Modes of Co-reference as an Indicator of Genre
Wendy Swanson
Peter Lang
Modes of Co-reference as an Indicator of Genre ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Linguistic Insights ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Studies in Language and Communication Edited by Maurizio Gotti, University of Bergamo
Volume 12
PETER LANG Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Oxford • Wien
Wendy Swanson
Modes of Co-reference as an Indicator of Genre ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Linguistic Features and Changing Conventions
PETER LANG Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Oxford • Wien
Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at ‹http://dnb.ddb.de›. British Library and Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library, Great Britain, and from The Library of Congress, USA
Published with a grant from Università degli Studi di Bergamo (Italy), Dipartimento di Linguistica e Letterature Comparate. ISSN 1424-8689 ISBN 3-03910-052-1 US-ISBN 0-8204-6855-X
© Peter Lang AG, European Academic Publishers, Bern 2003 Hochfeldstrasse 32, Postfach 746, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
[email protected], www.peterlang.com, www.peterlang.net All rights reserved. All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. Printed in Germany
ACKNOWLEGMENTS Special thanks to
my heavenly Father, who gives wisdom, and from whose mouth come knowledge and understanding. (Proverbs 2)
my advisor, Prof. Dr. David J. Allerton, and my co-examiner, Prof. Dr. Andreas Fischer, for their insightful comments on my work.
my husband, Larry, for his constant love and support and for reminding me of where I get my value.
This page intentionally left blank
Table of Contents
List of Figures.......................................................................................9 List of Tables ......................................................................................11 1
Introduction .................................................................................13 1.1 General Aims.....................................................................15 1.2 A Systemic-Functional Approach .....................................19 1.3 Co-reference ......................................................................27 1.3.1 Co-reference and the Notion of Givenness ..........27 1.3.2 Co-reference: A Definition...................................30
2
Principles of Analysis..................................................................41 2.1 Specific Aims ....................................................................41 2.2 Parameters .........................................................................42 2.2.1 Selection of Genres ..............................................42 2.2.2 Subject Matter ......................................................46 2.2.3 Text Corpora ........................................................47 2.2.4 Number of Texts...................................................47 2.2.5 Text Length ..........................................................48 2.2.6 Unit of Analysis ...................................................48
3
Method of Analysis .....................................................................53 3.1 Procedure...........................................................................53 3.2 Categories Established ......................................................56 3.2.1 Source of Knowledge ...........................................56 3.2.2 Grammatical Categories .......................................63 3.2.3 Surface Markers of Co-reference .........................64 3.2.4 Co-referential Relationships...............................113 3.2.5 Types of Referents .............................................120 3.2.6 Summary of Research Categories ......................123
4
Results .......................................................................................125 4.1 Quantitative Comparison.................................................125 4.1.1 Total Number of Links .......................................126
4.2
4.3
5
4.1.2 Quantitative Distribution....................................127 Qualitative Comparison...................................................133 4.2.1 Linguistic versus Non-linguistic Co-reference...134 4.2.2 Category Pairings ...............................................135 4.2.3 Comparison of Surface Markers.........................148 4.2.4 Comparison of Co-referential Relationships ......155 Other Points of Comparison ............................................166 4.3.1 Types of Referents .............................................166 4.3.2 Anaphoric and Cataphoric Co-reference ............172
Discussion..................................................................................175 5.1 Summary of Results ........................................................175 5.1.1 Definitions and Categorization...........................175 5.1.2 Quantitative Results ...........................................176 5.1.3 Qualitative Results .............................................177 5.1.4 Types of Referents in Co-reference....................181 5.1.5 Anaphora versus Cataphora................................182 5.1.6 Conclusions ........................................................182 5.2 Limitations of Current Study...........................................186 5.3 Implications of Current Study .........................................187 5.4 Implications for Future Study .........................................189
Linguistic References .......................................................................191 Appendix A: Texts............................................................................195 Appendix B: Tables of Analyzed Sentences.....................................221 Appendix C: Quantity Tables ...........................................................407 Appendix D: Quality Tables .............................................................417 Index .................................................................................................427
List of Figures
Figure 1-1: Reference .........................................................................31 Figure 1-2: Co-reference.....................................................................33 Figure 3-1: Table Headings ................................................................55 Figure 4-1: Distribution of Links......................................................130
This page intentionally left blank
List of Tables
Table 1-1: Genre and Register of a Business Letter ...........................24 Table 1-2: Givenness and Co-reference..............................................29 Table 2-1: Texts for Analysis .............................................................43 Table 2-2: Genre and Register Variables............................................45 Table 3-1: General Knowledge (Geographical Information)..............57 Table 3-2: General Knowledge (Other Types of Referents)...............59 Table 3-3: Particular Knowledge........................................................61 Table 3-4: Linguistic Knowledge (Pronouns).....................................62 Table 3-5: Linguistic Knowledge (Sense Relations) ..........................63 Table 3-6: Grammatical Categories....................................................64 Table 3-7: Examples of Paraphrasing.................................................66 Table 3-8: General Nouns...................................................................68 Table 3-9: Examples of Exemplification ............................................71 Table 3-10: Examples of Generalization ............................................73 Table 3-11: Examples of Particularization .........................................74 Table 3-12: Examples of Wholification..............................................75 Table 3-13: Proper Nouns...................................................................76 Table 3-14: Proper Adjectives ............................................................77 Table 3-15: Repetition of Head Nouns with Determiners ..................80 Table 3-16: Modifying Nouns in NP ..................................................81 Table 3-17: Repetition of Other Word Categories..............................81 Table 3-18: Repetition - Morphological Differences..........................84 Table 3-19: Co-referential Nominal Synonyms..................................87 Table 3-20: Verbal Synonyms ............................................................87 Table 3-21: Other Synonymous Links................................................88 Table 3-22: Examples of Direct Grammatical Links..........................90 Table 3-23: Return to Full Form.........................................................98 Table 3-24: Recurring Full Forms ....................................................100 Table 3-25: Co-referential Hyponyms and Superordinates ..............106 Table 3-26: Examples of Co-referential Meronyms and Holonyms ..............................................................109 Table 3-27: Variant Names...............................................................112
Table 3-28: Specification and Other Surface Markers .....................119 Table 3-29: Examples of Inclusion...................................................120 Table 3-30: Summary of Research Categories .................................123 Table 4-1: Total Number of Links ....................................................126 Table 4-2: Distribution Range Percentages ......................................129 Table 4-3: Average Number of Links per Sentence Pair ..................131 Table 4-4: Linguistic and Non-linguistic Co-referential Links ........134 Table 4-5: Non-linguistic Reiteration ...............................................136 Table 4-6: Non-linguistic Inclusion..................................................138 Table 4-7: Non-linguistic Specification............................................139 Table 4-8: Linguistic Pairings of Surface Markers and Co-referential Relationships..................................141 Table 4-9: Examples of Grammatical Surface Markers to Reiterate ...................................................................142 Table 4-10: Other Surface Markers Used to Reiterate......................143 Table 4-11: Summary of Non-Linguistic Surface Markers ..............150 Table 4-12: Summary of Linguistic Surface Markers ......................154 Table 4-13: Percentage of Non-linguistic Co-referential Relationships ................................................................156 Table 4-14: Percentage of Co-referential Relationships ...................160 Table 4-15: Linguistic Surface Markers and Reiteration..................162 Table 4-16: Linguistic Surface Markers and Inclusion.....................163 Table 4-17: Linguistic Surface Markers and Specification ..............164 Table 4-18: Types of Referents ........................................................167 Table 4-19: Comparison of Referent Types......................................169 Table 4-20: Referent Type Comparison by Genre............................170
1 Introduction
Over the last three or four decades, a great deal of the research carried out in linguistics has focused on what has become known as text linguistics. Although interest in other aspects of language such as phonology, morphology, and syntax is ever-present, there has been a tendency to move beyond the boundary of the sentence to consider what has been referred to as discourse or text, that is, groups of utterances or sentences which form a communicative whole. Instead of dealing solely with isolated sentences, researchers have tried to show what the study of patterns at text level can contribute to our understanding of language use (Stubbs, 1996: 3). The search for answers to various questions dealing with text has led theorists and researchers to explore both the internal and external aspects of texts and text production. Those interested in the internal aspects of a text focus on the text itself, seeking to identify its major parts as well as those linguistic features which contribute to the formation of a text as a unified whole. Those concerned with external aspects, on the other hand, consider the influence of extra-linguistic phenomena on text production, investigating how various circumstances generate different uses of language. Some researchers, for example Halliday and Hasan, have investigated the linguistic features which are required for the production of a text. They have sought to determine what distinguishes a text from a group of non-related sentences. Such research has provided insight into linguistic properties like co-reference, substitution, ellipsis, lexical cohesion, and the use of sentence adverbials. All of these have been identified as features causing a text to be interpreted as a coherent and cohesive unit. (Halliday and Hasan, 1976 & 1985) Other researchers have recognized the need to consider external elements which affect the production of a text. Their interest in anthropology and ethnography has led them to study and observe nonlinguistic variables involved in communication. This approach natu-
13
rally links up with studies in pragmatics (the study of the relationship between signs and interpretations) and sociolinguistics (the study of social aspects of language). The result of such research has been lists of extra-linguistic variables which contribute to language formation, often including such items as the participants, non-verbal actions, surrounding objects and events, as well as the function of the language communicated. Various combinations of such variables make up particular contexts and situations which in turn influence the language used. (Malinowski, Firth, Halliday, Sinclair) Still others have combined the two approaches to text research, linking particular features of the internal structure to aspects of the external situation. They want to discover how extra-linguistic variables affect language use. As a result of contributions made by such linguists as Crystal and Davy, Biber, Hymes, Swales, Leech and Short, it is now widely accepted that each use of language at text level can be distinguished in linguistic as well as non-linguistic terms and that there is a link between internal and external features (Biber, 1995: 1). It is this connection between internal and external aspects of text production which van Dijk recognizes when he states: We use properties of discourse as criteria for a typology of discourse. Combinations of such criteria may be used to define ‘natural’ discourse types, or genres, that is, types that are known and used as such by language users. (van Dijk, 1997: 7)
This statement implies that texts must be closely examined to determine what properties are present and to what extent they are used. Then, by comparing texts of the same type, it should be possible to discover general tendencies regarding the use of that property. Finally, patterns found in one text type can be compared to those in others. In this way, it should be possible to discover those features which contribute to a genre’s uniqueness. This study is an example of the third type mentioned above in which attempts are made to link internal and external aspects of language use. One feature of language use, co-reference, has been singled out for examination in order to identify its various forms and to determine its role in distinguishing different genres. As no study is
14
carried out in a vacuum, it must be mentioned that the ideas behind this research have been motivated by the work of other linguists and theorists, primarily Firth, Halliday, and Hasan. Their contributions as well as those of other systemic linguists have influenced my approach to the study of language in general and have provided models for discussing the relationship between genre and co-reference.
1.1 General Aims This research is based upon four underlying assumptions: the importance of meaning in language study, the essential need for authentic research corpora, the necessity of investigating language variation, and the existence of both routine and creativity in language production. The general aim of this study is to carry out research on modes of co-reference and their use in various genres within the framework of these presuppositions. Linguists have not always taken equal interest in form and meaning. Modern linguistics has focused primarily on form because this is easier to observe and verify objectively. Such tendencies have continued with respect to text analysis, the research conducted placing emphasis on surface level structures rather than on the fact that these structures are used to convey meaning (e.g. Hoey, Biber). This is probably strengthened by the current trend of using the computer as a research tool since it allows the comparison of surface structures used within large corpora of texts. Language studies excluding meaning, however, omit an aspect of language use that is just as important as form, if not more so. The British linguist J. R. Firth believed that the subject matter of linguistics is the study of meaning. In response to American linguists of the time who claimed to exclude meaning, Firth maintained that meaning is a fundamental assumption and the main concern of linguistic study. For him, form and meaning are inseparable; thus, meaning can be found at various levels of analysis: phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic and situational. (de Beaugrande, 1991: 202) This implies an integrated approach to text
15
analysis, allowing discussion of various levels of language with respect to one language feature (such as co-reference). In this research, I would like to return to a more balanced approach, focusing on co-reference in its various forms as a transmitter of meaning through a text. Although I shall make some use of the computer’s capacity to find surface level structures easily and quickly, for example in the area of repetition, the bulk of this research will require other means of identification since co-reference involves not just form but meaning as well. The second presupposition underlying this research is that the data of linguistics should be studied in authentic instances of language use, as whole texts. Unfortunately, many ideas and theories dealing with text analysis have been supported primarily by examples invented by the researcher. This means that assumptions have been made about language without data from natural language to support them. Like the ethnographer Malinowski, who provided us with the concept of the context of situation, Firth also recognized the need to consider language, not in the form of isolated sentences constructed by a linguist, but as it is really used within particular situations. For him, language was a mode of action, a way of doing things and getting things done (de Beaugrande, 1991: 95). Thus, in order to truly understand what is happening in language, one needs to observe language as it naturally occurs, within its given forms and contexts. This implies that linguists should deal with whole texts. Doing so will provide insight into language as it is and not only as we think it is. Thirdly, this research presupposes the necessity of investigating language variation. By studying the similarities and differences found in authentic texts, we are able to make statements about the nature of the English language and how it is used. Recognizing the heterogeneity of language (as Firth did (1935: 67)) causes the text linguist to ask questions concerning the use of language. In what ways are texts similar? How do they differ? How does the use of English differ in particular text types as required by the contexts involved? These are the basic questions behind this study as applied to one particular feature: co-reference. The aim is not only to learn more about coreference, but also to discover how co-reference is used in texts which have been categorized as belonging to particular genres.
16
Finally, language in use involves both routine and creation. When we want to communicate certain kinds of messages, we are required by the language community to use a given format, a particular template, complete with its own set of rules and regulations. Firth discusses this aspect of invariability in connection with conversation: Conversation is much more of a roughly prescribed ritual than most people think. Once someone speaks to you, you are in a relatively determined context and you are not free just to say what you please. We are born individuals. But to satisfy our needs we have to become social persons […] (Firth, 1935: 66, 7071)
The content of this statement applies not only to conversation, but also to other forms of communication as well. A formal letter, for example, cannot be composed in just any way. Speakers of English learn that such a letter requires a certain format including a return address, date, opening salutation, well-formed body, closing salutation, and signature. They also learn that the content must contain a certain level of formality, for example structures and vocabulary which demonstrate politeness. Formal letters are expected to hold to a special format and style of content. When they do not, the nature and function of the document is called into question. This is just one example of the many well-established generic patterns in English which restrict the speaker/writer’s choice of language forms. Speakers and writers are expected to adhere to these pre-determined forms when using language for particular purposes. Another type of invariability in language use is demonstrated by fixed word-combinations. English has a large stock of pre-fabricated phrases which must be learned and then utilized in special ways. Collocations, for example, involve the association of two or more lexemes which habitually co-occur. Although there may be other semantically plausible combinations, certain arbitrary choices have placed limitations on what is considered acceptable. Thus, we may say that it rained heavily but not strongly or greatly. The words strongly and greatly express a similar meaning, but heavily has been chosen to co-occur with the verb rain. Idioms, too, form sequences of lexical items which occur habitually, but they differ from collocations in that they are not fully transparent. Each lexical constituent in a collocation
17
is also a semantic constituent, but this is not so concerning idioms, the parts of which must be understood as a whole. It is not the purpose of this research to discuss idiomaticity, however, this phenomenon does support the fact that language is in some respects routine, inflexible and predictable. (For a more-detailed discussion of idiomaticity see Cruse 1986: 37-45.) Yet, within the given parameters, there are times when we are free to make certain choices and these choices contribute to the overall meaning which is conveyed. The following statement made by Sinclair points out the importance of this freedom to choose: Any stretch of language has meaning only as a sample of an enormously large body of text; it represents the results of a complicated selection process, and each selection has meaning by virtue of all the other selections which might have been made, but have been rejected. (Sinclair, 1975: 76-7)
The selection process does not occur in a vacuum, of course, as there are many factors influencing the choice that must be made - but it is still a choice. There are often a number of options from which a speaker/writer may choose. The question is how a person decides and to what extent the genre of the communicative act itself influences the selection process. Native speakers of a language learn to express themselves within the confines of the genres of their culture and they become aware of the appropriate means of expressing the meanings they want to communicate. They do this unconsciously as a result of their experience with a wide variety of texts in everyday situations as well as educational settings. Thus, in order to understand what choices are made and how those choices relate to particular genres, we must consciously take note of the language which is used in various texts and text types. These principles - the importance of meaning in language, the study of authentic language examples in their context of situation, the need to explore language variation, and the simultaneous existence of routine and creativity in language production - have influenced many linguists, including those known as “systemic” linguists. This approach has been recognized as providing a particularly useful framework for studying the internal as well as external aspects of language
18
at text level. Michael Halliday, largely responsible for the development of systemic linguistics, has adopted and expanded upon many of Firth’s ideas, combining them with his own. As we shall see in the following section, this approach provides a model for discussing the relationship between genre and co-reference.
1.2 A Systemic-Functional Approach Systemic functional linguistics is based upon four theoretical claims, all of which refer back to some of the principles mentioned in the previous section. First, language is functional. The use of language is motivated by some purpose, whether it is a practical one or an intangible interpersonal one. Secondly, the overall purpose of language is semantic. People produce texts in order to exchange meanings with each other. Language consists of features and structures which enable users to express the meanings they want to communicate. Thirdly, meanings are influenced by the social and cultural context in which they are exchanged. Systemic linguists focus on the use of language as a means of social interaction. They are interested in the analysis of authentic texts considered within their cultural and social contexts. Finally, language is a semiotic system: a conventionalized coding system, organized as sets of choices. Signs in a semiotic system are arbitrarily established pairings of content (meaning) and an expression (realization or encoding of that meaning). (Eggins, 1994:15) Each choice in the system acquires its meanings against the background of the other choices that could have been made. The use of language is a process of making meanings by choosing. (Eggins, 1994: 3) In summary, systemic linguistics is a functional-semantic approach which investigates how language is used in different contexts and how it is structured as a semiotic system. This approach brings together the primary aspects which must be considered in text analysis, namely the context of the text and the text itself. The purpose of the following discussion is to show how the two
19
are related and to clarify terminology, thus providing a basis for my hypothesis concerning co-reference in three different genres. Context, in its more general sense, has been defined as “the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation, etc.” (Webster, 294). Language in use can also be said to be embedded within a particular context. Utterances are produced within certain settings and are influenced by the accompanying situational factors. The Oxford Companion to the English Language (McArthur, 259) also makes mention of context with regard to language, defining context as “the linguistic, situational, social, and cultural environment of an element of language, an action, behavior, etc.” There have been many attempts to further define context as it relates to language, which has resulted in various theories regarding the type and number of situational variables as well as in differing opinions as to what terms should be used to discuss these phenomena. Two terms frequently used in connection with language context are GENRE and REGISTER. Unfortunately, there has been confusion concerning the use of these two terms, and thus it is necessary to define how they will be used in this paper. Traditionally, the term GENRE has been reserved for literary genres such as poetry, fiction, and drama, which are then further divided into sub-genres, or kinds, such as sonnets, novels, tragedies (McArthur, 435). Some discourse linguists have applied the term to the concept of text variety in general, suggesting that it include other types of discourse such as educational genres (e.g. lectures, textbooks, seminar papers), popular genres (e.g. newspaper articles, magazine reports, comics), as well as genres of everyday life (buying and selling, gossiping, e-mail). In the 1950’s, the term REGISTER, in the sense of text variety, came onto the scene. The term REGISTER used in this sense first appeared in the work of Reid in 1956, but was given broad currency by the British linguist Michael Halliday eight years later (1964) as language variety according to use (Halliday, 1978: 111). Since that time, the term has been used variously in different theoretical approaches, some giving it the broad definition of text variety, others restricting it to specific context variables. This research will adopt the terms GENRE and REGISTER as they have been defined and used in the systemic-functional model as presented in the following description.
20
In the systemic-functional model, there are two different levels of context, cultural context (genre) and situational context (register), both of which have an impact on the way language is used. These two different levels of abstraction as they are used in this model are considered redundant by some linguists, but they do represent an attempt to clarify the connection between the general framework of language use and the immediate situation in which the text is produced. Taken together, they also provide a logical explanation for the variety which is evident within one text type. The context of culture is the broader background within which linguistic behavior takes place. Culture can be defined as a set of established ways of being, doing, and saying which constitutes a group’s meaning potential. Members of a cultural group exchange meaning to achieve some purpose (practical or phatic) which is culturally relevant. In the area of “saying,” they do this by using institutionalized patterns of language called genres. (Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 99100) Each culture has its own genre potential made up of those linguistically-achieved activities which are recognized as meaningful (Eggins, 1994: 35). A number of linguists have been influenced by these ideas and this is reflected in their definitions of genre. Martin (1984: 25), for example, defines GENRE as “a staged, goal-oriented, purposeful activity in which speakers engage as members of our culture.” In a later work, he states that “genres are how things get done, when language is used to accomplish them” (1985b: 248). Eggins (1994: 9) describes them as staged, step-by-step structures that cultures institutionalize as ways of achieving goals through language use. For Stubbs (1996: 11) they are conventional ways of expressing meaning through “purposeful, goaldirected language activities, which form patterns of meaning in the social world.” In his book Genre Analysis, John Swales offers a definition of genre containing a similar focus. He begins his discussion by presenting genre as it has been perceived in four different fields: folklore, literary studies, linguistics, and rhetoric. Combining the perceptions of these four disciplines, he arrives at a holistic definition of genre:
21
A genre comprises a class of communicative events, the members of which share some set of communicative purposes. These purposes are recognized by the expert members of the parent discourse community, and thereby constitute the rationale for the genre. This rationale shapes the schematic structure of the discourse and influences and constrains choice of content and style. […] In addition to purpose, exemplars of a genre exhibit various patterns of similarity in terms of structure, style, content and intended audience. (Swales, 1990: 58)
In Swales’ definition, as well as in those mentioned in the previous paragraph, we find two basic elements of a genre: shared communicative purpose and similar schematic patterns according to established social conventions. The way in which members of the language community recognize a genre is by asking about the purposeful activity involved and the appropriate structures used to carry it out. The type of text mentioned earlier in this chapter, the formal letter, is considered a genre of many English-speaking cultures because it has a unique purpose and a special structure. Although any individual situation (as realized in a particular combination of register variables) may call for somewhat different content, the overall purpose of a formal letter remains the same: the transmission of a written message which provides information or asks for action. In addition, a formal letter requires a special structure as defined by the cultural group (e.g. addresses, date, salutation, body, closing, and signature). A formal letter, then, is the cultural context that gives purpose and meaning to a written or printed communication addressed to a person or organization and usually transmitted by mail. This genre of English represents one example of the impact of social and cultural context on language. Genres are realized by the context of situation, the second level of context in the systemic-functional model. The context of situation refers to the immediate context in which the text is produced. As Eggins writes, the context of situation “constrains the appropriacy of using a particular genre and gives the abstract schematic the details” (1994: 50). Halliday applied the term REGISTER to “semantic configurations that are typically associated with particular social contexts, defined […] in terms of field, tenor, and mode” (Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 43). He recognized that there are features associated with
22
language used in particular environmental conditions and that the clustering of such features according to situation type results in a certain type of text (genre), the form of which is recognized and accepted by speakers of the language (1978, 68). Thus, the English language has special registers for menus, verses on greeting cards, technical instructions, and legal documents, and many other genres. Halliday divided register into three domains corresponding to the three kinds of meaning he identified as being necessary for making sense of each other and the world. Field is concerned with experiential meaning, that is, how speakers represent the real world, its participants and processes. Tenor relates to interpersonal meaning, focusing on the function of an utterance in the process of social interaction. He chose mode to refer to textual meaning, or how speakers organize their language using various semantic, grammatical, thematic, and informational structures. These three domains influence the speaker’s choice of language. Taken together, they result in a text reflecting use in a particular situation, or register. (Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 24) Returning to our formal letter once again, it is possible to see the interaction between these three domains and the resulting text. Table 1-1 lists the genre and register information for a formal letter found in one particular context of situation. The field of a formal letter might be labeled as a business transaction/agreement, the tenor as client/ business agent, and the mode as short written document intended to invite participation. Changing the character of any one of these domains effects alterations in the type of language that would occur in the resulting document. Situations involving different topics, participants, and mediums call for differing uses of language. Various combinations of field, tenor and mode result not only in the various genres of a particular culture but also allow for variation within one text type.
23
Table 1-1: Genre and Register of a Business Letter Genre (Context of Culture) Formal letter
Register (Context of Situation) Field - (experiential meaning) business transaction Tenor - (interpersonal meaning) client/business agent therefore formal and polite Mode - (textual meaning) short, written document intended to invite participation
Register, then, mediates the realization of genre by filling in the specifics relevant to a particular situation using that genre. Both contextual dimensions, genre and register, are realized by language. One way in which we work out what genre a text is realizing is to observe the cumulative effect of the different types of meaning (experiential, interpersonal and textual) as represented by the language used. Together these form the situational context. After compiling the features of language contributing to the various meanings, we search for a social activity in our culture in which this combination of meanings would make sense. In other words, we try to ascertain the purpose of the communication. In functional systemic linguistics, language is characterized by a tri-stratal semiotic system involving a stratum of meaning, a stratum of wording, and a stratum of sounds/written symbols. The highest stratum of language is that of meaning, also called discoursesemantics, and the unit of analysis associated with this level is the text. This is followed by lexico-grammar and phonology, which deal (primarily) with the clause and the phoneme/grapheme respectively. As in the case of earlier levels, these three aspects of language are also in hierarchical relation to each other: discourse-semantics is encoded in lexico-grammatical organization, which in turn is realized by phonological and graphological features. (Eggins, 1994: 81-82) The study being presented here is most interested in the stratum of discourse-semantics. As its name suggests, this level consists of
24
two parts: discourse and semantics. The semantic part of this level of language is concerned with the kinds of meanings that are made in a text. Observation of this phenomenon is possible through a consideration of a text’s lexico-grammatical organization. The three types of meaning identified by Halliday as being essential to communication are realized in particular areas of the lexico-grammar. Experiential meaning is encoded in transitivity patterns, interpersonal meaning in mood structures, and textual meaning in thematic structures. Moving in the other direction, the chosen meanings can be linked to the contextual variables of field, tenor, and mode. (Eggins, 1994: 84) Important as semantics is to the process as a whole, however, we have still not zeroed in on how co-reference fits into the larger picture. This is the focus of our next step. The second, and with respect to co-reference most important, part of the discourse-semantic stratum is that of discourse. Discourse represents the different resources the language has for creating text. Earlier it was stated that the unit of analysis for this stratum is the text. This implies that we know what a text is. Halliday and Hasan have defined a text as “any passage (of language), spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole” (1976:1). This suggests that the basis for discriminating between text and non-text is the notion of unity. For a group of sentences or utterances to be perceived as a text, they must demonstrate a certain sense of belonging together. In a later work, Halliday and Hasan go on to differentiate two different types of unity, one of which is textuality. (Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 52) Textuality is the quality or property of a written or spoken text which causes readers/listeners to distinguish it from a random collection of sentences or utterances. The terms TEXT and TEXTUALITY are derived from the Latin word texere, which means ‘to weave’ (Webster, 1381). A text is a group of sentences or utterances which have been woven together. Like threads in a piece of fabric, they must be intertwined in various ways. Texture is created within a text by lexical and grammatical cohesive devices that link one part of the message to another. Since language use is sequential in nature (Atkinson and Heritage, 1984: 6), each part of the text provides a frame of reference for other segments. (Eggins, 1994: 85-86) Halliday
25
points out the importance of cohesive devices in a linear process of text production when he states, It is important to be able to think of text dynamically, as an ongoing process of meaning; and of textual cohesion as an aspect of this process, whereby the flow of meaning is channeled along the speaker’s purposive courses instead of spilling out aimlessly in every possible direction. (Halliday, 1985: 290)
Perhaps it seems idealistic to assume that speakers and writers are so purposeful and organized at the textual level, but as Grice’s maxims of manner demonstrate, listeners/readers assume that communicators are trying to be perspicuous (Grice, 1975: 45 and Sperber & Wilson, 1986: 33-34). Even at times when speakers and writers happen to have different or even conflicting purposes, they rely on the unifying elements that join their ideas in a logical way. Strategically-positioned elements along the linear structure of a text create cohesive links between various parts of the text and act as a means of guiding and channeling meaning. Such links, or ties as they are sometimes called, are the results of semantic relations which exist between message parts. They prompt the reader/listener to interpret the parts as belonging together, thus creating a sense of cohesion within the text. One type of cohesion through which texture is realized in text is co-reference. This refers to how a writer/speaker introduces bits of meaning and then carries those same meanings along throughout the text. Co-reference means the bond of ‘cross-reference’ between two items or expressions which refer to the same entity or entities. The meaning of one such item is often dependent on another item in the text for its complete definition. Links based on a relationship of similar reference create cohesion between sentences or utterances. Such co-referential ties are realized by various lexical and grammatical items which allow the same entity to enter the discourse a second time. Writers/speakers of English have a number of options when it comes to referring to the same thing again. Co-reference will be discussed in more detail in section 1.3. For the moment it is sufficient to point out that co-referential devices supply an important means of organizing meaning within discourse. The above discussion of language use according to the functional systemic model furnishes insight into the relationship between genre
26
and co-reference. In a nutshell, genres are realized through language. Realization takes place via various lexico-grammatical selections used to produce text reflecting particular situational variables. Co-reference represents one use of lexico-grammatical items for particular purposes within the text-producing process. As such, it is also linked to the level of register and, ultimately, to that of genre. This model proffers a means of investigating various aspects of genres by observing the language used to produce them. Basing ourselves on the fact that genres, as recognizable cultural activities, are different ways of using language, then we should find that language users make different lexico-grammatical choices according to the different purposes they want to achieve. This implies that realization patterns will differ across genres. (Eggins, 1994: 42) Therefore, in texts representing different genres, we should expect to find differing tendencies with regards to co-reference. If this is the case, then it will be possible to suggest that co-reference is an indicator of genre.
1.3 Co-reference 1.3.1
Co-reference and the Notion of Givenness
Co-reference is very closely linked to the notion of givenness. Every message contains information which, from the participants’ points of view, may be labeled as either old or new. Information is considered to be “old” when those involved in the act of communication already know about it because it has been referred to in some previous discourse, situation, or experience. Old information is often referred to as that which is known or “given” in a particular instance of communication. (Allerton, 1978: 134) Such information is of little importance to the listener/reader unless it is coupled together with some new information, or unless it is required to complete some current cognitive task and it is easier to get it from the speaking
27
environment rather than to retrieve it from memory (Sperber & Wilson, 1986: 48). At the other end of the spectrum we find information which is new. In the extremist case, it is entirely unconnected to anything the listener/reader has been presented with up to that point. When there is little or no connection between this piece of information and what has gone before, the listener/reader is required to expend a great deal of effort in trying to make sense of it and, in the end, the cost of processing may outweigh the benefits. Ideally, the given information will be connected to the new information in some way so that the addressee will be able to use the two parts together to infer further new information. (Sperber & Wilson, 1986: 48) It is givenness rather than newness which leads to the use of coreference in a text. Information which is considered to be present or available in the addressee’s mind requires little if any further elaboration. This idea relates to Grice’s co-operative principle and his categories of quantity (‘make your contribution as informative as is required’, but ‘do not make your contribution more informative than is required’), relation (‘be relevant’), and manner (‘avoid ambiguity’, but ‘be brief’). (Sperber & Wilson, 1986: 33-34) If it is true, as Sperber and Wilson claim based on their work with Grice’s principles (1986, 1995: 49), that “all human beings automatically aim at the most efficient information processing possible,” then it stands to reason that they will try to select forms which will contain just the right amount of informativeness. Depending on how explicit they want to be, speakers/writers may employ various co-referential forms to express those things they want to mention again. In this way, they will be able to avoid wasting time by repeating the obvious while still being as specific as necessary. (Allerton, 1978: 136) It is important to point out here that the notion of givenness does not always imply co-referentiality. There are times when an item may be replaced by a pro-form solely to avoid repetition of the surface item. For example, a pronoun may be used to replace a noun so as to avoid mentioning it repeatedly or to mention one of the same class. It is then the addressee’s task to search the surrounding text or situation to discover what noun has been replaced and to determine if the two items refer to the same referent in the real world. Allerton draws
28
attention to this point, suggesting that there are two kinds of givenness: pro-form givenness and definite-givenness (1978: 143). Pro-form givenness involves the deletion of the lexical identity of the whole NP or the head within an NP and does not imply a coreferential relationship. Definite givenness, on the other hand, requires the addressee to identify individual referents. Table 1-2 shows examples of both pro-form givenness and definite givenness used endophorically and exophorically. This distinction is similar to Halliday and Hasan’s categories of substitution and reference, both of which will be further discussed in section 1.3.2.2. Table 1-2: Givenness and Co-reference
Endophoric (Linguistically determined)
Exophoric (Situationally determined)
Pro-form Givenness/Substitution Mary: “John just brought me a bouquet of flowers!” Sally: “Oh, really. I wish Ted would bring me one.”
Someone in a garden looking at flowers says: “Look. That’s a nice one!”
Definite Givenness/ (Co-)reference John brought Mary a beautiful bouquet of flowers and some chocolates. He had bought the bouquet at the flower shop around the corner. It was wrapped in pink tissue and tied up with a white bow. John brought Mary two bouquets of flowers last week. The first bouquet wilted after just 2 hours. The second one lasted more than 8 days. Mary to John on the phone after having received a bouquet of flowers: “The flowers have wilted!” Or later: “Remember my birthday last year, dear?” “Ya. The first bouquet was terrible.”
29
1.3.2
Co-reference: A Definition
The notion of co-reference is not new to text linguistics; indeed, many theorists and researchers have been concerned with this concept, although they have not always used the same terminology. As a result, the examination of previous research has revealed two main problems when dealing with co-reference: definition and terminology. The following discussion is an attempt to distinguish co-reference from other related concepts, thereby developing a more precise definition and providing clarity concerning terminology used in this research. 1.3.2.1
Co-reference versus Reference
One of the first distinctions which must be made is that between coreference and reference. Reference is the more general of the two terms and concerns a fundamental feature of language, namely its denotational function. Language, as a system of conventional signs representing meaning, is used to denote (designate or indicate) entities about which speakers/writers wish to communicate. Linguistic units of various sizes (morphemes, words, parts of sentences, sentences) stand in for entities in the real world (or, especially in the case of literary works, a fictional world), thus enabling humans to think, talk, and write about their experiences. John Lyons, who devoted a whole chapter of his book Semantics to reference, sense and denotation, defines reference as “the relationship which holds between an expression and what that expression stands for on particular occasions of its utterance.” (Lyons, 1977: 174) When forming a particular utterance, the speaker/writer refers to or denotes something or someone by using some appropriate expression. For example, someone who has just received a bouquet of flowers as a gift might exclaim: “These flowers are just beautiful! Thanks so much.” This person would be using the expression these flowers (or perhaps even more naturally they) to refer to some particular flowers at that moment. (See Figure 1-1: Reference.) The entity referred to (the actual bouquet of flowers) is known as the referent and the relationship between the two parts is one of reference.
30
Figure 1-1: Reference
These flowers/ They are just beautiful!
referent
utterance
The terms REFERENCE and REFERENTIAL MEANING are now fairly well established in the literature of linguistic semantics and stylistics in the sense of ‘cognitive meaning’ or ‘descriptive meaning’. These refer to meaning based on the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment and reasoning, as opposed to associative meanings based on emotional or volitional processes which are personal and/or cultural. For the most part, reference studies have concentrated on ways in which we refer to people and concrete things. This is most likely because so much of our world is made up of concrete objects about which we want to communicate. However, the definition of reference given in The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (3500) suggests that there are further entities which speakers and writers refer to. Reference is the term used to describe the relationship between utterances and their objects of communication in the world. Different utterances refer to different individuals, events, times and places about which they are used to communicate. (Bolding mine)
Not only do we use language to refer to people and concrete things, but also to events, times, and places. To this list we might also add actions, facts, and abstract ideas. The last items mentioned in the previous paragraph lead us in the direction of another type of reference – discourse reference. One
31
unique aspect of language is that it has a reflexive function. This involves the ability of language to refer to itself, or perhaps more accurately, the ability of humans to use language to talk about language. (Lyons, 1977: 5) Halliday also recognized the referential nature of facts and the possibility of their being raised to the level of clause participants. Reference is a relationship between things, or facts; it may be established at varying distances, and although it usually serves to relate single elements that have a function within the clause (processes, participants, circumstances), it can give to any passage of text the status of fact, and so turn it into a clause participant. (1985: 289, bolding mine)
Once a portion of text has been introduced into the discourse, it belongs to the whole body of given information and can therefore be referred to again. It is the goal of this research to investigate all the various types of entities as they apply to co-reference. Co-reference, on the other hand, a term used frequently in text linguistics, is concerned with the link between two linguistic units which denote the same referent in a given textual world (“text” being used in the wider sense of spoken or written text). Or, in de Beaugrande’s words, it is “the application of different surface expressions to the same entity in a textual world (1980, 133).” Whether surface items are the same or different, the relation of identical reference establishes a semantic link, causing the two utterances to be perceived as belonging together. Whenever the listener/reader is provided with such links, the effect is cohesive, linking the two pieces into a coherent unity. (de Beaugrande, 1991, 251) Let us return again to our bouquet of flowers for an illustration. As has already been established in Figure 1-1, the expression these flowers in utterance A refers to a given object. In Figure 1-2, utterance B contains a pronoun, which by definition cannot be interpreted without either an external situation or some other piece of text. Given these two utterances together, we may interpret the pronoun they in utterance B to mean the flowers which have already been mentioned in utterance A. Although these two utterances contain different surface expressions (a noun phrase vs. a pronoun), the pronoun they in utterance B refers semantically to the same flowers as the noun phrase
32
these flowers in utterance A. This semantic link causes us to consider the possibility of interpreting these two utterances as belonging together. Figure 1-2: Co-reference
utterance A
utterance B
These flowers are just beautiful!
Oh, and they smell so nice too! co-reference
reference
reference
referent
Another way of looking at the distinction between reference and co-reference is to identify the location of the information needed to interpret the surface item. From where does the reader/listener recover the information necessary for identification of the surface item? If the linguistic unit derives its meaning only from the extra-linguistic situation, then there is no link between this item and some other surface item in the text. This is known as exophoric reference. It is possible to imagine someone asking, “Is she badly hurt?” on arriving at the scene of an accident in which a girl named Mary has been struck by a car. It would be evident from the situation, without further elab-
33
oration, which person is meant by she. Full identification is recoverable from the extra-linguistic situation. If, however, the meaning is found within the surrounding text, then a co-referential relationship has been established. This is known as endophoric or text-internal reference. Consider the following piece of text reporting the car accident mentioned above: 1a)
The car was totally wrecked and Mary was badly injured.
1b)
She was lying on the ground about ten feet from the car.
When taken together, the sentences are assumed to relate to the same event, and the pronoun she in sentence 1b is taken to mean the girl mentioned in sentence 1a. The surface terms Mary and she both refer to the same female person. While still at the scene of the accident, the speakers involved would know who the she in sentence 1b denotes simply by viewing their surroundings. At a later time, however, should this sentence appear in a court testimony or newspaper report for example, the referent of the pronoun she, taken alone, would not be clear. Although she does have an exophoric referent, the reader does not have direct access to this information and begins to search for other means of clarification, namely by considering any other information present. In this case, the full form of she is recoverable from a neighboring part of the text, namely the noun phrase Mary in sentence 1a. These two items are perceived as having the same referent, and in this context are said to co-refer. (The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 3500-3501) Endophoric reference may be of two types, either anaphoric or cataphoric. The sentences above provide an example of anaphoric coreference, meaning that the antecedent is followed by a co-referential item in the surface text. The reversal is true of cataphoric coreference: the pro-form precedes the linguistic expression in the surface text (de Beaugrande, 1980, 133). The first item implies givenness that has not yet been defined. The second item in the discourse
34
makes the precise referent of both items clear. Consider this pair of sentences. 2a)
They were beautiful.
2b)
Upon the mantel stood a vase of the nicest flowers John had ever sent her.
Should the discourse start with sentence 2a, it would not be clear who the pronoun they refers to. The reader must read sentence 2b in order to discover the pro-form’s referent. Cataphoric co-reference creates a sense of drama and tension in the text since the reader is temporarily left in the dark concerning the items in question. Although both anaphora and cataphora are actually kinds of coreference, the term ANAPHORA has sometimes been used to refer to coreference in general since so many instances of co-reference are anaphoric in nature (The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 3501). The term CO-REFERENCE will continue to be used throughout this work as the superordinate term for endophoric reference, reserving the terms ANAPHORA and CATAPHORA to distinguish between the two types of co-reference as needed. The definition of co-reference given above presupposes dependency between the co-referential items and their referent, forming a triangular relationship. Thus, co-reference is necessarily linked to reference. Not all researchers hold to this view however. Amichai Kronfeld (1990), for example, in his attempts to specify the general principles of a computational model of reference, distinguishes between co-reference and reference, but does not see the dependent nature of the two. He maintains that internal reference (the relation of co-reference among symbols within a text) and external reference (the relationship between symbols and the objects they represent) involve two different perspectives and therefore internal reference can be studied with no concern for external reference. He writes: Although research from the internal perspective is largely independent of its external counterpart, the opposite is not true, since a theory of referring needs the constraints that a theory of anaphora resolution provides. (Kronfeld, 1990: 6)
35
This view fails to recognize two important points concerning reference and co-reference. First, while reference is essential to the definition of language, co-reference is not. It is possible to imagine a language without co-reference (e.g. the language of small children), simplistic or cumbersome though it might be, but a language without reference does not seem to be a language at all. Thus, a theory of coreference would seem to presuppose one of reference, and not viceversa. Second, Kronfeld’s stance ignores the triangular structure of coreference. For a relationship of co-reference to exist between two items, there must be an underlying relationship of identical reference between them. Otherwise we should not speak of co-reference, but rather some other kind of replacement process. Co-reference is not merely a two-way link between surface items which have been substituted for one another, but rather involves a three-way link between two surface items and an entity in the real world. This is an important feature of co-reference distinguishing it from other types of cohesion. 1.3.2.2
Co-reference versus Substitution
Another distinction which has been blurred in the past is that between co-reference and substitution. The term SUBSTITUTION has often been used in a very general way to include any kind of pro-form replacement, either structural or textual, without any distinction made between co-referential and purely surface-level links. Bloomfield (1933), for example, uses the word SUBSTITUTE to denote the structural co-referential relationship obtaining between a personal pronoun and its antecedent as in the sentence: Ask that policeman, and he will tell you. His use of the term SUBSTITUTE in relation to the link between that policeman and the pronoun he in this sentence reflects the idea of replacement but fails to distinguish the fact that a replacement item may or may not have the same referent. (Gutwinsky, 1976: 61) The same can be said for Gutwinsky, who, in an attempt to provide a descriptive framework for the study of cohesion, devotes a whole section to the discussion of anaphora. By this he means “grammatical devices of inter-sentence cohesion” (1976: 62) which, he states, includes areas discussed by Quirk, et al. under the headings of
36
substitution, discourse reference, comparison, and ellipsis. Though he provides a list of cohesive devices, Gutwinsky, like Bloomfield, fails to make the distinction between those that are and those that are not used in cases of identical reference. In Robert de Beaugrande’s discussion of textual efficiency, mention is made of Morgan (1978) and Webber’s (1980) observations that some researchers tend to refer to surface words rather than to conceptual-relational content, but de Beaugrande suggests that their remarks may be too severe. He is willing to accept a broad definition of ‘substitution’ since, as he states: We may say metaphorically that words “refer” to other words, and mean that words refer to the same referent as other words, provided we do not go on to claim that we are dealing with nothing but words. (1972: 133)
For him substitution means “any connection between two components of a text or textual world that allows the second to activate a configuration of knowledge shared with the first.” (133) Thus, the cohesive devices de Beaugrande mentions in his work are actually a combination of surface-level items linking words and co-referential items denoting the same referent. This mixture fails to show the various ways in which referential meaning is actually carried along through the text. Two other important researchers, Halliday and Hasan, both of whom have made major contributions to text linguistics, have recognized this difference. In their work Cohesion in English, they explain co-reference (put under the general heading of “reference”) in this way: In the case of reference, the information to be retrieved is the referential meaning, the identity of the particular thing or class of things that is being referred to; and the cohesion lies in the continuity of reference, whereby the same thing enters into the discourse a second time. (1976: 31)
In a later chapter entitled Substitution, we find that they make the following statement concerning the difference between substitution and co-reference:
37
Substitution is a relation between linguistic items, such as words or phrases; whereas reference is a relation between meanings. In terms of the linguistic system, reference is a relation on the semantic level, whereas substitution is a relation on the lexicogrammatical level, the level of grammar and vocabulary, or linguistic ‘form’. (1976: 89)
On the surface, co-referential items and substitutional items may appear to be very similar. What is lacking in the case of substitution, however, is continuity of reference. This research will distinguish between co-referentiality and other relationships involving replacement. The term CO-REFERENTIALITY will be reserved for those cases where there is a mutual referent underlying the two items in question. Consider the following pairs of sentences: 3)
I like your golf umbrella. May I borrow it?
4)
I like your golf umbrella. Where can I get one?
These two mini-texts may appear to be quite similar since they both involve some kind of reduction through pro-form replacement, but closer inspection reveals that they are, in fact, quite different. In both cases, there has been a change in the surface expression, i.e. a proform replaces some item in the first sentence of each pair, but identical reference occurs only in sequence 3. The pronoun it in sequence 3 replaces the whole NP your golf umbrella and refers again to the same object in the real world. It is possible to replace the pronoun it with the full NP again without changing the referential meaning of the utterance: I like your golf umbrella. May I borrow your golf umbrella? Replacements of this type will be considered co-referential links in this research. In sequence 4, on the other hand, the pronoun one replaces only the compound head noun golf umbrella and does not denote exactly the same umbrella previously mentioned. Sequence 4 above does not mean: I like your golf umbrella.Where can I get your golf umbrella? but rather I like your golf umbrella.Where can I get a golf umbrella (like yours)?. There are two different umbrellas involved in sequence 4. In cases of non-co-referential replacement, a pro-form makes men-
38
tion of another item from the same class. As with co-reference, this type of replacement also provides a type of cohesive link between sentences in a text, but we cannot speak of similar reference, and therefore a different sort of relationship is involved. In her part (Part B) of a later work published by the same two authors, Ruquaia Hasan differentiates three types of cohesive relations: co-referentiality, co-classification, and co-extension (Halliday and Hasan, 1985). She uses the term CO-REFERENTIALITY, referred to in earlier work as REFERENCE, to denote a relationship in which two linguistic units within the text have the same referent. This she distinguishes from two other cohesive devices: CO-CLASSIFICATION, which involves two separate entities belonging to the same class, and COEXTENSION, in which two things refer to something within the same general field of meaning. All three of these relationships create ties between parts of the text, but each does so in a different way. Concerning patterns of linking within a text, Hasan again separates relationships of referential identity from other types of relationships. A set of items, each of which is related to the others by the semantic relation of co-reference, creates what she calls an identity chain. Every member of the chain refers to the same thing, event, or whatever. Cases of co-classification and co-extension form similarity chains, which are made up of items that refer to non-identical members of the same class of things, events, etc, or to members of non-identical but related classes of things, events, etc. (Halliday & Hasan, 1985: 84-85). Although ignored by some linguists, the distinction between referential identity and other types of similarity is gaining recognition in some current dictionaries and grammar books. In The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, for example, the entry found under REFERENCE states that co-reference is to be distinguished from substitution, since co-referential items share the same referent and substituted items do not (338). Similarly, the Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics also distinguishes co-reference from substitution, though providing it with yet another confusing label: textual reference (482). The goal of this research is to provide empirical data concerning co-reference in order to further strengthen its position as a textual device distinct from other cohesive relationships.
39
This page intentionally left blank
2 Principles of Analysis
2.1 Specific Aims The first goal of this research is to study meaning as it is carried through a text by means of co-reference as defined in the previous chapter. Previous research concerning co-reference has focused primarily on grammatical means of co-referring. This would seem to be an artificial division since meaning can be expressed and referred to again and again through lexical as well as grammatical means. Thus, the present investigation will focus on this one feature of language across the lexical-grammatical border. It is hoped, as a result of this approach, that various forms of co-reference might be identified and that the list of items presently recognized as belonging to co-reference might be expanded upon. This research, based on observed rather than invented material, will provide empirical data on co-reference as a cohesive mechanism within authentic English texts. The second main goal of this research is to explore the property of co-reference within various texts as a possible means of distinguishing genre types. Due to the heterogeneic nature of language as well as its tendency to utilize both routine and creation in the language process, we might expect to find different uses of co-reference in various text types. Is this really the case? In order to answer this question, other more basic questions must first be addressed: By what means are co-referential relationships established within each text? To what extent are particular forms repeatedly chosen to create such referential links? Are there tendencies within one text type? Once co-referential form and frequency have been identified in each text, it should then be possible to compare the results, first of texts from the same genre and then those of different genres. Consequently, this study will provide not only quantitative but also qualitative information regarding co-reference in three individual text types, thereby laying the foundation for a comparative study of three
41
different genres. Exploring the property of co-reference in this way will single out differences in language use and allow for some pertinent statements to be made regarding modes of co-reference as an indicator of text variety. Such information contributes to our understanding of genres as well as language use and variation.
2.2 Parameters 2.2.1
Selection of Genres
Nine texts have been selected as typical examples of three different genres: articles found in academic journals, weekly news magazine reports, and excerpts of narrative fiction from popular novels. (See Table 2-1: Texts for Analysis.) Each of these genres is recognized by the majority of native speakers as being an established form within the English language. This implies that there are differences between the text types and that the texts of one type fulfill similar purposes and adhere to pre-established forms. In addition, texts of one genre should be realized by similar register variables. For ease of reference, the texts will appear in the remainder of this work in their abbreviated forms, which are listed following each entry in Table 2: Texts for Analysis. Table 2-2 lists the three genres and gives brief descriptions of their register variables under the headings of field, tenor, and mode. Following is a discussion of these factors. The fields of all three genres deal with the political situation and events in the Middle East in some way. The articles from academic journals and the news magazine reports recount real political events, though the timeframes are slightly different. The news magazine articles differ from the academic articles in that they report on current “hot” news items. The topics discussed in the academic articles refer to events which took place in the more distant past. There is no sense of immediacy. The excerpts from narrative fiction, on the other hand, take real events and use them as a backdrop for additional imaginary or fictional events. For the most part, the historical situation is not the
42
main topic of the discourse, but rather provides the motivation for certain events of the fictional narrative. Nevertheless, all of the texts make use of similar lexical items which are specific to the topic involved. Table 2-1: Texts for Analysis Articles from Academic Journals: Sayigh, Rosemary, “Palestinians in Lebanon: Harsh Present, Uncertain Future”, Journal of Palestine Studies XXV, no. 1, (Autumn 1995), pp. 37-53. (PiL) Marshall, Mark, “Rethinking the Palestine Question: the Apartheid Paradigm”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. XXV, Number 1, Autumn 1995. (RPQ) Fischbach, Michael R., “Settling Historical Land Claims in the Wake of Arab-Israeli Peace”, Journal of Palestine Studies, 1997 Vol. 27, Issue 1, Autumn, University of California Press for the Institute for Palestine Studies, Berkeley, CA. (SHLC) Weekly News Magazine Articles: Dennis, Mark. “A Poorer Peace.” Newsweek 1 September 1997: 20-21. (APP) McGeary, Johanna. “Bibi’s Black Days.” Time 31 March 1997: 28 (BBD) Beyer, Lisa. “Soaked in Blood.” Time 11 August 1997: 24 (SIB) Popular Novels: Le Carré, John, (1983) The Little Drummer Girl, Hodder and Stoughton, London, pp. 422-23. (LDG) Grossman, David, (1983) The Smile of the Lamb, Jonathan Cape, London, pp. 146-47. (SoL) Thoene, Bodie, (1986) The Gates of Zion, Bethany House Publishers, Minneapolis, MN. (GOZ)
The participants involved in the various communicative acts are quite different. All of the texts were written by authoritative, educated writers, but the writers from each group demonstrate different concerns. Writers of academic texts are scholars who are concerned with voicing their opinions on the events which have taken place. They
43
seek to interpret situations and make value judgments about them based on reason and logic. The writers of news magazine articles are also knowledgeable, but they are concerned with a story’s immediacy, or the fact that the news is current. Although such writers are concerned with reporting facts to a certain extent, their reports are not devoid of interpretation and personal opinion, though this may not be obvious to the reader. Another factor which journalists must keep in mind is that the articles they write should be entertaining enough to sell magazines. For the writers of popular novels, the political and historical settings are necessary ingredients for a good story, but they are not the story themselves. Writers of fiction use such information to create a setting in which the plot can be carried out. The greatest difference, however, lies in the type of audience addressed in each of these genres. Each is written to an unknown recipient, but each presupposes different expectations on the part of the addressee. In the case of academic articles, recipients are also educated readers, very likely also scholars, who are keenly interested in the topic and its discussion. Readers expect the text to be written in such a way that they can follow the argument and form their own opinions as to the validity of the points presented. Readers of a news magazine article, however, may or may not be knowledgeable on the subject yet they would like to become informed on the topic to a certain extent. The knowledge gained will not make such readers experts on the topic, but it will add to their general knowledge of the world and any current events. The reader’s goal may be to form an opinion or it may be simply to catch up on the latest news. In addition, readers of news magazine articles expect the texts to be interesting and somewhat entertaining, thus the use of photographs, pictures and diagrams whenever possible. The audience addressed in the case of popular novels, on the other hand, is interested in the text primarily for its entertainment value. The main focus is on the plot and its characters, and the storyline must be so that the reader is carried through the novel at a pace which will ensure a dramatic, suspenseful, or exciting reading experience.
44
Table 2-2: Genre and Register Variables Genre: Articles from academic journals dealing with political history
Field Real political situation and events in the Middle East as interpreted by the writer
News magazine articles (leading contemporary magazines)
Real political situations and events of current interest in the Middle East as interpreted by the writer
Popular novel (narrative fiction)
A mix of real and imaginary political situations and events in the Middle East as experienced by fictitious characters
Register Variables: Tenor Authoritative, educated writer (scholar) concerned with forming opinion and making value judgments by using facts and logic An unknown educated reader; complete understanding desired on part of reader in order to form an opinion Educated writer with a deadline; concern for immediacy and importance of the news item An unknown, semieducated reader reading to be informed quickly in a short amount of time Educated writer concerned with creating a fictional world within a particular setting; plot, structure, style, & characterization equally if not more important An unknown, interested but not necessarily educated reader; primary focus is the story
Mode Monologue; written to be read; reflective discussion of the facts; persuasive and informative effect on reader
Monologue; written to be read; informative report which is covertly persuasive; length and entertainment important
Monologue; written to be read; entertaining; reader gains information but only as back-ground to the narrative (inform-ation may or may not be factual)
45
The last register variable to consider is mode. Each of the genres is a monologue which has been written to be read. This means that all of the texts demonstrate the typical characteristics of written text. They all represent well-planned texts and they employ the standard graphological forms such as layout, typology, and punctuation, although to various degrees of complexity. Language is used by the writers to reflect; it does not accompany an activity (as in the case of buying/selling something or playing cards). The language itself constitutes the social process. A further difference between these texts concerns their rhetorical modes, that is, what the writer expects the text to do. The academic texts are primarily persuasive. They attempt to convince the reader that a particular view of some historical event is correct. The news magazine articles are mainly informative, though at times covertly persuasive. There is sometimes sensationalism involved so as to make the texts more interesting to the reader. The texts of narrative fiction are intended as entertainment, meaning that they are to provide pleasurable reading experiences for their audiences. Linguistically speaking, each genre comes with its own set of rules and regulations which users of the language are expected to adhere to, at least for the most part, if the text is to be considered a member of that particular genre. As mentioned previously, genres are further influenced by the immediate context of situation in the form of register variables, and both genre and register are realized through language. Based on the descriptions given here and in Table 2-2, we can expect these genres to contain different language features. It is the goal of this research to determine if co-reference is one linguistic criterion distinguishing these three genres.
2.2.2
Subject Matter
The choice of the three genres mentioned above makes it possible to control the variable of subject matter. Each text deals with the Middle Eastern political situation involving Israel, the Palestinians, and neighboring Arab countries. Texts discussing similar topics and settings might be expected to make use of the same expressions of co-
46
reference. If this is not the case, then there may be differences within the system of linguistic features which may be of interest in distinguishing genres.
2.2.3
Text Corpora
The data chosen for analysis consists of nine authentic English texts, all composed by different authors. Analyzing texts by various authors eliminates the possibility that it is individual style rather than genre type which is governing the use of co-reference. In addition, the texts have been produced not for the benefit of research, but for a particular reading audience outside the parameters of this research. Thus, there is no opportunity for researcher bias in presenting language examples. The texts are written texts (as opposed to spoken texts) intended to be read by individuals unknown to the writer yet possessing certain expected characteristics. All of the texts are the result of a planned and pre-meditated writing activity. As a result, all of them make use of culturally accepted orthographic devices for written texts, i.e. punctuation, sentence formation, etc.
2.2.4
Number of Texts
The number of texts representing each genre has been set at three for two reasons. First, the comparison of three texts provides a manageable amount of material within the scope of this study. The use of three texts will offer enough data to allow discussion of possible tendencies. If necessary, additional texts could be analyzed in future research in order to pursue particular points which may require further clarification. Secondly, the analysis of three texts anticipates the fact that there may be discrepancies between texts belonging to the same genre group. One text may exhibit unusual forms or frequency patterns which, when compared with other texts within the genre, would cause it to be considered a-typical of the type. Were there only one or two texts for each genre, then there would be no means of comparison in such cases. It is easier to assume that a genre makes use
47
of a particular pattern when two out of three texts support such a tendency. This assumption would not be possible with fewer than three texts.
2.2.5
Text Length
The basic criterion for establishing a reasonable number of sentences for analysis is to have enough material to guarantee the inclusion of representative structures. This could range anywhere from 25 to 40 sentences. The length of all of these texts is such that a comparable number of sentence units can be studied and compared. Of the three text types, weekly news magazine reports tend to be the shortest, often consisting of approximately 30 sentences. This being the case, the even number of 30 has arbitrarily been chosen as the number of sentences to be analyzed in each text.
2.2.6
Unit of Analysis
Although a text is best regarded as a unified semantic unit, it is realized by or encoded in sentences (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 2). The sentence, which is the largest unit of language structure dealt with in traditional grammar, has been and remains a difficult concept to define. In Western linguistics, it has often been defined in notional terms as a set of words expressing a complete thought, based on Dionysius Thrax’s treatise on grammar from 100 BC (McArthur, 918). The problem with this definition is that it is rather vague and demands further definition of what constitutes a complete thought. Various researchers have made it their task to provide a more acceptable definition of the sentence, each focusing on the sentence from a particular perspective or in relation to specific linguistic contexts (e.g. grammar, spoken language, certain registers). In the context of grammatical analysis, for example, a sentence is often defined in terms of its internal structure, that is, by the presence of those constituents which are deemed necessary for its grammatical completion. The central units are the subject, verb, and any other
48
required complements. This approach is acceptable when working with theoretical sentences of English, but becomes problematic when applied to authentic examples of language in use, especially in oral contexts. A second approach defines sentence-ness by a unit’s capacity to occur in isolation, i.e. to form a complete utterance (Allerton 1969: 30-31). This means that, in order to be labeled as a sentence, a unit may not be dependent on another item or be depended on by another item. Nor can it be involved in a chain of dependence. According to this view, there may be potential sentences within a sentence, but due to differences in meaning and intonation when embedded as opposed to free, they are not actual sentences. However, some traditional sentence patterns, for example the compound sentences, would be considered as consisting of two sentences since they fulfill independence criteria. Although this definition allows the inclusion of sentence-like elements as found in spoken language and some special registers of English, at times it contradicts conventionalized writing forms. It also seems to challenge the established notion of the clause. For further information on this approach, the reader may consult Allerton (1969). In written language, sentence status is traditionally signaled by orthographic elements: capitalization at the beginning of the sentence, punctuation denoting finalization at the end (period, exclamation mark, question mark) (Oxford Companion 918; Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar 388). As a descriptive definition, this statement does not cause objection in and of itself; rather discussion arises due to other punctuation marks which at times seem to act as markers of sentence-ness, for example the colon. The colon is a mark of expectation or addition. It signals to the reader that there is more to come regarding what has already been given in the first part and that the next group of words will fulfill what the last group has promised (Shaw, 70). What follows the colon may be a word, phrase, or even a unit resembling a sentence. It is the last of these units that is of interest in this discussion. Such sentence-like elements come even closer to resembling independent sentences in American English, as they are often capitalized following a colon (Swan, 454).
49
Despite some apparent similarities between independent sentences and sentence-like elements following a colon, however, the function of the colon itself seems to support retaining these units as clauses within one sentence. Although the colon may cause a slightly longer pause than a comma for instance, it does not signal that readers should stop (as does the period), but rather that they should continue reading. In addition, the colon signals that there is a special relation between what precedes and what follows it, which may be described in pairs such as statement-example, cause-effect, premise-conclusion, or statement-explanation (The Oxford Companion, 232). The same relation could be represented by the insertion of a conjunction containing a similar meaning. Based on its use and general definition then, the colon does not belong to the category of sentence finalizer. The tendency of British English to use a lower case letter following a colon seems to reflect the function of the colon more accurately. Similar reasoning could be applied to other types of punctuation of this sort (e.g. semi-colons, dashes, parentheses). These various approaches demonstrate the complex nature of defining the sentence. In spite of obvious problems, however, writers of English are still able to employ the sentence unit when producing written texts of the type chosen for this research. The writing process is characterized by self-conscious editing and monitoring (Stubbs, 1996: 33), which implies that sentence division is an intentional act on the part of the writer. Writers are required to adhere to linguistic standards which have been established by the language community, but they also have some freedom as to their application. Therefore, we can assume that writers formulate information within a text using units which reflect their own feelings of idea completion and that they mark this using standardized punctuation. Though arbitrary, the sentence unit as defined traditionally according to its orthography (capitalization, punctuation of finalization) is used as the widely accepted means of formulating a text. Thus, although another definition of the sentence might have been chosen, the orthographic sentence will serve as a sufficient unit of analysis for the purposes of this research since it reflects the writers’ use of language in producing authentic texts. As Halliday and Hasan have pointed out, however, cohesion is not, strictly speaking, a relation above the sentence. Structural cohe-
50
sion also appears within a sentence. Yet, there are linguistic reasons for moving outside the sentence boundary when discussing links and patterns used to form written texts. Halliday and Hasan cite examples linked across sentence boundaries on the grounds that the effect is more striking and the meaning more obvious. They state: Cohesive ties between sentences stand out more clearly because they are the ONLY source of texture, whereas within the sentence there are the structural relations as well. In the description of a text, it is the inter-sentence cohesion that is significant, because that represents the variable aspect of cohesion, distinguishing one text from another. (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 9)
Within a sentence, the means of co-reference are limited by the structural relations imposed on them, whereas between sentences there is more variability. It is what happens between sentences which causes the reader to perceive the text as a unit. Thus, it has become customary for text analysts to “go beyond the sentence boundary and focus on the ways the forms of sentences are influenced by surrounding sentences in talk and text (van Dijk, 1997: 7).”
51
This page intentionally left blank
3 Method of Analysis
3.1 Procedure First, each of the texts was divided into sentences, taking the period as the signal marking the end of a sentence. (See 2.2.6 for a discussion of the sentence as the unit of analysis.) Copies of the texts with numbered sentence divisions can be found in Appendix A. Then, each sentence within a text was compared with every other sentence in the same text. This step was completed manually since analysis carried out by a computer would not guarantee that all links had been identified. The computer’s ability to collect data more systematically had to be weighed against its inability to identify patterns which have not been programmed into it beforehand. Since one goal of this research is to identify any and all forms of co-reference present in the texts being analyzed, the use of the computer for this task would be too limiting. As a side note, the search feature on the computer was of help in checking for repetitions at surface level. The first phase of analysis consisted of asking these basic questions: Does some entity or piece of information appear in both sentences? Do both items refer to the same entity? In other words, do they corefer? If not, the item is ignored. If the two items do have the same referent, in what form does the co-referring item appear? Is the instance of co-reference anaphoric or cataphoric? As each pair of sentences was compared, data was gathered and represented in the form of tables similar to but far more simplistic than those found in Appendix B. During the first pass over the data, further
53
questions arose and it became evident that the phenomenon of coreference is more complicated than at first supposed. Additional categories were necessary to account for various characteristics of the examples of co-reference found. One observation made quite early in the analysis was that various surface markers might be used to co-refer in different ways. Thus, the tables were expanded to allow for this distinction in the form of two separate columns, one labeled surface marker, the other co-referential relationship. As instances of co-reference were identified in the text, a list of possible surface markers and co-referential relationships were compiled. At a later point in the research, it was necessary to group these into workable categories and provide definitions for group membership. During later scrutiny of the texts, a number of other points came to the researcher’s attention. Originally, one column was created to mark a co-referential pair as either anaphoric or cataphoric. This was expanded later to include the source of knowledge on which the coreferential link was based. It was also observed that co-reference could occur at word, phrase, clause and sentence levels. As a result, a column was added to show the grammatical category of the coreferring unit. Then an additional column was created to collect data concerning the type of entity involved in each instance of coreference. As a general rule, the process of analyzing led to further questions, which in the end resulted in additional means of distinguishing various aspects of co-reference. In its final form the table is made up of eight columns, each of which must now be described in detail. The first column lists the numbers of the sentences being compared. The second and third columns contain items from the analyzed texts which have a coreferential relationship. They are given in the order of the numbers from column number one and appear under the headings antecedent and co-referential item. The exception to this order occurs when the relationship is cataphoric, in which case the role of the two items should be reversed, i.e. the co-referential item appears in column two, the item referred to in column three. It is also important to mention here that it is the items in bold print which form the co-referential link,
54
the other information being included as an additional means of identifying the nature of the co-referential relationship. The remaining five columns to the right of the co-referential pairs give various information concerning the pair in question, the content of which will be discussed in greater detail in section 3.2 Categories Established. Here I shall give just a brief, one-sentence statement as to the content of each column. The fourth column (Source Knowledge) identifies the source of knowledge on which the link is based and also marks the direction of co-reference as either anaphoric (a) or cataphoric (c). The fifth column (Grammatical Category) lists the grammatical category of the item used to co-refer. The sixth column (Surface marker) gives the type of surface element used to draw the reader’s attention to the fact that there is a link between the items in columns two and three. The seventh column (Co-referential Relationship) describes the co-referential relationship of the two items, i.e. in what way or to what extent the two items refer to the same entity, either fully or partially. And finally, the eighth column (Type of Entity) shows the type of entity involved, whether a person, place, fact, etc. Figure 3-1 shows the headings as they appear in the tables in Appendix B. Figure 3-1: Table Headings Sent. No.
Antecedent
Reference item
Source Knowl.
Gram. Categ.
Surface marker
Co-ref. Relation.
Type of Entity
Once the various categories of co-referential surface markers and types of co-referential relationship had been identified and defined, the next phase of analysis involved examining the data to determine what information concerning co-reference had been uncovered. This entailed ascertaining both the quantitative and qualitative findings for each of the texts individually and then for each genre. The final steps involved examining and comparing these results with the goal of drawing pertinent conclusions. The description and discussion of these various points may be found in the chapters entitled Results and Discussion.
55
3.2 Categories Established Over the course of this research, it became evident that various facets of co-reference needed to be taken into account in order to produce a complete picture of this phenomenon. As examples were collected, attempts were made to categorize them according to these various aspects. This required that categories be established which would adequately show similarities and differences of the various examples. The next section of this chapter describes the categories which were created for these purposes: the source of knowledge, grammatical categories, surface markers, co-referential relationships, and types of entities.
3.2.1
Source of Knowledge
What are the grounds for assessing that two items co-refer? The answer lies in the relationship between writers and their audiences. Most writing is done with a particular audience in mind, not necessarily a particular individual of course, but a general reader who typifies the expected audience. Based on perceived information regarding this audience’s background and general characteristics, writers make assumptions as to what they think their intended audience knows at any given point in a text. Likewise, readers assume that they share some MUTUAL KNOWLEDGE with the writer or that the writer will supply this knowledge, and thus they will be able to interpret referential and co-referential relationships with a high degree of accuracy. This assumed mutual knowledge, based on common community membership, influences linguistic choices made at both the level of reference and of co-reference. Mutual knowledge can be divided into various domains, but only those which play a role in the understanding of written language will be dealt with here. Knowledge based on physical co-presence will be excluded, as it implies an environment in which the participants are physically present together and able to focus on an entity at the same time. This kind of knowledge is important in uses of exophoric ref-
56
erence, examples of which are most often found in spoken texts. Thus, this research will contain reference to three kinds of knowledge which act as the source information for co-reference in written text: general knowledge, particular knowledge, and linguistic knowledge. 3.2.1.1
General Knowledge
General knowledge may be defined as knowledge which is universal. This kind of knowledge has its basis in two assumptions: first of all, that the interlocutors are co-members of a particular community and, secondly, that people of that community may be expected to know certain things. Having general knowledge means knowing facts about the world in general. When confronted with a text, writers and readers search their memories for evidence that an entity is universally known within the community which they mutually know they belong to. If it is, then this item does not necessarily have to be marked linguistically to show the co-referential link. The writer can assume that, based on their knowledge of the world, readers will be able to interpret the referent as one which has already been mentioned. In the texts of this research, there are various instances of coreference based on general knowledge. They have been marked with a capital G in the fourth column of the tables in Appendix B. In order to be able to interpret the co-referential relationship of these examples, the reader is expected to possess knowledge concerning certain aspects of the world as it is at the time of writing. For example, there are quite a few references, and therefore also co-references, to geographical information. Following are some examples: Table 3-1: General Knowledge (Geographical Information) Text
Antecedent
Co-referential Item
PiL 3-8 PiL 3-8
the West Bank Gaza
the occupied territories the occupied territories
RPQ 1-13 RPQ 1-13
the occupied territories the occupied territories
WB G
RPQ 12-22
part of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
East Jerusalem
57
RPQ 23-24
Jerusalem
an undivided city
RPQ 23-24 RPQ 1-25
Jerusalem Palestine
the eternal capital of Israel WBG
RPQ 1-25 RPQ 13-26
the occupied territories WB
WBG East Jerusalem
SHLC 3-19 APP 1-3
Israel Gaza City
the state the Gaza Strip
APP 1-12 APP 1-19
Gaza City Gaza City
Palestinian territory the territories
APP 1-21 APP 3-12
Gaza City the Gaza Strip
Palestine Palestinian territory
APP 12-18 APP 12-18
Palestinian territory Palestinian territory
the West Bank Gaza (implies the Gaza Strip)
APP 3-19 APP 3-21
the Gaza Strip the Gaza Strip
the territories Palestine
APP 19-21 BBD 18-25
the territories Gaza
Palestine the territories
BBD 3-10 SIB 13-24
Israel U.S.
the Holy Land Washington
SIB 24-25 LDG 3-4
Washington the Black Forest
U.S. Freiburg
LDG 7-15 LDG 23-26
Lebanon The United Kingdom
Beirut London
In order for readers to perceive the co-referential links in these examples, they must have knowledge concerning place names and geographical relationships. In some cases, as in Gaza-the occupied territories, Palestinian territory-the West Bank, and Washington-US, the co-referential item represents the whole or some part of the antecedent. In others, the co-referring item is a variant name of the first (Israel-the Holy Land), or it actually defines the first item (Tel Aviv-the city). Other examples of co-referential links based on general knowledge refer to personalities, government structures, organizations, and objects. It would be impossible to link these items in the text without knowing of their special relationship in the real world. Table 3-2 gives
58
examples of other types of referents involved in links of this type. Again, as in the examples containing geographical information, pairs may represent an exemplification (various Palestinian groups-Hamas), they may be variant names (Netanyahu- the Prime Minister), or they may provide definitions (Arafat-the wily Palestinian leader). Table 3-2: General Knowledge (Other Types of Referents) Text PiL 24-25 SHLC 3-13
human needs Arab
emergency housing Palestinians
APP 14-15 BBD 5-12
various Palestinian groups Netanyahu
Hamas Prime Minister
BBD 14-15 SIB 5-15
Arafat the present security-minded Likud government another Arab terrorist organisation
the wily Palestinian leader his ruling coalition
her new camera
the Leica
LDG 6-9 GOZ 13-15
Antecedent
Co-referential Item
Free Lebanon
It is important to point out here that, even within this broader category of general knowledge, there seems to be a range of knowledge that a reader can be expected to possess. For example, because Netanyahu and Arafat’s names were constantly in the news at the time these texts were written, it would be surprising that a reader would not know that Netanyahu was Prime Minister of Israel and Arafat the leader of the Palestinians. On the other hand, it might be expecting a bit much for the general reader to know that a Leica is a camera, although this brand of camera is advertised in the media as well. Such examples point out that it is sometimes difficult to determine if some knowledge can be considered generic, or if it should be grouped together with items from the next category labeled as particular knowledge. 3.2.1.2
Particular Knowledge
A second kind of knowledge may be termed PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE. This term is being used in this research to refer to knowledge
59
that readers gain as they read the text. Outside the context of the text itself, the reader would not necessarily make similar co-referential links, but within the text they are led to do so. Such links must be interpreted from the information given in the text. This implies a narrower sense of community, one which the writer is less sure readers share until they are told about it. As a result, this kind of co-reference involves more explanation and definition. The co-referential links are not obvious from the words themselves, rather readers must be able to interpret the connections based on what they already know from the text itself, that is, what the writer has told them. In this way, the writer builds up chains of text-specific co-reference which reach over many sentences. Once an item has been mentioned, the writer can assume that it belongs to both the writer’s and the readers’ mutual knowledge and that readers will be able to draw conclusions of their own. A common help for the reader is the additional presence of linguistic markers which strengthen the co-referential bond. There are many examples of co-reference based on particular knowledge in the texts of this research. They have been marked with a capital letter P in the fourth column of the analysis tables in Appendix B. Just a few examples will be listed here to illustrate the type of knowledge in question. Examples of particular knowledge found in the texts of this research appear in the form of various surface markers. The second item may provide a paraphrase, a sort of definition, a part or whole of another entity, or a generalization or exemplification. Regardless of the type of relationship established between the two items, their interpretation as being co-referential is based on what readers know from the particular context and their ability to interpret similar pieces of information. See Appendix B for more examples.
