Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs

-James I? Allen Middle Egyptian An Introduction to the Language of Hiemglyphs James I? AUen @ CAMBRIDGE UNNERSITYPRES...

Author: James P. Allen

345 downloads 10479 Views 102MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

-James I? Allen

Middle Egyptian An Introduction to the Language of Hiemglyphs James I? AUen

@ CAMBRIDGE UNNERSITYPRESS

FUBLlSHED BY T H E PKESS S I N D I C h T S OF THE U N l V L P I l T Y O P C I M B R I D C S

The Pia B u i l d i o g , h p h p n S m n h b r i d g , United h g d o r n

LO Semford Road, O=kIelgh,Melbournc 3166,Awtmha Ruu dehlrr6n 1 3 . 1 8 0 ~ 4h d n 4 S p a

m baok is in mwghtSubject . u, $mrutory exccp6an

..

and to thc p m o n r of rrlolnr collectme liccruing -menm, rrpmductionof my part my & phcc wthour B c m o c n grmuuion of Gmbtidgc

U o l ~ ~PM oi

f i b m y of Congress (jrthping in M ! a t i o n dab

rwcn.J~nelP,191,Mlddlc Em&,, a" mtmduc~onto l e heprgc uld c hiemglyphs/ byJu".mn P rwm p. c m Indudes b i b l i o p p h d n l h n c a md mder. rraa o $21 653r26 W a c t ) I. E m f u n lmgurg - Gnmmu I. Title.

P J I I I s - A I ~r%9 493'.'~ - dc"

b

of

w=m5 CIP

as~a1~16~3rl6hydbs~k

Contents Rehcc ...................................................................................... .............xi Map ,,fEgypf ........................................................................... .......... all Lerron I . Em& h g u g c md Wddng ......................................................................... I Lvlgvlge Writing

Lerron

b

.......................................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................

I 2

.................................................................... ~ a c r c i r c ~......................................................................................................... 1. The Saundr ofMiddle E g p & ~ ....................................................................... Euay

I.

Andsnt €gyp& Hisrn'y

n 6. Adjccti

............

9

rr rt

h o n 13. Verbs ............................................................................................................... &say r3. The Creative Word h 0 n 14.

Thc I&

h o n 16. The lmpcn

PIltidcs

...........................................................................................................

Eoay l6. Her-

..............................................................................................

Lnson 17.Thc Stltive

Lcrron 18. me Perf

Earciw l 8

...................................................................................................... .......................................................

Lnson rg. The Svbj~cticticti

Lcaon ro. The Perfecti

h o n rr.

The Prmpecrivcriv vldRuivc

E q 21. Historical h o n 11. Other Form o T h e rdm.hrf .................................................................................................... The 3dmdm.k3J....................................................................................................

Lcaon 24. The Rchtiv

The deciphmncnt of ancient Egyptivl hiemehmhic urriune is one of the great s of modcm zrchmlogy. Bcfarc 1822, thc clml lution of mcicnt Ilgypl wu mute m d mysterious. i a images b i m c and incomprchcmiblc to r world convinced thur thought of any worth began with the ancient Greeks. Todry we uc able to read the an cicnf Egyptian tern md, more smparantly, m undcrsmd r great dcd of wl,at they memf m f he people who wrote them. In thc F O C C ~ wc have di5covered 2 world of rich irmghation. I ophirtlcatcd thought, and pmronn* mwing emotion. Despite the rrmulublc rchiormcot bchind thi &co"q, howwer, the hg"agc of the mcicnt rrrnuinr -cFuible mall bur a handful of rchola. Thcm arc any number of good m d widely NliLble trrorLtiom of ancient Egyptian but thc m e cannot be uid for m d i a of the gypt ti an lmgurge i d Those who -t m be rblc m read the tern for theMehia, ro nnd m m d the inwriptiom an monumcnm in Egypt or in mwc-, or simply m lcun a &cin.ring mclent Lnfor i s w n d e ~ w &over n that thir is no w y b*.Though pmmm ofansicnr Egyptian do &st, they hlruc w.4. intmdcd as cefcrmcc WOWb for *cci&rr u.i arc dimcult for anyone but thc mmr dedicated student to hbm.Most 01 -them uc dso obac,Icte in romc w e m , r e f l e c k an underranding of Egyptim gnmmv h t a

s.

7

x8,

3.6

N ~ .pnit.g ~ m ~ w not W. Ssriber could add Even though it w often " ...... .rds could bc written either with or omit phoncric camplm i&oor phonogm. You should not expect m find rbe svnc word rpeUed the awry in every mn. or cvcn in thc n m c tm No matter how t h q were spelled, however, the Ekiptim wordr thmehrcr raolincd the umc, just u thc English @lings "love:' 'luv:' md cvcn "v" rll -nf thc wmc word. This is one -n why Ewpmlc+s uw -literation: m show the wordr reprcrcnrcdby the hihiaoghlphs, regydlgydl oftheir hi-hic spelling.

3. MULTLLI-SIGNS

30

pi-. md k u v v of h t chuutedrwhrx"cI thcL w, h i m g l p h s themd-2- mrc tic rdbcs could romdmu pLy with the h m g l p h i c a n i q ofwords. Tor uomple. the m e of b e go& Hathor, which m e w "Endof Horur:' a w d b written u with the hlcon -"ring the god Horn r c c d l y s h m inside m enLrged version of the hiMglyph for "enclo.~." ([l).Some spdlings ofhiemglyphic word. cm be even mom plyful. Thc prepanition m-knw "inride" (licedy, "m the inmior'? is wlully written m atnighdomd &hion u it with thc a i p & inatcad; nd (wth the "houu" hmminativc), bur r c r i h romctimn derives hom m mcicot Egyptian pun: the s i p m m be r a d "warn" (mu)' h d d ''pot" (w),md nd obviowk rounded m the word for "inside" (mw-kr-nu = m-hnd. Although Ir tended to bc c a ~ t i v in c rptivclhg, hiemzlyphic wasn't a h z e n Scdba

m.

(a)

kEg

e

rccm m Iwe bcm nvuc of ia undertying pindpln, and h m h e m time they ued t h e e m i m n r nru apclling~.Thnc could imoh~nru u~ of olhr hiemglyph.. b e the pun for m-bnw, or mmplcrcly ncw idcogram or dcumin&vu: the word mry 'Wwcd." for Wee, is aorrmyl wdnm with phonopms but in one M b e rdbe r q b c d it with r new ideogram, thc piof man touchmg r wLn Ptalcrmic lad Rooun dmn the M for new md clrpcllingr $0 pap& that the hinoglyphic SFL== i d f unr pmxiu4. minvenrcd: one M even co& mostly of cmodile r i p , a h of which ia to be rend differen*. Thnc hrm twtr uc much m a e f i c u l f m 1 ~ 1 thm d modt hi-hic bzriptiom, o c n for rpccirlla.

(>PQa),

3.7

Tm"tifcrsti0n Bcrida the lettm i n d u c e d in Lason 1, Emml+b sting hicmglphc tartr:

0

d

f

-

Pvcnthacs uc wed m add word. or purr of words t b t m ' t repmenad in hiThey uc m* urcd m &ow the glyph. but w a e p of the wonj noneb&. , , , , -G uA.cnomitted in himglyph.. m p l a : nJA hp)b, "wclk" comon rfm)! (see § 1.8).

=R4

[I

rLo we a numb" of rymbaL in

.,---

--

sqw bnskm show word. or p u a

of word. missing in hicx&ph.. Unlike

--

them, aqvvc bmkcrr arc used for pvt. of a hieroglyphic inscription that w- origiprncnt but have become dmaged or bmkcn -. If Egypmloerr cm be Grly c-in wh.t the r"king word. they mrom them beovbeovo q u r r b d * if mot, they use three doe ( d e d m "clliipir') between the brrck-. Exrmpln: w kr t: ["I C3mw, l3[ ... ] "3 n '3mw.

-.

, ()

Halfbmklie cnclac word. or pvta of word. for which Egypff11gi.tl chi* the otigid wribc uwd the wmng hinoglyph.: cnmpk: 0 1 rs7w. n e y u n d m bc uwd m indicate raontionr ofmising M that uc conridemi likely but uncntlin. Pointed brrckctr u c used m add words or purr ofword. that aren't rrprewntcd in the hiemglyphs md which Egypmlogirrr think wcrc I& out by mir& uomple: jnfirn'.

m book uwr r

d upicrlr m d - r c md rruvLa nunn that thc h i m & p h i c writes in urtoucba: example:~ - M - H "hENEMHA7." ~ T A b h is romcflmcs used to cmpavnd p afthu ,"me (which me- '~hmun-ul-b?"'.

words, 3uch u b e threc

I. MULllUlEXM SIGNS

I1

M a t Egypmlo+ rLo use a dot in t ti ti. h y tin% b t the E m pmbrbly so& of s e v r n l demsna, md the dot is uud to -te pranounccd r. a single word rhcw dements m makc thcm easier for us m mmpize. For nomplc, the word dd.nJ'?lc lur ~ k m : 'coruiss of k c dements: the vcrb dd "rprk", the conranrnt n, r mark of thc put t m ; the pronoun "he:' T h e &t is m d l y pmnovnccd LiLc "'en as in mr: i.c.. ' T k - c f ' (*&ex thm .'led-ncf). You will 1more about the the ofthc dot in subwqucnt 1-m. SSAY

Am Lym 0l

3. ANCIQY

ycred society,with r thin veneer ofbur imcn. With fcar accption. we hn,

.

2...2--.

...-

8.-.-

_

r .nrt under''Comm~"

--8

mcne, temples, and rhc tombs of phvrobs md their officbh. T h e 0 t h m& of Egyptiur rocscq haw left us veq linle of thsi lives. They probsbly were not taught m read and mite, and could not Itford m be buried in inscribed mmbs or mffim. T h e housca md vilhgcs in which they

lived

- built for the m a t part of mud-brick -am @ly

mod-

E m < md so h m not been e x m u d . The p

buried under the m m m d 6ddr of r m wc ~ h m of ancient Egypt therefore aflcctr the lives of perhap only ten ~ c c n of t i a popultion. Noncthcthles, we un be fairly ccrtam that the ovrlcok and &es of this dice uc fairly rep-native of E g y p h society u a whole. T h e ern th-bcs often tell ur u much. and Egyptian hiamq ia full of examples ofpplc who mm~from humble beginnine m become important member. of the burnu-. The ancient EgyptLnr divided their wodd in* three c l v r n of wntimt being: rhc gods a.m. L ~ S (W I&). md the hving 'nbu). ~ h gods c were the o r i g i d f a n a d clemcna o f m u e . whow ~md adom gcvcmed d life (wc Eory 4). Thc skhs were the giri- of those who had died md m d c the mccnsful &tion m Litc &cr death (- Fs%y 3). They did not live in tome heavenly p-urdkc, bur in this world, mong the living. After spding the night vlscp in rhcir m b s , the rkhs would wake a h morning at a& a d "come fonh b m the ncnopolir" m mjoy m idul life. k c horn the unt ofphwul existence. B-vx they vex rpLi5. they ndsted on the same 1-1 rr the godr, md rhucd m.ny of the p i s ' -n. At thc a p e of the living nood the phvroh. It wrr hir rupoasibiliq m rmintlinorder within Egypt md to keep Egypt's enemin rt by, u, b u lr rll Eklptimr codd mjoy r pcvefvl Life. It is r mmman mirpoccption that the Egyptians considered their p b m h 8 god. This is only p d y me. The Egyptian. knew b t the pharaoh w a b u m being, who had hem bum and would anc day die. Bur unlike the rest of hurmnity, the p h h a h paswacd r divine p-. beam bi.will and amom could aurs enormous chmgc. m society. just like thow of the gods. Thi.dual mature of the king is retlmcd in two E@n wad. Whcn refming m the king's divine power, ram me the word mm $ (: for the pelling, wc 5 4.11). us"* -shad "kit&' It ir the nnur, for aunple. who kso de-, appoints OM&, md rep-a Egypt bef athc gods. Whsn rcfcning to the individual who happened m hold thin divine p-, tam use thc word bm (!). l c is mnrlted "Majny:' bur it rr4, maomerhing Lke "indon": thc hm h the individd in whom the divine poun of Iringrbp is incarnated. Thir tern h

