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£diron Ciludia V. ClOmp. Tuas Ch ri lti an Uni~ f)ity And rew Mein. w~\tcon H~. Cambridge
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1.1.2. The Eigh<eenlh Century 1.1.3. The Nioe< Jewish Bibl.andBe)ood 1.1.8. &c ........: CbriMion Ethical Studies oflbo Jcwiob Bible 1-2. .. wish Approacbes 10 the J.",isb Bible: The Ethinl Tdency 1.2.1. fuliminaty Though .. and Historieal !!nO)' 1.2.2. The J.",ish 1I""",,,,,uticaJ-Exoi"",h2ft" 2.3.1.2 .4. 1I0lions .. Identity Morl<er 2.3. U. !lolin...: The E>$:t "fthe Cult ODd Wiodom Lit 275 291 291
296 304 3(17
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3.4. )".,"'.. , The An' Exemplary Army ld knowledlle of rabbinic liltrature. &r>d to Professot Zo'.., Safrai, whose insighll wOIIld 1\01 ",am to have mi,sed from a number of privalt di""u..ions on some .babbalO! in Yavne, I...... t My IIf&tirude also eXlends 10 Prof• ...,. Ed Noon for.n his valuable ""BII«lions.
Ii; In the course of my writing, various libraries let me ~ly us. th.ir "sec",," facilities and provided .... y """es, to some of their "old uea.Ure5," Of greatest assiSl8llCe were the librarians of the team " Alte Druck." ;" ZOrich, the National Mus.eum of Pra, ,,. as ..... n as tilt Strallov Monastery ofPraS"', May this book be a written "Thank you" to all .rodents and facult y me mbe .... of all the lIIIiveniueo I srudiod and worked ot, in Great ijritain, SwilZ fhJIin;" of'M A....,,,,,,, Sdtooi.J ofOtVnJdJ 1I,uarr:. iIom>uhott< '" Ba.hO*l Exopio """ TIl"""'"
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f;"")' IlarvaN $dnitk 11 ..... oM <m .;., tCondary ~ J. 0... to .... """"" oftllis iD ....iption. Ihot it, Ollli,· Ii< bui:: of tbe ..oj.. ronn oft!>< li:en:$-tthieal iden· tity mark..- thai provid03 the onei ...1 Jews and their ~IS wiob "" 3(:\;"logy of Jewish life. In this, scl f.idenlificarion via Iht Jewish way Qf living (rormJ, ~)-mil%>'()lh ecbict--undtr the pnlIOCtion. i\Iidanee and "supervi.ion" of tIN: paradoxically hidden butcv"'-prese.nding i, notnriCflIed toward theology, but loward O(:\;"logy ..... teritJg OIl the " hi.ulric-historical" ;nter\lCfllion of ;1 -1-:1 . ' in bringina the "",,;en, Jewl from EgypI throuab tIN: desc:n into
..,f", .,.
" "t~"" i,.....:I ""'" '" ~ly iaodequaI< bioI t;~ ........,oo\It.......tIIt.1! .r realily (Ihoooy)_1" 0............... i.JiOU$ly" .. ra. 10 • __ Iboolopoal ..... ..,;.;tuaI world ..... lif<mcn beard. He""., history IZIdiOI .wry. thai is. the bi5torical and/or lbe hi.. oric, ~ beoped .for cooseq1,lellCC (the ... bi~ly and llecuril)' llmo'phcrc, 017;:0) ........ commnnic"ed 10 the people of the CO"'tun~ the ancienl Jews. C""""'I\IeIllly. the MillSlnlClio ... for life" (m/lzw)lh) and !hei. ethical pill ... (holiness and Iibenling ju.tice) were in need of pem>nIIl and instiMionll_ ijathrough "itich lbey could be communicated. II win be lQ. ./I~"""~"""'" ~kr '" Ibc f",,1U>! (;:. 0..--..: "!li.w;." and "IIi.lOrisehaviouraJ/e1llical palIenu in ancient JewLsb sociely. Thereby. Ihe main cbal1lC1eristics of me suucs1ed plRdigm of •• amplcs com.to the fo«' (I) !he ideal 0(;1-1 ...,·-.. In'ealed in ';tt t'1"1f' '::I . "'...uperimp05ed
01110 (2) prime enmple" that is, ""(:Itlplary charactm ,,'110 visuali~N Illi' unfathomabk ideal fo< Jewish uiSl~, .'I""Slicd as C'~I' ~";"T'I ')l'I t'1-rp ':::I (t..v 11:44; 19,2; 20:7, 26). Through !he onl and wri\\nI lraditions, these exampl •• ,..""hod (3) !he C(lvt:naI11l't"'P1., the intended recipients of the parodigm. In thi. COIIIeJlI, Ibe didactic fUDCII"" and value ofM,tory.tellin&" liDd their Joe .... "!times, the ab,,,,._meotione siP.. M.", or, des'e opocW lIIoomy; 12- 16); dIr _ """,,,ronomiOtirpIIO in ON (ln;1 upheld. For Ibis purpo .... Joshua i. portrayed a. coofirming 111. SinaiticIMosaic covnoaO "'" dirT_ l>eoIOiieo on '"nln'H:
Tea_" ,,,Ira-
of the God or Ibe ancien! Jews as blasphemy, F.,,- these I regard !he often persi'tem utiliwion .,f!he vocalized form .,f!be gmmmallHl by many Christian ",holan of the J.wish bible----ca very noceo( e.u.mple!>dna W. Brueggtmlltll----ti all """"""'sary obsacle for Ibe ob..,...,.ant Jew to panicipate in the biblical discussion. On the ocher hand, realizing thai Chri. ti.., biblical scholars would find il .trange or . ",kward 10 read Ihe tradiliOOll Jewish renderina: lIas~m for the bihlieal God, I will ttaJ vocali:tOO." Although .. filian '"theological" approaches 10 the I ...... i'h bibl.: """f=ional· As was
. ~ plained
ism, ' Jewisll inlorpl'Clations suffered from a similar problem. This Jlres< li ....l ~.) 00o:;,h Bible: '11tft>I0I'!!' aM HislOT)'
The following: investi8ation pteSUJ>JlOSeS an arbitrary~! \>('tIt;ttO "'hal could be ,,"lit: theo1oay of tbe Jewish bible. 1.1. 1. Jo/uJ"" Philipp Gable, and tke l~,= 0/ His PretJeceuOl7 :>Iowadays. two equally accqIled ideas underlie the labd "biblical theol· ogy": it .,j!he< ( I) denotes olhrlogy whicb.1ll be rouoo in m. scriplint Of it (2) ehar.ot{,...Mart/ ~ A"",,"_ (f di,in< m...... ..... i f,.. wish to~ • • ~rm ..... ___ hope of ..I . ... "". Gi ...... III;' ~1Il< ,Ioyl.,ity _ _ _ of b/bl/c<JI ,/u!Q/aIj!}""-;1Io ,11< ",hlkty - ' diffi«s:7: T....1ation. CmmonIary.
