with continuity over time, i.e., coherent, by the observer. A conceptual example is given by transforms of periodic processes Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 such as self-organisation producing, for instance, coherent transforms 4. Thean Ethics of Migration. from initial collective behaviour at equilibrium, i.e., assuming Reflections on Recent Migration Policies periodic changes. Transforms may relate to geometrical shapes, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 density, or measurement of volume or surface. Laura Zanfrini Moreover, functions hn,t typically represent dynamics between autonomous agents provided with the same for cognitive system, using 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand Immigrant Labour .. 65 the same cognitive model (in computationalism equivalent to a 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian program) being able, in this way, to continuously change over time Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 and in a coherent way their interactions as in the process of the 4.3 From Guest establishment of Workers CBs. to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 InSelective processes establishing emergence, the coherence of values 4.4 Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 of state variables as detected by the observer replaces regularity 4.5 Equal in Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 occurring self-organisation. This gives ......................................................................................... rise to hierarchies of acquired properties such 97 as Bibliography hyperstructures (Baas, 1994; Baas and Emmeche, 1997). A visual, conclusive summary in is Their presented in Fig. 1. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter




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Table of Contents Levels of emergence as combinations of A, B and C on systems of systems.


3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 D

Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 New virtual structures (hyperstructures) between systems establish new systems,

4. The Ethics of Migration. multiple hierarchical systems of systems, through A ∧∨ B ∧∨ C Reflections on Recent Migration Policies ______________________________________________________________________ and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... Multiple systems (e.g., engineering, Emergence of systems61 of Laura Zanfrini SW, Internet)

acquired properties

4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Multiple structures on Dynamic, virtual same Workers elements to Unwelcome Guests .................................. coherent structures 4.3 FromtheGuest 82


Structured Systems Phase ................................ 90 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities Transitions

Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 Self-organisation


Structure

new structure

5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 B Phase transitions C Self-organisation variable 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 as generalisation Meta-structural of PT models 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112

A Structured interactions

5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... Heterogeneous 114

Homogeneous agents, e.g., workers, cells, ants (particle approach)

agents, e.g., biology,

Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 cognitive and social systems

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Figure 1: A general schema of organised systems, phase-transition, Barry Halliday self-organisation, collective behaviour, emergence. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy




5.3.1 Maintaining emergent properties without processes of emergence 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 As3.5 mentioned above, self-organisation is a process able to establish systems possessing properties and emergence is a process leading Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 to systems acquiring new properties. Properties of systems are 4. The Ethicsthanks of Migration. maintained to the continuous and energy-consuming interReflections on Recent Migration actions between components. Is it Policies possible to make systemic properand “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 ties autonomous, i.e., independent from ........................................... the generating systems and Laura Zanfrini interactions between their elements? Systemic properties canStructural only beDemand properties of systems. This is 4.1 Restrictive Policies and for Immigrant Labour .. 65 one issue considered as falsifying systemics (Minati and Pessa, 2006, Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian pp.4.2446-447). Moreover, systemic properties possessed or acquired Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 by a system can, at most, be partially sustained, i.e., acquired by 4.3 Fromfor Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 another, some reasons, more suitable system. This is the framework of Policies virtuality, and reproduction. Examples are 4.4 Selective andsimulation the Brain Drain............................................ 87 virtual systems in economy (Minati and Pessa, pp. 359-375) “based Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 on4.5 resources effectivelyand usable as if, instead of because they use one resource as if it were functionally endowed with the characteristics Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 of another different resource.” (Minati and Pessa, p. 359). Wellknown and Including widely used processes of simulation are based on 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter able to simulate properties, such as behaviour, computations adopted byInterest other and systems. It is then possible to reproduce some 5.1 State Responsibility effectstowards without reproducing generating processes as when their Citizens Livingthe Abroad ........................................... 102 reproducing music. In all the cases considered above a systemic 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 property of a Ethics generating system is partially acquired and sustained in 5.3 different ways by and another With the term ‘partially’ 106 we Migration Policy Ethicssystem. ......................................................... mean that usually only some aspects of a systemic property are 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 adopted by a new system. The partiality of the property adopted, or 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 transferred, by nos a new system is combined with a more limited amount of resources required by the new system. There is a trade5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 off between the partiality of the systemic property acquired by the 5.7system Challenges 114 new and.................................................................................... its reduced need for resources, such as energy and organisation. instance, a simulation reproduces only some Bibliography For ....................................................................................... 116 specific behavioural aspects of a system; virtuality, as for games and Working Together for to themake Well-being of Migrants 119 corporations, is able a more suitable ........................... system to generate Barry Halliday properties only with reference to some perceptive or economic


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aspects; and reproduction makes available, for instance, the acoustic aspects ofHuman music. Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 3.4 The Technology for making systems, requiring a lower amount of 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... resources, able to partially possess properties usually possessed 59 or acquired by more demanding systems, is very important for the Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 daily life of current social systems. 4. The Ethics ofinMigration. Moreover, a theoretical framework, a similar problem is the Reflections on Recent Migration Policies the original living biologiability to maintain emergent mind without and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 cal matter. It is what religions refer to when dealing with the concept Laura Zanfrini of eternal life, i.e., we may understand, the adoption of mind as an acquired property by another, biological (metempsychosis) or ..not, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour 65 system (Minati, 2008a). 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter



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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Meta-Structures in Collective Phenomena Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini


Phenomena of emergence establishing Collective Behaviour have 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 been modelled in the scientific literature, for instance, as selforganising through phase transitions (see Table 3). There are well4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 known approaches based on different kinds of simulations which all 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 use, however, the same level of description used to model agents Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 and their processes of interaction. The approach in this book is, on the contrary, based on meta5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies ....... 101 elements. Meta-elements are introduced as sets ofofOrigin time-ordered Urs Watter values in a discrete temporal representation adopted by suitable mesoscopic state variables describing global, collective aspects of 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their study. CitizensProperties Living Abroad ........................................... the system under of meta-elements are expected102 to represent aspects of a more general and, consequently, more suitable 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 level of description for collective behavioural phenomena. Meta5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 elements may be identified through a) hypotheses heuristically and abductively formulated by the experimenter or b) by extraction108 of 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... relationships from sets of data using methods of analysis. Examples “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 of 5.5 meta-elements of the first kind are sets of distances with respect to 5.6 time between establishing collective behaviour such as112 in Alianza Paísagents .................................................................................. a 5.7 flock. Meta-structures are assumed to represent properties of Challenges .................................................................................... 114 meta-elements and their possible relationships. Meta-structures may 116 beBibliography intended as....................................................................................... degrees of freedom of elements at a more general level of description, i.e., those of meta-elements, able to indirectly Working for the Well-being of Migrantsat........................... influence Together the behaviour of agents described a lower level119 of Barry Halliday description and producing collective phenomena by non-linearly completing a partial structure. Examples of meta-structures are Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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properties of meta-elements, i.e., sets of values taken by a mesostate over time,Approach........................................................ such as changes in the number of elements 3.4 variable The Human Rights’ 58 having the same value of some variables such as elements having Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 the3.5 same distance from their nearest neighbour, elements having the same speed, elements with the same direction over time between Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 boids of a flock or ergodicity considered in sets over a time span. 4. Theresearch Ethics of hypothesis Migration. is that meta-structures, and possible The Reflections on Recent Migration structural relationships between Policies them, represent invariants for and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 processes of self-organisation considered as partially structured Laura Zanfrini processes. In structured phenomena, structure is given by a complete definition ofand degrees of Demand freedom agents,Labour i.e., ..the 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structural for for Immigrant 65 structure they follow in order to interact. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter



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Meta-structures relate and to aspects, identification, of 4.1 Restrictive Policies Structuralwithout Demandexplicit for Immigrant Labour .. 65 a higher level of description useful for managing the emerging 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian collective phenomena. We believe that modelling processes of Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 emergence by dealing with interaction rules and simulating them From computational Guest Workers toemergence Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 by4.3 using are reductionistic, i.e., the observer uses an ineffective description. 4.4 Selective Policies and thelevel Brainof Drain............................................ 87 The draft research proposal in this book sets out to identify 4.5 Equal Opportunity Denied Opportunities meta-structures able toand complete the partial ................................ structure, making 90 it sufficient, as identified in so-called self-organised processes and Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 collective phenomena, i.e., complete a reductionistic approach based on considering onlySocieties betweenofcomponents. 5. Colombia: Includinginteraction Emigrantsrules in Their Origin ....... 101 Urs WeWatter focus our project on meta-structures as a suitable way for modelling collective taking into account the conceptual 5.1 State Interest andbehaviours Responsibility dynamic structural variations occurring in processes of emergence towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 (5.3). We consider meta-structural properties as representations of 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 coherent variations in structure to be demonstrated through suitable experimental The hypothesis to be demonstrated is that 5.3 Migrationactivity. Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 coherent variations of structure may be represented by meta5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 structural properties. 5.5 nos une”...................................................................... 109 In “Colombia Part 2 we considered a) systems modelled by the same dynamic equations in time, see eqs. (2); b) systems modelled by dynamic 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 equations regularly variable over time, see eqs. (5); and c) systems 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 modelled by dynamic equations non-regularly, but coherently variable over time as in emergence, see eqs. (6). Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 In cases a) and b) the evolutionary steps of the system are computable using the equationsoforMigrants regular variations of them. Working Together for same the Well-being ........................... 119 Barry Halliday In case c) equations of the model may vary in any way, but generate coherence as perceived by the observer. Meta-structures do not Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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prescribe equations nor their suitable evolutionary changing, but there to be respected by any equations modelling 3.4 are Themeta-constraints Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 the system in order to generate coherence, i.e., maintain its identity. 3.5 ...................................................................................... In Conclusion cases a) and b) meta-properties are properties attributable 59 to those of the equations and their possible regular variations. In case Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 c) populations of any equations may generate values of meso-state 4. The Ethics of Migration. variables suitable to respect meta-structures and then coherence. Reflections Recent Migration Policies include relations between Theoreticalonproblems of the project and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 coherence as the maintenance of identity........................................... to an observer and metaLaura Zanfrini properties. In this project we try to identify meta-properties in collective behaviours. of Demand researchforissues are: Labour a) Is there 4.1 Restrictive Policies Examples and Structural Immigrant .. 65 always a precise correspondence between coherence and meta4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian properties? b) Is it possible to detect, through meta-properties, Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 differences between behaviours of systems generated by the same 4.3 Fromor Guest Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 equations theirWorkers regular to varying, or non-regular varying? First of all,Policies we have tothe point outDrain............................................ that for systems established, 87 or 4.4 Selective and Brain modelled as such, by structure (see Section 1.4) meta-elements are 4.5of Equal Opportunitysteps and Denied Opportunities 90 sets time-ordered as stated by the ................................ transition rules, for instance, for automata. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 We then focus upon systems which are established either naturally andIncluding artificially, or modelled as such, by self-organisation. 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs ForWatter the purpose of searching for meta-structures we consider systems within which to search for correspondences between: 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility • properties acquired byLiving a collective such as coherence towards their Citizens Abroadbehaviour, ........................................... 102 and patterns for flocks and swarms, and 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 • meta-elements established by the observer considering easy-to5.3 Migration Policy andvariables Ethics ......................................................... 106 measure meso-state describing collective, structural aspects. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 It is possible to consider different kinds of phenomena displaying 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 collective behaviour, i.e., adopting emergent properties, such as 5.6 Alianza Paísants, .................................................................................. flocks, swarms, fish schools, populations of fireflies (when 112 the individual cycles are synchronized), traffic, industrial districts, lasers, 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 ferromagnetism and superconductivity. Bibliography 116 The specific....................................................................................... case we are considering in this project is the search for meta-structures in a flock of boids simulated through software Working Together for the ........................... 119 implemented ad hoc by Well-being using CA oforMigrants other available technique, Barry Halliday where models are not symbolic, i.e., equations and their possible changing are not explicit. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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6. Description of the Approach The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



A new possible way of modelling emergence as a process of 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian establishing coherence involves considering the properties of sets of Migration: Labour Migration but notconstructivistically Workers’ Migration ............. 73 values taken by meso-state variables identified by4.3 theFrom observer considered as stateGuests variables (see 6.1 and 6.2). Guestand Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 As previously discussed, state variables are macroscopic vari4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 ables suitable for describing the evolution of a system and considered Equalof Opportunity andbehaviours Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 as 4.5 indices microscopic of individual interacting components. Other approaches are based on considering microscopic Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 state variables describing the behaviour of individual interacting components. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 TheWatter approach we introduce is based upon the concept of mesoUrs state variable. A meso-state variable represents, at some intermediate 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility level of description such as a mesoscopic one, a limited aggregation towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 of specific aspects of interacting components, larger than the 5.2 Appliedand Ethics .............................................................................. 104 microscopic smaller than the macroscopic. With reference to aand flock we......................................................... may consider as examples of 106 5.3 Migration Policy Ethics •5.4 macroscopic state invariables, density, volume and surface108 of Migration Policy Colombiathe ......................................................

the flock over time;

5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

•

microscopic state variables, the distance between boids, speeds and direction of single boids over time.