(g

t90bR4

-

used not o e in refadng to the bhg ( h d "HiIn-tion'?, but rlro in rddrrrsi the king (hm.k "Your Incamation "). and even by the king in mfcrring to k I f ( h r n 3 'My In-tioa"). The raro are somedmes combmcd m one phnw: for c m p l c , im n N B - ~ "the 3 In-. nabon of l(ing NEB-=" -which vctlully mcuv "the inc-tion of w h i p (in the pcrron d e d ) NEB-m:'The EgWtLN rLo d d m the king u "pluooh:' Thk ia thc H c b m pnvnnroon of thc Egypr o m pr-=3,mcuung "Big Home:' If Mi@mEyreferred to the ro# a t e . but came m bc wed ofthe king himre4 in the srmc wy that "thc White Houw" can refer m the Resident ofthc United Stares. Egypdur p b o h . norndy had swml vuivn, only one of whom (at r time) mu rbc "Chief Quccn" ( h m t - ~ u lwt, liredy, "chief king-wife"). T h e c womm o&n u m c h r n powerful 6milia of the elite, and their man+ to the Ling w z 2 m y fm the phuroh m m u m thc s u p port ofhis uirtocncy. For si& rmonr, p h r m h mcdmcdms vccpted the &.ughtm of forri@, ldngn u wcondvy wives. Oncc r d y m q )ud brm ntrblishcd, 1 p h h otkn muded his wsntm (daughter of thc pmviov. phahmoh by a d i f f t f f mother) - nxly h ~ full r mstn in order to kccp thc ruccesrion m thc h n c wrhin thc immcdicdit~rqd 6 d y . Bcloar the pharaoh. Egypt ans or+ into r Lrgc, complex buranof af6drL who gwemcd dl raof E g y p b society on the ~utiorulurd lod level. Thc ruaorul &mtion wrr headed by the viacr (S i?$L o 4 government wrr us* orgvlivd by nomu (E m y 1). a d during the cub Middle Kingdom these rrcu were hndcd by Iod d m L n m u nom.rcbr. Egyptian o f f i d vicwcd thcir d md official mponnbibtier u signs of ruccms in lifc. and thcir inscriptions record thdr vcumuLrcd titla in grut &mil. Thcm wcm ow hhdr of E+ titles. d e h i q m o f f i c s s ram in thc nobility (often in t e r n of his c l m e s to the king) and hir vrud burerucntic mporuibilitiu. Thc most common e m p l e of the f m r u. 3 (jli)rJ.p'II) "member of the elite"; 4 b3r(j)-9 mclning romcthiog like "bigh o f f i N (liter"whose a m ix in hnt"); !!$ mr-wCt(jJ"coumer" ,*I ( "uniqnc &end"); md &G B1mt(ifbj,(j) "myd walcr." Rdrtivcly fcv *tLN mw high cnough in thc bvreauto grin such indiutiom of d. I'itle of rsponsibility arac much mom common. Many of them uwd the word jmj-r 'bvmcei' (wnttcn M 7 )f0Uowcd by fhC d0""in of -n~ibihty; thcx -d h m the p m t gencd (imjr m F w "chief m c e r of the army*')m the humblutjmj-r 33w " m mofpig?' The p a t of untitled ~ g y p wrr b beam u thc 471 "mbjm? oat of them r v ~ mfumes. h h r e n . a d n d n EgyptLn society indvdd not only mtivc EgWbut people of dorips. Like modem Amedu, ancient Egmt wrr r mclting-pt of people h m Mm, diffamt Lndr. including N u b (nbqw) a d h t i a yfnw). The open nrtm.ofEgypnm w c i q could indude such i m m i p f l u long u they offend all+ncc to the phvlah md bcmmc d l m b c n of society. Many fo-m who were k t brought to Egypt u thc apoik of w, m acrvc in the houwholdr of high o f f i d , htcr bemembm of E m r i m 6milia h u g h adoption or Egyptivlr were conrcioud of &rence in skin color md other phymol c-a irmgn of Egyptian men were pvntcd red; thox of womcn, yellow, prrsvnvbb to indicate 1 1 +r FXpFXPFXPFXP to thc th -bbt a8 br u br can hU, fhol did nor buc my ~ftheir-id rchtionr an ~ h ~ idunncd~tiu l done.

-

-

*.

k-

-

TQQ9A4

m.

-

"-

Womm in vrsimt E g p t were le& equal m ms but they sonhnd their vtivics m their hovwholL md howhold i n d d a . such u wening. W m m did nor rcnc u high offickk. With f m cxccptiom. the only wo-'% tide MI Z dt-pr ''mimes of thc how''; this did not mun "housewife:' bur ofthe household ants." Except for the pharaoh. Egyp & mm n o d did not m . within ~ their Lnmedirte funilicr, and had only one wifc a r timc. A wifc w often d c d the ''sister'' nt)of her husbmd, but nor b-uw t h y had thc

+

1(:

m e pucnr.: instead, the term arv one of ItTedon, in&-g

hndmdwife bymmiag

that the &o&p r bmucm real bmtha vld ~irtu.

be-n

hub

mc1m 3

fdmwad fdemmimti~uc -Lined in plrrnthcrcr). 21. ! &I* (star) 9-8 '.Amun" (god)

TRollirmtc the I.

"%OXI"

..blaaing,' (sp

2.

3.

? "hud. ~bwe.'

4 . 3 8 "re-.

(hum

z., 2s.

16.

5.

C "build" (effort)

2,.

6.

X&

2s.

7. 8.

9. lo. I,.

rz. 13.

"4)

-. M=:

z%.

a. 30.

z

k&dh '.feed" ( w the mouth) 7'"dl-compmiom" (m)

Pqz .Y&mcu"

r6. 22

,a!!-.'who @vnbirth.. PI$ "wimca"(accuracy and 4)

"he, him"

..grcnS'

3I .

"wipe.. (dfort)

"

21 ..takes. (fore) =; " @ " 36. zb0 "fluid"(&em)

34.

3 j.

"ed' (w)

17.

3s.

fl,

a ."adrt3.

39.1%-

rs.

aft.*ente? (motion)

40.

lU&

r9.

3 -big.'

4..

fl=

20.

nb "come..

0.

2.

9 4 a'ppnid" (w"mi.4)

p @ k~c )

Aobm 'W (hair)

17.

~ r ~. J A"stop" (motion)

"inmior"@ouw)

, _ %crmious"

32. 33.

"fetch"

5 9 9" d >kbL "mew" (ah-:

"undsr"

3 ".pp.u" ? "fice,wcr" "the .w (sky)

14. rj.

"go"

j :

"stable, steady" (abstract) "mlY (wood)

"plw" (plw)

"m" (m)

IB " w i ~ P!%l ~.b+fcn" (run) u.PHBP m mind" (think) 43.

%bring

45.

"cake-..

46.

"fur"

z$;

(fom) ((anatto>'

"gate.. (bourc)

47,

-=

48. E T "xed" (reed) 49.

''swim" (war)

63. qE&?"sW (skin) 64. .g&pd "widow" ( w o w ) 6s.

A "give"

66. mk'r: " p d ' w a n d motion)

-

1x3"'ball-(bq

67. .I

-,

68. @b!

so. 5,.

""fd'

62.

A

"eye'.

?'.-,I" 53. & ; 5..

"ferry" (boat)

tMPP .-Nkcd..(cloth)

$4.

"bow"

69.

-1

70.

ah-

"form"( m m y )

''peZ%h"(bad)

'%W bir)

7r. Pbh *.empty'. (bad) 72.1, "pmtcction" (ah-) 73. z b!t! "pound.' (pounding) 74. M I '.ctcmi',.''

(tLnc)

7s. I$% ..rtrL..(A) 76. .d%b> ''hack up" b

n.2,9 .~%tt-qw (force) 78. ? '"whatk done"

e ,

c~an)

Defini Nouns

--

-,J-

"Se to deiv--

-.=.

.... -.-

. .

.. mrginari ot-

jeca, concepts, and actions, and even words th-clvcr: d , dragon; hqpincrr. teleY~sir;talking, mid.taiinp, the vard "thu." Nouns bat rdcr m objcn. cm bc pried enough to apply to m y dXcmnc fhings (munrry, goddm) or ~ = P enough c V, refer to a* one thing (Egypt, Ins); the httez me d c d "pmpcr n o-:' md in En* re &ly crp~izcd.

Psru o r o o m The EoglLh no-

an

m d " , m n n k s , mmbnrhip, 2nd mnmmbrr hnc 1" common thc ward maber. o .hir rood b d c d rhc "mot" of t k c 6vc nouns. The noun member idrconristr o* of thc mop; the o t h a arc formcd by d i n g thine to thir mor: rhc -r for rhc p l d . the c n h g -ship to give the me-g "gmup of mcmbera" or "qualiq of being r mcmbct' md the prefix mn- to indicate the opporztc of mrmbn E ~ d v nouns l aEe built up m the m e wmy, and additions. Samc cor*lt o* of the m o ~while othen hne one or more p&a. ending, or s&m. In thir lesson we d I =bout noun mots md the ending uwd to indime pnder and number.

Roc.'= As in English. the m o t o f m Egypbm noun is -ply the p m that JI rchtcd nouns hnc in corn mon. In the words nit "god: nau, "gob:' nnc "god&:' and "!zj "dienc: for eumple. the mot ' nd the orhen p m are cndiw addcd to the root Most Egyptian mots consist of rwo or oluonants, but some hnc u m n y u five. into three gcndm: rmyuline (which u n be replaced by he or him), fcmC ( ~ h ~ hbc rcpkcd by it or '8). IU L, some noare m-Uy m m l m c , fc&c. or neuter fothn, mother. rodr. Othcrr hnc ,, ,u,unl gender, and can bc asd for any of the &re=: The p a k s g a w hir r p r t , The p a k n erp r e d h a qlnton, Attach the ~ p r a k oto itc hue. Egypovl har o* raro gcndcrr. m a d i n e and fcmininc, md Egyptiao n o w mux be one or the orher It is usuJhr c q to tell which gcndcr a noun iv with vuy few exceptions. dl fcminime nouns havc the ending r addcd to the root: for -pic, mr "ristci' (mot m "nbhg'?. M ~ J d m no", o6cn no I P C ending, ~ though m e hwe the rnding, or w addcd to thc mat: Its arc m "brother," @j 'j"cnnny? a d hfiw "snlkc." s imp-f m keep in mlnd &st the feminine r is m rddcd ding, not m ~rigid p m of un trwlt p muk this diffdiffncc, some E ~ o I o g i s t swplntc thc feminine cnding fmm *by 2 dot in mnshreretion: m.!). In a fnv nurNLine nouns the lur consonant IS r, hut thir r of the root, not the frmininc ending; thc mwr common uunplc is bt "woad'' 1

diridcr no-

,h,a cul be '~plrrcdby ,ha or ha),

an

& i n English, some Egyptian nouns u.r n w "",&e or f-i"i,,e; thac f 0 U u the n m c d e u other no-: cxvnplu uc jtj "bithcr" md mwt "mothrh." Likc En&& too, E m t i a n had m y prin of mrsculinc a d fcmininc n o w . The feminine countnpvf of a d c noun h ma& by the f c d e ending Ito the mat, not to the mvculinc noun (men though ttiv ofvn apto be the cue, since m y m d n c n o w b e the a m c form zr the mot). Hm m some uompla of such p i n : 1-

1 8 .

"brother"

696) " ( d c )

dd'

48 nrr "god" % hm' " ( d ~ enemy.. ) IZbW &w' " ( d e ) a d c "

Ed snr '.sister,.

(mat me)

Tfd k m t ~ * f e d&r" c 4 3 nn: "goddcss~'

(mot kTj

Sl &,It ..fcnulc enmy..

(mot

hJt

"female makc''

(mat ntd

rn

(mat hfl.

Thcrc uc "cry few excepdons to thir gcned paofmvculinc md fcmni"~ nouns. Thc mmt imp.,mnt ha m do with the "cry common fa""lim noun bt "rhing.. (o"ginllly,bt, not thc rune u muculinc 7 hl."wood'l. w h e n this noun refar to a n d thins it h u the mnning 'fhing" or "pmp*" m d fernininmini. But if f zLa bc "acd with the more gcncnl muniog if tends to be " ~ ~ r n ~ tmybing," h i ~ ~ . without referdng to anything spcci6cca d m that &e. Another exception ha to do with proper m u of p k w , svch u countrin md mnr: t h w are ofvn trued u feminine. rcprdlcu ofthcL ending.

z

-

,.

1.5

Number Bmdu gcndcr, n o w f ako iodimre wh& t h q refer to one thing or more th pmpcw is cdled "number:' Mod- E&h no- b e ~m numbaa, &&r and dle E g y p h nouns c m ako be singuLr or plud. In English, nouns nomllly rcfer to onhi one thing ( s i n p h ) d u r t h q ue uerpc* mukcd m show that thq refa to mom thrn one ( p l u d . Plural -!&g is 6irb complicatedin English mow no-pm i pyl add r ( r u b mlnr). but some add rr (&h, &he), 0th- add m (ox. oxm), d l others change thcL form (mouse, mzre)),md mme don't chvlgc a d (one r h q , forty r h q ) . & in Enghh, Egyptian n o w norm& arc sin& d c a they ~ r m c v k d orhmvkc. U nWrnwr English, E~klptirnhau a vcry dmple rvle for marking the plunl: d n e noadd w m the noun. f c d e nouns add wl Ihc root (i.~.,111 pbce ofthe f"nhkc S& ending t). To dlurklte thir d e , hem ue the plud fornu of thc noun prin h m the preceding secricri m "bmther":I"", "bmthm"

ntf ~'rurci': ,Mn "sistm"

k 3 "rule": kzw-dcnO

ka .-enulnullullullul.: bq:u

"I."gad":nrnv "god$-

"@!