Ilbtioo of .... (..ali . . . . t iRlO 000 ......" ... J. P. C.,blg< (NulMl"" _ 4 11_ 1 99) ~ 11-22. I. Gobl"'. "QrI .... Proper Distinction." 134-)' (n.t." "" _ ) .
l1.yo."""
" Upon dcalinll boicHy willi lIN: inte"".!iv. lcntleocy to cnplI" in cisegw_ cal practice,' Gabler .tresse.llhe proper .. paration ofbiblicallhwlngy from dogmatic theology. The difference i. lhat biblical relisiooftheology (c geM'" hisl.mco) describes the bask Christ;an knowledge a. reprether Gabler merely ",tablisbed the biblical theological d; "" il'linc as a 50Wld exesotkal bouncinS-boud to get to Ill. highest 1. ",,1oflheologizilljl. IhaI is, dogmaIic theology, the place where "eMIlio and undoubted unh'cnal ideas {can] be singled 001. !hose ide ... wbicb alone ore useful in dogmaIic lboology . ~ " Despih: thi, ~eil.d inteot: I~\> ........ Gobler',
w'ocbripeo _AnlioIltdinj; and oomparinlllh< "Ilo>l)' id;1ioft, " 143. 11, Tha, ;,.,.flerhi."Ontion." II, MorIc lJiNiJcIw: 1'Itt.>Io:wtk. r"m~·."". 9tl (tIto Kalioo . . mine). The in, ...... COIIIItla> Mtin("'" epooho or ),!_
•
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" - bINi"", ,i>«>I."" (dw _ _ ""~ i~ 1M """"'" ......~,.. • Ibi. step ...... the liDe belWftD !be ',..0 "theoiot:ies,"lifwmll 011' .. hal day ",i'" d of ,be biblie .. and !be cuI,on! """ lOCi.l _ i o n of ! ~(l_ (;;n '" M",,"';I\an. 1973). 1.....21: It... ~ 0/;1 T",.,..", ~, 123 I . 11>< dkta pn>b<mJWCw.ko ..... .. bticol ..... l"k)' of.k ... , ,U CI>CI1< chun:b in _ I (e .•. pp. 130--31. s.o9--~JI . Coo:«iuo' ucilizatioll 4icw~ ...-.... • . oopcciaIly iolm in hiodiocussWn ofSocino. Ken ..... ;0 other ..... .,.". (see pp. l-lillf. """ .Iso S29-629 ..,.,.,. Ibo Cbri"im oocr&II>out .... 00"",.0&."" of IlIe Son .fGod fj-.,.,. heo."",,, .. . Foro .... """"" .... 1....1;"" ....... _ lOW....... j, "';d Oal> in • io """,ploidy kd ",,_ond ""'""""" _ (diff lim. from creati"" JUSl before iIIe fall ofbumankiDd- its in,enlion ..... lI&lvation,'" 36. A~ tho " w...". ..... Confession' hod .1", been bo-t OlIO CI 1IIJy. i< .... Coc.:ciI>a _ _lied i< riaorowly 10 all .., 600ds and _lies of God u ~ ill .... kwiM biblo. Co IbeoIoc' iDIo .... ........ purpoo< aod """" ..ity of.1WOfukI Ih< reo""" [.. dimWnna; .... -old"o.....-(0)0p0:n).4. \~. Uaod 16\ u.. _ _ ........ iCl\Oplcn2. 4 aod ,~ .... diOp. 11)..... hich ~ ... 1O _
"'"
en the sool of"'" 100 p-ovideo the ",ilt· off~• ..",.1 _ _and .... pt-w-e (. W""I&efiollm ') of"'" Lon! oh. n ..,.". . - 1It~ b;' ....... a", trom _ ,i4< """"'" tho: ..... of Ch,-iotI... 1>o ... J. ... ~; ...elrOr tile ~o.11: See. h< OppI;e.:lIi,' .... ;".".,. or 1;';"1 faitb" (p. .$ I;.f. . 1", sw-:m . • $, Thetbird< i~pIion "fOod ', low into "'" Ioum- _ _wIo;ob ;, pIoocod ov., "1";0" A main cbaraoteristic ofth. new emphasis w.. bistoriog:raplly and the undttstanding of the evolurionary dcvelpment of religKm. In this context. the Jewish bible was to be §a"oJ for Christianity 1$ • p",cursor of the uttimately . uperior ,di,ion of tbe Chri,,;.., New Testame-nL Important historical-, 8#J#aJ/ 11o«>1OlD' of ~ Old <WI NA '
Iloy.. oad " " ' - . Old T.., , _ 49. So. ib .... H - 70.
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SO. /bi4" 5 1....... 7-,," , . .O«!Is. ; ..... foQo.. C"",,", IJ--I~. SeeaJ .. G, II""';" JohaM 'uk '" s..J", _.~ Ub#1t """ W" l da H"'I. __ "~_ 111, ,I "''' (HaI_ho 1kiIrtg..... EuropWcbrnAulkIanm, 2:"fGbin&id.. J 1. l 8, ScJl<j~1o. J.:>1o.>rPr St>i."", Scool". 6. Sc. depend;',. "" the tTaditiom of,he >Iriou> Clri>ri"" c h " - (cf, p, 21), 110. Ibid.. 13. 61 . Tl>< Jownh "oiblical "'~"''''"' 111mdoieden(! et hand.llso "'.ieoted III tho$e earlier ~rnptS al a ··tltrologia blblico~ in wlticIJ material,.... mc«ly colkdcd 10 """" dopnarilM oiehl 10 ,,,,I ...... Eiooicbl WId 1~1 .. _ dII< . o I l k _ Roli,;"" Chri ..... jrl>t ".od iIo> noaJ. m·
ou_. . .