60
Table 3-3: Particular Knowledge Text PiL 9-10
Antecedent host-country
RPQ 12-14
part of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBG) should probably be considered occupied territory, but exactly what part that is can only be determined in negotiations
interpretation
APP 5-28
severe economic sanctions
closed the borders to Palestinian workers and exports
BBD 1-6
Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim one of them detonated a lethal parcel minor incidents around the Western hemisphere
a necessary, legitimate addition to Israel’s housing stock the attack
his defense minister back home
Dayan the United States
SIB 8-12 LDG 6-10
SoL 4-7 GOZ 17-18
3.2.1.3
Co-referential Item Jordan
the car-bombing of a Rejectionist Front diplomat outside the newly completed mosque in St. John’s Wood
Linguistic Knowledge
The third kind of knowledge that enables readers to interpret entities as being co-referential is mutual linguistic knowledge. Here there is the assumption that both writer and reader know the various possibilities of the language and are able to use them appropriately to fulfill Grice’s maxims (mentioned in 1.3.1). Thus, both are aware of the functions of the various features of grammar and lexis which mark potential co-referential links. Once an entity has been mentioned, it has been placed on the stage of reality for both the writer and the reader. For a second mentioning, the writer need not use the same term as was used with the prior mention of it. (Clark and Marshall 1981: 39-40) There are various means of marking co-reference linguistically.
61
In the area of grammar, for example, one marker of co-reference is the pronoun. This form of co-reference was illustrated in detail in the introduction chapter of this research (See 1.3.2.1.), but a few more examples from the texts of this research are listed in Table 3-4 for the sake of convenience. Because of the replacement function of pronouns in English, the pronoun they in LDG 12 is taken to mean a plural entity that has been referred to before. The reader assumes that this pronoun refers to the previous NP the Austrian authorities in LDG 11. This relationship holds true for subject and object pronouns, as well as demonstrative pronouns. Other kinds of grammatical devices will be presented in 3.2.3.2.4. Table 3-4: Linguistic Knowledge (Pronouns) Text LDG 11-12
Antecedent …the bloodthirsty knifing … was declared by the Austrian authorities to have no political significance at all, ….
Co-referential Item On the evidence available, they preferred to treat the case as a crime of passion.
SoL 1-2
Katzman had never held any clear-cut political views.
Politics for him was merely a stage play without any bearing on real life.
RPQ 11-12
…part, but not all, of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBG) should probably be considered occupied territory, but exactly what part that is can only be determined in negotiations.
This means ….
Co-referential links are also established through the semantic relationships represented by lexis. It is assumed that writers and readers possess similar concepts of sense relations. Thus, readers should be able to identify synonyms, hyponyms, and the like when they are used in a text to mention an entity a second time. The examples in Table 3-5: Linguistic Knowledge (Sense Relations) give the reader some idea of what is meant here.
62
Table 3-5: Linguistic Knowledge (Sense Relations) Text
Antecedent
Co-referential Item
APP 17-19
accords
agreement
Lex. Relat. Syn
GOZ 3-4 GOZ 12-16
outposts photographs
settlements pictures
Syn Syn
APP 1-2 RPQ 5-11
flowers academics and mainstream journalists
carnations elite
Hyp Sup
The co-referential item in these examples is a word which is perceived as having a special relationship to the antecedent based on a particular sense relationship. The first three examples contain synonymous pairs. The word agreement, for example, has a similar meaning to accords, and they could be interchanged in the text with little variation in meaning. The word carnations is a hyponym of flowers. This can be demonstrated by asking the question “What are carnations?” The most basic answer would be “A type of flower.” The reverse relationship is represented by the final pair, academics and mainstream journalists-elite, in which the co-referential term is the superordinate of its antecedent. The semantic relationships between the terms of each pair cause the reader to suppose that the two items may have a common referent as well. As for grammatical items, such sense relationships will be discussed more thoroughly in section 3.2.3.
3.2.2
Grammatical Categories
No new information has been included in this research concerning grammatical category. Word, phrase, and clause categories have been labeled using the terminology of Quirk, et al. and Burton-Roberts. Less well-known categories, such as NOM, have been explained as necessary in the relevant sections. By way of summary, Table 3-6 provides a list of the terms and abbreviations which have been used in the body of this research as well as in the tables of analysis.
63
Table 3-6: Grammatical Categories Grammatical Category Head Noun Modifying Noun Proper Noun Nominal Noun Phrase Demonstrative Pronoun Indefinite Pronoun Personal Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun Verb Verb Phrase Adjective Proper Adjective Adverb Demonstrative Determiner Definite Article Non-finite clause Wh-clause Clause
3.2.3
Abbreviation headN mod N Prp N NOM NP dm pn ind pn pers pn refl pn V VP Aj Prp Aj Adv dm det def art Non-fin cl Wh-cl Cl
Surface Markers of Co-reference
During the process of screening the texts for instances of co-reference, it became evident that two important distinctions must be made. First, there is the difference between the surface item marking the coreferential link and the type of underlying co-referential relationship involved. Various types of surface markers may be used to indicate the same type of co-referential relationship. Conversely, the same category of surface marker may be used to denote different types of co-referential relationships. Based on this difference, two separate categories were created: one to show surface markers and a second to demonstrate the nature of the co-referential relationship. The second distinction which must be made is between linguistic and non-linguistic surface markers in accordance with the distinction made between general and particular knowledge versus linguistic knowledge as mentioned in section 3.2.1.3 above. Identification of instances of co-reference in the texts relies on either the readers’
64
knowledge of the world or their knowledge of the language. As a result, the surface markers naturally fall into two groups reflecting this difference. They will be described in the following two sections under the headings of non-linguistic and linguistic surface markers. 3.2.3.1 3.2.3.1.1
Non-linguistic surface markers Paraphrase
The first non-linguistic surface marker which will be addressed is paraphrase. When considering paraphrase in a general way, it may be said that any non-repetitive surface marker is a kind of paraphrase since the same meaning is expressed in a different way. Here, however, a paraphrase will be more strictly defined as a “free rewording of an expression or text, as an explanation, clarification, or translation” (McArthur, 749). The link between two items is not made due to a sense relationship between individual words (as in the case of linguistic surface markers), but rather because the reader can recognize an attempt at re-wording or re-stating. In many cases, an entity is being re-defined using different wording, which would make the use of the terms DEFINIENDUM “a term to be defined” and DEFINIENS “a defining statement” very appealing. The problem is that it is often difficult to determine which of the two items is defining and which is the one in need of defining. For this reason, the more general term PARAPHRASE has been chosen. Examples of paraphrasing may be found in Table 3-7: Examples of Paraphrasing. A paraphrase allows the re-mentioning of an entity using more loosely connected wording. The words are not so strictly followed as the sense, which is why this phenomenon depends on the ability of the readers to interpret the text based on their particular or general knowledge of the world. Unlike linguistic surface markers, the two paraphrastic expressions might not even be interpreted as belonging together outside the context of the text itself. Whereas readers know, for example, that the words agreement and accords (APP 9-19) are synonyms based on their knowledge of the language, they would not necessarily realize that leaders of various Palestinians groups and the killers of women and children (APP 14-16) have the same referent without a context in which they have been juxtaposed as co-referents.
65
Paraphrasing also occurs in connection with proper nouns. In BBD 1-2, for example, it may be assumed that few readers would know who or what Har Homa is, thus the explanatory phrase the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem in the sentence which follows. Definition is also necessary in works of fiction, in which the characters are previously unknown to the readers. Thus, his defense minister is linked with the proper name Dayan in SOL 4-5, Charlie with his woman hostage in LDG 1-2. The writer either supposes that readers are familiar with the person or place that is being referred to, or they remention the referent in the form of a common noun assuming that readers need a definition of the proper name. One determining factor may be the extent to which writers believe their readers are informed on the subject at hand. This correlates with Allerton’s study of the use of proper names (Allerton, 1996). Table 3-7: Examples of Paraphrasing Text PiL 1-5
Antecedent Palestinians in Lebanon
APP 10-11
tightened the economic screws
APP 14-16
leaders of various Palestinian groups after Oslo was signed
APP 6-20 APP 19-20 BBD 1-2 BBD 1-2 BBD 1-2 BBD 1-2 BBD 1-3 BBD 1-6 BBD 1-6
66
since the agreement was signed Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim Har Homa Jabal Abu Ghneim Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim
Co-referential Item its (Lebanon’s) refugee community waging economic war on the Palestinians the killers of women and children a period of managed development a period of managed development the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem an obscure plot with a Hebrew name and an Arabic one a Hebrew name an Arabic one the hill those few square yards a necessary, legitimate addition to Israel’s housing stock
BBD 1-6
Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim
BBD 2-6
the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem the obscure plot with a Hebrew name and an Arabic one the hill Friday Tel Aviv they shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb a man detonated himself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more they shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb a man detonated himself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more last week’s suicide attack the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem the hill his defense minister
BBD 2-6 BBD 3-6 BBD 7-8 BBD 8-9 BBD 8-12
BBD 9-12
BBD 8-13
BBD 9-13
BBD 12-13 BBD 2-15 BBD 3-15 SoL 4-5
a flaming brand tossed on the pyre of Palestinian impatience and despair those few square yards those few square yards those few square yards the Jewish holiday the city last week’s suicide attack
last week’s suicide attack
Friday’s blast
Friday’s blast
Friday’s blast Har Homa Har Homa Dayan
In other cases, it would seem that the phrase containing a common noun is used for purposes of variety and style rather than information. The second reference to Tel Aviv as the city in BBD 8-9 could be considered exemplary of this since Tel Aviv, occurring so frequently in the media, would most likely be known as a city to most readers. Regardless of the reason, paraphrases of this kind provide a means of re-mentioning an entity which has already appeared in the text. Another interesting subset of the paraphrase comprises coreferential NP’s containing a general noun as head. These are general in the sense that they are so vague that they require further definition. Such head nouns are co-referential when their interpretation is pos-
67
sible only by reference to an entity that has already appeared in the text. Although they resemble the general nouns which Halliday and Hasan (1976: 274f.) discuss as representing a lexical linguistic relationship, these examples do not contain the word-to-word relationship as demonstrated by such examples as minister and man or crockery and stuff. Like Halliday and Hasan’s general nouns, the examples from this research are also accompanied by either a definite article or a demonstrative determiner to emphasize the co-referential nature of the phrase. The difference seems to be that the head nouns are not completely neutral, nor do they have the same degree of generalized reference within the major noun classes as Halliday and Hasan’s general nouns (e.g. human noun, inanimate concrete mass, etc.). Table 3-8 contains a list of such pairs. The alternatives to this strategy would be to use grammatical links such as personal pronouns or NP’s containing one or ones as head. (See 3.2.3.2.4 Grammatical Links.) Table 3-8: General Nouns Text PiL 8-9
Antecedent an international consensus to reach a settlement of the ArabIsraeli conflict based on a dissolution of the “refugee problem.”
Co-referential Item this direction
RPQ 4-5
Palestine is perceived by the American elite as “Israel and the occupied territories.” part of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBG) should probably be considered occupied territory, but exactly what part that is can only be determined in negotiations part, but not all, of the WBG should probably be considered occupied territory, but exactly what part that is can only be determined in negotiations
this perception
RPQ 12-14
RPQ 12-15
68
this interpretation
this particular conception
It is assumed in the United States – no doubt correctly – that the Israeli government most definitely does want East Jerusalem. unilateral creation of an Arab state that will exclude East Jerusalem and probably other parts of the West Bank as well
this perspective
a rose farm it continued to funnel tax revenue to Arafat and advance him money one of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails
this project that game
the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers The blasts
events
SIB 13-26 SIB 25-30
The bloodshed it will be hard to get this back on track unless there is a high degree of security cooperation
events these points
LDG 1-3
an international consensus to reach a settlement of the ArabIsraeli conflict based on a dissolution of the “refugee problem.” a suspected Palestinian terrorist had died in a shootout with members of a crack West German unit, and that his woman hostage had been
the story
RPQ 22-24
RPQ 26-27
APP 6-7 APP 26-27
SIB 8-26
SIB 9-26
SIB 11-26
LDG 2-3
this scheme
events
events
the story
69
removed to hospital in a state of shock, but was otherwise unhurt LDG 6-8
minor incidents around the Western Hemisphere
the outrage
In each of the above examples, the antecedent is mentioned again in the form of a general noun. Normally, the words project, game, points, etc. could refer to many different entities in the real world. In these texts, these words are used to refer to the previous phrases and clauses, thereby making a statement about them. It is not the word itself, however, which is causing the link, but the readers’ ability to interpret the writer’s suggestion that the rose garden in question is a possible project, or that the minor incidents are an outrage. The writer mentions the entity again, but in so doing interjects some additional perspective on it. The use of such general nouns allows the writer to shorten the expression used to co-refer and at the same time add some new, interpersonal aspect to the picture. 3.2.3.1.2
Hierarchical Relationships
A second means of co-referring non-linguistically involves the employment of segments of language representing hierarchical relationships. Such relationships are similar to the linguistic sense relations of hyponymy and meronymy, but they differ in that they are not based on sense relationships established by individual words. Readers are able to identify these non-linguistic co-referential links because of their general or particular knowledge of the world as described in sections 3.2.1.1 and 3.2.1.2. As members of the community, they are aware of hierarchies involving non-linguistic whole-part relationships of various types and are able to recognize such concepts when they are part of a text. Four hierarchical relationships observed in the texts of this research will be described in the following sections using these labels: exemplification (EXEM), generalization (GEN), particularization (PART), and wholification (WHOLE). An attempt has been made to use terminology which differs from that applied to corresponding linguistic phenomena.
70
3.2.3.1.2.1 Exemplification and Generalization The term EXEMPLIFICATION has been used for non-linguistic items which show or illustrate by example. In the case of such items, there is overlap of reference in that the co-referential item provides a sample, specimen, example or instance of the antecedent. Based on their general knowledge of the world, readers may know that Palestinians are types of Arabs (SHLC 2-11, 3-11) or that Purim is a Jewish holiday (BBD 8-9), and thus a co-referential link may be established. Or, readers may make connections based on their knowledge of more particular information regarding the topic. Their ability to apply knowledge they possessed before the reading or which they gained while reading the text allows them to link Mohsen Shurad with the growers in APP 4-6, the country of Lebanon with the fields of operation in PIL 12-13, or the PLO and Israel with the parties mentioned in SHLC 10-29. Other, more lengthy examples involve whole clauses as factual examples. For example, in PIL 7-11 mention is made of aid to refugees in Lebanon beginning to decline. This illustrates the deteriorating situation for the Palestinian community in general mentioned in sentence 7. There are many such instances of exemplification in the texts of this research. A further sampling of exemplification is provided in Table 3-9. Table 3-9: Examples of Exemplification Text PIL 7-8
Antecedent international factors
RPQ 5–24
policies of the U.S. government
Co-referential Item the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees President Clinton’s statement in 24: “I recognize Jerusalem as an undivided city, the eternal capital of Israel, and I believe in the principle of moving our embassy to Jerusalem.”
SHLC 10-13
various parties
Palestinians
71
APP 5-13
crack down on terrorism
round up 173 suspects
APP 21-24
managed deterioration
Top officials of the new Palestinian Authority enriched themselves and created slush funds that enable Arafat to govern.
BBD 14-15
played his own devil’s hand
ordered his followers to abjure violence and protest peacefully – and also freed dozens of Hamas warriors from Palestinian jail cells, including military-operations chief Ibrahim Maqadmah being lax on security issues
SIB 26-27
the cascade of events
LDG 6-10
minor incidents around the Western hemisphere
SOL 19-20
there was some way out
GOZ 3-4
activity
the car-bombing of a Rejectionist Front diplomat outside the newly completed mosque in St. John’s Wood He would turn his city into a living experiment. men and women at work digging jagged trenches on the perimeters of their tiny settlements
The term GENERALIZATION applies to the reverse process in which the item used to co-refer is more general than its antecedent. Its frame of reference is broader, more inclusive than the original reference made. Such examples are recognized as being co-referential because the second item includes the information given in the first. Thus, in APP 10-26 for example, the expression terrorist incidents is perceived to include the act described using the expression two suicide bombers killed 14 Israelis. Other terrorist incidents exist and the one mentioned previously is just one of many. Yet, by mentioning all of the terrorist incidents in general, reference has been made to the
72
specific one mentioned as well. Table 3-10 lists a number of other examples of generalization found in the texts of this research. Table 3-10: Examples of Generalization Text APP 1-12
Antecedent Gaza City
Co-referential Item Palestinian territory
APP 15-16
Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, a Hamas leader Palestinians hurled stones, Israeli soldiers fired tear gas killed 13 and wounded 170
the killers of women and children violence
BBD 4-11 SIB 12-20 PIL 2-6
those in Lebanon suffer from uncertainty about the future to a degree unparalleled elsewhere
LDG 4-6
the abortive bomb attack against Professor Minkel He would turn his city into a living experiment.
SoL 20-28
people are blown to smithereens the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon
minor incidents around the Western Hemisphere promises he’d made to himself
3.2.3.1.2.2 Particularization and Wholification A second non-linguistic hierarchical relationship is that between parts and wholes. As in the hyponymy-meronymy distinction, particularization and wholification differ from exemplification and generalization by dealing with parts or members rather than types or examples. Like the meronym-holonym relationship, the part-whole relationship between non-linguistic items involves some degree of integration. The parts are connected thus forming a particular whole. By mentioning the parts, one also refers to the whole, or at least part of it. Conversely, mentioning the whole includes reference to any of its individual parts. Examples of particularization found in the texts of this research tend toward the periphery of the strictest definition of the part-whole
73
relationship as discussed later in section 3.2.3.2.6.2. The most easily identifiable part-whole relationships are those involving concrete objects with a high degree of structural integrity. Most of the examples collected from these nine texts refer to geographical locations or groups of people. For this reason, it is difficult to think of these entities in terms of parts, at least as one would of body parts or car parts. The part-whole relationship becomes clear, however, when the paraphrases X is a member of Y or X is located in Y are applied. For example, the West Bank is located in or is part of the occupied territories (RPQ 1-12), Freiburg is located in the Black Forest (LDG 34), and Washington is in the United States (SIB 13-24). It is not the language but rather the readers’ knowledge of the world which tell them that these entities are parts of other entities. There are similar examples containing reference to people: Zionists are a subset of the Jews (GOZ 9-11), Moshe Dayan is one person involved in politics (SOL 3-4), and Maqadmah is one member of the extremist group Hamas (BBD 8-18). For additional examples see Table 3-11: Examples of Particularization. Table 3-11: Examples of Particularization Text PIL 1-6 RPQ 1-25
refugee Palestine
Antecedent
SHLC 10-12
the peace process
Co-referential Item Palestinians in Lebanon WBG the accords signed between Israel and the PLO from 1993 to 1995 Arafat
BBD 4-14
Arab leaders
SIB 14-30
militant Islamists
the Palestinian extremists who claimed responsibility for the explosions
LDG 7-15 SOL 13-14
Lebanon his attitudes toward the conquered territories
Beirut He didn’t hate the Arabs he lived with side by side.
The word PARTICULARIZATION already exists in the English language with the meaning of ‘the process of stating or treating in detail, or making more specific’ (Costello, 986). However, there
74
seems to be no appropriate label to act as a counterpart to this phenomenon. Therefore, a term has been created to refer to the nonlinguistic process of co-referring by mentioning the whole of which the antecedent is a part: wholification. The first letter w has purposely been retained to ensure that the connection is made to the part-whole relationship as described here. Examples of the wholification process will look rather familiar to the reader of this research as they are often reversals of the particularization examples already cited above. Again, there are many examples involving geographical locations: Gaza City-the territories (APP 1-19), Israel-the Holy Land (BBD 3-10), Washington-the U.S. (SIB 2425) as well as groups of people: members of the extremist group Hamas-the Palestinians (BBD 8-22), the bombers-the extremists (SIB 627), and radical Islamist group Hamas-Islamist militants (SIB 12-17). The second item in each of these examples refers again to the antecedent by stating the unit of which it is a whole. Examples of wholification involving additional geographical locations, people, as well as other entities may be found in Table 3-12. Table 3-12: Examples of Wholification Text PIL 1-8
Antecedent Palestinians in Lebanon
Co-referential Item the external refugees
SHLC 7-10 APP 18-19
the negotiations the West Bank
the peace process the territories
BBD 8-9 SIB 9-11
Jewish holiday afternoon The second man exploded his suitcase bomb Juni
Purim the blasts
SOL 12-13
the conquered territories
75
3.2.3.2 3.2.3.2.1
Linguistic Surface Markers Repetition
One of the most easily identifiable surface markers of a potential coreferential link is repetition. In such cases, the reader is presented with an exact replica of a lexical item which has appeared in the text before. Since the lexis of English is limited, it is sometimes necessary for a writer to use the same lexical items repeatedly in a text regardless of whether or not they have the same referent. Thus, the reader must decide if the repeated term refers to an entity which has already been mentioned. A number of different kinds of repetition occur in the texts of this research. 3.2.3.2.1.1 Proper Nouns All of the texts make use of the repetition of proper nouns, though with varying degrees of frequency. Exactly the same term reappears, making reference to the same entity in the real/fictional world either fully or partially. Most of the proper nouns used to co-refer are people, places, or organizations. Some refer to individuals, others to groups. In some cases they appear with definite articles. Table 3-13 provides examples of proper nouns found in the three text types. Table 3-13: Proper Nouns Academic Texts People:
Jews, Arabs, Palestinians in Lebanon
Places:
Israel, United States, Palestine, WBG, the West Bank, Gaza, Jerusalem, East Jerusalem, Oslo, Jordan Israel (government), PLO, Israel Lands Authority, UN,
Organizations:
76
News Magazine Texts Arafat, Israelis, Netanyahu, Palestinians, Prime Minister Gaza, Har Homa, Israel, Jerusalem, Oslo, Palestine, Tel Aviv, the West Bank
Hamas, Israel (government), Maqadmah, UN, United Nations, the
Narrative Texts Dayan, Katzman, Jews, David, the Zionists, Ellie The United States, the U.S., Nablus, Juni
Qualities: Objects: Time: Other:
UNCCP, UNRWA, Peace Implementation Program, RWG, UNICEF, the United States (government) Jewishness Westernness Resolution 242
United States (government)
Friday Partition
3.2.3.2.1.2 Proper Adjectives Repetition also occurs in the form of proper adjectives (e.g. AmericanAmerican). Of course, such proper adjectives are basically linked indirectly to proper nouns, but they may also form links to other proper adjectives through repetition. In such cases, certain qualities relating to particular proper nouns are used repeatedly. The nature of these qualities remains the same no matter what nouns they modify. A number of the same proper adjectives appear in all three kinds of texts. This is to be expected since they all deal with topics concerning the same individuals, groups, and geographical locations. Table 3-14: Proper Adjectives Academic Texts American, Arab, Israeli, Jewish, Lebanese, Palestinian, South African, White
News Magazine Texts Islamist, Jewish, Palestinian
Narrative Texts German, Israeli, Jewish, Palestinian
3.2.3.2.1.3 Common Nouns The most complex area of repetition involves noun phrases containing a common noun as head. Co-reference involving common nouns may occur in a number of different patterns: in the form of a complete NP, as a NOM, or as the head noun in an NP in combination with a definite determiner.
77
First, there are full noun phrases which are repeated in their entirety. Determiners or other modifiers may or may not be involved, as the following examples demonstrate. A fairly common phenomenon in all the texts is the presence of abstract nouns repeated as full NP’s. Two NP’s refer to the same entity, albeit an abstract one, but the co-referring item appears without a definite determiner. By way of example, compare the following two sentences from SIB 17-28, both of which make use of the expression negotiations in this way. 5a)
While he has borne much of the criticism for stalling peace negotiations, he laid the blame for the bombing squarely on Arafat, who has lately made vigilance against Islamist militants a low priority. (17)
5b)
Before the bombing, the U.S. was prepared to lean on Netanyahu to make concessions that would restart negotiations, but now, suddenly, the full weight of American pressure has been shifted onto the Palestinians. (28)
Other examples of NP’s used in this way are peace (SIB 13-16), politics (SOL 2-3), violence (BBD 11-15) and terrorism (APP 5-10, 1012, and 12-14). Another NP pattern found in these texts contains a proper adjective together with a head noun, as in Israeli soldiers (BBD 4-11) and Palestinian workers (APP 26-28). Again, there is no definite determiner to reinforce the items’ co-referentiality, but the repetition of the collective group within the context established by the text leads the reader to interpret them as such. Michael Swan includes an entry concerning such expressions entitled “difficult cases: half-general.” He suggests that such NP’s are in the middle between general and particular reference. They usually take no article unless further contrasts are made within the group. (Swan, 63) The third NP pattern contains a definite determiner together with a noun head. This pattern is somewhat debatable and might just as easily have been placed within the noun head category. A slight difference in the use of the definite determiner, however, has moti-
78
vated me to include it here. The definite determiners used in these expressions appear to serve a different purpose than those found in other examples of NP’s. The definite article does not act as a coreferential marker to suggest “you know which one because I’ve already mentioned it,” but rather seems to demonstrate a closer relationship to the noun itself. Examples which might be included here are the Oslo accords (APP 9-17), the conquered territories (SOL 4-13), and the world (LDG 1-8). These items almost always appear with definite articles and imply that they are in some way exclusive entities. The reader will know what they refer to because they are unique. Eggins refers to this as homophoric reference, since the identity of the reference item is retrievable from a shared context of culture (Eggins, 96). Regardless of whether the entity is being mentioned a first, second or third time in a text, it appears in the form of definite article and head noun. Thus, since the definite article has not been inserted to mark co-referentiality but rather uniqueness, these items can be considered as NP units repeated in their entirety. A second syntactic unit of repetition lies somewhere between repetition of the full NP and the head noun only. Noel Burton-Roberts uses the term NOMINAL (NOM) to describe such intermediate units between the lexical level (Noun) and the phrasal level (Noun phrase). The nominal is the head of NP and the N is the head of NOM. NOM’s can be simple or complex. (Burton-Roberts, 153) In this form of sentence analysis, a determiner is said to modify a nominal (NOM). This means that the determiner modifies not just the head, but the whole rest of the NP. Examples included here show repetition of a unit less than a full NP but more than the single lexical head noun. In APP the noun phrase the two suicide bombers occurs in sentence 12. These are the same two bombers which have been mentioned in sentence 10, where the determiner is not used. The repetition actually only occurs at the NOM level. The definite article is a further indication of a referential link, but it falls within another category (See 3.2.2). Another example is found in sentences 17 and 19 in PIL: the UNWRA’s special budgets – the two other special budgets. In general, however, co-reference involving a NOM occurs rarely, and in some texts not at all.
79
The vast majority of repetition that occurs within the NP involves repetition of the head and the head only. Other modifiers are present, giving further indications as to whether the items are fully or partially co-referential, but the instance of repetition being considered only concerns the head nounNoun. An example from each of the texts is given in Table 3-5: Repetition of Head Nouns with Determiners. This is by no means a complete list, and the reader is asked to consult Appendix B for more examples. Table 3-15: Repetition of Head Nouns with Determiners Text PIL 4-5
Antecedent their settlement in Lebanon
RPQ 4-8 SHLC 6-7
the American elite the Arab-Israeli negotiations that began in 1991 Tax revenues that account for … last week’s suicide attack the blast of a bomb his German lady companion a camp in Nablus … the car
APP 28-29 BBD 12-16 SIB 4-11 LDG 11-13 SOL 7-9 GOZ 26-30
Co-referential Item the permanent settlement of the refugees outside Palestine the U.S. elite the negotiations the revenues the attack the blasts the lady the refugee camp the car
In APP sentence 28 mentions tax revenues that account for […]. Sentence 29 in the same text refers to the same revenues again by repeating the word revenues and including the definite determiner. All of the texts demonstrate this sort of repetition, but it is especially predominant in the texts from academic journals. The fourth and final use of repetition in NPs appears in the form of nouns acting as modifiers to other noun heads in NPs. For example, the word police occurs in both sentences 25 and 26 in LDG. In 26, however, it is used as a modifier of ‘harassment’. In this way, the same or partially the same referent is mentioned again in the text. Examples from the texts can be found in Table 3-16. Again, the academic journal texts make the most use of this means of co-referring. Two of the narrative texts do not demonstrate this phenomenon at all.
80
Table 3-16: Modifying Nouns in NP Text PIL 1-5 RPQ 1-30 SHLC 3-17 APP 20-23 BBD 9-20 SIB 13-17 LDG 25-26 SOL 7-9
Antecedent refugee apartheid Palestinian refugees managed development for … the cafes peace the police refugees
Co-referential Item refugee question apartheid era refugee land the development process café wreckage peace negotiations police harassment refugee camp
3.2.3.2.1.4 Other Word Categories Co-reference is carried out through the repetition of words from other word categories as well, though there are far fewer examples from these categories. The texts taken from academic journals, for instance, at times repeat the same verbs. This is not just a repetition of the word, however, but of the action which is being described by the verb. For example, the act of perceiving as represented by is perceived is the same instance of perceiving in both sentences. In the same way, the verb withdraw is used to denote the same act of withdrawing. The news magazine and narrative texts use few verbs in this way. The same can be said of repeated adjectives, adverbs, and numbers. When the same adjectives, adverbs, and numerals appear a second time, they refer to the same quality, way of acting, or numeric value respectively. Examples may be found in Table 3-17. Table 3-17: Repetition of Other Word Categories
Verbs
Academic Journal Texts is/are perceived withdrawn withdraw addressed – addressed left belonged –belong took over – was taken over held
News Magazine Texts signed
Narrative Texts knew
81
Adjectives
Adverbs Numbers
3.2.3.2.2
decline – declined territorial precise dormant public retroactively 242, 1948, 1953, 1992, 1993, 93, 1994
economic managed
Repetition with Morphological Difference
One slight variation on the repetition category is that of repetition involving morphological differences. By this is meant that one item almost appears to be a repetition of another. The key word here is almost, as there is a slight morphological difference between the two lexical items in question. In most cases, the two items share a common stem. The difference lies in the presence of a suffix or some other alteration in the spelling, causing the two items to belong to different word classes. De Beaugrande and Dressler also identified this phenomenon of shifting basic word-components to a different word class, labeling it partial recurrence (De Beaugrande & Dressler, 1972: 56). The most common such pairs found in the texts of this research are those involving proper nouns and proper adjectives. Many English proper adjectives, also known as denominalized adjectives (Quirk et al. 1985: 125), are formed by applying a suffix to the proper noun, as in the cases of Europe-European, Israel-Israeli, Lebanon-Lebanese, Jew-Jewish, and a number of others found in Table 3-18. In other more extreme cases, the proper adjective may show little resemblance to the proper noun to which it is related semantically, e.g. U.S.American, United Kingdom-British, and Switzerland-Swiss. The question is whether such lexical items co-refer in a text. The answer would seem to lie in the function of proper adjectives. Being derived from proper nouns, they contain the meaning of being of or belonging in some way to those nouns. Proper adjectives allow speakers and writers to apply the characteristic of the proper noun to other nouns. Thus, when a text contains a phrase such as the American elite, it would seem logical that the elite in question be connected with the proper noun America, also known as the United States. In this research, proper nouns and adjectives will be considered potential
82
candidates for co-referential links if it is possible to form a paraphrase in which the other item is used without changing the meaning; e.g. a junior Lebanese diplomat is equivalent to a junior diplomat from Lebanon. Should any incidences of Lebanon occur in the text, they would be perceived as forming co-referential links with Lebanese in the phrase given above. An explanation is in order concerning one of the examples found in one of the news magazine texts. Based on the basic definition of coreference being used throughout this research, a country cannot be considered co-referential with the people of that country since the terms do not refer to the same entity. Thus, it may seem strange to see the entries Israel – Israelis and Israelis – Israel included in the list of co-referential pairs. It is clear from the context of the text that Israel is not denoting the country but rather the government officials of Israel. Likewise, Israelis refers to government officials and not Israelis as a national group. Examples such as these demonstrate how difficult it is to determine whether co-reference is present at all. Determining coreferential links between proper nouns and adjectives requires a careful reading of the text as well as a good understanding of the context. In addition to proper nouns and adjectives, there are other types of repetition involving morphological differences. Some phenomena or entities are mentioned on two different occasions using two different noun forms: e.g. houses-housing, terrorism-terror, bombbombing. The forms of the nouns change, but they describe the same referent. Also, some actions are referred to again by using a nominalized form, as in the pairs to dissolve and dissolution, withdrawn and withdrawing, or arrived and arrival. The reverse is also possible as in compensation and compensate, withdrawal and withdraw, this perception and are perceived. In the first examples, the nouns are a means of repeating the action of the verb; in the second group of examples, the reverse is true. A third group includes instances of interchange between adjectives and nouns or adjectives and adverbs, as in the following examples: history – historical, territorial – territories, unilateral – unilaterally.
83
Table 3-18: Repetition - Morphological Differences Academic Texts Proper Nouns and Adjectives
others:
84
American – U.S. United States – American Arab – Arabs Arab – Palestinians Arab – Jordan Arab – Syria Europe – European Israel – Israeli Israeli - Israel Jewish – Jews Lebanon – Lebanese Lebanese – Lebanon Palestine – Palestinian Palestinian Palestine Palestinians – Palestinian dissolve – dissolution withdrawn – withdrawing perceived – perception compensation – compensate loss – lost withdrawal – withdraw ownership - owned perception – perceived history – historical territorial – territories unilateral – unilaterally
News Magazines Texts PalestiniansPalestinian PalestinianPalestinians Israel – Israeli Israeli- Israel Israel – Israelis Israelis – Israel Islamist – Islamists U.S. – American
houses - housing housing - houses terrorism – a new terror offensive plans – planned bomb – the bombing
Narrative Texts Israeli – Israel Jews – Jewish Jewish - Jews Lebanon – Lebanese Swiss – Switzerland United Kingdom British
political – politics occupying – occupation arrived – arrival
3.2.3.2.3
Synonyms
A third means of co-referring is synonymy. There have been numerous attempts at defining what a synonym is. The word itself was borrowed from Middle French with the meaning ‘having the same name.’ In modern dictionaries, we are more likely to find definitions similar to the ones found in The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar and The Oxford Companion to the English Language. A word or phrase that means the same or almost the same as another in the same language. (Chalker, 389)
A word that means the same as another. (1014)
Such definitions are too simplistic. The problem is that there are few, if any, true synonyms, that is words that are always and completely interchangeable. Palmer discusses five ways in which synonyms may differ: 1) they may belong to different dialects; 2) they may represent different styles; 3) they may differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning; 4) they may be collocationally restricted, or 5) they may overlap in a number of different semantic directions (Palmer, 1976: 88-91). These differences, however, do not mean that it is impossible to talk of synonymy. On the contrary, there is much that can be said about this sense relation and its important role with regards to coreference. A more workable definition is one which allows us to focus on the functional aspect of synonymy. McCarthy offers such a definition when he defines a synonym as […] a bilateral or symmetrical sense relation in which more than one linguistic form can be said to have the same conceptual or propositional meaning. (1990: 19)
He goes on to state that the words do not have to be completely interchangeable in all contexts. The linguistic and collocational environment may have to change if a synonym is inserted in place of the original item, but what is important is that the logic of the statement remains the same. Stylistic differences limit replacement, but if such
85
surface changes are allowed, the content of the message remains the same because the same entity is being referred to. In the texts which have been studied, synonymy appears in various forms. Again, as in the case of repetition, synonyms may or may not co-refer. The sense relation which is established between two synonyms, however, draws the reader’s attention to the fact that a coreferential relationship might exist. If this is so, then it is of interest to determine more exactly in what form the synonymy appears. We most often think of synonymy in terms of nouns, though it is possible to imagine contexts in which we might find synonymous or nearly synonymous verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. In addition, there may be instances of synonymy at phrase and clauses levels. To be textually coreferential, synonymous items need have in common the fact that they refer to each other and that they denote a common referent. 3.2.3.2.3.1 Co-referential Synonymy Using Nouns Overall, there are surprisingly few instances of synonymy in the nine texts of this research in comparison with other surface markers. The majority of these, however, involve nominal items functioning grammatically as headN. A head noun is the central noun within a noun phrase, upon which all other constituents in the phrase are dependent. The use of a synonymous head noun within the nominal of a noun phrase to co-refer is the most common form of synonymy in all of the texts. In many cases, such head nouns are accompanied by a reference item, typically the, and other modifiers, which reinforce the co-referential link and give information concerning the degree of coreference. Examples from the texts appear in Table 3-19. In these examples, the co-referential item is a synonym of the head noun in the antecedent. Readers need not have any knowledge concerning the context, but rather may rely on their knowledge of the English language to interpret the link. Thus, the question is interpreted as having the same entity as issue, conception as interpretation, and so forth.
86
Table 3-19: Co-referential Nominal Synonyms Text PIL 1-5 RPQ 12-15 SHLC 6-12 APP 9-19 BBD 12-26 SIB 11-30 LDG 6-7
Antecedent the refugee issue this interpretation agreements that have since emerged… the 1993 Oslo accords the peace negotiations the blasts rival groups
SOL 20-24 GOZ 12-16
his city Ellie’s photographs
Co-referential Item the refugee question this particular conception of … The accords signed between … the Oslo agreement the talks the explosions an extremist Falangist organisation the town her pictures
3.2.3.2.3.2 Other Synonymous Links In comparison with nouns, there are few instances of synonymy involving verbs in these texts. It seems that, once an action has been mentioned in the form of a clause containing a verb group, following references to that same action are likely to appear in some other form, for example, a noun phrase. Maintaining the criterion that items have the same referent in order to be considered co-referential limits the number of verbal synonyms in use. Just four of the nine texts contain verbal synonymy. Examples can be found in Table 3-20. Table 3-20: Verbal Synonyms Text RPQ 10-20 RPQ 9-10 SHLC 8-29 SHLC 15-17 APP 3-5 APP 15-16 SOL 13-17 SOL 23-24
Antecedent Jews are perceived in territorial terms... Jews are seen as Israel, a territorial entity, … decided took over export embracing considered arrived in
Co-referential Item The Jewish population is seen in territorial terms… Jews are perceived in territorial terms resolving absorbed shipped hug thinking entered
The first two examples in Table 3-20 involve a figurative use of the two verbs see and perceive, which here mean roughly ‘consider.’
87
The remainder of the examples are rather straightforward, their synonymous relationship being perhaps more transparent. The two instances of use in every case not only refer to the same action, they also refer to the same instance of that action. The writer could equally have repeated one of these verb groups but instead chose to use a synonym. The notion of synonymy is most likely clear at this point. However, it is worth pointing out just a few more examples of synonymous links so as to illustrate how different grammatical constituents may be used in this way. In Table 3-21 there are three additional examples of co-referential links based on the relationship of synonymy. The first example involves an adverb referring to the same time as the NP these days, and the second a complex prepositional phrase referring to the same condition as in the antecedent. The third pair is interesting in that not only the verbs are synonymous, but rather the whole expression. These expressions consist of a general verb with a following noun phrase. Within these two sentences, it is a whole verb phrase which is synonymous with another verb phrase. Table 3-21: Other Synonymous Links Text APP 1-4
Antecedent These days flowers are free in Gaza City.
SOL 7-9
by the end of which Katzman was in command of a camp in Nablus for refugees from Kalkilya. set the stage
SHLC 6-29
3.2.3.2.4
Co-referential Item But now the growers have fallen victim to a peace process gone wrong. He was grateful to Dayan for putting him in charge of the refugee camp. laid the groundwork
Grammatical Links
A common way to co-refer in English is to use pro-forms. These are grammatical words, meaning that they do not carry lexical meaning in and of themselves. Pro-forms provide little information about the referent. Therefore, the reader must look elsewhere for the antecedent of these pro-forms in order to fully understand the content of the
88
message. Pro-forms let speakers/writers refer to the same entity again without having to repeat the original form. They allow the speaker/ writer to mention “given” information yet remain brief and avoid redundancy. This category includes such items as pronouns of various types, the definite article and determiners, as well as pro-adverbs. Depending on how these types of words are used in the texts, I have chosen to divide the category of grammatical links into two groups: direct and indirect. The difference between the two shall be explained in sections 3.2.3.2.4.1 and 3.2.3.2.4.2. 3.2.3.2.4.1 Direct Grammatical Links Direct grammatical links occur between pro-forms or determiners and an antecedent in cases where there is a direct or uninterrupted step from the pro-form back to the full form. There are no other intervening full forms present which allow for the use of further pronouns for structural reasons. The following examples from the Le Carré text will help to illustrate what is meant here: 6a)
The other girls, on instruction, bathed naked; but when Charlie declined to follow this liberating example, the psychiatrist ordered them to cover themselves again, and wait.
6b)
Kurtz came to see her once a week, sometimes twice.
6c)
He was extremely gentle with her; patient and faithful, even when she screamed at him.
6d)
His information was practical, and all to her advantage.
In sentence 6a, the main character of the story is mentioned by name: Charlie (who happens to be a woman in this text). In the following three sentences, she is referred to again but in the form of an object personal pronoun in 6b, both subject and object personal pronouns in 6c, and a possessive determiner in 6d. In sentences 6b through 6d, there is no other use of the name Charlie to reintroduce the character.
89
Thus, the total referential meaning for these pro-forms must be found in another sentence, that is, in sentence 6a. This information is not provided by some item within the same sentence. Therefore, the link between each of these items would be labeled as a direct grammatical link. Examples of direct grammatical links can be found in Table 3-22. It should be noted that the antecedent may be a phrase or a whole clause. The item to the left of the hyphen is meant to represent the complete antecedent. Table 3-22: Examples of Direct Grammatical Links
Pers pn
Academc Journal Texts why the U.S. adheres to this particular conception of “occupied territory” in the Palestinian context – it these historical claims – them long-dormant claims of land ownership – them the more mundane questions of property ownership – them examples of property owners separated from their lands – them Israel - it
News Magazine Texts The growers – he Victim – he Mohsen Shurad – he Mohsen Shurad – I The dream of an independent Palestinian state – it Palestinians – they Arafat – he He – he Israel’s Labor Party government – it Netanyahu – he Tax revenues - they Palestinians, Israeli soldiers, Arab leaders, friends of Israel - them
Ref pn
Dem pn
90
the territorial boundaries are left undefined in the collective mind of the U.S. elite – this part of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBG) should probably be
After Oslo was signed – this Since the agreement was signed- this Whole of BB 18 – this Friday’s blast – this Last week’s suicide attack – this
Narrative Texts the world – we (collective inclusive reference) the world – it (collective exclusive reference) the Australian authorities – they Charlie – she his woman hostage – she the Jews – they Katzman – he Katzman – him Kurtz – he Kurtz - him
Charlie – herself his woman hostage – herself Katzman - himself Katzman found himself thinking in concepts that were familiar to him from the newspaper. – this
Indef pn
Dm det
Def art
considered occupied territory, but exactly what part that is can only be determined in negotiations - this Long dormant claims of land ownership some an international consensus to reach a settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict based on a dissolution of the “refugee problem.” – this direction Israel succeeded in putting the refugees on the agenda of its negotiations with Jordan – this time whole of 4 – this perception long-dormant claims of land ownership – these land claims the Arab-Israeli negotiations that began in 1991 – the negotiations the Custodian – the custodian the new Israeli state – the state Palestinian refugees – the refugees The UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine – the office
Setting off a bomb in a café - this
a rose farm – this project It continued to funnel tax revenue to Arafat and advance him money – that game The empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem – those few square yards
whole of 4 – this men and women – these people
Two suicide bombers – the two suicide bombers The 1993 Oslo accords – the agreement Palestinian territory – the territories Two suice bombers killed 14 Israelis in Jerusalem last month – the bombing The new Paestinian Authority – the authority Tax revenues – the revenues Tel Aviv – the city Friday’s blast – the attack
a suspected Palestinian terrorist had died in a shootout with members of a crack West German unit, and that his woman hostage had been removed to hospital in a state of shock, but was otherwise unhurt – the story the senseless gunning-down in broad daylight of Dr. Anton Mesterbein… financier – the outrage Dr. Anton Mesterbein, the
91
Pos det
Indef det Pro adv
Palestinian refugees – their the Israeli government – its PLO – its
by individuals rather than on a state-tostate level – how through back-channel diplomacy - how
Netanyahu – his
Swiss humanist lawyer, campaigner for minority rights, and son of the eminent financier – the victim the bloodthirsty knifing …companion – the case Dr. Anton Mesterbein, the Swiss humanist lawyer, campaigner for minority rights, and son of the eminent financier – his villa Charlie – her his woman hostage – her David and Michael their the Jews – some Jews the Moniger home – here Nablus – there conquered territories – here Juni – here his city - here
Although Table 3-22 provides a number of examples of the various types of direct grammatical links found in the three genres of this research, an explanation of the various types using real examples will make this information more comprehensible. Personal pronouns and possessive determiners have already been addressed in the discussion above, so we will move on to others on the list. Reflexive pronouns occur only in the narrative texts, and then only infrequently. Again, this research is only concerned with cohesion across the sentence boundary and this disqualifies some uses of reflexive pronouns in the texts as representatives of textual co-
92
reference. The following sentences from the Grossman text (SOL) illustrate a textually co-referential use of a reflexive pronoun: 7a)
Nevertheless, he did respect Moshe Dayan, his defense minister, and tended to agree with his views on the conquered territories.
7b)
Dayan was more a military figure like himself than a politician.
The reflexive pronoun himself in example sentence 7b is a co-referent of both he and his in sentence 7a. They all have the same referent in the fictional world created by the narrative. The full identity of the character was revealed a few sentences earlier in the name Katzman. In the case of reflexive pronouns then, only links of this type have been included in this research. Co-referential links may also be established through the use of demonstrative pronouns. These deictic words point to other mentionings of the same referent in the text, and therefore provide another means of passing on information which has already been given or, less likely, which is yet to come. Grammatically speaking, demonstrative pronouns may have either a phrase or a clause as their antecedent. In the news magazine text entitled “Bibi’s Black Days” we find a typical example of a clausal antecedent: 8a)
When reporters standing amid café wreckage suggested Har Homa had contributed to the bloodshed, Netanyahu bristled, “Nothing justifies terrorism.”
8b)
He is surely right about that, and there is an incalculable moral difference between building on disputed land and setting off a bomb in a café.
If sentence 8b is read in isolation, the word that causes readers to wonder what it is that “he” is right about. They would know the answer by having read the previously quoted statement in sentence 8a:
93
“Nothing justifies terrorism.” The demonstrative pronoun co-refers with the statement already made, and both refer to an abstract idea. Although they can co-refer with concrete objects, demonstrative pronouns are often used to co-refer with facts or abstract ideas. The various kinds of determiners all function in a similar manner. Determiners co-occur with a NOM, which consists of a head noun and its modifiers. Definite determiners by definition contain the meaning you know which one, suggesting that the information regarding which one has in some way already been supplied or will be supplied in the following text. Determiners, then, are markers of givenness, and tell the listener/reader that the NOM element is one whose referent should be clear. In this research we are only interested in uses of determiners which act as textual cohesive links. Therefore, only items which cause the reader to cross the sentence border for their clarification are included. This means that there are no external references or structural references included. For example, definite articles which modify NOMs with unique reference in a particular environment, as in the Prime Minister, the country, or the world, are not being used to show co-reference with an item which is mentioned somewhere else in the text. The same can be said for uses of definite articles in noun phrases in which the head noun is further post-modified by a prepositional phrase or subordinate clause.This type of endophoric reference, labeled by Eggins as esphoric reference (Eggins, 97), can be illustrated using these examples: 9a)
the alienation of virtually all his friends
9b)
the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power
9c)
the end of the beach
The definite article in these phrases determines or limits the head noun as it is further defined by the post-modifier. Though these phrases may be co-referential in some other respect, it is not the definite articles
94
which forms the link to other items in the text. Of interest to this research are those determiners and articles which suggest givenness without any further explanation through the use of post-modification. There follow some pairs of sentences demonstrating co-referential uses of demonstrative determiners (10a and b), definite articles (11a and b), and indefinite articles (12a and b). 10a)
In 1992-93, for example, Lebanon received 11.8 percent of UNRWA expenditures, compared to 31.8 percent for Gaza and 22.4 percent for the West Bank.
10b)
Adjusted to population size, these sums translate into per capita distributions of $298 for Gaza, $264 for the West Bank, and $204 for Lebanon.
11a)
After the bombing, he not only closed Israel’s borders to Palestinian workers and exports; he also froze the transfer of tax revenues that account for more than half the authority’s income.
11b)
The revenues don’t belong to Israel.
12a)
A few houses stood dark and desolate, abandoned by their owners for safer places in the world, but for the most part, the Jews had held firm to Ben-Gurion’s pleas that not one inch of the city be given up without a fight.
12b)
Some Jews had turned to counter-terrorism, and David thought, If anything will destroy the United Nations’ resolve to support Partition and a Jewish homeland, it will be atrocities committed by Jews.
Lastly, there are a few occurrences of pro-adverbs which are used co-referentially. These adverbs replace other adverbs with which they co-refer. Only in the narrative texts do we find uses of such pro-forms as here and there, while in the academic texts there are a few uses of the interrogative adverb how. The following pairs of sentences illustrate co-referential uses of pro-form adverbs:
95
13a)
As he sat in a narrow office of the Judea and Samaria command, the mellow feeling he had known in Nablus came back to him in flashes.
13b)
He had been full of love and goodwill there, without the attendant feelings of self-betrayal and danger.
14a)
Some are being addressed by individuals rather than on a state-to-state level, while others may be decided through back-channel diplomacy.
14b)
Yet no matter how they are addressed, the wider importance of who controls land in the Arab-Israeli conflict has by definition rendered these historical claims vital and unlikely to wither away quietly.
3.2.3.2.4.2 Indirect Grammatical Links Indirect grammatical links, unlike those grammatical links described in 3.2.3.2.4.1, are colored by the fact that there is a full form of the antecedent in the same sentence as the co-referential item. The same principles concerning brevity and clarity which have been mentioned with reference to textual co-reference also hold true for patterns within one sentence. Thus, a sentence may contain several different proforms following a full form so as to avoid over-using that full form. Co-referential links involving pro-forms used in this way may also be linked to other sentences, but the form of these items is predetermined by their role in the sentence of which they are a part. As in any case of co-reference, another form could have been chosen (e.g. a full noun phrase), but the writer has selected a pro-form. Regardless of the form, however, these items may form co-referential links with previous or following text, thus forming a link in the identity chain. Therefore, it is necessary to include them in this research as a means of co-reference. There are basically only three grammatical categories which form indirect co-referential links with NP’s: personal pronouns, possessive determiners, and reflexive pronouns. Following are some example sentences from the SOL text demonstrating indirect grammatical links.
96
15a)
Katzman had never held any clear-cut political views.
15b)
Politics for him was merely a stage play without any bearing on real life.
15c)
Katzman fancied he had managed to catch some of Dayan’s more elusive characteristics and fit them into a definition that bore a great resemblance to himself.
Example sentence 15c contains three references to Katzman. The second two, the pronouns he and himself, find their full meaning in the same sentence in the proper noun Katzman. These are examples of structural co-referential cohesion. All three of these references corefer with the other mentionings of the same character in sentences 15a and 15b. It is evident from these example sentences, that there is a different type of relationship between the grammatically linked pair in 15a-15b and those in 15a-15c and 15b-15c. The division of this category into direct and indirect grammatical co-reference recognizes this important difference. Other examples can be found in Appendix B marked as Ind Gr under the surface marker category. A separate table is not listed here due to the fact that these examples resemble direct grammatical links when taken out of context. 3.2.3.2.5
Return to Full Form
As noted in the previous section, once an entity has been referred to, it may be referred to again using a pro-form. Over longer stretches of text, however, there are generally recurring instances of the original full form. The same entity is brought to the reader’s mind in its full form again in order to re-establish the referential as well as the coreferential link. Writers are motivated to do this for various reasons. Several of these are well illustrated in the second half of the LeCarré text (LDG). Table 3-23: Return to Full Form lists all the references to two figures in this narrative text, Charlie and Kurtz, as they appear in sentences 16-30. Uses of full forms have been bolded, and in the third and fifth columns an attempt has been made to supply a reason for the return to
97
the full form. The number of intervening sentences does not seem to play a significant role, as a full form may occur in the immediately following sentence (Charlie in sentences 24-25 and 25-26; Kurtz in 25-26 and 28-29) or after a number of sentences, up to four in these examples. Table 3-23: Return to Full Form 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Charlie, her, she she, her, her, her, her she, herself, her, her Charlie her her, she her her, her, her Charlie, her
29
her, her, Charlie Charlie, her; Charlie, she, her, her, her her, her, she her, she, she, her she
30
her, her, she
26
27 28
Thematization
Clarity
Thematization or Perspective Perspective Perspective; Thematization
Kurtz he, him his he he
Thematization
Kurtz, he, him
Clarity
Kurtz
Clarity (not the police)
he Kurtz Kurtz, himself Kurtz
Thematization or Perspective Clarity (not Fatmeh) Clarity (not Fatmeh)
A more important factor is the need for clarification due to the appearance of intervening entities within the sentence. If other entities, especially of the same sex or number, are introduced between co-referential items, then there is the need to clarify once again who or what is being referred to. In sentence 19, for example, other girls are mentioned and, therefore, the use of the pronoun she could be misleading. The same can be said for sentences 29 and 30, in which Charlie talks about another male figure, Fatmeh. Full forms are used
98
to clarify references to the two males, Fatmeh and Kurtz. The more entities there are in the discourse, the more frequent is the use of full forms to avoid misunderstanding. A second factor influencing the use of full forms is thematization. When an entity is reintroduced as the topic or point of departure in the discourse, then it is given in its full form. This seems to be the reason for re-introducing Charlie in the second half of sentence 26 and Kurtz in sentence 29. It is as if the author is saying, “Now I am going to make a statement about Charlie or Kurtz, and I want you to know exactly who I mean, so I am going to use the full form to make sure the reference is clear.” A third point, which is less convincing but still worth considering, is change of perspective. At times it seems as if the reader is receiving the narrative via various characters. This is reinforced by the presence of reporting clauses like he said, she snapped, Kurtz announced, said Kurtz. Depending on whose thoughts and speech are being reported, there may be a shift in using pro-forms and full forms. Sentences 1624 are written from Charlie’s perspective, the parenthetical in 24 is written as if the authorities are speaking, sentences 25 and 26 are more neutral, and the remainder are told from Kurtz’s perspective. These shifts are important to the rendering of the story and the language reflects this. The above examples are taken from one text, but all of the texts make use of recurring full forms. This phenomenon seems to be limited to the noun phrase, as no examples involving other word classes, phrases or clauses have been found. Proper nouns are quite straightforward since they involve unique reference. Proper adjectives have also been included due to their close relationship to proper nouns as discussed in 3.2.3.2.2. There are just two types of examples involving constituents of the noun phrase found in just one of the texts, which would seem to indicate that this type is not very common. The majority of examples are complete noun phrases which co-refer with earlier pro-forms. Examples of all types can be viewed in Table 3-24.
99
Table 3-24: Recurring Full Forms
PIL
RPQ
Mod N in NP 4-5 their refugee
Nom in NP
Prp Aj
4-5 their – refugee community
18-21 it – Israeli 28-30 their – Palestinian
NP - Prp N
NP
2-3 those – Palestinians in Lebanon
2-5 those – the refugees outside Palestine 4-5 their – the refugees outside Palestine 4-7 their – the Palestinian community 2-8 those in Lebanon – the external refugees 18-26 it – Israeli government 28-29 their – the Palestinian people
7-19 they – Europeans 7-20 it – Westernnes s 9-20 it – Palestine 18-20 it – Israel 27-.29 its – PLO
SHLC
APP
100
7-9 others – these historical claims 8-9 some – these historical claims 22-23 their – Palestinian refugees 22-24 their - refugees 10-12 they -
10-11 they
Palestinian
BBD
– Palestinians 12-13 he – Arafat 12-27 he – Netanyahu 5-12 he – the Prime Minister 12-16 he – Netanyahu 12-16 his – Netanyahu
SIB
14-17 his – Arafat 15-18 his – Netanyahu 16-18 he – Netanyahu 22-24 he – the President
LDG
16-19 she – Charlie 16-19 her – Charlie 18-19 herself – Charlie
23-24 this – one bombing 23-27 this – the carnage in Tel Aviv 23-27 this – the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’ s 10 months in power 6-9 one – the second man 6-11 one – the bombers 7-11 they – the bombers 11-12 their – the suicide bombers 5-22 it – terror 5-23 it – violence 19-29 these – reprisals 2-8 it – the world 5-8 we – the world
101
21-25 he – Kurtz 22-25 his – Kurtz SOL
4-5 his – Dayan 2-7 him – Katzman 3-7 he – Katzman 4-7 his – Katzman 5-7 himself – Katzman 11-19 there – Nablus 22-23 here – Juni 24-25 it – Juni
GOZ
3.2.3.2.6
4-12 his – the defense minister 22-24 here –the town
4-7 their – David 12-20 he – David 22-26 him – David 22-26 his – David
4-7 their – these people 8-12 they – the chosen people 12-116 they – her pictures
Hierarchical Relationships
In addition to repetition, synonymy, and grammatical forms, another means of co-referring within a text is to draw upon the hierarchical lexical relationships that exist in English. The study of such relationships is difficult, as they are often imprecise, unstable, and multidimensional. Nevertheless, because they have been used in the corpus of texts in this research, it is essential that they and their uses be addressed. The following discussion has been divided into two parts reflecting the traditional division between hyponymy and meronymy. The uses of hierarchical relationships, however, are not always so easy to categorize.
102
Hierarchical relationships are based on the notions of inclusion and overlap. Inclusion means that one lexical item is included in or is entailed by the other. Overlap, on the other hand implies that, although there is a region of common ground, the two also contain areas which do not intersect in any way. Both hyponymy and meronymy involve a kind of sub-division based on these notions. There is a relation of inclusion or cohesiveness between the entity undergoing division and the results of that process, and there is a relation of exclusion between the various results of the division. (Cruse, 1986: 179) The following discussion will focus on the differences between hyponymy and meronymy and describe how they are employed in the texts of this research. 3.2.3.2.6.1 Hyponymy The term HYPONYMY, following the model of SYNONYMY, is derived from the Greek prefix hypo- ‘under’ and the root noma ‘a name’. A hyponymic relationship involves a lexical item which is “under” or subordinate to another of more general meaning. The word which stands above it is often called a hyperonym, a superordinate, or a generic term. (McArthur, 1992: 492) To avoid confusion, especially in the tables, where many abbreviations have been used, the more specific terms will be called hyponyms and the more general ones will be referred to as superordinates. Two well-known linguists, Lyons (1977) and Cruse (1986), have discussed hyponymy in great detail. In defining a hyponym, both begin with a simple formula: ‘An X is a kind of Y’ which means that X is a hyponym of Y. Following this pattern, then, a rose is a kind of flower and a dog is a kind of animal. This formula works in a number of examples from the texts of this research. Consider these examples from APP: 16)
flowers – carnations (1-2)
17)
violence he may not be able to control – terrorism (12-14)
103
18)
terrorism – bombing (12-28)
All of these examples can be paraphrased using the above formula: carnations are kinds of flowers, terrorism is a kind/type of violence, and the bombing is a kind of terrorism. The problem is that this formula is too restrictive. The word kind does not always allow for hyponymic relations that otherwise seem to fit this category. It is necessary to allow variants of the word kind in this formula, words such as sort, variety, brand, category, class and example. Cruse moves beyond this basic formula by suggesting a second formula which may be used to test hyponymic verbs: X-ing is a way of Y-ing (1986: 139). Thus, walking is a way of moving, or devouring is a way of eating. These formulas form the basis for defining hyponymic relations, but they are not conclusive. These formulas as well as the theoretical discussions that accompany them are, of course, very helpful in formulating an overall picture of hyponymy. At times, however, it is difficult to apply this information to the texts themselves. One difficulty is differentiating linguistic hyponymy from a similar sort of relationship which is based on knowledge of the world. It is important to remember that hyponymy involves a linguistic relationship between the words themselves, regardless of the context, whereas such non-linguistic links involve a hierarchy of ideas based on the reader’s ability to interpret the text within the given context. Thus, while the pairs already given in 16, 17 and 18 are examples of hyponymy, the following pairs are not.
104
19)
Arafat played his own devil’s hand. – The wily Palestinian leader publicly ordered his followers to abjur violence and … (BBD 14-15)
20)
international and regional political frameworks - the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees (PIL 6-8)
21)
fields of operation – Lebanon (PIL 12-13)
It is clear that the second item in each pair is a sort of example of the first and that there is some relationship of specification-inclusion involved. These pairs of examples are different from those in 16, 17 and 18, however, in that the relationship is based not on linguistic information but rather on particular and general knowledge (as discussed earlier in this chapter) and on the reader’s ability to interpret hierarchical relationships in general. It is not to say that these kinds of links are not co-referential. The goal here is simply to point out that they cannot be included as examples of hyponymy since hyponymy is a sense relationship based on linguistic criteria. Both kinds are found in the texts of this research, and attempts have been made to distinguish them using different terminology. A partial list of co-referring hyponyms and superordinates found in the texts of this research is given in Table 3-25: Co-referential Hyponyms and Superordinates. Close inspection will reveal that the range of definition has been expanded to include some peripheral examples, e.g. counter-terrorism – militancy, expenditures – aid. The texts of this research are context-bound and thus the examples of hyponymy may seem to deviate slightly from the tightly preconceived ideas of hierarchical structure that hierarchies involving entities like animals or flowers do. Yet, in all cases there are clear relationships of superordinates divided into subordinate classes. Language cannot be categorized as rigidly as one might suppose and this becomes evident when one deals with hyponymy in real texts.
105
Table 3-25: Co-referential Hyponyms and Superordinates Text PIL
RPQ
SHLC
APP
BBD
106
Co-referential Hyponyms 11-13, 12-13 aid – expenditures 16-21 public services – health 16-21 public services – schools 16-21 public services – educational subsidies 17-21 aid – service expenditures 23-25, 23-26 activities – projects 11-28 aid - expenditures 27-28 help – expenditures in Lebanon 4-5 elite – academics 4-5 elite – mainstream journalists 23-28 Arab - Palestinians
5-6 1990’s – 1991 5-12 1990’s – 1993 5-12 1990’s – 1995 1-2 flowers – carnations 5-28 terrorism – the bombing 3-6 flowers – rose 5-6 flowers – rose 12-14, 12-16 violence he may not be able to control – terrorism 10-28, 12-28 terrorism – the bombing 12-28 violence – the bombing 11-18 violence – holy war 15-23 violence – a new terror offensive 5-12 more serious violence – last week’s suicide attack 11-12 violence – last week’s suicide attack 5-13 far more serious violence – Friday’s blast 5-16 far more serious violence – the attack 15-20 violence – terrorism 5-24 far more serious violence-one bombing 11-24 violence – one bombing 16-24 the attack – one bombing
Co-referential Superordinates 13-14 (numbers in 13) – these sums 13-17, 13-27 expenditures – aid
1-4 intellectuals – elite 5-11 academics and mainstream journalists - elite 5-21 academics – articulate opinion
2-3, 2-5 carnations – flowers 5-12, 10-12 terrorism – violence
12-18 suicide attack – holy war 13-20 blast – terrorism 16-20 the attack – terrorism 12-21 suicide attack – setting off a bomb 13-21 blast – setting off a bomb 4-22 hurled stones – violence 8-22 shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb – violence 13-22 blast – violence 20-22 terrorism – violence 20-22 bloodshed - violence
SIB
LDG SOL GOZ
20-21 terrorism – setting off a bomb 12-17 the attack – the bombing 16-17 the terror strike – the bombing 12-18 the attack – the blast 16-18 the terror strike – the blast 22-23 terror – violence 23-24 administration officials – security advisors 23-28 violence – the bombing 12-30 the attack – the explosions 22-30 terror – the explosions 23-30 violence – the explosions 6-12 minor incidents – the case None 7-9 these people – some Jews 17-19, 17-21 private assistance – money 25-26 the structure – the house
11-13 blasts – attack 11-16 blasts – terror strike 12-22 attack – terror 13-22 bloodshed – terror 16-22 terror strike – terror 17-22 the bombing – terror 12-23 attack –violence 13-23 bloodshed – violence
None 2-7 the Jews – these people 4-7 men and women – these people 9-11 counter-terrorism – militancy 23-25 the Mongier home – the structure 24-25 the house – the structure
3.2.3.2.6.2 Meronymy At first sight meronymy may seem to be quite similar to hyponymy. Like hyponymy, meronymy denotes classes of entities and involves subdivision. The criteria for subdivision in meronymy, however, are quite different from those of hyponymy. Whereas the internal cohesiveness of hyponymy means resemblance between members, that of meronymy involves physical integrity. Externally, distinctiveness occurs between classes in hyponymy due to unshared attributes, while the same occurs in meronymy due to a state of unconnectedness. Thinking in terms of physical integrity and unconnectedness forms the basis for meronymy, also known as the whole-part relationship. In the beginning of his discussion on meronymy, Cruse (1986: 172) defines basic meronymy as the relationship between “the welldifferentiated parts of clearly individuated and cohesive physical objects.” This raises the question of what constitutes a part. Cruse lists
107
several criteria to which a part must adhere in order to be considered a part. First, it must be topologically stable, remaining invariant under certain transformations. Thus, steam is not a part of water. Second, it must be spatially continuous. This means that it must be possible to move from one area of the piece to another area of the same piece without having to cross material which does not belong to that part. Third, a part is autonomous. It need never have belonged to an actual whole. Fourth, it is characterized by non-arbitrary boundaries. An example here would be the difference between taking a computer apart step-by-step using the necessary tools and chopping it up with an axe. Obviously, only the first activity would result in non-arbitrary parts. Finally, a part must have a definite function within the whole. (Cruse, 1986: 158-159) Continuing with our computer analogy, it is clear that the pieces resulting from chopping up the computer could not be said to have functions with respect to the whole. Having defined a part, the next step is to determine how to identify a part-whole relationship. Lyons (1977: 312) makes mention of the connection between part-whole relations and possessive constructions, giving the phrase ‘John’s right arm’ and the clause ‘John has a right arm’ as examples. Similarly, Cruse offers definite frames such as the following as a means of testing possible meronymic relations: X is a meronym of Y if it is possible to say that Y has Xs/an X when the noun phrases an X, a Y are interpreted generically.
An X is a part of a Y.
The parts of a Y include the X/Xs, the Z/Zs, etc.
These tests hold in many cases, but as Cruse goes on to show, there are other, more peripheral cases of meronymy, which he calls close relatives of the part-whole relation. He lists four dimensions of variation which correlate with centrality and peripheralness: concreteness, degree of differentiation, structural integration, and degree of individuation. Most central are those meronymic relations which involve
108
highly differentiated, concrete count nouns having high structural integration. This explains why it is easier to identify a meronymic relationship between the body and its parts than between a group and its members or a country and its particular areas. Attempts at identifying the whole-part relations in the texts of this research confirmed the influence of the dimensions of variation which Cruse identifies as correlating with centrality and peripherality. There are many instances of co-reference involving whole-part relationships and these are quite varied. Again, however, as in the case of hyponymy, a distinction must be made between linguistic and nonlinguistic examples. Meronymy will be used in this research to refer strictly to a word-to-word relationship. In such cases, parts used to denote wholes will be labeled as meronyms (Mer), wholes which refer to parts as holonyms (Holo). Non-linguistic whole-part relationships have been discussed in a previous section of this chapter. Restricting meronymy to a linguistic phenomenon involving word-to-word relationships results in very few examples. These may be found in Table 3-26. In the second column, the second word in each pair is a included in the first. By mentioning the part, the whole is referred to again in some way. Based on their linguistic knowledge, readers are able to link the two expressions. For example, because they know that cities often contain a sector called the downtown area, the word downtown may be linked with city in Gaza City. Meronyms allow focus on one aspect or part of the whole which has already been mentioned. The reverse is true of co-referential holonyms. Anaphoric holonyms refer back to a part mentioned earlier in the text. There is just one example in the texts of this research. In GOZ 1-2, mention is made of the Rehavia homes. These are included in a later reference to the city of which they are a part. The use of holonyms allows for expansion of reference. This is obviously not a widely used mechanism in the texts analyzed. Table 3-26: Examples of Co-referential Meronyms and Holonyms Text PIL RPQ
Co-referential Meronyms None None
Co-referential Holonyms None None
109
SHLC
None
None
APP
1-2 Gaza City – downtown
None
BBD
12-13 last week – Friday 13-26 peace process - talks
None
SIB LDG
None None
None None
SOL
13-26 army personnel officers None
None
GOZ
3.2.3.2.7
1-2 homes-city
Deletion
As observed by Grice and formulated in his various maxims, a guiding principle of communication is to be informative but not repetitive. For this reason, speakers of English often omit words rather than repeating them. This process is called ellipsis. Another way to think of complete ellipsis is replacement by zero. Whereas other forms of replacement involve replacement of the item using an explicit “counter” as a placemarker for what is presupposed, ellipsis eliminates the item altogether. Something is left unsaid, but understood nevertheless. Again, we are interested in ellipsis as a form of relation between sentences, where it is an aspect of the essential texture. This does not include information which is to be derived from the situational context or other background information. Rather, this part of the research is concerned with words, phrases, clauses, sentences, etc. whose structure is such as to presuppose some preceding item, which then serves as the source of the missing information. Specific structural slots are to be filled with co-referential constituents from elsewhere in the text. Ellipsis is discussed in Quirk et. al. as occurring within the noun phrase (ellipsis of the head noun), the verb phrase (ellipsis of the predicate and predication), and at the clausal level (Chapters 9 & 10). It is important to mention here that ellipsis may or may not involve co-reference within the text. Examples given in Quirk are both coreferential and non-co-referential. Thus, one step in this research is to
110
decide which forms of elliptical replacement are co-referential and should be labeled as belonging to this category. Within the noun phrase, a head noun may be ellipted leaving a determiner, possessive adjective, adjective or numeral to assume that position. Just as in the case of repeated head nouns and synonyms used with various determiners, the writer has made a choice as to the form the re-occurring entity should reappear in. An additional choice open to the writer is not mentioning the head noun at all. In examples such as these, the overt remaining items will be considered as grammatical pro-forms and the ellipted heads will be included under deletion. Not every use of indefinite pronouns occurring individually represents a case of deletion. The word all, for example, has various meanings and, therefore, its use in such expressions as it all (emphasizing completeness) and once and for all (idiomatic expression) will be ignored. Such words as all, some, none may also be found in the company of post-modifying prepositional phrases as in some of the land claims, none of these points, or all of its refugee property. The uses of these pro-forms will not be considered since, as in the case of definite articles followed by a NOM including a noun plus post-modification, the presupposed information is supplied in the following prepositional phrase. One clear example of deletion used as a co-referential link across the sentence boundary is found in the Grossman text. See Sentence 22. 22)
The occupation would be humane. – With the grace of sincerity and trust – here of all places (SOL 21-22).
The second sentence in the pair lacks both its own subject and verb group. It consists merely of a prepositional phrase, which is interpreted as a continuation of the previous sentence. It has most likely been separated from the main clause in order to create the feeling that the reader is listening in on the character’s thoughts, which are disjointed, as is typical of language representing stream-of-consciousness writing.