&,Ij~'eenmy": &,I*

&t

hJw "makc": hJm

'"cncm"

"rrukw"

~ ~ f m u dm lmul "gcddd': n.m '-gcdcnw" .-rEnul~nul enemy": &I "fedmrl enen hJ31 "fmulc anlLc": hJwi "fcrmlc makt

This d c ir absoluteb cansirant in Eglptim: d no- €omtheir plunlr by ir, witho ako be sated u follows: All nmark the p l d by mcvut Thc rule h c nouns add w to the end ofthe noun,fcmininc nouns add w before thc L ~

F

4. NOUNS

4.6

37

Writingdepld Although the Egyprirn d e for fozmhg p l d noun. ir condrtmr, the wry in which p l d u. r b m m hinoghmhr ir nor ro dgd. The w b t dirtingvirha the p l v d h m the rinpvLr ir r 'be&" corn-t (we S 2.8). md k often omincd in writing. Middle E g y p h ern almost never mdian the plural jwt by writing rhu ending. The m a t 6rqucnt m o m of m!&g rhe p l d ir by ~ddiigk c short m k e a to the singular u; m cmr dncmimtititi. T h a c "plud rtrokn" cm be wnncn hoduonmlb, (I 8 I or tun), vcrrica& ( i or C), or grouped (:, or :l), depending on the x&'s prdmncc md the shape of the S u n o lvoding rignr; mmctimcr doa w m u c d instud of ncti m cti m s write thc p l d mdmg in dditlon m this wka ,A. CU.). kluculinc nouns mc w jw the dstmmn2tivc. H n s rre hiero%yphic dctemimtivc: fcminine nuns .l....t wri* ofthc p l u d &om the preceding d l3 1 :

(... H

!;;Mi

* -di I-

sw %ot? led.

.lBfCII..

,"!A

~:d k ( 3 w

P8 "-1- , w . ia

vi .",""god?

9;

9,: &fqh"enemin" IxLb: h>"W"mkd

g&,

~ f c r m denn l~

"W ..gdde-" &-female i memid.

I-%-

&?!A . ' f d c

%&a:'

The p l d dctmnLutivc z c d l y rcpltcp m old- wry of showing the p l d , which

M

m

write the dcfcmhfirr of the ringuk noun thmc t l n a , urd sometima wcn the en& word itw l f h tima: for camplc, hg3w "rulen:' mwi "tisten:' n w "go&." I" Middlc E k l p h this hiacluic T r c m ir hardly ever u d , ucept in rdicligious r-. Thc , I d ",w'.goda:. however, nomdy writtenm nthcr than with the p l d d e t ~ t i v e . The p l d d a c h t i v c has two qlulitin. On thc one had, it indicates chat the p~cscding noun nfcn to mom rhrn one %,on the other, ifshowow that the prcccding noun has an ending w (rnuc~linc)or wi (feminine). For this rcmn, plural m k c s are mmerimer urcd with w o r k that m ' t d p l u d . In thc word hyt "population:' for onmplc, plural rtmkcr are used bcrrvw the word rdm m r group of pcoplc. cvcn though the noun i ~ l isf rin&r (as it is in Englih); such noun. uc hmar "coUectivcr:' Thc abrmn noun njrv 'pcrfedon," on the 0th" h d , witten with p M ffmkea h u e it em& in W. WW though the w is a musubc smgukcnding hem (uit ir in h>w " s d e " ) md not r plunl: the noun ir sin& (u;it is in

f~B&dd

449414

byadd

"

396R4

A=,

"

,.,

En*).

Such mi*

are ucfrcn cdled " u c plunlf'

Tbcdo.1 the p l d , p l u d ~ O U No n d m m any ~lrh~ugh himglyphic wridng W C k~ c atmk m of thine, not only three. To indicate jwt ran, t h i i , how-, ancient Egyptian had r lpcci.lform of the noun. sdlcd the "dud:' Like thc p l d . the dud ir marked by special sndingr: YI for -ulin~ no-. and j for fm-s IIOYN. For both gendcn, the cndvy is add& m rhc ,&fa",,

of the now; c-plcs:

m "er'': rwj.'ran, bmthcn" k 3 "dm": k 3 q '"two &m" """god": ntnj "two

m ' ~ ' . W : mcj "two &ten'' k : t " e d e d c i ' : hq3lj "ran, f e r n nlrr "gaddar": nlrlj "two goddarcf'

4. NOUNS

38

&j "cncmy": &q"mmemia" hJw "mdc": (If3uu'"mmkm"

&t '.fermll ccnmy.':

&tj "m fa,& mermlerml" m o f aulc mka:' - -'

&I?( "fcrmlc mke": hJ4

Thc nomul m y of writiog thc dull in Middle Egyptim Mr m show the cndirIg, the "a& mittcn "nth tl,e.ig. ": j MS offCn o m f f ~ dbut . when it MS shown s un

CO~W-~

Y :,,or B

feminine -$

muculinc -4:,

, or -,romctimcr 1 or 19. I

,...-

, . L , : . Dull nocould rlro be indicated by the older v f a n of vvuvUla vsvrr .i..ti"c or by miring the ,in& rwicc. In Middle E w p h chis axha,< pncticc MS morr con""on for dvlls h for plunll. Rcpre~cntativehiemglyphic qcOingr ofthc d d a h v c am: .

kyfifi3 . 4 " m o bmthcrr" TAMhqp)wj "-0 dm"

w

a!-j

-two

%:a

419b &tj‘.mo

C ~ C ~ ~ C J "

lkmt hflv."m

A

lxdd 1n4 "ow rirtm" ff$d s q m t j - m f d ..I-" 7 3 4 nng"mo goddswr'.

godr" -two

'

1-57,k

nukc,..

&I?#

"-

tirmlcs

d ,

Ax with wri* of the plunl, hi&hic a h hu some m m p l n of "fie dr common mmple occvn for the word Mnj 'ld ( h r n nu* "towd'): Jince this rvnc conronrntal f o m (though pcrhapo not the avne pronunciation) u Mnj " m a a h wittcn zr 8 dull (l(t). 4.8

Summay of

rnd nombsr

AU Egyptim nourn indicate bath p n d a (rn dual). The mr*

for therc fa-

t)

and numb0 (sing

SIC

MSCUUNE

singulu

R

w.

M (see

2.8.3)

Thw wcx the d c fom,but in Middle £kip?&"they arc used for rhe hmininr a well: thus, tun is cquimlcnt to ntk md nn. md nvr is lucd liLc nfmd nlr. 5.6

Pcnond pranamns: somm.yary The folloaring able aummvLcr the three ditfditfrrntform ofthe p e m d pmnmnovnI that sre norrmlly used m Middle Egyptian: SUWK

DEPENDENT

rs

.j

u ;

IMS

.k

1FS

.!, f

3m 3R

.I

IPL

s .n

~ P L ~PL

.fn, b .m

INDE?ENDEM

TRANSUTIOM

,--

"I, me, my"

"tk

*'you. you"

ng ltn "f.

6.4

n

j""

'-you.yo." "he. hun. hi&,it, i*' "she. hcr, i~ itr" ", us, our"

n,

nnn, nm

"you, you"

m, rl

nmr

" t h q them, theit'

"D

given h a spply for rhc most p a m each of thc three f m : foL uu..v.=, , t h e fornu of thc 3rm suffix pronovn hn.c m bc m l a t c d "he" or "it" in somc M, " h i d in other can. and "hu" or "itr'' m ,dl othcn. There u nor r rimplc o n c t w n c b c m e n the Egyptim md En&& p m o d pmnounr. Far this w o n , you &odd of the pmnouna u q-ring a pcnon, gcndcr, md number md not u spanding m thc English pmnouns: memof(for example) a "rhc 3mr rut& pror "him,,'or .*hlr:.

Thc -latiam

5. PllONOvNS

3.7

SI

-

SofGx pmnowith momThc English &flon of thc Egyptim pcnod pronoun. depend8 on how the pronoulcd. Euh of the three fo""s had d d d rtun one function in Emti=. Moot of these vJn Mwin m d with tho-. meet in hmrr lcnonr. but h e n wc will comidede how the rh& ~PTOPTOPTO Whm added m thc cnd of8 noun, the r& pronouns are the equivalent of the E&h p*

prono-;

for uumple. with the noun 7 gr "bomc":

~j

nd

16

IM

"my home" "hhrmsc" [spok,cn to a nun)

IF!

P". home" (rpok,

3M

'& houre:' "its hol

'her how:' ".itsho

3 8 ZPL

-,

'our h o w "

ZPL

?=or ?,%

ayourhome" (spoken to more dun one penon)

3PL

71;

'thm how."

pmnoun IS rhvrls added at thc very md of the noun. aft= m y cndingr or detmnimThe c .'your brothh:. NO- thrt m:brc-~I., IZdd- ~.gf"%i. tan, -s:. rhc gmdcr md n y m k of the noun Iwe motbin4 to do wth thc gcgcdcr a d number of the s m S z pronoun, just as m En&h: his rblo, hb sblos: our morho, our morhm. Whm addcd to a dvd noun, how-, thc ruth pmnovnr t h c m y k wmctimctim hrvc m c r m mdmg \\ j, copied h r n tbt of the dud: for nomplc. jj? dy$ "his two fee," -?y, .wji "her tan,uma" (but & rdy f a d -?%?I '~4s). It ir important m remember thrt the 6M-pcnon sin& Nf6x pronoun is oftem omitted in writing. The s i g m 7 ,cheherebre. un bc r writing ofp.(j) "my h o w " u wdl rr p "house: It ir & hpmt to r e m c m k that the rcrted nun $ un be both r da&tivc of no- md m ~deognmfor the 6rrt-pcnon singular aufth pronoun. In some owr,it is not ahvap dear which functionit ir w o x d to h e . The s i p for exmqle, can be m d ,n three disrmt ways:

8;s-

fi-

1

k*.

.3~~.0"" (& u dctcmjnrtive). z3j"my son,.

[a

z3.(j) ,.my ma.,

lout deerminative).

(9

umcwy.cherigns

r ~ ~ n o f w r i ~

-

-. -

z3wj .'tan,mns" ( I , "

:md&wys: -lti"cS of&

m).

=3V4.(j) ' h y ouo sons" (both $! u d n d t i v t i ofthc dull,

IS &s

not written),

and

~3j "my wn.. ( h t $ u &mmi"dvc, smond $ 2s 1s Nf6x). my ucm roofu% at Km bmf you win 0 1 ~ 1 1 u d h y d that if - ~ a little or no problem in moDr tcm. UmlY; the context will tdl you whethcr or not a i n p k or dud ir bciog

r

d to. a d whether a rr 6should bc m d or not

5' 5.8

5 . PRONOUNS

Demonsmtive pmnomn: o m md meaning. English lus basicrib two dmonrmtivc pronourn: rhir ( p l d there) and that ( p l d those)).Middle Egyptian lus four. Evch of the four rppul three &&rent f o m : MSCULMES M G U U R

FPMININESING-

N

P"

m

n"

-

P

!

&

P

pw0b.V

p3

XZ. X I , V&

-

E

m

++. ?i

nff;rlsof:

f,;&,%-f13 N,

4.;

"W

yo?$

t3

-1

a:

H

As you can ace from thi~chut, thc mycvlinc sin& form dl be+ with r;thc fcmininc singolr. with c;and the n c u d form, unth n-. The fom different dcmonsmtives ue f o m d by mother conso-t to these bcginrung~: -", -,", -3, and -f(m -P). T h e a demo-are the most common in Middle E g y p h . and un m u n either "this. thne" or "thaf "thaw." Thc a r k t i o n depends an contutt: i.e., on whetha the hc.uence n m something narby ("this, thcse") or mom dirtlnt ("ttur, thaw'?. Thc -fdcmonstntivn arc normally n y d to c a n w f with the -n series, in which case they are r e h f c d by "that, "thmc" md tbc + ~ e rbyi "this, ~ ~ "these." Ihc lu drmonsmtivs arc molder cquivltcnt of the -n scrim, md h e the m e meanings; thcy arc still u x d in Middle Ern&". rhough luvayl in religiour m m or in rpccLl fuoctions. The -3 demonscrativm acnn to be 1 collGq"id (~pokcn-hnpge)countel; pan of the -n sene, but they also occur in gwd liMiddle Egmtian em. 5.9

Demonam6sc pmnomnr: uler As m English. the demonsmtive pmnounr of Middlc Egyptim can bc used n t h a by t h m h ("thir,that, thesc, those'> or w t h nouns ("this houx, that h o w , thnc ho-, thaw hornm'?. Although rll thc demorvmtivEa an be u u d by themrehra,Middle Egyptian n o m e prefers the nevml form (nn, nflnfl, nw. 03 for that function. In that ure the dcmorncrative w..nY m c u "tbjr" or "that": for c-PIC, dd.njnn "HFsaid thb:'p n3 '%f i. that?" uwd with nouns,the m d n e m& demanstntives ue conpled with mu Whcn they &c dn& nouns; the feminine singular f m , with fcmininc s x n g u l r n o w ; and the n c v d famu, w t h p i d or dull n o w . The fallowing c-ples illusme h- the dcmorntrztivn md now mud to@= in Middle Egyptian:

-

? L A S O X WS N G W

F E M I N M S N G LMR

nnpn "this god. that.

that goddm" ngrt h "thir god njr ..good"

,.