Altbou&h SemlersoughllO ~ture 1I>e original inleDlion"flh. bibli· .:.1 lUthon 0$ otheologi~ (! 771 -75)." After bavina 8i= up-ta1l>er uosuccessfuJly"---his iO;lia! 68. For iDsW>ce, Ekhhom, 69. Cf. S<ml .... I'''''fr~ u"""",,~ do> C"""". 72_71 10. _ . " CMII"" """ P""I ... UbeD dabe, _ ZIt OlD taIIt, d .... Jimaritth palilJu>b.n (Jrillctl jenon ),1 _ _ .... dutcb Seb",iInlmcnLlry Oil ~ dictll classica," ZachariJ in!ended !O conWUCt his theology around the obsf:n..atioo that tbe biblical lat Delther rclIeclO III e:cpUcil iheology nor provide, a frame_ wor~ thai coot.>in. s1nlCtured leaching. lie, therefore, dwelled on the
evolutionary development of the biblical "Re ligiooswaJuheilen '-from the primitive """ient Jewish religion to \be perfect Christian "'1;8iOll~ and attempted to demon.true!hi. in hi. method ',\. inerJ < oighloenth • ...rury. 1!aIedow", di.. "",,1lI of .... commonly occq>I«I notioo ..... G." I OIl(! I ~ 1 .u-. ,.....
tbo>,,,,
twofold intention might mak~ his work: appear lonpiJlded.. he streJlsed th< _easity of!hi, proen,"" """
I to. Ibid., v. -Oieo wird ih> [D"'-"'l ...... ibm, ""inm Flei .. dc>:n Studiu"" ok< jDdiscbeo Dosm :qwbiclooe, _old don ItI=n ......... mo, bo--x.. '" ~ mea, """ .. wo.bt die ..... bebrlischen s.;lo-ift.. witderl>ok. ... boupScbl.cI> di. Apoe. 011 .. Art, und de. T,lmod und die T..II ..... mil diese .. o..icht>pund ~nally 10 demono1me 1dji< Vor"'ry. 6&, Ori,ma/ly, 13.0 .... in",,_ "' P"' II pop« .... """""" ofb;" o.:ademk 1. '" III"", ........... """ """ oIkgori",ho oaIIIn.! ..... ri] . . PI""" ofllle 1rOdi1iocutl Chrisliao \Q 1);1>10. tho>. ~ M.."", I). 40'1). I, ...ther _ with • ..... ivenal" fulfill""'" . .... ,Il>< I;"" of Philo' , iDlerprCI oboo.-eD .. ...·. . -... iD tIao Feuerpfithl Gebe .... ~ _ " (p. ,Wi, "'" _ pop n=bor;" P. )69). Tho oriaio of this ..... WI;,; ..... " i.. ""'(lrli.oh. """" ontni ...1bore 16tt1~ Ein ..;'k"", "'........." ond ... artlodd ,id> .of o/l t"'"
Ihe ~Robliv;m,"gW of a purdy ",tionali.tio theology'" of the I.",ish bible, wIlile 1'Om000tiOW oonfcssionalism ... d Ihe "Erlanger Scbul.,w both bemg predominanlly pietistic. A coo\emporaty of Michael Baumgarten (I 8 12-1889) and Franz Julius DelitlSCh (18131890), woo ... theologies had. clearly ~ev&Dgelicol" outlook,' "'''''' E. W. l1.ngslenbef"l. 'H
Kai_',
See. r.. naroplc, ...., 'lOi<JnoIi>tio .. ivenali ... of O. P. C. B_~ Thci"llw(I'I); I>< opImr-.... . . ./udmt_ _ C/u'U_ a..-;,a_ Doj:motil!, .. iIt...- _ _ Enrwi<enl Tho """"PI'" 0>11:, Cbril1i..iIy _ri., W. Fob«, "SI). Ix l'ln< h "'BOd """'_Jew .... Ihrir.- ~ lbi ........ i""v~1y (,f. p. l) \cod .. tkit ~ of .... " .............. j."'~'d _ .... ofnno-
122.
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£TrIM W ilb&si " " ' _ de ... ipI.... orth< divinity of the IUfI"erin,mdawnin,Mes>iah (CItrimJIoJi<JnAhno rn~s, 1:21S-92). OIUre or messi"';" ",op/Iocies ond lilemun. .. "",II .. \heir ..... , ...... force (U93_111jH. yeo ond _ ...... Old r ..""",,,, ~, SI. mill ""rwool« dutt~ "",,,,..bliebc _
d""''''
dutat despite the foc t tIw God mformed the andent Jews aboll! the fonbco mill3 rcs!On!ion of humankind's original .talc of being and about the oom;Qg o f the T1' ~,l" [dli.IiCberc Thooknrie" ,fQr die 1dicated) and evenlually roOUld ito ullimole teIIlil.lllHm in lhe vicariollA alonement o f "Jesus Cbrilt, " I., Wilb this .~.gelical scheme, Henrslenh ill .... .,... of tho 1uI«. tho .,UnIorl! _ ... "...... to this. they did _....we one 10 oubdu< .... ~ N.;.... ~ .. " (1:7):"Du o..etz il1 Iodt, die _ilOll N e i _ tind Ie ......... (;OWI. ~ Tho l1\cietIt Jews> Joool iog for trw: j>NC< wu, tImo, "I"'""'l by til< "Sch 11,",=
P[-'-i 'I'" "'-, ""~-'--~'lr "i" .,,-~ ' • • ~i~fh.tl~i!l;l~!fi!· Q I j:~hh:~i~h::·!e j ~' ~~~~i~ ~~ i~i ,~ r i s: ·· . . . i!· ~ dJ ,..pollf=' h· it!-- .... g:t:;;' P=~-'iOO:Tif §.
"
I;len""",'" lIence, von JI"fmonn regarded I"" inlenction of "Weissa· gung~ and "Erftlilung" a. I of tile bum ... experiOllCt>(\e, _ . tie ..... Gtt """";0. i ... """ oein< N.. ,.. in 1Iqri1T..... fl'rillril . < n chutcl\ .."'""""" .... pOttib< k""'" .......hly Iridh."fI;!''''I"' (.lth od. GlWriZ : Vondonh"",, ~ .t Rup..ed •• 1869 (101 od. 111%]).