5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114

It is also possible to use an intermediate level of description. the Bibliography 116 mesoscopic one....................................................................................... (Serra et al., 1986; Serra and Zanarini, 1990), when variables represent aggregates of microscopic but not macroscopic Working foroftheautomobile Well-being traffic of Migrants ........................... values. InTogether the case a typical example of119a Barry Halliday mesosopic variable is given by the number of cars not having the possibility to accelerate. This single mesoscopic variable captures the Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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state of cars stopped, decreasing speed, and in a queue proceeding at constant 3.4 Thespeed. Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 In our case we may take, as meso-state variables, the number of 3.5 Conclusion 59 elements having...................................................................................... the same value (more realistically within a range of Bibliography values) of variables such as elements having the same distance ......................................................................................... 60 (more realistically within a range of values) from their nearest 4. The Ethicselements of Migration. neighbours, having the same speed or elements having the Reflections Recent same directiononover time.Migration Policies and in Italy properties, and Europei.e., ........................................... 61 This“Non-policies” approach considers meta-properties, of sets Laura Zanfrini of values, rather than single specific values, adopted by meso-state variables for each evolutionary stepDemand and levels of ergodicity of..the 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural for Immigrant Labour 65 sets of values adopted by single meso-state variables within a given 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian timeframe. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

1 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 6.14.3 Meta-element

Selective Policies and the as Brain Drain............................................ 87 A 4.4 meta-element is intended a logical entity consisting of timeordered sets of values in a discrete temporal representation, adopted 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 by meso-state variables describing collective, structural aspects of the Bibliography ......................................................................................... collective phenomena under study and related to a higher level 97 of description (meta-description) suitable for dealing with coherence 5. Colombia:for Including Theircorrelations). Societies of Origin ....... 101 (associated, instance,Emigrants with longinrange Urs Watter For instance, by studying collective behaviour, such as that 5.1 State Interest anditResponsibility establishing a flock, is possible to consider as its meta-elements towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2term Applied .............................................................................. 104 1 The meta Ethics (from Greek: µετά = "after", "beyond"), is a prefix used in English

to indicate a concept which is an abstraction from another one. It is used here to 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 refer to a more general level of description. The5.4 term is used within several disciplinary contexts, including: Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 • Metaphysics, the branch of philosophy related to the essence of the physical 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 world; • A meta-language in logic and linguistics is a language used to make statements 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 about other languages. Moreover, generative grammars are a type of metalanguage; 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 • In biology, a meta-population consists of a group of spatially separated populations ....................................................................................... 116 ofBibliography the same species which interact at some level; • In informatics, meta-elements are elements of Hyper Text Mark-Up Language (HTML) used to provide structured metadata a web........................... page, and a meta-agent Working Together for the Well-being of about Migrants 119 decides a strategy in simulation systems; Barry on Halliday • The meta-structure of a semantic net is represented as a topological map; • Meta-mathematics dealing with foundations of mathematics. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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the sets constituted by the values of distances between boids (relating, for instance, to the nearest neighbour or to the next3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 nearest neighbour, etc.), their ratios and the number of boids having Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 the3.5 same speed or direction on a discretized timescale. Our approach is interested in the properties of such sets, which Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 may be identified in at least two general ways: 4. The Ethics of Migration. a) Reflections through hypotheses and abductively, i.e., constructivon Recentheuristically Migration Policies istically, realised by the experimenter and........................................... through techniques of data and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61

analysis by using, for instance, statistical methods, curve fitting and Laura Zanfrini clustering; 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65

b) through extraction of relationships from sets of data, such as 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian signals, by using methods of analysis or through techniques of data Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 mining by using, for instance, association rules and knowledge 4.3 Fromalgorithms Guest Workers Guests .................................. 82 discovery usedtoinUnwelcome Data Mining approaches. Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 To4.4 clarify, it should beand specified that, for instance, the sets of values adopted by Opportunity variables describing behaviour................................ of each component 4.5 Equal and Denied the Opportunities 90 of the system, such as agents, are not meta-elements, whereas the Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 sets of values adopted by variables describing relationships between theColombia: behaviourIncluding of components of the system, e.g., their distances, are 5. Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 meta-elements. Urs Watter State Interest and Responsibility 6.25.1 Meta-structure

towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

As meta-structure we intend

5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104

properties of meta-elements, i.e., properties of sets of meso-state collective, structural variables. Examples of such properties are 5.4 Migration Policy in natures Colombiasuch ...................................................... 108 indices of various as statistical and symmetryrelated ones,nos constants, regularities, and the possible level109 of 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... ergodicity2 of the set of values adopted by the collective variable 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 considered over time, and

•


5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 2 From (Minati and Pessa, 2006): A working definition of ergodicity, a generalisation of that used in physics, is: “If x% of the population is in a particular state S at any

Working Together forindividual the Well-being of Migrants 119a moment in time and each in the population (or, in ........................... a less restrictive way,

subpopulation of elements) spends y% of time in that state, when the system is Barry Halliday ergodic x% = y%. A definition which is equivalent to: When the system is ergodic, the mean of observations on an individual (or a subpopulation) made over a time y Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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the possible structure (i.e., relationships) variable over time between properties meta-elements (for instance, relationships 3.4 The Human Rights’ofApproach........................................................ 58 between constants, indices and statistical values).

• The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59

Properties considered by Meta-Structures relate to a macroscopic Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 and mesoscopic level of description. Properties of sets of values acquired, for of instance, by the volume or the surface of a flock over 4. The Ethics Migration. time (conceptually equivalent the temperature for physical Reflections on Recent Migrationto Policies systems) relate to a macroscopic level of description, while the and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 properties of sets of values acquired, for instance, by sets of boids Laura Zanfrini having the same distances, directions and speeds over time relate to 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 a mesoscopic level of description. While variations in ergodicity 4.2note Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian (see 2) show that a process of change in a structure is in Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migrationto............. 73 progress, meta-structural properties are expected provide information about the coherence of the process of different 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 structural changes and of the corresponding acquired collective 4.4 SelectiveMeta-Structural Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ properties. properties may be assumed 87 to represent in structures introduced in Part 2 without 4.5 Equalchanges Opportunity and Denied as Opportunities ................................ 90 explicit knowledge of the process. The use of meta-structure Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 within this context relates to the ability to convert properties of meta-elements and their mutual relationships into of constraints to101 be 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin ....... applied to a partially structured behaviour of agents in order to Urs Watter establish collective behaviour. Variability over time may be 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility represented by changes in the values of suitable parameters which towards their Citizens Abroad Can ........................................... can play the role of controlLiving parameters. changes in the values102 of the5.2relationships between properties of meta-elements be modelled Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 is equal to the mean of observations made on x individuals at a single moment in 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 time over a domain” (p. 306). “To this end, let us assume that system monitoring involves a single, particular, behavioural feature F, which will be assumed to be109 as5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... sociated with a finite number of different possible states Fi. For each of these states, let 5.6 us assume thatPaís our.................................................................................. monitoring (over a given observational time) of a system, conAlianza 112 taining a finite (and constant over time) number of elements, gave the average per5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... centage of time spent by a single element in state Fi as y%i and the average 114 percentage of elements lying in the same state as x%i. A measure of the degree of erBibliography ....................................................................................... 116 godicity of that particular state is then given by: Ei = 1/[1 + (x%i – y%i )2] ” (p. 307). This is useful as an index for detecting the establishment of processes of selfWorking Together for the Well-being of Migrants 119 organization, such as structural changes in phase transitions........................... (Boschetti et al., 2005; Minati, Examples of non-ergodic states, or frozen states, are found not only Barry2002). Halliday in computers. Solids are typical examples of non-ergodic systems. Glasses and crystal lattices are a typical example of systems with broken ergodicity. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy




as a system and the acquisition of emergent properties modelled as corresponding critical points? Is this approach suitable for 3.4 The HumantoRights’ Approach........................................................ 58 modelling transient states, for instance, the initial process of the 3.5 Conclusionmerging ...................................................................................... 59 establishment, and disaggregation of flocks? In this view structured functional interactions are considered Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 as a constraint, a specification and a particular case of a meta4. The Ethics of Migration. structure. Reflections on Recent Policies On the other hand, Migration is it possible to consider a meta-structure and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 as a generalisation of structure together........................................... with suitable constraints Laura Zanfrini such as the setting of parameter values related to properties of meta-elements? 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Moreover, the meta-structural views, whilst not being of a 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian quantistic nature, may be considered within the framework of the Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 concept of implicate order introduced by David Bohm (Bohm, 4.3 From Guest to Unwelcome .................................. 82 1980; Bohm andWorkers Hiley, 1993). Bohm Guests proposed a completely new cosmological expressed as a distinction between the implicate 4.4 Selectiveview Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 and explicate order: 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 “In the enfolded [or implicate] order, space and time are no longer Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 the dominant factors determining the relationships of dependence or independence of different elements. Rather, an entirely different sort 5. Colombia: Including Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 of basic connection ofEmigrants elements isin possible, from which our ordinary Urs Watter notions of space and time, along with those of separately existent material particles,and areResponsibility abstracted as forms derived from the deeper 5.1 State Interest order. These ordinary notions fact appear in what is called the102 towards their Citizens LivinginAbroad ........................................... “explicate” or “unfolded” order, which is a special and distinguished form contained within the general totality of all the implicate orders”104 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. (Bohm, 1980, p. xv). 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106

From this pointPolicy of view the explicate order and dynamic causality 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 are a holographic representation of the implicate order and formal 5.5 “Colombia nos of une”...................................................................... 109 causality. The role the observer is to deploy the explicate order by5.6 selecting of measurement (Licata, 2008, pp. 255-256). Alianza processes País .................................................................................. 112 In the case of meta-structures, the role of the observer is to deploy 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 the explicate order by selecting suitable meso-state variables and Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 detect meta-structural properties. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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6.3 Level of Description and Meta-level The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 What is the relationship between the concept of meta-level, defined by3.5 meta-element and meta-structure, and the concept of level 59 of Conclusion ...................................................................................... description? Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 As mentioned above, the process of identification of metaelements is constructivistically based on a) hypotheses heuristically 4. The Ethics of Migration. and abductively developed by the experimenter and b) extractions of Reflections on Recent Migration Policies relationships from sets of data. Meta-elements and meta-structures and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 areLaura considered Zanfriniaspects of a more general level of description without having, moreover, the possibility of fully describing it through suit4.1disciplinary Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant .. 65 able knowledge, representations and scaling.Labour Consider, for4.2 example, a living system Family (i.e., having the properties necessary to Initiatives for Governing and Humanitarian regenerate, reproduce evolve,but as not alsoWorkers’ considered in Artificial Life Migration: Labourand Migration Migration ............. 73 and Synthetic Biology) described at a biological-physical-chemical 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 level. The phenomenon of the possible emission of sounds by this 4.4 Selective andinthebiological, Brain Drain............................................ 87 system can be Policies described physical and chemical terms. Because of the lack of a level of description with which it is possible 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 to represent emergent cognitive phenomena, in this case the mean......................................................................................... 97 ingBibliography of generated sounds, the observer will only be able to correlate the emission of sound, for instance, with a) the proximity of other 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 living systems; b) the time frame between the emission of sound Urs Watter and a behavioural decision taken by other living systems; and c) 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility other aspects depending upon the characteristics of the sound proAbroad ........................................... 102 duced.towards In thetheir sameCitizens way, itLiving will be possible to correlate moves with changes in environmental conditions. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 An example of this kind of situation is given by attempts at 5.3 Migration Policybetween and Ethicsautonomous ......................................................... 106 mutual modelling systems provided with different cognitive in order to identify empirical mutual 5.4 Migration Policysystems in Colombia ...................................................... 108 representations and set some forms of learning. This is the case of 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 cognitive ethology (Griffin, 1984; 1992) where the usage of clusters Alianza País 112 of 5.6 variables and.................................................................................. correlations is considered in order to manage behaviour, as in.................................................................................... training. In this case the meta-structure may114 be 5.7 Challenges given by the properties of sets of distances and positions between Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 animal and trainer depending upon the presence of external objects, e.g., tools or other people, such as guide-dogs for the blind, sled Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 dogs and anti-narcotics dogs. Barry Halliday