5, muj "I&?

M&c p l v d adjcnivca d d the cnding -u to the sin& form. This is the runc lor muculinc plural novnr (§ 4.5). md b writan in thc m e wryr (946): for -PIC

;7, nbv

&obi" +

3

!XI

adjective%d d the ending m thc m d n e ringulv 2dj.di7.3, md in pLyr $the cnding -jofnLba: Fmhnc

4%

.!

I

a

a.

.wjw.,

2,

When they modifg r p l u d noun, frmime adjective ocuaionrlly a m mitten with plvd stroke (e.g.. QO,l,), bat o t h - ~ ~ they h m the mme form s the thin&. origi* there rp a scpmff f d c plural adjective. brmcd like rhc f e e plural noun: for cxampl.. lunw "&I "goodwomen" (see the next section). Bur rincc f&e adjectives h c modify nourn oftm h e no p l v d stroke in Middlc Em-, t thrr thc o@ plural form had dlappem4 1 ~ n l yone form of the feminine adlective. During itr life6me v a spoken b e ,Middlc E m a n grrd& lost d but the mculinc ~ingulrrform ofmodifying adjectives. As a result you will occaaiondly see the m c v l i n c singvLr form urcd m modify plural or femininc r When they are vscd to modify a noun, a d j e & ~dWay3 foilow the noun. Hen rmpla ofnaun p h r r r ~ with ~ m o w i 2djdjcctivn:

-

MASCULINE

~ b fnb l "every peasant"

PLURAL rbrk n h " a dl p~anrr.'

rehlrrrm

bmc n j r "gwd wa-"

bmun nfrl "good womm:'

SINGVUUI

"-

The d c h c =djc&vn must fonow their noun ir invlrirblc. Tbir help m distinguish the rdjcctivc o nb "A, every" fmm the noun a nb '"lord, master, o w e ' (f&e nbt "hdy, mirtms"): thus. pr nb house" but nb p 'lord o f the house, m e r of thc hourc": :Z p u nbw "A thc h o w " but I nbw p "lord. of the housn"; M nbt "every cnclosm" hut TflA nbt hwr ''misrrea ofthe cnclorurc."

01

6.3

Xr

"-

Adjective ordsr L i e EnglLh. Egyptian could use w d .djKdvri v modifiers, not just 0°C. In this c a e d thr adjective should h e thc u m c form: for uomple, Ey&%aQf nbf nfir w'br gmd and d e a n thing." As this camplc shows, whcn nb "flis vacd with other adjectives, it is put 6m T h e m e is m c o f dcmon~mtivri: 7 1 0 = 2 n n pf rnnQ "hat beneficent god. N a ~rincc , rumx pronouns rrc p m of the noun they are urcd with, they rLo precede r q adjective: &lwj j q n "my cxcdlcnr p h ? In the preceding lessan, we lcmcd h u t thc s n m l rvlc thrt nothing c m atand bb~tarccnh two "DUN of ldirect pEnik (see 1 5.9). men one or more rdjcctivri modify the second noun

f3TdQlBZ

of a direct pnitis~, h r i. nor 8 problem: far example, hmr wcb nb "every print's w f e , the w f c of every priar" (nb modI6cr wcb "primr'l. when adjccrivn modify the h t noun of a direct gcitive, hw-, they must rLo foU01v the cntlre noun phrase, or d r c the noun p h e murt bc canvated to an indirect genitive: for cxamplc. 6mt w S nbf or bmr nbr nr w'b "cvcry wifc of r pnca" ("bt mo&n bmr "wire"). When adjectives foUow r dircct snitive. it is impatrnr to pay racneon m their ="dins. b c u s e t h e e c m show which noun of thc direcr geniuve the rdjccdvc u merot m m*. 6.4

Adjectives as no-

M m Egyp0ul adjectivn can &o be used by thcmrchs, v nounr. The only exception i, the pnm u y .djcmvc nb. which can ody be uwd u a modiKer. nas r noun by itrclt When you encounter the word nb w t h o ~ af preceding noun, ir must thnefore bc thc noun nb "lord, m S md nor the adjective nb "XU, cuh. every": thus, nb pn "rhL lard" and nbt tn "lhb mltrcn:' not "dl this."

:

6r

6.A D p m

In % aU Egyptian i c m v n (arssptnb] m no-. A now foUwed by one or more adj& b a nnm phnsc ofapposition (S I.II], in which the adj& rn w d in appition to the "om:dwjjqw "my d e n r p b : ' for ~omple, m"my p b , rhc good ona." & auw E g y p h adjectives indicate gender md n u m k , E g y p h 0th docs not need to w mother mm with the adjective. di!e En&&. Thc feminine &ph a d j m n j t , fa instance. w bc uvd by ladfm refer to my "goad:' "bouliful:' or "+a" -n or thbg: for example, "fit "the budNm:'m ",$I "= gDal thing.'' SomctLDcr the .mi 4 add r d e m m j , t k m indicate wlut more @PY. Idnd of pwn or thing is m c for uomple. nfrr -the bautiN wormh.' Q%$q njif "a p r q mw:' "a goad bing, something g d When t h v are wcd u no-. adjccdva bchrvc like othcr nourn. T h q un hns rhc umc pM urd dual fom -other n o w (5s 4.1-4.8): for oompk, ~ t i n nfr c "a good me:' n$w "gmd ones:' nlny' "m good mu": faninke n j t '"a goad one:' nJhul "good ona:' njlj "two gwd ones." Likc othcr no-, rhn, a n also hrvc I& ~mnourn.urd c m men bc m&cd by dnnomtntivn or o k rdjccdves: for e m 1 d odonc:' n j p n '*d~ i rgood onc:' *n 8th" "dl the ,pd on< s.',

&%a

&=,

6.1 The nji hr c-~onian

- -. -- ".-

, no"" phnw. O n e ,vety sommon in which the adjective ir the 6nt n t o ~. . . h c t genitive (g 4.13): er- p ~ , &=? n j hr .*goodo f k c ' . liw,''2 goad one o f k e ? ~gypto~oejrh o h refer to this kind of phnsc s "the nti kr soorrmctim." Sometimesit un bc m h t e d mom or Icu dire* into Eaglish, u in thir numplc (which ir ~ u l l u y, Egyptian up-on far "kind$").ln most nws h m - , a &rcd &tion sound. odd in Eo&h. urd the contrmsdon b m be prnphnvd inrmd of &tcd word for word. For example, r rmn might dumibc himwu* 4 :=-& nmu "O.C who by -7 sheep.. lit=*, of ahq.' (the ir, young womm m ight bc d e d plunl smke Ifrm 'i3 us dmrminrtivc f a n'rmny")_S dies" -lit&. "I 10 ]we bnutiKd bc buYriful o n n d=,irl?ilr- &a "I pw.m "&me wl when the adjKdve is used to modify mother of their bodies." This conrrmction c m even I-r titedy, "a noun, rr in W'i!PL=Oliirb3wjqr n wf". rcribc M c dI with hi5 B-" mibe, r skilled one of hir fqen." The nj hr cornrmdon h typi.4. w d to daaibe chc &racmidcs of rommnc or wmh hng. The n j p.n ref- to the pcmn or thing being h i b e d , md the hr part refin m somerhing that the pcmn or thing ownr or &. Egyptian a s i p the adjcdvll qvrlily to the owns "the, ,"lt the thing owned, whereas English "om* d m the m m : t h ~a, m u ir d~~Cribcd '~3m 'byny of ~ h q in " Esypdur but rr "mc who bu rmny sheep'' in English. W e will coorider this diffmncc funher in 5 6.9, below. Like other noun., adjcdr-

e"mp1c of thL ir r phnw

-

-

+'

' ' ' b.6

'

The interrogative a d j ~ t i v e In b n I we m a the Esrptian intmvzahe p m v n . (g s.xr1 & w "how much?. how p t ! ' . Thir is 2cluryl the a< ( s 16.4). ~ Like the intnmg.tive pronouns, it ir w d ontj in quc Inson. adjcmw:

--

iatcrmgrtivc red u r noun r in the next

6.7

Apparent adjedver Some Eg~pdrna m d that ue -h& by English dje&es uc nor mmr common of thne h the word for "other:' which hrs the follnuin-

-PBb CT k f 79j.99

MASCULINE SINGU SINGUULR

FEM-

Thc

klY

3. -Y. -B. -TBII,

PLURAL

..

in Em&. form.:

.. .

Thir is xnuyr m old d d noun; the p l d loob Wre 1 dull U !w n a a u vrcd w m r noun, ky ahvy.precedes the noun: -9911JA ky r b m "mother grtc, the other @re"; kc kt "rhc other thing. another thing"; -x~$&-B#l kjluo bjgb "other Lower Egypiian king" (fm bjg, x e the E s q at the a d of this Itson) When vsed in this wry. Ly don not rrmly. m d f y the :,on uutead, it h the k t noun of a n o w p h of (see g 4."). Thw. k y rb: & m a r "mother, a @re" or "the athcr. the ptc." Since it ir a noun, ky can &o be used by imelf. for uumplc, ky "an& one. the other one." It c m r b E o c a r& pmnoun, ~r othcr n o w d~ CT99--ABG k t y f w ~ t 'TU other pw l i e . "i. the ~ t h : when the p l d IS wed by iuelf to mun "aha."or "the ohm:' it hzr a Merent form fmm that v d to m o w plural n o w : _fa&/ kr-bt or kt-&f - wly., a conpund noun formcd fmm kt "athcr" md kt "thing." Other apparent 24cctiaes b v c only m e form. Like Ly, they u.n o w that un be vrcd by th-h or in noun phnrc with 0th- n o w . They indude:

-

Pt@

mw

-

-ol)Y;

Zo))X

"hj

T;S;,

a nrtle.

*lwmc,

tmu (rec 9 2.8.)) ''each

rut.

T h e w words ue ahvy.the 6nr noun of a g e n i e 4 noun phnu; rnw h lucd in.thc ....d ,...-... and nhj in the indirdira @ti-: =o))%{; !nw mpt "cuch ynr" &cedy, "'each oooc o f y a " ) . -,\om n %,,,=*6 nhj n r(mJ! "a few pcoplc" fircrab "romc ofpple"), K%&1. n bmJl "a little dr. some d r " (litediy, "romc of&'). Middle Egypflrn llro uwr 1 few prepolitiod phnxr (cmir n f o U d by "0"") bat x e bat &fed by the English adjectives 'kh< cf' Thc moa

.

common arc: r dr ?W

mj qd mj qj

-B

limdly,."to the h i t . .

-A)

ht~*,

lhxc0dii to the I-

g913 l i e . "Wre the azpc(the 0 s i p is PQ~lPO Em&,., -like the chmcter:

T k phmes ue rued m modify r noun. They ahvy.stmd f i r the noun md my other modib en the noun my IWC.md hnc r third-pmm sufhx pmnoun that rgrrcs m gender and number m t h the noun: for c-plc. t: pn r drf"thia mflm h d " fiferally. "thi h d m i s limit")), W?iamj q d "the ~ whole temple" fit*. "thc god's endlike iu sbpe").