Offr-..,.,.,,, . .
Rit"'h~an
Ern$! Andra< Heinrich Hermann Schu!L> (l836--!903)"" """gilt 10 combine traditional eol>CeJ'ts or God willi the new developm.... t.al approaches or !he time. N Schultz Wlderslood "'iblicalllleolgy~ '1al.) denjenigcn Zweig de, meologischcn WiO&C1l5Cbaft. wek"'" dio< iodividual q>:hesmpletiotl of it, ltw ;,., tNooIBb .... _ _ of CIIrisI .... N..... TOSIaIIJcDt ~ (p. S~ 0.. (""""lot ... from adifforalt pc' ..... ,;,.. :,W]lrc obo bibli""b. Tbrolotie .... en« "''''''linin d _ _ ~ Ibe ond ~ of !be _ Jsnoc-lit< ",1Tun: """". i. ... """PIet-d "';~ion. ,.., !Iou d]i. 'OI IIL' g;C kingdom wi!hout poli!ical uni!), in m. hinh of Christian;!)'. AI""g !he Hots of thi. theologklll_hmneneu!ioal agenda, Sohulu tac\:Jed bi. _oM major IIsI< by describing the theQloekal-his!orical '!age' of the Second Temple period'" und.... m. rubric. of IsnelilC salvatioo-G<m< i. It>< ...... _ or its ...ioDaJ wk and .... IIrtdn.J .... W""~lOlIIi.-. (Jo]>. J.63---.6'!1. Cti"a tho!, I hhoua/I GJ riq IUs in...... ' .... of tbiJ ,....u.: ""'1" "or, inlO • pcnpol4.(i~. 191, 1b'od .• 65,
189,
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....... """ rol< ofOOll·bjblaJ .. Iiponom--Od>ler bold it ;.,p.r.ri......, "rf*. Ikhes ~ .. ' m«l ~;de each 0Iber.'" In _ ..... II> S< S&I.ific " - l of" I..... Cbriso" .. mind. ,.. C.,.,.... tbooIoakal.n.ly of the biblti.. penj><mbt'" I>}' G. E. Ooy, in 188l. Se< 01"" Krous. wI>o reprdd ..... ",idcd t.y ""' ;&0 ~ 1I,1.wQ.. ! hy tI,. • • ile. io " 'htdl ie pt:rCft1~ In 1M e;uge -.I e""" ....
,,,,I>odt.•
lit'*'
" humankind' s bigher
Kaioer COBtended that any religion paimJ with ~yennGgeII ~ would eventually develop IOwards the highest "re ligi6se[ n I Beatimmung .. .• ZUT DiviDi!!!."'" Hmce. aU .. ligioD. agree in lIOIlIe poiuts. because I\ItUre and human characteT
~
encnlially the .. me cvcrywhe ... Differences are me, this ",.y, reli,"", (""'i«ti.-r.lhot; .. .......,.... ....... f.iIh;., .... "dj_me; ..1aIeo to .. liIjiOlny • • .-:wint;; "Die - . IrJ'Ot'lTtio __ eme ,<mI\rtJ\jze VorbenC>:. Kaiser mi$lru$l1ogical interpretarions of
~
Jcwisb bible,'" ollhou.gh be: stressed the: tole of Illn '""" ~ _"""poCriotioohen Prop-. "'" Nuamh em... Eifolg ;" do:n Sinn. "'" cr ,.01>1 _h "iclo1 ohnd. oIo:m die V00> Ilo::nd ... hobo:." .ift lrichl ". ic ..... ... A""b dOl jOdi>tiaDs. Ibe \Iobyloni .... (~""') ond Ibe IJtrtcri hi""",
2Sl. Tbio - . IIIim>o hi5tOrians, d welling on the influencc of Mesopotamian re[igions on tIw of Ill. """ient Je".. •. Atlhough !he DOIion lIuII Ibc ideas and COIICept> .xproSKd in the Jewish bible were infcriorto 100.., of the Chri"i ... N.,,· Te'lament I""'vai\ed. \he right of the Jewish bibk \0 have. voice of ilS < rimel\>d """'" ., ........ t.pin • 0«ul.·olua ill. ')'>1< ...,0< l\od publj_ ~ RelipHtdu Voikr /,r«I{K. ~ooIm. IUS-I92.S) orpod IOk"";... - , " " by o . I'rockxlo. .. ho op<ed ro.. ia. • loodem ..ri ... ofGabl ..·, "pin th ..=ow!jOring the Ij"", l . _ . ~~th< OIdT",,,• ••• ,,,, Mn. 1lt< POlio ifBil>lia>l11wolotY. 41_SO. 210. 1. 1926. £""fddl divoroood the hulNy of the "","", of h'ac""riv.: 0;" Hibol too""", ..ulplliJ. ""tel .... BIJ< in Luke) and explicates lbe meaning ofthi. '1tidk...- cin< ),tittcipoonll. J".... oJ..- Wckhci land. 011< Offealootunpkrp>cloicb .. act"'"
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To,,,_&dIt .....