However, this approach, with the usage of meso-state variables to 3.4 model the process the acquisition of emergent properties, The Human Rights’ of Approach........................................................ 58 should not be confused with invention (or discovery in an objectivist 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 view) of new variables used to describe a new level of description related to emergent phenomena. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 An example of this situation, i.e., invention, is the paradigm4. Thebetween Ethics of Migration. and cognitivism able to model emergent shift behaviourism Reflections on Recent Policies i.e., unrepresentable, by properties which are Migration unrecognizable, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 behaviourism. In this case we have a real ........................................... paradigm-shift, the creation Laura Zanfrini of a new and explicit level of description and not only correlations. Moreover, shouldand beStructural noticed Demand how theforapproach 4.1 RestrictiveitPolicies Immigrantintroduced, Labour .. 65 based on the identification of meta-elements, proposes to make up Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian for4.2the lack of suitability of the level of description related to Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 individual interacting agents for modelling and not only simulating 4.3 Fromproperties, Guest Workers to collective Unwelcomebehaviour. Guests .................................. 82 emergent as for In Selective physics, Policies for instance, mechanics, electromagnetism and optics 4.4 and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 are not levels of description related to collective behaviours 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 established in a previous (i.e., where it is possible to describe agents establishing processes of emergence), lower (i.e., less general) level Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 of description, but relate to the usage of different representations. In this case phenomena represented in different ways and....... not101 as 5. Colombia: Includingare Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin Urs emergent, Watter being one emerging from the other. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility

6.4 The approach towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

The is that through meta-elements and meta-structures, 5.2hypothesis Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 i.e., a meta-level, it is possible to model and manage at a higher 5.3more Migration Policylevel and Ethics ......................................................... 106 and suitable of representation, emergent phenomena. Because of the Policy natureinofColombia the phenomena, it is possible to act on 108 the 5.4 Migration ...................................................... degrees of freedom of global aspects. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 In our research project we attempt to identify a) families of 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. ranges of meta-structural values and b) processes of acquisition112 by meso-state variables of values within those ranges, characterizing 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 collective behaviours in general. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Moreover, some specific meta-structural parameters (e.g., specific values acquired by collective variables acquiring ergodic or statistical Working Together for the Well-being of collective Migrants ........................... properties) may correspond to specific behaviours such119 as Barry Halliday flocking or swarming.


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Because of this, one does not expect the existence of bi-unique correspondences between meta-structures and systems where the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 behaviour of elements follows such a meta-structure. 3.5 ...................................................................................... 59 ToConclusion each meta-structure, there may correspond an undefined number of configurations of elements complying with the same Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 meta-structure. 4. The of Migration. TheEthics approach is based on the hypothesis that the collective Reflections on Recent behaviour over time isMigration generatedPolicies by the behaviour of elements and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 (heterogeneity-assumption) in dynamical systems respecting the Laura Zanfrini same or changing meta-structural constraints and through suitable constraints suchPolicies as collision avoidance, of Labour paths ..and 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demandcontinuity for Immigrant 65 persistence over time. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Another aspect relates to the sufficiency of meta-structural Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 constraints to maintain collective properties while the system changes 4.3 From Unwelcome .................................. because of,Guest for Workers instance,tochanges in Guests the number of elements 82 or environmental conditions. A research question, for instance, is: Are 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 the same meta-structures or suitable continuities between different 4.5 Equal Opportunity and able Denied ................................ meta-structures over time to Opportunities establish or maintain the same 90 or different collective behaviour while changing the system, for Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 instance, because elements or environmental conditions change? To summarise, canEmigrants collective behaviour be ofestablished 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies Origin ....... and 101 Urs Watter by the stability of some parametrical meta-structural maintained values overInterest time orand byResponsibility a suitable continuity among them? 5.1 State Moreover, through a is not possible to explicitly towards their Citizensmeta-structure Living Abroadit........................................... 102 prescribe behavioural rules to single elements, but properties for sets Appliedvalues Ethics representing .............................................................................. 104 of 5.2 collective global aspects of the entire system. In Migration this way Policy a meta-structure prescribes general constraints (i.e., 5.3 and Ethics ......................................................... 106 applicable to the entire system), as invariants, to global formal 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 aspects, such as to the sets of all distances, directions and speeds over 5.5 (see “Colombia nos7.1). une”...................................................................... 109 time Section It is not possible to directly transform them into behavioural rules for interacting agents. Among the set of all 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 possible agent behaviours following only partially structured rules, Challenges the5.7system must.................................................................................... select those respecting the boundary conditions114 as defined by the meta-structure and suitable constraints such116 as Bibliography ....................................................................................... collision avoidance, continuity of paths and persistence over time. Working Together Well-beingsets of Migrants For instance, it is for likethe prescribing of global........................... formal aspects119 in Barry order toHalliday obtain specific statistical aspects or levels of ergodicity.





Besides, the meta-structure prescribes the properties and relationships between properties meta-elements. 3.4 Thethe Human Rights’ofApproach........................................................ 58 Consider collective behaviour, such as that establishing a flock. 3.5possible Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 It is to consider, for instance, meta-elements as: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

•

Sets of distances di between boids over time;

4. •The of Migration. SetsEthics of speeds adopted by boids over time; Reflections on Recent Migration Policies • Sets of directions adopted by boids over time; and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 •Laura Sets Zanfrini of numbers

of components of multiple systems established by a flock over time as in the theory of CBs. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65

It 4.2 is Initiatives possible for to Governing consider collective Family and phenomena Humanitarian as a source of phenomenological and Migration partially structured signals, such as............. for metaMigration: Labour but not Workers’ Migration 73 elements, i.e., sets of values adopted by meso-state variables, and 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 look for their properties representing coherence. 4.4 Selective Policies the Brain Drain............................................ 87 The properties ofand meta-elements and possible relationships between them establish the meta-structure, not the structure because 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 they relate, at this level of description, to meso-state variables and not ......................................................................................... to Bibliography the interactions between agents or macroscopic state variables 97 If the research outlined in this book is successful, we will be 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 able to find meta-structures corresponding to collective behaviours Urs Watter in general, and then we will have to deal with the problem of how Interest and of Responsibility to 5.1 useState the properties the meta-structure to manage processes of towards their Citizens ........................................... 102a collective behaviour. OneLiving majorAbroad problem relates to the fact that single meta-structural property may have different possible effects 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 on the behaviour of individual agents. This is assumed to complete 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 partial structural constraints, such as respecting minimum distances between boids inPolicy a flock or collision avoidance. 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 Suppose, consider only a hypothetical case, that the number 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 of boids taking the same (more realistically, within the same 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 range of values or varying with a certain regularity) speed, direction or distance from the nearest boid is constant (more 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 realistically, within the same range of values or varying with a Bibliography ....................................................................................... certain regularity). How can one prescribe those constraints116 to simulated boids (see Section 7.1)? Are constants supposed to be Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 prescribed in some way to each boid by distributing suitable Barry Halliday


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individual values? What kind of distribution may we take as being theHuman most appropriate? 3.4 The Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 The problem is to identify meta-structures in order to be able to 3.5 Conclusion 59 model processes...................................................................................... of self-organisation not only at the level of the rules used by agents, but by using rules for meso-state variables. 60 Bibliography ......................................................................................... This meta-structural level should allow one to deal, in a 4. The Ethics Migration. general way,of with any kind of process of self-organisation making Reflections RecentitMigration Policiesupon meso-state variables. it possible to on manage through acting and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 This possible methodology may constitute an initial approach Laura Zanfrini towards a General Theory of Emergence (Minati, 2006) of Collective as a and general theory of change (Pessa,Labour 2008).. 65 in 4.1Phenomena Restrictive Policies Structural Demand for Immigrant Collective Phenomena. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Evolutionary dynamics is intended as being activated by only Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 partially structured rules supplied to agents, used for sub-symbolic 4.3 From Guest Workers torepresented Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 simulations, but explicitly at a higher level of description, by using meta-structures. At this level it is possible to go 4.4 i.e., Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 beyond the simulation of collective behaviours, as when using sub4.5 Equal Opportunity and CA, Denied Opportunities ................................ symbolic processing (e.g., NN, and agent-based simulations).90 While meta-structural properties allow an indefinite number 97 of Bibliography ......................................................................................... degrees of freedom for components expected to behave by respecting meta-structural constraints, structured behaviour precise 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societiesidentifies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter degrees of freedom for system components. WeState canInterest say that meta-structural property degenerates into a 5.1 andaResponsibility structural one when the of solutions is no longer indefinite. towards their Citizensnumber Living Abroad ........................................... 102 In this case properties of sets of values of meso-state variables 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104a adopted during a process of emergence become local, i.e., within restricted dominain, equations modelling the system. 5.3 Migration Policyproperties and Ethicsof ......................................................... 106 In the case of structured systems, meta-structural properties are 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 given by reducing the equations of the model. 5.5 nos une”...................................................................... 109 In “Colombia meta-structural models of collective phenomena, the model prescribes ways of the related varying of meso-state variables and 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 from them it is not possible to deduce a model prescribing behaviours Challenges .................................................................................... 114 to 5.7 single components. We realise ....................................................................................... how modelling is at another, higher, level of descripBibliography 116 tion. Working Together for the Migrants ........................... 119 Finally, in the case of Well-being structured of systems coherence is intended Hallidaygiven by constancy of structure and the metaas Barry regularity


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structure coincides with structure while meso-state variables are3.4reduced to microscopic state variables. The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 In collective phenomena coherence is intended as a regularity in Conclusion 59 the3.5 changing of ...................................................................................... structure between meso-state variables. In this case, theBibliography modelling ......................................................................................... does not focus upon single interactions or on the na60 ture of the elements. Because of this, distinction between homoge4. The and Ethics of Migration.assumptions is not suitable (see Table 4). neous heterogeneous Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy andStructure Europe Macroscopic level is ........................................... prescribed, or modelled as such,61 Laura Zanfrini

according to macroscopic state variables such as pressure, temperature, density, etc.

4.1 Restrictive Policies Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Microscopic Level and Structural Structure is prescribed, or modelled as such, through behavioural rules for elements as for

4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family AGM,and CAHumanitarian and weights for NN and symbolic Migration: Labour Migrationmodels. but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Mesoscopic level Structure is modelled through order 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 parameters as in Synergetics and through

metastructural properties. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87

4.5 Equal Opportunity and DeniedCollective Opportunities ................................ 90 Table 4: Modelling Phenomena. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97

6.4.1 Theories of scaling for metabolic rates as meta-models

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies Origin .......rate 101 Here, we should also mention theories of scaling forofmetabolic Urs Watter

as meta-models. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the minimum metabolic towardsto their Citizens ........................................... rate needed sustain theLiving life ofAbroad an organism in an environment102 at the5.2same temperature. The BMR is measured in organisms in Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104a post-absorptive, i.e., the digestive system is inactive, resting state. 5.3 Ethics(Kleiber, ......................................................... M.Migration Kleiber Policy in theand 1930s 1932) first formulated 106 for mammals and Policy birds inthe classic...................................................... allometric scaling relationship 5.4 Migration Colombia 108 relating metabolic rate (B) to body mass (M): 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

3/4 B= (8) 0M 5.6BAlianza País .................................................................................. 112

This allometric.................................................................................... scaling has been found for a wide range 114 of 5.7 Challenges organisms, from microbes (M≈10–13 g) to the largest vertebrates and Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 plants (M≈108 g). The interesting aspect is that although the value of B0 varies overforbroad taxonomic or functional groups like Working Together the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 endotherms, ectotherms, protists, and vascular plants, the value of Barry Halliday the scaling exponent (b) in the equation B=B0M b related metabolic Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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rate (B) to body mass (M) is always close to 3/4. Moreover, other physiological variables as lifespan, respiratory rate, heart-rate 3.4 The Human Rights’ such Approach........................................................ 58 and radius of aorta scale with exponents close to simple multiples of Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 1/43.5(Schmidt-Nielsen, 1984). This effect has been named universal quarter power.......................................................................................... The origin of this effect and the reasons why60a Bibliography simple linear relationship (b = 1) or a simple Euclidean surface-to4. The Ethics of Migration. volume relationship (b = 2/3) do not apply has long been the subject on Recent Migration Policies of Reflections scientific investigation. G. B. West, J. H. Brown and B. J. Enquist and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 developed in 1997 a quantitative theoretical model accounting for Laura Zanfrini quarter-power scaling on the basis of the assumption that metabolic rates are constrained rate ofDemand resource (West et ..al., 4.1 Restrictive Policiesby andthe Structural for supply Immigrant Labour 65 1997; 2002). Allometric exponents are in consequence determined Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian by4.2 generic universal properties of hierarchical transport networks Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 such as the vascular systems in mammals and plants. More 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 generally, quarter powers reflect theGuests effective four-dimensional fractal-like character biological 4.4 Selective Policiesofand the Brainnetworks. Drain............................................ 87 The branching transport systems for both animals and plants 4.5 Equal and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 follow threeOpportunity key properties explaining the origin of b = 3/4: ......................................................................................... •Bibliography networks must reach every cell in the organism and are 97 in

consequence space-filling;

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 •Urs their terminal Watter

branch units (e.g., capillaries in the circulatory system or mitochondria within cells) are the same size, respec5.1 State Interest and Responsibility tively, for all organisms or cells of the same class; towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

energy expenditure in the networks had been minimized by 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 natural selection. From the fact that the number of terminal units 5.3 Migration Policyand andmitochondria) Ethics ......................................................... (e.g., capillaries in the hierarchical network106 is maximized when scaled, it is possible to derive the universal 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 quarter power.