111
3.2.3.2.8
Variant Names
One last linguistic means of marking co-reference involves the use of a variant name. A common pattern for proper names in English is (determiner) + proper noun + common noun. Proper names of this sort have the property of occurring in a full form but also in a reduced form. It is possible to refer to the same entity again using either the full noun phrase or just the proper noun. Thus, speakers of English may mention the Atlantic Ocean or just the Atlantic, Mount Everest or just Everest. Table 3-27 contains a sampling of examples which illustrate the use of co-referential variant names in the texts of this research. Table 3-27: Variant Names
Text APP 6-9 APP 3-18 PIL 9-12 GOZ 16-18
Antecedent Oslo (was signed) The Gaza Strip The Madrid Conference the States
Co-referential Item The 1993 Oslo accords Gaza Madrid the United States
Although the interpretation of all proper names requires some geographical knowledge, the role of linguistic knowledge plays an extremely important role in these examples. The writers of the texts analyzed assume that readers are aware of the mechanism of name variation in English, and thus it is possible to mention these entities (again) using their reduced forms. The APP text is interesting in that it uses a reduced form before any reference has been made to the full form, implying that the writer assumes the reader will know what Oslo refers to in this context (or it is an example of poor writing). The agreement is referred to again three sentences later in the text using the full form. Another interesting example from the same text occurs involving sentences 6 and 19. The same entity is mentioned in both sentences, the first time using the reduced name variant, the second time using a noun phrase containing a synonym of the original common noun which was omitted in the first use. 23)
112
(the) Oslo (Accords) – the (Oslo) agreement (APP 6-19)
Another slight modification on the name variant pattern can be found in an example which appears three times in the APP text: 24)
Gaza City – the Gaza Strip (APP 1-3)
25)
Gaza City – (the) Gaza (Strip) (APP 1-18, 1-20)
The first example is an extreme instance of the name variant pattern. Readers must draw on their knowledge that reduced proper names can become parts of other proper names. Thus, the Gaza Strip must be interpreted as the strip (of land) around (the city of) Gaza. The second example goes one step further in that the name variant the Gaza Strip then appears in its reduced form without determiner and common noun. These examples demonstrate a less precise division between the need for general knowledge and linguistic knowledge, as well as a higher degree of complexity concerning the use of surface markers.
3.2.4
Co-referential Relationships
The central criterion used in this research to define co-reference is whether two items have the same referent. The application of this question to the text corpus reveals that the answer cannot always be a solid yes or no. While there are many instances of complete one-toone reiteration, there are just as many which demonstrate only partial co-reference. The co-referring item is in some way a bit more or a bit less than its antecedent, yet there is a high degree of overlap and similarity which forms a strong cohesive link between the two items. Examples of all kinds have been collected and categorized, resulting in the development of two basic categories: reiteration and partial reiteration. The following is a description of each of these categories as well as various subcategories. Incidentally, these labels may be applied to both linguistic and non-linguistic examples of co-reference, as will be demonstrated in the examples provided.
113
3.2.4.1
Reiteration
The term REITERATION will be used to denote the relationship between a co-referring item and its antecedent when the one refers to the referent of the other in its entirety. That is, the two items in question fully denote the same entity in the real or fictional world. Within the nine texts of this research, the co-referring items occur in various forms, e.g. repetitions, synonyms, hyponyms, grammatical forms, etc. as discussed in section 3.2.3, yet the relationship involved is always one of identical reference. There are, for example, many uses of exact repetition to mention an entity again. Various names (Arafat, Netanyahu, Tel Aviv, Lebanon, the Oslo Accords) and common nouns (land, terrorism, negotiations) appear again and again referring to the individuals, places and things which have already been mentioned. In addition, many instances of repetition involving a slight morphological variation may also be considered as reiteration. A proper adjective such as Palestinian or Lebanese may be said to denote the characteristic of being of or having to do with Palestinians or Lebanon. Rather than repeat the proper noun, as in the government of Lebanon, in which there might be a direct repetition of Lebanon, the use of the proper adjective allows reference, and therefore coreference, to be made to Lebanon without giving prominence to it in the phrase structure. The co-referential link is made by the readers due to their ability to paraphrase in this way. The remaining surface markers discussed in section 3.2.3 move readers towards a more complicated reading experience. The complexity of such items becomes evident when trying to decide if and how such items co-refer. Rather than being able to rely solely on their eyes to distinguish similarities of form and thus possible cases of identical reference, readers must engage in more complicated thought processes. Often it is not just the word or phrase alone which helps the reader make the semantic connection but also the presence of multiple links. In addition, readers must have a certain amount of knowledge on the topic in order to make associations and assumptions which are less obvious in the text itself. The following paragraphs provide examples of reiteration as it appears in the forms of pro-forms, synonyms, holonyms, meronyms, superordinates, and hyponyms.
114
One common way to reiterate is to use a grammatical form, after which there may be a return to the full form once again. It would be cumbersome to continue referring to Benjamin Netanyahu as Benjamin Netanyahu or the negotiations as the negotiations, especially when what the writer wants to say about them is informationally more important or relevant. Thus, although the process requires readers to fill in the blanks a bit more on their own, it is quite common to refer to something which has already been mentioned using a proform. And, without exception, the nine texts studied include uses of various pronouns and other pro-forms in order to reiterate. Once a proform has been introduced, it may be used a number of times before the full form reappears again. The shifts between grammatical and full forms and the reasons for such shifts, interesting as they may be, lie outside the scope of this research. Another means of reiterating is to make use of synonyms. These are usually coupled with a grammatical marker such as a definite article or demonstrative determiner, thereby strengthening the coreferential link. As already shown in Tables 3-15, 3-16, and 3-17, items from various word classes can be used synonymously in order to refer to an entity which has already appeared in the text. By selecting a full form rather than a proform, the writers have chosen clarity over avoiding redundancy, yet they have compromised somewhat by offering a synonym of the original item rather than a repetition. The readers’ knowledge of the language tells them that synonyms can be used to reiterate in this way. A further pair of surface markers has been observed in the texts of this research: superordinates and hyponyms. There are few examples of these surface markers involving reiteration, but those that exist 26)
the structure – the house (GOZ 25-26)
27)
the attack – the bombing (BBD 17-24)
28)
UNRWA expenditures – aid allocations ( PIL 13-17)
115
are convincing. Like other surface markers, superordinates and hyponyms are often paired with definite articles and demonstrative determiners. The pairs in 26-28 provide examples of hyponymy in which both items refer to the same entity in full. Based on their knowledge of English, readers know that a house is a kind of structure, a bombing a kind of attack, and expenditures a kind of aid. One item in each pair is a type of the other, yet in all these cases, the second item refers to the first in its entirety. Co-reference is supported in the first two examples by the presence of the determiners. As described in section 3.2.3.2.6.2, a second hierarchical surface marker used to co-refer is meronymy. In theory, it should be possible to find examples of meronymy involving reiteration, however, no such examples were found in the texts of this research. The few examples of meronymy present all involve partial reiteration and will be discussed under section 3.2.4.2. Thus, we will move on to the last two remaining surface markers used in reiteration. Another infrequent means of reiterating is deletion. In this case, it is not the presence, but rather the absence of some item that is used to restate something again. There is just one example in these nine texts of deletion that is used to reiterate: 29)
The occupation would be humane. - [ ] With the grace of sincerity and trust.
In 29, the subject, the verb and its complement have been deleted from the second sentence. Without the information from the first sentence, the second one is unintelligible. Most readers would probably hesitate to call the second item a sentence at all, however, it fulfills the requirements for a sentence as discussed earlier in this research. A further quality is added to the fact which has already been stated. The last linguistic surface marker to be discussed here is name variation. Some proper names appearing in the nine texts are referred to again later in the texts in the form of a slight variation as discussed in section 3.2.3.2.8. Such reduced names often refer to previously mentioned entities in their entirety and are thus reiterative in nature. For example, once the Madrid Conference has been mentioned, as in
116
9-12, it can be referred to again completely using just Madrid. Like deletion and grammatical co-reference, this type of reiteration contributes to an English speaker’s need to be economical. PIL
3.2.4.2
Partial Reiteration
In partial reiteration, one part of the co-referring item refers to the same referent, but the remainder is not included. Or the reverse may be true: the co-referring item is expanded to include not just the antecedent but other, additional referents as well. There is no one-toone correspondence between the co-referential item and its antecedent. Other modifiers are often required to make the reference and coreference clear. Having been made aware of the presence of partial reiteration, the next step was to identify the kinds of relationships involved. As no terms for such relationships exist as yet, the researcher has supplied the following groupings with her own labels chosen to reflect the nature of the groups: 3.2.4.2.1
Specification
In the relationship being described here, one item may denote a portion, segment, or fraction of the other, not in the sense of being an example, type or kind, but rather as comprising part of an entity mentioned in another portion of the text. Since an entity may contain or encompass various subsets, making reference to one of these subsets involves referring again to the whole. Once an entity has been introduced in the text, the writer may choose to make a statement about just one part, portion, or member of that entity. By doing so, the writer becomes more specific, thus the label SPECIFICATION for this type of co-reference. The expected surface markers for this type of co-reference are those involving hierarchical sense relationships since the use of meronyms and hyponyms allow for a narrowing of reference. Examples 30-33 demonstrate the use of meronyms to denote parts of an entity which were mentioned in a previous sentence. In pair 30, downtown does not refer to all of Gaza City, but rather to one part of it. In the same way, Friday is one part of a week, talks part of any
117
peace process, and officers members of army personnel. The sense relation between the words in these examples leads the reader to assume a possible co-referential link. By mentioning the part, some part of the whole has been referred to again. 30)
Gaza City – downtown (APP 1-2)
31)
last week – Friday (BBD 12-13)
32)
peace process – talks (BBD 13-26)
33)
army personnel – officers (SOL 13-26)
Hyponyms may also be used to focus on just one part of an entity by mentioning its types or examples. There are many examples of hyponyms used to specify in the texts of this research. Following are just a few of these: 34)
public services – schools (PIL 16-21)
35)
flowers – carnations (APP 1-2)
36)
more serious violence – last week’s suicide attack (BBD 11-12)
37)
private assistance – money (GOZ 17-19)
The second item in each example is a hyponym of the first. The coreferential relationship is one of specification since the co-referring item mentions one particular example or type of the antecedent. Specification also occurs, however, in the form of other surface markers. Also found in these texts are examples of specification involving repetitions, repetitions with morphological differences, synonyms, grammatical markers, and deletion. An example of each is provided in Table 3-28. In the example from SOL 1-4 the repetition of the word views signals that there may be a possible co-referential link between
118
the two items. Upon further investigation, however, it becomes evident that the second instance of views is accompanied by a modifier that limits the previously mentioned views to those of the conquered territories. These views refer to only a portion of the views mentioned by the antecedent. The same can be observed in the other examples in Table 3-28. None of these examples demonstrates one-to-one correspondence between the referents, rather, in each case, one part has been singled out for specification. Table 3-28: Specification and Other Surface Markers Text
Antecedent
SOL 1-4
political views
PIL 2-7
refugee Palestinians everywhere troubles that have piled up
BBD 27-28 SIB 6-8 PIL 24-25
3.2.4.2.2
the bomber A hundred projects
Co-referential Item
Lex. Relat. REP
views on the conquered territories the Palestinian community one difficulty
REP-M
one Seventeen [ ] for Jordan
GRAM DEL
SYN
Inclusion
The converse of specification has been labeled as inclusion. In such cases, the co-referring item makes up the whole, a part of which has already been mentioned and is being referred to again. Because the whole encompasses or contains the part which has already been mentioned, there is overlap of reference. This type of co-reference may be seen as a type of expansion, as it allows the writer to expand on an entity, thereby including other parts or members of the antecedent in a more general way. Inclusion is realized using a number of different linguistic surface markers: repetition, repetition with a morphological change, synonymy, grammatical markers, superordinates, and holonyms. The coreferential pairs in Table 3-29 serve as examples of inclusion in the
119
form of different surface markers. In the first example in Table 3-29, the entity is referred to both times using the word flowers. The first instance of flowers refers to flowers sold in Gaza City, while the second refers to flowers grown all over the Gaza Strip. The second reference includes those flowers mentioned earlier in the text. A second example worth drawing attention to is the one involving a grammatical surface marker in LDG 4-16. When considering the example out of context, one might assume that its presence here is a mistake Table 3-29: Examples of Inclusion Text
Antecedent
Co-referential Item
APP 1-3
flowers
flowers
APP 5-9 SHLC 18-19
Israel
Israelis
LDG 4-16 BBD 13-20 GOZ 1-2
Lex. Relat. REP
its refugee property
the land
REP-M SYN
whole of sentence 4
Friday’s blast
this terrorism
GRAM SUP
homes
city
HOLO
since it appears to be an example of reiteration. In the text, however, there are a number of sentences describing various happenings which the main character knows nothing about. These events are referred to in sentence 16 in the text in the demonstrative pronoun this. Each individual event, then, is just one of a whole group of events, the pronoun serving as a means of inclusion. This is a more unusual example of inclusion, the majority being quite straightforward in nature.
3.2.5
Types of Referents
The final category of this research concerns types of referents. One minor point of this research is to determine the kinds of entities that are referred to repeatedly in a text. Thus, as each instance of coreference was recorded, note was taken of the kind of entity being referred to in the real or fictional world. Eventually it became clear
120
that there are similarities between types of entities, which made it possible to categorize them accordingly. The instances of co-reference found in the texts of this research may be divided into ten groups: action, concept, event, fact, object, organization, people, place, quality, and time. There follows a brief description of each type of entity together with a few examples from the texts of this research. Seven of the ten entity groups are abstract in nature. They include intangible items that are more closely associated with the mind rather than with material things. Actions, for example, refer to the state or process of acting or functioning. The texts contain actions demonstrated by verbs such as ship, export, round up, sign, and set off. Events, on the other hand, are kinds of happenings which occur in a certain place within a particular duration of time.A number of different actions taken together may form an event. This label has been applied to nominal entities like the bombing, the attack, and terrorist incidents. Concepts have to do with general notions or ideas like peace, terrorism, hope, brinkmanship, and attitudes. Then there are facts, truth statements or statements which are supposed to be true. These generally appear in the form of a whole sentence. Following are a few examples from the texts of this research. 38)
Trying to get the Palestinians to crack down on terrorism, Israel has imposed severe sanctions that prevent flowers from being shipped overseas.
39)
Top officials of the new Palestinian Authority enriched themselves and created slush funds that enabled Arafat to govern.
40)
In 1992-93 Lebanon received 11.8 percent of UNRWA expenditures.
A further member of the abstract entity groups is organization, that is, a formally organized association of members for a particular purpose. Organizations found in the texts include the PLO, UNRWA, RWG, Hamas, and the Palestinian Authority, to name a few. Qualities are the attributes, characteristics or properties of something. The
121
majority of qualities used in the texts of this research are related to proper nouns, thus reflecting the need to talk about belonging to a particular group. Examples of this type include proper adjectives like Palestinian, Jewish, Israeli, American, and Lebanese. Other quality words used co-referentially are economic, territorial, historical, and dormant. And finally, time refers to those points or periods within the system of sequential relations of present, past, and future. There are few examples of this type, but the ones that do occur are convincing enough to require their own grouping: these days, now, a period of managed development, last Friday, Purim. The remaining three labels refer to concrete, tangible entities: people, places, and objects. More specifically, the category labeled people refers to human beings, either individually or collectively. Examples include proper names (Netanyahu, Arafat, Clinton, David, Katzman) as well as common noun phrases (the bombers, the growers, the Zionists, the Jews, the refugees). A place is defined in this research as a space or location normally occupied by a person or thing. Again, there are many examples of proper names (Gaza, Oslo, Lebanon, Jerusalem, Har Homa, Tel Aviv) as well as a fair number of common nouns (downtown, the city, the territories). And finally, there is the term object, which includes reference to inanimate, tangible entities that are relatively stable in form. Items labeled as objects in the texts of this research are such entities as machines (bulldozer, car), documents (the Oslo accords, documents), buildings (café, house), elements of nature (flowers, hill, land), and items for personal use (camera, suitcase). These categories describing the types of entities found are not exhaustive. There are obviously many other types of entities in the world which are not represented in the texts of this research, and therefore they have not been included in the categorization process. The analysis of other texts, especially those pertaining to other topics, would undoubtedly require additional categories. The categories chosen for this research reflect the kinds of entities that have been referred to in these nine texts.
122
3.2.6
Summary of Research Categories
Although attempts have been made in this research to keep terminology to a minimum, a certain amount of complexity has developed concerning the categories just described in the previous sections of this chapter. Therefore, the following table has been created to assist the reader in deciphering the data contained in the tables in Appendix B. Table 3-30: Summary of Research Categories Category Source of Knowledge
Grammatical Categories
Terminology General Knowledge
Abbrevations G
Particular Knowledge Linguistic Knowledge
P L
Anaphoric Reference Cataphoric Reference
a c
Head Noun Modifying Noun
headN mod N
Proper Noun Nominal
Prp N NOM
Noun Phrase Demonstrative Pronoun
NP dm pn
Indefinite Pronoun Personal Pronoun
ind pn pers pn
Reflexive Pronoun Verb
refl pn V
Verb Phrase Adjective
VP Aj
Proper Adjective Adverb
Prp Aj Adv
Demonstrative Determiner
dm det
Possessive Determiner Definite Article
pos det def art
Non-finite Clause Wh-clause
Non-fin cl Wh-cl
123
Surface Markers
Non-linguistic
Linguistic
Co-referential Relationships
Types of Entities
124
Clause
Cl
Paraphrase Exemplification
Para Exem
Generalization Particularization
Gen Part
Wholification Repetition
Whole Rep
Repetition with a Morphological Change
Rep-M
Synonym Direct Grammatical Marker Indirect Grammatical Marker
Syn Gr
Return to Full Form Hyponym
Full Hyp
Superordinate Meronym
Sup Mer
Holonym Deletion
Holo Del
Variant Name Reiteration
Var Reit
Specification Inclusion
Spec Incl
Action Concept
Act Con
Event Fact
Evt Fact
Object Organization
Obj Org
People Place
Peo Plc
Quality Time
Qual Time
Ind gr
4 Results
4.1 Quantitative Comparison One goal of this research has been to discover how frequently coreference occurs in various kinds of texts and to determine if this is an indicator of genre. A second aspect of quantitative comparison involves the distribution of the number of links first within a text and then within a group of texts. It is important to check where coreference occurs in a text and whether such links are spread proportionally throughout the text or if they appear in particular patterns. Distribution patterns might also be a factor of co-reference contributing to the definition of these genres. Data concerning frequency of occurrence and distribution of links has been collected and organized in the tables found in Appendix C. Each grid shows the number of links between any two sentences within that text. The numbers down the left side and across the top should be read as representing the sentence numbers in the respective texts. For example, looking at the grid for PIL, the number three on the left-hand side stands for sentence three in the text. Following the line to the right across the page, we see that there are three links between this sentence and sentence one, and two links between it and sentence two, and so on. The numbers of the corresponding sentences are listed across the top. In this way each sentence of a text can be compared with every other sentence in that text, and the number of co-referential links between each pair can be noted. These tables also provide a means of determining the total number of co-referential links within a given text. The final column in each table (labeled Nr/Line) stands for the number of links in that line. This number shows the number of links this sentence has with any previous sentence, regardless if they are anaphoric or cataphoric. The sum of this column represents the total number of co-referential links in a given text.
125
4.1.1
Total Number of Links
The figures representing the total number of links in each text are recorded in Table 4-1: Total Number of Links. Based on this data, it is possible to make several observations. Table 4-1: Total Number of Links PIL
RPQ
SHLC
Average Academic Journals
981
815
911
902.33
APP
BBD
SIB
Average News Magazines
356
477
383
405.33
LDG
SOL
GOZ
Average Narrative Texts
1108
1994
393
1165.00
Of the three genres, the narrative texts have the highest average number of co-referential links (1165). It is possible that the average for this genre is either somewhat low since one of the texts has an extremely low number of links. Analysis of additional texts from this genre would be necessary to determine if the GOZ text is exceptionally low or if the SOL text is unusually high. Generally speaking, however, readers are confronted with anaphoric and cataphoric coreference more frequently in fictional narrative texts than they are in the texts of the other two genres. Though in second position, the texts from academic journals, with an average of 902 links, still contain a high number of co-referential links, more than double the average number of links in the news magazine articles. These texts also show a high degree of regularity. The average falls quite close to the median, and the difference
126
between the texts with the highest and lowest number of links is less extreme than in the case of the narrative texts. Based on the results of this research, it can be said that texts of this genre are less cohesive than narrative texts, but more cohesive than news magazine texts with regard to co-reference. The average of the texts from news magazines lies well below that of the other two genres. This means that these texts tend to introduce more new information without linking it to other entities which have been mentioned at some other point in the text. Texts of this genre would be perceived as being less cohesive and possibly more disjointed than those of the other two genres, requiring that the reader be able to form logical connections between the sentences of the text in some other way. Two points, then, suggest that there is indeed a correlation between co-reference and text type. First, there is the similarity found concerning the number of links in the individual texts within each genre. Although the narrative texts are somewhat irregular in this regard, the other two genres show a strong tendency toward regularity. Second, there is a substantial difference between the averages of the three text types. With the exception of the GOZ text, the texts of each genre type could be grouped correctly as representing one type based simply on the number co-referential links found. This indicates that the frequency of co-reference is a feature which distinguishes one type of text from another in this research.
4.1.2
Quantitative Distribution
Knowing the total number of links as discussed in 4.1.1 provides a broad picture of co-reference within one text or the texts of one genre, but it does not disclose where in the text such co-referential links have occurred. For example, do all 981 links in PIL appear between just a few sentences or between many different pairs of sentences? How many links might a reader expect to encounter between any two sentences? The following section is devoted to exploring the distribution of the co-referential links, thereby providing a more detailed description of co-reference in these texts.
127
4.1.2.1
Range of Distribution
In addition to providing information as to the total number of links in a given text, the tables in Appendix C also reveal how many links occur between any two sentences. Thus, it is possible to determine the range of distribution for each of the texts. By this is meant the minimum and maximum number of co-referential links between any two sentences within a given text. The range of distribution and the extent to which links cover this span offer a more precise representation of co-reference in these texts. Information concerning the range of distribution has been collected from the tables in Appendix C and reformatted for comprehensibility in Table 4-2. This table shows the percentage of sentence pairs having a particular number of links between them. The range of distribution for the texts of this research lies between zero and 35 links. The percentage numbers have been listed in the left-most column. The percentages for each text appear in the columns below by genre group. Every fourth column reports the average percentage for the texts representing that genre. With the exception of the GOZ and LDG texts, the overall ranges of distribution are quite similar in all the texts. The minimum number for all the texts is zero. All three texts show clustering at the low end, that is between 0 and 3 links. In general, there is a steady decline in the percentage of links starting at about four or five links. The academic journal texts contain a maximum of between 11 and 14 links per sentence pair, the magazine texts from 9 to 17. The narrative texts, however, differ significantly with respect to range. The sentence pairs in the GOZ text have no more than 6 links per pair, while the LDG text has as many as 35, though there are some large gaps along the way. As will be suggested later, the large number of co-referential links between some sentences in the LDG text is due to the predominant use of direct and indirect grammatical markers, which easily allow for multiple instances of co-reference between two sentences. The maximum of the SOL text lies between the other two, actually more closely resembling the ranges of the other two genre types.
128
Table 4-2: Distribution Range Percentages
% of
PIL
RPQ
SHLC
Ave Acad Jour
APP
BBD
SIB
Ave News Mag
LDG
SOL
GOZ
Ave Nar Txts
0's
19.1
33.6
38.4
30.3
60.9
50.6
61.6
57.7
59.3
1's 2's 3's 4's
25.5 17.2 15.6 9.0
22.8 20.0 6.4 6.0
15.6 12.2 9.4 6.4
21.3 16.5 10.5 7.1
20.0 9.2 3.7 3.0
23.7 12.6 5.5 2.5
14.3 13.8 3.0 3.5
19.3 11.9 4.1 3.0
6.9 5.1 6.2 4.1
15.2
56.3
43.6
8.7 10.3 16.3 9.0
15.4 19.5 1.6 5.5
10.3 11.6 8.0 6.2
5's 6's 7's
6.2 3.9 1.4
3.9 2.1 1.4
6.4 4.6 3.5
5.5 3.5 2.1
1.4 0.7 0.2
2.5 1.4 0.2
1.6 1.4 0.5
1.8 1.2 0.3
3.0 1.6 1.4
4.4 10.8 3.0
0.7 0.9
2.7 4.4 1.5
8's 9's
0.9 0.7
1.2 0.2
1.2 0.9
1.1 0.6
0.7 0.0
0.2 0.0
0.2 0.2
0.4 0.1
1.8 1.8
4.8 5.3
2.2 2.4
10's 11's 12's 13's 14's
0.0 0.5
1.2 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5
1.4
0.8 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2
0.2
0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1
1.6 0.0 2.1 0.7 0.0
3.0 0.7 5.3 0.2 0.0
1.5 0.2 2.5 0.3 0.0
15's 16's
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
1.6 0.5
1.4 1.6
1.0 0.7
17's
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
18's 19's 20's 21's
0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1
22's 23's
0.2 0.5
0.1 0.2
24's 25's 26's 27's 28's
0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2
0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1
29's 30's 31's
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
32's 33's
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
34's 35's
0.0 0.2
0.0 0.1
Unfortunately, there is little that can be said about the range of distribution to indicate tendencies with respect to genre. As Figure 4-1 shows, the academic journal text and news magazine articles, though showing consistency within their genres, are too close in nature for this criteria to merit the mark of being genre-determining. In addition,
129
the texts within the narrative genre are too dissimilar, thereby giving no indication that these texts would even be of the same text type. Figure 4-1: Distribution of Links 60
Percentage of Links
50 40 30 20 10 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Number of Links Narrative Texts
News Magazines
Academic Journals
One point which is of interest, however, is the percentage of sentence pairs which have no links. In the academic journal texts this number lies at 30.34%, in the news magazine articles at 57.62%, in the narrative texts at 43.6%. The number of zeros tells us something about the degree to which a text co-refers. This information is perhaps more revealing when viewed from the opposite angle. Approximately seventy percent of the sentence pairs in the academic journal texts contain at least one co-referential link. This number decreases to 56.4% for narrative texts, and 42.38% for news magazine texts. These numbers seem to indicate that, while the other two text types may have a higher number of links between some pairs, the links in academic journal texts are spread more evenly throughout the texts, resulting in a more even or regular “texture.”
130
4.1.2.2
Average Links per Sentence Pair
Another means of comparison is to examine the average number of links per sentence pair, first of each text and then of each genre. The total number of links for each text as given in Table 4-1 was divided by the total number of possible sentence pairings (435). This figure represents the average number of links per sentence pairing, or in other words, the average number of links per box in the tables found in Appendix C. The results of this computation can be found in Table 4-3. Table 4-3: Average Number of Links per Sentence Pair
With 0's Without 0's
With 0's Without 0's
With 0's Without 0's
PIL
RPQ
SHLC
Average Academic Journals
2.26 2.79
1.87 2.82
2.09 3.4
2.07 3.00
APP
BBD
SIB
Average News Magazines
0.82 2.09
1.10 2.22
0.88 2.29
0.93 2.20
LDG
SOL
GOZ
Average Narrative Texts
2.55 6.26
4.58 5.4
0.90 2.07
2.68 4.58
As might be expected due to the total number of links found in each text, the narrative texts have the highest average number of links per sentence pair (2.68), the academic journal texts rank second (2.07), and the news magazine articles third (0.93). The GOZ text is more similar to the news magazine articles, the LDG text more like the academic journal texts. The average figures for the narrative genre, however, still correspond to the picture obtained from previous information. In general then, this computation supports previous
131
statements made concerning the total number of links. At first the addition of this information concerning average per sentence pairing may appear to be a moot point. However, it must be noted that these figures reveal additional information about the number of total links in connection with their distribution. It was noted in the previous section that the number of sentence pairs with zero links within a text was substantially lower in the academic texts than in those of the other two genres, and thus coreference in academic texts appears to be spread more evenly throughout the text. This is verified by the obvious difference between the first computation for each text, made based on the total number of sentence pairings possible (435), and a second computation in which the number of boxes containing zeros was left away. When the zero boxes are withheld from the total number, the academic texts show little change as to the average number of links per sentence pair. In the case of the other two genres the difference is greater, showing the tendency of these genres to divide a higher number of links between fewer sentences. In summary, the data of this research suggests that two aspects of quantitative distribution play a role in distinguishing genres. First, concerning the range of distribution, readers are apt to find links between more pairs of sentences in academic texts than in fictional narratives or news magazine texts. In other words, there are fewer sentences in academic texts which are floating, as it were, without any connection to the rest of the text. Thus, even though the narrative texts have more links overall, the academic texts may appear to be more tightly woven together due to the wider range of distribution. Second, the average number of links per pair of sentences also provides information concerning text types. Regardless of whether calculations are made including all the boxes or only those not containing zeroes, there are likely to be more co-referential links between the sentences of the fictional texts. When not including the boxes containing zeroes in the computation, however, the figures imply that the reader may expect to find an even higher number of co-referential links per sentence in the fictional texts than the first figures showed because those that occur are spread over fewer sentence pairs. This
132
shows the close connection between the number of co-referential links and their distribution within the different kinds of texts.
4.2 Qualitative Comparison An additional goal of this research has been to observe the nature of co-referential links in the texts being examined. As was pointed out in the last chapter, co-referential items can stem from both non-linguistic and linguistic links and they may be described in terms of both surface markers and the underlying degree of co-reference involved. Having already presented findings concerning the types of categories used to co-refer in the last chapter, we now turn to the occurrence of these particular kinds of co-reference in the texts of this research. Data collected in the tables found in Appendix B was reorganized according to the type of source knowledge required to make the link, the type of surface marker identified and the co-referential relationship involved and then transferred to the tables in Appendix D. There are two tables for each text, one showing information concerning linguistic, the other non-linguistic, co-reference. Each table is arranged to show what surface marker type is used to co-refer either entirely (reiteration) or partially (inclusion and specification) with another item in the text. The third column in each tables gives the total number of links for each surface marker-co-reference relationship combination. The fourth column provides the percentage of that surface marker as compared to the total number of co-referential links within the whole text. Again, based on the average (rather than the total) number of links, it is possible to identify some tendencies as to the use of various kinds of surface markers in each text as well as the extent of the co-referential relationship. The rest of this section is devoted to discussing and comparing the co-referential links within each text and text type according to quality.
133
4.2.1
Linguistic versus Non-linguistic Co-reference
As has already been stated in a number of sections of this research, coreference may occur using either linguistic or non-linguistic means. As examples of co-reference were collected, it was observed that the surface markers involved may require readers to depend either on their world knowledge or linguistic knowledge to make the co-referential link. Thus, attempts were made to determine the source of knowledge required for each instance of co-reference. This information appears in the fourth column of the comparison tables in Appendix B. Examples based on world knowledge are marked with either a G for general knowledge or P for particular knowledge, those based on linguistic knowledge with an L. With the help of this data, it is now possible to determine the extent of both linguistic and non-linguistic co-reference in the texts of this research. Linguistic surface markers are by far the predominant means of co-referring in all of the texts. As Table 4-4 shows, the number of linguistic links is at least seventy percent in all of the texts. PIL has the lowest percentage of linguistic links at 72.68%. Table 4-4: Linguistic and Non-linguistic Co-referential Links Ling
134
NonLing
Total Links
% Ling
% NonTotal % Ling
PiL RPQ
713 703
268 112
981 815
72.68 86.26
27.32 13.74
100.00 100.00
SHCL
790
121
911
86.72
13.28
100.00
APP BBD
298 355
58 122
356 477
83.71 74.42
16.29 25.58
100.00 100.00
SIB
290
93
383
75.72
24.28
100.00
LDG SOL GOZ
1080 1938 381
28 56 12
1108 1994 393
97.47 97.19 96.95
2.53 2.81 3.05
100.00 100.00 100.00
The other two texts from academic journals have a much higher percentage of linguistic links, and it is interesting to note that the figures for these two texts are almost identical. The news magazine texts show a similar pattern but in reverse. One text, APP, has a higher percentage of links, which is actually more similar to the academic texts, while the other two articles have nearly the same percentage though these figures are lower. The most consistent genre is fictional narrative. The texts of this genre all contain more than 96% linguistic links. This is significant since the actual number of links in each of the texts is quite different. Overall then, linguistic co-reference seems to play a more extensive role in the genres studied than non-linguistic co-reference.
4.2.2
Category Pairings
Having established the categories and types of relationships in the previous chapter, it is now possible to explore the question of what surface markers are used to express different co-referential relationships. Although it would theoretically be possible for each surface marker to express all of the three co-referential relationships, the Quality tables in Appendix D show that this is not the case. For this reason, only those combinations which actually occur in the given text have been listed. The data gathered in these tables sheds light on the general tendencies concerning co-referential combinations. 4.2.2.1
Pairings of Non-linguistic Categories
As stated in 4.2.1 above, non-linguistic co-referential links account for less than a quarter of the total number of links in nearly all of the texts. (Only PIL has more.) These links are divided among a number of different types of surface marker-co-referential relationship pairings. The next section will describe the surface markers which are used in the relationships of reiteration, inclusion, and specification.
135
4.2.2.1.1
Reiteration
The non-linguistic re-mentioning of an entity in its entirety may appear in any of the non-linguistic forms already presented in this study: paraphrase, exemplification, generalization, particularization, or wholification. The most common means of reiterating non-linguistically, however, is with a paraphrase. All of the texts rank paraphrase as the number one choice to show reiteration. Following are examples from each of the texts of this research. Table 4-5: Non-linguistic Reiteration Text
Antecedent
PIL 1-5
Palestinians in Lebanon
RPQ 4-9
Palestine is perceived by the American elite as “Israel and the occupied territories.”
SHLC 3-19 APP 14-16 BBD 1-2
Israel leaders of various Palestinian groups Har Homa
SIB 17-27 LDG 1-2 SOL 4-12 GOZ 2-12
Islamist militants Charlie Dayan Jews
Co-referential Item its (Lebanon’s) refugee community Jews are seen as “Israel,” a territorial entity, and Arabs are seen as a separate territorial entity or entities: either as neighboring states or “the occupied territories” the state the killers of women and children the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem the extremists his woman hostage his defense minister the chosen people
While a paraphrase is the preferred way to reiterate nonlinguistically, there are a few examples of other surface markers used to reiterate. The texts from academic journals contain no such pairings, thus we must look to the news magazine articles and fictional narratives for examples. These pairings are not very common, as there are just one or two examples of each. First, there is a generalization used to reiterate: the suicide bombers killed 13 and wounded 170violence (SIB 12-23). The word violence is an expansion of the kind of
136
activity mentioned in the earlier sentence, yet in the context it only refers to one event. Particularization is used to refer again in two of the texts. In SIB 13-24, the capital city of the U.S. is recognized as a part of the U.S. mentioned in 24, but both actually refer to the U.S. government. There is a two step process involved here, as the reader must first know that Washington is the capital of the U.S. and that at times both terms are employed to refer to the U.S. government. A second example is found in GOZ 9-11, where the term the Zionists refers back to the same group of people mentioned using the broader term some Jews. Finally, there is also an example of wholification used to reiterate. It appears in the SIB text as a reversal of the particularization example already mentioned above: Washington-U.S. These are rather special cases of reiteration and they do not occur in all of the texts. 4.2.2.1.2
Inclusion
Inclusion is only realized in three of the five non-linguistic surface markers: paraphrase, generalization, and wholification. This is in keeping with the general expectations, since exemplification and particularization would most likely be used to specify rather than generalize. Since the examples are quite lengthy, they will be listed in a separate table. See Table 4-6: Non-linguistic Inclusion. The first two examples are instances of paraphrase. The coreferential item is a means of saying the same thing again, but the scope of reference is larger than that of the antecedent. The next two pairs contain generalizations. The antecedent is mentioned again because reference is made to the superordinate expression which includes it. In the PIL examples, for instance, the antecedent is just one aspect of the Palestinians current situation. The final two pairs are examples of wholification. A part of something is mentioned again in the form of its whole. The words themselves do not lead to this conclusion, but rather the readers’ knowledge of the world in general or the world of the text.
137
Table 4-6: Non-linguistic Inclusion Text SIB 8-26
Surface Marker Para
GOZ 5-12 BBD 4-11
Para Gen
PIL 3-6
Gen
APP 1-19
Whole
SIB 9-11
Whole
Antecedent
Co-referential Item.
One of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT…
The cascade of events
Jews in Europe Palestinians hurled stones and Israeli police fired tear gas stand virtually no chance of returning to their places of origin or to the areas that will come under Palestinian control Gaza City
the chosen people violence
one of them detonated a lethal parcel
the current situation of the Palestinians in Lebanon
the territories the blasts
As to the use of the above pairings, the academic and fictional texts prefer generalizations to expand the scope of reference, while the news magazines favor wholification. Inclusion occurs most frequently in the news magazine texts, followed by the academic journal texts. There are really very few examples found in the fictional texts, but this is supported by the fact that there are generally few non-linguistic links in these texts. 4.2.2.1.3
Specification
Like inclusion, specification is expressed by only three of the five possible surface markers: paraphrase, exemplification, and particularization. Again, the two surface markers dealing with the opposite phenomena, that is the expansion of reference, are not represented. Table 4-7 contains examples of non-linguistic specification. The first two pairs of examples employ a paraphrase to specify. In the
138
example from SHLC, the antecedent also refers to historical claims, but the ones mentioned by the co-referential item are only a subgroup of the ones of the antecedent. In the GOZ example, counter-terrorism is a means of combating terrorism but it is just one of many options open to the Jews. The examples from APP and LDG are typical of exemplification used to specify. Rounding up suspects is one way to crack down on terrorism and a killing, at least in the text, is a minor incident compared to other incidents in the text. Lastly, the example from RPQ illustrates particularization. The West Bank is one section of the occupied territories. There are many such examples in the RPQ text dealing with geographical locations. Table 4-7: Non-linguistic Specification Text SHLC 4-9
Surface Marker Para
Antecedent
Co-referential Item
GOZ 8-9
Para
APP 5-13
Exem
LDG 6-7
Exem
minor incidents around the world
the senseless gunning down in broad daylight of Dr. Anton M….
RPQ 1-12
Part
the occupied territories
the West Bank
other less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands
these historical claims
little else to combat threats and everincreasing incidents of terror crack down on terrorism
counter-terrorism
round up 173 suspects
The three surface markers mentioned above appear in all three genres, but not in every text of those genres. The texts from academic journals contain the most examples of specification, preferring exemplification to particularization or paraphrase. A little over thirteen percent of the non-linguistic links found in the PIL text are exemplifications used to specify. The overall average for exemplification in academic texts drops by half due to the fact that RPQ has less than one
139
percent. The average for this genre is still quite high, however, compared to the other texts. Although RPQ has few examples of exemplification, it also has a relatively high level of specification in the form of particularization. It specifies in this way more than any of the other texts. The news magazines are quite evenly divided between exemplification and wholification, but have only about half the number of specification examples as the academic texts overall. Again, non-linguistic specification is poorly represented in the fictional texts, all three surface marker types being under one percent. 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.2.1
Pairings of Linguistic Categories Reiteration
Reiteration is expressed in all of the texts using repetition with and without a morphological change, synonyms, direct and indirect grammatical items, as well as a return to a full form. Only rarely are superordinates, hyponyms, deletion, or variant names used to denote an antecedent in a one-to-one co-referential relationship. When this does occur, it is usually within just one, at most two texts and then there may be only one or two manifestations, resulting in a very low percentage overall. There are no instances of holonyms or meronyms used to reiterate in the texts of this research. The reader is asked to consult Table 4-8 below concerning percentages for each genre. The findings of this research show that the three genres prefer different pairings for the purposes of reiterating. Texts from academic journals most often choose to reiterate in the form of a repetition (41.63%). Typical examples are found in the form of proper nouns and adjectives like Lebanon (PIL 1-2), Jewish (RPQ 1-6), Israel and the PLO (SHLC 6-12). There are also numerous instances of reiterative common nouns as in such pairings like the external refugees-the refugees (PIL 8-10), the American elite-the U.S. elite (RPQ 8-9), and these claims-these claims (SHLC 5-6). Repeated verbs occur less frequently, e.g. perceived (RPQ 4-10). The second most popular form of reiteration appears in the form of a repetition with a morphological change (13.10%). There are many references to countries and groups of people in these texts, which are then often referred to again in the form of proper adjectives to high-
140
light the Quality of being from or part of that country or group, e.g. Lebanon-Lebanese, Palestinians in Lebanon-the Palestinian community, and Israel-Israeli in PIL 1-4, 1-7, and 3-8 respectively. Other examples involve a morphological shift from verb to noun or vice versa as in these examples: dissolve the refugee question-the dissolution of the refugee problem (PIL 5-8), withdrawal-withdraw (RPQ 12-13), return (v) – return for the refugees (SHLC 22-30). Table 4-8: Linguistic Pairings of Surface Markers and Co-referential Relationships Rep
Reit Incl Spec Rep-M Reit Incl Spec Syn Reit Incl Spec Gr Reit Incl Spec Ind gr Reit Incl Spec Full Reit Incl Spec Holo Reit Incl Spec Mer Reit Incl Spec Sup Reit Incl Spec Hyp Reit Incl Spec Del Reit Incl Spec Variant Reit Incl Spec
PiL RPQ SHLC 43.12 47.73 34.03 3.57 1.23 10.21 5.5 0.98 8.67 8.15 24.79 6.37 0.31 0 0.66 0.1 0.25 0.88 0.71 2.45 2.96 0.2 0.12 3.07 0.31 0 2.52 5.2 3.07 9.66 0 0 0.55 0 0 2.09 0.61 2.21 0.77 0 0 0.66 0 0 1.54 1.22 2.09 0.77 1.53 0 0.99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.86 0 0 0 0 0.31 0 0 0 0 0 0.92 0.49 3.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.31 0 0 0.31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
% 41.63 5.00 5.05 13.10 0.32 0.41 2.04 1.13 0.94 5.98 0.18 0.70 1.20 0.22 0.51 1.36 0.84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0.32 0 0.10 0 1.47 0 0 0.10 0.10 0 0
APP 28.37 1.12 0.56 18.82 0.56 0 3.37 0 0 12.36 0 0.28 4.78 0 0 6.46 0 0.28 0 0 0 0 0 0.28 0 0.56 0.56 0 0 3.09 0 0 0 5.00 3.00 0
BBD 17.82 1.68 0.84 6.08 1.05 0.21 2.31 0.21 0.21 17.19 0 0 9.64 0 0 9.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.42 0 2.73 0 0.63 0 4.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
SiB 14.1 0 0.52 2.35 0.26 1.04 2.61 0 0.52 28.98 1.04 0.78 3.13 0.78 1.04 7.31 2.35 0.78 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.57 2.87 0.26 1.83 0 1.57 0 0 0 0 0 0
% 20.10 0.93 0.64 9.08 0.62 0.42 2.76 0.07 0.24 19.51 0.35 0.35 5.85 0.26 0.35 7.59 0.78 0.35 0 0 0 0 0 0.23 0.52 2.05 0.27 0.82 0 3.02 0 0 0 1.67 1.00 0
LDG 4.42 0.18 0.09 0.27 0 0 0 0 0.09 48.74 1.99 0 30.14 0 0 11.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.09 0 0 0 0 0 0
SoL 2.01 0 0.05 0.3 0 0 0.2 0 0 59.33 0.1 0 29.49 0 0.3 5.32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0
GoZ 7.89 0.51 0.51 1.78 0.25 0 1.27 0.51 0 66.92 0 0.76 7.38 0 0.25 5.09 0.25 0.51 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 1.02 0.25 0 0.25 0 0.76 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
% 4.77 0.23 0.22 0.78 0.08 0 0.49 0.17 0.03 58.33 0.70 0.25 22.34 0 0.18 7.29 0.08 0.17 0 0.08 0 0 0 0.02 0.34 0.08 0 0.08 0 0.28 0.02 0 0 0.17 0 0
The third most frequent form of reiteration in academic journal texts is a direct grammatical form (5.98%). The percentage of such examples is quite low in comparison with those of repetition and repetitions with a morphological change, but it is still significantly higher than the remainder of the surface marker groups for these kinds
141
of texts. The texts from academic journals utilize various grammatical forms to reiterate: definite articles, and demonstrative determiners, as well as personal and demonstrative pronouns. Possessive determiners are used only indirectly to reiterate and are included in the category of indirect grammatical forms. Since the examples involve rather lengthy units of text, they have been listed in Table 4-9. As will be shown later in this chapter, the occurrence of grammatical links is relatively rare in these texts compared to the other two genres. Table 4-9: Examples of Grammatical Surface Markers to Reiterate Text SHLC 6-7
Antecedent The Arab-Israeli negotiations that began in 1991
Co-referential Item the negotiations
RPQ 4-5
Palestine is perceived by the American elite …
this perception
PIL 1-4 RPQ 15-16
Palestinians of Lebanon why the U.S. adheres to this particular conception of … several of the most important historical land claims
them it
the territorial boundaries are left undefined in the collective mind of the U.S. elite
this
SHLC 10-11 RPQ 10-11
them
The remainder of the surface marker types are rarely used to reiterate in the texts from academic journals. Synonyms constitute only 2.04 percent, return to full forms and indirect grammatical forms just 1.36 and 1.20 percent respectively. Examples of synonymy include noun as well as verb pairings, e.g. their settlement-implantation (PIL 4-5), property that […] - this land (SHLC 13-15), took overabsorbed (SHLC 15-17). There are only a few examples of superordinates, hyponyms, and variant names used to reiterate, and they all occur in the PIL text. A few of these are given in Table 4-10. There are no instances of reiteration using holonyms, meronyms, or deletion.
142
Table 4-10: Other Surface Markers Used to Reiterate Text PIL 13-17
Surface Marker Sup
Antecedent
PIL 11-13
Hyp
UNRWA expenditures UNRWA aid
PIL 9-10
Var
the Madrid Conference
Co-referential Item
aid allocation UNRWA expenditures [ ] Madrid [ ]
The news magazine texts are almost evenly divided between repetition (20.1%) and a grammatical item (19.51%) as their preferred means of reiterating. The scale would tip in favor of grammaticallyrelated surface markers if indirect grammatical links (5.85%) were included. Repetition with a morphological change ranks third, however, at 9.08 percent. These texts contain some instances of synonyms superordinates, hyponyms, and variant names used to reiterate, but such examples constitute a relatively lower percentage in any one text. Examples are similar to those already provided in the above paragraphs, and readers of this research are asked to refer to those or to consult the tables in Appendix B. As in the texts from academic journals, there are no instances of holonyms, meronyms, or deletion used to reiterate in these three texts. In general, the fictional narrative texts prefer grammatical means of reiterating. The top two surface marker categories, direct grammatical links at 58.33 percent and indirect grammatical links at 22.34 percent, together represent slightly over four-fifths of all the coreferential links in these texts. Even the third ranked category, return to a full form (7.29%), is a result of a high number of grammatical forms appearing as antecedents. Repetition, which had a strong showing in the other two genres, represents only 4.77 percent. Again, uses of other surface markers to reiterate, none of which is over one percent, are minimal to non-existent.
143
4.2.2.2.2
Inclusion
Compared with reiteration, inclusive co-reference is not particularly frequent in any of the texts, although it occurs most often in the texts from academic journals (8.01%), followed by news magazine articles (6.06%), and lastly the fictional narrative texts (1.51%). Inclusive coreference occurs in all of the genres in the form of repetitions, repetitions with a morphological change, synonyms, grammatical forms, full forms, and superordinates. Indirect grammatical forms appear only in the academic texts and news magazine articles, name variants only in the news magazine articles, and holonyms only in the fictional narrative texts. Three surface markers (hyponyms, meronyms, and deletions) are never used in any of the genres to express coreferential inclusion. The absence of meronyms and hyponyms for this purpose is understandable since the nature of these types of markers is contrary to the idea of inclusion. The three genres vary not so much in the types of surface markers used to show inclusive reference as in the order of preference. Inclusion in the academic texts appears most frequently in the form of a repetition (5%). Examples in the texts are similar to the one found in PIL 1-2 Palestinians in Lebanon-refugee Palestinians everywhere. The co-referential link is identified due to the repetition of the word Palestinians, but the surrounding context implies that the coreferential item refers to more than the antecedent. In other words, the Palestinians of the first sentence are a subset of the second. The use of synonyms (1.13%) ranks second overall, the most examples being found in the SHLC text. These most often have to do with land and property, the central topic of the text. There are a number of examples similar to the pair found in sentences 18 and 19: its refugee property-the land. The words land and property are easily identifiable as synonyms, but from the context it is clear that the land mentioned in 19 includes more than just the refugee property in sentence 18. The third most important means of showing inclusion of reference is with a full form (.84%). Of the three academic texts, most examples appear in the PIL text. Here we find examples like those in Lebanonthe refugees outside Palestine (2-5) and their-the refugees outside
144
Palestine (4-5). The demonstrative pronoun in the first example and the possessive determiner in the second are included in the reference of the co-referential item in each case. It may seem strange that there are more returns to full forms than there are grammatical forms in the first place. This is made possible by the multiple re-mentioning of a foregoing grammatical item in the form of a later full form. Thus, although a grammatical form may appear only once, it may be referred to again later on in the text by many instances of a full form. The news magazine articles tend to choose the same surface marker types, but rank them differently. Repetition is the only of the three marker types mentioned under academic texts which ranks in the top three categories for news magazine articles. At only .93 percent, it ranks only third. More frequent in these texts are examples using superordinates, which ranks first at 2.05 percent. For example, many of the instances found in the BBD and SIB texts involve a superordinate of violence, terror, or terrorism used to co-refer with various kinds or examples of these entities, such as a blast, an attack, or the setting off a bomb. Another means of inclusive co-reference is by applying variant names (1%). The only examples of this are found in the APP text, in which Gaza City is referred to again through the more inclusive term the Gaza Strip (12-22 and 17-22). There is very little inclusive co-reference in the fictional narrative texts (1.51%). However, the figures for this genre once again show a strong leaning towards grammatical links in general. As in the case of reiteration, the relationship of inclusion is most often represented in the form of a grammatical links. Within the whole picture, however, this is hardly a significant form since it makes up only 0.70 percent of all the possible combinations. The majority of the instances are found in the LDG text, primarily in connection with sentence 16. The two pronouns it and this found in this sentence refer to a number of previous sentences (4,6,7, and 8) inclusively. It may seem strange to be able to divide singular pronouns in this way, but this is indeed the case here. The two pronouns refer to various pieces of knowledge which have been divided over a number of sentences. Grammatical forms are followed by repetitions (0.23%) in second position and a joint combination of synonyms and full forms in third place at 0.17 percent each. Examples of such relationships have already been pro-
145
vided in the paragraphs on academic texts and news magazine articles above. 4.2.2.2.3
Specification
As in the case of inclusion, the figures for specification show that this co-referential relationship is most common in texts from academic journals (9.18%), that it is less frequent in news magazine articles (6.61%), and that it is almost non-existent in the texts of fictional narratives (0.98%). Instances of specification occurring in the texts of this research occur in all forms of surface markers except holonyms and variant names. Again, this is to be expected of holonyms since they are so closely connected with inclusion. Surprisingly, there are three examples of superordinate terms used to specify. These are found in two of the news magazine texts, APP and SIB, and have been reproduced here for the readers’ convenience. APP 5-16 and 10-12 SIB 6-9
terrorism the bombers
violence he may not be able to control the second man
The surface marker in the second half of each pair is a superordinate in relationship to the item in bold print in the first half, yet they encompass only part of the first item. This is an interesting use of superordinates in that it contradicts what one might expect from such hyponymic relations. In addition to this unusual use of hyponymy, it is worth noting that there are very few examples of meronymy in any of the texts, and in the genres in which they do appear, they rank last as to their frequency of use. Deletion is once again poorly represented, occurring only in the academic texts at 0.10%. Pairing tendencies for specification tend to be quite similar in all three genres with slight variations. The academic journal texts most often use a repetition (5.05%) to specify. Examples found in the texts usually contain proper nouns as in Palestinians everywhere-the Palestinians in Lebanon (PIL 2-3) or a common noun as head as in negotiations-the negotiations between Israel and the PLO (RPQ 12-14) and the various wars-the first Arab-Israeli war (SHLC 2-3). The use of a hyponym (1.47%) ranks second, though there are surprisingly few
146
examples. The following two illustrate the typical use of a hyponym to co-refer to a particular sub-group of an entity: activities of the RWG-RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank (PIL 23-26), and American elite-academics (RPQ 4-5). Finally, a few synonyms (0.94%) are used to specify in academic texts. Two types of examples frequent the SHLC text: SHLC 6-12
SHLC 6-12
SHLC 3-17
agreements that have since emerged between Israel and both the PLO and Jordan treaties that have since emerged between Israel and both the PLO and Jordan property left behind…
the accords signed between Israel and the PLO from 199395 the accords signed between Israel and the PLO from 199395 individually owned refugee land
In all of these examples, the surface markers used to co-refer are of various types, yet the underlying co-referential relationship is always one which points to specific instances or examples of the antecedent. The news magazine articles as well as the narrative texts also make use of the same surface markers as the academic texts, but they show different preferences. The texts of these two genres favor hyponyms over repetitions, although news magazine articles show a higher percentage of hyponyms (3.02%) than the fictional texts (0.28%). Both text types place repetition in second position at 0.64% and 0.22% respectively. The news magazine texts rank repetitions with a morphological change third. There are few examples, but these from the SIB text illustrate such a pairing: SIB 13-14
Palestinians
SIB 4-28
the blast of a bomb
Palestinian leader Yassar Arafat the bombing
In the fictional texts on the other hand, we find indirect grammatical links in third position at 0.18 percent. Obviously, the percentages of many of these last groups are quite low, and the addition of even one or two examples could change the picture significantly. This suggests that the figures regarding specification are possibly less reliable and that further research must be carried out in this area.
147
This section has given an overview of the various pairings involved in co-reference. It gives little information, however, about the individual texts and their actual uses of surface markers and the degree of co-reference. The following two sections will supply a more detailed investigation of both surface markers and co-referential relationships found in the nine texts representing the three genres.
4.2.3
Comparison of Surface Markers
4.2.3.1
Non-linguistic Surface Markers
This section is devoted to determining the extent to which various non-linguistic surface markers are used in the texts of this research. Information concerning non-linguistic links has been collected and presented in the form of Table 4-11: Summary of Non-linguistic Surface Markers. The table consists of three smaller tables each of which contains information concerning the three texts of one genre. On the left is a list of the non-linguistic surface markers as defined in chapter three. For each text, there are two columns, one providing the actual number of links of that type and the other the percentage of that type as compared to the composite number of non-linguistic links. The final column calculates the average for one particular surface marker within all the texts of that genre, thereby giving a general picture of the use of that surface marker within the text type. 4.2.3.1.1
Individual Texts by Genre
The selection of non-linguistic co-referential surface markers in the texts from academic journals seems to be quite text-specific, yet there are some similarities which lead to interesting overall averages. In PIL, for example, there are instances of all five types of non-linguistic markers, whereas in the other two texts, some types (generalization and wholification) are poorly represented or not at all. PIL even goes so far as to rank these two types second and third respectively. There are some similarities, however, which are worth drawing attention to. RPQ and SHLC both have the same three surface marker types in their top three positions. They both place paraphrase second, but reverse the
148
order of first and third places between particularization and exemplification. The overall percentages of the top three categories are quite close in range, each covering approximately one-third of the total. Two of the texts have a high percentage of exemplification, which results in it ranking first overall. This is followed by paraphrase at 27.41 percent and particularization at 26.46 percent. It would seem that there is a tendency to present general ideas in these texts first and then refer to them again by zeroing in on certain aspects. As will be illustrated later in 4.3.1, this corresponds to the referent types found in the this genre, which are places, people, and concepts. Comparison of the figures for the individual news magazine articles reveals a similar situation to that described above for the academic texts. Like PIL, the APP text prefers a top category which is found in the figures of the other two texts, but it stands alone in ranking particularization and exemplification second and third. These do not occur in the top three categories of the other two texts at all. Also, the other two texts, BBD and SIB, place the same three categories in the top three positions, the only difference being, once again, the order of preference. The general averages show that the news magazine articles most often co-refer non-linguistically in the form of a paraphrase (31.19%), wholification (26.54%), and generalization (19.06%). The tendency in these texts then is to reiterate using a more loosely constructed rephrasing of the entity, or to make broad generalizations about specific events or situations. This coincides with the function of the genre, that is, to report current events and interpret the repercussions for the readers. In addition, it may be noticed that the range of distribution for the average percentages is much closer in these texts. The numbers are more equal across the boards. This means that nonlinguistic co-reference occurs using a broad palette of surface marker types rather than clustering around just one or two.
149
Table 4-11: Summary of Non-Linguistic Surface Markers PIL Para Exem Gen Part Whol
25 9.33 136 50.75 50 18.66 19 7.09 38 14.18 268 100.00
APP Para Exem Gen Part Whol
%
6 10.34 11 18.97 7 12.07 13 22.41 21 36.21 58 100.00
LDG Para Exem Gen Part Whol
%
%
11 39.29 4 14.29 1 3.57 12 42.86 0 0.00 28 100.00
RPQ
%
40 35.71 3 2.68 1 0.89 68 60.71 0 0.00 112 100.00
BBD
%
74 60.66 11 9.02 17 13.93 9 7.38 11 9.02 122 100.00
SOL
%
22 39.29 2 3.57 6 10.71 24 42.86 2 3.57 56 100.00
SHLC
%
45 37.19 57 47.11 0 0.00 14 11.57 5 4.13 121 100.00
SIB
%
21 22.58 6 6.45 29 31.18 5 5.38 32 34.41 93 100.00
GOZ
%
10 83.33 1 8.33 0 0.00 1 8.33 0 0.00 12 100.00
Average Academic Journals 27.41 33.51 6.52 26.46 6.10 100.00
Average News Magazines 31.19 11.48 19.06 11.72 26.54 100.00
Average Narrative Texts 53.97 8.73 4.76 31.35 1.19 100.00
As mentioned in the last section of this research, there are very few non-linguistic co-referential links in the texts taken from novels. Despite this, there appears to be a relatively high level of uniformity for this genre. Particularization and paraphrasing occur as two of the top three categories in all three texts. Particularization ranks first in LDG and SOL and ties for second in GOZ. Similarly, paraphrasing places second in the same two texts and ranks first in the third. The
150
main difference is that SOL prefers generalization over the remaining two categories, whereas the other two texts favor exemplification. There are more instances of exemplification overall, however, so that exemplification takes third place in the overall standings behind paraphrase and particularization. 4.2.3.1.2
Comparison of Genres
With the information concerning the surface markers within each text and genre, it is now possible to make some observations concerning similarities and differences between genres. All three genres demonstrate a high frequency of paraphrasing to reiterate through nonlinguistic means. Based on the average percentages, approximately one-third of the non-linguistic links appear in the form of a paraphrase in the texts of academic journals and news magazines, while the number is even higher in narrative fiction (53.97%). Paraphrasing is obviously a common way to co-refer non-linguistically regardless of the text type. There are also some similarities between the academic texts and narrative fiction. First, the percentages of these two genres are more extreme than for the news magazine articles, although the percentages for academic journal texts are less so than for narrative fiction. In general, these texts rely on fewer types of co-referential forms. Second, both genres tend to co-refer using forms which represent a narrowing of reference. The order of preference differs, but the types of surface markers involved are the same: particularization and exemplification. By contrast, the news magazine articles show more use of wholification and generalization. And third, these two genres demonstrate an unbalanced range of distribution, whereas the news magazine articles cover a broader range of surface marker types. Overall, there appear to be enough distinctive features to suggest that the choice of non-linguistic surface marker categories contributes to the definition of these genres. 4.2.3.2
Linguistic Surface Markers
At this point, we turn to a more detailed description of the linguistic surface markers found in the texts of this research. In order to facili-
151
tate comparison and interpretation of the various linguistic surface markers, the information for each type and text has been collected and represented in Table 4-12. Each box contains information regarding one genre, which is then further divided by text. Down the left side of each box, there is a list of all the possible linguistic surface marker categories found in the texts. The right-most column contains the average of all three texts of that genre, offering an overall picture of the genre in question. 4.2.3.2.1
Individual Texts by Genre
Linguistic co-referential links found in the texts from academic journals most frequently occur in the form of a repetition. Representing anywhere between 57.89 and 71.81 percent of all the linguistic links in each of the texts, repetition can be said to play a major role in carrying meaning through this type of text. The overall averages show that repetitions involving a morphological change, which rank second, and grammatical forms, which rank third, are also very important means of co-referring. Even the preferences within each academic text are quite similar. The top six categories are the same for all of the texts, differences occurring in the choice of ranking. Both PIL and RPQ rank repetition, repetition with a morphological change, and grammatical forms as the top three categories in that order. SHLC deviates from this in that grammatical form is ranked second and synonymy third, however, repetition with a morphological change follows close behind. Instances of superordinates, hyponyms, deletion, and variant names are sparse and instances of holonyms or meronyms non-existent. The narrative texts overwhelmingly favor grammatical links. In all three texts of this genre, the top category is grammatical forms with an average of 61%. This is followed by indirect grammatical links at 23.15 % and the return to full forms at 7.76%. These figures are logical considering the general high number of grammatical links in these texts and their tendency to refer most often to persons. The GOZ text deviates from the pattern slightly with its relatively high number of repetitions (9.19%), thereby moving indirect grammatical forms and the return to full form to third and fourth place respectively.
152
As in the case of the academic articles, the remainder of the surface categories occur rather infrequently in this text type. There is less uniformity between the three news magazine articles. APP and BBD both use repetition most frequently to co-refer, while SIB favors grammatical forms. However, all three texts place grammatical forms within their top three positions, resulting in an overall second place with an average of 26.30 percent. Repetitions with a morphological change are employed to varying degrees in the three texts, as evident by their various rankings (APP 2nd, BBD 5th, SIB 6th), yet the percentages are high enough to yield a combined average of 12.61 percent and a rank of third for the genre in general. What is interesting to note about the news magazine texts is that there are more examples of categories such as superordinates, hyponyms, meronyms and variant names than in the texts of the other two genres. This points to the use of a wider palette of linguistic surface markers within these texts. 4.2.3.2.2
Comparison of Genres
The next step in this research was to determine the average of each linguistic surface marker type in the three texts representing one genre in order to determine the overall ranking of marker types in the genre in question. This information provides a picture of the general tendencies of the particular text type and makes it possible to compare the tendencies of one text type to the other two. A number of statements may be made with regard to differences in ranking and distribution. The findings of this research shows that academic texts differ significantly from narrative texts as to the types of surface markers used to co-refer. Academic texts demonstrate an extremely high percentage of repetition (63.57%), and this number is even higher when repetitions involving a morphological change are included (80.21%). By contrast, grammatical links rank third but represent only 8.3% of
153
Table 4-12: Summary of Linguistic Surface Markers
Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind Gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind Gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind Gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
154
PiL
%
RPQ
%
512 84 12 51 6 27 0 0 3 12 3 3
71.81 11.78 1.68 7.15 0.84 3.79 0.00 0.00 0.42 1.68 0.42 0.42
407 204 21 25 18 17 0 0 7 4 0 0
57.89 29.02 2.99 3.56 2.56 2.42 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.57 0.00 0.00
482 72 78 112 27 16 0 0 0 3 0 0
61.01 9.11 9.87 14.18 3.42 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00
Average Academic Journals 63.57 16.64 4.85 8.30 2.27 2.74 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.88 0.14 0.14
713
100
703
100
790
100
100.00
SHLC
%
APP
%
107 69 12 45 17 24 0 1 4 11 0 8
35.91 23.15 4.03 15.10 5.70 8.05 0.00 0.34 1.34 3.69 0.00 2.68
97 35 13 82 46 43 0 2 13 24 0 0
27.32 9.86 3.66 23.10 12.96 12.11 0.00 0.56 3.66 6.76 0.00 0.00
56 14 12 118 19 39 0 0 11 13 0 0
19.86 4.96 4.26 41.84 6.74 13.83 0.00 0.00 3.90 4.61 0.00 0.00
Average News Magazines 27.70 12.66 3.98 26.68 8.47 11.33 0.00 0.30 2.97 5.02 0.00 0.89
298
100
355
100
282
100
100.00
BBD
%
SIB
%
LDG
%
SOL
%
52 3 1 562 334 127 0 0 0 1 0 0
4.81 0.28 0.09 52.04 30.93 11.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00
41 6 4 1185 594 106 0 1 0 0 1 0
2.12 0.31 0.21 61.15 30.65 5.47 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00
35 8 7 266 30 23 1 0 5 4 0 2
9.19 2.10 1.84 69.82 7.87 6.04 0.26 0.00 1.31 1.05 0.00 0.52
Average Narrative Texts 5.37 0.90 0.71 61.00 23.15 7.76 0.09 0.02 0.44 0.38 0.02 0.17
1080
100
1938
100
381
100
100.00
GOZ
%
the total number of linguistic links in the text. The opposite can be observed concerning fictional texts, in which grammatical links, both direct and indirect, make up 84.15% of the total number of links. Repetition ranks fourth but represents only 5.37% of all links in the text. In addition, the academic texts tend to make use of more synonyms than narrative texts do. Based on these figures, it can said that there is a definite and significant difference between the choice of surface marker types of the texts representing these two genres. News magazine articles differ from both academic journal articles and fictional narrative texts not so much in the primary types of markers used as in the fact that they are less extreme in their preferences. The news magazine articles show strong similarities to academic journal texts in their high number of repetitions (27.51%), while at the same time resembling the fictional texts with their affinity for grammatical forms (26.3%). These two figures reveal, however, that the first and second ranked surface markers in news magazine texts are quite a bit lower than those of the other two genres, each representing only about a quarter of the total number of links. While surface marker use is clustered around the top three positions in the academic journal and narrative texts, it is spread more evenly across the whole palette of marker possibilities in the news magazine texts. The lower categories in the news magazine texts taken individually represent a higher percentage of representation than a number of the lower categories in the other genres put together. Thus, it can be said that these texts distinguish themselves by making more equal use of a wider variety of surface markers.
4.2.4
Comparison of Co-referential Relationships
The purpose of the next section of this research is to determine what kind of co-referential relationships most often appear in the different genres and to discover which surface markers, both linguistic and nonlinguistic tend to be used to co-refer fully and partially. Various tables have been provided to show the preferences for each text and each genre concerning these different points.
155
4.2.4.1
Non-linguistic Co-referential Relationships
Keeping with the previously establish order, we will first look at nonlinguistic co-referential relationships. Table 4-13, set up similarly to previous tables in this chapter, provides an overview of the data which has been collected regarding non-linguistic co-referential relationships. It contains the actual number of instances as well as the percentage of instances of that relationship compared with all other non-linguistic links in a text. The figures regarding non-linguistic coreferential relationships in the texts are very similar to those found in section 4.2.3.1 on non-linguistic surface markers. The type of surface Table 4-13: Percentage of Non-linguistic Co-referential Relationships PIL Reit Incl Spec
24 88 156 268
APP Reit Incl Spec
6 28 24 58
LDG Reit Incl Spec
156
11 1 16 28
% 8.96 32.84 58.21 100
% 10.34 48.28 41.38 100
% 39.29 3.57 57.14 100
RPQ 39 1 72 112
BBD 73 28 21 122
SOL 22 8 26 56
% 34.82 0.89 64.29 100
% 59.84 22.95 17.21 100
% 39.29 14.29 46.43 100
SHLC 39 5 77 121
SIB 17 66 10 93
GOZ 10 1 2 13
% 32.23 4.13 63.64 100
% 18.28 70.97 10.75 100
% 76.92 7.69 15.38 3.41
Average Academic Journals 25.34 12.62 62.04 100.00
Average News Magazines 29.49 47.40 23.12 100.00
Average Narrative Texts 51.83 8.52 39.65 67.80
marker is very closely linked to the kind of co-referential relationship and there is very little deviation or overlap. Thus, there is little new information to be gained here and comments will be kept brief to avoid unnecessary repetition. 4.2.4.1.1
Individual Texts by Genre
In the texts from academic journals we tend to find more instances of non-linguistic specification. All three texts of this genre rank specification first. In two texts this is followed by reiteration and inclusion. The PIL text deviates from this pattern, but the even higher number of instances of specification and reiteration in the other two texts off-set this difference, resulting in overall averages which place specification first, reiteration second and inclusion third. Again, these preferences correlate with the genre’s tendency to deal with concepts and ideas, moving from general principles to concrete examples and facts. The texts from novels also resemble each other concerning their patterns of co-referential relationships.Two of the texts rank specification first, reiteration second and inclusion third. The third text ranks reiteration first and, because it has a high number of reiterative links, this has an impact on the averages for the genre. As a result, about half of the non-linguistic links in the fictional texts are reiterative, while only 39.65% are specifying and 8.52% inclusive. The news magazine articles show little concurrence as to their preferences concerning co-referential relationships. Each text has its own order of ranking and range of distribution. On the one hand, APP and SIB prefer inclusion, BBD reiteration. On the other hand, APP and SIB disagree as to second and third positions. In the end, the high ranking, if not highest ranking, of inclusion in all three of the texts causes it to have the highest percentage overall at 47.40%. A second question that must be addressed here is what surface markers are most often used to show these co-referential relationships. For the most part, reiteration is carried out through a paraphrase, specification through exemplification and particularization, and inclusion through generalization and wholification. There are very few deviations from the expected patterns and these have already been
157
described in section 4.2.2.1 as examples of possible pairings. Here it will suffice to make a few general statements regarding the expected patterns and the occasional exceptions. Reiteration is expressed exclusively by a paraphrase in all but two of the texts. The SIB text, for example, employs all but exemplification to reiterate. This results in final averages which once again seem to suggest that the news magazine articles make use of a wider variety of surface markers. This is misleading, however, since only one text uses other surface markers to reiterate. The GOZ text has just one instance of a particularization used to reiterate. The overall average for the genre still makes paraphrase the preferred means of reiterating at 96.30%. For the most part, inclusion is quite equally balanced between generalizations and wholifications. Academic journals lean slightly towards generalization, news magazine articles towards wholification. Again, the same two texts mentioned in the previous paragraph make use of other surface markers to co-refer by broadening the reference. In SIB we find eleven instances of paraphrase and in GOZ just one. Still, these influence the overall findings, thereby generating a difference between the three genres. Specification is expressed primarily through exemplification and particularization. When another surface marker is applied, then it is a paraphrase. All three of the academic texts, and one each of the news magazine texts and narrative texts have instances of a paraphrase to specify. The texts from academic journals and news articles prefer exemplification to particularization; for the narrative texts the reverse is true. 4.2.4.1.2
Comparison by Genre
Based on the average figures for each genre found in Table 4-13, it can be said that each genre has its own pattern of preference concerning the type of co-referential relationship. The academic texts rely heavily on specification, the narrative texts are affected by the high number of reiterative links in GOZ so that reiteration ranks first, and the news articles favor inclusion.
158
This statement correlates with observations made in an earlier section concerning non-linguistic surface markers. Just as academic texts contain a higher percentage of exemplification and particularization, so they are seen to have many instances of specification. Narrative texts have many paraphrases, so they most often tend to co-refer fully in a relationship of reiteration. There is less uniformity among the news magazine articles as to the kinds of co-referential relationships established, but this corresponds to their general tendency to make use of a wider variety of surface markers. Except in a few cases then, non-linguistic surface marker categories generally correspond with co-referential relationships. 4.2.4.2
Linguistic Co-referential Relationships
Information concerning the linguistic occurrences of the three coreferential relationships of reiteration, inclusion, and specification has been collected in Table 4-14. As in previous tables, each box contains the information for the three texts of one genre. The figures for each text represent the number of the total linguistic links which refer either fully (reiteration) or partially (inclusion/specification) either by including a wider or narrower field of reference. Again, the average for each genre is to be found in the final column of each box. The second question of interest here is what linguistic surface markers are used to show the three co-referential relationships. Tables 4-15, 4-16, and 4-17 have been created in order to simplify the interpretation of the data relating to this topic. Again, the three boxes on each page represent the three genres being studied. The first column on the left in each box contains the linguistic surface markers established in chapter three of this research. The number of each surface marker used to establish a particular type of co-referential relationship has been listed for each text. The narrow gray columns provide the percentage of that surface marker as used in the coreferential relationship in question. The final column on the right in each box gives the information concerning the average for the three texts together. The remainder of this section will be devoted to discussing the data from these tables.
159
Table 4-14: Percentage of Co-referential Relationships PIL Reit Incl Spec
587 56 70 713
APP Reit Incl Spec
269 11 18 298
LDG Reit Incl Spec
4.2.4.2.1
1053 24 3 1080
% 82.33 7.85 9.82 100
% 90.27 3.69 6.04 100
% 97.50 2.22 0.28 100
RPQ 671 18 14 703
BBD 299 27 29 355
SOL 1928 2 8 1938
% 95.45 2.56 1.99 100
% 84.23 7.61 8.17 100
% 99.48 0.10 0.41 100
SHLC 497 147 146 790
SIB 237 28 25 290
GOZ
% 62.91 18.61 18.48 100
% 81.72 9.66 8.62 100
%
362 95.01 8 2.10 11 2.89 381 100.00
Average Academic Journals 80.23 9.67 10.10 100.00
Average News Magazines 85.41 6.98 7.61 100.00
Average Narrative Texts 97.33 1.48 1.19 100.00
Individual Texts by Genre
The texts from academic journals show a high degree of similarity concerning the ranking of reiteration, inclusion, and specification in general. The primary difference between the three academic journal texts is the degree of difference between the percentages of one coreferential relationship and the other two. The percentages of SHLC are closer in range than those of RPQ, which has far more instances of reiteration and far fewer instances of inclusion and specification than the other two texts. PIL lies between the two concerning all three coreferential relationships.