I

Cnnpmtive .nd snpdative

be UYd not only to & c n i r quality but d m to compare that +ty to tbing eke. Mast adjccdvs in En@ have three form for this purpore. The rrguLr form simply &be 8 qudty: for example, a r h e q hat. A second form, c d d the "compmtlve: e uwd ta compue a quality m some other rmdud. lo English, the compvrriw of m y adjecrivs b made by adding thc ending ~r to the adjcctlvc: a hcpr luu. For other adjectives, thc compmtivc has Adjejcrrivcr un

m b f m c d by ueog the word more with the r e p l a adjective: a more ~ * p m ihat. i A &idform, d c d the "~upcrhtivc:' is uvd to indiore t h thc quality ir the highst of aU This b formed by rddmg the cmding-ut to some adjdjtiries md by using the word m a r w t h othth: h a duapcsc )uu. sms, q m i m ha,. A f- E+ .djedver hformr for the compmti"e md superhtivc for umplc.good, brrmw, bar. Egptian Y simpLr h English b e c a w IS adjectivs have ao comparative or rupcrlativc or " b u u W but b o "beer" fo-. Thc sdj~tivcnfr. for oumple, on man not ~ n h . or "more bcrutiful" and 'W or 'hmorr buutiful:' In some aws. only rhc c o n e n will tell which of thcw thrre reoscr the dj~ctiveb m a t to h. Ofrcn, howevcr. Egypam use r p d C O N ~ C with ~ O ~the adjective to indicate b t it lus compmtiti or supnhnn meaning rather hla re+ sense. Thc comparative is indicated by rdding r phraw with the prepition r "withrespect to" .hrr the adjective. T h e prepooitioion po~nt.to the thing h t the adjective ir being compared to. h o s t lhvryr motha noun or noun phrru: for oamplc, qlzz-qA ,n mnb r nn nb "a god mar. bcnc&ent thm m y god"- lit*, "a god bcnefxmr with -ct to cvcr/ gd." This rompmflve phncs un be added nn only m JEcri~cri fhlt modify a noun. u in the preceding aunple, bur rLo to those that arc uwd by ththehra: for camplc, nfrr r ht nbr ''something b c m thvl arythi& -l i t d l y , "a good one with mspcn to orclyrhiag!' The superlative un bc shown in r n r d ' Y T ~E. m nomdly u r s the supcrhtivc for dj d v a that l l ~ by d thc-lYCI md do not modify r noun. Mast oh", it u indicated by 1 direct o r i n h c tpitititi: for cmplc. &&&:, w unw or &&-%8* w n w ."thegrcrtcrr of the grut" or "the F a t e s , of a'- litcnyl. "the great one of thc p t one&?'S a m c m s thc word jm(j) .'among.. is used at+- thc adjective io~teado f a genieve: wjm(j) ~ % w " ~ r ofthc e a dignirrris" or "thegreaterr digniraryV-lire* "the grot onc among the

&>zy

%9th%ji/

4t.l

dipi~cs.''

Egmtim expreuian*for "bws* To inllure p n o o n , English cm say h t the m e r "W ~omnhing,"sing r f m of the ve.b hnw. Nor dl l a n g u p , how-, show pmscsion in this way. Arabic and RIluuirn, far eumplc, do nor Like t h e b p a g c r , Egyptian too hrr no eon counrerpln for Engluh h a r m,in ,no, @o,sw. OW),). 1. p h e of such wards. E d " uw 0th- kin& of up-ions. one of the most c o r n o n i n v o h thc "0"" nb u the ktnoun of a direct p n i e c . I" -7 o n be mndarcd by "lord of' rr in -2 nb pr "lord of the sky" lo athm. -, such h m , nb is vscd to indiorc pmsaion, not mutcry. Thu. r nuo m@bf dscnbc h i m l f u % ,!nb -?w, ,caning the he $3 m " m a ~ t d o n l m ~or"that he "has donkey.:' nor b r be ds u 'lord of donkeys.''

-

Othcr Egyprizn cxprrniom of ownenhip luc adjcctinl phrase. The njr hrconrrmction h s thk connoation, uld un "om&,. be &fed ,.t ul English "W~nsdnsd. Thir n m. of dl the oamplcr cited in 1 6.5, ah-:

" j h , "on. g o d o f W = "one who hrs r goad 6cc" T3 i : '"onc m n y ~frhccp''= "one who hrs m y sheep" nf..l nt hCw.m"on- beautiful of thcL badid' = "women who h e bum hc r h b j p r n d b c w r a m i c AUcd of hsr finga" = "1 ~cribewho ha sWlcd hnge ,,l a r h -, E g y p h = i p s the rdjcctid q d i q m thc own whereas Enghsh no+ does the revenc. Another mans of indicating porxnion i n w h the W t i vd adjective n (§ 4. 13.2). Thk u ~ t d a ymshc, meaning "belonging"; it thoeforc has thc mrculint ring&, cnding 1, like 0th" -:uuw it ir m n i s b n ("I), .lthough the ending is h d l y ever shown in the wrib... .djeCfive. "/,I is nor lirmted to cmreasine iuJt the enitivc. One cumole of its ldicctinl u u i th. y 2 compound woni n(j)wt, which pr~ h a b i yrnuar navn l '.the h a, n p g one ai r of Upper Egypt) -- eu*. "hc wt a "(j) th. ncxt Icson. thc scd

-."-.

-

The king wu nor only the p M e of E g y p h m c i q hut ako the link h m e e n h h bh i n s and the gad. since he wu h u ~ h~mrclfycr n cmhodicd a divine poMr (see h y I). T& drul nrturc I . reflected in m y of the Ling's armbutes, p~~ in hu offind * it, whb Uppa and Lowcr (scc Eruy 3). ako rdlhir rule over both purr h o r n the Fifth DVnvry on-d, c w q Egyptivl king h d five o 5 c S nrrnn. th0"gb not all d thcw am h k o n for cvcPr Iring. Here is the fivefold tlmluy of the p h n o h A m m ty ":

T h e blp u t of the m l u y u howr m thc Horn. nunc. It is the oldest of the five -nuns, demcnrr: (I) ?i blcon perched on (1) 8 sch-tic -&ring ofthc udu* uld conrh of p k e , within which ls (3) the king's m e . Thc Meon is cmbl-tic of Horus, the god of luw rchcm?it,c +c is h m as r mrkh mgyptian d,from the hcword rrb - d e *hip. known"). Its lower part q r n n u the niched +& of urk rnudhnck palca, a d itr upper pm la a rudimentary gmvnd phn of thc p k c . To@er. thc thmc clernmts rr. a hcmgkph rnurjng "The divine powa of lungshp (Harua) is i n m f c d in the i n d v i d d who rcridcr in thc prLcc." The Horus n m c of hmcncmhc nI is 1bjlu, a nfi 6r comrmcdon (§ 6.5) maning "He who= ~mpmdvencuis grut" -liter& ,*peat ofimpnsivenns."

6. m p i m s

6s

The second nunc i ImY the Two bdies. It fimt rppua in Dynvry I . The "Two Ladim" [nbq) u. the wltore-gcddw Nekhbct (&bO, pmuctor of Uppcr Egypt, and the cobngcddmsWadjet (&if), pmvctive ddg- of Lowcr Egypt A m e n d t Ul's Two Ladies m e is j l Yr r3y' "Hcwho ukcr p-on of the inheritance ofthc l b o Lad.'' The tlurd put ofthc titday la the Gold Palcon name, &o h o u m la the Horn of Gold. In ~ ~ p t iitvirl c d c d rn n nbw "thc m e of gold:' md is h r a d in Dynasty 4. Gold w the rnditiod materid of the go&' k . With thc hlcon pcrshcd on top ofthe hiooglgph

=G

m "go~d:' tbi. me

-

indium rhlr the king the hum ins-don ~ f t h ~~fkingrhip, How. l%c m e i d a n xflcctcd in o c u r i o d staton of the ldng la r. &on: in one un the ph.nahThurmorc III ofDynvg 18 even & biavlf doaBz bjk n nbbw '"a Gcon of gold." The Gold Falcon n m c of Amencmhrt 111, w3h %h, ir another n/r hr c o m n i o n meaning "He whuhorc hfc pcmunent" -h W , " p m m e n t oflifc." The last two m e s o f t h t o ue ahma .hvays wdinside a ring ofmpc d c d a "cumurhc." The Egyptim word for oo~muchh:'SO inw “circle:' Irfa to the circle ofthe world [we F s q z), md thc combination ofthc u.touche with the king's m c inridc it o r i w indiutcd that the Ling bas dominion w a thc wholc world. Evcnmayl, h m , it beurnbeurn merely r dmcc for -king a m)ol name; after thc Middlc Ringdom, the m e r of queen. m d my.l childnn could &o be wires iasidc c ~ u u h c ~ . The fourth name is the king's b e name, rEa d c d the pmamco. This is the youngcn ofrhc five m e , k t lppcaMg in Dgovty 5 . EvcnNdy it became thc moat impartrnt of d thc hng'a o m , md b r n the Middle Kingdom onward a is o&n thc o+ m e by which the king i mentloncd in tcm. The thmnc m e -ally honon the run-god Rc (who= hicm&h i rlmrp mik c in honorific mnspaaition). It ~ c mtor have been 1 kind of motto by which the Idng indiatd w h t he intmded to bc the nujm theme o f h i rrign; in some cun. pharaohs even .doptcd thc h tmrhmrhm m e of m illuatdoua &mdccasar m show that their reign wodd be r m"ivrl ~ f pglory. t Amenemhat m's h n c m e , n l j t m l ' c f , m a n . "He to whom the world-order (Maat) ofRc bclong~"(for thc co-ction, rcc 16.9, abwc). The thmthroc m c i preceded by rhc title (~JMbjr(jJ, which combine m word? Tor "h: The 'Eos of th-, more f.4. n(j)-N*. ir both the g m e d word for 'Idng' (= Fsq 3) and mm ~ p ~ d S athc y l d e w o n of the Ling rr ruler of Upper Egypt The second u 1 nirbc (§ 6.1) hmrhenounbjr'W;itwuuudbnhuagmenl~11formrd~mda"pcdScdai~ rubon ofthc king u ruler of L o w Eklpr Thc tidc ra r whole thus i d m e - the phvroh bath u 'King ofUppx md LowrEgyptffmd la thc -t i n i n t i o n tiff h c ofroyal mcamn. The 6lIh ps* ofthc titulary is the Son .,€Re rum=, akc d e d the nomcn. Pint a-d with r -ache in Dynvly 4, the title z: F "Son ofRe" cstablirhcr a dircn connection bctwcm the unhly kining md Rc, the rvling force in m-. Thc m e m thc urmuchc fallowing thL title i rhc king'%oam p e n o d nunc. given to him at birth. In the c u c of Amcncmhrr El, his m e . jmn-m-bxt, mean. " b u n in honf" md honon the god A m u n of Thcbcs. vvcrml home ofDyn. Althohough Egyptim tern uxualiy r ~ f c m dto the king, duMg his life md dtcr his dcath. by rhc thmnc m c . Egypmlapi.fl uw thc Son of Rc m e i n r d . Since rmny kings were nuned after their bthcn or wdhtha. 1 dynrsg- ofrcn h d ,nml ldaga with the he umc* of

,

h8

-ish thac. ~ g y p f o l o g hnumber the & (c.~.,~ ~ ~ n c mm). h z tT ~ C X numbcn am a modcm con-tion: thcy M r C not ?xed by fhc Egyptim t h ~ ~ ~ c b a . Bsidcr the king's o f f i d tiollrry, E m & ah used z nomber of 0th- tida urd rpifhes to refer fo the lung. Thc rcmv: $ W l '%king.' md hm .~incmutition..u.ae dkmscd in j. Thac m c & wac wed only for E m h &; for* d m wcrc d c d W "mla" (& uwd for the E m h king) or w "grit one:' The mm 2 pr-'3 "Big Hausc" a rlro d k d in Eny j; it is k t wed m rcfcr ta thc p b h , nth" rhur the myal CIM, at the end of PFr.9 r8. Thc king wu ah d c d 9199B jry "rovcrrigd' (&o spcUed a "&drul..); rhir word n q bc a &be h n jfj "father" (if so, it should be tcmslitencd jtjj nfhcr d w jry) Somc common epithee of the king vcqb on n$i " p o d pod? nb r3v "lord of the Two hn&? and -,? nb b'w "lord of rppe-cn(. These uc ofan urcd before thc kings3urfoushcs. nicer the t i t l c m bjqmd z3 f. KC m e . TO

P'

lob*

zq.

mCISB 6

T d r. PL=%zz -3fir-pu 2.

-:,izq q bnaure of"something: n j n mr'%cep for/ar/bcuwc ofpin."

(us*

advcrbiaUy 9 7jrj (oficn r to"; advrrbllly "thereto" or '"withrespect m it.

0);

'"with T

90)

The pporition r hrs the hasic mcarung "with m p t to." 8w it is uzcd. m y diffnent -slations are required in En@h: '.ro:' "rmwd,.' "at" r p k c : p j rpf "go to/roward the sky,' r rduj bf "at the fed of Hi. hcmtion:' ~ p rr hnw "~rdveat the r(& mdcnce"; r nr- 8 indicates the god ofmc"go to Hcraklcopolis" tionwhen thc god 1s I plue. e.g., lmj r nn." ~ f "a omc: r rrpn "at this wuon" "to, in order to, for" a purpax: rjnt 'qW "in order to get food," h3b r -NW "wnd for Bc hg's children" romcthm6 jj r "act ~ ~ n r .v-v... f " -. hing (ur. jj n "act far. on h c W of' .omcone or wmcthing) "Ww m h n g , mdicating r-tion or -ction: Q 4 3 r rb "m h o w rhc fmhh mm from the hou11edgcablc" (i.c.. "m h o w the diIT-nce bcm1 foohsh md r Lnaulc+blc ma": litcdy, "to knav rhc faolyh one with -ct to the knknknkdp zbIe one'').fb r kpnj '+a h m Byblos" (litcnlly. " d e p a with -st to Byblm"). This x & the -c ofrwhem it is used mth 2 c a m p ~ t i v erdjccrivc (55 6.8.742):n j r b t n b t 'kbclrcr t h n.mlthiog" (Lunlly,"goad wirh respect to mrything"). " ~.bout, xcordiq , td' r m d i . % h g/d . r "speak h t " ran* (cornpus Engli3h"spnk to the aubjcct"); r hp "according m the Inu:' "as for" a the beginning of r wntcncc:,+fwqrpw "Ar for y a r d r y , it is Osiris."