Nun ,,, ....... ofI ....... ht«< T._too,daosdooAIIo i, '" genIl ",too ~_ do:< ,."",. b«lOIICy. f..- him. ......."....., ..".."..;on. of the J....... bible ",'iud izllIoc _ I "fulfill ...... • ( ibid. 1'137), To .'00 d0 ancient JewisII religioo
I. I religion off."" Hi.. ;., ....., ... W...., ok< iadiocl>m .... "loM;h pt-idto~sti< ond lUll "",'Ilorr : SCM _ 197) , "' .. ""'. bil>li< wool .,fGod ioI tl>< """' ...... of ....... 0«1, but "'the ,...,..... f tho Aeu f God, 1Ot 107). Thek"" .. fGod """prded"",,1uo1 hi-,.. "'''' is. .. • biuory ..... . . - tl>< -.I.,i"" .,fGod from tl>< poIriarclIoI , torieo oftl>< 1.";011 hihl< to tbo final ond ultimate revel.,.,. f God in tl>< ChrisIioo New T......- (pp. 12-17), WriJht "',,' """''''t1 .. the tIIooIoci< ...ly ....... CIui"joo cJ"",:h', (of. p. 10l!) -coof... oiofW to< >< .. f00ihle"lruly (isj_ proporatiou r(lt tl>< fino! """lotion ill J..... C"""- (p. S8). 2 _0llhe Jowi>lr bi oto .... ins autbori:a1i .......... ""'y inwf. " ....... ir> lhe IlIiLh ~ .. 'od in "I ..... ChriJl,·!haL ia, ... hm 1he< h oflbe Jew"" bible u>llhe a.riltian N.... T'tm:nent(ibid.). This relalionol I;'", run, .... _ CMotion doc. ;'''' _h ..... u>I '""'" and lhe ""' ..... of lhe s....... of .... ,....., in n.: ........baia/I (pp. 100-10l~ rdlec>in, ",,,, of _~ Mol Lt. """"oci0, ,/w! otJ T..""""'" ." (_1 i>«au N I.t" ,tWy ai'/w! _up4'/w! OJJ Ta",-'" both In Iin/f _II" I" ",,,,,,,," 10 ,/w! r..._ " , (II" ...., i. to cIofu>o the d'ona,risti< f ...' .... of IM ....~ 4"" Old Ta'''''''' .... ond for that .....,. .... )' l b . eMIl>< Iuitful " .... ""!he buman respome lO Ibis revelation."" guided by Ibe e!hical standards of the community." Acoord.iog lO Vriezen, lhen. a SOIIIId evaluatioo of the message oflbe Je .... ish bible h"" 10 pay close .uenliOlllO ibe Ipirirual ""velopmenl in 1....,1 in Ibe Ughl of lhe Chri51ian gospel. ... Merely 10 oll8"8e in histori_ caI-crilical research means 10 otrip !he Jcww. bible ofits un
eo'
•
307. Ibid.. 2~. fOf V-=. .... ...,.. ;"""""'" .. «<modiory of~.11« Vrieau', pubI;ootiOJn. .....pbcilly ,bur"th-",i.o1od ond dIriIIo<eo,", _ ~ - . 1>"0 ~ ... _0< 'NOiIiUoo of'sraol .. "",U II laraI'iw Old r.. ,_",~, SCM I'r.... 1~9j; _ _ J. I. "'Gto ...... """ Rod di>lM _ ~ ~ _ . o..p;"' .... """"""',j;ffUoO<S-=~ boo.... ..,,! tcxlt. ono oll-1°11;.11 ",.0«1;00 e. die ill nditioo~hichtlicbor HinsiciL1 ..... Pcriodm .inlei...," (ibid.. 2:)40). I~ Lbio ..... ~. I....l'o ....po< CIuisri .. 1'1,..' T...."....., """"",""""",. " " " _ tho! ",,~os ,II< f)'pOIopelll oft(!.,,;,",,"",.r ,lw'OodcbooIo>s1 in til.
CODe"'"
Got,,,,
,...,hah
_ .!ho!
.....""tion .. "P" 'lion 10 hio .Otl,ietioo ""tIW II .... end of .... dooy ..""....,..,. of .... DOtur< ofbiblieal Ibeolol)l wiD remain tim _ tian 'h""'h and 1"w>c1io.wI. 1UIIIotitoci>"d)-. tho> is. ...."...;""1)'. iii< til< Owiltiaa oonununily!Odoy (Biblical 7lIo bible;' _ _ only b)' i,. reWi(Io, t~ th' ~ion Nt,. T_ tilt Iattechen ThooloJie' Ein< Uotemo wm....
that"""" .. --" .....'
.-..:1_ rorm ..;"" _., to hay. I\lI ~ ....1.. (or Chil"'. C1 ibid .. 6ond t I.Cbi16o· ~oftbo l...-ntrbiOk ... ..""... ti"" _ does "'" meorr that ~ COIIIalno ti ....l... lhoolP:ollrUlh. but that "lt)be caMfti ' by ",hioh divine Inub ao J ....... t,;t>Ie ... DOI'Ql for Ih< life of Il>o foilhlid tllri....., cltutdo. Il>o !Indo hioiht< pia« .,.;tlli. Inoditioft and potticipeltO ;" III< hi;in....utioaI _ .r ""hiCe or theme, in the Old Teotament unl ... the the .... or l"'$""1 '0 the le~I."''' A, ""lunl;,1. S",. ggemarut ..al · i,," IhIoI the God of the Jewi0 ............ ........ ~y plonluli "i'"
"'i,
'""'*"""'"
_t>d utt=.:I .. _ p in . ~,tqicaI publ; ......"lib'.o;l.• U~)5~ ,.~< _ .. loeS Iivm til< "",,",,,1..- to "'" ioIutioo to ""',.,...,., ~"" .. If-d kio '"liard fo.- Israol, What comes cJoom to • ,.ooh,,;'" is!b< tbe_ ofOod', ju.ti 360.