160
In each text, co-reference most often occurs on a one-to-one basis, and this is reflected by the high average percentage of reiteration at 80.23 percent. Reiteration usually occurs in the form of a repetition, a repetition with a morphological change, or a grammatical form. All three texts rank these three surface markers in the top three positions, though SHLC deviates from the other two texts and the average for all three texts by placing grammatical forms second and rep-m third. Reiteration is followed by the tendency to refer to an entity again through specification, that is, by mentioning just one part or aspect of an item which has already been mentioned. However, only around ten percent of the linguistic links found in texts from academic journals have a co-referential relationship of specification. In all three of the texts, this relationship is most frequently demonstrated by using a repetition. After that, however, the figures for each text show little uniformity. The PIL text prefers hyponyms, synonyms, and deletion, the RPQ text hyponyms and repetitions with a morphological change, and the SHLC text synonyms and grammatical forms. The relatively high percentage of synonymy in two of the texts gives it a second place ranking overall (1.11%), followed by grammatical forms (0.80%). Finally, co-reference occurs least often through the relationship of inclusion, in which a term with wider scope yet including the referent in question appears once again. Surprisingly, the surface marker most often used to do this is repetition with an average of 60.44 percent in the three texts. This is followed by the more predictable category of superordinate at 13.56% overall due to the high number of superordinates used in the RPQ text. The third most frequent surface marker of inclusion is a return to a full form at 10.97 percent. There are no instances of holonyms used to show an inclusive relationship.
161
Table 4-15: Linguistic Surface Markers and Reiteration
423 80 7 51 6 12 0 0 2 3 0 3
72.06 13.63 1.19 8.69 1.02 2.04 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.51 0.00 0.51
389 202 20 25 18 17 0 0 0 0 0 0
57.97 30.10 2.98 3.73 2.68 2.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
310 58 27 88 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
62.37 11.67 5.43 17.71 1.41 1.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average Academic Journal 64.14 18.47 3.20 10.04 1.70 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.17 0.00 0.17
587
100.00
671
100.00
497
100.00
100.00
PiL Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
162
%
SHLC
%
101 67 12 44 17 23 0 0 0 0 0 5
37.55 24.91 4.46 16.36 6.32 8.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.86
85 29 11 82 46 43 0 0 0 3 0 0
28.43 9.70 3.68 27.42 15.38 14.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00
54 9 10 111 12 28 0 0 6 7 0 0
22.78 3.80 4.22 46.84 5.06 11.81 0.00 0.00 2.53 2.95 0.00 0.00
269
100.00
299
100.00
237
100.00
100.00
%
BBD
%
SiB
%
49 3 0 540 334 127 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.65 0.28 0.00 51.28 31.72 12.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 6 4 1183 588 106 0 0 0 0 1 0
2.07 0.31 0.21 61.36 30.50 5.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00
31 7 5 263 29 20 0 0 4 1 0 2
8.56 1.93 1.38 72.65 8.01 5.52 0.00 0.00 1.10 0.28 0.00 0.55
Average Narrative Texts 5.10 0.84 0.53 61.76 23.41 7.69 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.09 0.02 0.18
1053
100.00
1928
100.00
362
100.00
100.00
LDG Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
RPQ
Average NewsMagazine 29.59 12.80 4.12 30.21 8.92 11.58 0.00 0.00 0.84 1.32 0.00 0.62
APP Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
%
%
SoL
%
GoZ
%
Table 4-16: Linguistic Surface Markers and Inclusion
35 3 2 0 0 15 0 0 1 0 0 0
62.50 5.36 3.57 0.00 0.00 26.79 0.00 0.00 1.79 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0
55.56 0.00 5.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.89 0.00 0.00 0.00
93 6 28 5 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
63.27 4.08 19.05 3.40 4.08 6.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average Academic Journals 60.44 3.15 9.39 1.13 1.36 10.97 0.00 0.00 13.56 0.00 0.00 0.00
56
100.00
18
100.00
147
100.00
100.00
PIL Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
%
SHLC
%
4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3
36.36 18.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.18 0.00 0.00 27.27
8 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0
29.63 18.52 3.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
0 1 0 4 3 9 0 0 11 0 0 0
0.00 3.57 0.00 14.29 10.71 32.14 0.00 0.00 39.29 0.00 0.00 0.00
11
100.00
27
100.00
28
100.00
100.00
%
BBD
%
SIB
%
2 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.33 0.00 0.00 91.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
0.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
25.00 12.50 25.00 0.00 0.00 12.50 12.50 0.00 12.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average Narrative Texts 11.11 4.17 8.33 47.22 0.00 4.17 20.83 0.00 4.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
24
100.00
4
100.00
8
100.00
100.00
LDG Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
%
Average News Magazines 22.00 13.42 1.23 4.76 3.57 10.71 0.00 0.00 35.21 0.00 0.00 9.09
APP Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
RPQ
%
SOL
%
GOZ
%
163
Table 4-17: Linguistic Surface Markers and Specification
54 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 3 0
77.14 1.43 4.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.86 4.29 0.00
8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0
57.14 14.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.57 0.00 0.00
79 8 23 19 14 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
54.11 5.48 15.75 13.01 9.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05 0.00 0.00
Average Academic Journals 62.80 7.06 6.68 4.34 3.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.49 1.43 0.00
70
100.00
14
100.00
146
100.00
100.00
PIL Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
%
164
SHLC
%
2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 11 0 0
11.11 0.00 0.00 5.56 0.00 5.56 0.00 5.56 11.11 61.11 0.00 0.00
4 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 21 0 0
13.79 3.45 3.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.90 0.00 72.41 0.00 0.00
2 4 2 3 4 3 0 0 1 6 0 0
8.00 16.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 12.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 24.00 0.00 0.00
18
100.00
29
100.00
25
100.00
100.00
%
BBD
%
SIB
%
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
33.33 0.00 33.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.33 0.00 0.00
1 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
12.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 75.00 0.00 0.00 12.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 3 0 0
18.18 0.00 0.00 27.27 9.09 18.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.27 0.00 0.00
Average Narrative Texts 21.34 0.00 11.11 9.09 28.03 6.06 0.00 4.17 0.00 20.20 0.00 0.00
3
100.00
8
100.00
11
100.00
100.00
LDG Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
%
Average News Magazines 10.97 6.48 3.82 5.85 5.33 5.85 0.00 4.15 5.04 52.51 0.00 0.00
APP Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Ind gr Full Holo Mer Sup Hyp Del Var
RPQ
%
SOL
%
GOZ
%
The texts taken from news magazines are quite uniform when it comes to co-referential relationships. Like the academic journal texts, these articles also rely substantially on reiterative co-reference. An average of approximately eighty-five percent of the linguistic links in these texts are based on a relationship of reiteration. Specification ranks second at 7.61 percent, but is closely followed by inclusion at 6.98 percent. The APP text has fewer instances of inclusion, so the overall average is tipped in favor of specification by less than one percent. All three texts rank the co-referential relationships in the same way, and the range of difference for each text is also very similar. The types of surface markers used in the news magazine articles are quite similar to those in the academic texts, but there is a different order of preference. Whereas academic texts preferred repetitions, repetitions with a morphological change, and grammatical forms, the news articles rank these three in the following order: repetition, grammatical form, repetition with a morphological change. The difference is that the top two categories in the news articles are within one percentage point of one another. The surface markers used to express specification are also the same as in the academic texts, the difference being the higher percentage of hyponyms over and against those of repetition. Inclusion is expressed most frequently using superordinates, followed by repetitions and repetitions with a morphological change. What is striking about the narrative texts is the extremely high percentage of reiteration (over 95%) and the equally low percentage of inclusion and specification across the boards. Specification ranks second overall at 1.48%, but is less than one percentage point ahead of inclusion. This shows that these two play very little role in coreference within these kinds of texts. Equally interesting is the predominant use of grammatical forms rather than repetition to indicate not only reiteration but also inclusion (ranked first for both). Specification deviates from this tendency, however, preferring indirect grammatical forms, repetitions, and hyponyms in that order.
165
4.2.4.2.2
Comparison of Genres
With the above information in mind, the next step is to draw some conclusions concerning the tendencies of the three genres. The ranking of the three co-referential relationships (reiteration, inclusion and specification) by each of the three genres provides little insight into the heterogeneous nature of the texts. It points instead to an apparent propensity for all the texts to reiterate first and foremost on a one-toone basis and to resort less frequently to co-reference through inclusion and specification. Of greater interest is the way each text prefers to express the relationship, as has already been discussed above. Ranking of the co-referential relationship in and of itself, however, does not seem to be a distinguishing point of genre variation. The range of distribution, on the other hand, is more revealing. Comparatively speaking, co-reference in the academic texts is more evenly divided between the three relational possibilities than in the other two genres. The average number of reiterative links (80.23%) is lower than those in the other two genres, allowing for more coreference by inclusion and specification. The averages within the news magazine texts are less balanced, demonstrating greater use of coreference through reiteration and a corresponding drop in the other two categories. The most extreme situation, however, is found in the narrative texts. Here we find almost no occurrences of either inclusion or specification, reiteration accounting for 97.33% of the total links. These differences suggest that the range of distribution is a significant factor when considering distinctions between genres.
4.3 Other Points of Comparison 4.3.1
Types of Referents
In the introductory chapter of this research, it was suggested that the referents involved in co-referential relationships may represent a broader palette than has thus far been recognized in research on coreference. Writers refer again and again not only to people, places, and
166
concrete objects, but also to actions, facts, and perhaps other entities as well. The data of this research supports this premise. Based on the data gleaned from these nine texts, it is possible to establish semantic categories which describe the types of referents that are repeatedly referred to. The following is a discussion of these categories and their distribution within the text corpus. Categories of reference type have been established based on similarity of reference in the real or fictional world. In cases where a co-referential link had already been identified, a further step was taken by applying the question of what type of entity the co-referential item and its antecedent both referred to. Each instance of co-reference was examined in this way and then labeled accordingly. The systematic perusal of each text gradually revealed that there are ten basic reference types. Listed alphabetically, they are action, concept, event, fact, object, organization, people, place, quality, and time. Table 4-18 gives a short definition of each type as well as a few examples from the corpus. The examples presented may be based on either non-linguistic or linguistic means of co-referring. Table 4-18: Types of Referents Action
Definition Something done or performed
Concept
An immaterial, intangible entity
Event
Something that happens or occurs in a particular place at a particular time
Fact
A statement about the existence of some piece of information
Object
A material, tangible, concrete entity
Examples from the corpus shipped, exported, crack down on, do something to stop, impose severe economic sanctions, waging economic war project, peace, terrorism, paradigm, apartheid, agreement extremists shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon…; a man entered one of the cafes and detonated himself…, the blast The dominant American perception is that the Jewish …; Israel has imposed severe economic sanctions that prevent …; Benjamin Netanyahu has tightened the economic screws on the Palestinians…; Carnation, flowers, land, the Leica, pictures,
167
Organization
A group of persons organized for some end or work; an association
People
Human beings as individuals or in groups (nationalities, status)
Place
A space or location (geographic areas, countries, states, cities, parts of cities) A characteristic, property or attribute Expressions showing relationship between present, past and future, or indefinite or continuous duration
Quality Time
various governments, PLO, UNRWA, PIP, EPA, Free Lebanon, an extremist Falangist organization Arafat, Netanyahu, Clinton, Mohsen Shurad, David, Ellie, Katzman, the Jews, the Palestinians, refugees the West, Palestine, the United States, Israel, Lebanon, Gaza City, Oslo, downtown American, Palestinian, economic now, these days, at first, Friday, the Jewish holiday, 1990’s, 1991, 1948, a period of managed development
Using the above reference type categories, it was possible to compare the three texts of one genre to each other as well as the tendencies of one genre to the other two. The number of instances was totaled for each text and divided by the number of total instances of co-reference within that text. This resulted in the figures represented in Table 4:19. The first column for each text contains the number of instances of the type listed on the left, the second column the percentage of a given type within that text. The texts from academic journals demonstrate quite a high level of similarity concerning their reference types. The rankings of most reference types within each of these texts lie within one or two positions of each other. In two of the three texts, the category of place ranks number one. The third text SHLC focuses primarily on land questions in Palestine and therefore has a comparatively high number of instances within the object category. All three texts have four of the same top five categories, exceptions being the high number of facts in PIL, organizations in RPQ, and objects in SHLC. Differences in rank are due to specialized topics and areas of focus within each text. Interestingly enough, concept ranks third in all three texts, a point which becomes especially relevant when comparing the academic journal texts to the two other genres.
168
Table 4-19: Comparison of Referent Types PiL Action Concept Event Fact Object Organization People Place Quality Time
Action Concept Event Fact Object Organization People Place Quality Time
Action Concept Event Fact Object Organization People Place Quality Time
5 161 7 65 1 27 237 402 56 20 981
% RPQ 0.5 28 16.4 76 0.7 0 6.6 27 0.1 9 2.8 72 24.2 65 41.0 357 5.7 181 2.0 0 100.0 815
% SHLC 3.4 32 9.3 149 0.0 4 3.3 2 1.1 260 8.8 31 8.0 249 43.8 69 22.2 95 0.0 20 100.0 911
% 3.5 16.4 0.4 0.2 28.5 3.4 27.3 7.6 10.4 2.2 100.0
APP 13 29 7 9 24 9 132 58 70 5 356
% BBD 3.7 9 8.1 61 2.0 98 2.5 3 6.7 17 2.5 0 37.1 217 16.3 37 19.7 27 1.4 8 100.0 477
% 1.9 12.8 20.5 0.6 3.6 0.0 45.5 7.8 5.7 1.7 100.0
SiB
% 0.5 18.5 24.0 4.2 0.3 1.8 47.5 0.0 2.9 0.3 100.0
LDG
% 0.1 0.5 1.3 2.3 0.0 0.4 94.1 0.7 0.7 0.0 100.0
% 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 95.2 3.3 0.1 0.2 100.0
GoZ
1 5 14 25 0 4 1043 8 8 0 1108
SoL 4 11 4 7 0 0 1898 65 2 3 1994
2 71 92 16 1 7 182 0 11 1 383
1 8 0 0 23 0 344 8 7 2 393
% 0.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 87.5 2.0 1.8 0.5 100.0
169
Averaging the results of the three academic texts together shows that there are fairly high percentages of a number of different reference types. (See Table 4-20: Referent Type Comparison by Genre.) As expected from the individual text results, the category of place is in first position at 30.8 percent. There are almost one third more place references than in the next highest category, people, at 19.8 percent. Concept ranks third in the average figures, corresponding with its position in each of the individual texts. At the opposite end of the spectrum, we find actions, events, and time. This may be due to the tendency of academic journals to address states, ideas, concepts, and principles rather than individual events as they happen. Table 4-20: Referent Type Comparison by Genre
Action Concept Event Fact Object Organization People Place Quality Time
Academic Journal Texts 2.5 14.0 0.4 3.4 9.9 5.0 19.8 30.8 12.8 1.4 100.0
Rank 8 3 10 7 5 6 2 1 4 9
News Magazine Texts 2.02 13.16 15.51 2.44 3.52 1.45 43.36 8.02 9.40 1.11 100.0
Rank 8 3 2 7 6 9 1 5 4 10
Narrative Texts 0.18 1.01 0.49 0.87 1.95 0.12 92.28 2.01 0.87 0.22 100.0
Rank 9 4 7 5 2 10 1 3 6 8
The Time and Newsweek articles unanimously refer most often to people. This category ranks first and accounts for between one third and one half of the total percentage in each of the texts. In the remaining categories, APP shows a somewhat different pattern of distribution than the other two texts of this genre. It has an unusually high number of co-references to quality (almost 20%), whereas the other two texts rank quality fifth at 5.7 and 2.9 percent respectively. In addition, the same text contains a comparatively low percentage of co-references to events (just 2%), while the other two texts place this type in second
170
position at 20.5 and 24 percent. APP appears to be less event-oriented and more bent on describing. The other two texts, BBD and SIB, are very similar. Five of their top six reference types are identical and occur in the same order. People, events, and concepts rank first, second and third in both texts. These are followed by place in BBD and fact in SIB. After that, there is a return to a similar pattern, quality ranking fifth, object sixth, and time seventh in both texts. SIB distinguishes itself by exhibiting an unusually low percentage of place reference (0.00%), causing this type to slip to fifth position overall. In the total averages for weekly news magazine articles, the range of distribution is much narrower than in those of articles from academic journals. A little over 70 percent of the instances of co-reference are spread over just three types of referents: people, events, and concepts. People make up by far the largest group at 43.36 percent, followed by events at 15.51 percent and concepts at 13.16 percent. Surprisingly enough, although the texts report on current events, there is a low percentage of co-reference involving time. There is little to write about the three narrative texts regarding their reference types. The pattern of distribution is much more uniform, despite the wide discrepancy in the total number of coreferential links. All three texts co-refer almost exclusively in order to reintroduce people into the discourse: LDG 94.1%, SOL 95.2%, and GOZ 87.5%. The remainder of the categories is poorly represented in the co-referential links of these texts. In fact, there are five categories (object, time, organization, fact, and event) which do not appear in one or two of the texts at all. Furthermore, there is neither rhyme nor reason as to the order of distribution. In the case of these three narrative texts, the reader is primarily required to keep track of the characters involved as they move through the story. Other entities have a much less significant role to play. To summarize, it can be said that the texts within one genre do show similar patterns of distribution when it comes to reference types. Differences can usually be traced to particular areas of focus or emphasis which cause a text to co-refer to particular types of referents more frequently. Concerning distribution, academic journal texts corefer to many more different kinds of referents more frequently than
171
either the magazine or narrative texts. Magazine texts do so more than fictional texts. In general, neither time nor action reappears frequently in any of the text types.
4.3.2
Anaphoric and Cataphoric Co-reference
There is little to report concerning the use of anaphoric versus cataphoric co-reference. The co-referential links found in the texts of this research are primarily anaphoric in nature. Of all the links found in the nine texts, there are only six which are cataphoric. They are marked in the tables in Appendix B with a lower case c in the fourth column labeled Source of Knowledge. Three such cataphoric links are found in one of the narrative texts, Grossman’s Smile of the Lamb. In sentence six of that text, the narrator describes the fictitious character Katzman’s thoughts in the following sentences: 41a)
But there was something else too.
41b)
After his experience in Kalkilya during the war, Dayan had called him in for a briefing which very quickly and surprisingly had developed into an almost intimate conversation, by the end of which Katzman was in command of a camp in Nablus for refugees from Kalkilya.
41c)
Katzman fancied he had managed to catch some of Dayan’s more elusive characteristics and fit them into a definition that bore a great resemblance to himself.
41d)
He was grateful to Dayan for putting him in charge of the refugee camp.
The noun phrase in sentence 41a made up of the indefinite pronoun modified by the adjective else lacks full definition. The reader is thus encouraged to move further along in the text so as to find the exact meaning. Sentences 7, 8, and 9 in that text (here given as examples
172
41b, 41c, and 41d) provide a plausible definition of what this something else is. This mechanism causes a moment of tension for the reader until the information has been obtained. Another three instances of cataphoric co-reference occur in the SIB text, taken from Time magazine. This text begins with a sentence which also leaves a question in the mind of the reader. 42a)
The scene is so horribly familiar.
42b)
A sunny afternoon.
42c)
Shoppers crowding a city street.
42d)
Then the deadly blast of a bomb, carnage and chaos.
The noun phrase the scene in sentence 42a suggests that this is a scene which has already been mentioned, or which is known to the reader. As this is the first sentence of the article, even the first words, this cannot be the case. The answer to the puzzle is solved as the reader continues reading. Again, the three sentences following provide further insight into which scene is being denoted. Sentence 42b offers just one aspect of the foregoing scene – the fact that it was a sunny afternoon. Sentence 41c provides information as to the participants at the scene, and finally sentence 42d gives the climax. In this way, the reader is led into the topic of the article in an interesting and suspenseful way. It is unfortunate that so few instances of cataphora occurred in these texts, however, this is not surprising since cataphora generally occurs less frequently than anaphora. (McArthur, 199) This issue will be addressed further in the summary of results section in chapter 5.
173
This page intentionally left blank
5 Discussion
5.1 Summary of Results The results of this research may be divided into five parts, each of which sheds light on a different aspect of co-reference. The first concerns the definition and categorization of co-reference in its various forms. The second and third parts deal with the quantitative and qualitative similarities and differences within texts and text types. Fourthly, observations have been made concerning types of referents involved in co-reference. And finally, there is the feature of anaphora versus cataphora. Taken together these provide a general picture of how coreference is used in the texts of three different genres.
5.1.1
Definitions and Categorization
One major result of this study has been a more detailed definition of co-reference. First attempts at identifying co-referential links within the corpora led to the realization that co-reference may involve both linguistic and non-linguistic items in a text. Second, there are various surface markers which may be used to express a link between two coreferential items in a text. Furthermore, it was observed that the coreferential relationship expressed may be labeled as either partial or full, depending on if there is one-to-one correspondence or not. Finally, it was noted that co-reference may occur in a variety of grammatical categories, demonstrating the flexible nature of the language. With these distinctions in mind, attempts were made to identify and label the various surface markers and co-referential relationships. Using examples from the texts analyzed, twelve linguistic surface marker categories were defined and illustrated: repetitions, repetitions with a morphological change, synonyms, direct grammatical link, indirect grammatical link, full forms, holonyms, meronyms, super-
175
ordinates, hyponyms, deletions and variant names. To these were added the five non-linguistic surface marker groups of paraphrase, exemplification, generalization, particularization, and wholification. In addition, it was shown how these may express a relationship of reiteration, specification or inclusion. Having formed a means of categorizing the phenomena present in the text, it was then possible to compare the occurrences of co-reference in the texts.
5.1.2
Quantitative Results
Another result obtained from this study is information concerning the quantitative similarities and differences between the texts and their text types. In general, the texts within each of the genres of academic journals and news magazines are quite uniform, the three texts within each being similar to each other as to the number of co-referential links and range of distribution. The fictional narrative texts, however, demonstrate little regularity, the one text exhibiting an unusually low number of co-referential links as well as range of distribution. Additional research would need to be carried out in order to provide more data concerning the nature of co-reference in fictional narrative texts. In spite of this disparity between the fictional texts, the overall averages still provide valuable insight into the frequency of coreferential links within these three text types. Although the GOZ text contains such a low number of pairings, the total average for the fictional narrative texts shows that this genre contains the highest average number of links. The academic journal texts uniformly rank second, the news magazine articles third. It is striking how few links have been found in the news magazine articles, less than half the average number of those found in the academic journal texts. The range of distribution tells us little about genre distinctions. Academic journal texts, with a range of 0 to 14 links per sentence pairing, are quite similar to the news magazine texts, which have a slightly larger range of 0 to17 links per pairing. Again, the narrative texts show no uniformity at all, the GOZ text having a maximum of 6 links and the LDG text a maximum of 35. The conclusion which may
176
be drawn from these figures is that range of distribution is not a particularly important criterion for distinguishing these genres. It can be said, however, that the distribution of links throughout the texts is quite different in the various text types. Comparison of the number of sentence pairs which have no links with the number of those that do shows that co-reference is spread more equally throughout the academic texts. These texts have fewer instances of sentence pairs with no links, which means that there is a high percentage of pairings which have at least one or more links. The effect is that the sentences of the academic texts seem to be more tightly woven together, though the threads between any two pieces may be made up of only one or two strands. A greater number of the sentences play a role in carrying the major themes through the text. The texts of the other two genres have higher percentages of zero links, meaning that the number of links is distributed over a lower number of pairs. Put in terms of weaving, the narrative texts may have more strands total, but they are concentrated over fewer threads. The news magazine texts have even fewer total links as well as fewer pairs with at least one link. The result in both cases is a more loosely woven piece of fabric, or in linguistic terms, a less cohesive text.
5.1.3
Qualitative Results
A third result of this research has been the acquisition of information regarding the qualitative nature of co-reference. Three features of co-reference have been addressed: the extent of linguistic and nonlinguistic co-reference, the occurrence of co-referential relationships (reiteration, inclusion and specification) and their range of employment, and the various means of co-referential expression. Each of these contributes in some way to the body of features which distinguish text types. 5.1.3.1
Linguistic and Non-linguistic Co-reference
Overall, the texts of all three genres contain more examples of linguistic co-reference than non-linguistic. Generally, the percentages for
177
the three texts of each genre are strikingly similar. One academic text and one news article vary from the other two in each group, showing percentages that actually correspond more closely with the opposite group. The narrative fiction texts are extremely uniform in this respect. This tendency towards uniformity speaks for accepting the distinctive use of linguistic and non-linguistic co-reference as a feature of genre distinction. The three genres differ from each other as to this division as well. The news magazine articles have the highest average percentage of non-linguistic co-reference, followed by the academic texts and then the fictional texts. This means that news magazine texts require either the greatest amount of outside knowledge from the reader or more skill at interpreting ideas which are not linked linguistically depending on the individual text. At the opposite end, the narrative texts demand very little of the reader in this regard, relying on linguistic means of co-reference more than ninety-five percent of the time. 5.1.3.2
Co-referential Relationships
When considering all of the co-referential links of these texts together, both linguistic and non-linguistic, information concerning the type of co-referential relationships contributes little to the definition of these genres. Each of the texts contains all three co-referential relationships: reiteration, inclusion, and specification. Without exception, reiteration is the primary co-referential relationship of all three genres. Specification and inclusion are represented less frequently in all of the texts, and except for the academic texts, which favor specification over inclusion, there seems to be little rhyme or reason as to the ranking of these two. The main difference between the three genres concerning coreferential relationships is the degree of preference. Even here, however, the academic texts and news magazine texts are still quite similar, with overlap in the percentage of the various categories. The academic texts demonstrate a slightly broader distribution over the three categories. Only the narrative texts distinguish themselves by containing an extremely high percentage of reiteration as compared to specification and inclusion. On the whole then, the texts exhibit the
178
same types of co-referential relationships and even show similar preferences for each type. The only distinguishing factor is the extent of inclination towards one type. The findings for co-referential relationships when just the linguistic links are taken into consideration strongly resemble those of all the links taken together. All three genres prefer relationships of reiteration, and there is less uniformity concerning specification and inclusions. Again, the three genres differ in the range of employment of these three co-referential relationships. The academic texts are most evenly balanced between the three relationships, but less so than when all the links were considered together. The news magazine texts show a slightly less balanced picture, the percentage of reiteration being somewhat higher than in the academic texts. The narrative texts, however, demonstrate the greatest extremes. Approximately 97% of all the links are based on a one-to-one relationship of co-reference. Readers of narrative texts are seldom confronted with co-referential surface markers dealing with partial reiteration. The average percentages for non-linguistic co-referential relationships digress from the pattern thus far established. The texts from academic journals contain more instances of specification than reiteration or inclusion. The news magazine articles have more instances of inclusion. Only the narrative texts rank reiteration first, and this is due to the high percentage in the GOZ text. The other two texts of this genre rank specification first. It is interesting to note here that specification and inclusion play a more significant role in nonlinguistic co-reference than in linguistic co-reference. 5.1.3.3
Means of Co-referential Expression
The third point of concern here is the way in which the texts choose to express the three co-referential relationships. There appear to be some marked differences as to the preferences of each genre. Looking first at linguistic surface markers, we see that texts from academic journals prefer repetitions to express all three co-referential relationships. This may be due to the need of such texts to present information clearly and explicitly. Narrative texts rely heavily on grammatical means of co-referring, not only in cases of reiteration but also when narrowing
179
or expanding the scope of reference (although as mentioned before there are few such examples of specification or inclusion). News magazine texts, taking the middle road, are less extreme in their preferences. Like the academic journal texts, they make use of a high percentage of repetitions, but like the narrative texts, they show a high percentage of grammatical links when reiterating fully. Even the surface markers used most frequently in the news magazine articles are not used to the same extent that they are in other genres. Comparatively, co-referential relationships are spread more evenly over surface marker types. The overall figures for linguistic inclusion and specification correlate to some extent with the above statements. Concerning inclusion, the academic journal texts again prefer repetitions, the narrative texts grammatical forms. The news magazine texts show more affinity with the academic texts since they rank superordinates and repetitions first and second respectively but have a low percentage of grammatical forms or holonyms. Based on the figures for linguistic specification, repetition again plays an important role in all three genres, ranking first in academic texts and second in the other two genres. Hyponyms also rank highly in all three genres but has the strongest position in news magazine articles. Grammatical surface markers are still influential in the narrative texts but primarily those which form indirect co-referential links. There are more similarities between the genres concerning their selections of surface markers used to specify, but they still differ in their rankings of those selections. Representation of non-linguistic co-reference is not a distinguishing factor of text types. The texts of the three genres tend to employ the same means to reiterate, include, or specify. Reiteration is expressed almost exclusively by means of a paraphrase, inclusion appears most frequently in generalizations and wholifications, and specification in exemplification and particularization. There are occasional differences as to the order of preference but these are minimal.
180
5.1.4
Types of Referents in Co-reference
A fourth concern of this research has been the examination of referent types involved in co-reference. After compiling a list of referent types identified in the text corpus, comparisons were made between the texts and genre types. In general, it can be said that academic journal articles co-refer to more kinds of referent types more frequently than the other two genres; news magazine articles do so more than the narrative texts. There are some similarities between the order of ranking between the texts, but the percentages of each are quite different. A number of observations can be made as to the type of referents most commonly found in these text types. Co-references involving people have an especially high rank in all three genres, placing second in academic journal texts and first in the other two genres. One defining characteristic of the narrative texts is their tendency to corefer almost exclusively with other items referring to people. These texts contain only small percentages of object and place co-reference although these rank second and third respectively. In addition to people, the news magazine texts also tend to corefer frequently to instances of events and concepts, while the academic journal texts prefer places and concepts. Due to the functions of these two texts, we might expect there to be more instances of coreference involving concepts in the academic journal texts than in the news magazine texts since they address the topic in a more reflective way rather than by just reporting facts. The figures show, however, that concept ranks third in both genres and has approximately the same percentage in each genre. Thus far, focus has been placed on those referent types occurring most frequently. It is interesting to note how few occurrences there were of actions and time in any of the texts even though such entities are often associated with these genres. In summary, it appears that the distribution of particular referent types is more important in distinguishing genres than the actual referent types themselves. Although there are areas of preference, all nine texts generally co-refer most often to people, places, events, concepts, objects and qualities. The genres differ most as to the degree of occurrence of the various referent types. Academic texts are most balanced, news magazine texts less so. Once again, narrative texts
181
represent the extreme case, setting themselves apart from the other two genres.
5.1.5
Anaphora versus Cataphora
A fifth and final result to be discussed here is the use of cataphoric coreference. There is little to report, as there are so few examples. Only two texts contain cataphoric reference, one a news magazine article, the other a fictional text. In these texts, cataphora is employed as a means of creating suspense for the reader. It leaves a question unanswered temporarily, the answer to which is found later in the text. The lack of cataphoric reference in the academic journal texts is surprising since cataphora, although perceived by some to be quite formal, is a common means of organization in some academic work. It is often used to announce to the reader what is to come, for instance in statements like There are many examples of […] followed by the examples or illustrations. No examples of this kind were found in the academic journal texts of this research. Since so few examples were found in any of the three text types, cataphora cannot be considered a feature of any particular genre based on this research.
5.1.6
Conclusions
The tendencies which have been mentioned in the various points just described indicate that many aspects of co-reference are indeed genrespecific. The recurring features of co-reference in a text help to define text types, while differing features of co-reference distinguish them. As was stated in the introduction of this study, genres are realized in registers, which are realized in language. How then do the co-referential patterns reflect the contexts of situation and ultimately the genres of this study? Following are a few suggestions for each genre type based on the findings of this study and the register variables given in Table 2-2. The co-referential tendencies of the texts from academic journals can be linked to the field, tenor and mode of this genre in several
182
ways. First, the presence of a high number of links as well as the wide distribution of co-referential links may reflect the texts’ step-by-step formation of opinions and logical arguments. Building an argument requires multiple references to the entities involved in the form of a fairly tight chain. Each sentence in the text must be a movement toward the logical conclusion, and thus more sentences are linked coreferentially. Secondly, in order for the reader to follow the argument, it must be presented in a logical and coherent way. It is important that the reader recognize exactly which entities the writer means in the given context, hence the preference for repetition and paraphrase. To some extent, such texts sacrifice readability and fluidity for clarity and explicitness. The types of referents found in the academic journal texts also correspond to the context of situation in that they topicalize those referents which are important to the purpose of the texts. These texts focus not so much on the historical events themselves as the people, places and concepts pertaining to these events. And, since the texts represent a reflective discussion of the political situations rather than just a report on them, there is more call for narrowing and expanding the scope of co-reference. This explains the high percentage of superordinates and hyponymy in relationships of specification and inclusion. In general, the academic texts co-refer to a broader palette of referent types more frequently than the other text types. This suggests that these texts deal with a wider range of topics, linking concrete entities with more abstract ones. Finally, there is the question of why cataphora does not play a role in these academic texts. One reason might be that, although these texts have been taken from academic journals, the texts themselves do not report on the results of research. The texts are not structured in such a way that readers are given only partial information as to what is coming next (e.g. the following […]). There is apparently little need to create dramatic tension for the readers by making them wait for further information. Rather, each point of the argument is built on what has gone before. This would explain the extensive use of anaphora rather than cataphora in these texts. The tendency for irregularity among the fictional texts regarding the number of links found seems to indicate that the individual style of
183
the author may play a greater role in these texts. Yet, the many similarities found between these three narrative texts show that there are some restrictions imposed by the register variables. For example, the presence of more background information leads to the inclusion of many sentences which do not form any links with other sentences. The result is a co-referential chain made up of fewer links connecting sentences throughout these texts. When co-reference does occur, its form is determined by the need for the text to be entertaining and to give the reader an enjoyable reading experience. The story should also move along at a pace which will keep it interesting. The repetition of long phrases as in the academic texts would bog things down. The story would stagnate. This may explain these texts’ preference for grammatical links of various kinds, which allow the writer to mention an entity again in a brief manner and then get on with the action. The use of grammatical forms is also more characteristic of dialogue, another reader-friendly factor that could increase reader interest and involvement. Fictional narrative texts co-refer most frequently to people. This seems logical, as the focus of stories is what happens to the characters. Other entities are only important to the extent that they influence or affect the characters of the story. Objects, places, and other entities often play a passive, temporary role in these stories, while the characters resurface either continually or intermittently. There may also be a link here between the type of referent and the low frequency of specification and inclusion. For the most part, the texts are only concerned with things as they are at a given moment. Unlike the academic texts, there is no reason to delve further into entities by considering them in other ways. The fictional narrative texts contain primarily instances of anaphoric co-reference, but there are a few links involving cataphora. These seem to have the function of creating tension and suspense. Cataphora in narrative texts could be considered a means of piquing the interest of the reader. The referent is left a (partial) mystery until the co-referential link is made, leaving the reader temporarily in the dark. This again reflects one of the main functions of these texts, that is, to provide a certain amount of enjoyment.
184
The news magazine texts are considered last here, as their coreferential patterns, like their register variables, overlap in some ways with those of the other two genres. The first example of this is in the texts’ surface marker preferences. On the one hand, these texts resemble academic texts with their frequent use of repetitions; on the other hand, they are like the narrative texts with their almost equal number of grammatical links. The reason for this can be linked to the function of these texts. Not only must they be informative, they must also keep the interest of readers, who neither want to invest a lot of time nor wade through a cumbersome text. The balance between repetitions and grammatical forms reflects the need to restate clearly yet be brief. For similar reasons, the news magazine texts make use of a wider range of surface marker types more frequently than the other two genres. While the academic texts and narrative texts clearly cluster around two or three markers, the news magazine texts show a more even distribution between grammatical and non-grammatical links. Although the news magazine texts primarily report news events, there is often an element of persuasion involved. In other words, the writer interprets the events for the reader to some extent. This is reflected in the tendency for these texts to reiterate not only fully but also partially as they focus or expand upon particular entities. Thus, these texts show similar percentages of full and partial reiteration to those of the academic texts. News magazine texts also demonstrate unique features which set them apart from the other two genres of this research. These texts contain the fewest number of links by quite a large margin. This would imply that a large amount of information is given in the texts which has not been mentioned before. The writer does not make connections for the reading audience, and therefore readers are required to formulate their own connections between sentences. The job of the writer is not to construct a logical argument in the form of a series of connected sentences, but rather to inform about the events which have taken place. Confronted with pressures relating to time, space, and reader expectations, the writer is discouraged from formulating a series of connected ideas. It is almost as if readers are presented with a list of facts and then expected to join them on their own. The sentences are very loosely connected, giving the texts the appearance
185
of being less cohesive. Thus, there is greater room for speculation, but also for misunderstanding. Another factor which sets the news magazine articles apart is their referent types. Like the other texts, they co-refer most frequently to people (though again in the middle as to frequency). This is not surprising since humans are most likely to be interested in news about other humans. A more interesting point is that these texts demonstrate a high number of co-references to events and concepts. This tendency corresponds with their goal to report and interpret situations and events. When entities are called into the minds of readers once again in these texts, then it is people in relation to particular situations which are most often thematized. In summary, this research has investigated co-reference as it occurs in three different text types. It has pointed out various aspects of co-reference which serve to distinguish one text type from another. The researcher has also been honest enough to admit to those that do not. The results of this research together with the suggestions of how these findings correspond to the register variables for each text type provide sufficient evidence that some aspects of co-reference are indeed indicators of genre.
5.2 Limitations of Current Study The current study has been an attempt at describing one aspect of language use in authentic English texts. By now it should be clear to the reader, as it is to the researcher, that this study has only scratched the surface of the use of co-reference in texts as an indicator of genre types. I have been unable to fully treat problems which lie outside the scope of this research, such as the role of idiomaticity in relation to co-reference, the difficulty of applying the concepts of hyponymy and meronymy in authentic examples, or the relationship between coreference patterns and the phenomenon of paragraphing. It is hoped that this study might assist those who are interested in further exploring these and other related topics.
186
Another limitation of this study is, of course, the subjectivity involved in the analysis process. Much of this research is based on the observations of the researcher. Although the data has been screened many times, it cannot be guaranteed that every single instance of coreference has been found or that those which have been identified have been adequately categorized. The fact that the researcher is fallible may mean that others will disagree with the relationships which have been listed or that there may be other categories which should have been included. This is not necessarily a bad thing, as such differences of opinion often serve to motivate others to further explore and improve on the research which has gone before. In this regard, this study may be regarded as a stepping stone in the search for a better understanding of co-reference in English texts.
5.3 Implications of Current Study Based on this study, a number of implications can be made with regard to co-reference. First of all, the use of co-reference provides a good example of the balance between freedom and restriction in language use. In general, there are a limited number of surface markers available for co-referring. This means that, in theory, the user has the freedom to choose from any of the given set of surface markers. The register variables of each text type, however, impose restrictions on the choice of co-referential markers, allowing the writer to choose only those which help to contribute to the needs of the text according to its purpose. Thus, certain co-referential forms are found more frequently in one kind of text than in another. Secondly, co-reference can be considered a feature of language which contributes to a genre’s uniqueness. It has been shown that there are various modes of co-reference and that the choice made reflects the purpose of the text type. Thus, there is a link between the modes of co-reference demonstrated in a text and the context of situation as well as the context of culture. As a result, co-reference can be added to the list of criteria for a typology of discourse.
187
Thirdly, since co-reference is an indicator of genre, then it stands to reason that those using the language for purposes expressed through these genres be (or become) aware of how co-reference is used in these text types. Knowledge of the co-referential patterns used in various kinds of genres can provide help to language users in a number of ways. Recognition of generic patterns will aid reading comprehension. If readers are made aware of co-referential patterns it may aid their ability to read and comprehend such texts. Such knowledge would also help teachers be able to choose appropriate reading material depending on the students’ ability to work with the various co-referential patterns. Thus, a narrative text might be chosen earlier in the learning process since it will most likely contain instances of coreference expressed in ways which have already been learned by the student (e.g. pronouns, determiners, definite articles, repetitions). Academic journals and news magazine articles would be tackled later after the reader has become familiar with more linguistic and nonlinguistic ways of linking ideas. Awareness of co-referential patterns within various genres may also promote better writing skills. Native speakers and students of English alike require input as to the style of particular text types. The use of correct co-referential style according to genre would be one step toward improving writing style. This would be especially helpful when preparing students for academic writing. Such information may also benefit those translating into English. It is important for translators to adhere to the expected patterns of the genres of a target language. Knowing when and how to reiterate within particular text types would contribute to the stylistic correctness of the end product. Co-reference, then, is worthy of a place on the list of style features taught in translation courses and other settings in which skills in text analysis are required. The implications drawn from this research are of both a theoretical and a practical nature. On the one hand, this study of co-reference contributes to our knowledge of how text works; on the other, it points to the need for practical applications in educational and translation settings. In general, the knowledge of the use of co-reference in
188
texts contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between the features of language and language use.
5.4 Implications for Future Study This study has been an attempt to clarify the notion of co-reference as a mode of meaning transfer within a text. It has provided various new insights into co-reference. It is hoped that this research will act as an impetus for further research on co-reference and its role in distinguishing text types. Areas for further exploration might include more work with texts from popular novels. The narrative texts of this research showed the most diversity within their genre and thus the analysis of additional texts may clear up any doubt as to the tendencies which have been described in this work. Having completed work on these three genres, it would also be interesting to apply what has been learned in this work to texts of other genres. This would serve two purposes. First, it would either confirm or refute the process of analysis used in this research, in the latter case replacing it with more improved ideas. And secondly, it would provide information concerning additional genres, thus expanding our knowledge of text types. Then, since genres are based on the needs and purposes of particular cultures, a further step would be to examine co-referential patterns in the texts of these same genres in other languages. Such studies would clarify those features unique to English or perhaps point in the direction of co-referential modes within text types as language universals, thus contributing to and expanding on our knowledge of English as a language in use.
189
This page intentionally left blank
Linguistic References
Allerton, D.J. (1969) “The Sentence as a Linguistic Unit,” Lingua 22: 27-46. –. (1978) “The Notion of ‘Givenness’ and Its Relations to Presupposition and to Theme”, Lingua 44: 133-168. –. (1996) “Proper Names and definite descriptions with the same reference: A pragmatic choice for language users”, Journal of Pragmatics 25: 621-633. Asher, R.E. (ed.). (1994) Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Oxford: Pergamon Press. Atkinson, J.M. and J. Heritage (eds.). (1984) Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, Cambridge: CUP. Benson, J.D. and W.S. Greaves. (1985) Systemic Perspectives on Discourse, Vol. I. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Bhatia, Vijah K. (1993) Analysing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings. London: Longman. Biber, Douglas. (1989) “A typology of English texts, Linguistics”, Linguistics 27:3-43. –. (1995) Dimensions of register variation: A cross-linguistic comparison, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burton-Roberts, Noel. (1986) Analysing Sentences: An Introduction to English Syntax, London: Longman. Bussmann, Hadumod. (1996) Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London: Routledge. Carter, Ronald and Paul Simpson, eds. (1989) Language Discourse and Literature: An Introductory Reader in Discourse Stylistics. London: Unwin Hyman. Carter, R.A. (1987) Vocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives. London: Allen and Unwin. Chalker, Sylvia and Edmund Weiner. (1994) The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, London: BCA.
191
Christie, F. (ed.). (1984) Children Writing: Reader, Geelong, Vic: Deakin University Press. Clark, Herbert A. and Catherine R. Marshall. (1981) “Definite reference and mutual knowledge.” In A. Joshi, B. L. Webber, Ivan A. Säg (eds.). Elements of Discourse Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cole, P. and J. L. Morgan (eds.). (1975) Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press. Costello, Robert B. (ed.). (1992) Random House Webster’s College Dictionary. New York: Random House. Coulthard, M. (ed.). (1994) Advances in Written Text Analysis. London: Routledge. Cruse. D.A. (1986) Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, David and Derek Davy. (1969) Investigating English Style. London: Longman. De Beaugrande, Robert and Wolfgang Ulrich Dressler. (1972) Introduction to Text Linguistics. London: Longman. De Beaugrande, Robert. (1980) Text, Discourse and Process: Towards a Multidisciplinary Science of Texts. London: Longman. –. (1991) Linguistic Theory: The Discourse of Fundamental Works. London: Longman. Eggins, Suzanne. (1994) An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter Publishers. Firth, J.R. (1935) ‘The Techniques of Semantics’, Transactions of the Philological Society. Reprinted in J.R. Firth. (1959) Papers in Linguistics 1934-1951. London: Oxford University Press. –. (1959) Papers in Linguistics 1934-1951. Oxford University Press, London. Grice, H. P. (1975) ‘Logic and conversation.’ In Cole, P. and J. L. Morgan (eds.). (1975) Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, 41-58. Reprinted in Grice, H. P. (1989) Studies in the way of words, 22-40. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. –. (1989) Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Grundy, Peter. (1995) Doing Pragmatics. London: Edward Arnold, a division of Hodder Headline PLC.
192
Gutwinsky, Waldemar. (1976) Cohesion in Literary Texts. Paris/The Hague: Moulton. Halliday, M.A.K. & R. Hasan. (1976) Cohesion in English. London: Longman. – . (1985) Language, context, and text: aspects of language in a socialsemiotic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985) An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold. Hartley, A. (1982) Linguistics for Language Learners. London: Macmillan. Hasan, Raquaia. (1984) ‘Coherence and cohesive harmony.’ In Ed. J. Flood. Understanding Reading Comprehension,181-219. Delaware: International Reading Association. Hatch, Evelyn. (1992) Discourse and Language Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hoey, Michael, and Eugene O. Winter. (1981) “Believe Me for Mine Honour.” Language and Style 14:31-39. Hoey, Michael. (1991) Patterns of Lexis in Text. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jackson, H. (1980) Analyzing English. Oxford: Pergamon. Joshi, A., B. L. Webber and Ivan A. Säg (eds.). (1981) Elements of Discourse Understanding, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kronfeld, Amichai. (1990) Reference and computation: an essay in applied philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lado, Robert. (1964) Language Teaching: A Scientific Approach. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc. Leckie-Tarry, Helen. Language & Context: A Functional Linguistic Theory of Register. London: Pinter, 1995. Lyons, J. (1977) Semantics. Two volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mann, W.C. and Thompson, S.A. (1987) Rhetorical Structure Theory: A theory of text organization. Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California.
193
Martin, J.R. (1984) “Language, Register and Genre.” In F. Christie (ed.), Children Writing: Reader, 21-29. Geelong, Vic: Deakin University Press. –. (1985) “Process and Text: two aspects of semiosis.” In J.D. Benson and W.S. Greaves, 1985, Systemic Perspectives on Discourse, Vol. I: 248-74. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. McArthur, Tom (ed.). (1992) The Oxford Companion to the English Language. London: Oxford University Press. McCarthy, M. J. (1990) Vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McCarthy, Michael, and Ronald Carter. (1994) Language as Discourse: Perspectives for Language Teaching. Essex: Longman. Palmer, F.R. (1976) Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman. Shaw, Harry. (1993) Punctuate It Right! New York: HarperCollins Publishers. Sinclair, J. McH. And R.M. Coulthard. (1975) Towards an Analysis of Discourse: the English used by teachers and pupils. London: Oxford University Press. Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson. (1986) Relevance: Communication & Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Stubbs, Michael. (1996) Text and Corpus Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Swales, John M. (1990) Genre Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Swan, Michael. (1995) Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Van Dijk, Teun A. (ed.). (1997) Discourse as Structure and Process. London: Sage Publications. Webber, Bonnie Lynn (1981) “Discourse model synthesis: preliminaries to reference.” In A. Joshi, B. L. Webber, Ivan A. Säg (eds.). (1981) Elements of Discourse Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
194
Appendix A: Texts
Text 1: Palestinians in Lebanon: Harsh Present, Uncertain Future, Sayigh, Rosemary, Journal of Palestine Studies XXV, no. 1, (Autumn 1995), pp. 37-53. 1.
Palestinians in Lebanon form a special case of the marginalization of the refugee issue begun in Madrid and given the Palestine Liberation Organization’s (PLO) stamp of approval at Oslo.
2.
While the rights of refugee Palestinians everywhere were undermined by the Oslo Accord, those in Lebanon suffer from uncertainty about the future to a degree unparalleled elsewhere.
3.
Originating not in Gaza or the West Bank but in Galilee and the coastal cities that fell to Israel in 1948, the Palestinians of Lebanon stand virtually no chance of returning either to their places of origin or to the areas that will come under Palestinian control.
4.
At the same time, opposition to their settlement in Lebanon is one of the few issues that unites the Lebanese government and public opinion across most of the sectarian communities.
5.
As international diplomacy to dissolve the refugee question gears up, the unlikelihood that Lebanon will be able to withstand pressures toward tawtin (or “implantation,” the term used for the permanent settlement of the refugees outside Palestine) spells trouble for its refugee community.
6.
One cannot understand the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon without first setting it within the international and regional political frameworks that act on them both directly and indirectly, through official Lebanese policies and unofficial attitudes.
7.
International, regional, and Lebanese factors interact to produce a continually deteriorating situation for the Palestinian community, especially its poorest and most vulnerable segment.
8.
Since Oslo, the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories (primarily Gaza) and away from the external refugees has become the clearest
195
indicator of an international consensus to reach a settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict based on a dissolution of the “refugee problem.” 9.
The first step in this direction was achieved at the Madrid Conference of 1991, when James Baker’s “two-track” formula hived off the refugees to a multilateral committee, thus weakening the historic legacy of the UN resolutions on refugees, and split them among bilateral Israeli-host country negotiations.
10. Soon after Madrid, Israel succeeded in putting the refugees on the agenda of its negotiations with Jordan. 11. It was from this time that United Nation Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and PLO aid to refugees in Lebanon began to decline. 12. As the primary source of aid to the refugees, UNRWA offers a clear view of the aid bias in the comparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid. 13. In 1992-93, for example, Lebanon received 11.8 percent of UNRWA expenditures, compared to 31.8 percent for Gaza and 22.4 percent for the West Bank. 14. Adjusted to population size, these sums translate into per capita distributions of $298 for Gaza, $264 for the West Bank, and $204 for Lebanon. 15. The budget for 1994-95 shows a similar pattern, with Gaza gaining an even higher share ($405 per capita versus $254 for Lebanon). 16. These gaps are more dramatic considering that only in Lebanon are the refugees excluded from public services as well as from most kinds of employment. 17. The bias in aid allocation is even clearer in UNRWA’s special budgets. 18. The Peace Implementation Program (PIP) established soon after Oslo has received donor pledges totaling $76 million for projects in Gaza, $46 million for the West Bank, and $10 million for Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon combined. 19. The other two special budgets are the Extraordinary Measures for Lebanon and the Occupied Territories (EMLOT), where aid to Gaza in 1993-94 was seven times that of Lebanon, and the Expanded Program of Assistance (EPA), where aid to Gaza was sixty-five times greater.
196
20. Though the high level of Palestinian unemployment in Lebanon calls for income generation projects, the Lebanon field received $279,000 in 1993-94, compared with over 3 million for Gaza and over $1 million for the West Bank. 21. The same trend also shows up in crucial services expenditures, with proportionally less spent on health, schools, and educational subsidies in Lebanon than in Gaza and the West Bank. 22. It is noteworthy that Syria, with fewer refugees, has more UNRWA schools (109 to 77) and more children in school (60,263 to 33,647) than Lebanon. 23. A pattern of distribution reflecting the same international politics emerges from the activities of the Refugee Working Group (RWG), formed from the Multilateral Refugee Committee and inaugurated in Ottawa in May 1992. 24. With its primary mission to “make an immediate contribution to the amelioration of (refugee) human needs,” the RWG had almost a hundred projects completed or underway by December 1994. 25. Although financial allocation cannot be read from the distribution of projects, it is revealing that aside from thirty-six non—region-specific projects that may benefit all refugees equally, twenty-three projects were approved for Gaza and the West Bank, seventeen for Jordan, nine for Syria, and eight for Lebanon, of which the most important (emergency housing) has been suspended. 26. Reporting at the Casablanca Economic Summit in November 1994, RWG Chairman Marc Perron noted that $80 million had been raised for RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank, as against $10 million for projects in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. 27. Constraints on the flow of UNRWA and RWG aid are more serious because help from other sources has declined since 1992. 28. The PLO drastically cut its expenditures in Lebanon in the wake of the Gulf War. 29. UNICEF used to fund public health and educational projects in the camps, but the emergency budget from which it did so was cut in 1992, a headquarters decision to which Lebanese official pressures may have contributed. 30. International support from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to local NGOs began to fall off in 1992.
197
Text 2: Rethinking the Palestine Question: the Apartheid Paradigm (by Mark Marshall) Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. XXV, Number 1, Autumn 1995. 1.
The primary purpose of this essay is to argue for a shift from the “occupied territories” paradigm to an “apartheid” paradigm as a way for antiracist intellectuals, especially in the United States, to analyze the Arab-Jewish conflict in Palestine.
2.
Such a paradigm shift has the potential to help set in motion a process that could ultimately circumvent or dislodge the apparently “immovable object” of unconditional U.S. support for Israel spoken of by Helena Cobban.
3.
The secondary purpose is to urge Arab Palestinian intellectuals to drop ethnically exclusive Arab Palestinian nationalism as the basis for the liberation struggle and replace it with a territorial Palestinian nationalism analogous to the non-ethnic South African nationalism of the African National Congress during the struggle against apartheid.
4.
Palestine is perceived by the American elite as “Israel and the occupied territories.”
5.
This perception is passed on to the general population by academics and mainstream journalists and is reflected in the policies of the U.S. government.
6.
Accordingly, the dominant American perception is that the Jewish sector of the population (“Israel”) is a territorial extension of the industrialized West, or Europe.
7.
“Jewishness” is the form taken by Westernness or Europeanness in the Palestinian context, just as “Whiteness” was the form it took in the South African context under apartheid.
8.
In South Africa, however, the White population was never seen by the U.S. elite in territorial terms; South Africa was correctly seen as a unitary state where the White sector of the population enjoyed constitutional supremacy over the rest.
9.
With regard to Palestine, on the other hand, the U.S. elite does not see it as a country inhabited by Jews and Arabs; Jews are seen as “Israel,” a territorial entity, and Arabs are seen as a separate territorial entity or entities: either as neighboring states or “the occupied territories.”
198
10. Although Jews and Arabs are perceived in territorial terms, the territorial boundaries are left undefined in the collective mind of the U.S. elite. 11. This is because “Israel” has not yet withdrawn from “the occupied territories,” and the consensus of the U.S. elite is that the precise boundaries of “the occupied territories” can only be defined retroactively, after the “occupation” has ended. 12. Accordingly, the official U.S. interpretation of the “withdrawal clause” of Resolution 242 is that part, but not all, of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBG) should probably be considered occupied territory, but exactly what part that is can only be determined in negotiations. 13. This means that once Israel announces from what parts, if any, of WBG it is prepared to withdraw, those parts will retroactively be considered to have been occupied territory. 14. This interpretation is enshrined in the Declaration of Principles of 13 September 1993 governing the negotiations between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). 15. It is not clear why the U.S. elite adheres to this particular conception of “occupied territory” in the Palestinian context. 16. Perhaps it has something to do with the importance of the frontier as a theme in American history: a contested zone between the advancing European colonial society and the retreating indigenous population. 17. Along with the concept of the frontier went the assumption that European (or “White”) societies had the natural right to take what they wanted from the nonEuropean societies with which they came into contact. 18. Perhaps the psychological legacy of the frontier mentality informs the U.S. assumption that the precise extent of the occupied territories can be determined only after Israel has decided what part, if any, of WBG it does not want. 19. It is possible that this basic American historical assumption about relations between Europeans and non-Europeans has been reinforced in the Palestinian context by the prominent roles played by Jews and Old Testament-oriented Protestants in American society. 20. “Jewishness,” then, is the criterion for Westernness in Palestine, and the Jewish population is seen in territorial terms as “Israel,” a Western country.
199
21. As we have seen, articulate opinion in the United States defines “occupied territory” in Palestine as areas that the Israeli government does not want. 22. It is assumed in the United States – no doubt correctly – that the Israeli government most definitely does want East Jerusalem. 23. Hence the response of the U.S. elite to Arab challenges to the exclusively Jewish character of Jerusalem has always been to close ranks, in effect in defense of the territorial integrity of the West. 24. From this perspective, it is easier to understand President Clinton’s statement that “I recognize Jerusalem as an undivided city, the eternal capital of Israel, and I believe in the principle of moving our embassy to Jerusalem.” 25. As long as the United States continues to “reject the standard interpretation of the withdrawal clause of UN 242 (see note 3), it is worse than futile for the rest of the international community to make policy based on the assumption that Resolution 242 defines WBG as “occupied territory.” 26. Such an assumption is a dangerous delusion and a trap, for two reasons: first, because it absolves the Israeli government of responsibility for the Arab population of those lands while doing nothing substantial to challenge its sovereignty over them; and second, the “withdrawal clause” of Resolution 242 is likely to be seized upon by Israel and the United States to provide a veneer of international legality to the unilateral creation of an Arab state that will exclude East Jerusalem and probably other parts of the West Bank as well. 27. The PLO leadership, dependent for its survival on continued cooperation with Israel, will have no choice but to go along with this scheme, no doubt with a figleaf clause postponing agreement on Jerusalem’s “final status” to some permanently indeterminate future date. 28. Such a state will not be considered a bantustan by the international community because Israel will be considered to have made a major concession by withdrawing from much – maybe even most – of WBG after decades of intransigence, and the Palestinians will finally have their state after many years of loudly demanding one. 29. Moreover, Arab complaints about Jerusalem will be seen as a sign of bad faith, because the PLO, as “the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people,” had knowingly and of its own free will entered into negotiations based on the American and Israeli interpretation of Resolution 242, according to which Israel is expected to withdraw only from those parts of WBG from which it wants to withdraw, and the PLO will not be able to convince anyone that it
200
seriously believed at the outset that Israel would ever want to withdraw from East Jerusalem (see note 4). 30. Unlike the bantustans created by South Africa during the apartheid era, this “Palestinian state” will likely receive widespread international recognition, which will have the effect of giving international legitimacy to the borders unilaterally redrawn by Israel.
Note: bantustan = any of the racially and ethnically based regions created in South Africa by the government as nominally independent tribal states.
201
Text 3: Settling Historical Land Claims in the Wake of Arab-Israeli Peace, Michael R. Fischbach, Journal of Palestine Studies, 1997 Vol. 27, Issue 1, Autumn, University of California Press for the Institute for Palestine Studies, Berkeley, CA. 1.
The passage of the Helms-Burton Act by the U.S. Congress in 1996 and the question of land formerly owned by American citizens nationalized by Cuba’s communist government after 1959 have raised long-dormant claims of land ownership to the level of international public discourse.
2.
Such questions and their political implications are also at the heart of the ArabIsraeli conflict: the various wars, occupations, and displacements since 1948 have left a number of important issues unsettled, not only at the “high politics” level of sovereignty, but also relating to the more mundane questions of property ownership.
3.
Some of these land claims emerged as major issues soon after the end of the first Arab-Israeli war, the most publicized being the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel.
4.
But the establishment of new and hostile borders created other, less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands and states in occupation of other states’ territory.
5.
These claims were largely dormant through the early 1990s.
6.
The Arab-Israeli negotiations that began in 1991, and the agreements and treaties that have since emerged between Israel and both the PLO and Jordan, however, have set the stage for a final settlement of a number of these claims.
7.
Some were important enough to be resolved through the negotiations themselves; others are being pursued now.
8.
Some are being addressed by individuals rather than on a state-to-state level, while others may be decided through back-channel diplomacy.
9.
Yet no matter how they are addressed, the wider importance of who controls land in the Arab-Israeli conflict has by definition rendered these historical claims vital and unlikely to wither away quietly.
10. This study examines several of the most important of these historical land claims and notes what steps have been taken by the various parties to address them now that the peace process seems to have created the appropriate fora.
202
11. It discusses them in the context of three relationships: Israel and the Palestinians, Israel and Jordan, and Israel and Syria. 12. The accords signed between Israel and the PLO from 1993 to 1995 have set into motion a number of major steps by which several important land and property questions could possibly be resolved. 13. While the most widely discussed issues deal with compensation for the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948, other land issues of vital importance to Palestinians under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority (PA) are also finally being handled within the framework established by the Oslo accords. 14. The creation of Israel led to the displacement of over 700,000 Palestinian refugees in 1947 and 1948 and the subsequent loss of a huge amount of land and other property. 15. Israel took over this land through a variety of mechanisms. 16. As early as March 1948, the Haganah established the Committee for Arab Properties in the Villages to control land left by fleeing Palestinians. 17. The new Israeli state absorbed about fifteen million dunams (1 dunam = 1000 sq. m.) that it claimed did not belong to individual Palestinians in addition to over three million dunams of individually owned refugee land; the latter was taken over by the office of the Custodian of Absentees’ Property created by the Knesset under laws enacted in 1950. 18. The custodian was allowed to transfer the land it held to a new agency called the Development Authority, and in September 1953, the custodian’s office disposed of all of its refugee property to the Development Authority. 19. Other refugee land ended up in the hands of the Jewish National Fund (JNF): in June 1953, for instance, the state and the Development Authority agreed to sell over 2,300,000 dunams of the land under their control to the JNF – which by its charter held the land in perpetuity for the Jewish people and was forbidden to transfer it. 20. Finally, the Israel Lands Law of July 1960 led the state, the Development Authority, and the JNF to transfer their land to the new Israel Lands Authority. 21. Thus by 1960, the refugees’ land ended up in the hands of the Israel Lands Authority and by law could never be transferred.
203
22. The United Nations has long called upon Israel to allow the refugees to return or compensate themselves for their lost land, the scope of which has been the subject of varying estimates. 23. In 1951, the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine (UNCCP) placed a general estimate of the amount and value of land left behind by Palestinian refugees at some 16,324,000 dunams, worth some P£100,383,784. 24. Beginning in 1953, the UNCCP’s Technical Office in New York embarked upon a more thorough enumeration of all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine (not just land owned by refugees) as of May 1948 based upon land registers microfilmed by the British during the waning days of the Mandate and turned over to the UN upon their withdrawal from Palestine. 25. Starting in 1958, the office began determining the value of this land as well. 26. In May 1964, the UNCCP Technical Office issued the results in a document called the Technical Program. 27. The program identified some 453,000 plots of land owned or leased by Palestinians (refugees and those who remained) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams, a figure less than half of the UNCCP’s earlier 1951 estimation of refugee property alone. 28. One senior Israeli land official estimated the refugees’ losses at only 3,175,000 dunams; part of the discrepancy undoubtedly derives from the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages, which are clearly not included in the Israeli figure. 29. The Israeli-PLO agreements reached during 1993-95 laid the groundwork for resolving refugee issues. 30. However, in order to avoid appearing to have abandoned the principle of the right of return for the refugees, the PLO thus far has not enunciated a public policy on the question of compensating the refugees for lost land.
204
Text 4: Dennis, Mark. “A Poorer Peace.” Newsweek 1 September 1997: 20-21. 1.
These days flowers are free in Gaza City.
2.
Customers in downtown vegetable markets get a bunch of carnations with every purchase.
3.
Flowers are grown for markets in Europe, one of the Gaza Strip’s few export industries.
4.
But now the growers have fallen victim to a peace process gone wrong.
5.
Trying to force the Palestinians to crack down on terrorism, Israel has imposed severe economic sanctions that prevent flowers from being shipped overseas.
6.
Mohsen Shurad, who invested $300,000 in a rose farm soon after Oslo was signed, is losing $300 a day.
7.
“I started this project with the dream of an independent Palestinian state,” he says.
8.
“It was only an illusion.”
9.
The 1993 Oslo accords gave Israelis and Palestinians a framework for peace and an opportunity to prosper together.
10. But since two suicide bombers killed 14 Israelis in Jerusalem last month, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has tightened the economic screws on the Palestinians, demanding that they do something to stop terrorism. 11. Even some Israeli commentators accuse Netanyahu of waging economic war on the Palestinians. 12. Netanyahu’s critics also charge that he is grandstanding on terrorism by blaming Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat for violence he may not be able to control (there is still no proof the two suicide bombers came from Palestinian territory). 13. Arafat did round up 173 suspects.
205
14. But last week he also held two days of national-unity meetings with leaders of various Palestinian groups – among them Hamas and Islamic Jihad, which have sponsored terrorism. 15. A photo of Arafat embracing Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, a Hamas leader, enraged the Israelis. 16. “He says he is against terrorism,” said Danny Naveh, Israeli’s cabinet secretary, “ and afterwards he runs to hug the killers of women and children.” 17. The success of the Oslo accords depended, in part, on securing better living conditions for the Palestinians. 18. Instead, the West Bank and Gaza have been devastated. 19. According to the United Nations, per capital income in the territories has dropped 35 percent since the agreement was signed. 20. This was supposed to be a period of managed development for the West Bank and Gaza. 21. But according to Nader Said, who recently wrote the first U.N. report on human development in Palestine, “What we’re actually seeing is managed deterioration.” 22. Once the Oslo agreement was signed, money poured into Palestinian areas. 23. The development process wasn’t pretty. 24. Top officials of the new Palestinian Authority enriched themselves and created slush funds that enable Arafat to govern. 25. At first Israel’s Labor Party government helped to maintain Arafat’s financial lifeline. 26. When it had to close Israel’s borders to Palestinian workers after terrorist incidents, it continued to funnel tax revenue to Arafat, once advancing him $30 million to offset a border closure. 27. Netanyahu, who took office last year, isn’t playing that game.
206
28. After the bombing, he not only closed Israel’s borders to Palestinian workers and exports; he also froze the transfer of tax revenues that account for more than half the authority’s income. 29. The revenues don’t belong to Israel. 30. They are duties paid by Palestinians on Israeli products or foreign goods imported through Israeli ports.
207
Text 5: McGeary, Johanna. “Bibi’s Black Days.” Time 31 March 1997: 28 1.
Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim?
2.
Two weeks ago, the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem was just an obscure plot with a Hebrew name and an Arabic one.
3.
But as big yellow bulldozers began to claim the hill for Jewish houses, Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was converting the landscape into a perilous flash point.
4.
Palestinians hurled stones, Israeli soldiers fired tear gas, Arab leaders issued harsh denunciations, and every single friend of Israel’s disapproved.
5.
Defying them all, knowing he risked far more serious violence, Netanyahu ordered the bulldozers to dig on.
6.
Now history will decide whether those few square yards were a necessary, legitimate addition to Israel’s housing stock or a flaming brand tossed on the pyre of Palestinian impatience and despair.
7.
Black days come all too often in Israel, and Friday was another.
8.
Members of the extremist groups Hamas gave their own judgment when they shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb.
9.
As costumed merrymakers paraded down the city’s streets to celebrate Purim, which commemorates the deliverance of the Jews in ancient Persia from a plot to slaughter them, a man entered one of the cafés and detonated himself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more.
10. A six-month-old girl, her tiny blood-soaked body cradled in a policewoman’s arms, added one more horrific image to the Holy Land’s chronicle of tragedies. 11. Violence erupted again the next day, as hundreds of Palestinians rioted in Hebron, and Israeli soldiers responded with tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition. 12. Though last week’s suicide attack was the first since Netanyahu became Prime Minister last May, he has amassed a stunning record for brinkmanship during his first 300 days: three major crises in the peace negotiations; a war scare with
208
Syria; a domestic political scandal that threatens to indict his closest aides for corruption; the alienation at one time or another of virtually all his friends, constituents and foreign allies. 13. In the aftermath of Friday’s blast, many were debating who bore the most blame and whether the peace process, already damaged goods, was now beyond repair. 14. Arafat played his own devil’s hand. 15. As anger rose over Har Homa, the wily Palestinian leader publicly ordered his followers to abjure violence and protest peacefully- and also freed dozens of Hamas warriors from Palestinian jail cells, including military-operations chief Ibrahim Maqadmah. 16. If he did not literally give “the green light” for the attack, as Netanyahu charged, he did not have to. 17. Within minutes, Hamas proudly claimed responsibility. 18. At a rally in Gaza, Maqadmah bragged, “Jerusalem will not be restored by negotiations but only by holy war.” 19. For Netanyahu, who won election on his promise to bring peace with security, the deaths in Tel Aviv cannot help raising questions about whether his way is working. 20. When reporters standing amid café wreckage suggested Har Homa had contributed to the bloodshed, Netanyahu bristled, “Nothing justifies terrorism.” 21. He is surely right about that, and there is an incalculable moral difference between building on disputed land and setting off a bomb in a café. 22. But violence is the only real lever the Palestinians have in their conflict with the Israelis, so scenes like that in Tel Aviv are certain to be repeated. 23. Indeed, many Israelis fear this is only the beginning of a new terror offensive like the one last year that drove Labor Prime Minister Shimon Peres from office. 24. Allowing even one bombing to happen, though, will boomerang harshly on the Palestinians.
209
25. Israel immediately closed off the territories and promised retaliation; Netanyahu has always kept open the option of sending Israeli troops back into the areas now under Palestinian control. 26. Even worse, he might decide to use the bombing as a pretext to abandon, once and for all, the talks he has always opposed. 27. The carnage in Tel Aviv was only the latest, some would say inevitable, result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power. 28. One difficulty was plain old inexperience. 29. Netanyahu came into office almost wholly without practice in the real business of government. 30. His energies in public life were spent crafting an image and smoothly making arguments for or against policies, but not formulating them.
210
Text 6: Beyer, Lisa. “Soaked in Blood.” Time 11 August 1997: 24 1.
The scene is so horribly familiar.
2.
A sunny afternoon.
3.
Shoppers crowding a city street.
4.
Then the deadly blast of a bomb, carnage and chaos.
5.
Neither the former peacemaking Labor government nor the present securityminded Likud government has figured out a way to stop it.
6.
This time the bombers came well dressed, one in a dark suit, one in a light suit.
7.
A car dropped them off just outside Jerusalem’s main food market, and they walked into the crowded center of the bazaar, carrying attaché cases.
8.
At 1:10 p.m., positioned 30 m apart and apparently in eye contact, one of them, standing in a covered lane, detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails.
9.
Three seconds later, the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers.
10. “This is madness,” cried an anguished onlooker amid the tangle of human limbs, blackened flesh, crushed fruit and building rubble. 11. The blasts also blew away the lower portions of the bombers’ bodies, leaving their still unidentified faces gruesomely intact. 12. The suicide bombers killed 13 and wounded 170 in the attack, which was claimed by a radical Islamist group Hamas. 13. The bloodshed scotched the latest attempts at reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians and set back U.S. plans to reinvigorate the comatose peace process. 14. Palestinian leader Yassar Arafat has suffered yet another blow to his fragile authority, cornered dangerously between militant Islamists and enraged Israelis. 15. Also in political trouble within his ruling coalition, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu now probably faces more pressure to move further to the right.
211
16. The terror strike last Wednesday was the worst since Netanyahu came to office 13 months ago, vowing he could deliver progress toward peace together with the security Israelis crave. 17. While he has borne much of the criticism for stalling peace negotiations, he laid the blame for the bombing squarely on Arafat, who has lately made vigilance against Islamist militants a low priority. 18. Within hours of the blast, Netanyahu responded with a program of unprecendentedly tough retaliatory measures. 19. These amounted, in Arafat’s view, to “a declaration of war,” a characterization Netanyahu didn’t even bother to dispute. 20. “You can’t have peace,” he declared, “when people are blown to smithereens.” 21. In Washington, President Clinton was equally tough on the Palestinians. 22. “There is no excuse and there must be no tolerance for this kind of inhumanity,” he said, demanding “concrete steps” by the Palestinians to fight terror. 23. But fearful that violence could beget more violence, Administration officials began to think something bolder was required. 24. The President postponed for only a week a planned mission by Middle East mediator Dennis Ross - his first since last April - to regenerate confidence, and huddled with his security advisers to consider what else Washington could do to repair the diplomatic damage. 25. “It’s pretty clear,” said a U.S. official, “ that it will be hard to get this on track unless there is a high degree of security cooperation.” 26. To Arafat the cascade of events felt like an avalanche. 27. By being lax on security issues, he had flirted with trouble, and the extremists had taken advantage. 28. Before the bombing, the U.S. was prepared to lean on Netanyahu to make concessions that would restart negotiations, but now, suddenly, the full weight of American pressure has been shifted onto the Palestinians. 29. In addition, the sting of Israel’s reprisals comes at a time when Arafat’s government is squirming under revelations of corruption.
212
30. None of these points were lost on the Palestinian extremists who claimed responsibility for the explosions.
213
Text 7: Le Carré, John, (1983) The Little Drummer Girl, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 422-23. 1.
Of the immediate and less immediate aftermath of the operation, the world knew a lot more than it realised; and certainly a lot more than Charlie.
2.