,

"+

. 8.

fi b: ( a h %AQ) "bcbind,around"

The pqmiioon k3 is n: l a d to the noun 'fp'8uk of the a d around": phr h3jnb w "going around htmculllr:'z:h3hrd" 9.

1,

hnc; a d v c d i i 1 2 hnCv( u 1:2)~ 'm@hcr wldi'; rdvahidiy "with them:' erc.

e ir "behind I child:'

~

Thc prepmioon hnc indiara thrr one thing accomprnia mother: bnc rnwj "mgcthm with my sibling.:' The avnc meaning underha the uuw ofhn' m m d m t i o n (§ 4 . r ~ ) whcrc . it is III&& " m d b3rj hnc zm3 " l c h e m uld the lung?' Notc that the En@h p r e p dtioa wfh has two different mnulingr, indiutlng accompavimcnt md mcanr. The former m-nL m Egyptim bn'; the h e r , m the EWprivl prcpooitioian m (5 8.2.3).

8. ~EOSITIONT AND m

86

lo.

? hr (&o

e): with p n a l pmnovn. o l m 8

(.on";not "scd

s

hr

&i*

Thc prepoxition hr is related to the noun hr "face. s&e" (spelled the rbrsic meloing "on"hut i s use mquirc many diff-t -Morn in En&&

wy). It ha Ih.

.

r,.

"on, upon, in, at, by" wmcthing, indicahg pkanennt or pation: hr w3t "on the ph:' hr b, q: "upon hgh tm:' hr rdwj "on roo\" hr wnmjf''on hir right, at his +\'' !"!d "in Egypt" ("on the BBllcLLnd'l. hrjbfin hi hun, on hu mmd"; pi hr bnv "come fanb at the sound" of wmcthing; nu: hrjz ' p m by the mmb" "than, with, md" indicating ddition:jj h:w hr n j "do more than well" @ t w , "do ac a r M gmd"). psj hr b:, "cmk with honey." ThL mcloing undcrhn the use of hr in c e ordination (§ q 12). w h m it is uru* -laced "and'? d' br byt "stomwind urd nio:' "for, per,'' indicaring dkibution: I - U hr w? nb "a loaf ofwhite bred for uch priest" "&om, of' ~ndicatmgphyrzul origin &rsrlly. "'fmm on"): nhu hr b h l "gold fmm thc da CR" p r f nbr hr h:r "everything thxt coma fmm the dm," 'un hum br bt/"mb a porn man of his proper," "G with. conccming, about bcuvlc of for:' indzcrting caw (nonphysicalorigin):h~ P "cantcnt at/with" wmcthing, kj hr 'rblcn bccaurc a£ on account o f ' m c f h g , r,-Q b 'htchful concerning" romcthing,j hr "come about," "come for" wmcrhing; mhj br "forget ahout" something; ?: hr "fight for, on belulf of' wmconc.

'-

B);

+I

@ (mt *b$ &a .d"&i* @ (&o 5) ''opposite,in xcordmce with"., advdiay, "xcadingy

The preposition @ indicate that something is oppMcd to something eke. It is no& m the spatial smsc,oftwo rhings G i g uch other 'hC & "'d

uwd

apposite, before" romcnx,

Y & "rpcak in fmnt of bcfore" someone. ThL ruuc undcrlicr thc nLbc @j 'bppponcnt, exmy!' When & govern r no= or pronoun refcmng m r. thing, it us* me- "in lrcac dancc with": @ ftrh3pn "in xcardancc wirh this wntmg:' @ Jr3y 'according to memum:' ra.

bnr (&o

my);advcrbii

bnou ( a h

my)

"cthe h a d of'; advcddly "bdobdo. pnvioulhl'. The prepwition bnr indicate rhar aomcthii is in fmnt of ramcthingchc: 6m3jbnr ntnu "sit io fmnt of the &." It nomuyl unicr the connobtion of ruperionq: bnt < n C "at the hodai rbc hving.'' Thc dX-ce he1wecn & a d bn, is 0°C of pmitian: & impha t h t rwo t h q m &g e x h other, while bnr indicatesthat somethingis fint in line or priority W h c n uwd ad"&*, bnt rcfcn to h e : $r bnrn "hxpprn before, pmriourb,." I,.

'

b,

..nF;': not used Idvcrbii

The pnpoxition br indicata the prrudmie, of 0°C thing to a o t k It is reguluty 4 amm thc noun, n o w phnse, or pmnovn gwemed by rhc prepmition is rommnc of high- stam dd br hm f "apeaL to His Incmtion:' br n.m "in the presence of the g d . " Thu preporitionu npccully common in two ph-s: br bm n "during the m d o n o f ' rollwed by 1 b (,

8. ~ P O S ~ OWADM

87

(i.., "during the reign of): mdjm3bybr ' ' h o n d by:' foumed by the m e ofr god. Often br i. uwd to rehte one pmon to mother when the mum of the &tionship cannot be rpni6cd becam radd ~ ~ t a m prohibit r a direcf relti~nthip.Thus, m Egyptivl r p c h n "to" m cqu.lor an undcding, but n o W Qr "mar" the king or the me

+.

.h" 11

.,I

"duo"gh0"t". not used a d " c r b i i

7hc mmning of this prepmition is areatullg thc u m e la tlut of i a Englid countetparc: bpr Bl o '~hrppenthmughout the h d . "

I\-_hj "undd': rdvcrbidy "under it, under them:'

15.5 1c o d v c r b i

cts.

The byic senw ofbr is ''under": hnuj 11hr3w "sit under m ;nr be "under" something i .La LO or hne it: h e m % j u b p w come unm moure. rgw6- ofren usa the prepmition br IitmUy where Englkh w a Imore ~ " mprep0 l mtiom: 3 s b I!, "loaded with g o i d ' (lirc*, "loaded under pin'), 13br rrm '"thc!And in j'r r," wd br fmt ''tired h m wrlking."

I

16.

B p with pmoxul pronouns aecn "atop"; nor uwd 1 d - b i i

8 tp

Thh pmprmtion is d a r e d to the w o d rpj "had" (spelled rhc rrmc wry). It indiatcr pmition above something: q j n b "on top dthc d. L" i b hr (§ 8.2.10), Ip ofien ~ m p l i ncontact with r closer proximity to the m t k c than rp: thus, 5th tp r3 "live an cuth" but ldrhr 13 "lie on the gmund": both prepmitiom un rho mcm simply ''above." When lp bv to be immhad in r wry that doa not imply pmition above romcthing,thir a us* bcuuw English view r reltionship differently d m E @n doa: for example. Englirh norMUy chi& ofspeech rr lying "m th= mouth:' while Egyptian puts it lp r "atop the mouth:' * b e , but hr iodicatm

'7 B dr ,"rince":a d v e r b i i "wcr, hished.'

The prepition drk rehtcd to the noun dr "limit, end:' In Middle Egyptiul, it is w d mostly in expmion. ofrime: dr ltr bnu "since the age of Horn,:'

Corn-d prrpositioar Thc revenacn wad lisvd in thc preceding section am d pti- ty prepmitiom, cuh conri$dng of2 nnglc word. k i d s thee Egyptivl hra a lup nvmba of compound prepmitiom. fomcd h m wvml w d . Svch prcpaitiom am common in mort lrng-. The En@ 1 compound prepition alolo.zde. for c m p l e , k derived from thc prepmition a la". ,and the noun .idr. E m t i v l compound prepritiom rhvayr sonmin L 1onc of the primary prepmitiom. They m fomcd in three ways:

.

1.

k q

-_q

prepeition plw lwa noun phnu: for example. m h3r "in h n r of' r h3t "to the 6VnI of' m d br h3r "at the h n r of' dl ofwhich me thc noun 4 h3! "front'. Thir h the m a common wry offormiag -pound prcpitionr; compare E w h abnp.de, imMdr.

88

8. PREPOSmOM A N D M - S

1.

preposition plus infylitivc or infinitid phmc (the bftnitivc is &samedin Lcrron rq): far aimple, -kkdka r ilb3 "in u(chmge for,-ad of' h m the prepmuon rand thc idnirnn db: "qlacc" (LtmJly. "to rcplcc'). Compare Engljrh teeth" virh ( o r i w . loprhowrh)

3.

adverb or adverbid phrrsc plru preposition: for example, hrw r "apart h m , in addition to. ar wcU a : ' h m the adverb hrw "'=put" and rhe prepmition r (literally, '".put witb q c c r to"). C o m p m English clpartfmm.

z$z

The melning of most Egyptian compound prepositions is dw from thcir componcnrr. and w do not need to consider them individu* h m . In d i m o m n (such as the one ar dhe bzk of book), you win &d thc mcvling of a compound prcposltion lirrcd vndcr irr mjc,r camponrnt Thus, to find rhc m&g of hr h:f. you would look under h a , while that of h!w r would br found u n k h"".

~

8.4

The object of preposition. T h e noun, noun phraw, or pronoun

h t the preposition gwis c d c d the object of I& pmposition. lo m y Imgurg*;, novm and pronouns b e r specid form when thq are used a the object of a prepo~ition. In Engljrh rhir is m e only for pcraonal pmnounr; n o w , ,,om p h s , and other bad, of pronouns h n e no ~ p e c r rform l r f t s pqmltions in English: c.g.. andfor boy. the big bwt and in the big b ~ f &is , and undn ~hir;bur :hey and wlh them. not *wth rhrl. Egypir the same u E"&h m thr rcrpm: nouns, noun p h , and 0th" knd, of pronoun. h n c no rpccul f o m aft" prcporitioions: c.g.. hrdw '%," ayr:' hhrdw "for bova": dot '3, "& big b o r e m dpr ' 3 , "in the big boat"; m '"this:'6r nn "under thts." For p c ~ o pn d b n ucr the ruf? form (§ 5.3) Y thc objccf ofprqmdanr: for 8:-p11,

rs

& , I

z m -,1

h r F j "with me'' hnC.k "withyam"

IPS

fZ-

hnc.!

"with you"

3MS

idc

bflrJ

"with him. with it"

3FS

ra

171 17;

hnc.n ~"wrthus" her.@ "with you"

~ P L IPL

hnc.s "with hcr. mth it''

171;

W.," "withthrm:'

This is rmc not only far the prirmlr prepositions. mch 8s Inc, but ako for the compound prcpe ntionr: for camplc, m 13r.k 'in h n t of you" (lit@, "in your 6ont). r d b 3 ~*'in cxchangc in it" (liter& "'with rerpen t o i s replcemcnt"), and hrw rm "u W U rr them" (lircrah mrh rrrpcct to th-'7. The prrpasitions jn '%," ((g 8.1.3 and mj "like" (1 8.2.4) are nor urcd with p e r r o d pm n o w . W c will coorid" jn when we &r the pauivc in Lar Icaons. E ~ p o r nuses the noun mjhu or the m s b ~ mjlj (M $ 8 6). both of which mcan "likcnns:' instcad of mj mthr pcraorul pronoun: for numplc, ~ B l m j j w j "a puunt bkc mc" (liarally, '*a peawt, my likrncn'l

M

y

The~itioo.witb*dje~pRsl~~slfes

The prcpMiti0ri n "to. fcI? is often vvd in a rpcdd kind of adjectival renvncc in w k h rhc p d u t c hn no rvbjcrr 1&US+ m m r p~ndrul English wntenca m which the pmnoun t l is m d u a "dummy sub]& ": for unmple.

4-

"How bad a h for me? Although E@h donn'r refer to rnyth,ng, for tl"t re-=

+ U

e,

h goad for you:' $ ~ ~ bjnwj : n, j ~ ~ u b j ~the f pmnom a in ~ u c hrentcncc.

nfr n.m "lt

Irquim t.

a

Egyptian rimply omia the s m b j ~ t

PRp0dtioo.l nirbe. k wc m u m Lcson 6.E g y p h is sblc to makc m djccrivc out of r norm by dding an ending ( ~ X U ~ O 4 C feminine -t) m thc noun: for u u n p l ~ ,mu$ m d ~ n "lad:' l fmm ntul "toan." Snch derived adjedv, arc h m v nisbn ($9 6.14.2). T h e surv pmccdurc is vrcd m d c ndjcCtivm oat ofprepmitions. Mort otthc primary preporition. havc r n i r k form: r.

B+Pjmj"inh-r

in:' from m "m" (1Lo 4& -,

9+, 9. %,ca.)

mjq "imih:' from mj "liki'(dm 29., 090, ctc.); not rhKlyr dktingmhblle from rhc noun 0-1 (ako m j m "likcnes" (see S 8.4). Both words uc formed fmm m a b ~ a cnoun t rnj, ''s~rnilarini:'which is iaelf r f e e = nisbbc (%at which is likc') formed from mj.

x.P,

1.