•

5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

The universal quarter power may be intended as a meta-structure, 5.6aAlianza País .................................................................................. i.e., mathematical properties of sets of values establishing112a biological system, i.e., a system having a Basal Metabolic Rate. 114 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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7. Use of the Simulation of Flocks Established by 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Agent-Boids 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini

4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian

Flocks of boids have been used in simulation programs for computerMigration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 animated cartoon production (Reynolds, 1987). Focus in this case is From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 on4.3 phenomenological emergence, even though it is simulated through artificial agentsPolicies as in a mathematical model which may reproduce, i.e., 4.4 Selective and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 simulate, the unexpected, emergent effects. Computational emergence Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 is 4.5 used to simulate phenomenological emergence. Sometimes the former is assumed to explain the latter, in a typically, in our view, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 reductionistic approach. 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies Origin ....... 101 It is appropriate that Emigrants an initial validating approachoffor the detection Watter of Urs Meta-structures be based on data coming from processes of subsymbolic 3D flocks established by boids. The reasons 5.1 Statesimulation Interest andofResponsibility are: towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 •5.2 theApplied number of agent-boids is limited and decided by the experiEthics .............................................................................. 104

menter;


data to be used for detecting structures are relatively simple and regard the positions over time of single agent-boids and their 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 dynamics;

•

5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108

Alianza Paísto .................................................................................. 112 •5.6 it is possible do experiments through the possible prescription

and subsequent simulation of behaviour by complying with 114 the 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... meta-structure.

Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

When interacting agents establish collective phenomena, rendering Working for the Well-being Migrants emergentTogether spatial properties, such asofthe shapes........................... and behaviour119 of

Barryand Halliday flocks swarms, then it is possible to model using metric or topological distances.


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Metric distances relate to distances in spaces which are metric. Modelling and simulations of such phenomena have usually been 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 based on different approaches such as considering metric distances. 3.5 Conclusion 59 Examples of this...................................................................................... approach and related modelling have been published (Aoki, 1984; Couzin et al., 2002; Czirók et al. 1999; Heppner and Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Grenander, 1990; Huth and Wissel; 1992; Inada and Kawachi, 4. The Kunz Ethics and of Migration. 2002; Hemelrijk, 2003; Mikhailov and Calenbuhr, 2002; Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Reynolds, 1987; Reynolds, 2006; Vabo and Nottestad, 1997; Vicsek and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... et al., 1995). Another interesting possibility, based on fuzzy logic,61 is Laura Zanfrini to consider linguistic descriptions in order to build suitable models (Bajec et. al., 2005; 2007). 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Topological distance relates to distance in a space having a 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian topology, for instance, when considering a graph, the distance Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 between two nodes is the minimum number of nodes between two 4.3 From to Unwelcome Guests 82 nodes. A Guest new, Workers more recent, approach to .................................. modelling collective behaviour established by agents making emergent spatial properties 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 is based on considering topological distances (Ballerini et al., 4.5 Equal Opportunity Deniedare Opportunities 90 2008). In this approachandagents assumed to................................ be able to process topological distance. In this way agents maintain the same strength 97 of Bibliography ......................................................................................... interaction at different densities, i.e., irrespectively of the metric distance. It relates to the relationship between density and cohesion, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Watter changes in density do not affect cohesion. Researchers i.e.,Urs enormous found that Interest in thisand modelling approach, if the interaction depends 5.1 State Responsibility upon towards the topological distance, the number of interacting individuals their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 is fixed, whereas when considering metric distances, the number 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. varies with Ethics density. The number fixed experimentally by 104 the researcher for aPolicy specific flock is seven. They conclude that 5.3 Migration and kind Ethicsof......................................................... 106 this number relates to 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 “…the corticalnos elaboration of the visual input by birds, rather than109 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... from a limitation of the input itself. In order to keep under control a fixed number of .................................................................................. neighbours, irrespective of their metric distance, it is112 5.6 Alianza País necessary for the individuals to have some pre-numeric ability or, 5.7 Challenges 114 more precisely,.................................................................................... an object-tracking, or ‘subitizing1’, ability.” Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

If we adopt this as a meso-state variable describing the number of agents possessing the the same anisotropic behaviour, i.e., having 119 the Working Together for Well-being of Migrants ........................... Barry Halliday

1 subitizing is intended as prenumeration, i.e., immediate recognition of quantities,

see Kaufman et al., 1949.


7. Use of the Simulation of Flocks Established by Agent-Boids 10



same topological distance, we can identify a meta-structural property, the3.4number 7 per topological distance. In order to generalise this The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 approach it is necessary to consider different kinds of topological 3.5 Conclusion 59 distances related ...................................................................................... to different topologies. It is also necessary to identify systems detecting topological distance corresponding to different Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 visual systems in biology and allowing identification of properties 4. The Ethics oftoMigration. corresponding anisotropy, for instance, in physics and economics. Recent Migration Policies In Reflections this case it on is possible to look for the corresponding fixed number and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 61 of interacting individuals (seven in the........................................... case considered above). Laura Zanfrini However, this result is related only to specific cases as agents processing visual input and in aStructural specific manner. 4.1 Restrictive Policies Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Finally, we mention, in the area of modelling of Multi-Agent 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Systems, the ‘equigrouping problem’ when all lattice points between Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 two agents’ positions are occupied by other agents (Yamins, 2005a; 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 2005b). The approach basedand on the considering meta-structures is independent 4.4 Selective Policies Brain Drain............................................ 87 of the homogeneity-assumption and it is possible to generalise to the 4.5 of Equal Opportunity and Deniedthe Opportunities 90 case heterogeneity because properties................................ considered are not related to single, individual components. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 The framework is a discretised representation of a system of k interacting with the inpossibility of adopting 5. Colombia:agent-boids Including Emigrants Their Societies of Origindifferent ....... 101 Urs Watter values for variables representing their behaviour. The useInterest of meta-structures for simulation must consider that 5.1 State and Responsibility compliance with meta-structural constraints simultaneously relates, towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 in a non-bi-unique way, to all k agent-boids of the set, at each 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. instant, i.e., for every evolutionary step of the system. It does 104 not relate to the behaviour of Ethics single......................................................... agent-boids. 5.3 Migration Policy and 106 In modelling based on meta-structures the evolutionary steps of 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 agent-boids are still autonomous, i.e., they follow partially structured 5.5 “Colombia nossimulating une”...................................................................... rules and use data fluctuations, but in such a way as109 to comply with meta-structural constraints. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Approaches and techniques for using collective, possibly variable, 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 constraints, such as meta-structural ones, may reproduce those detectable in the time series of the sets of values related to 116 the Bibliography ....................................................................................... collective variable considered, for instance, using probabilistic Working Together for complying the Well-being Migrants 119 distribution functions, withofstability or ........................... ergodic constraints. Barry Halliday It relates to how to distribute to single agent-boids, a single collective constraint. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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The perspective is to validate this approach on data related to real usingRights’ suitable techniques, such as stereometric and 3.4 flocks The Human Approach........................................................ 58 computer vision techniques. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59

7.1Bibliography Meso-state......................................................................................... variables and Meta-structures for flocking 60 We may consider, for instance, coherence generated no longer by

4. The Ethics of Migration. suitable changes in hn of state variables Qn, but by Fn of meso-state Reflections on Recent Migration Policies variables considering, for instance, the set of distances at given and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61

points in time between boids in a flock. It is possible to identify at Laura Zanfrini each instant t the number N of boids adopting the minimum, maxi4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural mum or the same distance. VariablesDemand may be:for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Initiatives Humanitarian •4.2 Mx, numberforofGoverning elementsFamily havingand maximum distance

at a given

Migration: point in time;Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. •4.3 Mn, number of elements having the minimum distance at82a

given pointPolicies in time;and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.4 Selective •4.5 NkEqual number of elements havingOpportunities same value ................................ of variables such as: Opportunity and Denied 90

N1 = number of elements having same distance from the nearest neighbour, N2 = number of elements having same speed and N3 = number of elements having same direction over time;

Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 •Urs andWatter levels

of ergodicity of the sets of values adopted by single meso-state variables within a given timeframe. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility

their In thistowards case we canCitizens write Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104

dMx / dt = F1 ( Mx, Mn, N k )  5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 (9) dMn / dt = F2 ( Mx, Mn, N k ) 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 dN / dt = F ( Mx, Mn, N ) 3 k  k 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

Possible levels of.................................................................................. ergodicity of the sets of values taken by single 5.6 Alianza País 112 meso-state variables within a given timeframe may also be considered 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 meso-state variables themselves. This modelling relates to the approach based on considering Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 meta-structures, i.e., mathematical properties of sets of values taken Working Together for thewithin Well-being of Migrants by meso-state variables a discretised time............................ 119 Barry Halliday We may also consider macroscopic state variables such as:




•

D, density of the flock at a given point in time;


Human Approach........................................................ 58 •3.4 V,The volume of Rights’ the flock at a given point in time; 59 •3.5 Su,Conclusion surface of...................................................................................... the flock at a given point in time. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 It is also possible to consider models based on macro and mesoscopic state variables, such as:

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies / dt = F4 ( D,V , Su, Mx, Mn, N k ) dD and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61

 / dt Zanfrini = F5 ( D,V , Su, Mx, Mn, N k ) Laura dV dSu / dt = F6 ( DPolicies ,V , Su, Mx Mn, N k ) Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.1 Restrictive and, Structural  / dt = F7 ( D , Su, Mx, Mn , N k ) and Humanitarian 4.2 Initiatives for,VGoverning Family dMx dMnMigration: not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 / dt = F8 ( DLabour ,V , Su,Migration Mx, Mn, Nbut k)  4.3k From Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 / dt = Guest F9 ( D,Workers V , Su, Mxto, Mn , Nk ) dN 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87

Modelling using meta-structures considers properties of sets of 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 values adopted by meso-variables at given points in time including Mx, number of......................................................................................... elements having maximum distance; Mn, number 97 of Bibliography elements having minimum distance; N1 = number of elements 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Theirneighbour, Societies ofNOrigin ....... 101 having same Including distance from the nearest of 2 = number Urs Watter elements having same speed and N3 = number of elements having the5.1same numerical properties detected on sets at Statedirection. Interest andSuch Responsibility time ttowards are assumed to vary in Abroad correspondence with the emergent 1 their Citizens Living ........................................... 102 phenomenon. Moreover, we also consider possible relationships 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 between properties considered as meta-structural state variables. Another level of analysis relates to possible levels of ergodicity106 of 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... the5.4sets of values taken by single meso-state variables within a Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 given timeframe. 5.5 In “Colombia modellingnos byune”...................................................................... means of meta-structures we consider: 1) 109 the level of mesoscopicity, i.e., detected ranges considered for values of 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 mesoscopic variables, 2) the number of meta-structural properties 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... under consideration, and 3) the relations with variables such114 as number and geometrical dimensions of elements, volume and Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 surface of the collective system, and the timeframe. Is it suitable to Working forframework the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 consider Together within this allometric problems for collective Barry Halliday behaviours, i.e., the relationship between size and shape (Small, 1996)? Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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7.2 Transient states The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Processes of de-emergence relate to a loss of coherence. For instance, when and how ...................................................................................... collective behaviours lose their identity, i.e., the 3.5 Conclusion 59 observer does no longer recognizes coherence, as in the desegregation ......................................................................................... of Bibliography flocks, swarms and traffic (Minati and Pessa, 2006, 104-136). 60 The problem relates to transient states, i.e., acquisition and loss 4. The Ethics of Migration. of coherence. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies In the previous conceptual models based on theories of phase and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 transitions we may consider transient states as related to the different Laura Zanfrini possible ways by which the system reaches or leaves critical points Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 as 4.1 in theories of Policies phase transitions. Our focus isfor on Governing the transition from self-organisation 4.2 Initiatives Family and Humanitarian to emergence and the establishment dynamicbut coherence. Coherence is a............. property Migration: LabourofMigration not Workers’ Migration 73 of systems largely independent from initial conditions with reference 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 to state variables of components, for instance initial conditions for 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 birds establishing a flock. Moreover, coherence may be dependent from initial conditions of meso-state variables as introduced above. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 We mentioned how acquired emergent properties may influence Bibliography ......................................................................................... the system from which they emerge. But it is also very important 97 to model possible causal relations between acquired emergent properties 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 and the system from which they emerge. Urs Watter