It knew, for instance – or could have done if it had studied the smaller news items of the foreign pages of the Anglo-Saxon press – that a suspected Palestinian terrorist had died in a shoot-out with members of a crack West German unit, and that his woman hostage, not named, had been removed to hospital in a state of shock, but was otherwise unhurt.
3.
The German newspapers carried more lurid versions of the story – “THE WILD WEST COMES TO THE BLACK FOREST” - but the stories were so remarkably assured, yet contradictory, that it was hard to make anything of them.
4.
A link with the abortive Freiburg bomb attack against Professor Minkel – originally reported dead, but later discovered to have made a miraculous escape was so wittily denied by the urbane Dr. Alexis that everyone took it for granted.
5.
But it was only proper, said the wiser leader-writers, that we should not be told too much.
6.
A succession of other minor incidents around the Western hemisphere raised occasional speculation about the doings of one or another Arab terrorist organisation, but really with so many rival groups these days, it was a toss-up where one should point the finger.
7.
The senseless gunning-down in broad daylight of Dr. Anton Mesterbein, for instance, the Swiss humanist lawyer, campaigner for minority rights, and son of the eminent financier, was laid squarely at the door of an extremist Falangist organisation that had recently “declared war” against Europeans overtly sympathetic to the Palestinian “occupation” of the Lebanon.
8.
The outrage occurred as the victim was leaving his villa for work – unprotected, as usual - and the world was deeply shocked for at least the first part of a morning.
9.
When a letter claiming responsibility and signed “Free Lebanon” was received by the editor of a Zürich newspaper, and declared authentic, a junior Lebanese diplomat was asked to leave the country, and did so philosophically.
214
10. The car-bombing of a Rejectionist Front diplomat outside the newly completed mosque in St. John’s Wood rated hardly a notice anywhere; it was the fourth such killing in as many months. 11. On the other hand, the bloodthirsty knifing of the Italian musician and newspaper columnist Albert Rossino, and of his German lady companion, whose naked and barely recognisable bodies were discovered weeks later beside a Tyrolean lake, was declared by the Austrian authorities to have no political significance at all, despite the fact that both victims had radical connections. 12. On the evidence available, they preferred to treat the case as a crime of passion. 13. The lady, one Astrid Berger, was well known for her bizarre appetites, and it was held probable, if grotesque, that no third party was involved. 14. A succession of other, less interesting deaths passed virtually unnoticed, as did the Israeli bombing of an ancient desert fortress on the Syrian border, which Jerusalem sources claimed was being used as a Palestinian training base for foreign terrorists. 15. As to the four-hundred-pound bomb that exploded on a hilltop outside Beirut, destroying a luxurious summer villa and killing its occupants – which included both Tayeh and Fatmeh – it was about as impenetrable as any other act of terror in that tragic region. 16. But Charlie, in her seaside fastness, knew none of this; or, more accurately, she knew it all in general, and was either too bored or too frightened to receive the details. 17. At first, she would only swim or take slow, aimless walks to the end of the beach and back, clutching her bathrobe to her throat while her bodyguards followed her at a respectful distance. 18. In the sea, she was inclined to sit herself at the shallow, waveless edge, and make washing movements with the sea water, first her face and then her arms and hands. 19. The other girls, on instruction, bathed naked; but when Charlie declined to follow this liberating example, the psychiatrist ordered them to cover themselves again, and wait. 20. Kurtz came to see her once a week, sometimes twice.
215
21. He was extremely gentle with her; patient and faithful, even when she screamed at him. 22. His information was practical, and all to her advantage. 23. A godfather had been invented for her, he said, an old friend of her father’s who had struck it rich and recently died in Switzerland, leaving her a large sum of money which, since it came from foreign sources, would be free of capital transfer tax in the United Kingdom. 24. The British authorities had been spoken to, and had accepted – for reasons Charlie could not be party to – that no useful purpose would be served by digging further into her relationship with certain European and Palestinian extremists, he said. 25. Kurtz was also able to reassure her of Quilley’s good opinion of her: the police, he said, had actually made a point of calling on him to explain that their suspicions about Charlie had been misdirected. 26. Kurtz also discussed with Charlie methods of explaining her abrupt disappearance from London, and Charlie passively agreed to a concoction involving fear of police harassment, a mild nervous breakdown, and a mystery lover whom she had picked up after her stay in Mykonos, a married man who had led her a dance and finally dumped her. 27. It was not till he started to school her in this, and presume to test her on small points, that she became pale and started to tremble. 28. A similar manifestation occurred when Kurtz announced to her, somewhat unwisely, that “the highest level” had ruled she could claim Israeli citizenship any time she wished for the rest of her life. 29. “Give it to Fatmeh,” she snapped, and Kurtz, who by then had a number of new cases going, had to consult the file in order to remind himself who Fatmeh was; or had been. 30. As to her career, said Kurtz, there were some exciting things waiting for her as soon as she felt ready to handle them.
216
Text 8: Grossman, David, (1983) The Smile of the Lamb, Jonathan Cape, London, pp. 146-47. 1.
Katzman had never held any clear-cut political views.
2.
Politics for him was merely a stage play without any bearing on real life.
3.
People involved in politics disgusted him, and he felt contempt for Shosh’s father.
4.
Nevertheless, he did respect Moshe Dayan, his defense minister, and tended to agree with his views on the conquered territories.
5.
Dayan was more a military figure like himself than a politician.
6.
But there was something else, too.
7.
After his experience in Kalkilya during the war, Dayan had called him in for a briefing which very quickly and surprisingly had developed into an almost intimate conversation, by the end of which Katzman was in command of a camp in Nablus for refugees from Kalkilya.
8.
Katzman fancied he had managed to catch some of Dayan’s more elusive characteristics and fit them into a definition that bore a great resemblance to himself.
9.
He was grateful to Dayan for putting him in charge of the refugee camp.
10. As he sat in a narrow office of the Judaea and Samaria command, the mellow feeling he had known in Nablus came back to him in flashes. 11. He had been full of love and goodwill there, without the attendant feelings of self-betrayal and danger. 12. The defense minister himself, he was sure, had been party to his assignment as governor of Juni. 13. Throughout those four weeks Katzman did what army personnel and Israeli civilians were normally prevented from doing – he carefully and honestly considered his attitudes toward the conquered territories. 14. He didn’t hate the Arabs he lived with side by side.
217
15. He didn’t love them either. 16. He didn’t want to go on occupying their territories, but an independent Palestinian state, fueled only by its hatred for Israel, was pretty frightening. 17. Katzman found himself thinking in concepts that were familiar to him from the newspaper. 18. This left him with a sense of banality, but it also roused his curiosity and led him to the depressing conclusion that there was no way out. 19. The sense of absolute truth he remembered from Nablus made him kick out against his own self-declared defeatism: perhaps there was some way out after all. 20. He would turn “his” city into a living experiment. 21. The occupation would be humane. 22. With the grace of sincerity and trust – here of all places. 23. Only after he arrived in Juni did he wake up. 24. He detested the town from the moment he entered it in uniform. 25. It was strange: before, during his preliminary visits, Juni hadn’t seemed especially hostile. 26. Katzman had brought with him three of his officers from the armored corps, plus Sheffer, whom he liked, to mediate between himself and the permanent administration staff. 27. He eagerly assumed his duties like a tough glove protecting him from the inhabitants. 28. All the promises he’d made to himself faded away the first time he stamped his name and new rank on an order to blow up a house. 29. He wouldn’t allow himself to remember the modest hopes he had cherished before his arrival in Juni. 30. For not only did his exposure to the misery and injustice around him fail to elicit the feeling of goodness he longed for, it bored right through him.
218
Text 9: Thoene, Bodie, (1986) The Gates of Zion, Bethany House Publishers, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 323-324. 1.
Lights glimmered through closed shutters of the Rehavia homes.
2.
A few houses stood dark and desolate, abandoned by their owners for safer places in the world, but for the most part, the Jews had held firm to Ben-Gurion’s pleas that not one inch of the city be given up without a fight.
3.
The Jewish outposts and kibbutzim that David and Michael had flown over today also bustled with activity.
4.
Even from their high vantage point, David had seen men and women at work digging jagged trenches on the perimeters of their tiny settlements.
5.
Most of the Jewish land had been purchased nearly a century before by Jews in Europe who had foreseen this moment in history.
6.
Now the land that had been desolate and barren had begun to bloom with the hope of a new nation.
7.
At this point, David knew, it was only hope that sustained these people.
8.
They had very little else to combat the constant threats and ever-increasing incidents of terrorism.
9.
Some Jews had turned to counter-terrorism, and David thought, If anything will destroy the United Nations’ resolve to support Partition and a Jewish homeland, it will be atrocities committed by Jews.
10. The world’s conscience was raw with the sight of the Nazi death camps. 11. Militancy among the Zionists only served to dull the edge of the world’s guilt. 12. He hated to admit it, but Moshe had been right about Ellie’s photographs; they showed the truth of the situation to the world that sought any excuse to forget that the chosen people struggled not for land or territory, but for survival. 13. He rounded the corner of Ellie’s street, and patted the red tissue-wrapped box that held her new camera. 14. He had been wrong about her staying; he knew that now.
219
15. He only hoped that the Leica would convey the message that he believed in what she was doing. 16. Not a day passed but one of the Haganah men mentioned a letter from a relative in the States who had seen one of her pictures. 17. Every image struck deeply back home, and momentum for private assistance seemed to be growing. 18. As the official United States policy teetered precariously between support of Partition and the threat of repeal, men and women gathered at banquets across the U.S. to hear Golda Meir speak of the Zishuv’s urgent needs. 19. Money was flooding in daily. 20. David thought about the Messerschmidts and smiled grimly. 21. He only wished there had been money enough to buy a flock of Mustangs. 22. They were neat and stable, and there wasn’t an ME 109 that stood a chance against him in the cockpit of his own little fighter. 23. He pulled up in front of the Moniger home and set the brake. 24. He stared up at the house for a long moment, puzzled at the darkened windows. 25. The structure seemed deserted. 26. “Maybe they’re at the back of the house,” David murmured as he stepped out of the car onto the sidewalk. 27. He stood and scratched his chin, then retrieved the packages from the seat and strode up the front steps. 28. He knocked sharply on the door and waited, looking at his watch. 29. I’m a little early, yes, but certainly they should be here, he thought. 30. He knocked again, harder; when no one answered, he climbed back into the car to wait.
220
Appendix B: Tables of Analyzed Sentences
Text 1: Palestinians in Lebanon: Harsh Present, Uncertain Future, Sayigh, Rosemary, Journal of Palestine Studies XXV, no. 1, (Autumn 1995), pp. 37-53. Sent. No.
Antecedent
Reference item
Source Knowl
Gram. Cat.
Surf. marker
Co-ref. Rel.
Entity Type
1-2
Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon
Lebanon refugee Palestinians everywhere refugee Palestinians everywhere Oslo those in Lebanon suffer from uncertainty about the future to a degree unparalleled elsewhere
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Incl
Plc Peo
La
Mod N
Rep
Reit
Peo
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Fact
Palestinians in Lebanon Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon Palestinians everywhere those in Lebanon
Palestinians of Lebanon Lebanon Palestinian the Palestinians of Lebanon Palestinians of Lebanon
La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Incl Spec
Peo Plc Qual Peo
La
Prp N
Full
Reit
Peo
Lebanon Lebanon Palestinians of Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon those in Lebanon (refugee Palestinians) Lebanon Lebanon the Palestinians in Lebanon
Lebanon Lebanese their Lebanon Lebanese their
La La La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj pos det Prp N Prp Aj pos det
Rep Rep-M Gr Rep Rep-M Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Qual Peo Plc Qual Peo
Lebanon Lebanese their
La La La
Prp N Prp Aj pos det
Rep Rep-M Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Qual Peo
Palestine Palestinians in Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon the (refugee) issue Lebanon Lebanon refugee refugee refugee
Palestine the refugees outside Palestine its (Lebanon’s) refugee community the (refugee) question Lebanon its refugee 1 question refugee 2 community the refugees outside Palestine Lebanon
La Pa
Prp N NP
Rep Whole
Reit Incl
Plc Peo
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Peo
La La La La La La
headN Prp N pos det Mod N Mod N headN
Syn Rep Ind Gr Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Plc Plc Peo Peo Peo
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
refugee Oslo a special case of the marginalization of the refugee issue begun in Madrid and given the Palestine Liberation Organization’s stamp of approval at Oslo 1-3
2-3
1-4
2-4
3-4
1-5
2-5
Lebanon
221
3-5
4-5
Lebanon refugee Palestinians everywhere those (refugee Palestinians) in Lebanon those (refugee Palestinians) in Lebanon refugee Palestinians everywhere Lebanon Lebanon the Palestinians of Lebanon the Palestinians of Lebanon the Palestinians of Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese their their (Palestinian refugee’s) Lebanon their (Palestinian refugee’s) their settlement in Lebanon
their settlement in Lebanon 1-6
2-6
3-6
4-6
222
Palestinians in Lebanon refugee Lebanon Lebanon those in Lebanon suffer fromuncertainty about the future to a egree unparalleled elsewhere refugee Palestinians everywhere those (refugee Palestinians) in Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon the Palestinians of Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon stand virtually no chance of returning either to their Plcs of origin or to the areas that will come under Palestinian control opposition to their (Palestinian refugee’s) settlement in Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon
its the refugees outside Palestine the refugees outside Palestine its (Lebanon’s) refugee community
La La
pos det headN
Ind Gr Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Peo
La
NP
Full
Incl
Peo
Pa La
NP pos det
Para Ind Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Plc
La
mod N
Rep
Spec
Peo
La La Pa
Prp N pos det NP
Rep Ind Gr Whole
Reit Reit Incl
Plc Plc Peo
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Peo
La La La La Pa
Ind Gr Rep Rep-M Full Full
Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit
Plc Plc Plc Peo Peo
La Pa
pos det Prp N Prp N Mod N Nom in NP pos det NP
Ind Gr Full
Reit Incl
Plc Peo
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Con
La
NP
Syn
Incl
Con
Palestinians in Lebanon
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
Palestinians in Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon
Pa
NP
Part
Spec
Peo
La La Pa
Prp N Prp Aj NP
Rep Rep-M Gen
Reit Reit Incl
Plc Qual Con
Palestinians in Lebanon
La
Prp N
Rep
Spec
Peo
Palestinians in Lebanon
La
Prp N
Full
Reit
Peo
Lebanon Lebanese Palestinians in Lebanon
La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp N
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Qual Peo
Lebanon Lebanese the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon
La La Pa
Prp N Prp Aj NP
Rep Rep-M Gen
Reit Reit Incl
Plc Qual Con
the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
La La
Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit
Plc Qual
its (Lebanon’s) refugee community Lebanon its the refugees outside Palestine refugee 1 its (Lebanon’s) refugee community its Lebanon Lebanon refugee 1 its (Lebanon’s) refugee community its the refugees outside Palestine the permanent settlement of the refugees outside Palestine implantation
5-6
Lebanese Lebanese public opinion across most of the sectarian community trouble for its refugee community refugee 1 (all Palestinian refugees) the refugees outside Palestine its (Lebanon’s) refugee community Lebanon Lebanon
1-7
2-7
3-7
4-7
5-7
Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon refugee Palestinians everywhere refugee Palestinians everywhere those (refugee Palestinians) in Lebanon Lebanon the rights of refugee Palestinians everywhere were undermined by the Oslo Accord Oslo Accord Palestinians of Lebanon Palestinians of Lebanon Lebanon the Palestinians of Lebanon stand virtually no chance of returning either to their places of origin or to the areas that will come under Palestinian control opposition to their settlement in Lebanon opposition to their settlement in Lebanon their Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon pressures towards tawtin pressures towards tawtin pressures towards tawtin its (Lebanon’s) refugee community
Lebanon Lebanese unofficial attitudes
La La La
Prp N Prp Aj headN
Rep-M Rep Syn
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Qual Con
the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Para
Spec
Peo
Pa
NP
Part
Spec
Peo
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Peo
La La
Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit
Plc Qual
Lebanese the Palestinian community (Leb.) the Palestinian community (Leb.) the Palestinian community (Leb.) the Palestinian community (Leb.) the Palestinian community (Leb.)
La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit
Qual Qual
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Peo
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Spec
Qual
Pa
NP
Part
Spec
Peo
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Peo
Lebanese a continually deteriorating situation
La Pa
Prp Aj NP
Rep-M Gen
Reit Incl
Qual Con
international factors the Palestinian community (Leb.) the Palestinian community (Leb.) Lebanese a continually deteriorating situation
Pa La
NP Prp Aj
Gen Rep-M
Incl Reit
Con Qual
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Peo
La Pa
Prp Aj NP
Rep-M Gen
Reit Incl
Qual Con
regional factors
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Lebanese factors
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
the Palestinian community Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese international factors
La
NP
Full
Reit
Peo
La La La Pa
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj NP
Rep Rep Rep-M Gen
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Qual Qual Qual Con
regional factors
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Lebanese factors
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
the Palestinian community (Leb.)
La La
headN def art
Rep Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
223
6-7
trouble for its refugee community refugees (all Palestinian refugees) the refugees outside Palestine the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon
Palestinians Palestinians Lebanon international and regional political frameworks Lebanese official Lebanese policies unofficial attitudes 1-8
2-8
3-8
4-8 5-8
6-8
Oslo Palestinians in Lebanon refugee issue the marginalization of the refugee issue begun in Madrid and given the Palestine Liberation Organization’s stamp of approval at Oslo refugee Palestinians everywhere Oslo refugee Palestinians everywhere those (refugee Palestinians) in Lebanon Gaza Gaza the West Bank Israel Palestinians of Lebanon their (Palestinians of Lebanon) to dissolve the refugee question the refugee question the refugees outside Palestine refugee 1 refugee 2 its (Lebanon’s) refugee community the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon
Palestinians in Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon
224
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Part
Spec
Peo
Pa
NP
Part
Spec
Peo
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Con
La Ga La La
Prp Aj headN Prp Aj headN
Rep-M Para Rep-M Syn
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Peo Qual Con
Lebanese Lebanese factors
La Pa
Prp Aj NP
Rep Gen
Reit Incl
Qual Con
Lebanese factors
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Oslo the external refugees
La Pa
Prp N NP
Rep Whole
Reit Incl
Plc Peo
refugee problem the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories (primarily Gaza) and away from the external refugees
La Pa
headN NP
Syn Exem
Reit Spec
Con Act
a continually deteriorating situation the Palestinian community (Leb.) the Palestinian community (Leb.) a continually deteriorating situation for the Palestinian community Palestinian community Palestinian community Lebanese international, regional and Lebanese factors
the external refugees
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Peo
Oslo refugee problem
La La
Prp N Mod N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Peo
the external refugees
La
NP
Full
Incl
Peo
Gaza the occupied territories the occupied territories Israeli the external refugees
La Ga Ga La Pa
Prp N NP NP Prp Aj NP
Rep Whole Whole Rep-M Whole
Reit Incl Incl Reit Incl
Plc Plc Plc Qual Peo
the external refugees
La
NP
Full
Incl
Peo
dissolution of the refugee problem the refugee problem the external refugees
La
headN
Rep-M
Reit
Con
La La
headN headN
Syn Rep
Reit Reit
Con Peo
refugee problem refugee problem the external refugees
La La La
Mod N Mod N headN
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Incl Incl
Peo Peo Peo
the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees the external refugees
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Act
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
refugee
Pa
mod N
Whole
Incl
Peo
the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees international consensus to reach a settlement of the ArabIsraeli conflict based on a dissolution of the “refugee problem” the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees international consensus to reach a settlement of the ArabIsraeli conflict based on a dissolution of the “refugee problem” refugee
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Act
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Fact
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Act
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Fact
Pa
mod N
Whole
Incl
Peo
refugee
Pa
mod N
Whole
Incl
Peo
the external refugees
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
the external refugees
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
Madrid Palestinians in Lebanon refugee
the Madrid Conference the refugees
La Pa
Prp N NP
Rep Whole
Reit Incl
Plc Peo
the refugees 1
refugee Palestinians everywhere refugee Palestinians everywhere those (refugee Palestinians) in Lebanon those (refugee Palestinians) in Lebanon Israel Palestinians of Lebanon Palestinians of Lebanon their (refugee Palestinians) their (refugee Palestinians) international diplomacy to dissolve the refugee question international diplomacy to dissolve the refugee question refugee 1 question
the refugees 1 refugees 2
La La La La La
headN def art headN def art NP
Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
the refugees 1
La
NP
Full
Incl
Peo
refugees 2
La
NP
Full
Incl
Peo
Israeli the refugees 1
La Pa
Prp Aj NP
Rep-M Whole
Reit Incl
Qual Peo
refugees 2
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
international and regional political frameworks
international and regional political frameworks
7-8
international factors
international, regional and Lebanese factors
the Palestinian community its (7: the Palestinians community) the Palestinian community its (7: the Palestinians community) 1-9
2-9
3-9
4-9
5-9
1
refugee question the refugees outside Palestine
1
La
NP
Full
Incl
Peo
2
La
NP
Full
Incl
Peo
James Baker’s two track formula
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
bilateral Israeli-host country negotiations
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
the refugees1
La La La La La
headN def art NP headN def art
Rep Gr Rep Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
the refugees refugees
2
refugees the refugees 1
225
the refugees outside Palestine its refugee community
6-9
7-9
8-9
its refugee community international political frameworks that act o them both directly and indirectly through official Lebanese policies and unofficial attitudes international political frameworks Palestinians in Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon international factors
the Palestinians community its (7: the Palestinians community) the Palestinians community its (7: the Palestinians community) an international consensus to reach a settlement of the ArabIsraeli conflict based on a dissolution of the “refugee problem.” the external refugees
refugees 2 the refugees
1
2
refugees James Baker’s two track formula
headN def art NP NP
Rep Gr Rep Exem
Incl Reit Incl Spec
Peo Peo Peo Con
Exem
Spec
Con
Whole
Incl
Peo
refugees 2
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
James Baker’s two track formula hived off the refugees to a multilateral committee … negotiations the refugees 1
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
1
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
refugees 2
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
2
the refugees
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
this direction
La Pa
dm det headN
Gr Para
Reit Reit
Con Con
the refugees 1
La La La La La La La
headN def art NP headN def art NP Prp Aj
Rep Gr Rep Rep Gr Rep Rep
Incl Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual
La La La La
Prp N headN def art NP
Rep Rep Gr Full
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Plc Peo Peo Peo
La La Pa
headN def art NP
Rep Gr Whole
Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo
the refugees
La
NP
Full
Incl
Peo
the refugees
La La La La La Pa
headN def art headN def art NP NP
Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Whole
Reit Reit Incl Reit Incl Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
refugees
2
Madrid refugee
[ ] Madrid [ ] the refugees
2-10
those (refugee Palestinians) in Lebanon refugee Palestinians everywhere the Palestinians of Lebanon their (=refugee Palestinian) refugee 1
the refugees
226
La La La Pa
NP
1-10
6-10
Peo
NP
refugees 2 Israeli
the refugees outside Palestine its refugee 2 community Palestinians in Lebanon
Incl
Pa
refugee Israeli
5-10
Rep
Pa
refugees the refugees 1
4-10
NP
bilateral Israeli-host country negotiations the refugees 1
the external refugees refugee
3-10
La
the refugees the refugees
the refugees the refugees the refugees
international and regional political frameworks
7-10
8-10
9-10
1-11
2-11
3-11
4-11
5-11
6-11
International, regional factors
Israel succeeded in putting the refugees on the aInclda of its negotiations with Jordan Israel succeeded in putting the refugees on the agenda of its negotiations with Jordan the refugees
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
the Palestinian community (in Lebanon) its (7: the Palestinians community) the external refugees
the refugees
La
NP
Full
Incl
Peo
the refugees
refugee
the refugees
dissolution of the “refugee problem”
headN def art headN def art Cl
Rep Gr Rep Gr Exem
Incl Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact
the Madrid Conference the Madrid Conference refugees 1
Israel succeeded in putting the refugees on the agenda of its negotiations with Jordan [ ] Madrid [ ] [ ] Madrid [ ] the refugees
La La La La Pa
refugees 2
the refugees
bilateral Israeli-host country negotiations host-country
Israel’s negotiations with Jordan Jordan
La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N headN def art headN def art headN
Rep Var Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Evt Peo Peo Peo Peo Con
Pa
Prp N
Exem
Spec
Plc
Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon refugee PLO Lebanon refugee Palestinians everywhere those in Lebanon Lebanon
Lebanon refugees in Lebanon
La Pa
Prp N NP
Rep Para
Reit Reit
Plc Peo
refugees in Lebanon PLO Lebanon refugees in Lebanon
La La La La
headN Prp N Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep Rep
Spec Reit Reit Spec
Peo Org Plc Peo
refugees in Lebanon Lebanon
La La
headN Prp N
Full Rep
Reit Reit
Peo Plc
the Palestinians of Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese their (refugee Palestinian of Lebanon) refugee 1 refugees outside Palestine its refugee 2 community Lebanon Lebanese Palestinians in Lebanon international and regional political frameworks
refugees in Lebanon
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Peo
Lebanon Lebanon refugees in Lebanon
La La La
Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Rep-M Full
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Peo
refugees in Lebanon refugees in Lebanon
La La
headN headN
Rep Rep
Spec Spec
Peo Peo
refugees in Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon refugees in Lebanon
La La La Pa
headN Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Rep Rep-M Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Plc Plc Peo
this time (10: Israel succeeded in putting the refugees on the agenda of its negotiations with Jordan)
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Evt
227
7-11
8-11
9-11 10-11
1-12
2-12
3-12 4-12 5-12
the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon Lebanese International, regional factors
a deteriorating situation for the Palestinian community the Palestinian community its (7: the Palestinian community) the external refugees aid refugee the refugees 1 refugees 2 the refugees Israel succeeded in putting the refugees on the agenda of its negotiations with Jordan Palestinians in Lebanon refugee Madrid refugee Palestinians everywhere those (refugee Palestinians) in Lebanon the Palestinians of Lebanon their (3: refugee Palestinians) refugee 1 refugee
6-12
7-12
228
2
the refugees outside Palestine Palestinians in Lebanon international and regional political frameworks that act on them both directly and indirectly the Palestinian community (Lebanon implied) it’s (the Palestinian community’s) international, regional factors
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
La Pa
Prp N NP
Rep-M Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Evt
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Peo
refugees in Lebanon
La
NP
Full
Reit
Peo
refugees in Lebanon UNRWA and PLO aid to refugees in Lebanon refugees in Lebanon refugees in Lebanon refugees in Lebanon refugees in Lebanon this (time)
La La
headN headN
Rep Rep
Spec Reit
Peo Con
La La La La La Pa
headN headN headN headN dm det NP
Rep Rep Rep Rep Gr Para
Spec Spec Spec Spec Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt
the refugees
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
the refugees
the refugees
La La La La La La
headN def art Prp N headN def art NP
Rep Gr Rep Rep Gr Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo
the refugees
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
the refugees
La
NP
Full
Incl
Peo
the refugees
La La La La La La Pa
headN def art headN def art headN def art NP
Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Gr Whole
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
aid to refugees in Lebanon began to decline Lebanon this time (10: Israel succeeded in putting the refugees on the agenda of its negotiations with Jordan) aid to refugees in Lebanon began to decline refugees in Lebanon
[ ] Madrid [ ] the refugees
the refugees the refugees the refugees the aid bias in thecomparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid the refugees
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
the refugees
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Peo
the aid bias in the comparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
8-12
the skewing of international aid towards the occupied territories (primarily Gaza) and away from the external refugees international aid international aid external refugees
aid bias in the comparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Con
aid to the refugees aid bias the refugees
refugee
the refugees
9-12
the Madrid Conference the Madrid Conference the refugees
[ ] Madrid [ ] [ ] Madrid [ ] the refugees
refugees
the refugees
10-12
[ ] Madrid [ ] [ ] Madrid [ ] the refugees
[ ] Madrid [ ] [ ] Madrid [ ] the refugees
11-12
the refugees in Lebanon
the refugees
UNRWA UNRWA aid to refugees in Lebanon
UNRWA aid to the refugees (UNRWA to all refugees) aid bias
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
headN mod N headN def art headN def art Prp N Prp N headN def art headN def art Prp N Prp N headN def art headN def art Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Var Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Var Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Rep
Spec Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Con Con Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Evt Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Evt Peo Peo Peo Peo Org Con
La
mod N
Rep
Incl
Con
Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon In 1992-93, Lebanon received 11.8 percent of UNRWA expenditures … Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon In 1992-93, Lebanon received 11.8 percent of UNRWA expenditures … In 1992-93, Lebanon received 11.8 percent of UNRWA expenditures … Gaza the West Bank Gaza
La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Fact
La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep-M Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Fact
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Ga Ga La
Prp N Prp N Prp N
Part Part Rep
Spec Spec Reit
Plc Plc Plc
Lebanon UNRWA UNRWA expenditures Lebanon Gaza West Bank
La La La Pa Pa Pa
Prp N Prp N headN Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Hyp Exem Exem Exem
Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Spec
Plc Org Con Plc Plc Plc
UNRWA aid to refugees in Lebanon 1-13 2-13 3-13
4-13 5-13 6-13
7-13
8-13
9-13 10-13 11-13
12-13
Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon international political frameworks that act on them both directly and indirectly Lebanese Lebanon Lebanese international factors
the skewing of …
the occupied territories the occupied territories Gaza None None Lebanon UNRWA UNRWA aid fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation
229
aid to the refugees aid to the refugees
comparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid
aid bias in the comparative allocations among its fields of operation Madrid 1-14 2-14 3-14
4-14 5-14 6-14 7-14 8-14
9-14 10-14 11-14 12-14
13-14
1-15 2-15 3-15 4-15
230
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese Lebanese the occupied territories Gaza the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories the occupied territories None None Lebanon fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation aid to the refugees
aid bias in the comparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid Lebanon West Bank Gaza numbers in 13 numbers in 13 UNRWA expenditures Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Gaza Lebanon
UNRWA expenditures 11.8 percent of UNRWA expenditures, compared to 31.8 percent for Gaza and 22.4 percent for the West Bank Lebanon received 11.8 percent of UNRWA expenditures, compared to 31.8 percent for Gaza and 22.4 percent for the West Bank In 1992-93, Lebanon received 11.8 percent of UNRWA expenditures …
La Pa
headN NP
Hyp Exem
Reit Spec
Con Fact
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Gaza Gaza Adjusted to population size, these sums translate into per capita distributions of $298 for Gaza … the West Bank
La La La La La La La La La La La Ga La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Part Rep Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Fact
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank per capita distributions of $298 for Gaza, $264 for the West Bank, and $204 for Lebanon per capita distributions of $298 for Gaza, $264 for the West Bank, and $204 for Lebanon
La Pa Pa Pa Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Exem Exem Exem Exem
Reit Spec Spec Spec Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Fact
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Fact
Lebanon West Bank Gaza these sums these per capital distributions
La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N NP dm det headN
Rep Rep Rep Sup Gr Syn
Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Con Con Con
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Gaza Lebanon
La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
5-15 6-15
Lebanese Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese international framework
7-15
Lebanese international factors
8-15
the occupied territories The skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees Gaza None None Lebanon fields of operation fields of operation aid to the refugees
9-15 10-15 11-15 12-15
13-15 14-15
1-16
2-16
3-16
4-16
5-16
6-16
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon The budget for 1994-95 shows asimilar pattern, with Gaza gaining Lebanon The budget for 1994-95 shows a similar pattern, with Gaza gaining Gaza The budget for 1994-95 shows a similar pattern, with Gaza gaining
La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Fact
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep-M Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Fact
Ga Pa
Prp N Cl
Part Exem
Spec Spec
Plc Fact
Gaza
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
Lebanon Lebanon Gaza $405 per capita versus $204 for Lebanon The budget for 1994-95 shows a similar pattern, with Gaza gaining …
La Pa Pa Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Exem Exem Exem
Reit Spec Spec Spec
Plc Plc Plc Fact
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
aid bias in the comparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid comparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid Lebanon Gaza Gaza Lebanon
$405 per capita versus $204 for Lebanon
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Fact
Lebanon Gaza Gaza Lebanon
La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc
Lebanon refugee
Lebanon the refugees
Palestinians in Lebanon refugee Palestinians everywhere those (Palestinian refugees) in Lebanon Lebanon Palestinians of Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese public Lebanon the refugees outside Palestine refugee
the refugees
La La La Pa
Prp N headN def art headN
Rep Rep Gr Para
Reit Spec Reit Reit
Plc Peo Peo Peo
the refugees
La La La
headN def art NP
Rep Gr Full
Spec Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
Lebanon the refugees
La Pa
Prp N headN
Rep Para
Reit Reit
Plc Peo
Lebanon Lebanon public Lebanon the refugees
La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Aj Prp N headN def art headN def art headN def art Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Qual Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Plc
its (Lebanon’s) refugee community Lebanon Lebanese
the refugees
the refugees the refugees Lebanon Lebanon
231
current situation for Palestinians in Lebanon
7-16
8-16
9-16
the refugees are excluded from public services as well as from most kinds of employment the refugees
Con Plc Con Con Con Plc Con Con
the bias in aid allocation the bias in aid allocation the bias in aid allocation
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
fields of operation the refugees
Lebanon the refugees
13-16
Lebanon differences in numbers in sentence 13
Lebanon these gaps
14-16
Lebanon different amounts of money in 14
Lebanon these gaps
15-16
different amounts of money in sentence 15 Lebanon specific amounts of money in sentence 15
232
Incl Reit Incl Reit
Reit Reit Incl
12-16
whole sentence 13 whole sentence 14 whole sentence 15
Gen Rep Gen Gr
Incl
the refugees
14-17 15-17
Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Plc Con
Rep Gr Gen
the refugees
13-17
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Spec Reit Spec Reit Spec Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit
Gen
refugees
Lebanon the refugees
12-17
Para Gr Rep-M Para Gr Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Rep Gr Exem Rep Gr Rep Gr
Prp N dm det headN
the refugees
the refugees
9-17 10-17 11-17
Pa La La Pa La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La La
Pa
the refugees
skewing of international aid to the occupied territories international aid None None aid UNRWA the aid bias aid to the refugees UNRWA UNRWA expenditures
Fact
La La Pa
the refugees
Lebanon refugees (in Lebanon)
8-17
Spec
these gaps
refugee
the refugees
11-16
7-17
Exem
Lebanon these gaps
Lebanon the refugees
None None none None None international political framework international factors
Cl
headN def art Prp N headN def art headN def art headN def art headN def art headN def art headN def art Prp N headN def art Prp N headN def art Prp N demde t NP Prp N headN demde t NP
Palestinians in Lebanon Lebanese the Palestinian community the external refugees
10-16
1-17 2-17 3-17 4-17 5-17 6-17
Pa
Pa La Pa La
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Con
aid allocation
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Con
aid allocation UNRWA the bias in aid allocation aid allocation UNRWA aid allocation
La La La La La La
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Sup
Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Org Con Con Org Con
bias in aid allocation bias in aid allocation bias in aid allocation
Pa Pa Pa
mod N Prp N headN mod N Prp N mod ofN NP NP NP
Gen Gen Gen
Incl Incl Incl
Con Con Con
16-17
these gaps
the bias in aid allocation
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
1-18
Oslo Lebanon Oslo Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese international political framework
Oslo Lebanon Oslo Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon The Peace Implementation Program established soon after Oslo has received donor pledges Lebanon The Peace Implementation Program established soon after Oslo has received donor pledges Oslo Gaza the West Bank The Peace Implementation Program established soon after Oslo has received donor pledges
La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Fact
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep-M Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Fact
La Ga Ga Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Part Part Exem
Reit Spec Spec Spec
Plc Plc Plc Fact
Jordan Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Jordan Syria donor pledges totaling $76 million […] for Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon combined The Peace Implementation Program established soon after Oslo has received donor pledges Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon Peace Implementation Program (PIP) whole sentence 18
La La Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Rep Exem Exem Exem Exem Exem Exem
Reit Reit Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Fact
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Con
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Lebanon
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
2-18 3-18
4-18 5-18 6-18
7-18
Lebanese international factors
8-18
Oslo the occupied territories the occupied territories the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories
9-18 10-18 11-18 12-18
None Jordan Lebanon fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation aid to the refugees
13-18
14-18
15-18 16-18 17-18
Aid bias in the comparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon special budget the bias in aid allocation
1-19
Lebanon
233
2-19 3-19
4-19 5-19 6-19
Lebanon Lebanon Gaza Gaza Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese The international political framework
7-19
Lebanese international factors
8-19
international aid international aid the occupied territories Gaza Gaza the skewing of international …refugees
9-19 10-19 11-19 12-19
None None Lebanon aid to the refugees aid to the refugees aid 2 aid 2 fields of operation fields of operation Lebanon 93 Gaza Gaza Lebanon Gaza Gaza Lebanon 1994 Lebanon UNRWA’s special budgets UNRWA’s special budgets
13-19 14-19
15-19
16-19 17-19
234
Lebanon Lebanon Gaza 1 Gaza 2 Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon The other two special budgets are the Extrodinary Measures for Lebanon and the Occupied Territories, where aid to Gaza in 1993-94 was seven times that of Lebanon …. Lebanon The other two special budgets are the Extrodinary Measures for Lebanon and the Occupied Territories, where aid to Gaza in 1993-94 was seven times that of Lebanon …. aid to Gaza 1 aid to Gaza 2 Gaza Gaza 1 Gaza 2 The other two special budgets are the Extrodinary Measures for lebanon and the Occupied Territories, where aid to Gaza in 1993-94 was seven times that of Lebanon ….
La La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Fact
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep-M Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Fact
La La Ga La La Pa
headN headN Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Part Rep Rep Exem
Spec Spec Spec Reit Reit Spec
Con Con Plc Plc Plc Fact
Lebanon aid to Gaza 1 aid to Gaza 2 aid to Gaza 1 aid to Gaza 2 Lebanon Gaza Lebanon 1993 Gaza 1 Gaza 2 Lebanon Gaza 1 Gaza 2 Lebanon 94 Lebanon the two other special budgets Expanded Program of Assistance (EPA)
La La La La La Pa Pa La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N headN headN headN headN Prp N Prp N Prp N Num Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Num Prp N Nom inNP Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Exem Exem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Con Con Con Con Plc Plc Plc Time Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Time Plc Con
Exem
Spec
Con
Pa
UNRWA’s special budgets
aid aid the bias in aid allocation 18-19
Peace Implementation Program (PIP) Lebanon Gaza Gaza
1-20
Lebanon Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon
2-20
Lebanon Lebanon Palestinians everywhere those in Lebanon
3-20
Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Palestinians
4-20
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese Lebanese Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese Lebanese Palestinians
5-20 6-20
the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon 7-20
Lebanese Lebanese the Palestinian community Lebanese factors
8-20
a continually deteriorating situation for the Palestinian community Gaza
Pa
Prp N
Exem
Spec
Con
La La Pa
headN headN Cl
Rep Rep Exem
Spec Spec Spec
Con Con Fact
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Lebanon Gaza 1 Gaza 2
La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc
Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Palestinian unemployment in Lebanon Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Palestinian unemployment in Lebanon Palestinian unemployment in Lebanon Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Gaza West Bank Palestinian unemployment in Lebanon Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Palestinian unemployment in Lebanon the high level of Palestinian unemployment in Lebanon Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Palestinian unemployment in Lebanon the high level of Palestinian unemployment in Lebanon the high level of Palestinian unemployment in Lebanon Gaza
La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Qual
La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Qual
La
Prp Aj
Full
Reit
Qual
La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Qual
La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Qual
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Fact
La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Qual
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Fact
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Fact
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
Extraordinary Measures for Lebanon and the Occupied Territories (EMLOT) aid to Gaza 1 aid to Gaza 2 aid to Gaza in 1993-94 was seven times that of Lebanon …. special budgets
235
the West Bank Gaza the Lebanon field has received $279,000 in 1993-94, compared with over 3 million for Gaza and over $1 million for the West Bank.
Ga Ga Pa
Prp N Prp N Cl
Part Part Exem
Spec Spec Spec
Plc Plc Fact
La La Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N NP Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Exem Exem Exem Exem Exem
Reit Reit Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec
Plc Plc Plc Con Plc Plc Fact
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Num Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Num Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Time Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Time Plc Plc Fact
Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon Gaza 1 Gaza 2 1993 94
Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Lebanon Lebanon field Gaza West Bank the Lebanon field received $279,000 in 1993-94, compared with over 3 million for Gaza and over $1 million for the West Bank Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Gaza West Bank 1993 Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Gaza West Bank Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Gaza 1994 Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 the Lebanon field received $279,000 in 1993-94, compared with over 3 million for Gaza and over $1 million for the West Bank Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Gaza West Bank Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Gaza Gaza 1993 94
La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Num Num
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Time Time
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon
La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
the occupied territories the occupied territories the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees 9-20 10-20 11-20 12-20
13-20
14-20
15-20
16-20 17-20
18-20
19-20
1-21 2-21 3-21
4 -21 5 -21
236
None None Lebanon Lebanon fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation aid bias in the comparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid
Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank 1993 Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon Gaza 1994 Lebanon Lebanon the bias in aid allocation
6 -21
Lebanon Lebanese the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon
7 -21
Lebanese regional and Lebanese factors
8-21
Gaza the occupied territories the occupied territories the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees
9-21 10-21 11-21 12-21
None None Lebanon aid bias in the comparative allocations
aid to the refugees
aid to the refugees
13-21
14-21
15-21 16-21
fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon West Bank Gaza Lebanon Gaza Lebanon public services public services public services public services
Lebanon Lebanon proportionally less spent on health, schools, and educational subsidies in Lebanon than on Gaza and the West Bank Lebanon proportionally less spent on health, schools, and educational subsidies in Lebanon than on Gaza and the West Bank Gaza Gaza the West Bank proportionally less spent on health, schools, and educational subsidies in Lebanon than on Gaza and the West Bank
La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Fact
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Fact
La Ga Ga Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Part Part Exem
Reit Spec Spec Spec
Plc Plc Plc Fact
Lebanon proportionally less spent on health, schools, and educational subsidies in Lebanon than on Gaza and the West Bank proportionally less spent on health, schools, and educational subsidies in Lebanon than on Gaza and the West Bank crucial services expenditures Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon West Bank Gaza Lebanon Gaza Lebanon services expenditures health schools educational subsidies
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Fact
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
Pa Pa Pa La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N mod N NP NP NP
Exem Exem Exem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Hyp Hyp Hyp
Spec Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Con Con Obj Con
237
17-21
bias in aid allocation
aid allocation 18-21
19-21
20-21
1-22
2-22
3-22 4-22 5-22
6-22
Lebanon Gaza West Bank whole of sentence 18 Lebanon Gaza 1 Gaza 2 whole of sentence 19 Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Gaza West Bank whole of sentence 20 refugee Lebanon Lebanon refugee Palestinians everywhere Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon refugee 1 refugees outside Palestine Lebanon Lebanese the current situation of Palestinians in Lebanon
international and regional political framework
7-22
Lebanese international, regional factors
8-22
the external refugees refugee the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees the refugees 1 refugees 2 the refugees Lebanon
9-22 10-22 11-22
238
proportionally less spent on health, schools, and educational subsidies in Lebanon than on Gaza and the West Bank crucial service expenditures Lebanon Gaza West Bank the same trend Lebanon Gaza Gaza the same trend Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank the same trend
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
La
headN
Hyp
Spec
Con
La La La Pa La La La Pa La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N NP Prp N Prp N Prp N NP Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Rep Rep Gen Rep Rep Rep Gen Rep Rep Rep Rep Gen
Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Plc Plc Plc Con Plc Plc Plc Con Plc Plc Plc Plc Con
fewer refugees (in Syria) Lebanon Lebanon fewer refugees
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Peo
La La La
Prp N Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Peo
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon fewer refugees fewer refugees
La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN headN
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Peo Peo
Lebanon Lebanon It is noteworthy that Syria has more UNRWA schools and more children in school than Lebanon. It is noteworthy that Syria has more UNRWA schools and more children in school than Lebanon. Lebanon It is noteworthy that Syria has more UNRWA schools and more children in school than Lebanon. fewer refugees fewer refugees It is noteworthy that Syria has more UNRWA schools and more children in school than Lebanon.
La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Fact
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep-M Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Fact
La La Pa
headN headN Cl
Rep Rep Exem
Spec Spec Spec
Peo Peo Fact
fewer refugees fewer refugees fewer refugees Lebanon
La La La La
headN headN headN Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep
Spec Spec Spec Reit
Peo Peo Peo Plc
12-22
13-22 14-22 15-22 16-22 17-22
18-22 19-22 20-22 21-22 1-23 2-23 3-23 4-23 5-23 6-23
7-23
8-23
9-23 10-23 11-23 12-23
UNRWA refugees UNRWA field of operations fields of operation Lebanon UNRWA Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon bias in aid allocation
UNRWA Lebanon Syria Lebanon Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Lebanon None None None None None international political framework international international factors international skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees None None None aid bias
13-23
whole sentence 13
14-23
1992 whole sentence 14
15-23
whole sentence 15
16-23 17-23
None bias in aid allocation
18-23
whole of 18
19-23
whole of 19
20-23
whole of 20
21-23
the same trend
UNRWA fewer refugees UNRWA Syria Lebanon Lebanon UNRWA Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon It is noteworthy that Syria has more UNRWA schools and more children in school than Lebanon. UNRWA Lebanon Syria Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon
the same international politics international the same international politics international pattern of distribution reflecting the same international politics
the same international politics the same international politics 1992 the same international politics the same international politics the same international politics the same international politics the same international politics the same international politics pattern of distribution reflecting the same international politics
La La La Pa Pa La La La La La Pa
Prp N headN Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Rep Exem Exem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Exem
Reit Spec Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Org Peo Org Plc Plc Plc Org Plc Plc Plc Fact
La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Org Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
La La La La
headN def art Aj NP
Rep-M Gr Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Qual Con
La Pa
Aj NP
Rep Para
Reit Reit
Qual Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
La Pa
Num NP
Rep Gen
Reit Incl
Time Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Con
239
22-23
1-24
2-24 3-24 4-24 5-24
6-24 7-24 8-24 9-24 10-24 11-24 12-24 13-24 14-24 15-24 16-24 17-24 18-24 19-24 20-24 21-24
22-24 23-24
1-25
2-25
3-25
4-25
240
proportionally less spent on health, schools, and educational subsidies in Lebanon than in Gaza and the West Bank whole of 22
the same international politics
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
the same international politics
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
refugee Palestinians in Lebanon refugee Palestinians everywhere Palestinians in Lebanon their (refugee Palestinians in 3) refugee 1 the refugees outside Palestine refugee 2 Palestinians in Lebanon the Palestinian community the external refugees refugee the refugees 1 refugees 2 the refugees refugees in Lebanon the refugees None None 1994 the refugees None None None None health schools education(al) subsidies refugees RWG the activities of the RWG
refugee human needs refugee human needs
La Pa
mod N mod N
Rep Whole
Reit Incl
Peo Peo
refugee human needs
La
mod N
Rep
Incl
Peo
refugee human needs
Pa
mod N
Whole
Incl
Peo
refugee human needs
La
mod N
Full
Incl
Peo
refugee human needs refugee human needs
La La
mod N mod N
Rep Rep
Reit Incl
Peo Peo
refugee human needs refugee human needs
La Pa
mod N mod N
Rep Whole
Incl Incl
Peo Peo
refugee human needs
Pa
mod N
Whole
Incl
Peo
refugee human needs refugee human needs refugee human needs refugee human needs refugee human needs refugee human needs refugee human needs
La La La La La La La
mod N mod N mod N mod N mod N mod N mod N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Incl Reit Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
1994 refugee human needs
La La
Num mod N
Rep Rep
Reit Incl
Time Peo
human needs human needs human needs refugee human needs RWG a hundred projects completed or underway
Ga Ga Ga La La Pa
NP NP NP mod N Prp N NP
Gen Gen Gen Rep Rep Exem
Incl Incl Incl Incl Reit Spec
Con Con Con Peo Org Con
Lebanon all refugees all refugees
La La Pa
Prp N headN NP
Rep Rep Whole
Reit Reit Incl
Plc Peo Peo
Lebanon all refugees
La La
Prp N headN
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Peo
Lebanon Gaza West Bank all refugees
La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Rep Rep Whole
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Plc Plc Plc Peo
Lebanon Lebanon
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
Lebanon refugee Palestinians in Lebanon Lebanon refugee Palestinians everywhere Lebanon Gaza West Bank Palestinians of Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon
5-25
6-25
7-25 8-25
9-25 10-25 11-25 12-25
13-25
14-25
15-25 16-25 17-25 18-25
19-25
20-25
21-25
22-25
23-25
Lebanon the refugees outside Palestine refugee its refugee community Lebanon Palestinians in Lebanon international factors Palestinian community Gaza the occupied territories the occupied territories the external refugees refugee the skewing of …refugees the refugees refugees Jordan the refugees Lebanon refugees in Lebanon fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation the refugees Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza Lebanon the refugees None Lebanon Gaza West Bank Jordan Syria Lebanon Gaza 1 Gaza 2 Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Syria fewer refugees distribution reflecting … a pattern of distribution reflecting the same international politics
Lebanon all refugees
La La
Prp N headN
Rep Rep
Reit Incl
Plc Peo
all refugees all refugees Lebanon all refugees
La La La Pa
headN headN Prp N NP
Rep Rep Rep Whole
Reit Incl Reit Incl
Peo Peo Plc Peo
whole sentence 25 all refugees Gaza Gaza the West Bank all refugees all refugees whole of 25
Pa Pa La Ga Ga La La Pa
Cl NP Prp N Prp N Prp N headN headN Cl
Exem Whole Rep Part Part Rep Rep Exem
Spec Incl Reit Spec Spec Incl Reit Spec
Fact Peo Plc Plc Plc Peo Peo Fact
all refugees all refugees Jordan all refugees Lebanon all refugees Lebanon Gaza West Bank Jordan Syria all refugees Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza Lebanon all refugees
La La La La La La Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa La La La La La La La La La La La
headN headN Prp N headN Prp N headN Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Exem Exem Exem Exem Exem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Plc Peo Plc Peo Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Peo Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Peo
Lebanon Gaza West Bank Jordan Syria Lebanon Gaza Gaza Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Syria all refugees the distribution of projects whole of 25
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN headN
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Peo Con
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
241
activities activities
24-25
activities a hundred projects a hundred projects a hundred projects a hundred projects a hundred projects a hundred projects refugee human needs
1-26 2-26 3-26
4-26 5-26 6-26
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese international frameworks
7-26
Lebanese international factors
8-26
Gaza occupied territories occupied territories the skewing of international aid toward the occupied territories and away from the external refugees
9-26 10-26 11-26 12-26
None Jordan Lebanon fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation fields of operation Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza
13-26
14-26
15-26
242
projects 1 thirty-six non-regionspecific projects 2 twenty-three projects 3 projects thirty-six non-regionspecific projects twenty-three projects sEvteen [ ] for Jordan nine[ ] for Syria eight [ ] for Lebanon all refugees emergency housing
La Pa
NP NP
Hyp Exem
Spec Spec
Con Con
Pa La La
NP NP headN
Exem Rep Rep
Spec Reit Spec
Con Con Con
La La La La La Ga
headN headN headN headN headN NP
Rep Del Del Del Rep Exem
Spec Spec Spec Spec Reit Spec
Con Con Con Con Peo Con
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon $80 million had been raised for RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank, as against $10 million for projects in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon Lebanon $80 million had been raised for RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank, as against $10 million for projects in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon Gaza Gaza West Bank $80 million had been raised for RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank, as against $10 million for projects in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon
La La La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Fact
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep-M Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Fact
La Ga Ga Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Exem Exem Exem
Reit Spec Spec Spec
Plc Plc Plc Fact
Jordan Lebanon Lebanon West Bank Gaza Jordan Syria Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon Gaza
La La Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Exem Exem Exem Exem Exem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
16-26 17-26 18-26
19-26
20-26
21-26
22-26 23-26
1994 Lebanon None Lebanon West Bank Gaza Jordan Syria Lebanon Gaza 1 Gaza 2 1994 Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Gaza West Bank Lebanon West Bank Gaza Lebanon Syria RWG RWG activities of the RWG activities of the RWG pattern of distribution reflecting the same international politics
24-26
RWG RWG projects projects
25-26
1994 Lebanon Gaza Syria West Bank Jordan projects projects twenty-three projects for Gaza and the West Bank sEvteen [ ] for Jordan nine [ ] Syria eight [ ] for Lebanon
1-27 2-27 3-27 4-27 5-27 6-27
None None None None None international frameworks
1994 Lebanon
La La
Num Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Time Plc
Lebanon West Bank Gaza Jordan Syria Lebanon Gaza Gaza 1994 Lebanon Lebanon Gaza West Bank Lebanon West Bank Gaza Lebanon Syria RWG 1 RWG 2 RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank projects in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon $80 million had been raised for RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank, as against $10 million for projects in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon RWG 1 RWG 2 RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank projects in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon 1994 Lebanon Gaza Syria West Bank Jordan RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank projects in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Num Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Hyp
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Time Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Org Org Con
La
headN
Hyp
Spec
Con
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
La La La
Prp N Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Spec
Org Org Con
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Con
La La La La La La La
Num Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Time Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Con
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Con
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Con
projects in Jordan projects in Syria projects in Lebanon
La La La
headN headN headN
Full Full Full
Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Con
constraints on the flow of aid
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
243
international frameworks 7-27
international factors international factors
8-27 9-27 10-27 11-27
12-27
13-27
None None None UNRWA UNRWA aid to refugees in Lebanon PLO aid decline aid to the refugees aid to the refugees aid to the refugees UNRWA aid bias in the comparative allocations among its fields of operation since Madrid aid bias aid bias UNRWA expenditures UNRWA Whole of 13
14-27
1992 whole of 14
15-27
whole of 15
16-27 17-27
None UNRWA aid aid whole of 18
18-27
19-27
aid to Gaza 1 aid to Gaza 2 aid to Gaza was seven times that of Lebanon aid to Gaza … greater
20-27
21-27
the Lebanon field received $279,000 in 1993-94, compared with over 3 million for Gaza and over $1 million for the West Bank whole of 21
22-27 23-27
UNRWA RWG
244
help from other sources has declined since 1992 constraints on the flow of aid help from other sources has declined since 1992
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Con
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Con
UNRWA UNRWA aid
La La
Prp N headN
Rep Rep
Reit Incl
Org Con
help from other sources declined UNRWA aid RWG aid help from other sources UNRWA constraints on the flow of UNRWA aid (implied to Lebanon)
La La La La La La Pa
headN V headN headN headN Prp N NP
Syn Rep Rep Rep Syn Rep Exem
Spec Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Spec
Con Act Con Con Con Org Con
UNRWA aid help from other sources UNRWA aid UNRWA constraints on the flow of UNRWA aid (implied to Lebanon) 1992 constraints on the flow of UNRWA aid (implied to Lebanon) constraints on the flow of UNRWA aid (implied to Lebanon)
La La La La Pa
headN headN headN Prp N NP
Rep Syn Sup Rep Gen
Spec Spec Reit Reit Incl
Con Con Con Org Con
La Pa
Num NP
Rep Gen
Reit Incl
Time Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
UNRWA UNRWA aid RWG aid constraints on the flow of UNRWA aid (implied to Lebanon) UNRWA aid UNRWA aid constraints on the flow of UNRWA aid (implied to Lebanon) constraints on the flow of UNRWA aid (implied to Lebanon) constraints on the flow of UNRWA aid (implied to Lebanon)
La La La Pa
Prp N headN headN NP
Rep Rep Rep Gen
Reit Spec Spec Incl
Org Con Con Con
La La Pa
headN headN NP
Rep Rep Gen
Incl Incl Incl
Con Con Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Org Org
constraints on the flow of UNRWA aid (implied to Lebanon) UNRWA RWG
24-27 25-27
1992 a pattern of distribution reflecting the same international politics emerges from the activities of the RWG RWG whole of 25
26-27
RWG 1 RWG 2 $80 million had been raised for RWG projects in Gaza and the West Bank, as against $10 million for projects in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon
1-28
Lebanon PLO Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese international framework
2-28 3-28 4-28 5–28 6–28
7–28
Lebanese international factors
8–28 9-28 10-28 11-28
None None None Lebanon PLO aid to refugees in Lebanon aid to the refugees
12-28
13-28 14-28 15-28 16-28 17-28 18-28 19-28 20-28 21-28 22-28 23-28 24-28 25-28 26-28 27-28
fields of operation Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon None Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Lebanon Lebanon None None None Lebanon other sources
1992 constraints on the flow of RWG aid (implied to Lebanon)
La Pa
Num NP
Rep Para
Reit Reit
Time Con
RWG constraints on the flow of RWG aid (implied to Lebanon) RWG RWG constraints on the flow of RWG aid (implied to Lebanon)
La Pa
Prp N NP
Rep Gen
Reit Incl
Org Con
La La Pa
Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Rep Gen
Reit Reit Incl
Org Org Con
Lebanon PLO Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon The PLO drastically cut its expenditures in Lebanon in the wake of the Gulf War. Lebanon The PLO drastically cut its expenditures in Lebanon in the wake of the Gulf War.
La La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Org Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Fact
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep-M Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Fact
Lebanon PLO expenditures in Lebanon expenditures in Lebanon (PLO) Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon
La La La
Prp N Prp N headN
Rep Rep Hyp
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Org Con
La
headN
Hyp
Spec
Con
Pa La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Exem Rep Rep Rep Rep
Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon
La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
Lebanon PLO
La Pa
Prp N Prp N
Rep Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Org
245
1-29 2-29 3-29 4-29 5-29 6-29
help from other sources
(PLO) expenditures in Lebanon
La
headN
Hyp
Spec
Con
Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese Lebanon Lebanon Lebanese international and regional political frameworks
Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese UNICEF used to fund public health and educational projects in the camps, but …. Lebanese UNICEF used to fund public health and educational projects in the camps, but …. Lebanese official pressures
La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Cl
Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Fact
La Pa
Prp Aj Cl
Rep Exem
Reit Spec
Qual Fact
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
Lebanese
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Reit
Qual
Lebanese 1992 Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese
La La La La La
Prp Aj Num Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Time Qual Qual Qual
Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese 1992
La La La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Num
Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Time
Lebanese UNICEF UNICEF used to fund public health and educational projects in the camps 1992 Lebanese
La Pa Pa
Prp Aj Prp N Cl
Rep-M Exem Exem
Reit Spec Spec
Qual Org Fact
La La
Num Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit
Time Qual
International support from nongovernmental organizations to local NGOs began to fall of in 1992.
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
7-29
Lebanese International, regional, and Lebanese factors
8-29 9-29 10-29 11-29 12-29 13-29
None None None Lebanon None Lebanon 1992 Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon None Lebanon Lebanon Lebanon 1 Lebanon 2 Lebanon Lebanon 1992 None None Lebanon other sources help from other sources
Lebanese factors
14-29 15-29 16-29 17-29 18-29 19-29 20-29 21-29 22-29 23-29 24-29 25-29 26-29 27-29
28-29 1-30 2-30 3-30 4-30 5-30 6-30
246
1992 Lebanon None None None None None International and regional frameworks
7-30
international factors
8-30 9-30 10-30 11-30 12-30
None None None None aid to the refugees
13-30 14-30 15-30 16-30 17-30 18-30 19-30 20-30 21-30 22-30 23-30 24-30 25-30 26-30 27-30
1992 None None None None None None None None None 1992 None None None help from other sources other sources
28-30 29-30
1992 None 1992
International support from nongovernmental organizations to local NGOs began to fall of in 1992.
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
international support from non-governmental organizations 1992
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Con
La
Num
Rep
Reit
Time
1992
La
Num
Rep
Reit
Time
international support from NGOs non-governmental organizations 1992
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Con
1992
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
La
Num
Rep
Reit
Time
La
Num
Rep
Reit
Time
247
Text 2: Rethinking the Palestine Question: the Apartheid Paradigm (by MarkMarshall), Jounal of Palestine Studies, Vol. XXV, Number 1, Autumn 1995. Sent. No.
Antecedent
1–2
United States the occupied territories paradigm 1 an apartheid paradigm 2
1–3
Reference item
Source
Gram. Cat.
Surfac e marker
Co-ref. Rel.
Entity Type
U.S. paradigm
La La
Prp N mod N
Rep Rep
Reit Incl
Plc Con
paradigm
La
mod N
Rep
Incl
Con
1
Arab Arab Palestine Palestine Palestine apartheid None
Arab Arab 2 Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Palestinian 3 apartheid
La La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj NP
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Con
Palestine occupied territories United States antiracist intellectuals especially in the United States occupied territories paradigm
Palestine the occupied territories American American elite
La La La La
Prp N NP Prp Aj headN
Rep Rep Rep-M Sup
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Plc Plc Qual Peo
Palestine is perceived as “Israel and the occupied territories” American Israel Palestine Palestine Palestine
Pa
S
Para
Reit
Fact
La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Plc Plc Plc Plc
United States U.S. None Palestine is perceived by the American elite as “Israel and the occupied territories.” American elite American elite American
U.S. U.S.
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
this perception
La Pa
dm det headN
Gr Para
Reit Reit
Con Con
academics mainstream journalists U.S.
La La La
NP NP Prp N
Hyp Hyp Rep-M
Spec Spec Reit
Peo Peo Plc
1–6
United States Jewish occupied territories paradigm
La La Pa
Prp Aj Prp Aj S
Rep-M Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Fact
2–6
La La
Prp Aj Prp N
Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit
Qual Plc
5–6
U.S. Israel None American Israel U.S.
American Jewish the Jewish sector of the population is a territorial extension of the industrialized West, or Europe American Israel American Israel American
La La La
Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Plc Qual
1–7
apartheid
apartheid
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Con
2–3 1–4
2–4 3–4
1–5 2–5 3–5 4–5
3–6 4–6
248
U.S. Israel Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Palestinian 3
4–7 5–7 6–7
Palestine None Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Palestinian 3 South African apartheid Palestine None None
1-8
apartheid
2–7 3–7
United States antiracist intellectuals apartheid paradigm
2–8 3–8 4–8 5–8 6–8 7–8
1-9
U.S. South African South African American the American elite U.S. American South African South African the South African context under apartheid
the occupied territories the occupied territories United States Arab Arab Jewish Jewish Palestine occupied territories paradigm
apartheid paradigm
2–9 3–9
U.S. Israel Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Palestinian 3
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Reit
Qual
Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian South African apartheid Palestinian
La La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj NP Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Qual Con Qual
the White sector enjoyed constitutional supremacy over the rest U.S. the U.S. elite South Africa was correctly seen as a unitary state where the White sector of the population enjoyed constitutional supremacy over the rest U.S. South Africa 1 South Africa 2 U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. U.S. South Africa 1 South Africa 2 a unitary state where the White sector of the population enjoyed constitutional supremacy over the rest
La
S
Para
Reit
Con
La La Pa
Prp N headN S
Rep Sup Para
Reit Incl Reit
Plc Peo Fact
La La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Peo Plc Plc Plc Plc Fact
Pa La La La La La La La Pa
NP NP Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N S
Para Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Fact
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Fact
La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
neighboring states the occupied territories U.S. Arabs 1 Arabs 2 Jews 1 Jews 2 Palestine Jews are seen as “Israel,” a territorial entity, and Arabs are seen as a separate territorial entity or entities: either as neighboring states or “the occupied territories” (Palestine) a country inhabited by Jews and Arabs U.S. Israel Palestine Palestine Palestine
249
4–9
5–9
6–9
7–9 8–9
Arab 1 Arab 1 Arab 2 Arab 2 Palestine Palestine is perceived by the American elite as “Israel and the occupied territories.”
American the American elite Israel the occupied territories this perception
U.S. American Jewish Jewish Israel territorial Palestinian U.S. territorial terms
the American elite 1–10
2–10 3–10
4–10
250
the occupied territories paradigm territories antiracist intellectuals, especially in the United States United States Arab Jewish U.S. Arab 1 Arab 2 territorial territorial the American elite American
Arabs 1 Arabs 2 Arabs 1 Arabs 2 Palestine Jews are seen as “Israel,” a territorial entity, and Arabs are seen as a separate territorial entity or entities: either as neighboring states or “the occupied territories U.S. the U.S. elite Israel the occupied territories Jews are seen as “Israel,” a territorial entity, and Arabs are seen as a separate territorial entity or entities: either as neighboring states or “the occupied territories U.S. U.S. Jews 1 Jews 2 Israel territorial 1 Palestine U.S. Jews are seen as “Israel,” a territorial entity, and Arabs are seen as a separate territorial entity or entities: either as neighboring states or “the occupied territories the U.S. elite
La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N S
Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Fact
La La La La Pa
Prp N headN Prp N NP S
Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Plc Plc Fact
La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Aj Prp N Prp N S
Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Peo Peo Plc Qual Plc Plc Fact
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Peo
Jews and Arabs are perceived in territorial terms territorial the U.S. elite
Pa
Cl
Para
Spec
Fact
La La
Adj headN
Rep-M Sup
Reit Incl
Qual Peo
U.S. Arabs Jews U.S. Arabs Arabs territorial 1 territorial 2 the U.S. elite U.S.
La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Aj Aj headN Prp N
Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Qual Qual Peo Plc
5–10
6–10
7–10 8-10 9–10
1–11
Palestine is perceived by the American elite as “Israel and the occupied territories.” territories territories perceived this perception
perception U.S. American the Jewish sector of the population None U.S. the U.S. elite Jews 1 Jews 2 Arabs 1 Arabs 2 Jews are seen as “Israel,” a territorial entity, and Arabs are seen as a separate territorial entity or entities: either as neighboring states or “the occupied territories territorial 1 territorial 2 terriories territorial 1 territorial 2 terriories seen U.S. the U.S. elite the occupied territories
Jews and Arabs are perceived in territorial terms
Pa
Cl
Para
Reit
Fact
territorial 1 territorial 2 perceived Jews and Arabs are perceived in territorial terms perceived U.S. U.S. Jews
La La La Pa
Aj Aj V Cl
Rep-M Rep-M Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Act Fact
La La La La
V Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Rep Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Act Plc Plc Peo
U.S. the U.S. elite Jews Jews Arabs Arabs Jews and Arabs are perceived in territorial terms
La La La La La La Pa
Prp N headN Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N S
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact
territorial 1 territorial 1 territorial 1 territorial 2 territorial 2 territorial 2 perceived U.S. the U.S. elite
La La La La La La La La La
Aj Aj Aj Aj Aj Aj V Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Syn Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Act Plc Peo
the occupied territories
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Plc
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Plc
the U.S. elite
La
headN
Sup
Incl
Peo
U.S. U.S.
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
the occupied territories
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Plc
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Plc
U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. the U.S. elite
La La La La
Prp N headN Prp N headN
Rep-M Rep Rep Sup
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Plc Peo Plc Peo
U.S.
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
U.S. the U.S. elite the occupied territories
La La La
Prp N headN NP
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Plc
1
the occupied territories
the occupied territories 2
2–11 3–11 4–11
antiracist intellectuals, especially in the United States United States U.S. None the occupied territories
1
the occupied territories
the occupied territories 2
5-11
6–11 7–11 8–11 9–11
American the American elite U.S. academics and mainstream journalists American None U.S. the U.S. elite the occupied territories
1
251
the occupied territories
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Plc
U.S. the U.S. elite this
La La La
Prp N headN dem pn
Rep Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Fact
the occupied territories
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Plc
the occupied territories 2
10–11
U.S. the U.S. elite the territorial boundaries are left undefined in the collective mind of the U.S. elite the occupied territories
1
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Plc
U.S. the U.S. elite territorial 1 territorial 1 territorial 2 territorial 2 the territorial boundaries
U.S. the U.S. elite territories 1 territories 2 territories 1 territories 2 the precise boundaries of the occupied territories
La La La La La La La
Prp N headN headN headN headN headN headN
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Plc Plc Plc Plc Con
United States the occupied territories
U.S. Gaza Strip
La Ga
Prp N Prp N
Rep Part
Reit Spec
Plc Plc
West Bank
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
U.S. territorial American U.S. American None U.S. U.S. U.S. territorial U.S.
U.S. territory U.S. U.S. U.S.
La La La La La
Prp N headN Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
U.S. U.S. U.S. territory U.S.
La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N headN Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Obj Plc
the occupied territories the occupied territories None territorial None None None None None None territorial 1 territorial 2 withdrawn retroactively the precise boundaries of the occupied territories can only be defined retroactively withdrawal
WB G
Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N
Part Part
Spec Spec
Plc Plc
territory
La
headN
Rep-M
Reit
Obj
territory territory withdraw retroactively those parts will retroactively be considered to have been occupied territory withdraw
La La La La La
headN headN V Adv S
Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Para
Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit
Obj Obj Act Qual Fact
La
V
Rep-M
Reit
Act
the occupied territories
the occupied territories 2
1–12
1
the occupied territories 1
2–12 3–12 4-12 5–12 6–12 7–12 8–12 9–12 10–12 11–12 1-13 2–13 3–13 4–13 5–13 6–13 7–13 8–13 9–13 10–13 11–13
12–13
252
part of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBG) should probably be considered occupied territory, but exactly what part that is can only be determined in negotiations part 1 part 1 part 2 part 2 WBG 1–14 2–14 3–14 4–14 5–14 6–14 7–14 8–14 9–14 10–14 11–14 12–14
None None None None None None None None None None None part of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBG) should probably be considered occupied territory, but exactly what part that is can only be determined in negotiations the official U.S interpretation negotiations
this
La
dem pn
Gr
Reit
Fact
what parts 1 those parts 2 what parts 1 those parts 2 WBG
La La La La La
headN headN headN headN Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Incl Incl Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Con Con Plc
this interpretation
La Pa
dm det headN
Gr Para
Reit Reit
Con Con
this interpretation
La La La
headN dm det headN
Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Spec
Con Con Con
13–14
Israel
negotiations between Israel and the PLO Israel
1–15 2–15 3-15
United States U.S. Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Palestinian 3 territorial American the American elite U.S. American Palestinian the Palestinian context U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. the U.S. elite territorial 1 territorial 2 U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. occupied territory part, but not all, of the
U.S. U.S. Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian territory U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. U.S. Palestinian the Palestinian context U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. the U.S. elite territory territory U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. occupied territory this particular
4–15 5–15 6–15 7–15 8–15 9–15 10–15
11–15 12–15
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Org
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj headN Prp N headN Prp N Prp N Prp Aj NP Prp N headN Prp N headN Prp N headN headN headN Prp N headN Prp N NP dm det
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Qual Qual Qual Obj Plc Peo Plc Plc Qual Con Plc Peo Plc Peo Plc Peo Obj Obj Plc Peo Plc Obj Con
253
WBG should probably be considered occupied territory, but exactly what part that is can only be determined in negotiations the official U.S. interpretation 13–15 14–15
occupied territory this interpretation
1–16 2–16 3–16 4–16 5–16 6–16
United States U.S. None American U.S. American Europe None U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. None None why the U.S. adheres to this particular conception of “occupied territory” in the Palestinian context U.S.
7-16 8–16 9–16 10–16 11–16 12–16 13–16 14–16 15–16
1–17 2–17 3–17 4–17 5–17 6–17 7-17 8–17
9-17 10–17 11–17 12–17 13–17 14–17 15–17 16–17
254
None None None None None Europe None the White population (in S.A.) the White population the White sector of the population None None None None None None None the frontier the advancing European colonial society the advancing European colonial society
conception of “occupied territory”
Pa
Nom
Para
Reit
Con
this particular conception of “occupied territory” occupied territory this particular conception of “occupied territory”
La La
dm det headN
Gr Syn
Reit Reit
Con Con
La La La
NP dm det headN
Rep Gr Syn
Reit Reit Reit
Obj Con Con
American American
La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit
Qual Qual
American American American European
La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Qual
American American American American American
La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual
it
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Fact
American
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Reit
Qual
European
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Reit
Qual
White societies
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Con
White societies White societies
La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Qual Qual
the frontier European societies
La La
headN headN
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Con Con
European societies
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
1–18 2–18 3–18 4–18 5–18 6–18 7–18 8–18 9–18 10–18
11–18
A contested zone between the advancing European colonial society and the retreating indigenous population
the frontier
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Con
United States the occupied territories U.S. territorial American the occupied territories U.S. American None U.S. the occupied territories U.S. U.S. the territorial boundaries Israel Israel U.S. the precise boundaries of the occupied territories the precise boundaries of the occupied territories the occupied territories
U.S. the occupied territories U.S. territories U.S. the occupied territories U.S. U.S.