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of validity aod pel"!luuive ...... Objecti'·. bistory or onlOlOSical tbo~sht is 001 the main foc .... What i. important i. thai !be lCSIimooy i. the coon' , only 10 the ~act\I&l d 3S6, d. 400). J6J. Cf.ibid., 40L )601. 1l>i! ."'" ; .. 'I,~" B1'B n. DO. , (1m): 4-\1. IlI!hio.bstn«. ""bllibedju" "'fore .... ""bticatiool of bio '"tbooIofy." l!rueqemmm introduced hi, po>IiIIO0 lIoly Ono" (p. S~ ..... 0( _ _ , ........ is Ut< ~I """'" lit odopb;"The . . - (o "'''iOO) ,Oot brotkm <MII .. I questions 0( Ikina lon,.,101Y1 ond all _liono 0( II"""","", l~j) on"'. : J. in 0 d i . - of ron u.tIm<J>Jy ODd _""-Y' (p. 6t II..... BlUe.,.,.....,. ._.1S_ ruIri:.lboi II< ..-oold _ ;" ohio dio.1.ctical 1'f'Xft" (' j rovmonI ond <xile-the I..... _ deep 'I"< ...". coin" (p. .19: d .•bo 06). Althoufb BrIl bibliea]lrl, to tbo ~.kI ofbiblio;ol theoloiY (p. 118) ond thai tbo 001""" .... of _ _ _ ".,he>It~' .. h;otoriano _ '1I JS [20001: 105--)5),
II""'"......... ·•
d,*,~
ond ~l.ims (If tho .tx."' ~ ond invi.es kwish-Christion "i>ionalily 101"'" """'" "bl< )ew;$b oharaoteroflhe Jewish bibk i. broughl to the ..... "",.""s of Christian Ibeologians agolD.'" 1,1.7. Motknt Chrutit>n TItroIOgKs oJlhe JtwU~ Bible and Beyond Despite tile methodological variely!hal emerged in the twenlieth cen· tury. ,belewilh bible has $lill nOt ottai""" Ihe staluS or an oqually valid reli~ious l<xlll<xl to WI "fthe Christi.., New T estamologies "f ..hol8t1 oudI .. Ei ..feldt, Sellin and Eichrodl ~iv.ly, nor EiS$fddfl met$iani~hri"oloaiCil method,'" Eichrodl'l re-adoplion v....,... plO' ',,' "' oumpIe claim of ,11etd Earl]> ./JokoU,.; ..I 5.>""1'veoIiplioo)'" 'tloo\0i7 of"'" ~dT"""""" [io]. tu.r .oq;o in IhIJ_ for 11>. floCl l1l>I Pro ... • "''''k is _ 'Io:>kl~ iii_tO. ",I;a>oa of l ...d, A""""P bo: d,.,. ;nIdy re1Iecu _fixi. iAdlcotcd by the ti(1es "fthe ,. .." volume. ":SI'. s... •...,
or,,·,·,, ·'· (_
or
Ih""'f""', DOl in tbe position to . her!be course ohheological studies on !be Jewisb hiI,le dramatically,-' And ye~ !he fact that Ibe scholarly ~ ~gards the Jewish bible as Ibe end,product of tho oompilation ond!.,.- n:dac!ion of ancient Jewish 10\)""" "f various lit~ 1 = into 01>< ~ligiou1 text Still po$C$ the question as I the: ~ligious or idcclogical incaru (..... and "'p, od,: Tllbinid mfoIeolgy of the lew"" bible. The .................. 0( ""'.,.. ......... ..., Wd '""'J""er. I _I. 10. i.. liu ......... : of. 011 CIao. " EalMIri._ Elhik imAltt ..,...... t..I .....,.t, bono
hOo T1>roIogloo"""I_
.. pm.sed" "'" , " _ t i l H. S Im'-" ","",,;_ ....<doNoli". " . TIley ....... """'P"llod to off.. Ihe~ moM qci6a .... on tho intral<xt..al .~tI prin. _iU .. """" ,lot: ... hoI • ..,...o .'" of kwi'" ..,hot..lUp; ,.hik .....1ar1Cbo1an rear j; h (p. 1101:i~ Otdy ...... "God i, _ " .... pumi _ _ i"., Re.\;';"1 the lIIeoIoP:01 4ilntUli< .. """Ie '"Theoloc or Old T ...."'""· >10,_
f,,_, .... ...
no
J UniveroOty - . 19n). jJ--$ ('l~ ~ll, E,., II, Go ..... l. ~· ,...bL S. Hine" S, R. Hincb, L. 1Io«k, M. M . ~lon, F. II...........m" M. Buber. fl. QJbm, R. L. ~.d. , trio."'. I, Kook. A,), Il< """"em of lrOdiOOo """ biI>IicaI 1hooJjy. II. Geoe riJil'11 I>< pri"'ipk behilld dw ~OII. In • di..,UOIion of o..."'ronomy. he JaII&rb: .,.ora~ "' shown .. bo 00 .... Ied _ of 1eoendo".. lboOWiobon ~ ~ oflbo Je .. 'oi! .ibk """'.. 432. Cf. I. C. T_I< Ba< _Itoflono:!. Th • ..,.. . ...., "" 1 _ oxp~ ...
... Apan from lOme ran: '"'.pI;oo.,''' thus. most Jewisb apJ>IlIaCb'" to biblical-theological \heme. take \he whole autboriw;ve rorpu!I of J ewi5h reliSious li~ inlo """"WIt. and 00' m=ty tile biblical text'" "ooordi"ll '" Ahmann, )owi .... lhook>sY i. apriorl < fum.. of""' ...... ond foIlJ:I Ibot, !be _ oftopiao ;,. Judai>I;c
"-,,,;,,,,,.m.
.....;". it wide. See, fot •. (1'072~ .... 11."",,;'111 rwUe ..verhlltnis ........ '., ::11. Die .. AUoaIilierunt: dot To erfolJt '" ckr "lIM>dJichen Ton." derm &<wkll.,.. "x.lkm.udI mit cIer Dibd· ...., _. _ i.~ oci .. in dire \1 ace.".'" Jewisb bibl;"", cthi.6co .... mi1'>C'. I ~ time, rabbinic tm;tiOll wmmaRzc,d ...... ",JJ,Jo, in """"": .... 1 ..... ofllinel. I) 00 ........ , 0J>d II of R. Eli.ur (beD Yooe bo.o.h~) , ..0. w"""",,, _ .. 10 ................... dilli""hyofoccusilli_COlrinic Ihou"'~ willi !'Oblib",,, ...iJ/II [ollowi", .... ti_ .r .... R.fonIu1i ... (n.. .hwis~ Bib/< -.I,. CIorl",- Sw..
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= ., l' l'ilHi ~, um Hh£ . INHtlHw'n:lm·~~ ~5Flllfll~~'I~ii~~~~f2~i ~t 'ut lie Iml!.H .n, H'<J"I,.uil of all Jewi,h ex~etical questioning. the interpretive mull i•• Iways an Ioelltical consequence is thai scripture interprets scriptur•. for Pisllban •. the pivotal paradw' is that the sag .. established "r.Wbinic th""logy~ .. the me.mi .. of SQd 1)00, .... ;"to .. Is), This be collI .... dooble·""",,, of .... «0. gdical,.O«dur-e. "7, Ibid.. 2. " S, IW. Fiohl>mo ,,"'" .... it "don '"" ........ thalli>< ......... 00..,......, "'"1 be "" furodomeoWIy diui,.,;!ar ........ of O1i><eno.,..... YIhid .. S; .... • 1", 9-21.
telLIIIs roUow .t "Scripture . .. form, a timdc" I"'I'K'\I ... and ... is rcad atempOrally and dli!lO" neJIIS. N.USnCT. a hi.trical..::ritital Kbolar himself. Iw something el.., in mind. for him. !11 Wp ... , ""i,. bow 1li hi,..,...,.. mot ...... .... bIotIcbIlO Ji .... ;0 ' ,"4 i"';_ ........ The 1"0. ,ac off.,.,...,ion ve" in _ _ from .mall ... , unito 10",,",1< boob ...... liDally. 10 ,I>< bo'I>lio:oI .......... ;, <xi ... lOdoy. ' ,1. J. K.limi'" "" l . bibli~ ... bbi"'" _ I .. on"",,,""""'" \liblip M. Fin of a methodological bkrod of!nlditioo.l 4lll. Noum0:1j"",
~.