State Interest Responsibilityboids 7.35.1 The search forand meta-ordering towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

Consider a set (derived from some homogeneity between elements 5.2available Applied Ethics .............................................................................. and rules of belonging) of labelled elements ei where 104 Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 3 ≤5.3 i ≤Migration N≥ 4 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108

We may consider, for instance, measurements Mi at instant tn, Mi(tn), “Colombiaofnos une”...................................................................... of 5.5 properties components, such as the 3D vector Mpi(tn) 109 for geometrical position, the scalar M (t ) for speed, the 3D vector si n 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Mdi(tn) for direction, and the scalar Mti(tn) for temperature. We may 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 write, for convenience, Mhi(tn) the measurement of a generic property h for each element i in discretized time tn. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Meta-elements are sets of time-ordered values in a discrete temporal Together representation, by of variables describing collective, Working for theadopted Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday structural aspects of each single set Mhi(tn), such as differences in





geometrical positions, speeds and directions of components of a flock of boids. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 Meta-structures are properties of meta-elements and possible 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 variable relationships among meta-elements. The correlation between meta-structures and emergence 60 of Bibliography ......................................................................................... properties detected by the observer is prescribed neither to single 4. The Ethics nor of Migration. components to the behaviour of the entire system, but to mesoReflections Recentnon-unique Migration Policies state variablesonhaving effects on components. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe Consider these variables in a discrete........................................... time tj, where S ≤ j ≤ 61 E, Laura Zanfrini with S-start, E-end. LetRestrictive Pm be a property of Structural elements Demand ei at a given instant: Labour Pm [ei ..(t65 j)] 4.1 Policies and for Immigrant = pi,j, for instance, the position in a 3D space (xi,yi,zi) of labelled 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian elements ei. Note that pi,j may be scalars or vectors. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Consider the sets of values pi,j. In particular we may consider From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 the4.3 set: by j and andthe i, i.e., per element and per time. 4.4 Policies Brain Drain............................................ 87 { pSelective i , j } ordered 4.5 Equalfor Opportunity ................................ Consider Dj ofOpportunities all differences, i.e., distances 90 in { pi, j } theandsetsDenied

......................................................................................... 97 ourBibliography case, for each instant j, di,s; j = (pi - ps)j i.e., distance between the positions of the two elements ei and es at time j, where:


i= 1Watter ,N

•Urs

s=State 1, N Interest and Responsibility 5.1 towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 • d (pi - pi )j = 0, distance from itself is zero •

5.2 S ≤Applied j ≤ E Ethics .............................................................................. 104

•

5.3 d (Migration pi - ps)j = Policy d (ps -and pi)j Ethics ......................................................... 106

•


Sets D j are ordered. For ∀ di,s ∃ a dm,n : di,s ≷ dm,n where (i, s) ≠ (m, n). 5.5 109 It “Colombia is possiblenos to une”...................................................................... consider groups of clustered boids over time, i.e., for each computational step j , and within h < k spheres, each 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 centred on h meta-ordering boids, such that the distance between 5.7boid Challenges 114 one inside .................................................................................... the sphere and the meta-ordering boid at the centre is Bibliography < Mh. The....................................................................................... number of boids belonging to each sphere is116a parameter linked with its meta-ordering boid, as its clustering Working power. Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry As anHalliday alternative, consider groups of clustered boids over time, i.e., for each computational step j, and within h < k spheres, each Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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containing uh boids, such that the distance between them, inside the sphere, < dh. Rights’ The geometric centre of each sphere represents58a 3.4 TheisHuman Approach........................................................ virtual meta-ordering boid. The flock of virtual meta-ordering boids ...................................................................................... can3.5beConclusion further reduced by iterating the approach. The number 59 of boids belonging to each sphere is a parameter linked with its metaBibliography ......................................................................................... 60 ordering boid, as its clustering power (see, for this kind of 4. The Ethics Migration. approach, forofinstance, Quinn et al., 2003; Reynolds, 2006). Reflections on Recent Migration Policies boids may be helpful in Suitable computability of meta-ordering and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 various ways. Laura Zanfrini One possibility relates to the computability of steps in a simulation process. For instance, computability the next step ..of65a 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structuralof Demand forevolutionary Immigrant Labour collective behaviour may only consider virtual meta-ordering boids 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian computed from the previous step and reduce the computational Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 load. 4.3 Guest Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 A From second possibility relates to theGuests computing of n successive n meta -orderingPolicies boids and until a minimum flock of meta4.4 Selective the reaching Brain Drain............................................ 87 ordering boids suitable to represent families of flocks having some 4.5 Equal Opportunity andproperties. Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 specific meta-structural The minimum flock of metaordering boids......................................................................................... represents the degrees of freedom under which a real Bibliography 97 flock may be established. In this case, the non-continuity between virtual meta-ordering boids perin Their computational be 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants Societies of step Originmust ....... 101 Urs Watter Moreover, it is possible to apply the reverse reasoning considered. by5.1considering as flocks of metan-ordering boids and State Interestflocks and Responsibility reconstruct a series subsequent virtual meta-ordering towardsfrom their them Citizens Livingof Abroad ........................................... 102 boids until reaching a family of flocks of boids all respecting the 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 same meta-structural values. The relations between some specific meta-structural properties and ......................................................... the minimum and maximum flock 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics 106 having such properties must be defined using suitable theorems. In 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 the same way it will be possible to establish, by considering 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... 109 constraints like nos maximum speed and distance, the minimum and maximum number of boids necessary to establish a flock having 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 some specific meta-structural properties. 5.7 Challenges 114 Finally, how.................................................................................... can interacting components be induced to respect meta-properties? The concept of meta-ordering boids may be useful Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 to prescribe a specific behaviour compatible with some metaWorking for the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 structuralTogether values. Hypothetically, weofcould introduce into a flock Barry Halliday suitable, virtual meta-ordering boids able to induce in the flock the adoption of the desired meta-structural values. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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8. Objectives of the Project, Critical Experiments 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 and Milestones 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini


The purposes of this research project are:

1. 4.3 Representation of meta-structures, i.e.,Guests properties of meta-elements From Guest Workers to Unwelcome .................................. 82 and the possible, variable relationships between them; 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87

2. Methodologies for the identification of meta-structures in general 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 collective phenomena established by so-called processes of selfBibliography ......................................................................................... 97 organisation; 3. Colombia: Identification of relationships and....... collec5. Including Emigrantsbetween in Theirmeta-structures Societies of Origin 101 tiveUrs phenomena; Watter

4. 5.1 Methodologies ‘prescribing’, a meta-structure to the State Interest for and applying, Responsibility behaviour of single agents establishing systems; 102 towards their Citizens Living Abroadself-organised ........................................... 5. 5.2 Methodologies using meta-structures to establish and manage Applied Ethicsfor .............................................................................. 104 collective phenomena in general; 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106

6. Inquiry into possible sources of meta-structures in collective 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 phenomena by introducing theoretical hypotheses based, for instance, une”...................................................................... 109 on5.5 the“Colombia theory of nos stability or relationships amongst universal constants (Uzan and Leclercq, 2008) and considering possible physical and cog5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 nitive characteristics of agents such as in 5.2. Another, constructivistic, 5.7 Challenges 114 approach can be .................................................................................... based upon considering this view as a cognitive need of Bibliography the observer,....................................................................................... modelling processes as such because of the cognitive 116 model adopted. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119

7. Discover how parametric values of meta-structural properties, such Barry Halliday as statistical or ergodic, may change over time in correspondence


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with changes in a system having collective behaviour (e.g., with a changing of elements)? 3.4 The number Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 8. 3.5 Discover whether parametric values of meta-structural properties, Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 such as statistical or ergodic, correspond to specific kinds of Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 collective behaviour (e.g., flocking or swarming). 9. The Explore formal properties related to correspondence between coher4. Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration ence and meta-properties: existence,Policies measurements, and typologies. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 10.Laura Explore the difference between meta-structural property and Zanfrini order parameter. It is possible to consider attractors in the phase 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 space of meso-variables?

Initiatives for andapproaches Humanitarian 11.4.2 Formulation onGoverning this basis Family of initial towards a General Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Theory of Emergence of Collective Phenomena. Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82

Critical experiments are:


a) Finding meta-structures in collective behaviours;


b) Identification of relations between meta-structures and collective Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 phenomena; c) Colombia: Application of collective rules in prescribed by a meta-structure to 5. Including Emigrants Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 theUrs behaviour Watter of single agents.

5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Milestones of the project are:


1. Implementation and testing of the software for simulating a 3D 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 flock established within variable experimental boundary conditions, 5.3to Migration and Ethics ......................................................... able providePolicy information about the behaviour of agent-boids 106 per computational step, for instance, sets of distances over time, i.e., 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108a meta-element or implementation and testing of the software for using 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 values adopted by a NN or CA during an evolutionary process making a property emergent; 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 2. 5.7 Representation of meta-structures, their possible variability and Challenges .................................................................................... 114 variable relationships as systems of parameters; Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

3. Methodologies for finding meta-elements (availability of data analysis techniques and data mining Working Together for theextractions Well-beingofofrelations Migrantsthrough ........................... 119 Barry Halliday techniques);


8. Objectives of the Project, Critical Experiments and Milestones 10



4. Identification of correlations between meta-structures and the collective phenomena i.e., typical meta-structural prop3.4 The Human Rights’simulated, Approach........................................................ 58 erties of specific kinds of collective phenomena; 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59

5. Identification of approaches and their application to manage the Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 collective phenomena simulated, for instance, by changing values of meta-structural properties;

4. The Ethics of Migration. 6. Reflections FormulationonofRecent a possible initial Policies general approach (implementation Migration of and a software model) and formal “Non-policies” in Italy andaspects; Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini 7. Implications for a General Theory of Emergence of Collective 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Phenomena.