La La La La La La La La
Prp N NP Prp N headN Prp N NP Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
U.S. the occupied territories U.S. U.S. the precise extent of the occupied territories Israel it U.S. the precise extent of the occupied territories
La La La La La
Prp N NP Prp N Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Con
La La La La
Prp N pers pn Prp N headN
Rep Ind Gr Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Org Org Plc Con
the precise extent of the occupied territories
La
Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
the occupied territories
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Plc
1
the occupied territories
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Plc
the precise extent of the occupied territories can be determined only after Israel has decided what part, if any, of WBG it does not want U.S. part part the occupied territories WBG Israel it part part WBG Israel it U.S. U.S. frontier
La
S
Para
Reit
Fact
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N headN headN NP Prp N Prp N pers pn headN headN Prp N Prp N pers pn Prp N Prp N mod N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Ind Gr Rep Rep Rep Rep Ind Gr Rep Rep-M Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Con Con Plc Plc Org Org Con Con Plc Org Org Plc Plc Con
17–18
the precise boundaries of “the occupied territories” can only be defined retroactively, after the “occupation” has ended. U.S. part 1 part 2 occupied territory WBG Israel Israel parts 1 parts 2 WBG Israel Israel U.S. American A contested zone between the advancing European colonial society and the retreating indigenous population the frontier the frontier
frontier mentality frontier mentality
La La
mod N mod N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Con Con
1–19
United States
American 1
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Reit
Qual
the occupied territories 2
12–18
13–18
14–18 15–18 16–18
255
2–19 3–19
4–19 5–19 6–19 7-19 8–19 9–19 10–19 11–19 12–19 13–19 14–19 15–19
16–19
17–19
18–19
1-20 2–20 3-20 4–20 5–20 6–20
256
United States U.S. U.S. Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Palestinian 3 American American U.S. U.S. American American Palestinian the Palestinian context U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. None None U.S. U.S. Palestinian the Palestinian context American American history the advancing European colonial society indigenous population the assumption that European (or “White”) societies had the natural right to take what they wanted from the nonEuropean societies with which they came into contact European societies they they non-European societies U.S. U.S. Jewish Palestine Israel None Israel Palestine None Israel Jewish sector
American 2 American 1 American 2 Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian American 1 American 2 American 1 American 2 American 1 American 2 Palestinian the Palestinian context American 1 American 2 American 1 American 2 American 1 American 2 American 1 American 2 American 1 American 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj headN Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Con Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual
American 1 American 2 Palestinian the Palestinian context American 1 American 2 historical Europeans
La La La La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj headN Prp Aj Prp Aj Aj Prp N
Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Qual Qual Qual Con Qual Qual Qual Peo
non-Europeans this basic American historical assumption about relations between Europeans and nonEuropeans
Pa La La
Prp N headN dm det
Gen Rep Gr
Incl Reit Reit
Peo Con Con
Europeans Europeans Europeans non-Europeans American 1 American 2
La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep-M Full Full Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual Qual
Jewish Palestine Israel
La La La
Prp Aj Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Plc Plc
Israel Palestine
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
Israel Jewish population
La La
Prp N headN
Rep Syn
Reit Reit
Plc Peo
7–20
8-20 9–20
10–20
11–20 12-20 13–20 14–20 15–20 16–20 17–20 18–20 19–20 1–21 2–21 3–21 4–21
5–21 6-21 7–21 8–21 9–21
10–21 11–21 12–21 13–21
The Jewish sector of the population (“Israel”) is a territorial extension of the industrialized West Jewish Jewishness Palestinian Jewishness is the form taken by Westernness in the Palestinian context Westernness it None Israel Palestine it territorial 1 Jews Jews are perceived in territorial terms in territorial terms None None None None Palestinian None None None Palestinian United States Palestine U.S. Israel None American Israel Palestine U.S. academics American Israel Palestinian U.S. U.S. Israel Palestine it U.S. U.S. Israel U.S. occupied territory Israel occupied territory those parts will retroactively be considered to have been occupied territory
The Jewish population is seen in territorial terms as “Israel,” a Western country
La
S
Para
Reit
Fact
Jewish Jewishness Palestine Jewishness is the criterion for Westernness in Palestine Westernness Westernness
La La La La
Prp Aj Prp N Prp N S
Rep Rep Rep-M Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Con Plc Fact
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Full
Reit Reit
Con Con
Israel Palestine Palestine territorial the Jewish population The Jewish population is seen in territorial terms in territorial terms
La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Aj Prp Aj V
Rep Rep Full Rep Rep-M Syn
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Qual Qual Act
La
PP
Rep
Reit
Qual
Palestine
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Plc
Palestine
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Plc
United States Palestine United States Israeli
La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Qual
United States Israeli Palestine United States articulate opinion United States Israeli Palestine United States United States Israeli Palestine Palestine United States United States Israeli United States occupied territory Israeli occupied territory articulate opinion in the United States defines “occupied territory” in Palestine as areas that the Israeli government does not want
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N NP Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N NP Prp Aj NP S
Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Sup Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Full Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Qual Plc Plc Peo Plc Qual Plc Plc Plc Qual Plc Plc Plc Plc Qual Plc Plc Qual Plc Fact
257
parts of WBG it is prepared to withdraw (from) those parts
14–21
Israel this interpretation
15–21
U.S. occupied territory Palestinian this particular conception of occupied territory in the Palestinian context
16–21 17–21 18–21
American None U.S. Israel it what part it does not want
19–21
20–21
1–22 2–22 3–22 4–22 5–22 6–22 7–22 8–22 9–22 10–22 11–22 12–22
13–22
258
the U.S. assumption that the precise extent of the occupied territories can be determined only after Israel has decided what part, if any, of WBG it does not want American 1 American 2 Palestinian Israel Palestine United States U.S. Israel None American Israel U.S. American Israel None U.S. U.S. Israel U.S. U.S. Israel U.S. part of the West Bank and Gaza Strip Israel
areas that the Israeli government does not want areas that the Israeli government does not want Israeli articulate opinion in the United States defines “occupied territory” in Palestine as areas that the Israeli government does not want United States occupied territory Palestine articulate opinion in the United States defines “occupied territory” in Palestine as areas that the Israeli government does not want United States
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Plc
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Plc
La Pa
Prp Aj S
Rep-M Para
Reit Reit
Qual Fact
La La La La
Prp N NP Prp N S
Rep Rep Rep-M Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Fact
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Plc
United States Israeli Israeli areas that the Israeli government does not want articulate opinion in the United States defines “occupied territory” in Palestine as areas that the Israeli government does not want
La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj headN
Rep Rep-M Full Syn
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Qual Qual Plc
La
S
Para
Reit
Fact
United States United States Palestine Israeli Palestine
La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N
Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Qual Plc
United States United States Israeli
La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Qual
United States Israeli United States United States Israeli
La La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Qual Plc Plc Qual
United States United States Israeli United States United States Israeli United States East Jerusalem
La La La La La La La Ga
Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Qual Plc Plc Qual Plc Plc
Israeli
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Reit
Qual
14–22 15–22 16–22 17-22 18–22
19–22 20–22 21–22
1–23
2–23 3–23 4–23 5–23 6–23
7–23 8–23 9–23
10–23
11–23 12–23 13–23 14–23 15–23 16–23 17–23 18–23 19–23 20–23
21–23 22–23
1–24 2–24
Israel U.S. American None U.S. Israel it American Israel United States Israeli the Israeli government United States Arab Jewish Antiracist intellectuals especially in the United States U.S. Arab 1 Arab 2 American the American elite U.S. American Jewish territorial the industrialized West None U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. the U.S. elite Arabs 1 Arabs 2 U.S. the U.S. elite Arabs U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. None None U.S. the U.S. elite American None U.S. American 1 American 2 Jewishness Jewish Western United States United States East Jerusalem None Israel
Israeli United States United States
La La La
Prp Aj Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Plc Plc
United States Israeli Israeli United States Israeli United States Israeli the Israeli government
La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj headN
Rep Rep-M Full Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Qual Qual Plc Qual Plc Qual Org
U.S. Arab Jewish the U.S. elite
La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj headN
Rep Rep Rep Sup
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Plc Qual Qual Peo
U.S. Arab Arab U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. U.S. Jewish territorial the West
La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N headN Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Aj Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Qual Qual Plc Peo Plc Plc Qual Qual Plc
U.S. the U.S. elite U.S. the U.S. elite Arab Arab U.S. the U.S. elite Arab U.S. the U.S. elite U.S.
La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N headN Prp N headN Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N headN Prp Aj Prp N headN Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Plc Peo Qual Qual Plc Peo Qual Plc Peo Plc
U.S. the U.S. elite U.S.
La La La
Prp N headN Prp N
Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Plc
U.S. U.S. U.S. Jewish character Jewish of the West U.S. U.S. Jerusalem
La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N NP Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep-M Rep-M Para Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Plc Plc Plc Con Qual Plc Plc Plc Plc
Israel
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
259
unconditional U.S. support of Israel
3–24 4–24 5–24
None Israel policies of the U.S. government
6–24 7–24 8–24 9–24 10–24 11–24 12–24 13–24 14–24 15–24 16–24 17–24 18–24 19–24 20–24 21–24 22–24
Israel None None Israel None None None None None None None None None None Israel Israeli Israeli It is assumed in the United States – no doubt correctly – that the Israeli government most definitely does want East Jerusalem. Jerusalem Jerusalem to close ranks
23–24
Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem 1–25 2–25 3–25 4–25
260
Palestine the occupied territories None None American Palestine
Clinton’s statement in 24: “I recognize Jerusalem as an undivided city, the eternal capital of Israel, and I believe in the principle of moving our embassy to Jerusalem.”
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Israel President Clinton’s statement in 24: “I recognize Jerusalem as an undivided city, the eternal capital of Israel, and I believe in the principle of moving our embassy to Jerusalem.” Israel
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Fact
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
Israel
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
Israel Israel Israel this perspective
La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N dm det headN
Rep Rep-M Rep-M Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Con Con
Jerusalem 1 Jerusalem 2 President Clinton’s statement in 24: “I recognize Jerusalem as an undivided city, the eternal capital of Israel, and I believe in the principle of moving our embassy to Jerusalem.” an undivided city the eternal capital of Israel Jerusalem 1 Jerusalem 2
La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep Rep Exem
Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Fact
Ga Ga
NP NP
Para Para
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
WBG WBG
Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N
Part Part
Spec Spec
Plc Plc
United States WBG
La Ga
Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Part
Reit Spec
Plc Plc
5–25 6–25 7–25 8–25 9–25 10–25 11–25
WBG
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
United States
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Plc
WBG WBG
Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N
Part Part
Spec Spec
Plc Plc
WBG
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
WBG
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
withdrawal clause 242 WBG occupied territory WBG Resolution 242 occupied territory WBG WBG
La La La La Ga La La La Ga
NP Num Prp N NP Prp N Prp N NP Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Part Rep Rep Rep Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Spec
Con Con Plc Plc Plc Con Plc Plc Plc
WBG occupied territory United States
Ga La La
Prp N NP Prp N
Part Rep Rep-M
Spec Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc
WBG WBG United States United States
Ga La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Part Rep Rep-M Rep-M
Spec Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc
WBG WBG occupied territory
Ga Ga La
Prp N Prp N NP
Part Part Rep
Spec Spec Reit
Plc Plc Plc
Arab Arab the occupied territories
Arab 1 Arab 2 those lands
the occupied territories the occupied territories Israel Arab Arab American Israel the occupied territories
the West Bank parts of the West Bank Israeli Arab 1 Arab 2 United States Israeli those lands
the occupied territories the occupied territories None American Israel None None Arabs 1 Arabs 1 Arabs 2 Arabs 2 Israel
the West Bank parts of the West Bank
La La La La Ga Ga La La La La La La La Ga Ga
Prp Aj Prp Aj headN dm det Prp N NP Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj headN dm det Prp N NP
Rep Rep Syn Gr Part Part Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Syn Gr Part Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec
Qual Qual Plc Plc Plc Plc Qual Qual Qual Plc Qual Plc Plc Plc Plc
United States Israeli
La La
Prp N Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit
Plc Qual
Arab 1 Arab 2 Arab 1 Arab 2 Israeli
La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual
the occupied territories None American None None Palestine it None the occupied territories 1
the occupied territories 2
12–25
13–25
14-25 15–25 16–25 17–25 18–25 19–25 20–25 21–25
22–25 23–25 24–25 1–26
2–26 3–26 4–26
5-26 6–26 7–26 8–26 9–26
withdrawal clause 242 WBG occupied territory occupied territory Resolution 242 occupied territory WBG occupied territory None occupied territory occupied territory American None the occupied territories WBG American American None Palestine occupied territory occupied territory None None None
261
the occupied territories the occupied territories the occupied territories
10–26 11–26
Ga Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N NP
Part Part Part
Spec Spec Spec
Plc Plc Plc
the West Bank
La La La La La La La La La Ga
headN dm det pers pn Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj headN dm det Prp N
Syn Gr Ind Gr Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Syn Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc Qual Qual Org Qual Plc Plc Plc
parts of the West Bank
Ga
NP
Part
Spec
Plc
those lands the West Bank
La La Ga
headN dm det Prp N
Syn Gr Part
Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Plc
parts of the West Bank
Ga
NP
Part
Spec
Plc
La Ga La La Ga Ga La La La Ga Ga La La Ga Ga La Ga Ga La La
NP Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N NP headN dm det Prp N Prp N NP headN dm det Prp N Prp N Prp N NP Prp N headN dm det
Rep Part Rep Rep Part Part Syn Gr Rep Part Part Syn Gr Part Para Rep Part Part Syn Gr
Reit Spec Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit
Con Plc Con Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Org Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Org Plc Plc Plc Plc
Ga La La Ga La La La Ga La
NP headN dm det Prp N Prp N NP Prp N Prp N Prp N
Part Syn Gr Part Rep Full Full Part Rep
Spec Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Org Org Org Plc Plc
La La La La Ga Ga La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj headN pos det NP Prp N headN dm det Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep Rep Ind Gr Part Part Syn Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit
Qual Plc Org Org Plc Plc Plc Plc Qual
the occupied territories
East Jerusalem the West Bank other parts of the West Bank those lands
the occupied territories Arabs Arabs Israel Israel the occupied territories
them Arab 1 Arab 2 Israel Israeli those lands
1
the occupied territories 1
the occupied territories 1
the occupied territories 2
the occupied territories 2
the occupied territories 2
12–26
withdrawal clause the West Bank Resolution 242 the West Bank occupied territory occupied territory occupied territory
withdrawal clause East Jerusalem Resolution 242 the West Bank the West Bank parts of the West Bank those lands
13–26
Israel occupied territory occupied territory occupied territory
Israel the West Bank parts of the West Bank those lands
WB WB Israel occupied territory occupied territory occupied territory
East Jerusalem West Bank Israel parts of the West Bank the West Bank those lands
None None the occupied territories the occupied territories
parts of the West Bank those lands
14–26 15–26
16–26 17–26 18–26
19–26 20–26 21–26
22–26
262
the occupied territories Israel it it WB WB None Israel Israeli the Israeli government the Israeli government occupied territory occupied territory occupied territory
the West Bank Israel Israeli government Israel East Jerusalem West Bank
Israeli
Israeli
Israeli Israeli the Israeli government its parts of the West Bank the West Bank those lands
23–26
24–26
25–26
1 – 27 2 – 27 3 – 27 4 – 27 5 – 27 6 – 27 7 – 27 8 – 27 9 – 27 10–27 11–27 12–27 13–27 14–27 15–27 16–27 17–27 18–27 19–27 20–27 21–27 22–27 23–27 24-27
25–27 26–27
the Israeli government the Israeli government East Jerusalem Arab Arab Jerusalem Jerusalem 1 Jerusalem 2 Israel United States the assumption that Resolution 242 defines WBG as “occupied territory” the assumption that Resolution 242 defines WBG as “occupied territory” withdrawal clause Resolution 242 West Bank WBG
the Israeli government its East Jerusalem Arab 1 Arab 2 East Jerusalem East Jerusalem East Jerusalem Israeli United States such an assumption
La La La La La La La La La La La
headN pos det Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N headN
Rep Ind Gr Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit
Org Org Plc Qual Qual Plc Plc Plc Qual Org Con
it
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Reit
Con
withdrawal clause Resolution 242 WB those lands
occupied territory occupied territory occupied territory
parts of the West Bank the West Bank those lands
La La La Pa La Ga Ga La La
NP Prp N Prp N headN dm det NP Prp N headN dm det
Rep Rep Rep Para Gr Part Part Syn Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit
Con Con Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
Israel
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
Israel
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
Israel
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
Israel
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
PLO its
La La
Prp N pos det
Rep Ind Gr
Reit Reit
Org Org
Israel Israel Israel Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel Jerusalem Jerusalem
La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Incl Incl Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
Israel this scheme
La Pa La
Prp N headN dm det
Rep-M Para Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Con Con
None Israel None Israel None Israel None None Israel None None None None PLO PLO None None None None None Israel Israeli Israeli East Jerusalem East Jerusalem Israel Jerusalem 1 Jerusalem 2 None Israeli unilateral creation of an Arab state that will exclude East Jerusalem and probably other parts of the West Bank as well
263
1–28 2- 28 3–28
4–28 5–28 6–28 7-28 8–28 9–28 10–28 11–28
East Jerusalem
Jerusalem
La
Prp N
Rep
Incl
Plc
occupied territories None Palestinian 1 intellectuals Palestinian 1 intellectuals the occupied territories None None None None the occupied territories None Israel withdrawn the occupied territories
WBG
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep
Incl
Peo
their
La
pos det
Ind Gr
Reit
Peo
WBG
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
WBG
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
Israel withdrawing WBG
La La Ga
Prp N V Prp N
Rep Rep-M Part
Reit Reit Spec
Org Act Plc
WBG
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
withdrawing WBG WBG Israel WBG withdrawing WBG Israel Palestinians their WBG
La La Ga La La La Ga La La La Ga
V Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N V Prp N Prp N Prp N pos det Prp N
Rep-M Rep Part Rep Rep Rep-M Part Rep Rep-M Ind Gr Part
Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Spec
Act Plc Plc Org Plc Act Plc Org Peo Peo Plc
Israel Israel WBG WBG Palestinians their
La La Ga La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pos det
Rep Full Part Rep Rep-M Ind Gr
Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit
Org Org Plc Plc Peo Peo
Israel WBG Israel Palestinians
La Ga La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Part Rep-M Hyp
Reit Spec Reit Spec
Org Plc Org Peo
withdrawing the international community WBG WBG Israel Palestinians WBG their state 2 WB
La La
V NP
Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit
Act Peo
Ga La La La Pa La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN Prp N
Part Rep Rep Hyp Part Rep Rep
Spec Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit
Plc Plc Org Peo Plc Con Plc
Arab American WBG American Arab Arab
La La Ga La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M Part Rep-M Rep Rep
Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Plc Qual Qual Qual
1
the occupied territories 2
12–28
13–28
14–28 15–28
16–28 17–28 18–28
19–28 20–28 21–28 22–28 23–28 24–28 25–28
26–28
27–28 1–29
2-29 3–29
264
withdrawal WBG occupied territory Israel WBG withdraw occupied territory Israel Palestinian Palestinian occupied territory None None Israel it the occupied territories WBG Palestinian Palestinian None the Israeli government occupied territory the Israeli government Arab None withdrawal the international community occupied territory WBG Israel Arab those lands an Arab state West Bank None Arab United States the occupied territories U.S. Arab 1 Arab 2
4–29 5–29 6–29 7–29 8-29 9–29
10–29 11–29
Palestinian the occupied territories American U.S. American None U.S. Arabs 1 Arabs 2 U.S. the occupied territories Arabs U.S. U.S. Israel Israel Israel Israel withdrawn withdrawn withdrawn the occupied territories
Palestinian WBG American American American
La Ga La La La
Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Part Rep Rep-M Rep
Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit
Qual Plc Qual Qual Qual
American Arab Arab American WBG Arab American American Israel 1 Israel 2 Israeli it withdraw 1 withdraw 2 withdraw 3 WBG
La La La La Ga La La La La La La La La La La Ga
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp Aj pers pn V V V Prp N
Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Part Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Ind Gr Rep Rep Rep Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Qual Qual Qual Plc Qual Qual Qual Org Org Org Org Act Act Act Plc
WBG
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
American withdraw 1 withdraw 2 withdraw 3 Resolution 242 WB WB East Jerusalem the American and Israeli interpretation negotiations based on the American and Israeli interpretation of Resolution 242 Israel 1 Israel 2 Israeli it those parts of WBG from which it wants to withdraw those parts of WBG from which it wants to withdraw WBG East Jerusalem withdraw 1 withdraw 2 withdraw 3 the PLO 1 the PLO 2 Israel 1 Israel 2 Israeli it the American and Israeli interpretation
La La La La La La La Ga La
Prp Aj V V V Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN
Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Part Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Incl
Qual Act Act Act Con Plc Plc Plc Con
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Con
La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp Aj pers pn headN
Rep Rep Rep-M Ind Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Org Org Org Org Plc
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Plc
La Ga La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N V V V Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj pers pn headN
Rep Part Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Ind Gr Rep
Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Act Act Act Org Org Org Org Org Org Con
1
the occupied territories 2
12–29
13–29
U.S. withdrawal withdrawal withdrawal Resolution 242 West Bank WB WB the official U.S. interpretation negotiations
Israel Israel Israel Israel what parts of WBG it is prepared to withdraw those parts 2
14–29
WBG WB withdraw withdraw withdraw the PLO the PLO Israel Israel Israel Israel this interpretation
265
the negotiations between Israel and the PLO 15–29 16–29 17–29 18–29
19–29 20–29 21–29 22–29 23–29
24-29
25-29
26–29
27–29
28–29
266
negotiations based on the American and Israeli interpretation of Resolution 242 American WBG American
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Con
La Ga La
Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj
Rep-M Part Rep
Reit Spec Reit
Qual Plc Qual
U.S. occupied territory American None U.S. Israel Israel Israel it WBG WB the occupied territories American 1 American 2 None United States occupied territory East Jerusalem United States Arab Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem U.S. Jerusalem 1 Jerusalem 2 Jerusalem 1 Jerusalem 2 United States withdrawal withdrawal withdrawal UN 242
American Israel 1 Israel 2 Israeli Israel 1 WBG East Jerusalem WBG American American
La La La La La La Ga Ga La La
Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Full Rep Part Part Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit
Qual Org Org Org Org Plc Plc Plc Qual Qual
American WBG East Jerusalem American Arab Jerusalem Jerusalem East Jerusalem American Jerusalem Jerusalem East Jerusalem East Jerusalem American withdraw 1 withdraw 2 withdraw 3 Resolution 242
La Ga La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Rep-M Part Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Plc Plc Qual Qual Plc Plc Plc Qual Plc Plc Plc Plc Qual Act Act Act Con
Resolution 242 WBG Arab 1 Arab 2 East Jerusalem Israel Israel Israel Israel those lands withdrawal withdrawal withdrawal Resolution 242 West Bank United States PLO its PLO its PLO its Jerusalem Jerusalem Arab the Palestinians
Resolution 242 WBG Arab Arab East Jerusalem Israel 1 Israel 2 Israeli it WBG withdraw 1 withdraw 2 withdraw 3 Resolution 242 WB American PLO 1 PLO 1 PLO 2 PLO 2 it it Jerusalem East Jerusalem Arab the Palestinian people
La La La La La La La La La Ga La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj V V V numbe r Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj pers pn Prp N V V V Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Ind Gr Para Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Full Rep Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit
Con Plc Qual Qual Plc Org Org Org Org Plc Act Act Act Con Plc Qual Org Org Org Org Org Org Plc Plc Qual Qual
1–30 2–30 3–30
4–30 5–30 6–30 7–30 8–30 9–30 10–30 11–30 12–30 13–30 14–30 15-30 16–30 17–30 18–30 19–30 20–30 21–30 22–30 23–30 24– 30 25–30 26–30
27-30 28–30
29–30
Palestinians their Israel Israel Israel Israel withdrawing withdrawing withdrawing WBG
the Palestinian people the Palestinian people Israel 1 Israel 2 Israeli it withdraw 1 withdraw 2 withdraw 3 WBG
Ga La La La La La La La La La
headN NP Prp N Prp N Prp Aj pers pn V V V Prp N
Para Full Rep Rep Rep-M Ind Gr Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Qual Org Org Org Org Act Act Act Plc
apartheid None Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Palestinian 3 South African apartheid None None None apartheid South African South Africa 1 South Africa 2 None None Israel None Israel Israel None None None Israel it None None None None None None None Israel international legality international legality
apartheid era
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Con
Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian South Africa apartheid era
La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N mod N
Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Plc Con
apartheid era South Africa South Africa South Africa
La La La La
mod N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep-M Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Plc Plc Plc
Israel
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Org
Israel Israel
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Org Org
Israel Israel
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Full
Reit Reit
Org Org
Israel international legitimacy international legitimacy borders unilaterally redrawn by Israel
La La La
Prp N headN Aj
Rep Syn Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Org Con Qual
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Con
unilaterally this Palestinian state
La La La
Adv headN dm det
Rep-M Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Con Con
this Palestinian state Israel Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Israel
La La La La La La
headN Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N
Rep Rep Rep-M Full Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Org Qual Qual Qual Org
unilateral creation of an Arab state that will exclude East Jerusalem and probably other parts of the West Bank unilateral an Arab state that will exclude East Jerusalem and probably other parts of the West Bank None their state 2 Israel the Palestinians their Palestinian Israel 1
267
Israel 2 Israeli it
268
Israel Israel Israel
La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep-M Full
Reit Reit Reit
Org Org Org
Text 3: Settling Historical Land Claims in the Wake of Arab-Israeli Peace, Michael R. Fischbach, Journal of Palestine Studies, 1997 Vol. 27, Issue 1, Autumn, University of California Press for the Institute for Palestine Studies, Berkeley, CA. Sent. No.
Antecedent
1-2
None
1-3 2–3
None Arab important issues the various wars the more mundane questions of property ownership the more mundane questions of property ownership the more mundane questions of property ownership Israeli Israeli
1–4 2–4
None sovereignty important issues important issues
3–4
None
1-5 2-5 3-5 4-5
dormant None None less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands states in occupation of other states’ territory
1-6 2–6 3–6
4–6
None Arab Israeli Israeli Israeli Israel Israel Arab less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands states in occupation of
Reference item
Source Knowl
Gram. Cat.
Surf. marker
Co-ref. Rel.
Entity Type
La La La
Prp Aj headN headN
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Spec Spec
Qual Con Con
La La
Nom dm det
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Con Con
some
La
indef pn
Gr
Spec
Con
the most publicized [claims]
La
Para
Spec
Con
La La La
Nom (deleted N) def det Prp N Prp Aj
Gr Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Con Plc Plc
states in occupation of other states’ territory states in occupation of other states’ territory other, less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands
Pa
NP
Para
Spec
Con
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
dormant
La
Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
these claims
Pa La
headN dm det
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Con Con
these claims
Pa La
headN dm det
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Con Con
Arab Israeli Israeli Israel Israel Israeli Arab these claims
La La La La La La La Pa La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj headN dm det
Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep-M Rep Para Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Plc Plc Qual Qual Con Con
these claims
Pa
headN
Para
Reit
Con
Arab major issues the first Arab-Israeli war these land claims
Israel Israeli
269
5–6
1-7 2-7 3-7 4-7
5-7
1991
La La La La
dm det headN dm det Num
Gr Rep Gr Hyp
Reit Reit Reit Spec
Con Con Con Time
some
La
indef pn
Gr
Spec
Con
others
La
indef pn
Gr
Spec
Con
some
La
Gr
Spec
Con
others
La
Gr
Spec
Con
these claims
some
La
Gr
Spec
Con
these claims
others
La
Gr
Spec
Con
the Arab-Israeli negotiations that began in 1991
the negotiations
La La
indef pn indef pn indef pn indef pn headN def art
Rep Gr
Reit Reit
Con Con
some
La
indef pn
Gr
Spec
Con
others
La
indef pn
Gr
Spec
Con
indef pn indef pn indef pn indef pn indef pn indef pn
Gr
Spec
Con
Gr
Spec
Con
Gr
Spec
Con
Gr
Spec
Con
Gr
Spec
Con
Gr
Spec
Con
other states’ territory these claims
these claims
1990’s None None None other, less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands other, less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands these claims these claims 6-7
1-8 2-8 3-8 4-8
5-8
None None None other less-celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands other less-celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands these claims
some
La
others
La
these claims
some
La
these claims
others
La
others
others
La
some
La
Arab Israeli who controls land who controls land in the Arab-Israeli conflict the Arab-Israeli conflict
La La Pa Pa
Prp Aj Prp Aj Wh-cl Cl
Rep Rep Para Exem
Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Qual Con Fact
La
Reit
Con
La La La
Nom in NP Prp Aj Prp Aj NP
Rep
Arab Israeli land in the Arab-Israeli conflict
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Obj
these claims 6-8
7-8
others
1-9 2-9
None Arab Israeli sovereignty a number of important issues
3-9
Arab Israeli lands
the Arab-Israeli conflict
4-9
270
5-9 6-9
7-9
8-9
1-10 2-10 3-10 4-10
5-10 6-10
they
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Spec
Con
these historical claims
La
NP
Para
Spec
Con
they
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Spec
Con
NP
Para
Spec
Con
headN pers pn Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj headN pers pn pers pn Nom in NP dm det Nom in NP dm det pers pn V Nom in NP dm det pers pn pro adv
Rep Ind Gr Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Full
Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Qual Qual Qual Con Con Con Con
Gr Full
Reit Incl
Con Con
Gr Ind Gr Rep Full
Reit Incl Reit Incl
Con Con Act Con
Gr Ind Gr Gr
Reit Incl Incl
Con Con Qual
pro adv
Gr
Incl
Qual
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Spec
Con
these historical claims
La
NP
Para
Spec
Con
them
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Spec
Con
other less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands other less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands states in occupation of other states’ territory states in occupation of other states’ territory these claims these claims Arab Israeli Israel these claims these claims others others
these historical claims
La
these historical claims they Arab Israeli Israeli these historical claims they they these historical claims
La La La La La La La La La
some
these historical claims
La La
some addressed others
they addressed these historical claims
La La La La
others by individuals rather than on a state-to-state level through back-channel diplomacy
they how
La La La
how
La
them
None None None other less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands other less celebrated examples of property owners separated from their lands states in occupation of other states’ territory states in occupation of other states’ territory these claims these claims the Arab-Israeli negotiations that began in 1991 the agreements and treaties that have since emerged between Israel and both the PLO and Jordan these claims these claims
these historical claims
La
NP
Para
Spec
Con
these historical claims them the peace process
La La Pa
headN pers pn NP
Rep Ind Gr Whole
Spec Spec Incl
Con Con Con
the peace process
Pa
NP
Whole
Incl
Con
these historical claims them
La La
headN pers pn
Rep Ind Gr
Spec Spec
Con Con
271
7-10
others
these historical claims
La
8-10
others the negotiations others
them the peace process these historical claims
La La Pa La
others some
them these historical claims
some addressed these historical claims
them address these historical claims
these historical claims they
they addressed
9-10
1-11 2-11 3-11
4-11
5-11 6-11
7-11 8-11 9-11
10-11
1-12 2-12
272
them these historical claims
La La La La La La La La La La
Nom in NP dm det pers pn NP Nom in NP dm det pers pn NP dm det pers pn V headN dm det pers pn headN
Full
Reit
Con
Gr Ind Gr Whole Full
Reit Reit Incl Incl
Con Con Con Con
them address
La La La
dm det pers pn V
Gr Ind Gr Full Gr Ind Gr Rep Rep Gr Ind Gr Ind Full Gr Ind Gr Rep
Reit Incl Incl Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Con Con Con Act Con Con Con Con
Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Act
None Israeli Arab Israeli Palestinian refugees Arab examples of property owners separated from their lands these claims Israel Israel Israel Jordan these claims Arab others some others these historical claims they Arab Israeli Israeli Israeli this study several of the most important historical land claims them various parties various parties various parties various parties various parties various parties
Israel Palestinians Israel the Palestinians Palestinians them
La Ga La La Ga La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn
Rep-M Exem Rep-M Rep-M Exem Gr
Reit Spec Reit Incl Spec Spec
Plc Peo Plc Peo Peo Con
them Israel 1 Israel 2 Israel 3 Jordan them Palestinians them them them them them Palestinians Israel 1 Israel 2 Israel 3 it them
La La La La La La Ga La La La La La Ga La La La La La
pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn
Gr Rep Rep Rep Rep Gr Exem Gr Full Full Gr Ind Gr Exem Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Gr Gr
Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Plc Plc Plc Plc Con Peo Con Con Con Con Con Peo Plc Plc Plc Con Con
them Palestinians Jordan Syria Israel 1 Israel 2 Israel 3
La Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa
pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Ind Gr Exem Exem Exem Exem Exem Exem
Reit Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec
Con Peo Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc
None Israeli the more mundane questions of property ownership
Israel several important land and property questions
La La
Prp N headN
Rep-M Rep
Reit Spec
Plc Con
3-12 4-12 5-12 6-12
7-12 8-12 9-12 10-12
11-12
1-13 2-13
Israeli Israel None 1990s 1990s Israeli agreements that have since emerged between Israel and both the PLO and Jordan treaties that have since emerged between Israel and both the PLO and Jordan Israel PLO None None Israeli peace process
various parties various parties Israel 1 Israel 2 Israel 3 None Israeli important issues property
Arab 1948 important issues
3-13
major issues major issues
property left behind by Palestinians in what became Israel Palestinian refugees
4-13 5-13 6-13
Palestinian Palestinian Israel Israeli Arab Arab None None Israeli
Israel Israel
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
1993 1995 Israel the accords signed between Israel and the PLO from 1993 to 1995
La La La La
Num Num Prp N headN
Hyp Hyp Rep-M Syn
Spec Spec Reit Spec
Time Time Plc Con
the accords signed between Israel and the PLO from 1993 to 1995
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Con
Israel PLO
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Org
Israel the accords signed between Israel and the PLO from 1993 to 1995 PLO Israel Israel Israel Israel
La Pa
Prp N NP
Rep-M Part
Reit Spec
Plc Con
Pa Pa La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Exem Exem Rep Rep Rep
Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit
Org Plc Plc Plc Plc
La La
Prp N headN
Rep-M Rep
Reit Spec
Plc Con
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
Ga La La
Prp N Num headN
Exem Rep Rep
Spec Reit Spec
Peo Time Con
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Con
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Con
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Peo
La La La La Ga Ga
Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M Rep Rep-M Exem Exem
Reit Incl Reit Reit Spec Spec
Qual Peo Plc Plc Peo Qual
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Plc
Israel the most widely discussed issues the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinians 1948 other land issues of vital importance to Palestinians under the jurisdiction of the PA the most widely discussed issues other land issues of vital importance to Palestinians under the jurisdiction of the PA the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian Palestinians Israel Israel Palestinians Palestinian
Israel
273
7-13 8-13 9-13
10-13 11-13
12-13
1-14 2-14
3-14
4-14 5-14 6-14
7-14 8-14 9-14
10-14 11-14 12-14 13-14
the agreements that have since emerged between Israel and both the PLO and Jordan Arab Arab None None Arab Arab Israeli various parties the peace process Israel Palestinians Palestinian Israel the accords signed between Israel and the PLO from 1993 and 1995 None Israeli Arab 1948 Israel Israeli property left behind … Palestinian refugees Palestinian Arab None None Israel Israeli Arab None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict Israeli Arab None Israel Palestinians Israel Israel Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees
274
La
NP
Syn
Spec
Con
Palestinians Palestinian
Ga Ga
Prp N Prp Aj
Exem Exem
Spec Spec
Peo Qual
Palestinians Palestinian Israel Palestinians the Oslo accords Israel Palestinians Palestinians Israel Oslo accords
Ga Ga La Pa Pa La La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N NP Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN
Exem Exem Rep-M Exem Part Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep
Spec Spec Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Spec Reit Spec
Peo Qual Plc Peo Con Plc Peo Peo Plc Con
Israel Palestinian 1948 Israel Israel other property 700,000 Palestinian refugees Palestinian Palestinian
La Ga La La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Num Prp N Prp N headN headN
Rep-M Exem Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep
Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Qual Time Plc Plc Obj Peo
La Ga
Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Exem
Reit Spec
Qual Qual
Israel Israel Palestinian
La La Ga
Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Qual
land
La
NP
Rep
Spec
Obj
Israel Palestinian
La Ga
Prp N Prp Aj
Rep-M Exem
Reit Spec
Plc Qual
Israel Palestinian refugees Israel Israel 700,000 Palestinian refugees
La La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N headN
Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep
Reit Spec Reit Reit Spec
Plc Qual Plc Plc Peo
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Spec
Qual
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Spec
Qual
property that had belonged … 1948 land
700,000 Palestinian refugees 700,000 Palestinian refugees other property
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
1948 land
La La
Num NP
Rep Rep
Reit Spec
Time Obj
None Israeli Israel Israeli
Israel Israel Israel
La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc
Palestinians
1-15 2-15 3-15
the Oslo accords
4-15 5-15 6-15 7-15 8-15 9-15
10-15 11-15
12-15 13-15
14-15
1-16 2-16 3-16
4-16
5-16 6-16 7-16 8-16 9-16
10-16 11-16 12-16 13-16
14-16
15-16
None None Israel Israeli None None Israeli land in the Arab-Israeli conflict None Israel 1 Israel 2 Israel 3 Israel Israel property that had belonged to … Israel land
None Arab 1948 Arab property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees left Arab property owners separated from their lands None Arab Arab None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab None the Palestinians None Palestinian refugees Palestinians property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 1948 Palestinian refugees land 1948 this land mechanisms
1-17 2-17
None Israeli
Israel Israel
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
Israel this land
La La
Prp N headN
Rep-M Rep
Reit Spec
Plc Obj
Israel Israel Israel Israel Israel this land
La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Syn
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc Plc Obj
Israel this land
La La La
Prp N headN dm det
Rep Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Obj Obj
Palestinians 1948 Arab land left by the fleeing Palestinians
Ga La La La
Prp N Num Prp Aj headN
Exem Rep Rep Syn
Spec Reit Reit Reit
Peo Time Qual Obj
fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians left Palestinians fleeing Palestinians
La Pa La Ga Pa
Prp N NP V Prp N NP
Rep-M Para Rep Exem Para
Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit
Peo Peo Act Peo Peo
Arab Palestinians
La Ga
Prp Aj Prp N
Rep Exem
Reit Spec
Qual Peo
land left by the fleeing Palestinians Palestinians
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
Ga
Prp N
Exem
Spec
Peo
fleeing Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep
Spec
Peo
fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians land left by the fleeing Palestinians
La La La
Prp N Prp N headN
Rep-M Rep Syn
Reit Spec Reit
Peo Peo Obj
1948 fleeing Palestinians land left by the fleeing Palestinians 1948 land left by the fleeing Palestinians Committee for Arab Properties in the Villages
La La La
Num Prp N headN
Rep Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Time Peo Obj
La La
Num headN
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Time Obj
Pa
Prp N
Exem
Spec
Org
Israeli
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Plc
275
3-17
4-17
5-17 6-17
7-17 8-17 9-17
10-17 11-17
12-17 13-17
14-17
Arab property left behind… Israeli Palestinian Palestinian refugees Israel Arab states states in occupation of other states’ territory
None Israeli Israel Arab None None Israeli land in the Arab-Israeli conflict land in the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab None the Palestinians Israel 1 Israel 2 Israel 3 Israel Palestinian refugees the Palestinians Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 property property property that belonged to … Israel belonged belonged Israel Palestinian 700,000 Palestinian refugees land land land
15-17
Israel took over took over this land this land this land
16-17
fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians
mechanisms
276
Palestinians individually owned refugee land Israeli Palestinians refugee land Israeli Palestinians the new Israeli state the new Israeli state absorbed about 15 million dunams that it claimed did not belong to individual Palestinians
Ga La
Prp N headN
Exem Syn
Spec Spec
Peo Obj
La La La La Ga La Pa
Prp Aj Prp N mod N Prp Aj Prp N headN Cl
Rep Rep-M Rep Rep-M Exem Rep Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Spec
Plc Peo Peo Plc Peo Con Fact
Israeli Israeli Palestinians
La La Ga
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N
Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Peo
Israeli fifteen million dunams
La Pa
Prp Aj NP
Rep Part
Reit Spec
Plc Con
individually owned refugee land Palestinians
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
Ga
Prp N in NP
Exem
Spec
Peo
individual Palestinians Israeli Israeli Israeli Israeli Palestinians individual Palestinians refugee land
La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp N mod N
Rep Rep-M Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep
Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit
Peo Plc Plc Plc Plc Peo Peo Peo
fifteen million dunams three million dunams individually owned refugee land Israeli belong owned Israeli individual Palestinians refugee land
Pa Pa La
NP NP headN
Part Part Syn
Spec Spec Spec
Con Con Obj
La La La La La La
Prp Aj V V Prp Aj Prp N mod N
Rep-M Rep Syn Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Incl
Plc Act Act Plc Peo Peo
Pa Pa La
NP NP headN
Part Part Rep
Spec Spec Spec
Con Con Obj
La La La Pa Pa La
Prp Aj V V NP NP headN
Rep-M Syn Rep Part Part Rep
Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Spec
Plc Act Act Con Con Obj
Pa
Prp N
Exem
Spec
Org
La Pa
Prp N mod N
Rep Para
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
fifteen million dunams three million dunams individually owned refugee land Israeli absorbed was taken over fifteen million dunams three million dunams individually owned refugee land Custodian of Absentees’ Property individual Palestinians refugee land
land left by fleeing Palestinians land left by fleeing Palestinians land left by fleeing Palestinians 1-18 2-18 3-18 4-18 5-18 6-18 7-18 8-18 9-18
10-18 11-18 12-18 13-18
14-18
15-18
16-18
17-18
1-19 2-19 3-19
None None property left behind … Palestinian refugees None None None None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict land in the Arab-Israeli conflict None None None property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 700,000 Palestinian refugees land land other property mechanisms
this land this land land left by fleeing Palestinians land left by fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians individually owned refugee land the office of the Custodian of Absentees’ property created by the Knesset under laws enacted in 1950 the Custodian
individually owned refugee land fifteen million dunams
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
Pa
NP
Part
Spec
Con
three million dunams
Pa
NP
Part
Spec
Con
its refugee property refugee land
La La
headN mod N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Obj Peo
the land it held
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
its refugee property
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Obj
its refugee property
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
refugee land
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Peo
refugee land
La
mod N
Rep
Incl
Peo
the land it held its refugee property its refugee property The custodian was allowed to transfer the land it held to a new agency called the Development Agency … the land it held its refugee property the land it held
La La La Pa
headN headN headN S
Rep Syn Rep Exem
Spec Spec Incl Spec
Obj Obj Obj Evt
La La La
headN headN headN
Rep Syn Rep
Spec Spec Spec
Obj Obj Obj
its refugee property
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Obj
refugee land the land it held
Pa La
mod N headN
Para Rep
Reit Reit
Peo Obj
the custodian’s office
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Org
the custodian
headN def art headN def art mod N headN
Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Syn
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Org Org Org Org Peo Obj
headN
Syn
Spec
Obj
the Custodian
the custodian’s
refugee individually owned refugee land
refugee land its refugee property
La La La La La La
other refugee land
La
None None property left behind …
277
property left behind …
4-19 5-19 6-19 7-19 8-19 9-19
10-19 11-19
12-19 13-19
14-19
15-19
16-19
278
property left behind … property left behind … Palestinian refugee Israel states in occupation of other states’ territory None Israel None state-to-state land in the Arab-Israeli conflict land in the Arab-Israeli conflict land in the Arab-Israeli conflict land in the Arab-Israeli conflict None Israel 1 Israel 2 Israel 3 Israel property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Israel 700,000 Palestinian refugees Israel land land land land Israel this land this land this land this land land left by fleeing Palestinians land left by fleeing Palestinians land left by fleeing Palestinians
the land under their control the land it refugee land the state the state
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Obj
La La La Ga La
headN pers pn mod N NP headN
Syn Ind Gr Rep Para Rep
Spec Spec Reit Reit Spec
Obj Obj Peo Con Con
the state
Ga
NP
Para
Reit
Con
the state other refugee land
La La
headN headN
Rep Rep
Spec Spec
Con Obj
the land under their control the land
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
it
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Spec
Obj
the state the state the state the state other refugee land
Ga Ga Ga Ga La
NP NP NP NP headN
Para Para Para Para Syn
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Con Con Con Con Obj
the land under their control
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Obj
the land
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Obj
it
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Spec
Obj
refugee land
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Peo
the state refugee land
Ga La
NP mod N
Para Rep
Reit Incl
Con Peo
the state other refugee land the land under their control it the land the state other refugee land the land under their control it the land other refugee land
Ga La La
NP headN headN
Para Rep Rep
Reit Spec Spec
Con Obj Obj
La La Ga La La
pers pn headN NP headN headN
Ind Gr Rep Para Rep Rep
Spec Spec Reit Spec Spec
Obj Obj Con Obj Obj
La La La
pers pn headN headN
Ind Gr Rep Rep
Spec Spec Spec
Obj Obj Obj
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Spec
Obj
the land under their control it
17-19
18-19
land left by fleeing Palestinians the new Israeli state individually owned refugee land individually owned refugee land refugee refugee its refugee property its refugee property Development Authority held the land it held 1953
1-20 2-20 3-20
4-20 5-20 6-20 7-20 8-20 9-20 10-20 11-20 12-20 13-20
14-20 15-20 16-20 17-20
18-20
19-20
1-21 2-21
None None the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel Israel None None Israel None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict None Israel Israel property that had belonged… Israel land Israel this land land left by fleeing Palestinians the new Israeli state individually owned refugee land Development Authority its refugee property the land it held Development Authority JNF other refugee land the land under their control the land the state
the land
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
the state
La La La
headN def art headN
Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Incl
Con Con Obj
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Spec
Obj
refugee land refugee land the land it Development Authority held the land under their control 1953
La La La La La
mod N mod N headN pers pn Prp N
Rep Rep Syn Ind Gr Rep
Reit Reit Incl Incl Reit
Peo Peo Obj Obj Org
La La
V headN
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Act Obj
La
Num
Rep
Reit
Time
their land
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Obj
the state
Ga
NP
Para
Reit
Con
the state
Ga
NP
Para
Reit
Con
their land
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
the state the state their land
Ga Ga La
NP NP headN
Para Para Syn
Reit Reit Spec
Con Con Obj
the state their land the state their land their land
Ga La Ga La La
NP headN NP headN headN
Para Rep Para Rep Rep
Reit Spec Reit Spec Spec
Con Obj Con Obj Obj
the state
La La La
headN def art headN
Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Incl
Con Con Obj
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Org
La La La
headN headN Prp N
Syn Rep Rep
Incl Incl Reit
Obj Obj Org
La La La
Prp N headN headN
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Org Obj Obj
La La La
headN headN def art
Rep Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Obj Con Con
the land under their control it
their land Development Authority their land their land Development Authority JNF their land their land their land the state
None None
279
3-21
4-21 5-21 6-21 7-21 8-21 9-21 10-21 11-21 12-21 13-21
14-21
15-21 16-21
the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees None None None None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict None None None the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 700,000 Palestinian refugees land this land land left by fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians
the refugees’ land
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Obj
the refugees
La La
headN def art
Rep Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
the refugees’ land
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
the refugees’ land
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Obj
the refugees’
La La
headN def art
Rep Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
the refugees’
La La La La La
headN def art headN headN headN
Rep Gr Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Obj Obj Obj
Pa La La
headN def art headN
Para Gr Rep
Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Obj
La La La La La La La La
headN def art headN def art headN headN headN headN
Rep Gr Rep Gr Syn Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Incl Incl Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj Obj Obj Obj
headN headN def art headN Prp N Num
Rep Rep Gr Rep Rep Rep
Incl Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit
Obj Peo Peo Obj Org Time
the refugees’ land the refugees’ land the refugees’ land the refugees’
17-21
individually owned refugee land refugee
the refugees’ land
18-21
refugee
the refugees’
its refugee property the land it held other refugee land the land under their control the land refugee
the refugees’ land the refugees’ land the refugees’ land the refugees’ land
20-21
their land Israel Lands Authority 1960
the refugees’ land Israel Lands Authority 1960
La La La La La La
1-22 2-22 3-22
None None the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel Palestinian refugees
their lost land
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Obj
the refugees their
La La La
headN def art pos det
Rep Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
their lost land
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
19-21
4-22 5-22 6-22 7-22 8-22 9-22 10-22
280
Palestinian refugees None None None None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict None
the refugees’
the refugees’ land the refugees’
11-22 12-22 13-22
14-22
15-22 16-22
17-22
18-22
None None the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 compensation Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees 700,000 Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees loss land this land land left by fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians refugee refugee individually owned refugee land the land it held refugee
their lost land
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Obj
compensate the refugees
La La La
V headN def art
Rep-M Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Act Peo Peo
their the refugees
La La
pos det headN
Gr Rep
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
their lost their lost land their lost land their lost land
La La La La La
pos det V headN headN headN
Gr Rep-M Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Act Obj Obj Obj
the refugees their the refugees their their lost land
Pa La La La La
headN pos det headN pos det headN
Para Gr Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj
their lost land the refugees
La La La La La La La La La La
headN headN def art pos det headN headN def art pos det headN headN
Rep Rep Gr Gr Syn Rep Gr Gr Rep Rep
Incl Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Incl Incl
Obj Peo Peo Peo Obj Peo Peo Peo Obj Obj
La La La La La La La
headN NP headN headN def art pos det headN
Rep Ind Gr Rep Rep Gr Gr Rep
Incl Incl Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit
Obj Obj Obj Peo Peo Peo Obj
19-22
refugee its refugee property refugee
their their lost land the refugees their their lost land their lost land
20-22 21-22
refugee other refugee land the land under their control the land it their land the refugees’ refugee the refugees’ land
their their lost land
1-23 2-23 3-23
4-23 5-23 6-23 7-23 8-23 9-23
10-23 11-23 12-23
None Arab property left behind by the Palestinian refugees left behind Palestinian refugees Palestinian Arab None None Arab None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab None the Palestinians the Palestinians None
their lost land their lost land their lost land the refugees
Palestinian land left behind by the Palestinian refugees left behind Palestinian refugees Palestinian Palestinian
Ga La
Prp Aj headN
Exem Syn
Spec Reit
Qual Obj
La La La Ga
V headN Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep Exem
Reit Reit Reit Spec
Act Peo Qual Qual
Palestinian
Ga
Prp Aj
Exem
Spec
Qual
land left behind by the Palestinian refugees Palestinian
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
Ga
Prp Aj
Exem
Spec
Qual
Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees
La Ga
Prp Aj headN
Rep-M Part
Spec Spec
Qual Peo
281
13-23
14-23
the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel I 1948 Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees Palestinians Palestinians 700,000 Palestinian refugees 700,000 Palestinian refugees land
15-23
this land
16-23
land left by fleeing Palestinians left fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians individually owned refugee land Palestinians Palestinians Palestinian refugees the land it held
17-23
18-23
refugees its refugee property 19-23
other refugee land the land under their control the land it
20-23
refugees their land
21-23
the refugees’ land
22-23
refugees land refugees their (the refugees) estimates
1-24 2-24 3-24
4-24
None 1948 the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees their lands their lands
282
land left behind by the Palestinian refugees
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Obj
Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees
La La La Ga La
headN Prp Aj Prp Aj headN headN
Rep Rep Rep-M Part Rep
Reit Reit Spec Spec Incl
Peo Qual Qual Peo Peo
Palestinian refugees
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Incl
Qual
land left behind by the Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees left behind Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees Palestinian Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees land left behind by the Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees estimate
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
La La Ga La
V Prp Aj headN headN
Rep Rep-M Para Rep
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Act Qual Peo Obj
La Ga La La
Prp Aj headN headN headN
Rep-M Part Rep Rep
Reit Spec Reit Incl
Qual Peo Peo Obj
La La
headN headN
Rep Syn
Reit Incl
Peo Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La
NP
Full
Incl
Obj
La La
headN headN
Rep Rep
Reit Incl
Peo Obj
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
La La
headN headN
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Peo Obj
La La La
headN NP headN
Rep Full Rep
Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Con
1948 all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine
La La
Num headN
Rep Syn
Reit Incl
Time Obj
land owned by refugees
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Obj
Palestinian-owned refugees all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees
La La La
Prp Aj NP headN
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Peo Obj
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
5-24 6-24 7-24 8-24 9-24
10-24 11-24 12-24 13-24
14-24
15-24
16-24
17-24
18-24
property owners separated from their lands None None None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict land in the Arab-Israeli conflict None Palestinian None the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 belong belong Palestinians Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 1948 Palestinian 700,000 Palestinian refugees land land 1948 this land this land land left by fleeing Palestinians land left by fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians 1948 owned owned Palestinians refugee individually owned refugee land individually owned refugee land the land it held the land it held refugee its refugee property
19-24
its refugee property 1953 other refugee land the land under their control
refugees
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Peo
all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Peo
all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Obj
land owned by refugees
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Obj
owned by 1 owned by 2 Palestinian-owned refugees
La La La La
V V Prp Aj NP
Syn Syn Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Act Act Qual Peo
1948 Palestinian-owned refugees
La La La
Num Prp Aj NP
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Incl
Time Qual Peo
all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees 1948 all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La La La
headN Num headN
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Incl
Obj Time Obj
La La
headN headN
Rep Rep
Reit Incl
Obj Obj
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
Pa La La La La La La
NP Num V V Prp Aj NP headN
Para Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Time Act Act Qual Peo Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
refugees 1948 owned 1 owned 2 Palestinian refugees all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees refugees all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees 1953 all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La La La
headN NP headN
Rep Rep Syn
Incl Reit Incl
Obj Peo Obj
La La La
headN Num headN
Syn Rep Rep
Incl Reit Incl
Obj Time Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
283
the land it
20-24
21-24
22-24
other refugee land the land under their control the land it refugee 1953 their land their land the refugees’ the refugees’ land the refugees’ land United Nations the refugees their their lost land their lost land varying estimates
23-24
1-25 2-25 3-25
4-25 5-25 6-25 7-25 8-25 9-25 10-25 11-25 12-25 13-25
14-25 15-25 16-25 17-25 18-25 19-25
284
UNCCP Palestinian land left behind by Palestinian refugees land left behind by Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees None None the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel I 1948 None None None None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict None None None the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 land this land land left by fleeing Palestinians None the land it held its refugee property other refugee land
all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees land owned by refugees land owned by refugees land owned by refugees refugees 1953 all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees refugees all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees UN refugees refugees all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees a more thorough enumeration of all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine UNCCP’s Palestinian all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine land owned by refugees
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La
NP
Full
Incl
Obj
La La
headN headN
Rep Rep
Incl Incl
Obj Obj
La La La La La
headN NP NP Num headN
Rep Full Rep Rep Rep
Incl Incl Reit Reit Incl
Obj Obj Peo Time Obj
La La La
headN NP headN
Rep Rep Rep
Incl Reit Incl
Obj Peo Obj
La La La La La
headN Prp N NP NP headN
Rep Rep Rep Full Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Obj Org Peo Peo Obj
La La
headN headN
Rep Syn
Reit Spec
Obj Evt
La La La
Prp N Prp Aj headN
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Incl
Org Qual Obj
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
refugees
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Peo
this land
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Obj
this land
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
this land
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Obj
this land this land this land
La La La
headN headN headN
Rep Rep Rep
Incl Incl Incl
Obj Obj Obj
this land this land this land
La La La
headN headN headN
Rep Syn Rep
Incl Incl Incl
Obj Obj Obj
20-25 21-25 22-25
23-25
24-25
the land under their control the land their land the refugees’ land their lost land estimates
land left behind by Palestinian refugees the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine (UNCCP) UNCCP’s Technical Office all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine not just land owned by refugees
1-26 2-26 3-26 4-26 5-26 6-26 7-26 8-26 9-26 10-26 11-26 12-26 13-26 14-26 15-26 16-26 17-26 18-26 19-26 20-26 21-26 22-26
None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None estimates
23-26 24-26
UNCCP UNCCP Technical office office
25-26
1-27 2-27 3-27
None Arab the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel in 1948 the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel I 1948 Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees
this land
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
this land this land this land this land the office began determining the value of this land this land
La La La La Pa
headN headN headN headN Cl
Rep Rep Rep Rep Exem
Incl Incl Incl Incl Spec
Obj Obj Obj Obj Evt
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
the office
Pa La
headN def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Org Org
the office
La La La
headN def art headN
Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Org Org Obj
this land
La La
headN dm det
Rep Gr
Incl Reit
Obj Obj
document called the Technical Program UNCCP UNCCP Technical office UNCCP Technical office
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Obj
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Org Org
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Org
Palestinians refugee property
Ga La
Prp N headN
Exem Rep
Spec Reit
Peo Obj
land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams Palestinians Palestinians refugees refugee property
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Obj
La Ga La La
Prp N PrpN NP mod N
Rep-M Whole Rep Rep
Incl Incl Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
this land
285
4-27 5-27 6-27 7-27 8-27 9-27
Arab None None Arab None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict
10-27 11-27 12-27 13-27
land in the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab None Palestinians None the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948
14-27
15-27
16-27
17-27
286
the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees Palestinians Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 belonged to Palestinian 700,000 Palestinian refugees 700,000 Palestinian refugees land
land property this land
this land land left by fleeing Palestinians
land left by fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians Palestinians owned
Palestinians
Ga
Prp N
Exem
Spec
Peo
Palestinians
Ga
Prp N
Exem
Spec
Peo
land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Obj
Palestinians
Ga
Prp N
Exem
Spec
Peo
Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
Palestinians Palestinians Palestinians refugees
La Ga La La
Prp N PrpN Prp N NP
Rep-M Whole Rep Rep
Incl Incl Spec Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
refugee property
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Peo
owned by Palestinians refugees
La La La
V Prp N NP
Syn Rep-M Rep
Reit Incl Incl
Act Peo Peo
refugee property
La
mod N
Rep
Incl
Peo
land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property refugee property land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La La La
headN headN headN
Syn Rep Rep
Incl Incl Incl
Obj Obj Obj
La La
headN headN
Syn Rep
Incl Incl
Obj Obj
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Obj
La Pa Pa La La
Prp N NP mod N Prp N V
Rep Para Para Rep Rep
Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Act
Palestinians refugees refugee property Palestinians owned
individually owned refugee land
18-27
19-27
individually owned refugee land refugee refugee the land it held
the land it held refugee refugee its refugee property refugees refugees other refugee land
the land under their control
the land
it
20-27
21-27
22-27
other refugee land the land under their control the land it their land
their land refugees refugees the refugees’ land
the refugees’ land refugees refugees their lost land
land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Obj
refugees refugee property land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property refugees refugee property refugee property refugees refugee property
La La La
NP mod N headN
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Obj
La La La La La La
headN NP mod N headN NP mod N
Syn Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Incl Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit
Obj Peo Peo Obj Peo Peo
land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property refugee property
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La
NP
Full
Incl
Obj
La La
headN headN
Syn Syn
Incl Incl
Obj Obj
refugee property refugee property land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property refugees refugee property land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property refugees refugee property land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams
La La La
headN NP headN
Syn Full Rep
Incl Incl Incl
Obj Obj Obj
La La La La
headN NP mod N headN
Syn Rep Rep Rep
Incl Reit Reit Incl
Obj Peo Peo Obj
La La La La
headN NP mod N headN
Syn Rep Rep Rep
Incl Reit Reit Incl
Obj Peo Peo Obj
287
23-27
24-27
their lost land estimates UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine estimate land left behind by Palestinian refugees
Palestinian refugees refugees land left behind by Palestinian refugees 1951 UNCCP’s Palestinian-owned land
all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine
not just land owned by refugees
25-27
all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine not just land owned by refugees refugees refugees the waning days the Mandate this land
26-27
this land program
1-28 2-28
3-28
None Israeli Israeli Arab Israeli Israeli Israel Israel the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel I 1948 Palestinian Palestinian refugees Arab
288
refugee property 1951 estimation UNCCP
La La La
headN headN Prp N
Syn Rep-M Rep.
Reit Spec Reit
Obj Con Org
estimation land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams Palestinians refugees refugee property refugee property
La La
headN headN
Rep-M Rep
Reit Incl
Con Obj
La La La La
Prp N NP mod N headN
Rep-M Rep Rep Syn
Incl Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Obj
La La La
Num Prp N headN
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Incl
Time Org Obj
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Obj
1951 UNCCP’s land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property refugee property
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Obj
refugees refugee property the end the Mandate land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugee property the program
La La La La La
NP mod N NP Prp N headN
Rep Rep Para Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Time Con Obj
La La La
headN headN def art
Syn Rep Gr
Incl Reit Reit
Obj Con Con
Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Palestinian Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Israeli 1 Israeli 2 the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages
La La Ga La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj headN
Rep Rep Exem Rep Rep Rep Rep Syn
Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Obj
Palestinian the refugees’
La La La Ga
Prp Aj headN def art Prp Aj
Rep Rep Gr Exem
Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Peo Peo Qual
Palestinian
4-28 5-28 6-28
7-28 8-28 9-28
10-28 11-28
12-28 13-28
14-28
None None Israeli Israeli Israel Israel Arab None None Arab land in the Arab-Israeli conflict Israeli Israeli None Israel Israel Palestinians Israel Israel Palestinian the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 belonged to Palestinians Palestinians refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Israel Israel Israel Israel Palestinian 700,000 Palestinian refugees loss land
Rep Rep Rep Rep Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual
Palestinian the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages Israeli 1 Israeli 2
Ga La
Prp Aj headN
Exem Rep
Spec Spec
Qual Obj
La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Qual Qual
Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Palestinian Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Palestinian the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages
La La La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj headN
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Syn
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Obj
owned by Palestinian the refugees’
La La La La
V Prp Aj headN def art
Syn Rep-M Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Act Qual Peo Peo
Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Palestinian the refugees’
La La La La La La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj headN def art headN headN
Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Gr Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Incl Reit Spec
Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Peo Peo Con Obj
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
Pa La La La La La La La La La
headN Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj headN def art headN def art headN headN
Para Rep-M Rep Rep-M Rep Gr Rep Gr Syn Syn
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Spec
Peo Qual Qual Qual Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj
La La
headN headN
Rep Rep
Reit Incl
Obj Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
refugee its refugee property
the refugees’ Israeli land
its refugee property
the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages Israeli land Israeli land
16-28
land left by fleeing Palestinians
19-28
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj
fleeing Palestinians Palestinians Israeli Palestinians refugee
this land
18-28
La La La La Ga
the refugees’ losses the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages refugees’ Palestinian Israeli Palestinian the refugees’
15-28
17-28
Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Palestinian
other refugee land the land under their control the land
Israeli land
289
other refugee land
the land under their control the land
refugee 20-28
their land
21-28
the refugees’ land
22-28
23-28
3-29
290
Reit
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Obj
La La La
headN def art headN
Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Obj
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
La La La La La La
headN def art V headN def art headN
Rep Gr Rep-M Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Act Peo Peo Obj
La La
Prp Aj headN
Rep Rep
Reit Spec
Qual Obj
La La La
headN def art headN
Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Obj
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
La La La La La La
headN def art V V Prp Aj headN
Rep Gr Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Act Act Qual Obj
La La La La La La
Prp Aj headN def art headN def art headN
Rep-M Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj
owned the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages
La La
V headN
Rep Syn
Reit Spec
Act Obj
Israeli refugee issues Israeli refugee issues
La La La La
Prp Aj headN Prp Aj mod N
Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Spec Reit Reit
Qual Con Qual Peo
estimated the refugees’
their lost land
the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages Palestinian the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the refugees’
Palestinian land left behind by Palestinian refugees
all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine
1
1-29 2-29
Rep
estimates the refugees
refugees
26-28 27-28
headN
the refugees
not just land owned by refugees
25-28
La
the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the refugees’
Palestinian refugees 24-28
the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the refugees’
owned owned 2 Palestinian this land
the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the refugees’ owned owned Palestinian the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages
None Palestinians refugees
Palestinian the refugees’
refugee
the refugees’
land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams owned refugee property
the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages
None Israeli important issues Israeli Palestinian refugees
4-29 5-29 6-29
7-29 8-29 9-29 10-29 11-29 12-29
13-29
14-29
15-29 16-29 17-29 18-29 19-29 20-29 21-29 22-29 23-29 24-29 25-29 26-29 27-29 28-29
1-30 2-30 3-30
Israel None None Israeli agreements that have since emerged between Israel and both the PLO and Jordan Israel PLO set the stage settlement these claims None decided Israeli parties parties Israel Israel PLO the accords signed between Israel and the PLO from 1993 to 1995 resolved 1993-1995 the most widely discussed issues Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 the Oslo accords
Israel 700,000 Palestinian refugees Israel fleeing Palestinians Israeli refugee refugee refugee None the refugees’ the refugees Palestinian refugees refugees None None refugees refugee Israeli refugees’ public None the property left behind by Palestinian refugees in what became Israel I 1948 Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees
Israeli
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
Israeli the Israeli-PLO agreements reached during 1993-1995
La La
Prp Aj headN
Rep Rep
Reit Spec
Qual Con
Israeli PLO laid the groundwork resolving refugee issues
La La La La Pa
Prp Aj Prp N VP V NP
Rep-M Rep Para Para Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Org Act Act Con
resolving Israeli Israeli PLO Israeli Israeli PLO the Israeli-PLO agreements reached during 1993-1995 resolving 1993-1995 refugee issues
La La Pa Pa La La La La
V Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N headN
Syn Rep Exem Exem Rep Rep Rep Syn
Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit
Act Qual Qual Org Qual Qual Org Con
La La La
V Num headN
Rep-M Rep Rep
Reit Reit Incl
Act Time Con
refugee issues
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Peo
the Israeli-PLO agreements reached during 1993-1995 Israeli refugee issues
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Con
La La
Prp Aj mod N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Qual Peo
Israeli refugee issues Israeli refugee issues refugee issues refugee issues
La Pa La La La La
Prp Aj mod N Prp Aj mod N mod N mod N
Rep Para Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Peo Qual Peo Peo Peo
refugee issues refugee issues refugee issues refugee issues
La La La La
mod N mod N mod N mod N
Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
refugee issues refugee issues Israeli refugee issues
La La La La
mod N mod N Prp Aj mod N
Rep Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Qual Peo
public
La
Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
lost land
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Obj
La La La La
headN def art headN def art
Rep Gr Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
the refugees 1 the refugees
2
291
4-30 5-30 6-30 7-30 8-30 9-30 10-30 11-30 12-30 13-30
14-30
15-30 16-30
17-30
18-30
19-30
20-30 21-30
22-30
292
None None PLO None None land in the Arab-Israeli conflict None None PLO compensation the property that had belonged to Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 Palestinian refugees who left what became Israel in 1948 land 700,000 Palestinian refugees 700,000 Palestinian refugees loss this land land left by fleeing Palestinians fleeing Palestinians
PLO
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Org
lost land
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
PLO compensating lost land
La La La
Prp N V headN
Rep Rep-M Syn
Reit Reit Reit
Org Act Obj
the refugees 1
La La
headN def art
Rep Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
the refugees 2
La La
headN def art
Rep Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
lost land the refugees 1
La La La La La La La La
headN headN def art headN def art V headN headN
Rep Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep-M Rep Rep
Reit Incl Incl Incl Incl Reit Reit Reit
Obj Peo Peo Peo Peo Act Obj Obj
Pa La Pa La La La La La La
headN def art headN def art headN def art headN def art headN
Para Gr Para Gr Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj
La La La La La La La La La La La La
headN headN def art headN def art headN headN def art headN def art headN headN
Rep Rep Gr Rep Gr Syn Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Rep
Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Incl
Obj Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj Obj
La La La La La La La La La La La
headN headN headN def art headN def art headN headN def art headN def art
Rep Rep Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Rep Gr Rep Gr
Incl Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Obj Obj Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj Peo Peo Peo Peo
the refugees 2 lost lost land lost land the refugees 1 2
fleeing Palestinians
the refugees
refugee
the refugees1
refugee
the refugees 2
individually owned refugee land the land it held refugee
lost land lost land the refugees 1
refugee
the refugees 2
its refugee property refugee
lost land the refugees 1
refugee
the refugees 2
other refugee land the land under their control the land land the refugees’
lost land lost land
the refugees’
the refugees 2
the refugees’ land the refugees
lost land the refugees 1
the refugees
the refugees 2
lost land lost land the refugees 1
23-30
24-30
25-30 26-30 27-30
28-30
29-30
return compensate lost land land left behind by Palestinian refugees Palestinian refugees
return for the refugees compensating lost land lost land
La La La La
headN V NP headN
Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Evt Act Obj Obj
the refugees1
Palestinian refugees
the refugees 2
all Palestinian-owned land in Palestine not just land owned by refugees refugees
lost land
La La La La La
headN def art headN def art headN
Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj
lost land
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
the refugees 1
refugees
the refugees 2
this land None land owned or leased by Palestinians (…) by the end of the Mandate totaling some 7,069,091 dunams refugees
lost land
La La La La La
headN def art headN def art headN
Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj
lost land
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
La La La La La La La La La La
headN def art headN def art headN def art headN def art headN headN
Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep Gr Syn Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj Obj
La La La La La La La La La La
headN def art headN def art V Prp N headN def art headN def art
Rep Gr Rep Gr Rep-M Rep Rep Gr Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Act Org Peo Peo Peo Peo
the refugees 1 2
refugees
the refugees
refugee
the refugees 1
refugee
the refugees 2
refugee property the lands collectively owned by Palestinian villages the refugees
lost land lost land the refugees 1 2
the refugees
the refugees
losses PLO refugee
lost PLO the refugees 1
refugee
the refugees 2
293
Text 4: Dennis, Mark. “A Poorer Peace.” Newsweek 1 September 1997: 20-21. Sent. No.
Antecedent
Reference item
Source Knowl
Gram. Cat.
Surf. marker
Co-ref. Rel.
Entity Type
1-2
flowers Gaza City
carnations downtown vegetable markets
La La
NP mod N
Hyp Mer
Spec Spec
Obj Plc
1-3
2-3
flowers Gaza City Gaza City carnations
flowers the Gaza Strip the Gaza Strip flowers
La La La La
NP Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Var Rep Sup
Incl Incl Reit Incl
Obj Plc Plc Obj
1-4 2-4 3-4
these days None None
now
La
Adv
Syn
Reit
Time
1-5 2-5 3-5
flowers carnations flowers export a peace process gone wrong
flowers flowers flowers shipped Trying to force the Palestinians to crack down on terrorism, Israel has imposed severe sanctions that prevent flowers from being shipped overseas.