4

i-)

.

- nj

'5beloqpg to:' fmm n "lo. for" (lu* -): &o lnown u the " @6d zdjccrioc:' Wc h m rem iu u x in the indirect genitive (§ 4.13.2) md as m adjecflval pvrldidite (5 7.5).

4 7 j,

',permiiins to." fmm r'Wth reap:ntos2(&o

hW "smnounding:'

5.

I-.9-

fmm b3 "bchind, around"

6 . 1 3 h n C "uccompu ~ rymg:' Gem hn' "v,id+

-

,. B" h, ''uppq lying on" Gom hr "on" (&o +", 0, , s .r M'bpping:' h".L* ,.-r,--.- I,fie" 2) n-

9.

mx hn4 "foremosf" fmm bnr

3 8 . 5

1 ,

''at

the h*:ad o f ' ( o h

lpwp

bo "djuccnf" from br "nclr"

10.

,a.

."-tr'.

b j '"lower.Mng under" Gom br"untdcr" (ohm

& Ipj -srmd,ng atop:'

fmm tp "atop" (aha

5)

B. -, e , 1). ,,

US" ofthe pqo,itiood ninibes Likc other rurbcr. th- formed fmm prepmiti000om bc uwd both to m+

no- m d d donght: for c-ple. 9 kt "m upper mom:' krr nbf "ever/ upper one? b both m, p p a i t i o d nisbe a k n govcm a foUowng noun, noun phnse, or pmnoun, jlur a prepsitions thcnuelva do. Thia h d of co-chon is l u u q impossible to o & t c directly into good EngEb:-ad. English hy to uw the word. "who 18, who ur,which s,which are" followcd by the rrl-t p q m i a o n , or the preposition done: for oumple, n w jmjwpr "the gods who arr in the or "the go& in the rLy" (lircrally. '"the gods, the Inherent o n e of thc rky'l:j m j w "thux who ue in d' or "&ox in it" @urally,'Ta inherent end'). Prrp~sitiodm b a rrc afrcn vwd v noin their oan right Two very canman e-ph of d i s m work dsipating r pmon's office or fonction m d phruc. referrkg u, go* or kinp m rhcr own

hc noun it modifiu (mdfr 2nd ZJ), men Nenthougb whrt the adjcaivc describe (C?3" m y Y 'mdjmf "inbcrrns bdog in") ia w d i y yl qqlvliry of thc noun that f o U m it (mymd pd. This is m e even when rhc rdjccbml p h w arc urcd by thanxtvcr, *&out r preceding noun: C33m y '%c who hu m a y shecp:'jmr p "that which rhc h o w is in." Since a p k svch v jmr pr c m meln both "that which is in the hourc" a d "that which the have 1%in:' m d y ody the context d indicate whch maning IS intended. For some p b . h m , thc rcvcnc mcaning is n o d . Onc "cry c o r n o n cxrmple 1s the title jmj-r "wmeer" rpcUed &-or Thk seem to mcan "fhc O ~ i Cn whom V q ) the mouth (d is" -i.c., fhe p m n who @"" co""m"&. It nomuy. pxcedcr another noun or noun p h , indicating w b t the pcnon is m e r of: for oamplc. &;f, jmj-r p " s m w d " ("overseer of the home"), &I$! jmj-r n@ "gencRL" ("ovmeo of the m y " ) . preparitiod nishc, howcvcr. jmj-r c m m a "the one who I. in the mouth": far rhir re-n, it is aficn spelled 7 (e.g., jmj-rpr).

8).

a

with the aign of 2 tongue (i.c., "rhrr which e in the mouth"), wen though i n n o d muning is rppccndy the m a e .

m

Prrpaitiaadphrases u m&en E+h a n wc 1 prrpasitiod phrrac m 1 mo fhagodr in !ha sly. In EgyptLn. hounvcr, r prep%?ritiod phnrc "0ht hc correspondingnirbe in order m modify r noun: thus, nw j m r p t "the gau -= a-r, ulu not 'rimy m pr. In a fnv c-, h-,Egyptun doer seem to uu 1 prcpo~itiodphrvc mthcr than the companding nirbc a, r modiSo. The mod fmqucnt cxvnplcr of thb invoke Ihc prepadtian m uacd advcrbii in thc -xom b3k jm "the worker t h e m " (m > d i mmeaning "yours rmly.. or "your hvmblc m n t " ) and I 9&- w'jm nb "-ry 0°C of them:' Another common imbncc of a p m p a i a o d p k uaed a, m d e r invokes the preposition =d,eck "(j)"belonging to:' which is the msbc ofthe prepmition n "to, n "m,for" The foe.'' b nomullyurcd a, 1 modifier only when it IS foUuud by a noun or noun phme. Thls is thc ro~rmctianlmowm m thc "indirect genitive:' which we b e already met (§ 4.13.3: r 3 n(j) z j "&ron of r mm" Oitcnlly. "the son belonging to r mm") When the p m c m r is p-d pmnouo. Egyptian nomvyi urcr the r& pmno-: z3f"his ron." Ocarionayl,how-r, ~tcm conrmaion co&g afthe *mition n (not the nirbc), 2 rumx pmnoun. md the uu 2 ,iny). Thi. comrpon& to the Endish conrrmcnan "of him. of ovbc jm (also

-

q&

4144

hu:'md m forth: for cxrmplc,

mldS=P&4P

jng to h i m rnr nfjmy ..a child ofhis. a child bc~ong

IA=4&49 r3b31 n njmy "thalurhntofourr" 'U3rzqa hdmw n.mjm..the foontoal hdongi"g

f8

& fhnc m p l c s show, the gender m d numbcr of thc preceding noun hrvF no Effccr on the p a t m e p h e that follow: rincc n is t preposition nth- than r nirbc, it d a r nor hrvc to agree a p d c r and numbcr with the noun it m d f i n . In oldcr -, however, the m h e somctimu F a m gender with thc noun: E 0 9 h P a 9 9 -pr-bnu n L jmyr ..the invoumon-ot~enngof (mdfying the feminine noun phruc pl-bnu, litenlly, "the ending-for6 of the voice").

X

8. F'nmum'IONS AND AnVFXBS

92

ALn'€nES 8.11

Definitions Adverb. ue wordr or p h n r r that Wlguuse to inbcrte whm, luhm, why, or how sometbq happm or is me. The prm~vyQX of a&& s m m d i i verb. (the word "adverb" mans "d. whcd m a verb"): far example, in the sentence Thr maty w ~ig-d h m . the adverb her alL wh- the hcm.ry w signed (uxu ,$nd is a verb form). Prepositional p h a un be urcd u r 6 verbs: thul, we c m &o say T h e treaty war riglvd in this room, m t h thc pqositional p h n x in d n rmm indiczringwhem the w rigncd. Adverb. cur modify rdjcctivu, prcpos,rLom, or other rdvcrb., rr wen rr verb.. we h.ve 2L ready 8ecn m uumplc of an adverb vsed to modify I prepositiolc in the English compound p r e p d o n q m t f m m (S 8.3.3). the adverb aprr spcdcs the meaning of the preporitionfrom. A 6 verbs haw the rune function whcn thcy zrc urcd to modify adjccti"m or other adverb.: in th phwc a modnarrly h r o y rain. for instmcc, the adverb modnatdy sprpccihu how huvy the Rin 15: similarly, in the p h e almost .Imp the h e r b almost nvmw the muning of the adverb alvryi Adverbs are thus s i m h to zdjccrivs:jrut a. adjective ar n d j d a l p h m e modify no(§ 6.11, adverbs or ndvcrbirl p h n uc urcd to modify verbs. adjccrive, pqmitiana, md other adverbs Adverbs cm be single words, such rr hm, p r t , and modnately. They can &o comr of rmcnl wordr, such *a elmost olwoyr: thir is d c d m adverbial phrrrc. M a t adverbial p h a ue x&&y prq.Sitiollll phnses used a" advntn, rr in the cumplc an rhk mom, given above. Although prcposiuona t h m c l v n arc nor adwbs,prepaitional p k nomully ue. since ruc indicate where, when, why, or how something happens or s m e . Pqosltionr I &o be urcd ra adverb., a we s n u in S 8.1.

-

8.1.

Pdadverb. Primary adverbs arc singlc wo& that are nor duivcd h m mother word m d ue -a u r c q rr h c r b s . EgyptLn ha. perhaps h s svch adverbs:& ,'3 "here"; rq "enrirchi.rt dl- (&. -PI& !.s,)a;d p **&o, further. my more" (US* @.

5

Z$

8.13

rp&

The interrogativeadverb We have already met the inmmgrtidd pmnounr (15.") and adjccricricri ($6.6). Middle Egyptirn hz. one intemgrflve rdvcrb: =)S mfjJ ' W c r c ? ' (alro mj, ctc.; md :o$)W mm, 2 spelling a k m fmm the word for "crch:' 5 6.7). Like the other intcrmgrtiver, !nj is ulcd onhj in qunionr - m w in m t m c n \nth m adverbial or verbd p d c a t c . which we will m a t in hm leuon.. For orhcr intemgrtivti adverbs. uru r pqosibon plus ur intmt%ativc pronoua (I 5.u): for -PI=, mj mj, mj jb -how? ,-I( "like W ~ C ? )( ;I, mj, mj 'bcuusc ofwhat?,with reapKt m wh8"). lnrcrmgrtivc "when?" is e x p d by the pmnavn q plus a noun of time: for instance. z y nw "when?" (IIVR~: '%hi& momcnf?).

e)Sw

8.14

Other adverb. m E"≷a, m y "dvabr formcd h m rd,eaives by rdding the ending 4 y : far onmplc, I.&, (fmm b.4 m d modnatrly ( h m modnale)). Egypdzn alro formed adverbs h m ~djectictiu.Sow-: tlme the rdverb look" the srmc u thc ad~cctivc:for example, nfr "wU ( h m rbc rdjech "fr "gwdS), C13 "offcn" ( h m ?$-a?-

&mktz-3-

L,,

Pnpoitiond .dwb. h , W h . a p r e p i t i a d adverb is rimply the pmpoieon used without m objecc rdj bl jms 'purromcthiogin it.' rdj bf jm "pot sari* in:' Mast of the primuy prepraitionr un hnn this function, u M saw in 5 8.1: md for thorc that q p ~ ~ n f UMOC hl a d v e l d "PC rmy imply not bc a-d in rurvl+ng tna. In mor uwa the pdmyr pmpmitian hy r rpcdd form in advethid wc, mu* mad. by adding the ending 3 or i m the prepositioti: my (= my,). nj,jrj. bd 6n%, &,hnw. Some prepositions un r i b be ured M i by byddmg the prepop0ition.l h e r b jj m +he fom afthc preporition: >of; Oft j q '"xcordingly"(instead of @a)), m m jj o,," them" (i-d of mm). compovnd prcparitionr fmcd of prrpaition noun or in6muw cm be uacd & o b i jut by mnining thc objca ii m (I31 "come in h n c " rdj r db: "giwm ~hulgc.''Compound, in which the pprcporitioion is preccdcd by m adverb usc thc &rbid form of rhc prepmition: h w j j "dditiodiy." F&&" ; much fteu th.n E&h in lKUlg p r e p i t i d &W.E+h &en m a difidifimt word in pkc of the [email protected] adverb, or rcqulrs a p n a n i d abjccc for example. Jbdr ~k &,JiU or J d rpok about h", but not *J& ~ p o hdart En&h prepodtiod rdvobs the p r e h t h n r to the pmpitlon: f k m h l , rhmin, fhmby, lhno*ith, 0dgmr4. formed by M m , ca. This praccd- is n w conri& u d u i c for rll h r fear prcparitiam, though it is d ldlld in f o d or legal English. Bcauac of h i s diecrenc~~~ bcrwem l e ouo hpga,E* trmhtimr of Egmorn prrpoitiod adverbs oken h to add a pmnomid object t b t doe not z j jm "anoint lmur with ic" or, more uchai*, '"oint a i" Em-: for

-

, Mn thuNvith:'

*

8. PamOSITlONS AND m

94 8.16

Em-,

invoIving the preporitiod advert jm, b already been noted in

"re. ofadverbs will be dircusred in Lcoon

8.17

S

Us- ofadverb. When rdvcrbr modify prepositions, they nmrmyl precede thc prepmitian. Thi use h common in compound preporitlorn rvch rr bw r '"=pur h m " ($ 8.3.3); rimihhi, W&d& 33' m "bcgm.i.ghm:' JCQQ, njyt 7 ''down m: AdVFh that modify a d ~ c c tor l ~othm advcrbr norm* foU0.X the word they m*: for ulmplc,,pr unt "very uceucn\" r ?t: wn ""a,.greatly.'' Adverbs do not normally m o w n o w , either in Egyptian or in English. An exception io 8.10 above. OIha

10.