Initiativesof forthe Governing Family andrelated Humanitarian 8. 4.2 Application approach to data to real and measurable Migration: Labour such Migration but not Workers’ ............. 73 collective phenomena, as industrial Districts Migration and markets. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter



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9. Possible Future Developments The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



Modelling processes of emergence and the acquisition of new 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Familyi.e., and Humanitarian properties in emergent systems, hierarchies of processes of Migration: Labour Migration but notbe Workers’ Migration 73 emergence or levels of coherence can based on the use............. of metastructures. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Meta-structures are intrinsically related to an observer and its 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 cognitive model. Meta-structures are invented by an observer to 4.5 Equal Opportunity of andemergence. Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 model a phenomenon If the observer uses another cognitive model to model a phenomenon, i.e., uses another Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 coherence or identity, then the same meta-structure is no longer valid . If higher emergent properties are Societies considered to have 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their of Origin .......been 101 acquired by a system depending upon some particular configurations Urs Watter of meta-structures, the loss of this configuration, for any reason, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility implies the loss of the ability to make emergent the properties even towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 though this is not detectable at a lower level such as changes in 5.2 Applied .............................................................................. 104 elements and Ethics their properties. In Migration this viewPolicy coherence lies ......................................................... not only amongst the behaviours106 of 5.3 and Ethics single agents, but relates to meta-structural properties and their 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 possible ways of changing. Modelling bynos using meta-structures also allows the possibility109 of 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... extending and influencing the intensity of meta-structures on the 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 processes of acquisition of new emergent properties. This may 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... occur by influencing the meta-structural properties of the sets114 of meso-state variables by influencing, for instance, the range of Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 possible values and relationships among them. One particularly interesting area of is theof Migrants modelling........................... of processes119 in Working Together for research the Well-being transient phases, i.e., around the time in which they begin or end to Barry Halliday comply with a meta-structure or the same specific meta-structure. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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One could model a situation in which elements of the collective behaviour simultaneously or dynamically respect different meta3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 structures as in the case of Collective Beings. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... Changes or dynamics amongst meta-structures may involve 59 1) parametrical such as quantitative changes related 60 to Bibliographychanges, ......................................................................................... properties of sets of values adopted by meso-state variables, or 2) 4. The Ethics of Migration. meta-structural changes, i.e., considering different meso-state Reflections on Recent Migration Policies variables. and in for Italy and Europe ........................................... An “Non-policies” area of research suitable theoretical clarification relates 61 to Laura Zanfrini the difference between meta-structures and order-parameters. Another related areaandofStructural researchDemand is the for relationship 4.1 Restrictive Policies Immigrant with Labourlong.. 65 range correlations and the binding problem. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

9.1 Modelling meta-structures

4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Another higher level of description relates to the study of properties Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 of 4.4 theSelective spaces of meta-structures. Within this framework issues such as 4.5 theEqual following should be studied: Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90

1. Bibliography Relations, meaning, compatibility and coherence between varia......................................................................................... 97 tions and the way of varying (dynamics) of parameters in Meta5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 structures; Urs Watter

2. Properties of continuity between meta-structural values; 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility

3. Theoretical approaches to the measurability of Meta-structures;102 towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 4. 5.2 Mathematical approaches (e.g., calculus, algebra) to Meta-structural Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 values and related properties; 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106

5. Possible interchanging of Meta-structural properties;


6. Ergodicity for sets of Meta-structural properties;

5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

7. Correspondence between structural regimes, their changing and 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Meta-structural properties; 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114

8. Meta-structural equivalences;

Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

9. Meta-structural power to model general processes of emergence.

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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10. Meta-Structural Systems Analysis The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



Purpose of meta-structural analysis is to identify:

4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian

1. Methodologies to make sets but of interacting adopt73a Migration: Labour Migration not Workers’components Migration ............. meta-structural property; 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82

2. Correspondences between meta-structural properties and systemic 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 properties. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90

The management of systems is based, for instance, on acting, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 through a suitable model, upon interactions, evolutionary rules, inputs, initial conditions, dependence-independence, environmental 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 conditions, openness, components, energy supply, cybernetic loops Urs Watter like feedbacks, and emergent properties as for processes of learning, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility living, pattern formation and flocking. towards meta-structures their Citizens Living ........................................... 102 Through it isAbroad expected to be possible to model collective behaviours at an intermediate level, between symbolic, 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 when an explicit model of the system is available, and sub-symbolic, 5.3 Migration Policyconnectionist and Ethics ......................................................... 106 when, for instance, models allow simulation (Pessa, 2004). 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 A meta-model of a system is based upon its meta-structure, i.e., 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 by considering properties of sets of values adopted by meso-state, 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. collective variables identified by the observer. Meta-models 112 are expected to act upon the system through general, collective variables 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 allowing soft-management, for instance, by using, at a different level 116 of Bibliography description, ....................................................................................... structural constraints such as topological, architectural constraints and spatial hashing, and environmental constraints such Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 as information and energy diffusion, information coding, noises, Barry Halliday mirroring and the kind of memory used.


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The expected advantages are: The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 1. 3.4 Less invasiveness; Conclusion 59 2. 3.5 More suitable...................................................................................... for strategic management; ......................................................................................... 60 3. Bibliography Non catastrophic;

4. The Fewer sideofeffects; 4. Ethics Migration. Reflections on Policies 5. Long-term andRecent more Migration manageable effects; and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 6. Reducing the amount of computer power for simulations; Laura Zanfrini

7. 4.1 Multi-level, actions allowing multifaceted evaluaRestrictiveself-representing Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 tions; 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian

8. Usability of the same actions but on not Multiple Systems or Collective Migration: Labour Migration Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Beings. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82

It 4.4 conceptually corresponds to DYSAM, when the system is 87 so Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ complex that a single model, i.e., a single corresponding management 4.5 EqualisOpportunity andto Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 approach, not sufficient deal with its structural dynamics as for Multiple Systems and Collective Beings. The difference is that 97 in Bibliography ......................................................................................... DYSAM, models are explicit whereas meta-structures represent the 5. Colombia: Includingi.e., Emigrants in TheirasSocieties Originfor .......self101 usage of different, not related is theof case Urs Watter unknown models. If models were knowable, i.e., one organisation, is 5.1 deducible from and the Responsibility other, then the process may be considered as State Interest self-organisation. towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 A possible innovative approach relates to the qualitative analysis Applied Ethics .............................................................................. of 5.2attractors within the phase space of meso-variables 104 by identifying, for Policy instance: 5.3 Migration and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... a) 5.4 fixed points, Policy corresponding to isolated equilibrium states, i.e., 108 the same, iterated process of self-organisation; 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

b) 5.6 periodic attractors, corresponding to long term periodic oscillations, Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 i.e., periodic processes of self-organisation; 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114

c) strange attractors, corresponding to fractal domains of phase Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 space, i.e., emergence as hierarchical processes of self-organisation displaying chaotic properties.

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119

Barry Halliday Qualitative analysis may be based on the topological characteristics of attractors. Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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11. Possible Applications The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



The of Governing applying Family meta-structural constraints to real sys4.2possibility Initiatives for and Humanitarian Migration: Migration but not Workers’ Migration of ............. 73 tems is expectedLabour to allow the activation and management general collective behaviours by influencing their dynamics. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 This ability could be very important for the management of 4.4 Selective Policies and thebehaviour, Brain Drain............................................ 87 socio-economic collective such as for safety, traffic, establishment of collective industrial districts and collective 4.5 Equal Opportunity and attitudes, Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 phenomena in markets. It will be possible to explore the possibility of Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 applying this approach to collective behaviour established by agents not equipped with cognitive systems, such as in physics, biology and 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 chemistry. The possibility of applying this approach for simulations Urs Watter is also suitable for applications for computer animation, educational 5.1 State Interest tools, and Responsibility simulation-based technology for games and other interactive towards their Citizens entertainment applications.Living Abroad ........................................... 102 Finally, it Ethics might .............................................................................. be possible to formulate, on the basis of the 104 ap5.2 Applied proaches introduced, the initial grounds for a General Theory of Emer5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 gence of Collective Phenomena and establish a trans-disciplinary view Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 of 5.4 collective phenomena not only based upon simulations. We“Colombia mention some possible ideal examples of suitable disciplinary 5.5 nos une”...................................................................... 109 areas of applications where the introduction of suitable meta5.6 Alianza País for .................................................................................. 112 structural values some variables may induce, regulate or control processes of emergence. 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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Technologies for Phenomenological Emergence As3.4 mentioned Meta-Modelling and Meta-Structural analysis The Humanhere, Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 are expected to contribute towards a General Theory of Emergence 3.5beConclusion ...................................................................................... 59 and used as tools for management of phenomenological processes of Bibliography emergence ......................................................................................... modelled in such a way as to allow meta-structural 60 approaches. We consider the possibility of inducing, regulating and 4. The Ethics of Migration. controlling processes of self-structuring in technological fields such as Reflections on Recent Migration Policies self-assembly and production of nanostructures in nanotechnologies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 and biological engineering with particular reference to the acquisition Laura Zanfrini of emergent properties. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65

Economy 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Suitable meso-state variables may allow for the identification of Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 meta-properties and their meta behaviour may be influenced, if not 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 linearly managed, by acting upon suitable control parameters such as 4.4 theSelective meta-attractors While variables like prices, Policies introduced and the Brainabove. Drain............................................ 87 change, and inflation are examples of macro variables, meso-state 4.5 Equalrelate Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 90 variables to suitable clusters of micro................................ variables allowing identification meta-structures. Values of meso-state variables may Bibliographyof ......................................................................................... 97 induce global, collective effects. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter Management Management involving issues such as planning and organising is 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility limited to possible necessary conditions unsuitable for dealing with towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 the complexity of post-industrial society (Bell, 1973; Drucker, 1968) 5.2itsApplied Ethics .............................................................................. and learning organisations (Senge, 1990a; 1990b). Techniques104 of soft-management, (see, instance, Checkland and Scholes 1990), 5.3 Migration Policy andfor Ethics ......................................................... 106 may be considered as meta-structural and suitable to be modelled 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 within this conceptual framework. Other aspects relate, for instance, “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 to 5.5 traffic and crowd management. Values of meso-state variables may induce global, collective effects. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112

5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Learning

Modelling using Meta-Structures may be related to learning as 116 the Bibliography ....................................................................................... establishment of relations among properties of meso-state variables Working Together for the Well-being Migrants 119 and the emerging system. Learningofmay then ........................... focus upon metaBarry Halliday structural values able to enslave, like order parameters, all other variables. In this case, it is possible to consider the wide variety of Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy




available approaches and tools, such as for Machine Learning (Herbrich, 2001),Rights’ learning as phase transition (Penna and Pessa, 3.4 The Human Approach........................................................ 58 1995), and in DYSAM (Minati and Brahms, 2002; Minati and 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Pessa, 2006) introduced above. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

Computational emergence

4. Ethics of Migration.searching for meta-structural properties in It The would be worthwhile Reflections on Recent Migration Policies processes of computational emergence in general. For instance, by and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 considering the values adopted by neurons in a Neural Network

Lauramaking Zanfrini emergent a property, such as learning. The same while applies for cellsPolicies of a Cellular Automata. Moreover, in those cases it 4.1 Restrictive and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 is difficult to identify suitable meso-state variables having an 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian appropriate physical meaning as when simulating flocks of boids.


4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Life Guests .................................. 82

Can be considered as athemeta-structural property of matter? That 4.4life Selective Policies and Brain Drain............................................ 87 is: Is living matter the only kind allowing matter to adopt specific 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 meta-structural properties? Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Architecture Watter of the usage of mesoscopic, meta-structural properties AnUrs example to 5.1 influence, through meta-structures, processes of emergence in State Interest and Responsibility socialtowards systemstheir is given byLiving Architecture (Minati, 2008c). This relates Citizens Abroad ........................................... 102 to the study of Architecture considered as the interdisciplinary design Applied Ethics .............................................................................. of 5.2 “boundary conditions” for the induction of the acquisition104 of emergent properties human social systems. “Moreover Architecture 5.3 Migration Policyinand Ethics ......................................................... 106 may be intended as the self-design by a social system of boundary 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 conditions suitable for keeping or making emergent what are 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 considered important aspects of the social system itself and related, for5.6 instance, to military, religious and economic power” (Minati and Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Collen, 2008). In this case the relationships between properties of 5.7 Challenges are .................................................................................... meta-elements stable or have very slow variability as they 114 are related to concrete architectural and urban structures. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Which virtual, eventually variable, structure is defined by, or Working Together for the Well-being coherent with, a collective behaviour?of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


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Other more general fields, i.e., cultural, interpretative rather than applicative include the following: 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Art

Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement. We mention as its Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 implementation in visual art, music and literature was based on 4. The Ethics of Migration. imprecise and, due to that, evoking elements. Impreciseness is Reflectionsasonincompleteness Recent Migration considered to Policies be suitably completed by further and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 processes, such as the constructivistic role of the observer. It recalls Laura Zanfrini cognitive science where memory is no longer considered as passive storage of information for Structural later retrieval butfor as Immigrant a processLabour having.. 65 an 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Demand active role in the architecture of a cognitive system, as for semantic 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian and episodic forms of memory, long-term and short-term memory Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 and iconic memory, types of short term sensory memory such as 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 visual memory. Can such incompleteness be considered as a prescription 87 of 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ meta-structural values by the artist to cognitive processes? 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90

Ethics Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 In social systems laws prescribe explicit degrees of freedom for behaviours agents and subsystems, while moralofethics 5. Colombia:ofIncluding Emigrants in Their Societies Originprescribe ....... 101 Urs Watter degrees of freedom making reference to values having non-explicit temporal spatial contextual significance. Can moral ethics be 5.1 Stateand Interest and Responsibility considered as a meta-structural property making social systems towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 emergent (Minati, 2002c)? 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104