La La La La Pa
NP NP NP V Cl
Rep Sup Rep Syn Exem
Incl Incl Reit Reit Spec
Obj Obj Obj Act Fact
4-5
1–6 2-6 3-6 4-6 5-6
None None flowers the growers flowers
rose farm Mohsen Shurad rose farm
La Pa La
mod N Prp N mod N
Hyp Exem Hyp
Spec Spec Spec
Obj Peo Obj
1–7 2-7 3-7 4-7 5-7 6-7
None None None the growers Palestinians Mohsen Shurad Mohsen Shurad a rose farm
he (Mohsen Shurad) Palestinian he I this project
La La La La Pa La
pers pn Prp Aj pers pn pers pn headN dm det
Gr Rep-M Gr Gr Para Gr
Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Qual Peo Peo Con Con
1–8 2-8 3-8 4-8 5-8 6-8 7-8
None None None None None None the dream of an independent Palestinian state
it
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Con
1–9 2-9 3-9 4-9
None None None peace
peace
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Con
294
6-9
Palestinians Israel Oslo
Palestinians Israelis the 1993 Oslo accords
La La La
7-9 8-9
Oslo Palestinian None
Oslo Palestinians
But since two suicide bombers killed 14 Israelis in Jerusalem last month, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has tightened the economic screws on the Palestinians, demanding that they do something to stop terrorism Palestinians they do something to stop terrorism economic tightened the economic screws
5-9
1–10 2-10 3-10 4-10
None None None a peace process gone wrong
5-10
Palestinians Palestinians crack down on terrorism economic impose severe economic sanctions None Palestinian None Israelis Palestinians
6-10 7-10 8-10 9-10
Rep Rep-M Var
Reit Incl Reit
Peo Org Obj
La La
Prp N Prp N PrpN (+ det and com N) PrpN Prp N
Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit
Plc Peo
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
La La La La La Pa
Prp N pers pn V NP Aj VP
Rep Ind Gr Syn Rep Rep Gen
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Act Con Qual Act
Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Peo
14 Israelis Palestinians
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Spec Reit
Peo Peo
Palestinians economic waging economic war
La La Pa
Prp N Aj Nonfinite cl
Rep Rep Gen
Reit Reit Incl
Peo Qual Act
1–11 2-11 3-11 4-11 5-11
None None None None Palestinians economic imposed severe economic sanctions
6-11 7-11 8-11 9-11
None Palestinian None Israelis Israelis Palestinians Netanyahu economic tightened the economic screws
Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Peo
Israeli Israeli commentators Palestinians Netanyahu economic waging economic war on the Palestinians
La Ga La La La Pa
Rep-M Part Rep-M Rep Rep Para
Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Peo Peo Peo Qual Act
Palestinians they
Palestinians Palestinians
La La
Prp Aj headN Prp N Prp N Aj Nonfin clause Prp N Prp N
Rep Full
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
Gaza City None the Gaza Strip
Palestinian territory
Ga
NP
Gen
Incl
Plc
Palestinian territory
Ga
NP
Gen
Incl
Plc
10-11
1–12 2-12 3-12
295
4-12 5-12
6-12 7-12 8-12 9-12 10-12
None Palestinians Palestinians terrorism terrorism None Palestinian Palestinian None Palestinians Palestinians two suicide bombers
Netanyahu Netanyahu terrorism
11-12
1–13 2-13 3-13 4-13 5-13 6-13 7-13 8-13 9-13 10-13 11-13 12-13
1–14 2-14 3-14 4-14 5-14 6-14 7-14 8-14 9-14 10-14
11-14 12-14
296
terrorism Palestinians they Palestinians they Netanyahu Netanyahu some Israeli commentators Palestinians Palestinians None None None None crack down on terrorism None None None None do something to stop terrorism None Arafat he None None None None terrorism Palestinians None Palestinian None Palestinians terrorism Palestinians they Palestinians terrorism Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2
Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 violence he may not be able to control terrorism
La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj headN
Rep-M Rep-M Sup
Reit Reit Spec
Qual Qual Con
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Con
Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2
La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Qual Qual
Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 the two suicide bombers
La La La
Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Peo
Gr Rep Ind Gr Sup
Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Con
Netanyahu he violence he may not be able to control terrorism Palestinian 1 Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Palestinian 2 Netanyahu he Netanyahu’s critics
La La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Nom in NP def art Prp N pers pn headN
La La La La La La La La
NP Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N pers pn headN
Rep Rep-M Full Rep-M Full Rep Ind Gr Syn
Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Qual Qual Qual Qual Peo Peo Peo
Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2
La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit
Qual Qual
round up 173 suspects
Pa
VP
Exem
Spec
Act
round up 173 suspects
Pa
VP
Exem
Spec
Act
Arafat Arafat
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Full
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
terrorism Palestinian
La La
NP Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit
Con Qual
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
Palestinian terrorism Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian terrorism Palestinian Palestinian
La La La La La La La La
Prp Aj NP Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj NP Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep Rep-M Full Rep-M Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Con Qual Qual Qual Con Qual Qual
13-14 1–15 2-15 3-15 4-15 5-15 6-15 7-15 8-15 9-15 10-15 11-15 12-15 13-15 14-15
1–16 2-16 3-16 4-16 5-16 6-16 7-16 8-16 9-16 10-16 11-16 12-16
13-16
14-16
15-16
1–17
violence he may not be able to control Arafat he Arafat None None None None Israel None None None Israelis 14 Israelis Israeli Arafat he Arafat he Hamas various Palestinian groups leaders of various Palestinian groups None None None None terrorism Israel None None None None terrorism None terrorism violence Arafat Arafat Arafat he he he Arafat Arafat Arafat leaders of various Palestinian groups terrorism he he he Arafat Arafat Arafat embracing Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, a Hamas leader
terrorism
La
NP
Hyp
Spec
Con
he he he
La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Ind Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
Israelis
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Incl
Org
Israelis Israelis Israelis Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat Hamas Hamas
La La La La La La La La Ga
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep Full Rep Full Rep Exem
Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Org Org
a Hamas leader
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Peo
terrorism Israel
La La
NP Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Con Plc
terrorism
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Con
terrorism terrorism he 1 he 2 he 3 he 1 he 2 he 3 he 1 he 2 he 3 the killers of women and children terrorism he 1 he 2 he 3 he 1 he 2 he 3 hug the killers of women and children
La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
NP NP pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn NP
Rep Hyp Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Para
Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
La La La La La La La La Pa
NP pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn V NP
Rep Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Syn Gen
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Con Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Act Peo
None
297
2-17 3-17 4-17 5-17 6-17
None None None Palestinians Oslo (was signed)
13-17 14-17 15-17 16-17
Oslo Palestinian None Palestinians the 1993 Oslo accords Oslo Palestinians they the Palestinians Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 None Palestinian None None
1–18
Gaza City
2-18 3-18
None the Gaza Strip
4-18 5-18 6-18 7-18 8-18 9-18 10-18 11-18 12-18
None None None None None None None None Palestinian territory Palestinian territory
13-18 14-18 15-18 16-18 17-18
None None None None None
1–19 2-19 3-19 4-19 5-19 6-19
Gaza City None the Gaza Strip None None Oslo (was signed)
7-19 8-19
signed None None
7-17 8-17 9-17
10-17 11-17 12-17
298
Palestinians the Oslo accords
La La
Rep Var
Reit Reit
Peo Obj
La La
Prp N Prp N (+ det and com N) PrpN Prp N
Oslo Palestinians
Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit
Plc Peo
Palestinians the Oslo accords Oslo Palestinians the Palestinians the Palestinians the Palestinians the Palestinians
La La La La La La La La
Prp N NP PrpN Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep Full Rep Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Obj Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
the Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Peo
Gaza (implies the Gaza Strip)
La
Prp N (- det and com N)
Var
Incl
Plc
Gaza (implies the Gaza Strip)
La
Prp N (- det and com N)
Var
Reit
Plc
the West Bank Gaza (implies the Gaza Strip)
Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N
Part Part
Spec Spec
Plc Plc
the territories
Ga
NP
Whole
Incl
Plc
the territories
Ga
NP
Whole
Incl
Plc
the agreement
La
headN
Reit
Obj
signed
La La
def art V
Syn (to Var name) Gr Rep
Reit Reit
Obj Act
9-19
the 1993 Oslo accords
the agreement
La La
headN def art
Syn Gr
Reit Reit
Obj Obj
10-19 11-19 12-19
None None Palestinian territory
the territories
La La
headN def art
Rep Gr
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
13-19 14-19 15-19 16-19 17-19
None None None None the Oslo accords
the agreement
18-19
the West Bank Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip) the West Bank and Gaza have been devastated
the territories the territories
La La Ga Ga
headN def art NP NP
Syn Gr Whole Whole
Reit Reit Incl Incl
Obj Obj Plc Plc
Per capita income in the territories has dropped 35 percent since the agreement was signed
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
1–20
Gaza City
Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip)
La
Prp N (- det and com N)
Var
Incl
Plc
2-20 3-20
None the Gaza Strip
Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip)
La
Prp N (- det and com N)
Var
Reit
Plc
4-20 5-20 6-20
None None after Oslo was signed
this
La
Gr
Reit
Time
a period of managed development
Pa
dem pn NP
Para
Reit
Time
7-20 8-20 9-20 10-20 11-20 12-20
None None None None None Palestinian territory Palestinian territory
the West Bank Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip)
Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N
Part Part
Spec Spec
Plc Plc
13-20 14-20 15-20 16-20 17-20 18-20
None None None None None the West Bank Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip) since the agreement was signed since the agreement was signed the territories
the West Bank Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip) this
La La
Prp N Prp N
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
La
Reit
Time
a period of managed development Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip) the West Bank
Pa
dem pn NP
Rep Rep of Var Gr Para
Reit
Time
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
Palestine
Ga
Prp N
Whole
Incl
Plc
Palestine
Ga
Prp N
Whole
Incl
Plc
after Oslo was signed
19-20
the territories 1–21 2-21 3-21
Gaza City None the Gaza Strip
299
4-21 5-21 6-21 7-21 8-21 9-21 10-21 11-21 12-21 13-21 14-21 15-21 16-21 17-21 18-21
19-21
20-21
None None None None None None None None Palestinian territory None None None None None the West Bank Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip) the West Bank and Gaza have been devastated United Nations the territories Per capital income in the territories has dropped 35 percent since the agreement was signed managed development for the West Bank and Gaza the West Bank Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip) managed
1–22 2-22 3-22 4-22 5-22 6-22
Gaza City None the Gaza Strip None Palestinians Oslo (was signed)
7-22 8-22 9-22
Oslo Palestinian None the 1993 Oslo accords
Palestine
Ga
Prp N
Whole
Incl
Plc
Palestine Palestine
Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N
Whole Whole
Incl Incl
Plc Plc
managed deterioration
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Con
U. N. Palestine managed deterioration
La Ga Pa
Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Whole Gen
Reit Incl Incl
Org Plc Con
human development
La
headN
Rep
Incl
Con
Palestine Palestine
Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N
Whole Whole
Incl Incl
Plc Plc
managed
La
Aj
Rep
Reit
Con
Palestinian areas
Ga
NP
Whole
Incl
Plc
Palestinian areas
Ga
NP
Whole
Incl
Plc
Palestinian the Oslo agreement
La La
Rep-M Var
Reit Reit
Qual Obj
Oslo Palestinian
La La
Prp Aj Prp N (+ det and com N) PrpN Prp Aj
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Qual
the Oslo agreement
headN def art Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj headN
Syn Gr Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Syn
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Obj Obj Plc Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual Plc
Oslo Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian areas
13-22 14-22 15-22 16-22 17-22
Oslo Palestinians Palestinians Palestinians Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Palestinian territory None Palestinian None None the Oslo accords
La La La La La La La La La
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
the Oslo agreement
18-22
Oslo Palestinians West Bank
Oslo Palestinian Palestinian areas
La La La La Ga
headN def art Prp N Prp Aj NP
Syn Gr Rep Rep-M Whole
Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Obj Obj Plc Qual Plc
10-22 11-22 12-22
300
19-22
20-22
21-22 1–23 2-23 3-23 4-23 5-23 6-23 7-23 8-23 9-23 10-23 11-23 12-23 13-23 14-23 15-23 16-23 17-23 18-23 19-23 20-23
21-23 22-23 1–24 2-24 3-24 4-24 5-24 6-24 7-24 8-24 9-24 10-24 11-24 12-24 13-24 14-24 15-24 16-24
17-24 18-24 19-24 20-24
Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip) the territories the agreement signed West Bank Gaza (implied the Gaza Strip) Palestine None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None managed development for the West Bank and Gaza human development in Palestine None None None None None None None None None None None None Arafat he Arafat he Arafat he 1 he 2 he 3 None None None None
Palestinian areas
Ga
NP
Whole
Incl
Plc
Palestinian areas the Oslo agreement signed Palestinian areas Palestinian areas
Ga La La Ga Ga
NP headN V NP NP
Whole Rep Rep Whole Whole
Incl Reit Reit Incl Incl
Plc Obj Act Plc Plc
Palestinian areas
Ga
NP
Part
Spec
Plc
development process
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Con
development process
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Con
Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat
La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Full Rep Full Rep Full Full Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
301
21-24
managed deterioration
22-24 23-24
None the development process
1–25 2-25 3-25 4-25 5-25 6-25 7-25 8-25 9-25 10-25 11-25 12-25
None None None None None None None None None None None Arafat he Arafat he Arafat he 1 he 2 he 3 Israel None None None None None None the development process
13-25 14-25 15-25 16-25
17-25 18-25 19-25 20-25 21-25 22-25 23-25
Top officials of the new Palestinian Authority enriched themselves and created slush funds that enable Arafat to govern.
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Top officials of the new Palestinian Authority enriched themselves and created slush funds that enable Arafat to govern.
Pa
Cl
Part
Spec
Fact
Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat Arafat Israel
La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Full Rep Full Rep Full Full Full Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
Pa
Cl
Part
Spec
Fact
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
24-25
Arafat
At first Israel’s Labor Party government helped to maintain Arafat’s financial lifeline. Arafat
1–26 2-26 3-26 4-26 5-26
None None None None Palestinians terrorism
Palestinian terrorist
La La
Prp Aj Mod N /Aj
Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit
Peo Qual
6-26 7-26 8-26 9-26 10-26
None Palestinian None Palestinians two suicide bombers killed 14 Israelis Palestinians terrorism
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Reit
Qual
Palestinian terrorist incidents
La Pa
Prp Aj NP
Rep-M Gen
Reit Incl
Qual Evt
Palestinian terrorist
La La
Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit
Qual Qual
Palestinians Israeli
Palestinian Israel
La La
Prp Aj Mod N /Aj Prp Aj Prp N
Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit
Qual Plc
11-26
302
12-26
13-26 14-26
15-26 16-26
17-26 18-26 19-26 20-26 21-26 22-26 23-26
24-26 25-26
1–27 2-27 3-27 4-27 5-27 6-27 7-27 8-27 9-27 10-27 11-27 12-27
Palestinians Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Arafat he Arafat he terrorism
Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Arafat Arafat him him terrorist
La La La La La La La La
Arafat Arafat he he terrorism
Arafat him Arafat him terrorist
La La La La La
Palestinian Arafat Arafat he 1 he 2 he 3 he 1 he 2 he 3 terrorism
Palestinian Arafat him Arafat Arafat Arafat him him him terrorist
La La La La La La La La La La
Israel Palestinians None None None None Palestinian the development process
Israel Palestinian
La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn Mod N /Aj Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn Mod N /Aj Prp Aj Prp N pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn Mod N /Aj Prp N Prp Aj
Palestinian When it had to close Israel’s borders to Palestinian workers after terrorist incidents, it continued to funnel tax revenue to Arafat, once advancing him $30 million to offset a border closure. Arafat him it 1
La Pa
Arafat Arafat Israel’s Labor Party government Israel’s Labor Party government Israel Arafat Arafat None None None None None None None None None Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu
Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Qual Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual
Rep Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual
Rep-M Rep Ind Gr Full Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Qual Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual
Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit
Plc Qual
Prp Aj Cl
Rep-M Part
Reit Spec
Qual Fact
La La La
Prp N pers pn pers pn
Rep Ind Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Org
it 2
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Org
Israel Arafat him
La La La
Prp N Prp N pers pn
Rep Rep Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Peo
Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu
La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
303
13-27 14-27 15-27 16-27 17-27 18-27 19-27 20-27 21-27 22-27 23-27 24-27 25-27 26-27
he None None None None None None None None None None None None None it continued to funnel tax revenue to Arafat and advance him money
1–28 2-28 3-28 4-28 5-28
None None export None terrorism Palestinians severe economic sanctions
6-28 7-28 8-28 9-28 10-28
None Palestinian None Palestinians Netanyahu Netanyahu tightened the economic screws tightened the economic screws
11-28
12-28
13-28 14-28 15-28 16-28 17-28 18-28 19-28
304
Palestinians terrorism Netanyahu Netanyahu Palestinians Palestinians Netanyahu Netanyahu he he Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 violence he may not be able to control terrorism None Palestinian terrorism None Israel terrorism Palestinians Palestinians None None
Netanyahu
La
Prp N
Full
Reit
Peo
that game
Pa La
headN dm det
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Fact Fact
exports
La
NP
Rep-M
Reit
Con
the bombing Palestinian closed the borders to Palestinian workers and exports
La La Pa
NP Prp Aj VP
Hyp Rep-M Exem
Spec Reit Spec
Evt Qual Act
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
Palestinian he 1 he 2 froze the transfer of tax revenues closed the borders to Palestinian workers and exports Palestinian the bombing he 1 he 2 Palestinian Palestinian workers he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 Palestinian Palestinian the bombing
La La La Pa
Prp Aj pers pn pers pn VP
Rep-M Gr Gr Exem
Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Peo Peo Act
Pa
VP
Exem
Spec
Act
La La La La La Ga La La La La La La La
Prp Aj NP pers pn pers pn Prp Aj headN pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp Aj Prp Aj NP
Rep-M Hyp Gr Gr Rep-M Part Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Rep Hyp
Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Evt Peo Peo Qual Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual Qual Evt
the bombing
La
NP
Hyp
Spec
Evt
Palestinian the bombing
La La
Prp Aj NP
Rep Hyp
Reit Spec
Qual Evt
Israel the bombing Palestinian Palestinian workers
La La La Ga
Prp N NP Prp Aj headN
Rep Hyp Rep-M Part
Reit Spec Reit Spec
Plc Evt Qual Peo
20-28 21-28 22-28 23-28 24-28 25-28 26-28
27-28
None None Palestinian None the new Palestinian Authority Israel Israel Israel’s borders Palestinian Palestinian workers Netanyahu Netanyahu
1–29 2-29 3-29 4-29 5-29 6-29 7-29 8-29 9-29 10-29 11-29 12-29 13-29 14-29 15-29 16-29 17-29 18-29 19-29 20-29 21-29 22-29 23-29 24-29 25-29 26-29 27-29 28-29
None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Israel None None None None None None None None Israel Israel None Israel tax revenues
1–30 2-30 3-30 4-30 5-30 6-30 7-30 8-30 9-30 10-30 11-30 12-30 13-30 14-30 15-30 16-30
None None None None Palestinians None Palestinian None Palestinians Palestinians Palestinians Palestinian 2 None Palestinian groups None Israel Israel Palestinians
17-30
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
the Authority Israel Israel Israel’s borders Palestinian Palestinian workers he 1 he 2
La La La La La La La La La
Prp N def art Prp N Prp N NP Prp Aj NP pers pn pers pn
Rep Gr Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Org Org Plc Plc Obj Qual Peo Peo Peo
Israel
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
Israel Israel
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
Israel the revenues
La La La
Prp N headN def art
Rep Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Con Con
Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Peo
Palestinians Palestinians Palestinians Palestinians
La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Peo
Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Palestinians
La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N
Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Peo
305
18-30 19-30 20-30 21-30 22-30 23-30 24-30 25-30 26-30
27-30 28-30
29-30
306
None None None None Palestinian None None Israel Israel Israel Israel Palestinian workers Palestinian None Israel Israel Palestinian Palestinian workers tax revenues the revenues Israel Israel
Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Peo
Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Palestinians Palestinians
La La La La Ga La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Whole Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit
Qual Qual Qual Qual Peo Peo
Israeli 1 Israeli 2 Palestinians Palestinians
La La La Ga
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Whole
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Qual Qual Peo Peo
they they Israeli 1 Israeli 2
La La La La
pers pn pers pn Prp Aj Prp Aj
Gr Gr Rep-M Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Qual Qual
Text 5: McGeary, Johanna. “Bibi’s Black Days.” Time 31 March, 1997: 28-29. Sent. No. 1–2
Antecedent
Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim Har Homa Jabal Abu Ghneim
1–3 2-3
Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem
1–4 2-4 3-4
None None Israel Israel a perilous flash point
1–5 2-5 3-5
None None Netanyahu big yellow bulldozers
4-5
1–6
3-6
Source Knowl
Gram. Cat.
Surf. marker
Co-ref. Rel.
Entity Type
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Plc
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Plc
Pa Pa
NP NP
Para Para
Reit Reit
Con Con
Pa La La La
headN def art headN def art
Para Gr Rep-M Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Obj Obj Obj Obj
Israeli Israel Palestinians hurled stones, Israeli soldiers fired tear gas, Arab leaders issued harsh denunciations, and every single friend of Israel’s disapproved.
La La Pa
Prp Aj Prp N Cl
Rep-M Rep Exem
Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Fact
Netanyahu the bulldozers
La La La La La
Prp N headN def art pers pn pers pn
Rep Rep Gr Ind Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Obj Obj Peo Peo
Pa La Pa
Nom dm det NP
Para Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Obj
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Con
Pa La
Nom dm det
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Con Con
the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem an obscure plot with a Hebrew name and an Arabic one a Hebrew name an Arabic one the hill the hill
Netanyahu Palestinians, Israeli soldiers, Arab leaders, friends of Israel
he them
Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim
those few square yards
Har Homa or Jabal Abu Ghneim
2-6
Reference item
a necessary, legitimate addition to Israel’s housing stock a flamin brand tossed on the pyre of Palestinian impatience and despair those few square yards
the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem the obscure plot with a Hebrew name and an Arabic one the hill
those few square yards
Pa La
Nom dm det
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Con Con
those few square yards
Israel houses
Israel housing
Pa La La La
Nom dm det Prp N Mod N
Para Gr Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Plc Obj
307
a perilous flash point
4-6
5-6 1–7 2-7 3-7 4-7
Palestinians Israel Israeli None
5-7 6-7
None None Israel Israeli Israel None Israel
1–8 2-8 3-8 4-8
None None Jewish Palestinians
5-8
far more serious violence
6-8
Palestinian
7-8
Friday Friday
1–9 2-9 3-9 4-9
None None None Israeli soldiers Israeli soldiers far more serious violence
5-9
6-9 7-9 8-9
None None Tel Aviv members of the extremist group Hamas Jewish holiday Jewish holiday afternoon
1–10 2-10 3-10 4-10 5-10 6-10 7-10
308
None None Israel Israel Israeli None Israel Israel
a flaming brand tossed on the pyre of Palestinian impatience and despair Palestinian Israel Israel
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
La La La
Prp Aj Prp N Prp N
Rep-M Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Plc Plc
Israel Israel Israel
La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc
Israel
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
Jewish members of the extremist group Hamas (extremists) shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb members of the extremist group Hamas the Jewish holiday the Jewish holiday afternoon
La Ga
Prp Aj NP
Rep Part
Reit Spec
Qual Peo
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Evt
Ga
NP
Part
Spec
Peo
Pa Pa
NP NP
Para Part
Reit Spec
Time Time
Israelis Israelis a man entered one of the cafes and detonated himself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more
La Ga Pa
Prp N PrpN Cl
Rep-M Whole Exem
Incl Incl Spec
Peo Peo Evt
the city a man
Ga La Ga
headN def art NP
Para Gr Part
Reit Reit Spec
Plc Plc Peo
Purim Purim
Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N
Exem Whole
Spec Incl
Time Time
the Holy Land the Holy Land the Holy Land
Ga Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N Prp N
Whole Whole Whole
Incl Incl Incl
Plc Plc Plc
the Holy Land the Holy Land
Ga Ga
Prp N Prp N
Whole Whole
Incl Incl
Plc Plc
8-10 9-10
None None
1–11 2-11 3-11 4-11
None None Israel Palestinians Israeli Israeli soldiers Israel Palestinians hurled stones, Israeli soldiers fired tear gas far more serious violence Israel Palestinian Israel They shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more None
5-11 6-11 7-11 8-11
9-11
10-11 1–12 2-12 3-12
4-12 5-12
6-12 7-12 8-12
None None Prime Minister Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu converting the landscape into a perilous flash point every single friend of Israel’s Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu more serious violence he he he he he None None they shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb
Israeli Palestinians Israeli Israeli soldiers Israeli violence
La La La La La Pa
Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj NP Prp Aj NP
Rep-M Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Gen
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Qual Peo Qual Peo Qual Con
violence
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Con
Israeli Palestinians Israeli violence
La La La Pa
Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj NP
Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Gen
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Qual Peo Qual Con
violence
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Prime Minister Netanyahu
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Reit
Peo
his 1
La
pos det
Ind Gr
Reit
Peo
2
La
pos det
Ind Gr
Reit
Peo
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
his
brinkmanship
foreign allies
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Peo
Netanyahu Prime Minister he his 1 his 2 last week’s suicide attack Prime Minister Netanyahu he his 1 his 2
La Ga La La La La
Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det headN
Rep Para Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Hyp
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt
La La La La La
Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det
Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
last week’s suicide attack
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
309
9-12
10-12 11-12 1–13 2-13 3-13 4-13 5-13 6-13 7-13 8-13
9-13
10-13 11-13 12-13
a man detonated himself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more None violence None None None None far more serious violence None Friday Black Days they shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb a man detonated himself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more None violence last week last week’s suicide attack peace
1–14 2-14 3-14 4-14 5-14 6-14 7-14 8-14 9-14 10-14 11-14 12-14 13-14
None None None Arab leaders None None None None None None None None None
1–15 2-15
Har Homa the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem the hill Palestinians Palestinians Arab leaders
3-15 4-15
5-15 6-15
7-15 8-15 9-15 10-15 11-15
310
far more serious violence Palestinian Palestinian those few square yards None Hamas None None violence
last week’s suicide attack
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
suicide attack
La
NP
Hyp
Spec
Evt
Friday’s blast
La
headN
Hyp
Spec
Evt
Friday Friday Friday’s blast
La Pa Pa
Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Exem Para
Reit Spec Reit
Time Time Evt
Friday’s blast
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
Friday’s blast Friday Friday’s blast
La La Pa
NP Prp N NP
Hyp Mer Para
Spec Spec Reit
Evt Time Evt
peace process
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Con
Arafat
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Peo
Har Homa Har Homa
La Pa
Prp N Prp N
Rep Para
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
Har Homa Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 the wily Palestinian leader violence
Pa La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj headN
Para Rep-M Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Spec
Plc Qual Qual Peo
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Con
Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Har Homa
La La Pa
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N
Rep Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Plc
Hamas
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
violence
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Con
12-15 13-15 14-15
Palestinians Palestinians None None Arafat played his own devil’s hand
1–16 2-16 3-16 4-16 5-16
6-16 7-16 8-16
9-16
10-16 11-16 12-16
13-16 14-16 15-16
1–17 2-17 3-17 4-17 5-17 6-17 7-17 8-17 9-17 10-17
None None Netanyahu None far more serious violence Netanyahu None None shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb a man entered one of the cafes and detonated himself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more None violence last week’s suicide attack Netanyahu Prime Minister he his 1 his 2 Friday’s blast Arafat Arafat the wily Palestinian leader the wily Palestinian leader violence None None None None None None None Hamas None None
Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2
La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep-M Rep-M
the wily Palestinian leader ordered his followers to abjure violence and protest peacefully – and also freed dozens of Hamas warriors from Palestinian jail cells, including military-operations chief Ibrahim Maqadmah
Ga
NP
Pa
VP
Netanyahu
La
the attack
Reit Reit
Qual Qual
Para
Reit
Peo
Exem
Spec
Act
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
La
headN
Hyp
Spec
Evt
Netanyahu
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
the attack
Pa La
headN def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Evt Evt
the attack
Pa La
headN def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Evt Evt
the attack the attack
he 1 he 2 he 1
La La La La Ga La La La Pa La La La La
headN headN def art Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN def art pers pn pers pn pers pn
Hyp Rep Gr Rep Para Full Full Full Para Gr Gr Gr Gr
Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Evt Evt Evt Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt Peo Peo Peo
he 2
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
the attack
La
headN
Hyp
Spec
Evt
Hamas
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu the attack
311
11-17 12-17 13-17 14-17 15-17 16-17
None None None None Hamas None
1–18 2-18 3-18 4-18 5-18 6-18 7-18 8-18
None Jerusalem None None None None None members of the extremist group Hamas shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb a man entered one of the cafes an detonated himself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more None violence suicide attack negotiations Friday’s blast None Hamas warriors Maqadmah attack Hamas
9-18
10-18 11-18 12-18 13-18 14-18 15-18 16-18 17-18 1–19 2-19 3-19
4-19 5-19
6-19 7-19 8-19 9-19
10-19 11-19 12-19
312
Hamas
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
Jerusalem
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
Maqadmah
Pa
Prp N
Part
Spec
Peo
holy war
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
holy war
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
holy war holy war negotiations holy war
La La La Pa
NP NP NP NP
Hyp Sup Rep Gen
Spec Incl Reit Incl
Con Con Con Con
Maqadmah Maqadmah holy war Maqadmah
Pa La La Pa
Prp N Prp N NP Prp N
Part Rep Sup Part
Spec Reit Incl Spec
Peo Peo Con Peo
Netanyahu his 1 his 2
La La La
Prp N pos det pos det
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
None None Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu None Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu he he he None None Tel Aviv the city killing three Israelis
Netanyahu his 1 his 2 Netanyahu his 1 his 2
La La La La La La
Prp N pos det pos det Prp N pos det pos det
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Tel Aviv Tel Aviv the deaths in Tel Aviv
La Ga Pa La
Prp N Prp N NP def art
Rep Para Para Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Con Con
None None Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Prime Minister Prime Minister Prime Minister he
Netanyahu his 1 his 2 Netanyahu his 1 his 2 Netanyahu
La La La Ga La La La
Prp N pos det pos det Prp N pos det pos det Prp N
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Para Ind Gr Ind Gr Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
13-19 14-19 15-19 16-19 17-19 18-19 1-20 2-20
3-20 4-20 5-20 6-20 7-20 8-20
9-20
10-20 11-20 12-20
13-20 14-20 15-20 16-20 17-20 18-20 19-20
1–21
he he his 1 his 1 his 1 his 2 his 2 his 2 negotiations peace peace None None Netanyahu None None
his 1 his 2 Netanyahu his 1 his 2 Netanyahu his 1 his 2 negotiations peace with security peace with security
La La La La La La La La La La La
pos det pos det Prp N pos det pos det Prp N pos det pos det NP headN headN
Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Con Con Con
Netanyahu
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
Har Homa the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem Netanyahu the hill None Netanyahu he those few square yards None shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb a man entered one of the cafes and detonated himself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more the cafes None None Netanyahu Prime Minister he his 1 his 2 Friday’s blast None Har Homa violence Netanyahu the attack None None Netanyahu his 1 his 2 the deaths in Tel Aviv
Har Homa Har Homa
La Pa
Prp N Prp N
Rep Para
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
Netanyahu Har Homa
La Pa
Prp N Prp N
Rep Para
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
Netanyahu Netanyahu Har Homa
La La Ga
Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Full Para
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Plc
terrorism
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
terrorism
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
the bloodshed
Pa La
headN def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Con Con
cafe
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Obj
Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu terrorism
La Ga La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Para Full Full Full Sup
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Con
Har Homa terrorism Netanyahu terrorism
La La La La
Prp N NP Prp N NP
Rep Hyp Rep Sup
Reit Spec Reit Incl
Plc Con Peo Con
Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu the bloodshed
La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N headN def art
Rep Full Full Syn Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Con Con
disputed land
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Obj
Har Homa
313
2-21
3-21
4-21 5-21 6-21 7-21 8-21
9-21
10-21 11-21 12-21
13-21 14-21 15-21 16-21 17-21 18-21 19-21 20-21
1–22 2-22 3-22 4-22
5-22 6-22 7-22 8-22
314
the empty hillside on the southern reaches of Jerusalem the hill big yellow bulldozers began to claim the hill for Jewish homes Netanyahu None Netanyahu he those few square yards None a powerful bomb shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb the cafés a man entered one of the cafes and detonated himself None None Netanyahu Prime Minister he his 1 his 2 last week’s suicide attack Friday’s blast None Har Homa Netanyahu None None Netanyahu Netanyahu Nothing justifies terrorism café wreckage terrorism
None None None Palestinians hurled stones Israeli soldiers far more serious violence Palestinian None shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb members of the extremist group Hamas Tel Aviv
disputed land
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Obj
disputed land building on disputed land
Pa Pa
NP Nonfin cl
Gen Para
Incl Reit
Obj Act
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
he he disputed land
La La Pa
pers pn pers pn NP
Gr Ind Gr Gen
Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Obj
a bomb setting off a bomb in a cafe
La Pa
headN Nonfin cl
Rep Para
Incl Reit
Obj Act
café setting off a bomb in a cafe
La Pa
headN Nonfin cl
Rep Para
Incl Reit
Obj Act
he he he he he setting off a bomb
La La La La La La
Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Sup
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Act
setting off a bomb
La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Nonfin cl Nonfin cl
Sup
Incl
Act
disputed land he
Pa La
NP pers pn
Gen Gr
Incl Reit
Obj Peo
he he that
La La La
Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Fact
café setting off a bomb in a café
La La
pers pn pers pn dem pn headN Nonfin cl
Rep Hyp
Incl Spec
Obj Act
the Palestinians violence Israelis violence
La La La La
Prp N NP Prp N NP
Rep Sup Rep-M Rep
Incl Incl Incl Incl
Peo Con Peo Con
the Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Peo
violence
La
NP
Sup
Incl
Con
the Palestinians
Ga
Prp N
Whole
Incl
Peo
Tel Aviv
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Plc
9-22
10-22 11-22 12-22 13-22 14-22 15-22
16-22 17-22 18-22 19-22 20-22 21-22 1–23 2-23 3-23 4-23 5-23 6-23 7-23 8-23
9-23
10-23 11-23 12-23
a man shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more three Israelis the city None violence Palestinians None Friday’s blast None Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 violence the attack None holy war Tel Aviv terrorism the bloodshed setting off a bomb None None None Israeli soldiers None None None they shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb they shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb Israelis a man entered one of the cafes and detonated hijself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more a man entered one of the cafes and detonated hijself, killing three Israelis and injuring at least 47 more None Israeli soldiers last week’s suicide attack
violence
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
the Israelis Tel Aviv
La Ga
Prp N Prp N
Rep Para
Incl Reit
Peo Plc
violence the Palestinians
La La
NP Prp N
Rep Rep
Incl Reit
Con Peo
violence
La
NP
Sup
Incl
Con
Palestinians Palestinians violence violence
La La La La
Prp N Prp N NP NP
Rep-M Rep-M Rep Sup
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Con Con
violence Tel Aviv violence violence violence
Pa La La La La
NP Prp N NP NP NP
Para Rep Sup Sup Sup
Reit Reit Incl Incl Incl
Con Plc Con Con Con
many Israelis
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Incl
Peo
this
La
dem pn
Gr
Reit
Evt
the beginning of a new terror offensive like the one last year that drove Labor Prime Minister Shimon Peres from office many Israelis this
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
La La
Prp N dem pn
Rep Gr
Spec Reit
Peo Evt
the beginning of a new terror offensive like the one last year that drove Labor Prime Minister Shimon Peres from office
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
many Israelis this
La La
Prp N dem pn
Rep-M Gr
Incl Reit
Peo Evt
315
last week’s suicide attack
13-23
Friday’s blast Friday’s blast
14-23 15-23 16-23
None violence the attack the attack
17-23 18-23 19-23 20-23 21-23
22-23
None holy war None terrorism setting off a bomb in a café setting off a bomb in a café
the Israelis that in Tel Aviv that in Tel Aviv
violence 1–24 2-24 3-24 4-24 5-24 6-24 7-24 8-24
9-24
10-24
316
None None None Palestinians far more serious violence Palestinian None they shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb members of the extremist groups Hamas a man entered one of the cafes and detonated himself None
the beginning of a new terror offensive like the one last year that drove Labor Prime Minister Shimon Peres from office this
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
La
dem pn NP
Gr
Reit
Evt
Para
Reit
Evt
Hyp Gr
Spec Reit
Con Evt
Para
Reit
Evt
the beginning of a new terror offensive like the one last year that drove Labor Prime Minister Shimon Peres from office
Pa
a new terror offensive this
La La
the beginning of a new terror offensive like the one last year that drove Labor Prime Minister Shimon Peres from office
Pa
headN dem pn NP
a new terror offensive
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
a new terror offensive this
La La
Rep-M Gr
Spec Reit
Con Evt
the beginning of a new terror offensive like the one last year that drove Labor Prime Minister Shimon Peres from office many Israelis this
Pa
mod N dem pn NP
Para
Reit
Evt
Rep Gr
Spec Reit
Peo Evt
Para
Reit
Evt
La La
the beginning of a new terror offensive like the one last year that drove Labor Prime Minister Shimon Peres from office a terror offensive
Pa
Prp N dem pn NP
Pa
NP
Para
Spec
Evt
the Palestinians one bombing
La La
Prp N headN
Rep Hyp
Incl Spec
Peo Evt
Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Peo
one bombing
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
the Palestinians
Ga
Prp N
Whole
Incl
Peo
one bombing
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
11-24
violence Palestinians
12-24
last week’s suicide attack Friday’s blast None Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 the attack Hamas None None terrorism setting off a bomb in a cafe violence the Palestinians
13-24 14-24 15-24 16-24 17-24 18-24 19-24 20-24 21-24 22-24
23-24
1–25 2-25 3-25 4-25
5-25 6-25 7-25 8-25 9-25 10-25 11-25
12-25
13-25
14-25 15-25 16-25 17-25 18-25 19-25
20-25 21-25 22-25 23-25 24-25
the beginning of a new terror offensive this None None Netanyahu Israel Palestinians Israel Israeli Israeli soldiers Netanyahu he Israel Palestinian Israel None None None Palestinians Israeli Israeli soldiers Netanyahu Prime Minister he his 1 his 2 aftermath of Friday’s blast None Palestinian 1 Palestinian 2 Netanyahu None Gaza Netanyahu his 1 his 2 Netanyahu he Palestinians None Palestinians
one bombing hundreds of Palestinians one bombing
La La
headN Prp N
Hyp Rep
Spec Spec
Evt Peo
La
headN
Hyp
Reit
Evt
one bombing
La
headN
Syn
Reit
Evt
Palestinians Palestinians one bombing the Palestinians
La La La Ga
Prp N Prp N headN Prp N
Rep-M Rep-M Hyp Whole
Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Evt Peo
one bombing one bombing
La La
headN headN
Hyp Rep-M
Spec Reit
Evt Evt
one bombing the Palestinians one bombing
La La La Pa
headN Prp N def art NP
Hyp Rep Gr Para
Spec Reit Reit Reit
Evt Peo Peo Evt
one bombing
La
NP
Full
Reit
Evt
Netanyahu Israeli Palestinian Israeli Israeli Israeli troops Netanyahu Netanyahu Israeli Palestinian Israeli
La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj headN Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp Aj
Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Syn Rep Full Rep-M Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Qual Peo Qual Qual Peo Peo Peo Qual Qual Qual
Palestinian Israeli Israeli troops Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Israel immediately closed off the territories
La La La La Ga La La La Pa
Prp Aj Prp Aj headN Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Cl
Rep-M Rep Syn Rep Para Full Full Full Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Qual Qual Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt
Palestinian Palestinian Netanyahu
La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N
Rep Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Peo
the territories Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Palestinian
Ga La La La La La La
NP Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp Aj
Whole Rep Full Full Rep Full Rep-M
Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Reit
Qual
317
Allowing even one bombing to happen, though, will boomerang harshly on the Palestinians. 1–26 2-26 3-26 4-26 5-26
6-26 7-26 8-26
9-26
10-26 11-26 12-26
None None Netanyahu Netanyahu None Netanyahu Netanyahu he he far more serious violence None None they shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv a man entered one of the cafes and detonated himself None None Netanyahu Prime Minister he his 1 his 2 Netanyahu Prime Minister he his 1 his 2 last week’s suicide attack the peace negotiations
Israel immediately closed off the territories ….
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Evt
he 1 he 2
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 the bombing
La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn headN
Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Hyp
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt
the bombing
Pa La
NP def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Evt Evt
the bombing
Pa La
NP def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Evt Evt
he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 the bombing
La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn headN def art headN def art headN def art NP
Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Para Gr Syn Gr Syn Gr Mer
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt Con Con Evt Evt Con
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn headN def art
Gr Gr Hyp Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Evt Evt
headN
Syn
Reit
Con
La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn headN
Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Hyp
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt
the talks
13-26
Friday’s blast
the bombing
peace process
the talks he has always opposed
14-26 15-26 16-26
None None Netanyahu Netanyahu the attack
17-26 18-26
None negotiations
19-26
Netanyahu Netanyahu his 1 his 1 his 2 his 2 Netanyahu Netanyahu terrorism
20-26
318
he 1 he 2 the bombing
the talks he has always opposed he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 the bombing
21-26
22-26 23-26 24-26
he he setting off a bomb in a café violence None bombing
he 1 he 2 the bombing
one bombing will boomerang on the Palestinians
he might decide to use the bombing as a pretext to abandon the talks … he 1 he 2
25-26
Netanyahu Netanyahu
1–27 2-27 3-27 4-27 5-27
None None Netanyahu None Netanyahu he None None they shattered the Jewish holiday afternoon in downtown Tel Aviv with a powerful bomb Tel Aviv the city a man entered one of the cafes and detonated himself, killing …
6-27 7-27 8-27
9-27
10-27
11-27 12-27
a six-month-old girl, her tiny blood-soaked body … a six-month-old girl, her tiny blood-soaked body …
violence last week’s suicide attack
his 300 days Netanyahu Prime Minister he his 1 his 2 three major crises…allies 13-27 14-27 15-27 16-27
None None None Netanyahu the attack
La La La La La
pers pn pers pn headN def art headN
Gr Gr Rep-M Gr Hyp
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Evt Evt Evt
La La Pa
headN def art Cl
Rep Gr Exem
Reit Reit Spec
Evt Evt Fact
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
Netanyahu
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
Netanyahu Netanyahu
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Full
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power Tel Aviv Tel Aviv the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power the carnage in Tel Aviv
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
La Ga Pa
Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Para Para
Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Evt
Pa
Nom in NP def art NP
Gen
Incl
Evt
La Pa
Gr Gen
Reit Incl
Evt Evt
La Pa
headN NP
Hyp Para
Spec Reit
Evt Evt
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Time
La Ga La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N HeadN
Rep Para Full Full Full Syn
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt
La La La
Prp N headN def art
Rep Syn Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Evt Evt
the bombing the bombing
the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power the carnage in Tel Aviv the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power Netanyahu’s 10 months in power Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power
Netanyahu the carnage in Tel Aviv
319
the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
None None Netanyahu his 1 his 2 the deaths in Tel Aviv
Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu the carnage in Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv Netanyahu terrorism the bloodshed
Tel Aviv Netanyahu the carnage in Tel Aviv the carnage in Tel Aviv
the bloodshed
the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power Netanyahu Tel Aviv the carnage in Tel Aviv the carnage in Tel Aviv
La La La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N headN def art Prp N Prp N headN headN def art NP
Rep Full Full Syn Gr Rep Rep Hyp Syn Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt Plc Peo Evt Evt Evt Evt
La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N headN NP def art NP
Full Rep Hyp Full Gr Full
Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit
Peo Plc Evt Evt Evt Evt
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
Pa
NP
Para
Reit
Evt
Pa La Pa
headN def art NP
Para Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit
Evt Evt Evt
La La La Pa La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N headN def art NP
Rep Full Full Para Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt Evt
the attack
17-27 18-27 19-27
20-27
21-27 22-27 23-27
he Tel Aviv violence this this
the beginning of a new terror offensive the beginning of a new terror offensive
24-27
one bombing one bombing
25-27 26-27
Netanyahu he 1 he 2 the bombing the bombing
1–28 2-28 3-28 4-28 5-28 6-28 7-28 8-28 9-28
320
None None None None None None None None None
the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power the carnage in Tel Aviv the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power the carnage in Tel Aviv the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu the carnage in Tel Aviv the latest result of the troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power
10-28 11-28 12-28 13-28 14-28 15-28 16-28 17-28 18-28 19-28 20-28 21-28 22-28 23-28 24-28 25-28 26-28 27-28
1–29 2-29 3-29 4-29 5-29 6-29 7-29 8-29 9-29 10-29 11-29 12-29
13-29 14-29 15-29 16-29 17-29 18-29 19-29
20-29 21-29 22-29 23-29 24-29 25-29 26-29 27-29 28-29
None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power troubles that have piled up during Netanyahu’s 10 months in power None None Netanyahu None Netanyahu he None None None None None None became Prime Minister Netanyahu Prime Minister he his 1 his 2 None None None Netanyahu None None Netanyahu his 1 his 2 Netanyahu he None None None Netanyahu he 1 he 2 Netanyahu plain old inexperience
one difficulty
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Con
plain old inexperience
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Con
Netanyahu
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
Netanyahu Netanyahu
La La
Prp N Prp N
Rep Full
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
came into office Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu
Pa La Ga La La La
VP Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Para Rep Para Full Full Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Act Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Netanyahu
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu
La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Full Full Rep Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu wholly without practice in the real business of government
La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N PP
Rep Full Full Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual
321
one difficulty
1–30 2-30 3-30 4-30 5-30 6-30 7-30 8-30 9-30 10-30 11-30 12-30
13-30 14-30 15-30 16-30 17-30 18-30 19-30 20-30 21-30 22-30 23-30 24-30 25-30 26-30 27-30 28-30 29-30
322
None None Netanyahu None Netanyahu he None None None None None None Netanyahu Prime Minister he his 1 his 2 None None None Netanyahu None None Netanyahu Netanyahu he None None None Netanyahu he 1 he 2 Netanyahu None Netanyahu the real business of government
wholly without practice in the real business of government
Pa
PP
Para
Reit
Qual
his
La
pos det
Gr
Reit
Peo
his his
La La
pos det pos det
Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
his his his his his
La La La La La
pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det
Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
his
La
pos det
Gr
Reit
Peo
his his his
La La La
pos det pos det pos det
Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
his his his his
La La La La
pos det pos det pos det pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
his formulating them (policies)
La Pa
pos det Nonfin cl
Gr Exem
Reit Spec
Peo Act
Text 6: Beyer, Lisa. “Soaked in Blood.” Time Magazine 11 August 1997 : 24. Sent. No.
Antecedent
Reference item
Source Knowl
Gram. Cat.
Surf. marker
Co-ref. Rel.
Entity Type
1-2
the scene
a sunny afternoon
Pc
NP
Whole
Incl
Time
1–3
the scene
shoppers crowding a city street
Pc
NP
Whole
Incl
Fact
2-3
None
1-4
the scene
the deadly blast of a bomb, carnage and chaos
Pc La
NP def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
2-4 3-4
None None
1-5 2-5 3-5 4-5
None None None the deadly blast of a bomb, carnage and chaos
it
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Evt
1-6 2-6 3-6 4-6 5-6
None None None None None
1-7 2-7 3-7 4-7 5-7 6-7
None None None None None the bombers the bombers one 1 one 2
them they them they
La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Incl Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo
1-8 2-8 3-8 4-8 5-8 6-8
None None None None None the bombers the bombers them they them they
one of them one them them one one
La La La La La La
pers pn num pers pn pers pn num num
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Spec Reit Reit Spec Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
None None None None None the bombers
the second man
La La La La
Nom def art Nom def art
Sup Gr Full Gr
Spec Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
7-8
1-9 2-9 3-9 4-9 5-9 6-9
2
one [bomber]
the second man
323
7-9
8-9
the bombers one 2 [bomber] them
his his the second man
they
the second man
them they attaché cases
his his suitcase bomb
them
the second man
them
his
1-10 2-10 3-10 4-10 5-10 6-10 7-10 8-10 9-10
None None None None None None None None None
1-11 2-11 3-11 4-11 5-11 6-11
None None None None None the bombers
7-11
8-11
9-11
one
the bombers
one
2
the bombers
the bombers one 1 one 2 them
their their their the bombers
they
the bombers
them they them
their their the bombers
one of them
the bombers
one of them detonated a lethal parcel the second man exploded his suitcase bomb the second man
the blasts
10-11
the second man the second man his his None
1-12 2-12 3-12
None None None
324
the bombers
1
the blasts
the bombers their their the bombers their
La La La La La La La La La
Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Gr Full Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Syn
Spec Reit Spec Reit Spec Reit Spec Spec Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj
La La La
pos det pos det Nom def art Nom def art pos det pos det Mod of N Nom def art pos det
Full Gr Ind Gr
Spec Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La Pa La
headN def art headN def art headN def art pos det pos det pos det headN def art headN def art pos det pos det headN def art headN def art headN def art headN def art
Rep Gr Full Gr Full Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Gr Full Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Gr Full Gr Whole Gr Whole Gr
Reit Reit Incl Reit Incl Reit Reit Incl Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Incl Reit Incl Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt Evt Evt
Pa La La La La La
headN def art pos det pos det headN pos det
Whole Gr Gr Gr Full Ind Gr
Incl Reit Incl Incl Incl Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
4-12 5-12 6-12
None None the bombers
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La Pa La La Pa La
headN def art Nom def art Nom def art Nom def art Nom def art Nom def art Nom def art headN def art Nom def art NP headN def art
Rep Gr Full Gr Full Gr Full Gr Full Gr Full Gr Full Gr Whole Gr Whole Gr Full Whole Gr
Reit Reit Incl Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Incl Reit Incl Incl Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt
La La La La La La
headN def art headN def art headN def art
Rep Gr Full Gr Sup Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt
the bloodshed
Pa La
headN def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Evt Evt
militant Islamists
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Incl
Peo
enraged Israelis Palestinian leader Yassar Arafat
La La
Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M
Spec Spec
Peo Qual
the suicide bombers
one
1
one
2
the suicide bombers
them
the suicide bombers
they
the suicide bombers
one of them
the suicide bombers
them
the suicide bombers
9-12
one of them detonated a lethal parcel the second man
the suicide bombers the suicide bombers the attack
10-12 11-12
his the second man exploded his suitcase bomb None the bombers their
the suicide bombers
the blasts
the attack
7-12
8-12
1-13 2-13 3-13 4-13 5-13 6-13 7-13 8-13 9-13 10-13 11-13 12-13
None None None None None None None None None None None killed 13 and wounded 170
1-14 2-14 3-14 4-14 5-14 6-14 7-14 8-14 9-14 10-14 11-14 12-14
None None None None None None None None None None None a radical Islamist group Hamas Israelis Palestinians
13-14
1-15
the suicide bombers
the attack
the suicide bombers
None
325
2-15 3-15 4-15 5-15
6-15 7-15 8-15 9-15 10-15 11-15 12-15 13-15 14-15 1-16 2-16 3-16 4-16 5-16 6-16 7-16 8-16
9-16
10-16 11-16
None None None the present securityminded Likud government None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None one of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers None the blasts
his ruling coalition
Ga
NP
Para
Reit
Org
the terror strike
Pa La
NP def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
the terror strike
Pa La
NP def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
the terror strike
La La La La La La La La La
NP def art headN def art NP Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn
Sup Gr Syn Gr Rep Rep Rep Rep Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Evt Evt Evt Evt Con Peo Peo Peo Peo
the bombing
Pa La
headN def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
12-16
the attack
the terror strike
13-16
peace Israelis Israelis Netanyahu Netanyahu
peace Israelis Israelis Netanyahu he
14-16 15-16
1-17 2-17 3-17 4-17 5-17 6-17 7-17 8-17
the bombing
Pa La
headN def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
10-17 11-17
None None None None None None None one of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers None the blasts
the bombing
12-17
the attack
the bombing
La La La
headN def art headN
Syn Gr Hyp
Reit Reit Reit
Evt Evt Evt
9-17
326
13-17 14-17
15-17
16-17
1-18 2-18 3-18 4-18
Islamist radical Islamist group Hamas peace Arafat his militant Islamists militant Islamists Netanyahu Netanyahu his his Netanyahu Netanyahu he he the terror strike last Wednesday peace
La La Pa
def art Prp Aj NP
Gr Rep Whole
Reit Reit Incl
Evt Qual Peo
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
mod N Prp N Prp N headN Prp Aj pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn headN def art mod N
Rep Rep Full Rep-M Rep-M Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Hyp Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt Con
the blast
La La
headN def art
Rep Gr
Reit Reit
Evt Evt
the blast
Pa La
headN def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
Islamist Islamist militants peace negotiations Arafat Arafat Islamist militants Islamist militants he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 the bombing peace negotiations
the blast
Pa La
headN def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
10-18 11-18
None None None the deadly blast of a bomb None None None one of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers None the blasts
the blast
12-18
the attack
the blast
La La La La
headN def art headN def art
Rep Gr Hyp Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Evt Evt Evt Evt
13-18 14-18 15-18
None None Netanyahu his the terror strike last Wednesday Netanyahu he the bombing
La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N headN def art Prp N Prp N headN def art Prp N Prp N
Rep Full Hyp Gr Rep Full Syn Gr Full Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Evt Evt Peo Peo Evt Evt Peo Peo
5-18 6-18 7-18 8-18
9-18
16-18
17-18
he 1 he 2 1-19 2-19 3-19 4-19 5-19 6-19 7-19
Netanyahu Netanyahu the blast Netanyahu Netanyahu the blast Netanyahu Netanyahu
None None None None None None None
327
8-19 9-19 10-19 11-19 12-19 13-19 14-19 15-19 16-19 17-19
18-19
1-20 2-20 3-20 4-20 5-20 6-20 7-20 8-20 9-20 10-20 11-20
12-20 13-20
14-20 15-20
None None None None None None Arafat his Netanyahu his Netanyahu he he 1 he 2 Arafat unprecedentedly tough retaliatory measures Netanyahu None None None None None None None None None None The blasts also blew away the lower portions of the bombers bodies … killed 13 and wounded 170 peace the bloodshed
Arafat Arafat Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Arafat these
La La La La La La La La La La
Rep Full Rep Full Rep Full Full Full Rep Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Con
La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N dem pn Prp N
Netanyahu
Rep
Reit
Peo
people are blown to smithereens
Pa
Cl
Gen
Incl
Evt
people are blown to smithereens peace people are blown to smithereens
Pa
Cl
Gen
Incl
Evt
La Pa
NP Cl
Rep Gen
Reit Incl
Con Evt
18-20 19-20
None Netanyahu his Netanyahu he peace he 1 he 2 peace Netanyahu Netanyahu
he he he he peace he he peace he he
La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn NP pers pn pers pn NP pers pn pers pn
Gr Ind Gr Gr Ind Gr Rep Gr Gr Rep Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Con Peo Peo Con Peo Peo
1-21 2-21 3-21 4-21 5-21 6-21 7-21 8-21 9-21 10-21 11-21 12-21 13-21 14-21
None None None None None None None None None None None None Palestinians Palestinians
Palestinians Palestinian leader
La La
Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M
Reit Spec
Peo Qual
16-20
17-20
328
15-21 16-21 17-21 18-21 19-21 20-21 1-22 2-22 3-22 4-22 5-22 6-22 7-22 8-22
9-22
10-22
11-22 12-22
13-22 14-22 15-22 16-22
17-22
18-22 19-22 20-22
21-22
1-23 2-23 3-23 4-23 5-23 6-23 7-23
Palestinians Islamist militants None None Islamist militants None None None None None None the deadly blast of a bomb it None None one of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers the tangle of human limbs, blackened flesh the blasts the attack the suicide bombers killed 13 and wounded 170 Palestinians the bloodshed Palestinian None terror the terror strike last Wednesday the terror strike last Wednesday the bombing vigilance against Islamist militants the blast None when people are blown to smithereens when people are blown to smithereens President Clinton the Palestinians
Palestinian leader Palestinians
Ga Ga
headN Prp N
Part Whole
Spec Incl
Peo Peo
Palestinians
Ga
Prp N
Whole
Incl
Peo
terror
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
terror
Pa
NP
Full
Reit
Con
terror
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
terror
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
this kind of inhumanity
Pa
the Palestinians terror the Palestinians
La La La La
Nom in NP dm det NP NP Nom in NP dm det Prp N NP NP
terror terror
La La
NP NP
Rep Sup
Reit Incl
Con Con
this kind of inhumanity terror fight terror
Pa La La Pa
NP dm det NP VP
Gen Gr Sup Gen
Incl Reit Incl Incl
Con Con Con Act
terror
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
this kind of inhumanity
Pa
Incl
Con
terror
Nom in NP dm det NP
Gen
La Pa
Gr Gen
Reit Incl
Con Con
he the Palestinians
La La
pers pn Prp N
Gr Rep
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
terror terror this kind of inhumanity
La Pa La Pa
Gen
Incl
Con
Gr Gen Sup Gen
Reit Incl Incl Incl
Con Con Con Con
Gr Rep Sup Rep-M
Reit Reit Incl Reit
Con Peo Con Peo
None None None None None None None
329
8-23
9-23
10-23 11-23 12-23
13-23 14-23 15-23 16-23 17-23 18-23 19-23 20-23 21-23 22-23
one of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers None the blasts the suicide bombers killed 13 and wounded 170 the attack the bloodshed None None the terror strike the bombing the blast None people are blown to smithereens None terror
violence 1
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
violence 1
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
violence 1 violence 1
Pa Pa
NP NP
Gen Gen
Reit Reit
Con Con
violence 1 violence 1
La La
NP NP
Sup Sup
Reit Reit
Con Con
violence 1 violence 1 violence 1
La La Pa
NP NP NP
Sup Sup Gen
Reit Reit Reit
Con Con Con
violence 1
Pa
NP
Gen
Reit
Con
violence 1
La
NP
Sup
Incl
Con
1-24 2-24 3-24 4-24 5-24 6-24 8-24 9-24 10-24 11-24 12-24 13-24
None None None None None None None None None None None U.S. plans
Washington a planned mission
Ga La
Prp N Pst part as mod
Part Rep-M
Reit Spec
Org Qual
14-24 15-24 16-24 17-24 18-24 19-24 20-24 21-24 22-24 23-24
None None None None None None None President Clinton he administration officials
the President the President security advisors
La La La
Prp N Prp N NP
Rep Full Hyp
Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo
1-25 2-25 3-25 4-25 5-25 6-25 7-25 8-25 9-25 10-25 11-25
None None None None None None None None None None None
330
12-25 13-25
14-25 15-25 16-25
None U.S. the comatose peace process None None security
17-25 18-25 19-25 20-25 21-25 22-25 23-25 24-25
peace negotiations None None None None None Administration officials security Washington
1-26 2-26 3-26 4-26 5-26 6-26 7-26 8-26
None None None None None None None one of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers None the blasts the suicide bombers killed 13 and wounded 170 in the attack the attack the bloodshed Arafat his None the terror strike last Wednesday Arafat the bombing the blast a program of unprecedented tough retaliatory measures Arafat these None President Clinton was equally tough on the Palestinians demanding concrete steps by the Palestinians to fight terror None None
9-26
10-26 11-26 12-26
13-26 14-26 15-26 16-26 17-26 18-26
19-26 20-26 21-26
22-26
23-26 24-26
U.S. this
La La
Prp N dm pn
Rep Gr
Reit Reit
Org Con
security cooperation
La
mod N
Rep
Reit
Con
this
La
dm pn
Gr
Reit
Con
a U.S. official security cooperation U.S.
La La Ga
headN mod N Prp N
Rep Rep Whole
Spec Reit Reit
Peo Con Org
events
Pa
NP
Para
Incl
Con
events
Pa
NP
Para
Incl
Con
events events
La Pa
NP NP
Sup Para
Incl Incl
Con Con
events events Arafat Arafat
La La La La
NP NP Prp N Prp N
Sup Sup Rep Full
Incl Incl Reit Reit
Con Con Peo Peo
events
La
NP
Sup
Incl
Con
Arafat events events events
La La La Pa
Prp N NP NP NP
Rep Sup Sup Para
Reit Incl Incl Incl
Peo Con Con Con
Arafat events
La La
Prp N NP
Rep Full
Reit Incl
Peo Con
events
Pa
NP
Para
Incl
Con
events
Pa
NP
Para
Incl
Con
331
25-26
None
1-27 2-27 3-27 4-27 5-27 6-27
None None None None None the bombers
the extremists
7-27
them
the extremists
they
the extremists
one of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails one
the extremists had taken advantage
the extremists
them
the extremists
the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers the second man
the extremists had taken advantage
8-27
9-27
10-27 11-27
None the blasts the bombers
12-27
13-27
the extremists
the suicide bombers killed 13 and wounded 170 the bloodshed
the extremists had taken advantage
Arafat his militant Islamists
15-27 16-27
None security the terror strike last Wednesday Arafat vigilance against Islamist militants a low priority the bombing Islamist militants
18-27
the blast
19-27 20-27
Arafat people are blown to smitereens None
21-27
332
the extremists had taken advantage the extremists
a radical Islamist group Hamas the suicide bombers
14-27
17-27
the extremists
the extremists
the extremists had taken advantage he he the extremists
security issues the extremists had taken advantage he lax on security issues
the extremists had taken advantage the extremists the extremists had taken advantage he the extremists had taken advantage
Pa La Pa La Pa La Pa
headN def art headN def art headN def art Cl
Whole Gr Whole Gr Whole Gr Gen
Incl Reit Incl Reit Incl Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact
Pa La Pa La Pa
headN def art headN def art Cl
Whole Gr Whole Gr Gen
Incl Reit Incl Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact
Pa La
headN def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Peo Peo
Pa
Cl
Gen
Incl
Fact
Pa La Pa La Pa La Pa
headN def art headN def art headN def art Cl
Whole Gr Para Gr Whole Gr Gen
Incl Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact
Pa
Cl
Gen
Incl
Fact
La La Pa La
pers pn pers pn headN def art
Gr Ind Gr Para Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
La Pa
mod N Cl
Rep Gen
Reit Incl
Con Fact
La Pa
pers pn AjP
Gr Para
Reit Reit
Peo Qual
Pa
Cl
Gen
Incl
Fact
Pa La Pa
headN def art Cl
Para Gr Gen
Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Fact
La Pa
pers pn Cl
Gr Gen
Reit Incl
Peo Fact
22-27 23-27 24-27 25-27 26-27
None None security security Arafat the cascade of events the cascade of events the cascade of events
1-28 2-28 3-28 4-28 5-28 6-28 7-28 8-28
security issues security issues he being lax on security issues he had flirted with trouble the extremists had taken advantage
La La La Pa
Rep Rep Gr Exem
Reit Reit Reit Spec
Con Con Peo Act
Pa
mod N mod N pers pn Nonfin cl Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
the bombing the bombing
La La
headN NP
Rep-M Hyp
Spec Spec
Evt Evt
the bombing
Pa La
headN def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
the bombing
Pa La
headN def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
10-28 11-28
None None None blast of a bomb it None None one of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers None the blasts
the bombing
12-28
the attack
the bombing
13-28
Palestinians The U.S. plans to reinvigorate the comatose peace process
headN def art headN def art Prp N Cl
Syn Gr Hyp Gr Rep Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Evt Evt Evt Evt Evt Fact
U.S. Palestinian Netanyahu his the terror strike
the Palestinians the U.S. was prepared to lean on Netanyahu to make concessions that would restart negotiations U.S. the Palestinians Netanyahu Netanyahu the bombing
La La La La La Pa
he Netanyahu he 1 he 2 negotiations the bombing
Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu Netanyahu negotiations the bombing
18-28
Netanyahu the blast
Netanyahu the bombing
19-28 20-28
Netanyahu he people are blown to smithereens the Palestinians
Netanyahu Netanyahu the bombing
the bombing
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N headN def art Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N NP headN def art Prp N headN def art Prp N Prp N headN def art Prp N def art NP
Rep Rep Rep Full Para Gr Full Rep Full Full Rep Rep Gr Rep Syn Gr Rep Full Para Gr Rep Gr Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Org Peo Peo Peo Evt Evt Peo Peo Peo Peo Con Evt Evt Peo Evt Evt Peo Peo Evt Evt Peo Peo Evt
the Palestinians
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
9-28
14-28 15-28 16-28
17-28
21-28 22-28
this kind of inhumanity the Palestinians
the Palestinians
333
26-28
terror violence 1 Washington U.S. U.S. the cascade of events
27-28
None
1-29 2-29 3-29 4-29 5-29 6-29 7-29 8-29 9-29 10-29 11-29 12-29 13-29 14-29 15-29 16-29 17-29 18-29
None None None None None None None None None None None None None Arafat None None Arafat unprecedentedly tough retaliatory measures Arafat these (unprecedentedly tough retaliatory measures) None None None None None None Arafat the cascade of events
23-28 24-28 25-28
19-29
20-29 21-29 22-29 23-29 24-29 25-29 26-29
27-29 28-29
he None
1-30 2-30 3-30 4-30
None None None the deadly blast of a bomb None None
5-30 6-30
334
La La La Ga La La Pa
def art NP NP Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Cl
Gr Hyp Hyp Whole Rep Rep-M Exem
Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Evt Evt Org Org Qual Fact
Arafat
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
Arafat Israeli’s reprisals
La La
Prp N headN
Rep Syn
Reit Reit
Peo Con
Arafat Israel’s reprisals
La La
Prp N NP
Rep Full
Reit Reit
Peo Con
Arafat the sting of Israel’s reprisals comes at a time when Arafat’s pressure has been shifted onto the Palestinians corruption Arafat
La Pa
Prp N Cl
Rep Exem
Reit Spec
Peo Fact
La
Prp N
Full
Reit
Peo
the explosions
La La
headN def art
Syn Gr
Spec Reit
Evt Evt
the bombing the bombing U.S. U.S. American Before the bombing, the U.S. was prepared to lean on Netanyahu to make concessions that would restart negotiations, but now, suddenly, the full weight of American pressure has been shifted onto the Palestinians.
7-30 8-30
10-30 11-30
None one of them detonated a lethal parcel containing about 10 kg of TNT packed with rusty screws and nails the second man exploded his suitcase bomb along an open street crammed with lunchtime shoppers None the blasts
12-30
the attack
the explosions
which was claimed by a radical Islamist group Hamas
the Palestinian extremists who claimed responsibility for the explosions the Palestinian extremists who claimed responsibility for the explosions Palestinian Palestinian the Palestinian extremists who claimed responsibility for the explosions
9-30
radical Islamist group Hamas
the explosions
Pa La
headN def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
the explosions
Pa La
headN def art
Whole Gr
Incl Reit
Evt Evt
the explosions
La La La La Pa
headN def art headN def art Rel clause
Syn Gr Hyp Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Evt Evt Evt Evt Fact
Pa La
NP def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
La La Pa
Prp Aj Prp Aj NP
Rep-M Rep-M Part
Reit Reit Spec
Qual Qual Peo
La La La La Pa
headN def art headN def art NP
Hyp Gr Syn Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Evt Evt Evt Evt Peo
La La
headN def art
Syn Gr
Reit Reit
Evt Evt
Palestinian the explosions Palestinian the explosions
La La La La
Prp Aj NP Prp Aj NP
Rep-M Hyp Rep-M Hyp
Reit Spec Reit Spec
Qual Evt Qual Evt
these points
Pa La
headN dm det
Para Gr
Incl Reit
Con Con
these points
Pa La Pa La La La Pa La La La La Pa La
headN dm det headN dm det headN def art headN dm det headN def art Prp Aj headN dm det
Para Gr Para Gr Rep Gr Para Gr Syn Gr Rep-M Para Gr
Incl Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit
Con Con Con Con Peo Peo Con Con Evt Evt Qual Con Con
13-30 14-30
Palestinians Palestinian militant Islamists
15-30 16-30
None the terror strike
17-30
the bombing
the explosions
Islamist militants
the Palestinian extremists who claimed responsibility for the explosions the explosions
18-30
the blast
19-30 20-30 21-30 22-30
None None Palestinians terror Palestinians violence 1 None it will be hard to get this back on track unless there is a high degree of security cooperation whole of 26
23-30 24-30 25-30
26-30 27-30
28-30
29-30
the extremists had taken advantage the extremists
the explosions
these points
whole of 28
the Palestinian extremists these points
the bombing
the explosions
Palestinians the sting … corruption
Palestinian these points
335
Text 7: Le Carré, John, (1983) The Little Drummer Girl, Hodder and Stoughton, London, pp.422-23. Sent. No.
Antecedent
Reference item
1-2
the immediate and less immediate aftermath of the operation
that a suspected Palestinian terrorist had died in a shoot-out with members of a crack West German unit that his woman hostage had been removed to hospital in a state of shock, but was otherwise unhurt a suspected Palestinian terrorist had died in a shoot-out with members of a crack West German unit that his woman hostage had been removed to hospital in a state of shock, but was otherwise unhurt knew it 1 it 2 it 1 it 2 his woman hostage
the immediate and less immediate aftermath of the operation
a lot more than it realized
a lot more than it realized
knew the world the world it it Charlie 1-3
2-3
the immediate and less immediate aftermath of the operation German a suspected Palestinian terrorist had died in a shoot-out with members of a crack West German unit, and that his woman hostage had been removed to hospital in a state of shock, but was otherwise unhurt
1-4 2-4 3-4
None None the Black Forest
1-5
3-5 4-5
the world it it 1 it 2 None None
1-6 2-6 3-6
None None None
2-5
336
Source Knowl
Gram. Cat.
Surf. marker
Co-ref. Rel.