467. ~_ .-
N _ . n..F_fIM1loc in~ of II>< two COou oIyn&rn;", "''''''. _ ..... ~ hWc Mu.J follow. '"ft)" m>e.b Ibe loci< ofi.M,""" IIJJbbaA, .... ;m'''' or .... ~ 01. with II>< ~ofval"" .. 0 ooncq>I ill th<moelv ... H ..... ~ ........... wi'" «><epI ...... oro ..,. oft ... round ill lnIdiliond Mitzvlh Ethb and IMJ-'~
'"
Bihl~
1.2.3. ;""""h Schokm and Jewish 8iblical_TIoeoJogicQ/ Sludiu Despite this Jewish htnnene.uical ..uegelical basi. and {"nd.",,~, the , ....... tieth ceon.ry las wim.oset/w Bibli;",11$, 161_74 (1M-71). 4n Y. Kaufmann, 1M Rdlflott '" I,'IMI.. F""" In lkginnl"1P '" ,h. Bab»I""WI £.. ono: 1',.,.";I,"lI ".,. Ii .•. W.U ......... •. .. " .). his .... undcruk ... iD III ~ JpiriI..J in .... hope ofr-u.. onddioo to ill 1osI ... ~" (ibid. ~ 47t. Jtauf!!WIII. _eo«...laIiviza oomo ~f iu co"oct... ions: -..hi ...... c.bio T _ ...... II _8 _ o.od in """ _ .-., ",110 . """" ..
.t,_
[Thtl 1....1i\e ..Ii~ " .... ri';.w ~ of. ..1st..I ... {l)u flXIf>l>o tOOlri< ... or\! ,iew IIad "" ..,Io'in3 !he primarily nhical concern of iu uhima\e spokesmctI , !he prophets.'" Having said Lhou. Kaufmann 's s.LUdy Ie,,,,,. no doubt from "'hal perspecLive lbo ancienl Jewish "'orld of iIloro-<Jot...a..""", an imp011'0id .• 7_1. Tbe q.>OI< in .. Iico io Brty Imdo...... Itloolo.t in the &fm_ or oo:_y OPPO;nlIDeDllical .. _ The_ .... ofprore..i<Xl&l_ i..........,,"'.,., ,I..,.]I~' " orplun.liam: Ih< k Pmt,..m.t>inieo«6caI 'rupiri';om. , WOII1< "ocic method. " 00 tho ... _ but opdated bao;i .. lIa1p OrO-h~-' lnd most DOl he ful 0_
pm:timity to Lev"""",', 5tudy,- introd..ces !he "",,·Iew;!h ""hoI&!" to. critical evalUllioo of the rabbinic ;nterpretatioll!l of the "fall ofhumankind M(Gen 2:1- 3:24) aDd "its remcdyM (torah lC'CepWICe at Mt Sinai and odhereDCC W the "'il::>'Ollt) .... E.!her F""h. advaoct>d a lewi.b and fem;ni5t sociol·!heologkal reading offu.od 1-2. H"" "' attempt
in
~IO$It... H.1N>ew ~ .."". I Hl. Komi .... y ..... yUO • "om.... or _ i c .nl ..... &01 lbooIoskoily with tho myIhi< compie. ofGen 2-l (c .•. MdJ,jJ'Q Ii< t- / . _ (hol.D. u<Xl!<s R..- (0111-1. F'irk Ii< R. EIir.... (og.1 QoIoin ond .............. of do .... (e.,. a..... t9:S), II< "ill """"iIodcI ",""""I)" to (011 !tom tho i.",...... ..... ()tid ""'" oriFn"lIy in1mdod fOo 1lIem" (p. 40~ 1"11< I... of """.. wM .........lly rq>oiro;l tbtwllh I...... •• 0«""1'",, of .... """" .. MI S;.."i. H"""' .......... . . - . "If incident left it> - . . on l>n.el, • shallow ..... """,]d on/)" bo """","cd ill tho ",...ianic .... 10 tho rnoantim.. ODd. both lhal 000.l1hen < bibl",.1 nonoIO< eonsi ""i-' l . I ' irililj~1 JII~ f!i'lit!li~fli.jl~f;I!!1
[".;~!Irll " " ' l , Ik'i i ' IosY ...,. II< of 1ftiutiIy. ne." resolutely ... "To .. y it """" apiD: r ... l1"'>< inlI"""", ...:I _ OJ tb<m" (p .• )) . ........ .. ;,] ot>ov., T _---nepnvl"" ..,
_rnmaticaUy for. "theoloe;y of the Jewi$h bible"'" thai "" ......... a compietmnt to the "hislory of Israel" and as the Jewish parallel to the ehriu;.., enterpri..,.>" He ...jeded purely historical (deooriplive)
._11.