Music 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 In a systemic view music may be considered as architecture of 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 ratios, of dimensionality. “Music may instead be intended consistent “Colombia une”...................................................................... of 5.5 ratios among nos single sounds having singularly no meaning. This109 is related to the high level of formalization of music and is the basis to 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 realize the difference between nice sound and music (there is a 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 large, fuzzy interval between the two extremes). Phrases of music areBibliography discourse ....................................................................................... of ratios and not of elements like words.” (Minati 116 2002b, p. 5). Music may be considered as constituting and Working Together the Well-being Migrants ........................... 119 representing emptyforarchitectures ofofstructures of ratios allowing Barry Halliday maximum levels of abstraction. Empty architectures are possible with music because it consists of ratios: architectures in different Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy




contexts such as in literature, in building, in education, in science, are3.4always indissolubly related to the way in which they are The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 expressed. Is this kind of music, such as baroque music based, for 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 instance, on counterpoint, and different from onomatopoeic and romantic music, prescribing meta-structural values to thought? Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 Does it represent the process of thinking (Minati, 2002b)? 4. The Ethics of be Migration. Music may considered as a representation of meta-structural Reflections on Recent Migration Policies values in architectures of structures of ratios able to mentally and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 correspond to real ratios such as cognitive and emotional ones. This Laura Zanfrini may be related to the positive and negative effects of music on mind as studied Policies in neurology (Sacks,Demand 2008). for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.1 Restrictive and Structural 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter



Table of Contents


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APPENDIX The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... From property to decision: can Meta-structural 59 Systems Analysis help? Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini


1.1 Conversion of bio-chemical constraints of living systems into 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 behaviour Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 In 4.5 thisEqual appendix the crucial problem of modelling the process from non-living to living matter, which is the focus of current research Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 (e.g., Rasmussen et al., 2003; 2004) is considered. Could metaproperties be Including of some help in modelling such transitions; for instance, 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter processes of synchronization and emergence in populations of protocells al., 2007; Serra et al., 2007a; 2007b; 2007c)? 5.1 State(Munteanu Interest and et Responsibility In towards this appendix we conceptually consider meta-structural their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 analysis for examining the acquisition of properties by living 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 systems not so much with regard to processes moving from nonliving to livingPolicy matterand such as ......................................................... evolution, adaptation, and learning, 5.3 Migration Ethics 106 but with regard to the conversion of bio-chemical constraints of 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 living systems into behaviour. This is a very complex problem, 5.5 “Colombia une”...................................................................... investigated by nos scientists and philosophers for centuries and 109 by considering specific cases, as typically done so by Sigmund Freud 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 in the complex network of symbolic relations used in his work, 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... considered by him as typical of the Talmudic way of thinking114 in 1 Hebrew culture....................................................................................... . Bibliography 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday

1 S. Freud (1908), to Abraham, May 8th, in Correspondence (1907-1926), Paris,

Gallimard, 1969.


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For instance, some processes, such as the search for suitable liquids when feeling thirsty, may have evolutionary explanations 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 related to the search for the breast for milk by infants. Learning 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 processes may explain the search for more appropriate environmental temperatures living beings of warm-blooded species. Bibliographyby ......................................................................................... 60 It is much more difficult to explain, for instance, the process of 4. Ethics of Migration. theThe transformation of sexual and reproductive needs in behaviour, Reflections on Recent Migration such as the selection-attraction of Policies a partner of an appropriate age or and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... a protective attitude towards babies. Similar processes may 61 be Laura Zanfrini considered for the search and selection of appropriate food. The general Policies problemand is Structural strongly related of the emergence 4.1 Restrictive Demandto forthat Immigrant Labour .. 65 and conservation of acquired properties. How are processes of 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian emergence activated within systems and are able to make systems Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 acquire properties as coherent extensions of currently possessed 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 properties? AnSelective enormous amount of Brain literature is available on this subject 4.4 Policies and the Drain............................................ 87 from various disciplinary point of views, such as: language and 4.5 Equal (Castañeda, Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 90 semantics 1989; Chomsky, 1986;................................ Jackendoff, 1986; Lakoff,, 1986;......................................................................................... Fodor, 1987; LePore and Loewer, 1987), mind Bibliography 97 (McGinn, 1989; Putnam, 1975; Burge, 1979; Fauconnier, 1985; Jacob, 1997; Including McCulloch, 1986), in cognitive scienceofand psychology 5. Colombia: Emigrants Their Societies Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter (Fodor, 1980; Peacocke, 1981; Fodor, 1982; Block, 1986; Davies, 1986) as well as and other approaches (McDowell, 1984; Loar, 1988; 5.1 State Interest Responsibility Macdonald, 1990; Fodor and LePore, Dretske, 1993; Fodor, towards their Citizens Living Abroad1992; ........................................... 102 1994). 5.2 Ethics .............................................................................. 104 It Applied is a process of great complexity which has never been considered in general as conceptually represented in Table 5. What 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 is the difference, if any, between mind and this cognitive process? 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108

5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday


APPENDIX - From property to decision: can Meta-structural Systems Analysis help? 10



3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 The input 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Bio-chemical-physiological need of behaviour A by the system, where A is, for instance, protection for babies, search for sexual partners at the most suitable time, Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60 e.g., fertility, environmental conditions, judgements of suitability of the partner for their age and health, and suitable food, etc.

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini

4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian The but process Migration: Labour Migration not Workers’ Migration ............. 73

Which device, and which processes can allow such a very complex transform, from 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guestsrepresentations, .................................. 82 bio-chemical constraints into behaviour, into cognitive desires, choices, projects,…? 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 How can it be modelled? Can the resulting cognitive systems model themselves, their own process of 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 emergence?

Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Urs Watter

5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 The output When matter starts to suffer, enjoy and its becoming turns into thinking. 106 5.3 Migration Policy anddesire, Ethics ......................................................... Adoption of suitable cognitive models (software in the computationalistic view of mind) is able toPolicy prescribe suitable behaviours. The bio-chemical-physiological 5.4 Migration in Colombia ...................................................... 108 system is self-programmed. Anyway, systems are so complex that processes of emergence occur within them and new, non-programmed properties, are acquired, 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 such as the acquisition of a mind for evolutionary advantages* with transmission of 5.6 Alianza Paísattitude, .................................................................................. 112 knowledge, artistic different levels of communications, etc. Moreover, the system becomes able to self-manipulate its software. Challenges *5.7 Popper, K., 1978,.................................................................................... Natural Selection and Emergence of Mind, dialectica 32:3-4, 114 339-355.

Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Table 5: of bio-chemical constraints Working Together forConversion the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 of living systems into behaviour. Barry Halliday


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1.2 Conversion of properties of non-living matter into decisions The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.

The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ We3.4would also like to mention a more general, philosophical, way 58 of considering the problem, i.e., the conversion of properties of non3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 living matter into decisions for living beings. The ideal approach we Bibliography 60 have in mind ......................................................................................... considers the transformation of chemical-physical properties of matter into decisions, making them variable and 4. The Ethics of Migration. context sensitive. For instance, we can consider the correspondence Reflections on Recent Migration Policies between the infinitesimal sensitivity of a ball on an inclined plane to and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 theLaura instant when the system of values taken by variables such as Zanfrini inclination, friction and weight of the ball will reach a threshold 4.1 Restrictive andthe Structural for Immigrant Labour .. 65 value to make itPolicies roll, and processDemand of decision by a feline to jump on4.2a Initiatives prey at for theGoverning most suitable of environmental Family configuration and Humanitarian constraints. TheLabour general problem model the correspondence Migration: Migration butisnottoWorkers’ Migration ............. 73 between the occurrence of processes in matter and decisions in 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 living-matter. Can decisions be considered as generalisations of 4.4 kinds Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 such of processes? Could the transition from non-living to living be considered as90a 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ way of transforming properties into decisions? How and why did it Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 happen? The idea of presuming there was a designer is very easy. Namely, the problem is assumed to be solved by creationism, by 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 assuming an external creator. Urs Watter Moreover, the physical-chemical living-beings generated by 5.1 transformations State Interest and Responsibility such are using acquired and epiphenomenological towards Citizens Living the Abroad ........................................... 102 properties totheir pose and study problem itself. It is probably epistemologically meaningless. 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Meta-structural analysis could only display coherence at our 5.3 of Migration Policythe andonly Ethics ......................................................... level description, one available and exist (at our level106 of description) as another, abstract and general level. 5.4 Migration Policy in more Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

1.3 Qualia

Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 A 5.6 typical example of this kind of level has been dealt with by 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... scientists and philosophers as the problem of qualia, introduced114 in 1929 by Clarence Irvine Lewis (Lewis, 1991) and deals with qualities Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 or properties as considered by the discipline philosophy of mind. The subject relates, short, to qualities, such as in a famous Working Together for theinWell-being of Migrants ........................... 119 article on nominalism (Mapother, 1933) reporting the following Barry Halliday historical definition: Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

APPENDIX - From property to decision: can Meta-structural Systems Analysis help? 10



Round, angular, soft, brittle, dry, cold, warm, Things are their qualities: things are their form. 3.4 Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 AndThe these in combination, even as bees, NotConclusion singly but combined, make up the swarm: 3.5 ...................................................................................... 59 Bibliography 60 And when the......................................................................................... qualities like bees on the wing, Having a moment clustered, cease to cling, As the thingofdies without its qualities, 4. The Ethics Migration. So die the qualities without the thing. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Where is the coolness cool winds........................................... blow? and “Non-policies” inwhen Italy no and Europe 61 WhereZanfrini is the music when the lute lies low? Laura Are not the redness and the red rose one, 4.1 andone Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 AndRestrictive the snow'sPolicies whiteness thing with the snow? 4.2 Initiatives forpoems Governing and Humanitarian translation from relatedFamily to De Rerum Natura by Titus Lucretius Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. Carus, (ca. 99-55 BC) written by the Persian mathematician and 73 2 astronomer OmarWorkers Khayyám 4.3 From Guest to (1048-1123) Unwelcome .Guests .................................. 82 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 A 4.4 great amount of continuing inter-disciplinary research deals with the4.5 subject, even over the precise definition of the term qualia, their Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 existence and relations with physicalism. The problem is strictly Bibliography 97 connected with......................................................................................... that of consciousness. Introductory references related to qualia include: Churchland, 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 1992; Dennett, 1991; 1988; Horgan, 1987; Jackson, 1982; Kitcher, Urs Watter 1971; 1979; and Lewis, 1995. 5.1 State Interestreferences and Responsibility Introductory related to consciousness suitable for towardsqualia their Citizens Living Abroad1996; ........................................... 102 considering include: Dennett, 1998; Edelman, 1990; Harman, 1990; and .............................................................................. Searle, 1997. 5.2 Applied Ethics 104 Where is the flock when the birds have gone? Will we have only 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... meta-structural properties left for representing such a quality? 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119

2 Mallock W. H., 2007, Lucretius on Life and Death, in the Meter of Omar Barry Halliday

Khayyam; To Which Are Appended Parallel Passages from the Original (1900). Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, MT.



10

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Bibliography The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



Anderson, P.W., 1981, Can broken symmetry occur in driven systems? In: Equilibrium and Workers Nonequilibrium StatisticalGuests Mechanics (G. Nicolis, G. Dewel 4.3 From Guest to Unwelcome .................................. 82 and P. Turner, eds.), Wiley, New York, pp. 289-297.


Anderson, P.W and Stein, D.L., 1985, Broken Symmetry, Emergent Properties, Dissipative Structures, Life. Are they related? In: Self-Organizing Systems: 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 The Emergence of Order, (F. E. Yates, ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 445-457.

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Aoki, I., 1984, Internal dynamics of fish schools in relation to inter-fish distance, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 48:1081-1088.


Baas, N.A., 1994, Emergence, hierarchies and hyperstructures. In: Alife III, Santa Urs Watter in the Science of Complexity, (C.G. Langton, ed.), Addison-Wesley, Fe Studies Redwood City, CA, Vol. XVII, pp. 515-537. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Baas, N.A. and their Emmeche, C., 1997, Emergence and Explanation, Intellectica towards Citizens LivingOn Abroad ........................................... 102 25:67-83.