Entity Type
Pa
Nom. thatclause
Part
Spec
Evt
Pa
Nom. thatclause
Part
Spec
Evt
Part
Spec
Evt
Pa
Pa
Nom. thatclause
Part
Spec
Evt
La La La La La Pa
V pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn NP
Rep Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Act Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
the story
Pa La
headN def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Con Con
German the story
La Pa La
Prp Aj headN def art
Rep Para Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Con Con
Freiburg
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
we we we we
La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
4-6
5-6 1-7 2-7 3-7 4-7 5-7 6-7
the abortive bomb attack against Professor Minkel None None Palestinian None None None minor incidents around the Western Hemisphere Arab terrorist organization rival groups
1-8 2-8 3-8 4-8 5-8 6-8
7-8
1-9 2-9 3-9 4-9 5-9 6-9
the world it 1 it 2 None None we minor incidents around the Western Hemisphere the senseless gunningdown in broad daylight of Dr. Anton Mesterbein… financier Dr. Anton Mesterbein, the Swiss humanist lawyer, campaigner for minority rights, and son of the eminent financier Dr. Anton Mesterbein, the Swiss humanist lawyer, campaigner for minority rights, and son of the eminent financier
8-9
None None None None None another Arab terrorist organisation an extremist Falangist organisation Lebanon Lebanon None
1-10 2-10 3-10 4-10 5-10
None None None None None
7-9
minor incidents around the Western Hemisphere
Pa
Nom in NP
Gen
Incl
Evt
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
the senseless gunningdown in broad daylight of Dr. Anton Mesterbein…financier an extremist Falangist organization an extremist Falangist organisation
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Evt
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Org
La
headN
Syn
Spec
Org
the world the world the world
La La La
NP NP NP
Rep Full Full
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
the world the outrage
La Pa
NP NP
Full Para
Reit Spec
Peo Evt
the outrage
Pa La
headN def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Evt Evt
the victim
Pa La
headN def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
his
La
pos det
Ind Gr
Reit
Peo
Free Lebanon
Ga
Prp N
Exem
Spec
Org
Free Lebanon
Ga
Prp N
Para
Reit
Org
Lebanon Lebanese
La La
Prp N Prp Aj
Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit
Plc Plc
337
6-10
minor incidents around the Western hemisphere
7-10 8-10 9-10
None None None
1-11 2-11 3-11 4-11 5-11 6-11
None None None None None minor incidents around the Western hemisphere None None None None
7-11 8-11 9-11 10-11 1-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 5-12 6-12 7-12 8-12 9-12 10-12 11-12
1-13 2-13 3-13 4-13 5-13 6-13 7-13 8-13 9-13 10-13 11-13
None None None None None minor incidents around the Western hemisphere None None None None the Austrian authorities the bloodthirsty knifing …companion
12-13
None None None None None None None None None None his German lady companion his German lady companion both victims both victims None
1-14 2-14 3-14 4-14 5-14 6-14 7-14
None Palestinian None None None terrorist Palestinian
338
the car-bombing of a Rejectionist Front diplomat outside the newly completed mosque in St. John’s Wood
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Evt
the bloodthirsty knifing …companion
Pa
NP
Exem
Spec
Evt
the case
La
headN
Hyp
Spec
Evt
they
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
the case
Pa La
headN def art
Para Gr
Reit Reit
Evt Evt
the lady one Astrid Berger
La La Pa
headN def art Prp N
Rep Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
the lady one Astrid Berger
Pa Pa
NP NP
Part Part
Spec Spec
Peo Peo
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
foreign terrorists Palestinian
La La
headN Prp Aj
Rep Rep
Incl Reit
Peo Qual
8-14 9-14 10-14 11-14 12-14 13-14
None None None None None None
1-15 2-15 3-15 4-15 5-15 6-15 7-15 8-15 9-15 10-15 11-15 12-15 13-15 14-15
None None None None None None Lebanon None Lebanon None None None None None
1-16
2-16
3-16 4-16 5-16 6-16 7-16 8-16 9-16 10-16 11-16 12-16 13-16 14-16 15-16
1-17
2-17
Beirut
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
Beirut
Ga
Prp N
Part
Spec
Plc
Charlie Charlie Charlie his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage None all of 4 all of 4 None all of 6 all of 6 all of 7 all of 7 all of 8 all of 8 all of 9 all of 9 all of 10 all of 10 all of 11 all of 11 all of 12 all of 12 all of 13 all of 13 all of 14 all of 14 all of 15 all of 15
Charlie her she Charlie her she
La La La Pa La La
Prp N pos det prs pn Prp N pos det prs pn
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Para Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
this it
La La
dm pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Incl Incl
Fact Fact
this it this it this it this it this it this it this it this it this it this it
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
dm pn pers pn dm pn pers pn dm pn pers pn dm pn pers pn dm pn pers pn dm pn pers pn dm pn pers pn dm pn pers pn dm pn pers pn dm pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl Incl
Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact Fact
Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage
she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4
La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pos det pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pos det pos det pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
339
3-17 4-17 5-17 6-17 7-17 8-17 9-17 10-17 11-17 12-17 13-17 14-17 15-17 16-17
None None None None None None None None None None None None None Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie her her her her her she she she she she
1-18
Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage None None None None None None None None None None None None None Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie she she she she her her her her she
2-18
3-18 4-18 5-18 6-18 7-18 8-18 9-18 10-18 11-18 12-18 13-18 14-18 15-18 16-18
17-18
340
she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pos det pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pos det pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pos det pos det pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
she her 1 her 2 herself she her 1 her 2 herself
La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pos det ref pn pers pn pos det pos det ref pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
she her 1 her 2 herself she her 1 her 2 herself she her 1 her 2 herself she
La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pos det ref pn pers pn pos det pos det ref pn pers pn pos det pos det ref pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
1-19 2-19 3-19 4-19 5-19 6-19 7-19 8-19 9-19 10-19 11-19 12-19 13-19 14-19 15-19 16-19
17-19
18-19
1-20 2-20 3-20 4-20 5-20 6-20 7-20 8-20 9-20 10-20 11-20 12-20 13-20 14-20 15-20 16-20
she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 her 4 her 4
her 1 her 2 herself she her 1 her 2 herself she her 1 her 2 herself she her 1 her 2 herself she her 1 her 2 herself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pos det pos det ref pn pers pn pos det pos det ref pn pers pn pos det pos det ref pn pers pn pos det pos det ref pn pers pn pos det pos det ref pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Charlie his woman hostage None None None None None None None None None None None None None she Charlie her she her 1 her 2 she herself her 1 her 2
Charlie Charlie
La Pa
Prp N Prp N
Rep Para
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie
La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Full Rep Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Charlie his woman hostage None None None None None None None None None None None None None her she
her her
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
her her
La La
pers pn pers pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
341
17-20
18-20
19-20 1-21 2-21 3-21 4-21 5-21 6-21 7-21 8-21 9-21 10-21 11-21 12-21 13-21 14-21 15-21 16-21
17-21
18-21
19-21 20-21
1-22 2-22 3-22
342
Charlie she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 she herself her 1 her 2 Charlie
her her her her her her her her her her her
La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Charlie Charlie his woman hostage his woman hostage None None None None None None None None None None None None None Charlie Charlie she she her her she she her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 she she herself herself her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 Charlie Charlie Kurtz Kurtz her her
her she her she
La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
her she her she her her her she her her she she her her she she her she her she her her she she she her he him her she
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Charlie his woman hostage None
her her
La La
pos det pos det
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
4-22 5-22 6-22 7-22 8-22 9-22 10-22 11-22 12-22 13-22 14-22 15-22 16-22
17-22
18-22
19-22 20-22 21-22
1-23
2-23
3-23 4-23 5-23 6-23 7-23 8-23 9-23 10-23 11-23 12-23 13-23 14-23 15-23 16-23
17-23
None None None None None None None None None None None None Charlie she her she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 she herself her 1 her 2 Charlie Kurtz her he him her she Charlie Charlie Charlie his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage None None None None Swiss None None None None None None None None Charlie Charlie Charlie she she she her her her she she she
her her her her her her her her her her her her her his her his his her her
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det
Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3
La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Switzerland
La
Prp N
Rep-M
Reit
Plc
her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3
La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
343
18-23
19-23
20-23
21-23
22-23
1-24 2-24
3-24 4-24 5-24 6-24 7-24 8-24 9-24 10-24 11-24 12-24 13-24 14-24 15-24
344
her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 her 4 she she she herself herself herself her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 Charlie Charlie Charlie Kurtz her her her he him her her her she she she his information his her her her
her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 he her 1 her 2 her 3 he he her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 all of 23 he her 1 her 2 her 3
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn S pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact Peo Peo Peo Peo
Charlie Charlie Palestinian his woman hostage his woman hostage None None None None Palestinian None None None None None None Palestinian None
Charlie her Palestinian Charlie her
La La La Pa La
Prp N pos det Prp Aj Prp N pos det
Rep Gr Rep Para Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Qual Peo Peo
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
Palestinian
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Qual
16-24
17-24
18-24
19-24 20-24
21-24
22-24
23-24
1-25
2-25
3-25 4-25 5-25 6-25 7-25 8-25 9-25 10-25 11-25
Charlie Charlie she she her her she she her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 she she herself herself her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 Charlie Charlie her her Kurtz he him her her she she his her her his information her 1 her 2 her 3 her 1 her 2 her 3 United Kingdom he
Charlie her Charlie her Charlie her her Charlie her Charlie her Charlie her Charlie her Charlie her Charlie her Charlie her Charlie her Charlie Charlie her Charlie her he he he Charlie her Charlie her he Charlie her all of 24 Charlie Charlie Charlie her her her British he
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La La La La La La
Prp N pos det Prp N pos det Prp N pos det pos det Prp N pos det Prp N pos det Prp N pos det Prp N pos det Prp N pos det Prp N pos det Prp N pos det Prp N pos det Prp N Prp N pos det Prp N pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N pos det Prp N pos det pers pn Prp N pos det S Prp N Prp N Prp N pos det pos det pos det Prp Aj pers pn
Rep Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Rep Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Gr Full Ind Gr Part Full Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep-M Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual Peo
Charlie Charlie Charlie his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage None None None None None None None None None
Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2
La La La Pa La La
Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Para Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
345
12-25 13-25 14-25 15-25 16-25
17-25
18-25
19-25
20-25
21-25
22-25
346
None None None None Charlie Charlie Charlie she she she her her her she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 her 4 she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 herself herself herself Charlie Charlie Charlie Kurtz Kurtz Kurtz her her her he he he him him him her her her she she she his his
Charlie her 1 her 2 her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie Kurtz he him her 1 her 2 Charlie Kurtz he him Kurtz he him her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie Kurtz he
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn
Rep Gr Gr Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Rep Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Full Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
23-25
24-25
1–26
2-26
3-26 4-26 5-26 6-26 7-26 8-26 9-26 10-26 11-26 12-26 13-26 14-26 15-26 16-26
his her her her her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 Charlie Charlie Charlie he he he
him her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie her 1 her 2 Charlie Kurtz he him
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn
Ind Gr Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Rep Full Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage None None None None None None None None None None None None None Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie she she she she she she she her her
Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4
La La La La La La La Pa Pa La La La La La
Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn
Rep Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Para Para Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N
Rep Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
347
17-26
18-26
348
her her her her her she she she she she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 her 4 her 4 her 4 her 4 her 4 she she she she she she she herself herself herself herself herself herself herself her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2
she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
19-26
20-26
21-26
22-26
23-26
her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie her her her her her her her Kurtz he him her her her her her her her she she she she she she she her her her her her her her his The United Kingdom he her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3
she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Kurtz Kurtz Kurtz Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Kurtz London Kurtz Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Ga La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Full Full Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Part Full Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
349
24-26
25-26
1–27
2-27
3-27 4-27 5-27 6-27 7-27 8-27 9-27 10-27 11-27 12-27 13-27 14-27
350
her 3 her 3 her 3 her 3 Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie her her her her her her her he Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 Kurtz he him the police
her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Kurtz Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 Kurtz Kurtz Kurtz police
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pers pn pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N mod N
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Rep Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Full Full Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Charlie Charlie Charlie his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage None None None None None None None None None None None None
she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
15-27 16-27
17-27
18-27
19-27
20-27
21-27
22-27
23-27
None she she she Charlie Charlie Charlie her her her she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 her 4 she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 herself herself herself Charlie Charlie Charlie Kurtz her her her he him her her her she she she his her her her her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3
she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 he she her 1 her 2 he he she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 he she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
351
24-27
25-27
26-27
1-28
2-28
3-28 4-28 5-28 6-28 7-28 8-28 9-28 10-28
352
her 3 her 3 he her her her Charlie Charlie Charlie he her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 Charlie Charlie Charlie Kurtz he him Charlie 1 Charlie 1 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 Charlie 2 Charlie 2 she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 her 4 a concoction involving fear of …her Kurtz
her 1 her 2 he she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 he she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 he he he she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 this
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
he
Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage None None None None None None None None
she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2
Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact
La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn dem pn pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
11-28 12-28 13-28 14-28 15-28 16-28
17-28
18-28
19-28
20-28
21-28
None None None Israeli None she she she she her her her her Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie she she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 her 4 her 4 she she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 herself herself herself herself Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Kurtz her her her her her
Israeli 1
she she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 Kurtz she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1
La
Prp Aj
Rep
Reit
Plc
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
353
22-28
23-28
24-28
25-28
26-28
354
her her her he him she she she she her her her her his her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 3 he Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie her her her her he Kurtz he him Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 Kurtz Charlie 1 Charlie 1 Charlie 1 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 Charlie 2 Charlie 2 Charlie 2 her 1 her 1 her 1
she 2 her 1 her 2 Kurtz Kurtz she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 Kurtz she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 Kurtz she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 Kurtz Kurtz Kurtz Kurtz she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 Kurtz she1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Full Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Rep Full Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
27-28
1-29 2-29 3-29 4-29 5-29 6-29 7-29 8-29 9-29 10-29 11-29 12-29 13-29 14-29 15-29 16-29
17-29
18-29
19-29 20-29
her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 her 4 her 4 she she she she he her 1 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 2 she she she she
her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 Kurtz she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Charlie his woman hostage None None None None None None None None None None None None Fatmeh Fatmeh Charlie she her she her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 herself she her 1 her 2 Charlie Kurtz Kurtz her
she she
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
Fatmeh 1 Fatmeh 2 she she she she she she she she she she she she she Kurtz himself she
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N refl pn pers pn
Rep Rep Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Ind Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
355
21-29
22-29
23-29
24-29
25-29
26-29
27-29
28-29
1-30
2-30
3-30 4-30 5-30 6-30 7-30 8-30 9-30 10-30
356
he he him him her she his his her he he her 1 her 2 her 3 Charlie her he he Kurtz Kurtz he he him him Charlie her 1 her 2 Kurtz Kurtz Charlie 1 Charlie 2 her 1 her 2 her 3 her 4 she he he she her 1 her 2 Israeli citizenship she 1 she 2 her 1 her 2 Kurtz Kurtz
himself Kurtz himself Kurtz she she himself Kurtz she himself Kurtz she she she she she himself Kurtz Kurtz himself himself Kurtz himself Kurtz she she she Kurtz himself she she she she she she she himself Kurtz she she she it she she she she Kurtz himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
refl pn Prp N refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn refl pn Prp N Prp N refl pn refl pn Prp N refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N refl pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N refl pn
Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Gr Gr Ind Gr Full Gr Ind Gr Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Ind Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Con Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Charlie Charlie Charlie his woman hostage his woman hostage his woman hostage None None None None None None None None
her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she
La La La La La La
pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
11-30 12-30 13-30 14-30 15-30 16-30
17-30
18-30
19-30
20-30
21-30
22-30
23-30
None None None None None she she she her her her Charlie Charlie Charlie she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 her 4 she she she her 1 her 1 her 1
her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
her 2 her 2 her 2 herself herself herself Charlie Charlie Charlie Kurtz her her her he him her her her she she she her her her his he her 1
her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she Kurtz her 1 her 2 she Kurtz Kurtz her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she Kurtz Kurtz her 1
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn Pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pos det
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Gr Gr Gr Full Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Full Full Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
357
24-30
25-30
26-30
27-30
28-30
358
her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 Charlie Charlie Charlie her her her he Kurtz he him Charlie Charlie Charlie her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 Kurtz Charlie 1 Charlie 1 Charlie 1 Charlie 2 Charlie 2 Charlie 2 she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 her 3 her 3 her 3 her 4 her 4 her 4 he she she she her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 Kurtz she 1 she 1 she 1
her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she Kurtz Kurtz Kurtz Kurtz her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she Kurtz her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she Kurtz her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she Kurtz her 1 her 2 she
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N pos det pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Rep Full Full Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
29-30
she 2 she 2 she 2 her 1 her 1 her 1 her 2 her 2 her 2 she she she Kurtz himself
her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she her 1 her 2 she Kurtz Kurtz
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
359
Text 8: Grossman, David, (1983) The Smile of the Lamb, Jonathan Cape, London, pp. 146-147. Sent. No.
Antecedent
Reference item
Source Knowl
Gram. Cat.
Surf. marker
Co-ref. Rel.
Entity Type
1–2
Katzman political
him politics
La La
pers pn headN
Gr Rep-M
Reit Reit
Peo Con
1–3
political Katzman Katzman politics him him
politics him he politics him he
La La La La La La
headN pers pn pers pn NP pers pn pers pn
Rep-M Gr Gr Rep Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Con Peo Peo Con Peo Peo
1–4
Katzman Katzman political views
La La La
pers pn pos det headN
Gr Gr Rep
Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Con
2-4
him him him he him he Peo involved in politics Peo involved in politics
he his 1 views on the conquered territories he his 1 he he his 1 his 1 Moshe Dayan his prime minister
La La La La La La Pa Pa
pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn Prp N NP
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman him Peo involved in politics him he Dayan his defense minister his 2 he his 1
himself himself Dayan himself himself Dayan Dayan Dayan himself himself
La La Pa La La La Pa La La La
refl pn refl pn Prp N refl pn refl pn Prp N Prp N Prp N refl pn refl pn
Gr Gr Part Gr Gr Rep Para Full Gr Gr
Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman his him his him Katzman Dayan his his him him Katzman Katzman his him
La La La La La La Pa La La La La La La La La
Prp N pos det pers pn pos det pers pn Prp N Prp N pos det pos det pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N pos det pers pn
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Part Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
2-3
3-4
1–5 2-5 3-5
4-5
1–6 2-6 3-6 4-6 5-6
None None None None None
1–7
Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him Peo involved in politics him he him he him he he he
2-7
3-7
4-7
360
5-7
6-7 1–8
2-8
3-8
4-8
5-8
6-8 7-8
1–9 2-9 3-9
4-9
he his 1 his 1 his 1 Dayan his defense minister his Dayan himself himself himself something else
Katzman his him Katzman Dayan Dayan Dayan Dayan his him Katzman whole of sentence 7
La La La La La Pa La La La La La Lc
Prp N pos det pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pos det pers pn Prp N NP
Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Rep Para Full Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact
Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him Peo involved in politics him him him he he he he he he his 1 his 1 his 1 Dayan his defense minister his 2 Dayan himself himself himself something else Katzman his him Katzman his him Katzman his him Dayan
Katzman he himself Katzman he himself Dayan Katzman he himself Katzman he himself Katzman he himself Katzman he himself Dayan Dayan Dayan Dayan Katzman he himself whole of sentence 8 Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he himself himself himself Dayan
La La La La La La Pa La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La La La Lc La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn refl pn NP Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn refl pn refl pn refl pn Prp N
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Part Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Para Full Rep Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Rep Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman Katzman him him Peo involved in politics him him he he Dayan his defense minister his 2
he him he him Dayan he him he him Dayan Dayan Dayan
La La La La Pa La La La La La Pa La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N Prp N Prp N
Gr Gr Gr Gr Part Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Para Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
361
5-9
6-9
7-9
8-9
1–10
2-10
3-10
4-10
5-10
6-10 7-10
8-10
362
he he his 1 his 1 Dayan himself himself something else
Dayan Katzman Katzman his his him him in command of refugees a camp in Nablus for refugees from Kalkilya Dayan Katzman Katzman he he himself himself Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him he he he him him him he he he his 1 his 1 his 1 himself himself himself None Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him Nablus Katzman Katzman Katzman he he
La La La La La La La Lc
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn NP
Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact
Dayan he him he him he him
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn PP mod N def det headN Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Rep Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Syn Rep-M Gr Rep Rep Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual Peo Plc Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him Nablus he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he him he him Dayan he him He was grateful to Dayan for putting him in charge of the refugee camp. Dayan he him he him he him in charge of refugee camp the refugee camp
9-10
1–11 2-11 3-11 4-11 5-11 6-11 7-11
8-11
9-11 10-11
1–12 2-12 3-12
4-12
5-12
6-12 7-12
he himself himself himself he he he him him him
him he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him
La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman him he him he his 1 himself None his him Katzman Nablus
he he he he he he he
La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he he he there
La La La La
Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Plc
Katzman he himself he him he 1 he 2 him Nablus
he he he he he he he he there
La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pro adv pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pro adv
Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
Katzman Katzman him him him him he he Peo involved in politics Dayan his defense minister his 2 he he his 1 his 1 the conquered territories Dayan himself himself None his his him him Katzman Katzman Dayan
he his he his he his he his the defense minister the defense minister the defense minister the defense minister he his he his Juni
La La La La La La La La Pa Pa La La La La La La Pa
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det NP NP Nom NP pers pn pos det pers pn pos det Prp N
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part Para Rep Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
the defense minister he his
Pa La La
NP pers pn pos det
Para Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
he his he his he his the defense minister
La La La La La La Pa
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det NP
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
363
8-12
9-12
10-12
11-12
1–13
2-13
3-13
4-13
5-13
6-13 7-13
8-13
364
Katzman Katzman Dayan he he himself himself he he him him Dayan he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 him him he he
he his the defense minister he his he his he his he his the defense minister he his he his he his he his
La La Pa La La La La La La La La Pa La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det NP pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det NP pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Para Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Para Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him he him he him he him he he he his 1 his 1 his 1 the conquered territories himself himself himself None Katzman him his Katzman him his Katzman him his Katzman he himself Katzman he himself Katzman he himself
Katzman he his Katzman he his Katzman Katzman he he his his Katzman he his Katzman he his the conquered territories Katzman he his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn pos det Prp N pers pn pos det Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det pos det Prp N pers pn pos det Prp N pers pn pos det NP
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
La La La
Prp N pers pn pos det
Full Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he his his his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pos det pos det Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pos det pos det
Rep Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
9-13
10-13
11-13
12-13
1–14 2-14 3-14
4-14
5-14 6-14 7-14
8-14
9-14
10-14
11-14
he him he him he him he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him he 1 he 2 him he he he he his he his he his Juni
Katzman Katzman he he his his Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he his his his Katzman he his Katzman Katzman he he his his the conquered territories
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det pos det Prp N Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pos det pos det Prp N pers pn pos det Prp N Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det pos det NP
Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Whole
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
Katzman Katzman him him he he him him he he his 1 his 1 himself himself None him him his his Katzman Katzman himself himself Katzman Katzman he he him him he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 him him he
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
365
12-14
13-14
1–15 2-15 3-15 4-15 5-15 6-15 7-15
8-15 9-15 10-15
11-15 12-15 13-15
14-15
1–16 2-16 3-16 4-16
5-16 6-16 7-16
8-16
9-16 10-16
366
he he he his his his attitudes toward the conquered territories he he his his Katzman Katzman
he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he didn’t hate the Arabs he lived with side by side he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2
La La La La La Pa
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Cl
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman him he him he his 1 himself None Katzman he his Katzman he he him he 1 he 2 him he he his Katzman he his his attitudes he 1 he 2 Arabs
he he he he he he he
La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he he he he he he he he he he he he he he he he whole of 15 he he them
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Cl pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Part Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact Peo Peo Peo
he he he he he he their territories
La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn headN
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
he he he he he he he he he he
La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman him he him he his the conquered territories himself None Katzman him his Katzman he himself he him he 1 he 2
11-16 12-16
13-16
14-16 15-16
1–17
2-17
3-17
4-17
5-17
6-17 7-17
8-17
9-17
10-17
him he he his Juni Katzman he his Israeli the conquered territories he 1 he 2 he them
he he he he their territories he he he Israel their territories
La La La La Pa La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn NP pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N headN
Gr Gr Gr Gr Whole Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep-M Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Plc Plc
he he he their
La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him he he he him him him he he he his his his himself himself himself None Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he himself himself himself he he he him him him he 1
Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
367
11-17
12-17
13-17
14-17
15-17
16-17
1–18
2-18
3-18
4-18
5-18
6-18 7-18
368
he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 him him him he he he he he he his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he his his his considered he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he he he he he he
him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself thinking Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself Katzman him himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn V Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn Prp N pers pn refl pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Syn Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Act Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him he he he him him him he he he his his his himself himself himself None Katzman
him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
him 1
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
8-18
9-18
10-18
11-18
12-18
13-18
14-18
15-18
16-18
Katzman Katzman him him him his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he himself himself himself he he he him him him he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 him him him he he he he he he his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he his his his he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he he he he he he
him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
369
17-18
1–19
2-19
3-19
4-19
5-19
6-19 7-19
8-19
9-19
370
himself thinking in concepts that were familiar to him from the newspaper himself thinking in concepts that were familiar to him from the newspaper Katzman Katzman Katzman himself himself himself him him him Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him he he he him him him he he he his his his himself himself himself None Nablus Katzman Katzman Katzman his his his him him him Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he himself himself himself he he he him him
this
La
dem pn
Gr
Reit
Act
it
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Act
him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his him 1 him 2 his
La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Nablus he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn
Rep Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
10-19
11-19
12-19
13-19
14-19
15-19
16-19
17-19
18-19
him Nablus he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 him him him there he he he he he he his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he his his his he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he he he he he he Katzman Katzman Katzman himself himself himself him him him the depressing conclusion that[…] out him 1 him 1 him 1 him 2 him 2 him 2 his his his
his Nablus he him his he him his he him his Nablus he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his his own self-declared defeatism he him his he him his he him his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
pos det Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det NP
Gr Rep Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Con
La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
371
1–20 2-20 3-20 4-20
5-20 6-20 7-20
8-20
9-20 10-20
11-20 12-20
13-20
14-20 15-20 16-20 17-20
18-20
19-20
1–21 2-21 3-21 4-21 5-21 6-21 7-21 8-21 9-21 10-21 11-21 12-21 13-21 14-21 15-21
372
Katzman him he him he his 1 the conquered territories himself None Katzman him his Katzman he himself he him he 1 he 2 him he he his he his Juni Katzman he his conquered territories he 1 he 2 he he their territories him himself Katzman him 1 him 2 his he him his there was some way out
None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None
he he he he he he his city
La La La La La La Pa
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn NP
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
he he he he he he he he he he he he he he his his his city he he he his city he he he he his city he he he he he he he he he He would turn his city into a living experiment.
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La Pa La La La La Pa La La La La La La La La La Pa
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pos det NP pers pn pers pn pers pn NP pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn NP pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Cl
Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Para Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Part Gr Gr Gr Gr Part Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Exem
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Fact
16-21 17-21 18-21 19-21
occupying their territories None None some way out
20-21
None
1–22 2-22 3-22 4-22
None None None conquered territories
here
La
pro adv
Ind Gr
Spec
Plc
5-22 6-22 7-22 8-22 9-22 10-22 11-22 12-22
None None None None None None None Juni
here
La
Reit
Plc
conquered territories
here
La
Pro adv Pro adv
Gr
13-22
Ind Gr
Spec
Plc
14-22 15-22 16-22
None None their territories
here
La
Pro adv
Ind Gr
Spec
Plc
17-22 18-22 19-22 20-22
None None None his city
here
La
Reit
Plc
The occupation would be humane
[ ] with the grace of sincerity and trust
La
Pro adv E of MCl
Gr
21-22
Del
Reit
Qual
1–23
Katzman Katzman him him he he him him he he his 1 his 1 the conquered territories himself himself None him him Katzman Katzman his his Katzman Katzman he he himself
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 Juni
La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
he 1 he 2
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1
La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
2-23 3-23
4-23
5-23 6-23 7-23
8-23
the occupation
La La
headN def art
Rep-M Gr
Reit Reit
Evt Evt
the occupation would be humane
Pa
Cl
Exem
Spec
Fact
373
9-23
10-23
11-23 12-23
13-23
14-23 15-23 16-23
17-23
18-23
19-23
20-23
21-23 22-23 1–24 2-24 3-24
374
himself he he him him he 1 he 1 him him he 2 he 2 he he he he his his Juni he he Katzman Katzman his his the conquered territories he he he he he he their territories Katzman Katzman himself himself him him him 1 him 1 his his him 2 him 2 he he him him his his his city he he None here
he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 Juni he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 Juni
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N
Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 Juni he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 Juni he 1 he 2
La La La La La La Pa La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn Prp N pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Para Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo
Juni
La
Prp N
Full
Reit
Plc
Katzman Katzman him him he he
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
4-24
5-24 6-24 7-24
8-24
9-24
10-24
11-24 12-24
13-24
14-24 15-24 16-24
17-24
him him he he his his the conquered territories the conquered territories himself himself None him him Katzman Katzman his his Katzman Katzman he he himself himself he he him him he 1 he 1 him him he 2 he 2 he he he he his his Juni Juni he he Katzman Katzman his his the conquered territories the conquered territories he he he he he he their territories their territories Katzman Katzman
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 the town
La La La La La La Pa
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn NP
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
it
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Spec
Plc
he he 2
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 the town it he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 the town
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La La La La La La Pa
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn headN def art pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn NP
Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Para Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Plc Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
it
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Spec
Peo
La La La La La La Pa La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn NP pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part Ind Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Spec Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Plc Peo Peo
1
1
he he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 the town it he 1 he 2
375
20-24
himself himself him him him 1 him 1 his his him 2 him 2 he he him him his his his city
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 the town it he 1 he 2
21-24 22-24
his city he he None here
18-24
19-24
23-24
1–25 2-25 3-25 4-25
5-25 6-25 7-25
8-25
9-25 10-25
11-25 12-25
13-25
376
here he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he arrived in Juni
the town
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn headN def art pers pn pers pn pers pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Syn Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Plc Plc Peo Peo
La La La La La La La La
NP def art pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn PP
Full Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Time
V headN def art pers pn
Syn Para Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Act Plc Plc Plc
arrived in Juni
it he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 from the moment he entered it entered the town
Juni
it
La Pa La La
Katzman him he him conquered territories he his himself None Katzman him his Katzman he himself he him he 1 he 2 him he Juni his he the conquered territories his
his his his his Juni his his his
La La La La Pa La La La
pos det pos det pos det pos det Prp N pos det pos det pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Part Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo
his his his his his his his his his his his his Juni his his Juni
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det Prp N pos det pos det Prp N
Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Gr Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Plc
his
La
pos det
Ind Gr
Reit
Peo
14-25 15-25 16-25 17-25
18-25
19-25
20-25 21-25 22-25 23-25
24-25
1–26
2-26
3-26
4-26
5-26
6-26
he Katzman he 1 he 2 he their territories he himself Katzman him his him 1 him 2 he him his his city he None here Juni he 1 he 2 the town it he 1
his his his his his Juni his his his his his his his his his his Juni his
La La La La La Pa La La La La La La La La La La Pa La
pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det Prp N pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det pos det Prp N pos det
Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Para Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo
Juni Juni his his Juni Juni his
La La La La Pa Pa La
Prp N Prp N pos det pos det Prp N Prp N pos det
Full Rep Gr Gr Para Full Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Peo Peo Plc Plc Peo
Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him him he he he he he him him him him him he he he he he his his his his his himself himself himself himself himself None
Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
377
7-26
8-26
9-26
10-26
11-26
12-26
378
Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him him his his his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he he he himself himself himself himself himself him him him him him he he he he he he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 him him him him him he he he he he he he he
Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman his he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pos det pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn
Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
13-26
14-26
15-26
16-26
17-26
18-26
he he his his his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he he he his his his his his army personnel he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he he he he he he he he he he Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him him himself himself himself himself himself him 1 him 1 him 1 him 1
his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself officers from the armored corps Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn NP
Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Mer
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det
Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
379
19-26
20-26
21-26 22-26 23-26
24-26
25-26
1–27
2-27
380
him 1 him 2 him 2 him 2 him 2 him 2 his his his his his he he he he he him him him him him his his his his his he he he he he None None he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 his his his his his
himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn
Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself Katzman him he his himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn
Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman Katzman Katzman him
he him his he
La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
3-27
4-27
5-27
6-27 7-27
8-27
9-27
10-27
11-27
12-27
13-27
him him he he he him him him he he he his his his himself himself himself None Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman himself himself himself he he he him him him he he he him him him he he he he he he his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he his his his
him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
381
14-27
15-27
16-27
17-27
18-27
19-27
20-27
21-27 22-27 23-27
24-27
25-27
26-27
382
he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he he he he he he Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him himself himself himself him 1 him 1 him 1 him 2 him 2 him 2 his his his he he he him him him his his his he he he None None he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman he
he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he him his he
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
1–28
2-28
3-28
4-28
5-28
6-28 7-28
8-28
9-28
he he him him him himself himself himself
him his he him his he him his
La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him he he he he him him him him he he he he his his his his himself himself himself himself None Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him his his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he he himself himself himself himself he
he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
383
10-28
11-28
12-28
13-28
14-28
15-28
16-28
17-28
384
he he he him him him him he he he he him him him him he he he he he he he he his his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he he his his his his he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he he he he he he he he Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him
he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
18-28
19-28
20-28
21-28 22-28
23-28
24-28
25-28
26-28
himself himself himself himself him 1 him 1 him 1 him 1 him 2 him 2 him 2 him 2 his his his his he he he he him him him him his his his his he he he he He would turn his city into a living experiment. The occupation would be humane. With the grace of sincerity and trust – here of all Plcs. he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 his his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman
he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself promises he’d made to himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn NP
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gen
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Con
promises he’d made to himself promises he’d made to himself
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
385
27-28
1–29
2-29
3-29
4-29
5-29
6-29 7-29
386
he he he he him him him him himself himself himself himself he he he he his his his his him him him him
he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him he he he he him him him him he he he he his his his his himself himself himself himself None Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him his
he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1
La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
8-29
9-29
10-29
11-29
12-29
13-29
14-29
his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he he himself himself himself himself he he he he him him him him he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 him him him him he he he he he he he he his his his his Juni Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he he his his his his the conquered territories he 1
he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself Juni he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself Juni
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa
pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Part
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc
he 1
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
387
15-29
16-29
17-29
18-29
19-29
20-29
21-29
388
he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he he he he he he he he their territories Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him himself himself himself himself him 1 him 1 him 1 him 1 him 2 him 2 him 2 him 2 his his his his he he he he him him him him his his his his he he he he his city He would turn his city into a living experiment. The occupation would be humane.
he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself Juni he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself Juni the modest hopes he had cherished before his arrival in Juni the modest hopes he had cherished before his arrival in Juni
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa Pa
pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N NP
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Part Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Para Gen
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Con
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
22-29
23-29
24-29
25-29
26-29
27-29
28-29
With the grace of sincerity and trust – her e of all places. here he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 Juni arrived he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 the town it he entered it in uniform his his his his Juni before during his preliminary visits Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he he him him him him himself himself himself himself he he he he his his his his him him him him he 1
the modest hopes he had cherished before his arrival in Juni Juni he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself Juni his arrival in Juni he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself Juni Juni his arrival in Juni he 1 he 2 his himself Juni before his arrival in Juni before his arrival in Juni he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1
Pa
NP
Gen
Incl
Con
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa Ia La
Prp N pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N headN pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N Prp N NP
Full Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Rep-M Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Para Full Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Evt Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Plc Evt
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn Prp N PP
Gr Gr Gr Gr Rep Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Plc Time
La
PP
Para
Reit
Time
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
389
1–30
2-30
3-30
4-30
5-30
6-30 7-30
8-30
390
he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 his his his his himself himself himself himself
he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself he 1 he 2 his himself
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn pers pn pers pn pos det refl pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him he he he he him him him him he he he he his his his his himself himself himself himself None Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him his his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman he he
he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
9-30
10-30
11-30
12-30
13-30
14-30
15-30
16-30
he he himself himself himself himself he he he he him him him him he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 him him him him he he he he he he he he his his his his Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he he his his his his he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he he he he he
him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn
Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
391
17-30
18-30
19-30
20-30
21-30 22-30 23-30
24-30
25-30
392
he he he Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman him him him him himself himself himself himself him 1 him 1 him 1 him 1 him 2 him 2 him 2 him 2 his his his his he he he he him him him him his his his his he he he he None None he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 his his
his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
26-30
27-30
28-30
29-30
his his Katzman Katzman Katzman Katzman he he he he him him him him himself himself himself himself he he he he his his his his him him him him he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 his his his his himself himself himself himself he 1 he 1 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 2 he 2 himself himself himself himself his his his his
him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2 he his him 1 him 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
393
Text 9: Thoene, Bodie, (1986) The Gates of Zion, Bethany House Publishers, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 323-324. Sent. No.
Antecedent
Reference item
Source Knowl
Gram. Cat..
Surf. marker
Co-ref. Rel.
Entity Type
1-2
the Rehavia homes
the city
La
NP
Holo
Incl
Plc
1-3 2-3
None Jews
Jewish
La
Prp Aj
Rep-M
Reit
Qual
1-4 2-4 3-4
None None the Jewish outposts that David and Michael had flown over kibbutzim that David and Michael had flown over David David and Michael activity
their tiny settlements
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Plc
their tiny settlements
La
headN
Syn
Incl
Plc
David their men and women at work digging jagged trenches on the perimeters of their tiny settlements
La La Pa
Prp N pos det Nonfin Cl
Rep Gr Exem
Reit Reit Spec
Peo Peo Act
Jewish Jewish Jews in Europe
La La La
Prp Aj Prp Aj Prp N
Rep-M Rep Rep-M
Reit Reit Reit
Qual Qual Peo
the land that had been desolate and barren
La
headN
Rep
Spec
Obj
headN dm det Prp N Prp N Prp N headN dm det headN dm det headN dm det headN
Sup Gr Rep Full Rep Sup Gr Full Gr Syn Gr Rep
Reit Reit Reit Spec Reit Incl Reit Incl Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Time Time Con
1-5 2-5 3-5 4-5
None Jews Jewish Jewish
1-6 2-6 3-6 4-6 5-6
None None None None the Jewish land
1–7 2-7
None the Jews
these Peo
3-7 4-7
David their1 David men and women
David David David these Peo
their2
these Peo
5-7
this moment in history
this point
6-7
the hope of a new nation
hope
La La La La La La La La La La La La
1–8 2-8 3-8 4-8
None the Jews None men and women at work digging jagged trenches on the perimeters of their tiny settlements their None
they
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
they
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
they
La
pers pn
Ind Gr
Reit
Peo
5-8
394
6-8 7-8
None these Peo
they
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
1–9 2-9
None the Jews
Some Jews
La La
Rep Gr
Spec Spec
Peo Peo
3-9
the Jews Jews Jewish Jewish Jewish
Jews Jewish Jews Jewish the Jews
David David Jewish Jewish Jewish Jews in Europe Jews in Europe Jews in Europe a new nation David these Peo
David David Jewish Jews 1 Jews 2 Jewish Jews 1 Jews 2 a Jewish homeland David some Jews
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La Pa La La La
Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Gr Rep Rep Rep Rep-M Rep-M Rep-M Rep Rep Para Rep Hyp Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl Incl Incl Reit Reit Spec Spec
Peo Qual Peo Qual Peo Peo Peo Peo Qual Peo Peo Qual Peo Peo Con Peo Peo Peo
they
some Jews
La La
Full Gr
Reit Spec
Peo Peo
little else to combat threats and everincreasing incidents of terrorism
counter-terrorism
Pa
Prp N indef det Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp Aj Prp N def art Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N Prp Aj Prp N Prp N NP Prp N headN indef det headN indef det NP
Para
Spec
Con
4-9 5-9
6-9 7-9
8-9
1–10 2-10 3-10 4-10 5-10 6-10 7-10 8-10 9-10
None None None None None None None None None
1–11 2-11 3-11 4-11 5-11 6-11 7-11 8-11 9-11
None None None None None None None None some Jews counter-terrorism atrocities committed by Jews the world
the Zionists militancy militancy
Ga La Pa
NP NP NP
Part Sup Para
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Con Con
the world
La
NP
Rep
Reit
Peo
None the Jews David David their Jews in Europe
the chosen Peo he he he the chosen Peo
Ga La La La Ga
NP pers pn pers pn pers pn NP
Para Gr Gr Ind Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Incl
Con Peo Peo Peo Peo
10-11 1-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 5-12
395
6-12 7-12 8-12 9-12 10-12 11-12
None David these Peo they Jews David the world the world
1-13 2-13 3-13 4-13 5-13 6-13 7-13 8-13 9-13 10-13 11-13 12-13
None None David David None None David None David None None Ellie Ellie
1-14 2-14 3-14
None None David David David David None None David David None David David None None he he Ellie he he Ellie her
4-14 5-14 6-14 7-14 8-14 9-14 10-14 11-14 12-14
13-14
1-15 2-15 3-15 4-15 5-15 6-15 7-15 8-15 9-15 10-15 11-15 12-15
396
None None David David David David None None David David None David David None None he he
he the chosen Peo the chosen Peo the chosen Peo he the world the world
La La La Ga La La La
pers pn headN NP NP pers pn NP NP
Gr Rep Full Para Gr Rep Rep
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he he
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
Ellie her
La La
Prp N pos det
Rep Ind Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2
La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he 1 he 2
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 her he 1 he 2 her her
La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pos det pers pn pers pn pos det pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2
La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he 1 he 2
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he 1 he 2
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
Ellie he he Ellie her her new camera
she he 1 he 2 she she the Leica
La La La La La Ga
14-15
he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 her
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 she
1-16 2-16 3-16 4-16 5-16 6-16 7-16 8-16 9-16 10-16 11-16 12-16
None None None None None None None None None None None Ellie’s photographs
her pictures
Ellie they Ellie her her she
1–17 2-17 3-17 4-17 5-17 6-17 7-17 8-17 9-17 10-17 11-17 12-17 13-17 14-17 15-17 16-17
1-18 2-18 3-18 4-18 5-18 6-18 7-18 8-18 9-18
13-15
13-16 14-16 15-16
Gr Gr Gr Gr Ind Gr Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn PrpN w def art def art pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Obj Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
her her pictures her her her her
La La La La La La La La
headN pos det pos det NP pos det pos det pos det pos det
Syn Gr Gr Full Gr Ind gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Obj Peo Peo Obj Peo Peo Peo Peo
None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None the States Ellie’s pictures
back home every image
Pa La
NP headN
Para Syn
Reit Reit
Plc Obj
None None None None None None None None Partition support of Partition
Partition support of Partition
La La
Prp N NP
Rep Rep
Reit Reit
Con Con
397
10-18 11-18 12-18 13-18 14-18 15-18 16-18
None None None None None None the States the States back home back home
the United States the U.S. the United States the U.S.
La La Pa Pa
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Var Var Para Para
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Plc Plc Plc Plc
1-19 2-19 3-19 4-19 5-19 6-19 7-19 8-19 9-19 10-19 11-19 12-19 13-19 14-19 15-19 16-19 17-19
None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None private assistance
money
La
NP
Hyp
Spec
Obj
18-19
None
1-20 2-20 3-20
None None David their David None None David None David None None he he he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 None None None None
David David David
La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N
Rep Full Rep
Reit Spec Reit
Peo Peo Peo
David
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
David
La
Prp N
Rep
Reit
Peo
David David David David David David
La La La La La La
Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N Prp N
Full Full Full Full Full Full
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he he he
La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Ind Gr Gr
Reit Spec Reit
Peo Peo Peo
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
17-18
4-20 5-20 6-20 7-20 8-20 9-20 10-20 11-20 12-20 13-20 14-20 15-20 16-20 17-20 18-20 19-20 1-21 2-21 3-21 4-21 5-21 6-21 7-21 8-21
398
None None David their David None None David None
9-21 10-21 11-21 12-21 13-21 14-21
16-21 17-21
David None None he he he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 None private assistance
18-21 19-21
None money
20-21
David
1-22 2-22 3-22
None None David David David David None None David David None David David None None he he he he he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 None None None None David David he he a flock of Mustangs
15-21
4-22 5-22 6-22 7-22 8-22 9-22 10-22 11-22 12-22 13-22 14-22
15-22
16-22 17-22 18-22 19-22 20-22 21-22
1-23 2-23 3-23 4-23 5-23 6-23 7-23 8-23 9-23
None None David David None None David None David
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
he he he he he he
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
money enough to buy a flock of Mustangs
La
headN
Hyp
Spec
Obj
money enough to buy a flock of Mustangs he
La
headN
Rep
Reit
Obj
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
him his him his
La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
him his
La La
pers pn pos det
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
him his
La La
pers pn pos det
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
him his him his him his him his him his him his
La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
him his him his they
La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he he
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
399
10-23 11-23 12-23 13-23 14-23 15-23 16-23 17-23 18-23 19-23 20-23 21-23 22-23
1-24 2-24 3-24 4-24 5-24 6-24 7-24 8-24 9-24 10-24 11-24 12-24 13-24 14-24 15-24 16-24 17-24 18-24 19-24 20-24 21-24 22-24 23-24
1-25 2-25 3-25 4-25 5-25 6-25 7-25 8-25 9-25 10-25 11-25 12-25 13-25 14-25 15-25 16-25 17-25 18-25
400
None None he he he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 None None None None David he him his None None David David None None David None David None None he he he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 None None None None David he he he the Moniger home
None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None
he he he he he he
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he he he he
La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
he he
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
he he he he he he
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he he he he the house
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn headN def art
Gr Gr Gr Gr Syn Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj Obj
19-25 20-25 21-25 22-25 23-25
None None None None the Mongier home
the structure
24-25
the house
the structure
1-26 2-26 3-26
None None David David David David None None David David None David David None None he he he he he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 None None None None David David he he him him his his he he the Moniger home
24-26
he he the house
David he the house
25-26
the structure
the house
1-27 2-27 3-27
None None David David
he his
4-26 5-26 6-26 7-26 8-26 9-26 10-26 11-26 12-26 13-26 14-26
15-26
16-26 17-26 18-26 19-26 20-26 21-26 22-26
23-26
La La La La
headN def art headN def art
Sup Gr Sup Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Obj Obj Obj Obj
David he David he
La La La La
Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn
Rep Ind Gr Rep Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
David he
La La
Prp N pers pn
Rep Ind Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
David he
La La
Prp N pers pn
Rep Ind Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
David he David he David he David he David he David he
La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn
Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
David he David he David he David he David he the house
La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La
Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn Prp N pers pn headN def art Prp N pers pn headN def art headN def art
Rep Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Full Ind Gr Syn Gr Full Ind Gr Rep Gr Hyp Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj Obj Peo Peo Obj Obj Obj Obj
La La
pers pn pos det
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
401
4-27 5-27 6-27 7-27 8-27 9-27 10-27 11-27 12-27 13-27 14-27
15-27
16-27 17-27 18-27 19-27 20-27 21-27 22-27
23-27 24-27 25-27 26-27
1-28 2-28 3-28 4-28 5-28 6-28 7-28 8-28 9-28 10-28 11-28 12-28 13-28
402
David David None None David David None David David None None he he he he he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 None None None None David David he he him him his his he he he he None David David he he None None David David David David None None David David None David David None None he he he
he his
La La
pers pn pos det
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he his
La La
pers pn pos det
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he his
La La
pers pn pos det
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he his he his he his he his he his he his
La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he his he his he his he his he his he his
La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he his he his
La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
he his he his
La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
he his
La La
pers pn pos det
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he his
La La
pers pn pos det
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he his he
La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn
Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
14-28
15-28
16-28 17-28 18-28 19-28 20-28 21-28 22-28
23-28 24-28 25-28 26-28
27-28
1-29 2-29 3-29 4-29 5-28 6-29 7-29 8-29 9-29 10-29 11-29 12-29 13-29 14-29 15-29 16-29 17-29 18-29 19-29 20-29 21-29 22-29 23-29 24-29 25-29
he he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 None None None None David David he he him him his his he he he he None David David he he he he his his None None David David None None David None David None None he he he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 None None None None David he him his he he None
his he his he his he his he his
La La La La La La La La La
pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he his he his he his he his he his he his
La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he his he his he his he his
La La La La La La La La
pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det pers pn pos det
Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he he
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
he
La
pers pn
Gr
Reit
Peo
he he he he he he
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he he he he he he
La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
403
26-29 27-29 28-29 1-30 2-30 3-30 4-30 5-30 6-30 7-30 8-30 9-30 10-30 11-30 12-30 13-30 14-30
15-30
16-30 17-30 18-30 19-30 20-30 21-30 22-30
23-30 24-30 25-30 26-30
27-30
28-30
404
David he he his he
he he he he he
La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Ind Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2
La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he 1 he 2
La La
pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr
Reit Reit
Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
None None David David David David None None David David None David David None None he he he he he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 he 1 he 1 he 2 he 2 None None None None David David he he him him his his he he he he None David David he he the car
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2
La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 the car
he he his his he he his
he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1 he 2 he 1
La La La La La La La La La La La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn headN def art pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Ind Gr Ind Gr Rep Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo Peo Obj Obj Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo Peo
29-30
his he he
he 2 he 1 he 2
La La La
pers pn pers pn pers pn
Gr Gr Gr
Reit Reit Reit
Peo Peo Peo
405
This page intentionally left blank
Appendix C: Quantity Tables
Text 1: Palestinians in Lebanon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 5 3 3 9 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 1 1 1 4 0 2 1 3 1 2 0 2 3 1 0 2 1 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Nr/Line 5 2 5 3 3 9 7 6 8 30 5 4 6 6 25 6 4 5 9 8 35 4 5 1 6 5 6 31 5 3 2 11 4 5 9 43 3 1 1 5 2 3 5 8 31 3 2 3 3 5 5 3 2 3 33 3 1 1 6 2 3 7 6 4 5 42 1 3 2 1 3 2 4 0 0 3 7 27 1 3 2 1 2 1 4 0 0 1 5 6 27 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 0 0 1 5 2 2 25 3 2 3 7 5 3 4 4 2 3 3 3 3 4 53 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 2 3 2 1 1 1 14 2 3 2 1 3 2 4 0 1 1 7 3 3 1 1 2 38 1 3 2 1 3 2 6 0 0 1 6 2 3 4 1 6 4 46 4 5 4 2 6 5 4 0 0 2 5 5 4 4 2 1 4 6 66 1 3 2 1 3 2 4 0 0 1 6 3 3 2 5 2 4 4 5 52 2 1 2 3 4 2 3 2 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 41 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 18 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 25 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 3 3 2 2 0 5 3 4 3 3 5 8 78 1 3 2 1 3 2 4 0 1 1 5 3 3 3 1 0 5 4 4 3 2 5 5 11 73 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 4 7 4 1 1 0 3 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 40 1 1 2 1 3 2 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 30 1 1 2 1 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 3 1 30 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 9 981
407
Text 2: Rethinking the Palestine Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 3 6 5 1 3 2 4 10 6 4 3 2 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 1 4 0 2 6 0 1 3 1
408
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Nr/Line 3 0 6 2 3 10 1 0 5 7 2 0 2 1 8 0 5 1 0 0 8 1 2 2 1 1 3 14 2 7 6 2 5 1 3 36 1 4 6 3 2 0 2 14 38 1 0 4 2 1 0 2 4 10 28 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 13 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 7 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 6 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 4 2 6 1 2 31 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 13 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 2 8 5 5 2 1 3 1 38 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 4 5 6 2 42 1 0 2 0 4 5 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 23 2 0 3 2 2 1 1 4 1 2 2 5 2 4 1 0 5 3 2 44 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 3 1 1 3 28 1 2 2 1 4 0 2 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 3 1 2 38 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 5 18 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 6 3 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 3 0 0 0 29 1 2 6 0 2 0 0 11 2 10 8 7 1 4 0 0 9 0 1 7 4 3 3 12 99 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 0 4 18 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 3 4 1 3 0 0 4 2 0 2 1 1 0 4 5 0 39 1 3 2 1 1 0 1 4 2 10 10 11 8 2 1 0 8 2 0 2 2 5 4 7 14 8 12 124 0 5 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 4 5 31 815
Text 3: Settling Historical Land Claims 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Nr./Line 0 10 10 3 0 3 0 0 4 5 2 5 4 3 14 0 0 2 2 4 8 0 0 2 2 2 2 8 5 2 5 2 5 3 9 31 0 0 4 2 4 4 7 7 28 2 3 1 1 6 1 2 6 9 31 2 2 0 2 5 0 0 1 3 3 18 6 10 0 0 4 0 0 3 2 3 2 30 3 6 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 2 1 7 25 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 3 1 2 3 16 2 6 1 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 4 3 2 23 2 6 2 0 3 0 0 4 0 4 1 9 6 7 5 49 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 3 8 24 0 6 1 0 1 0 1 4 0 3 1 6 6 5 4 5 7 50 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 7 25 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 1 3 3 4 5 3 29 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 4 1 3 3 5 7 1 4 38 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 0 5 3 1 4 4 3 5 1 2 4 43 1 4 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 7 5 2 4 6 6 10 2 3 6 5 67 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 3 1 1 2 3 5 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 1 7 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 8 6 2 5 6 5 10 2 4 5 8 10 2 2 88 3 9 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 3 2 8 7 1 3 4 4 8 1 3 4 4 7 1 0 8 89 2 3 0 0 7 0 1 1 2 1 5 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 41 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 6 1 5 5 6 7 1 5 7 5 6 1 0 10 6 5 91 911
409
Text 4: A Poorer Peace 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
410
1 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Nr/Line 2 1 4 0 0 1 1 2 1 5 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 6 0 0 1 6 0 1 0 2 10 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 3 5 12 0 1 0 4 0 2 0 2 10 5 25 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 15 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 4 11 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 3 5 5 24 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 3 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 13 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 14 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 12 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 4 13 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 4 1 1 3 0 1 0 0 4 2 3 2 1 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 11 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 4 2 7 2 4 2 8 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 5 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 1 6 4 8 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 4 2 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 6 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 4 0 5 3 25 356
Text 5: Bibi’s Black Days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 4 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Nr/Line 4 2 4 0 3 3 0 4 1 5 4 5 3 0 16 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 1 1 1 2 6 0 0 2 1 0 0 5 8 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 0 12 0 6 1 11 0 0 1 1 0 1 21 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 3 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 1 3 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 2 16 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 1 7 2 2 3 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 0 2 1 1 12 0 3 0 6 0 0 1 3 0 0 17 1 0 0 1 0 0 32 1 2 0 2 1 0 1 4 0 0 5 1 0 2 2 0 0 5 27 1 3 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 0 6 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 4 26 0 0 3 1 1 0 3 3 0 2 0 1 0 3 1 0 1 1 2 1 23 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 2 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 2 4 22 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 3 2 21 0 2 4 2 2 1 0 0 0 3 5 1 0 2 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 0 2 32 0 2 0 5 0 0 2 2 0 0 14 3 0 0 4 0 1 6 3 4 1 0 3 2 52 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 2 3 1 8 0 0 0 4 0 0 6 5 1 2 5 3 1 5 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 21 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 18 477
411
Text 6: Soaked in Blood 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
412
1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Nr/Line 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 0 0 0 0 6 7 3 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 6 6 8 0 29 0 0 0 0 6 4 6 5 0 6 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 1 2 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 4 1 4 4 7 26 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 2 4 4 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 3 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 2 3 3 1 1 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 0 4 2 1 0 3 2 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 2 4 5 3 0 3 5 1 4 0 2 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 4 43 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 3 1 2 4 5 3 1 3 2 4 1 1 2 1 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 8 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 5 1 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 2 4 5 2 42 383
Text 7: Little Drummer Girl 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 10 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 7 3 4 1 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Nr/Line 10 3 5 0 1 1 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 4 2 0 0 1 1 5 10 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 28 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 25 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 20 40 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 4 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 1 15 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 8 2 4 34 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 1 2 4 21 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 15 12 3 4 8 5 63 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 10 8 2 3 6 4 8 54 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 15 12 3 6 12 6 9 6 84 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 35 28 7 8 16 8 23 15 25 200 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 15 12 3 4 8 4 10 7 12 23 113 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 12 20 16 4 5 10 5 13 9 15 25 13 156 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 5 4 1 3 6 3 5 4 9 9 5 7 68 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 15 12 3 4 8 4 10 7 12 22 10 13 5 140 1108
413
Text 8: Smile of the Lamb 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
414
1 2 3 3 1 0 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 0 0 2 2 1 5 3 4 4 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Nr/Line 2 3 6 2 6 11 1 3 5 10 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 9 4 1 27 3 7 9 4 1 10 37 2 5 7 3 1 11 7 38 3 6 6 3 0 7 9 6 43 1 2 2 1 0 4 3 2 4 20 2 5 8 3 0 7 7 5 6 2 47 3 6 7 3 0 9 9 6 9 3 7 65 2 4 4 2 0 6 4 4 6 2 4 7 47 1 2 2 1 0 3 2 2 3 1 2 4 3 27 1 2 3 1 0 3 3 2 3 1 3 5 2 2 32 3 6 6 3 0 9 9 6 9 3 6 10 6 3 3 85 3 6 6 3 0 9 9 6 9 3 6 9 6 3 3 11 95 3 6 6 3 0 10 9 6 10 4 6 9 6 3 3 9 10 106 1 2 3 1 0 3 3 2 3 1 5 4 2 1 2 3 3 4 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 6 2 4 5 2 0 6 6 4 6 2 5 7 2 2 3 6 6 6 3 0 1 80 2 4 6 2 0 6 6 4 6 2 7 8 2 2 4 6 6 6 5 0 3 9 98 1 2 3 1 0 3 3 2 3 1 3 4 2 1 2 3 3 3 2 0 1 3 3 50 5 10 10 5 0 15 15 10 15 5 10 16 10 5 5 15 15 15 5 0 0 10 10 5 216 3 6 6 3 0 9 6 6 6 3 6 9 6 3 3 9 9 9 3 0 0 6 6 3 12 135 4 8 8 4 0 12 12 8 8 4 8 12 8 4 4 12 12 12 5 1 1 8 8 4 16 12 199 4 8 8 4 0 12 12 8 12 4 9 13 8 4 5 12 12 12 6 1 3 10 11 7 16 12 16 233 4 8 8 4 0 12 12 8 12 4 8 12 8 4 4 12 12 12 4 0 0 8 8 4 16 12 16 16 232 1994
Text 9: Gates of Zion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Nr/Line 1 1 1 0 5 5 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 6 2 1 12 1 0 2 0 0 1 4 4 5 1 6 1 3 3 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 1 1 2 1 0 2 1 2 1 1 12 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 6 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 3 4 15 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 3 6 5 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 1 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 11 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 0 1 1 14 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 2 3 25 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 14 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 4 4 2 38 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 2 2 0 4 36 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 2 2 0 4 4 40 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 2 2 0 6 4 4 2 48 393
415
This page intentionally left blank
416
Appendix D: Quality Tables
Text 1: Palestinians in Lebanon Linguistic Surface Markers
Coreferential Relation.
Rep
Rep-M
Total No.
%
Reit Incl Spec
423 35 54 512
43.12 3.57 5.50 52.19
Reit Incl Spec
80 3 1 84
8.15 0.31 0.10 8.56
Syn
Reit Incl Spec
7 2 3 12
0.71 0.20 0.31 1.22
Gr
Reit
51 51
5.20 5.20
Indir gr
Reit
6 6
0.61 0.61
Full
Reit Incl
12 15 27
1.22 1.53 2.75
Holo
Incl
0 0
0.00 0.00
Mer
Spec
0 0
0.00 0.00
Sup
Reit Incl
2 1 3
0.20 0.10 0.31
Hyp
Reit Spec
3 9 12
0.31 0.92 1.22
Del
Spec
3 3
0.31 0.31
Var
Reit
3 3
0.31 0.31
713
72.68
NonLinguistic Surface Markers Para
Coreferential Relations
Total No.
%
Reit Spec
24 1 25
2.45 0.10 2.55
Exem
Spec
136 136
13.86 13.86
Gen
Incl
50 50
5.10 5.10
Part
Spec
19 19
1.94 1.94
Whole
Incl
38 38
3.87 3.87
268
27.32
417
Text 2: Rethinking the Palestine Question Linguistic Surface Markers
Coreferential Relations
Rep
Rep-M
Total No.
%
Reit Incl Spec
389 10 8 407
47.73 1.23 0.98 49.94
Reit Spec
202 2 204
24.79 0.25 25.03
Reit Incl
20 1 21
2.45 0.12 2.58
Gr
Reit
25 25
3.07 3.07
Indir gr
Reit
18 18
2.21 2.21
Full
Reit
17 17
2.09 2.09
Holo
Incl
0 0
0.00 0.00
Mer
Spec
0 0
0.00 0.00
Sup
Incl
7 7
0.86 0.86
Hyp
Spec
4 4
0.49 0.49
Del
Reit
0 0
0.00 0.00
Variant
Reit
0 0
0.00 0.00
703
86.26
Syn
418
NonLinguistic Surface Markers Para
Coreferential Relations
Total No.
%
Reit Spec
39 1 40
4.79 0.12 4.91
Exem
Spec
3 3
0.37 0.37
Gen
Incl
1 1
0.12 0.12
Part
Spec
68 68
8.34 8.34
0 0
0.00 0.00
112
13.74
Whole
Text 3: Settling Historical Land Claims Linguistic Surface Markers
Coreferential Relations
Rep
Rep-M
Var
Total No.
%
Reit Incl Spec
310 93 79 482
34.03 10.21 8.67 52.91
Reit Incl Spec
58 6 8 72
6.37 0.66 0.88 7.90
Reit Incl Spec
27 28 23 78
2.96 3.07 2.52 8.56
Reit Incl Spec
88 5 19 112
9.66 0.55 2.09 12.29
Reit Incl Spec
7 6 14 27
0.77 0.66 1.54 2.96
Reit Incl
7 9 16
0.77 0.99 1.76
Holo
0 0
0.00 0.00
Mer
0 0
0.00 0.00
Sup
0 0
0.00 0.00
Syn
Gr
Indir gr
Full
Hyp
Spec
3 3
0.33 0.33
Del
Spec
0 0
0.00 0.00
NonLinguistic Surface Markers Para
Exem
Reit
Coreferential Relations
0 0
0.00 0.00
790
86.72
Total No.
%
Reit Spec
39 6 45
4.28 0.66 4.94
Spec
57 57
6.26 6.26
0 0
0.00 0.00
Gen
Part
Spec
14 14
1.54 1.54
Whole
Incl
5 5
0.55 0.55
121
13.28
419
Text 4: A Poorer Peace NonLinguistic Surface Markers Para
Reit
6 6
1.69 1.69
Exem
Spec
11 11
3.09 3.09
Gen
Incl
7 7
1.97 1.97
3.37 3.37
Part
Spec
13 13
3.65 3.65
44 1 45
12.36 0.28 12.64
Whole
Incl
21 21
5.90 5.90
58
16.29
Reit
17 17
4.78 4.78
Reit Spec
23 1 24
6.46 0.28 6.74
0 0
0.00 0.00
Linguistic Surface Markers
Coreferential Relations
Rep
Reit Incl Spec
Total No.
%
101 4 2 107
28.37 1.12 0.56 30.06
Reit Incl
67 2 69
18.82 0.56 19.38
Syn
Reit
12 12
Gr
Reit Spec
Indir gr
Full
Rep-M
Holo
Mer
Spec
1 1
0.28 0.28
Sup
Incl Spec
2 2 4
0.56 0.56 1.12
Hyp
Spec
11 11
3.09 3.09
0 0
0.00 0.00
5 3 8
1.40 0.84 2.25
298
83.71
Del
Variant
420
Reit Incl
Coreferential Relations
Total No.
%
Text 5: Bibi’s Black Days Linguistic Surface Markers
Coreferential Relations
Rep
Rep-M
Syn
Gr
Total No.
%
Reit Incl Spec
85 8 4 97
17.82 1.68 0.84 20.34
Reit Incl Spec
29 5 1 35
6.08 1.05 0.21 7.34
Reit Incl Spec
11 1 1 13
2.31 0.21 0.21 2.73
82 82
17.19 17.19
Reit
Indir gr
Reit
46 46
9.64 9.64
Full
Reit
43 43
9.01 9.01
0 0
0.00 0.00
Holo
Mer
Spec
2 2
0.42 0.42
Sup
Incl
13 13
2.73 2.73
Hyp
Reit Spec
3 21 24
0.63 4.40 5.03
Del
0 0
0.00 0.00
Variant
0 0
0.00 0.00
355
74.42
NonLinguistic Surface Markers Para
Coreferential Relations
Total No.
%
Reit Spec
73 1 74
15.30 0.21 15.51
Exem
Spec
11 11
2.31 2.31
Gen
Incl
17 17
3.56 3.56
Part
Spec
9 9
1.89 1.89
Whole
Incl
11 11
2.31 2.31
122
25.58
421
Text 6: Soaked in Blood Linguistic Surface Markers
Coreferential Relations
Rep
Rep-M
Var Total No.
%
Reit Spec
54 2 56
14.10 0.52 14.62
Reit Incl Spec
9 1 4 14
2.35 0.26 1.04 3.66
Syn
Reit Spec
10 2 12
2.61 0.52 3.13
Gr
Reit Incl Spec
111 4 3 118
28.98 1.04 0.78 30.81
Indir gr
Reit Incl Spec
12 3 4 19
3.13 0.78 1.04 4.96
Full
Reit Incl Spec
28 9 3 40
7.31 2.35 0.78 10.44
Holo
0 0
0.00 0.00
Mer
0 0
0.00 0.00
Sup
Reit Incl Spec
6 11 1 18
1.57 2.87 0.26 4.70
Hyp
Reit Spec
7 6 13
1.83 1.57 3.39
0 0
0.00 0.00
Del
422
NonLinguistic Surface Markers Para
Coreferential Relations
0 0
0.00 0.00
290
75.72
Total No.
%
Reit Incl
10 11 21
2.61 2.87 5.48
Exem
Spec
6 6
1.57 1.57
Gen
Reit Incl
4 25 29
1.04 6.53 7.57
Part
Reit Spec
1 4 5
0.26 1.04 1.31
Whole
Reit Incl
2 30 32
0.52 7.83 8.36
93
24.28
Text 7: Little Drummer Girl NonLinguistic Surface Markers Para
Reit
11 11
0.99 0.99
Exem
Spec
4 4
0.36 0.36
0.27 0.27
Gen
Incl
1 1
0.09 0.09
1 1
0.09 0.09
Part
Spec
12 12
1.08 1.08
Reit Incl
540 22 562
48.74 1.99 50.72
0 0
0.00 0.00
Indir gr
Reit
334 334
30.14 30.14
28
2.53
Full
Reit
127 127
11.46 11.46
Holo
0
0.00 0.00
Mer
0
0.00 0.00
Sup
0
0.00 0.00
1 1
0.09 0.09
Del
0 0
0.00 0.00
Variant
0 0
0.00 0.00
1080
97.47
Linguistic Surface Markers
Coreferential Relations
Rep
Reit Incl Spec
Rep-M
Syn
Gr
Hyp
Reit
Spec
Spec
Total No.
%
49 2 1 52
4.42 0.18 0.09 4.69
3 3
Whole
Coreferential Relations
Total No.
%
423
Text 8: Smile of the Lamb Linguistic Surface Markers
Coreferential Relations
Rep
Total No.
%
Reit Spec
40 1 41
2.01 0.05 2.06
Rep-M
Reit
6 6
0.30 0.30
Syn
Reit
4 4
0.20 0.20
Gr
Reit Incl
1183 2 1185
59.33 0.10 59.43
Reit Spec
588 6 594
29.49 0.30 29.79
Reit
106 106
5.32 5.32
0 0
0.00 0.00
1 1
0.05 0.05
Sup
0 0
0.00 0.00
Hyp
0 0
0.00 0.00
1 1
0.05 0.05
0 0
0.00 0.00
1938
97.19
Indir gr
Full
Holo
Mer
Del
Variant
424
Spec
Reit
NonLinguistic Surface Markers
Coreferential Relations
Para
Reit
22 22
1.10 1.10
Exem
Spec
2 2
0.10 0.10
Gen
Incl
6 6
0.30 0.30
Part
Spec
24 24
1.20 1.20
Whole
Incl
2 2
0.10 0.10
56
2.81
Total No.
%
Text 9: Gates of Zion Linguistic Surface Markers
Coreferential Relations
Rep
Total No.
%
Reit Incl Spec
31 2 2 35
7.89 0.51 0.51 8.91
Rep-M
Reit Incl
7 1 8
1.78 0.25 2.04
Syn
Reit Incl
5 2 7
1.27 0.51 1.78
Gr
Reit Spec
263 3 266
66.92 0.76 67.68
Reit Spec
29 1 30
7.38 0.25 7.63
Full
Reit Incl Spec
20 1 2 23
5.09 0.25 0.51 5.85
Holo
Incl
1 1
0.25 0.25
0 0
0.00 0.00
Indir gr
Mer
Sup
Reit Incl
4 1 5
1.02 0.25 1.27
Hyp
Reit Spec
1 3 4
0.25 0.76 1.02
0 0
0.00 0.00
2 2
0.509 0.509
381
96.95
Del
Variant
Reit
NonLinguistic Surface Markers Para
Exem
Coreferential Relations
Whole
%
Reit Incl Spec
8 1 1 10
2.04 0.25 0.25 2.54
Reit Spec
1 1 2
0.25 0.25 0.51
0 0
0.00 0.00
1 1
0.25 0.25
0 0
0.00 0.00
13
3.31
Gen
Part
Total No.
Reit
425
This page intentionally left blank
Index
academic journal texts, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 80, 81, 95, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 146, 148, 151, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 166, 168, 170, 171, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 185, 188 anaphora. See co-reference: endophoric: anaphora antecedent, 34, 36, 54, 63, 71, 72, 75, 88, 90, 96, 113, 114, 119, 137, 144, 167 cataphora. See co-reference: endophoric: cataphora cohesive devices, 26 context, 20, 193 of culture, 21, 182 of situation, 22, 24, 182 co-reference, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 25, 27–39, 41, 47, 93, 113, 117, 175, 187, 189 endophoric reference, 27–39 anaphora, 34, 172, 184 cataphora, 34, 172–73, 182, 183, 184 co-referential relationship, 54, 155–66 partial reiteration
inclusion, 119–20, 137–38, 144–46, 157, 158, 161, 165, 166 specification, 117–19, 146– 48, 157, 158, 161, 165, 166 reiteration, 114–17, 136–37, 140–43, 157, 158, 161, 165, 166 co-referentiality, 39, See also coreference corpora, 47 cultural context, 19, See context of culture deletion. See surface marker: linguistic: deletion discourse reference, 31, 37 discourse-semantics, 24–27 exemplification. See surface marker: non-linguistic: exemplification fictional narrative texts, 42, 45, 46, 80, 81, 92, 95, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 135, 136, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 151, 152, 157, 158, 165, 166, 171, 172,
427
176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184, 188, 189 field. See language meaning: experiential generalization. See surface marker: non-linguistic: generalization genre, 18, 20, 22 definition, 21 pattern, 22, 188 potential, 21 purpose, 22 givenness, 27–29 grammatical category, 63 grammatical links. See surface marker: linguistic: grammatical links hyponymy. See surface marker: linguistic: hyponymy identity chain, 39 inclusion. See co-referential relationship:partial reiteration:inclusion language authentic, 15, 16, 19, 41, 47, 49, 50, 186 features, 22, 24 meaning, 15, 21, 23, 24 experiential, 23, 25, 42, 46, 182 interpersonal, 23, 25, 43, 44, 182 stratum of, 24
428
textual, 23, 25, 46, 182 purpose, 17, 19, 21 variability, 16, 17–18, 187 maxims of manner, 26 meronymy. See surface marker: linguistic: meronymy mode. See language meaning: textual news magazine articles, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 81, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136, 138, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 158, 159, 165, 171, 172, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 185, 186, 188 paraphrase. See surface marker: non-linguistic: paraphrase particularization. See surface marker: non-linguistic: particularization qualitative results, 133–74, 177– 80 comparision of surface markers, 148–55 comparison of co-referential relationships, 155–66, 178 linguistic vs. non-linguistic coreference, 134–35, 177 pairings of linguistic categories, 140– 48, 179 non-linguistic categories, 135–40, 180
quantitative results, 125–33, 176– 77 quantitative distribution, 127– 33 average links per sentence pair, 131–33, 177 range of distribution, 128– 30, 176 total number of links, 126–27, 176 reference, 30–32 endorphoric. See co-reference: endophoric reference exophoric, 29, 33, 57 referent types. See types of referents register, 20, 22–24, See also context of situation variables, 45, 182, 184 reiteration. See co-referential relationship: reiteration repetition. See surface marker: linguistic: repetition repetition with a morphological change. See surface marker: linguistic: repetition with a morphological change return to full form. See surface marker: linguistic: return to full form sentence, 13, 25, 48–51 situational context. See context of situation source of knowledge, 56–63
general knowledge, 44, 57–59, 65, 71, 105, 113, 134 linguistic knowledge, 61–63, 64, 109, 112, 113, 134 mutual knowledge, 56, 60 particular knowledge, 59–61, 70, 134 source of knowlege particular knowledge, 64 specification. See co-referential relationship: partial reiteration: specification stratum of meaning. See discourse-semantics substitution, 36–39 surface marker, 54, 64, 146 linguistic, 76–113, 134–35, 151–55 deletion, 110–11, 161 grammatical links, 88–97, 145, 152, 153, 155, 161, 165, 184 direct, 89–96, 141, 143 indirect, 96–97, 142, 143, 147 hyponymy, 103–7, 145, 146, 147, 161 meronymy, 107–10 repetition, 76–77, 140, 143, 144, 146, 147, 152, 153, 155, 161, 165 repetition with a morphological change, 82–84, 140, 143, 147, 152, 153, 161, 165 return to full form, 97–102, 142, 143, 144
429
synonymy, 85–88, 142, 144, 161 variant names, 112–13, 145 non-linguistic, 65–75, 134–35 exemplification, 71–72, 139, 149, 151, 157 generalization, 72–73, 136, 137, 149, 151, 157 paraphrase, 65–70, 136, 137, 138, 148, 149, 150, 151, 157 particularization, 73–75, 137, 139, 149, 150, 151, 157 wholification, 74–75, 137, 149, 151, 157 synonymy. See surface marker: linguistic: synonymy
430
systemic-functional approach, 19, 21, 24 tenor. See language meaning: interpersonal text, 13, 25 text linguistics, 13–14 external aspects, 13 internal aspects, 13 textuality, 25–26 types of referents, 120–22, 166– 72, 181–82, 183, 184, 186 variant names. See surface marker: linguistic: variant names wholification. See surface marker: non-linguistic: wholification
Linguistic Insights Studies in Language and Communication ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
This series aims to promote specialist language studies, both in the fields of linguistic theory and applied linguistics, by publishing volumes that focus on specific aspects of language use in one or several languages and provide valuable insights into language and communication research. A cross-disciplinary approach is favoured and most European languages are accepted. The series includes two types of books: – Monographs – featuring in-depth studies on special aspects of language theory, language analysis or language teaching. – Collected papers – assembling papers from workshops, conferences or symposia.
Vol. 1 Maurizio Gotti & Marina Dossena (eds.) Modality in Specialized Texts. Selected Papers of the 1st CERLIS Conference. 421 pp. 2001. ISBN 3-906767-10-8. US-ISBN 0-8204-5340-4 Vol. 2 Giuseppina Cortese & Philip Riley (eds.) Domain-specific English. Textual Practices across Communities and Classrooms. 420 pp. 2002. ISBN 3-906768-98-8. US-ISBN 0-8204-5884-8 Vol. 3 Maurizio Gotti, Dorothee Heller & Marina Dossena (eds.) Conflict and Negotiation in Specialized Texts. Selected Papers of the 2nd CERLIS Conference. 470 pp. 2002. ISBN 3-906769-12-7. US-ISBN 0-8204-5887-2
Vol. 4 Maurizio Gotti, Marina Dossena, Richard Dury, Roberta Facchinetti & Maria Lima Variation in Central Modals. A Repertoire of Forms and Types of Usage in Middle English and Early Modern English. 364 pp. 2002. ISBN 3-906769-84-4. US-ISBN 0-8204-5898-8 Vol. 5 Stefania Nuccorini (ed.) Phrases and Phraseology. Data and Descriptions. 187 pp. 2002. ISBN 3-906770-08-7. US-ISBN 0-8204-5933-X Vol. 6 Vijay Bhatia, Christopher N. Candlin & Maurizio Gotti (eds) Legal Discourse in Multilingual and Multicultural Contexts. Arbitration Texts in Europe. 385 pp. 2003. ISBN 3-906770-85-0. US-ISBN 0-8204-6254-3 Vol. 7 Marina Dossena & Charles Jones (eds) Insights into Late Modern English. 378 pp. 2003. ISBN 3-906770-97-4. US-ISBN 0-8204-6258-6 Vol. 8 Maurizio Gotti Specialized Discourse. Linguistic Features and Changing Conventions. 351 pp. 2003. ISBN 3-03910-027-0. US-ISBN 0-8204-6263-2 Vol. 9–10 Forthcoming. Vol. 11 David Hart (ed.) English Modality in Context. Diachronic Perspectives. 261 pp. 2003. ISBN 3-03910-046-7. US-ISBN 0-8204-6852-5
Vol.12 Wendy Swanson Modes of Co-reference as an Indicator of Genre. 430 pp. 2003. ISBN 3-03910-052-1. US-ISBN 0-8204-6855-X
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
Editorial address: Prof. Maurizio Gotti
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
Università di Bergamo, Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere, Via Salvecchio 19, 24129 Bergamo, Italy Fax: 0039 035 235136, E-Mail:
[email protected] ○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
Cornelia Tschichold (ed.)
English Core Linguistics Essays in honour of D. J. Allerton Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt/M., New York, Oxford, Wien, 2003. 368 pp., num. tables ISBN 3-906770-98-2 / US-ISBN 0-8204-6259-4 pb. sFr. 84.– / €* 57.90 / €** 54.10 / £ 35.– / US-$ 53.95 * includes VAT – only valid for Germany and Austria ** does not include VAT
This volume unites nineteen papers on core topics in linguistics: phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, and phraseology of English, exploring both synchronic and diachronic aspects of the English language. The papers have been collected to honour D. J. Allerton, who has taken a keen interest in all of these fields throughout his professional life. He has just retired from his professorship at the university of Basel where he has been professor of English linguistics since 1980. The authors of the contributions are colleagues and former students, all of whom felt inspired by his way of doing linguistics. Topics covered range from the Great Vowel Shift to contemporary changes in World Englishes, and from theoretical questions on the sound system and word formation patterns of English to more applied topics in phraseology and the lexicon. Contents: Richard J. Watts: Was the Great Vowel Shift really ‘great’? A reappraisal of research work on an elusive linguistic phenomenon – Martina Häcker: From linking [h] to glottal stop: changes in the phonotactic system of 20th-century Cockney – Peter Trudgill: Linguistic changes in pan-world English – Richard Matthews: English vowel phonology and the quest for the ‘fourth dimension’ – Alan Cruttenden: A two-tone approach to urban North British – Sarah Ebner: A dynamical systems approach to speech and language – Martin Durrell: From regularity to irregularity in morphology: Ablaut in the West Germanic Languages – Clive Grey: Well I’ ll be verbed: «walksorted» and conversion as a lexical process in contemporary British English – Dorota A. Smyk: On unintentionality in morphological productivity – Pius ten Hacken: Phrases in words – Anthony Cowie: Some aspects of the treatment of phraseology in the OED – Judith Wieser: Opening and closing eyes: a corpus-based study of a set of idioms – Alexandra Pusch/Michael Stubbs: Frequent terms in linguistics: A pilot corpus study for a pedagogical word-list – Nadja Nesselhauf: Transfer at the locutional level: an investigation of German-speaking and French-speaking learners of English – Cornelia Tschichold: Error analysis and lexical errors – Allan Turner: Fronting in Tolkien’s archaising style and its translation – Kevin McCafferty: Language contact in Early Modern Ireland: the case of be after V-ing as a future gram – Paul Skandera: Start doing or start to do: Is the gerund spreading in American English? – Lyndon Higgs: Has shall become extinct?
PETER LANG Bern · Berlin · Bruxelles · Frankfurt/M. · New York · Oxford · Wien
![The Story of the Great War, Volume V [of 12]](https://epdf.pub/img/300x300/the-story-of-the-great-war-volume-v-of-12_5b5f84eab7d7bc5e37200cea.jpg)
