RICHARD CLOGG editor
Minorities in Greece Aspects of a Plural Society
HURST & COMPANY, LONDON
iSTANBUL SiLGi UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
CONTENTS First published in the United Kingdom by C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 38 King Street, London WC2E 8.JZ in association with the Centre of Contemporary Greek Studies
© 2002 selection, editorial material and II1troduction, Richard
Notes on the COlltributors
Clogg; Chapter I, Kallistos Ware; Chapter 2, Charles Frazee; Chapter 3, .John Iarrides; Chapter 4, Steven Bowman; Chapter S, Ronald Meinardus; Chapter 6, I. K. HasslOtis; Chapter 7, T . ./. Winnifrith; Chapter 8, Anastasia KarakaSl(lou; Chapter 9, John Campbell; Chaptcr 10, Elisabeth Mesthencos. All rights reserved. The authors have asserted their right to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A Cataloguing-in-Publication data record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBNs
1-8S06S-705-X case/}()lIIld 1-8S065-706-8 paperback Typeset in Sa bon by Curran Publishing Services Ltd, Norwich Printed and bound in Great Britall1
VI
Introduction IX
RICIIARD CI.O(;(;
1
Old Calendarists K,II.LlSTOS W,u(E
2 Catholics Ci IARI.ES
24
FI(,IZEI'
3 Evangelicals JOliN o. IATRIDES
48
4 Jews
64
STEVEN B()\V~IAN
5
Muslims: Turks, Pomaks and Gypsies
81
RONALD MEINARn(lS
6 Armenians l.
7
94
K. HASSIOTIS
Vlachs T.
112
J. WINNIFRITII
8 Cultural illegitimacy in Greece: the Slavo-Macedonian 'non-minority'
122
ANASTASIA KAR,\KASJI)()l)
9 The Sarakatsani and the klephtic tradition 165
JOliN CA~lPIIEI.I.
10
Foreigners ELISAIIETII MESTIIENEOS
179
BibliografJhicalnote
195
index
198 v
CONTRIBUTORS
a PhD in Eastern European History from the University of Indiana where his focus was on Greek studies. He is the author of Catholics and Sultans: The Church in the Ottoman Em/)ire (1983). His most recent articles (on Greece and Istanbul) were published in The Encyclo!)aedia of Monasticism (2000). He can be reached at
[email protected].
NOTES ON TH E CONTRIBUTORS STEVEN BOWMAN is Professor of Judaic Studies at the University of Cincinnati. His publications include The Jews of Byzantium, 1204-'/453 (\ 985; 2(00); and, as editor, Marco Nahon, Birhenau. Cam!) of Death (\ 989); 111 lure Veritas: Studies in Callan Law ill Memory of Scha/er Williams (1991); The Holocaust in Greece: Eyewit11ess Re/)orts (2002), together with a number of articles on Greek Jewry during the Byzantine period and during the Second World War. He is editor of The Sephardi and Greek Holocaust Library (four volumes presently in preparation). His Ago1ly of Greel< Jewry during World War II is currently in press in English and Hebrew versions. He is currently working on a study of the Jews in the Greek resistance and of the mediaeval book of Yossipon. JOHN CAMPBELL is an Emeritus Fellow of St. Antony's College, Oxford. He was the first British social anthropologist to carry out field research in Greece. He is the author of HOllour, Falllify, and Patrollage (1964) and, jointly with Philip Sherrard, of Modem Greece (1970), a historical and cultural survey. With J. de Pina-Cabral he was co-editor of Elt1'olJe Observed (1992). In 1962 he was UNESCO director of the Social Sciences Centre in Athens, and subsequently lecturer in modern Balkan history at Oxford University. He is an honorary Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Thessaloniki. RICHARD CLOGG is a Fellow of St. Antony's College, Oxford. His publications include Politics and the Academy: Arnold TO)'l1bee and the J(oraes Chair (1986); Anatolica: Studies in the Gree/? East in the Eighteenth and Nineteellth Centllries (1996) and Anglo-Greeh Attitudes: Studies in History (2000). His A C011cise History of Greece (2nd. ed. 2(02) has been translated into a number of languages, including Greek and Turkish. He is currently working on a large-scale history of the Greek people in modern times which will seek to integrate the history of the Greek East and of the Greek diaspora with that of the Greek state.