(p. 41: T _ adls Ihlo "'" objocti"" opproochl_ From "'" .... mlJdic P"f"P«< .. i, 1",,10 "'" J . ... ioh l>ible. .... ~ "' ;rins Thi, occ<so " ~ for Jow" . 1tboo'Sb ~ ""'_ .. _ . oft .. radically diff"""" vi.,.. of "'" bil>lical ma,eria!. TIu, explai .... by 00 """"I"", of ,be J<Wish bib!< can be deriv«I from the Talmud (p . 481. !b tCOIvi". of probleuu by ipliui1lll "'" "lIIooIog oflh< J<WisII bib"'";"10 'lheolh ..... ho! kwilh .... 1< moan\. " Tho quantiliut of l>w>-ot>« "'" ;"of"" "i<wII<e fo< .." (p_ (27). Tnolir;o" .... 11>< decisi •• " ' ..... oflbo theoretical ODd"...,..,.. irnpo oow>tI i. Ibo ......... ODd ""iquenou of II>< "'etOCtion-Ul ,~ad•.dolt of""'YfIo1..g ;;1",,;'" ..... ...,1IOd by """,idcru:ll\be ' - ' or..-tIoo it mcaDI" (pteIe .. -dir«:ted tbecloiYI ""or ..,in" ..... ho! it _ t " I,poll-d,-'od thcoIol)' I. GMt>--C.otU1m .,;mi ... boti" "" a .... .,.,1".,. on Ibid" 6:!9. FunM,,,,,,, O. "Alt<mplillll to OOIIIInI< !be .-tity of biblieoI"lD": if ... IlDIlcntmd Ill" term .. layr.> of diachron'.c .-ru,." (pp. 621!-:/9l. Goshat-GoIutc'" w.. fulty ....... tbaI to objec. o .... ly establish • 'nt" . ....hat i, me . ." i.1wdIy _ibl ... !be study '>f I< for Chriwans ...,d 00. for Jews, Despite ~-GollStcin 'suptt$«,d wi$h. act .... l ~;OIlI>c'w""" 0., rep~livn ofboth reliilou' on bolds lIIat biblical theologies of any kind are con f."i"nal ..,dc • ....,un ond by their - . ""Y of oayiq 1hat ". wll no< be Ntis5ccl ",ilb an inquiry inIo Tanatb
...liJion .IonS I.... of .. li,;o... llUdics" (ibid .• b)(l). j12. Intbclinal .... lMCl!iDic m.. iaL Le_"""'"""""", tho IndiIiooo.I Chriot ..... pic:twc of _ md 1<mple os atebais: I01d DO.., "~id I'< !*"dill'" of Ih< ,oli,x.... Mo, .. Ilodi«lly han.l""""" but ",,..,,~. ,II< ....-;tia of til< fi ... · bom "'" «IO'101i""Iw. '''~d ()0 .... _ .... ofBao.o Ihrouch .. hick.n his!ooy ..... J<Wi ... bible iDcludod. .... 10 .. in«rpr
poluo .. Jii ...... th< "IraoIitionaI' iiOIlooo IIw /ewiob ",iIIon of .... po>< 100 .... bad DO in ...... in bibliool Jl\ldieo. Gre<mpahn r1 'WJ' e.tIl< book thao p . by hi' ........ lI>e WO>.>I5&; ~ .lOo:.Ihl 110): " ............1oho o:\ ~ underIak.. on Ib< bi\ll ical tut by "",'w. ...,eti«ll OUIboritiou", Ie.. on til< .,.." m.:1fI. Howeve.-. ""' qualion " not",h\, Ka!Mhia. "Lolro: EIhO:s, - in rrItr.Ul x"""..,... j,.{, jlu yoJ...... (ed. M. H.,..; Jetu ...... , Mqn.., 1%0), 88_114 ( Uff.l, "'onilJp and E,/r;c>. ospeeiaUy $ .... 10-16. 111_111, ..... to /Wbbj"i< £lIoia,
is""'""""'
#""". 11.ot in .... _ of "I>(> ...... .....,"";..., 1'bt lh~ _ r . l ' n l oflHbl;o.IOIIolii" of boc.I:Jflic hs .. fen 10 the "" ...... of .. _ ,",Ii_loy Goshen· (Mil l I;' .. the EiJIolio llioold 0: of lownr. Stud;" ("The lewioh School of BiOli"" Soud.,.," 1- l).
"'1" ""'_
,.wish
.,t..
_iii
OIhtr faotOrS COIllrib~tiRi 10 the fact that kw;$h JehoWs did nOl bc:«Iu>r; bibli..J scholon wen:, foruample.• differin& undentandina of"scripthe "1hreat of Wellh&....,niani"",- Of the ... aulae utilizatiOll of til< vocalized form of Ihe ""ragramnwlon by scholars or til< field'" Gosben-Gotl$tein lhercr(ltO coocludes: "Even the IIlO$t lyll1jl&thelic SI\Idy
ture.-
H
F ... tb< JrwioII .. ~ "ocripnrd """"" "",..." (S/Ioo/tIoaIr A"'*It. yom. D<pro '" talk with "'" _ , and loam from ODe _ (ibid.. ii, of. also ........ iL ~ ~ oobdeavoo.!'" at il implies the separation of biblical studies from traditional mbbinic exegesis.'''
J..w..n
~_ S« Goo!>en·C,.,.....i .. "OItisIianih i. ,imply face. _"("Tanakb ThooI"I)I." 620-11). A/dw¢ ... I"ina "'" ...... .,.;!bo1o..",.,. be oppIiNI to .... 1iekl ofbibli sn.
Thu uar.voorabIe di S ......... "" Oti ....... """ OIri ...... iIy- (1ltJbo>t £_ [Speak· "'II T",,,,)[ publi_ ift XIOO (••li\able onlioo " www.ioj . .......... hoI.Inj .... d>beI1IImI). The ""';f.., 'OIl ..... shonaxni.p ""m from tho fOC! IttaI doctrinal djff~."....,"'" of ....,..-iooi(yr.ru.riori!~ onclJc<J .. paopocti, .. bul _ on.:hllooW. Jll>ilooo ;' ' :01 and/or "",,,,ol t d. s-Iral> """ Y _fGaooo·. "Itw:>ri." Y ¢!i.ioo 0(1"*Iogical ["",Iti .. Ie< them.. Ives n.:rcow..1y .. pori of ic_',
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TheoIoJy," J8} \ J8 , A J .... i ... iDdio...,.. .. dU, dit<ebooo .... Ji_ 'oy S. Suo:lmrn ...... , that moot oipi~ean' .....Iappi ... of " "oi, m and o.;"ioo>il)" lleo ;"
"Jhe
.
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their owno .. bip of the lev-i.b bible and adjuOl their in«rprewion of il
accordingly_ 1.3.3. ,I Pouib!e Wll)' Ow
oj,,,,- Her",cneu/ico1 Ma::e>1'
lhcbolariy oo-optnttion is to be an opIion, 111m. ocbolancommitied '" il mUSt apply Ute same hent>cncutica\ tooL. 10 the bibl jeal Ie,,: espeI'I::, ""'>pr. 1'16)1 S'6-Jor ond .1", appi;" ;( 10 u.: "bd~ oft... to"",), ~f _ , 1. ...1(,(. "1I'l>oo< 1l"""Y' WI>« 1...... ' W..,..Il;bl