5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104

Babloyants, A., 1986, Molecules, Dynamics & Life: An Introduction to SelfOrganization Matter. Wiley, New York. 5.3 MigrationofPolicy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 Bajec, I.L., Zimic,Policy N. andinMraz, M., 2005, Simulating flocks on the wing:108 the 5.4 Migration Colombia ...................................................... fuzzy approach. Journal of Theoretical Biology 233(2):199-220. Retrieved on November 9, 2008 from http://lrss.fri.uni-lj.si/people/ilbajec/papers/ilb_jtb05.pdf 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 Bajec I.L., Zimic, N. and Mraz M., 2007, The Computational Beauty of Flocking: 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Boids Revisited. Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems 13(4):331-347. 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Balazsi G., Ordemannand, A. and Moss, F., 2003, Stochastic synchronization: Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Analogy with systems undergoing phase transitions. In: Unsolved Problems of Noise and Fluctuations, (S. Bezrukov, ed.), American Institute of Physics Working Together for the Well-being Migrants 119 (AIP), Conference Proceedings, Melville,ofNY, Vol. 665,........................... pp. 94-99. Barry Halliday


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10 Table of Contents Ballerini, M., Cabibbo, N, Candelier, R., Lavagna, A., Cisbani , E, Giardina, I., Lecomte, V., Orlandi, A., Parisi, G., Procaccino, A., Viale, M. and Zdravkovic, 3.4 Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 V.,The 2008, Interaction ruling animal collective behaviour depends on topological rather than metric distance: Evidence from a field study, Proceedings of the 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 105(4):1232-1237. Retrieved on November 9, 2008 from http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/105/4/1232 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60

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and Ethics Technology, (R.A. Meyers, ed.), Academic Press, New York, 3rd edition, 4. The of Migration. Vol. 15, pp. 589-598. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and ........................................... 61 Banzhaf, W., Dittrich, P. and Rauhe, H.,Europe 1996, Emergent computation by catalytic reactions, Nanotechnology 7:1-8. Laura Zanfrini Bell, D., 1973, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. A Venture in Social Forecasting. 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Basic Books, New York.

4.2 Initiatives for Governing Humanitarian Belousov, B.P., 1959, A periodic Family chemicaland reaction and its mechanism, Sbornik Migration: Labour Migration butMedgiz, not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Referatoo po Radiatsionnoi Meditsine. Moscow, pp.145-147. Beni, and Hackwood, S. 1992, waves in cyclic swarms. Proceedings82 of 4.3G.From Guest Workers to Stationary Unwelcome Guests .................................. the 1992 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, pp. 234-242.

4.4 Selective and the Drain............................................ 87 Bezrukov, S.M., Policies Frauenfelder, H. Brain and Moss, F. (eds.), 2003, Fluctuations and Noise in Biological, Biophysical, and Biomedical Systems. SPIE, Bellingham, 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Vol. 5110, pp. 235–243.

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5.1 StateE., Interest Responsibility Bonabeau, 1997, and From classical models of morphogenesis to agent-based towards their Citizens Abroad ........................................... 102 models of pattern formation,Living Artificial Life 3:191-211. Bonabeau, E., Dorigo, M. and Theraulaz, G., 1999, Swarm Intelligence: from 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 natural to artificial systems. Oxford University Press, New York.


Bonabeau, E., Dorigo, M. and Theraulaz, G., 2000, Inspiration for optimization from social insect behaviour, Nature ...................................................... 406:39-42. 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia 108 Boschetti, F., Prokopenko, M., Macreadie, I. and Grisogono, A-M., 2005, Defining 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 and detecting emergence in complex networks. In: Proceedings of KnowledgeBased Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, (R. Khosla, 112 R.J. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. Howlett, and L.C. Jain, eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LENCS), 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Springer, Vol. 3684, pp. 573-580. Buck, J. and Buck, E., 1966, Biology of Synchronous Flashing of Fireflies, Nature Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 211:562-564. Burge, T., Together 1979, Individualism and the Mental, Midwest........................... Studies in Philosophy Working for the Well-being of Migrants 119 4:73-121. Barry Halliday


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Castañeda, H-N., 1989, Thinking, Language and Experience. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Checkland, P. and......................................................................................... Scholes, J., 1990, Soft Systems Methodology in Action. Wiley, Bibliography 60 New York. Chomsky, N., 1986, Knowledge of Language. Praeger, New York. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Churchland, P.M., 1992, AMigration Neurocomputational Reflections on Recent Policies Perspective. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61

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Couzin, I.D., Krause, J., James, R., Ruxton, G.D. and Franks, N.R., 2002, Collective memory and spatial sorting in Family animal groups, Journal of Theoretical Biology 4.2 Initiatives for Governing and Humanitarian 218:1-11. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Cruchtfield, J.P., 1994, The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics and 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Induction, Physica D 75:11-54. Retrieved on November 9, 2008 from http://www.santafe.edu/research/publications/workingpapers/94-03-016.pdf 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Czirók, A., Barabási, A-L. and Vicsek, T., 1999, Collective Motion of Self-Propelled 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Particles: Kinetic Phase Transition in One Dimension, Physical Review Letter 82:209-212. ......................................................................................... 97 Bibliography Davies, M., 1986, Externality, Psychological Explanation, and Narrow Content. In: ProceedingsIncluding of the Aristotelian Society, (MarkSocieties Eli Kalderon, ed.), Blackwell 5. Colombia: Emigrants in Their of Origin ....... 101 Publishing, Urs Watter Vol. 60, pp. 263-283. Dennett, D.C., 1988, Quining qualia. In: Consciousness in Contemporary Science, 5.1 Interest and Responsibility (A.State Marcel and E. Bisiach, eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 44-77.


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5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Dennett, D.C., 1996, Facing Backwards on the Problem of Consciousness, Journal of Consciousness Studies 3(1): 4-6. Retrieved on November 9, 2008 from 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/papers/chalmers.htm 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 Dennett, D.C., 1998, Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds (Representation and Mind). The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109

Dorigo, M., Bonabeau, E. and Theraulauz, G., 2000, Ant Algorithms and Stigmergy, 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Future Generation Computer Systems 16:851-871. Dretske, F., 1993, The Nature of Thought, Philosophical Studies 70:185-199. 114 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... Drexler, K.E., 1986, Molecular engineering: An approach to the development of Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 general capabilities for molecular manipulation. Anchor Press, New York. Drexler, K.E., 1992, Nanosystems. Wiley, New Working Together for the Well-being of York. Migrants ........................... 119 Drucker, 1968, The Age of Discontinuity. Heinemann, London. Barry P.F., Halliday


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Ehresmann, A.C. and Vanbremeersch, J.P., 2007, Memory Evolutive Systems; Hierarchy, Emergence, Cognition. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59 Erdmann, U., Ebeling W., Schimansky-Geier L., Ordemann, A. and Moss, 60 F., Bibliography ......................................................................................... 2004, Active Brownian Particle and Random Walk Theories of the Motions of Zooplankton: Application to Experiments with Swarms of Daphnia. Retrieved on 4. The Ethics9,of Migration. November 2008 from http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/q-bio/pdf/0404/0404018v2.pdf

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4.3 From GuestCognitive Workers Science to Unwelcome .................................. 82 Fodor, J.A., 1982, and the Guests Twin-Earth Problem, Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 23:98-118. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87

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5.1 State and Responsibility Griffin, D.R.,Interest 1992, Animal Minds. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

towards their Citizens LivingDialogue Abroadabout ........................................... 102 Guberman, S. and Minati, G., 2007, systems. Polimetrica, Milan, Italy. Retrieved on November 9, 2008 from http://www.polimetrica.com 104 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. Haken, H., 1981, Erfolgsgeheimnisse der Natur. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart.


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Haken, H., 1988, Information and Self-Organization. A macroscopic approach to complex systems. Springer, Berlin. 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 Hall, and Fagen, R.E., 1956, Definition of a system, General Systems Yearbook 5.7A.D. Challenges .................................................................................... 114 1:18-28.

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Table of Contents 99/suppl_1/2473?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&f ulltext=allometric+scaling+of+metabolic+rate&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX= 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach........................................................ 58 0&resourcetype=HWCIT

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4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 Laura Zanfrini





10

Table of Contents

List of Tables and Figures The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



Table 1 4.2variables Initiatives Governing Family and Humanitarian State for for the homogeneity and heterogeneity assumptions..................... 34


Table 2 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Phase transition, Self-organisation and Emergence compared with to structure properties....................................... 87 53 4.4reference Selective Policies and andacquisition the Brain of Drain............................................

4.5 3Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90 Table Models for emergence (Minati and Pessa, 2006) .................................................. 97 58 Bibliography ......................................................................................... Table 4 Modelling Collective Phenomena ......................................................................... 83 Urs Watter

5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Table 5.1 5State Interest and Responsibility Conversion of bio-chemical constraints of living........................................... systems into behaviour .......... 102 109 towards their Citizens Living Abroad

5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106

Figure 1 A general schema of organised systems, phase-transition, 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 self-organisation, collective behaviour, emergence............................................... 66

5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday



10

Table of Contents

Index The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.



A 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andDHumanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but notDiscontinuity, Workers’ Migration ............. 73 Artificial Life 22, 32, 57, 58, 78, Age of 115 114, 117, 119, 121 Dissipative Structures 46, 52, 53, 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 Ashby, W. Ross 26, 63 57, 58, 113, 117, 120 Drucker, Peter F. 102, 115 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87 Dynamical Systems Theory 31, 47, B 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities 57 ................................ 90 Baas, Nils A. 36, 54, 55, 65, 113 Bertalanffy, von L. 15, 16, 20, 122 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97 E Boids 12, 26, 27, 37, 38, 40, 48, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 81, 85,Emigrants 87, 88, Emergence 2, 5,of6,Origin 7, 9, 10,....... 13, 24, 5. Colombia: Including in Their Societies 101 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 90, 91, 92, 94, 103, 113 Urs Watter 37, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, Brusselator 22, 33, 46 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility 60, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 102 73, C towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 79, 82, 85, 90, 91, 97, 98, 100, Chaos 33, 116, 120 101, 102, 103, 107, 108, 113, 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 Collective 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 12, 13, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, ......................................................... 106 5.3 Migration Policy and29, Ethics 121, 122, 125 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, Emmeche, Claus 36, 54, 55, 65, 113 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 57, 58, 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 74, G 5.5 “Colombia nos 109 75, 76, 79, 80, 81,une”...................................................................... 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, General System Theory 20, 118, 122 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 114, 115, 117, 119, 120, 122, H 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 125 Haken, Hermann 46, 48, 116 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Complex 9, 12, 20, 25, 34, 38, 44, Hall, A. David 15, 116 54, 100, 107, 114, 116, 117, 118,Together 119, 120, 121, 122 Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Working for the I Complexity 20, 38, 44, 54, 55, 102, Barry Halliday 108, 113, 115, 120, 122 Industrial 31, 34, 72, 95, 101 Culture 107, 122 Gianfranco Minati, New Approaches for Modelling Emergence of Collective Phenomena ©2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy

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3.4 The Human Rights’ Learning Organizations 121 Approach........................................................ Swarm 26, 31, 34, 48, 49, 53, 56,58 63, 72, 85, 90, 111, 114, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122 59 M3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... Synergetics 46, 48, 57, 60, 83, 116 Bibliography 60 Management 13, ......................................................................................... 99, 100, 101, 102, System 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 121 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, Mesarovic, Mihajlo D. 15, 118 4. The Ethics of Migration. 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, Mikhailov, Alexander S. 12, 86, 118 Reflections on Recent Migration Policies 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, N Laura Zanfrini 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, Neural Networks 5, 6, 13, 22, 28, 4.1 Restrictive Policies for76, Immigrant Labour 65 77, 78, 80, 81, 82,..83, 32, 33, 48, 54, 57, 58,and 120Structural Demand75, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 97, 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, O Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, Organization 1, 9, 16, 18, 26, 33, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 4.3 From Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82 52, 76,Guest 113, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 125 120, 121, 125 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87

T P 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90

Table 23, 29, 32, 34, 44, 52, 53, 57, Pattern Formation......................................................................................... 46, 47, 63, 99, 58, 69, 83, 108, 109, 125 97 Bibliography 114, 121 Thermodynamics 21, 61 Poincaré, Henry 19 5. Colombia: Society Including in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101 Post-Industrial 102,Emigrants 114 Urs Watter Preface 5 Prigogine, Ilya 22, 46, 120

5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102

5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109 5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119 Barry Halliday



Systemics and Emergence series editor Gianfranco Minati

Gianfranco Minati (2004) Teoria Generale dei Sistemi, Sistemica, Emergenza: un'introduzione. Progettare e Processi Emergenti: Frattura o Connubio per l'Architettura? Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-003-8 Shelia Guberman, Gianfranco Minati (2007) Dialogue about Systems. Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-061-5 Shelia Guberman (2008) Unorthodox Geology and Geophysics: Oil, Ores and Earthquakes. Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-135-6

related publications: Valerio Di Battista, Giorgio Giallocosta, Gianfranco Minati, eds. (2006) Architettura e Approccio Sistemico. Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-020-5 AFSCET (2007) La Gouvernance dans les Systèmes. Polimetrica Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-094-6

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