JOHN O. IATRIDES received his education in Greece, the Netherlands, and the United States and served with the Hellenic National Defence General Staff and the Prime Minister's Press Office (1955-58). He is Connecticut State University Professor of International Politics and has taught courses on contemporary Greece at Harvard, Yale, Princeton and New York universities. His publications include Balhan Ti-imzgle: Birth and Decline of an Alliance across Ideological Boulldarres (1968); Revolt i11 Athens: the Greeh Communist 'Second Round', '/944-1945 (1972); Ambassador MacVeagh RelJOrts: Greece, 1933-1947 (1980); Greece in the 1940s: A Nation in Crisis (1981); and Greece at the Crossroads: The Civil War and its Legacy (1995). I-Ie is currently working on a book-length study of Greece in the Cold War.
I. K. HASSIOTIS, a Professor of Modern History in the University of Thessaloniki, is the author of some 150 articles and 12 books. These include, in Greek, The Greel<s Oil the Eve of the Naval Battle of Lel)anto, 1568-1571 (1970); A Concise History of the Modern Greeh Dias!JOra (J 993); The Origins of Euro/Jean Unity (2000); The Gree/;~ World During the Tour/whratia (2001). His edited works include The Jewish Communities of South-easte1'11 Europe from the Fifteenth Century to the end of World War 1J (1997); Thessalonihi: History, Society and Culture (2 vols. 1997) and The Gree/~s in Russia and the Soviet Union: Migration, Organization alld Ideology (1997). ANASTASIA KARAKASIDOU is an Associate Professor of Anthropology at Wellesley College. She holds graduate degrees 111 anthropology and archaeology, and has published on issues of nation-formation, ethnicity, nationalism and ideology in northern Greece and the Balkans. Her major publication is Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Gree/~ Macedonia, 1870-1990 (1997). She is currently working on medical and environmental issues and is involved in a study of cancer as an epidemic on the island of Crete.
CHARLES FRAZEE is Professor of History Emeritus of the California State University, Fullerton and currently teaches church history at the Episcopal Theological School, Claremont, California. In 1965 he received
RONALD MEINARDUS is the Resident Representative of the FriedrichNaumann Foundation in the Philippines. This German non-governmentalorganisation is engaged in the promotion of liberal democracy in many countries of the world. Before moving to Manila, he represented the Foundation in Greece and in South Korea, where he also taught as a
VI
VII
MINORITIES IN GREECE
Professor at Hanyang University in Seoul. He has published two scholarly books on international politics and written numerous academic articles on Greek affairs and on political developments in the Eastern Mediterranean. He is currently also a commentator on Asian affairs for media in Asia, Germany and Greece. ELIZABETH MESTHENEOS is a freelance social researcher and consultant who has undertaken research and programme evaluation on refugees and migrants in Greece for the UNHCR, the Greek Council for Refugees, and the Hellenic Red Cross. She has been responsible for European Unionfunded research on social exclusion, on refugee integration in Europe and on refugee self-employment in Greece. She has participated in European networks for refugees. She also works within the SEXTANT research group, National School of Public Health, and specialises in research on older people. A full list of her publications can be found on www.sextant.gr. KALLISTOS WARE is titular Bishop of Diokleia and an assistant bishop in the Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain (Ecumenical Patriarchate). Between 1966 and 2001 he was Spalding Lecturer in Eastern Orthodox Studies in the University of Oxford, as well as priest in charge of the Greek Orthodox parish in Oxford. He is an Emeritus Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford. His publications include The Orthodox Church (Revised ed. 1993), which has been translated into more than ten languages, and also The Orthodox Way (1979) and The Inner Kingdom (2001). He is the co-translator of two Orthodox service books, The Festal Menaiol1 and The Lenten Triodion, and also of the The Philo/wlia, of which four volumes have so far appeared (a fifth is in preparation). TOM WINNIFRITH was born in 1938 and educated at Tonbridge and Christ Church, Oxford. He has taught at Eton College and the University of Warwick. In 1984 he was Visiting Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. In 1987 he published The Vlachs: The History of a Ballwn Peo/lle (2nd. ed, Duckworth 1987). In 1992 he edited Pers!Jeclives Oil Albania (Macmillan) and in 1995 produced Shattered Eagles: Bal/