Campamtive and supcdative adverbs E r & h adverbs that arc farmed h m adjecriva wr Iwe campa diated by "$i"g the advcdvcbr more and d d , in b " f of thrh h e r b most E ~ p t i a nadverb &rived h m 2djccriva m also -.. . . . sense. L i e .djcctivcs (§ 6.8), they have no $pependform to indcate tbihir mcamg, and the vmc lc "W obviau~h m the Eonrut in which they arc used. In wmc cawr, howcve,;c o r n p r a m meaning is indicated by n p h introduced by the prcporition r, rr it h for ad~ecm ,a: for e m pic, w r nbr "marc greatly than mythmg" (htedy, '"gcatly w t h rcspcct to cvcryrhrng").

T h e ancient Ekiprirnr b&-d

that death oc-d

when the

he (see E v 7) let? the body

of sdf in ordcr to - o n rO moistore h m it The embalmen llso moved the -]or intcrml o w ,lcmng only the hcut m phcc. The bran uns p d c d out thm+ the now in pi-. by 3nea"S of r merrl hmk. and duclrded. The liver, lung.. ~fomuh.and intertinu werc rn@+ removed. m u d c d s e p r n q , and pkccd in fovr vrm, cded Cvlopic jur, a h t o p 4 by r lid represcn* ooc of thc fovl pd.known rr thc "wru of Horns": Imreti jmsrj, human-hndcd) for the liver. IGp (1894 kpy. babaon-h-a) for the M,~ ~ u . - ~ u(*% t c: f d ~ : . ~ w t f , j d - h e l d c d ) fm thi rtomuh: and Qcbch-scnucf qbh-rmuf, 6lcon-buded) for the intarincr. M e r dqng OUC the b& MP m p p c d in linen b d a p (to keep if fcom blling apart) and anointed wth o h The badin of poor people who could not rtfrtfrtfdmummificrnon wcrc wrapped in r r e d mar and bvricd in a p e dug in the und; imnicayi, this practice ahen dncd and preserved them bcacr h rhac which had been mumrmfied d * . The e n m p m a s of m u d c a t i o n mok 70 dyl. Ar the end ofthk -e the body MS b c m c d to itr mmb in the nccmpolir, n o m b louted in the d a m c E on the west m& of bt Nilc. At the tomb priests pcrformcd r ceremony an the mummy, or on 2 ~mmcof the & c d known u the "Mouthapening R i d . " Thm MP intendcd to wvc back m thc dcad p m o n thi use of the mouth and thc bad+ other SE-. A bull uns then rhvgh-d and other affeedngrof food and ha p ~ r e dbefore , the bady and i s gmrr gmds were finryr buned. Em&" tombs had nuo p. The body wu interred dong with its p c good. in 1 b d c h b c r below p u n d ; th& mom unr v d e d after the funcnl, 2nd w rupporcd m be inrcceolbi f i r death the body wr mwmi6ed by p ~ k i n if g m ~ m n ,lund

(P-FJP

(a!#-

, ,

95

8 . PREWSFllONS AND N N E R B S

the uw of royal tombs, m en& temple): h a e oardnps could he nude md p q m uid for thc deceased. The &pel ws nornuyi decomted wth b m p of Ihc dcccvcd md rccnc. of pcopk bdnging o&ng. md could consist of m y mom. Is f a d p i n t wrr u s e r niched mcu in thc west d, knrr r "61rc door: with rn oflmng dab p k e d in h n t of i t Thmvgh this ruche, the rplrit of thc dcad person could 60, the b d c h u n k to p d e of the nrhrhdshmcnt ( k 3 4 in the EV 7). The ceremonies pcrformd at the funeral were meant not only to rntore the dead p-nh pbyrid rb$ties but morc rmpo-tly, to d- the ha hom i s atmhmcnt to the body. so h t it could come a d go at 4.The ba UN supposed to rcjo~ni&lifcfone (the lu), ro that the dead pmon could contlnve to h-: thc dcccacd arc oftcn d d "thosc who h e gone to their ku." Once t h reunion bad taken pLcc, the d w z v d b n n e e nLh (9 3b)-liter+, m "effective one,'' rblc to lxve on in a new, nonphyslcd form. Before this could happcn. hawcacr. rhc &-

6om then on. A b v e p u n d

wrr r chap1 (or, in

, ,

m c d lud to p a 6"d j u ~ c . , t In &r md, the h u r t of the dead p m o n ( 0 )au wcighcd in a wde (*) 1bther ?he h i c m h h for m3'I (Mmc), m a h t novn mcming, n o n g other thing. "proper behavior." Ideally the two side. of thc wdc should b h c c , showing h t the p m o n had lived a just md or 11) ' 5 ~ l t i propcr life. If thcy thd, thc decevcd UN decLYEd 1113' brw (ahbrmiatd fie$ (btdly, " m e of voice') md dowcd to join the rocicty of the dead. In funpap,+ such 2%the "Book of thc Dcad:' this &tion is rcpracntcd in a wcnc where Honu, lvng of the h g , forndy prc~cnrrthc d c c c d to Orins, king of the &ad. The Egypdvu thought ofthc rkerhfc not v r kind of contimul wgelic $ratein some pmdire bur u a &* nonphysical cdrrcnce on d. The model for thu n- odatcncc w a s the daily jomq of the son (see E..ay 2). At night the sun daccndcd into the Dlur In hlrjoumcy through thlr nnher =@on, he evcntlully came upon the m u d e d body of Osidr. The two gods joined rnd h c m c onc: h m O~idrthe run rcccivcd the p o w of neu. life, 2nd rhmugh the sun OsrrL w etublcd m live apin. Thvr rcjuvcnatcd. thc sun able ro continue his jovrnq through the h r and rise to ncw lire = p i nin the moming. For c x h dcad pcaon, the bvrial c h n b c r md m mummy wcrr a kiod ofindividnd Dlut and Oriris; this cxplalm why preservation of the body UN so Lnponant for the Egyptians. and why the dcrcvcd often addrrssd as "Orinsf' At night the br w a d d rejoin the mummy m irr tomb. Thmu& this uruon, ~f would rcccrvc thc power of nou life e d bc able to kc up at rumirc md r m c v h m the tomb ar m fi.During thc day it could move about unang the living, though on a diRercnt p h c of uistcnce, mare like h c of thc go&, without the discomfam md hardofphysncd ndstcncc. Onc text d a c d h s this tdcd exktcnce rr follow:

(P),

>i!b

-

-

+

Bccomnga living ba, which hr, control of brcld. ~ t m mad , air ... Yovr life happening again,without your b. being kcpt h m your divlnc carpw. and with your br k i n g togrthcr wth the .kh3 ... You rM cmcrp c x h day md drmrn each mning. A h p d be ht for you m the night until rhc sudght rhina forb upon your b x v r You shall bc rold: "Wclcomc, welcome, into this your h o w ofthe living!" Thc micnr Eklpdmr fclt thrmrehics ~urnundcd.md camfortcd, by the spiris of their mcaton h g among the,".

T d t m r c and armhrc thc follavingphnw

&a;:&

z.

.-)e_ra~-~

,. ":Lr;&fi?

dun^-

-w=,r -fightss

=?g -P1 " s k y -4-P7l$&?Pi -shm1 "Sckhmc&"mpr "ym: jdw "pcrtilmce" 6. A&L!&L'~&&&~O?~+- cV"MW 31 "moment" 1313 "headlongr r --.h&=@JQ m r s f kt -de, f ~ j3~,-01d 8. ' ~ 9 ~ & ~ ~ b ~ P @--u*ry'hnuhmur:jnb &PP-~ 'W: hw"dYty" ,-9. v, PI, -~bvt"-=dy" 4. 5.

w

-

-;-m&

10.

-zh"a&~-

-6fi(?PP1,2sm& -xb"tenc".ky 12. f"=koA-!% -hnu"day: r y e z3. Y&E&k"-bQ..P-='' 14. z ' z y p = g -j.p '.wine:. we'11.

15.

-k$&SZ

16.

-J$zl

- m ~ t " r m ~

'p-&'lPP ,ZZ~V(Z='-OBLT -!q3"der: m u " R c r j e m " (tl 19. .Y!fifET"f Elk -qdw"Qahllhllhll (a mwn in S+) 7.0. r y e :tfL4& -hw"Homs:' Q311 "foreipll hd" T k f y n r 4 & & & & ! 3 -rr "tbmnc: dCm -d=ctnun.' U.,?4"P$;T;4%ta&E&C~Xd 17. 18.

23.

n:4-P.=g&-eQQo&

&,fI"&-$'! 2s. -6=kp&-a'-O&ll 24.

26.

'7. 28.

--flaZf k &f&Q

-f=

-rbri "pa

-r-"-s, -nh

"pr

umbers

I

u we do m English: h t i,in one. ten., tho-&. md so fob. Like EnglLh, roo. Eklptim n o d woe numbcn with (numcricd symbols) rather d m by spelling out the m r & for cuh number. The two lq,updiffer, h o w e m in their a-h to written numbcn. In English wr usc ten numsl, (9) m d r p m i t i o d rytm of notation: the n u m m l 3, for mmplc, meam *'&rdif it ir uwd by itwE bur "thirty" if it i. f o u m d by mother n u m m l (for immce, 36). " f h c hundred'' if it is followed by rwo n u m d (c.g., 328). and so fonh. Egyptim m ax numerals and a mpetitiod s p t m ofnotltioo. The six nume& ue the fdmving: Ancient m n a n uwd a aenM1 rgrtem of coun-,

bun&&,

numml,

I

,

"-=

I

~-forunib

n

10-

t

IW

for en.

-for hundreds

% I

r.mo -far

9

r m . m o -for h u n d r e d - t h o d .

lo,-

tho-&

-6r

ten-tho-&

In lurmglyphic. c x h of thas n u m d ir rcpntcd the n c c c s q number of tMcr to i n d i a e the 2. I,-, 70.m0.1 T h e mullcr s i p (for I , lo, md IW) am 5, f 6w. Numbm that combinc more thm one num m l u.rfuny. m g e d from rhc Lrgur n u m c d to the s d m : for oomplc, numbcr: for uomplc.

11%

s!kifik

4anaged in gmupr far example. ),(

I

8

9101UU%F:,:t52.123 (= rw.m + 5 X r o . m + zxr,m0 + r a , +

1x20

+ 3x1).

In mtlanimn b m l d r w righf like this example. rhe nummlml foUow the rune ordm u En@& nume&. in t h m writrm from righc to IcR the order i* the opposite: c.g.. I:R:%H 2.603. In addtion w the m p i t i o d merhod of indicadng numbcrr. Middlc E m t i m romcdme mployed a rmc mdtipl~cationsystem for "umbels above 1 0 . m :

indicate nvmbcn in the dlion.: -i_c_,

IOrXlm,mo_

r i p % for r ,aa.mo, buc this is mare common in M I c rather h prcsk "due: ",,my:' "a mfian." mYl""n A$ this v t c m &a clear. the EWptiam lud no regvlv rymbo~tor rem. wncn tvDmcoanr mvltcd m mo in accavnrr and rmthcmdnl tcm, vribcr either Ich a bh& space or w t e the 6,m abbrevLtionfor the word f "fnv ''depletion:' -rt

,@

ate

..

.1

-"

98

9.1

9. NUMB-

C.dindnombm Numbcn uwd in counting uc d c d cudind n u m b : in Enghh, om, m, thru, cD. In Egp &, c a d i d numbcn rr. nom* indiutcd in hicmgtypbs by nymullr nthcr d m by wad; o* the number "one" i. m d l y rpdlcd out It is nrc m 6nd rhc other n d m spelled our, bot wc u s able m reso-sf the h e t e n t i o n of& blsic (one-word) n-bm hCoptic: MNCULMB

FEM-

one

A

A-

OUO

9'

-y.

three

6mm jfdw

-,

four 6°C six

2, WC

,

--

COPTIC

oyr.

90

-

qsooy, qsr.

w.t=

*d sjw

cOoy.

IcVm

Ifrw

Sfil

.i&t nit,c ten

emnw

b u t

pdw mdw

psdt mdr

nm, nnre

twenty

m.W

mdvn

v . r o y m r s

thim,

m'b3

m'bl

-,

lunv

ucgqs

3-

9 n w . 9noy~e

W, m-

zn-

-

djjw sjsjw

ce

sfkjw

gqa

bmn@

2 -

mery a"e hundred wo h&d one thomrnd ten thoumd

PI@

rETu0"

one hundredthaound

h *

one maion

M

9e

-

9111 b3 db'

90

-

~

The unitl ( b m w' to d w ) md the tnu fmm&.m to m'b3 have a u c v l i o c and f&c Caw: the rest of the urdirvlnumbm m nuuuline. except for st and rg, which uc feminine. M k numbm be& like *rgulan n o m , although m+g, m W , and 59 were orighdy dm&. , The urdia.l numbm not on dm liar were formed by c o m b ' i two or more oncword or- I u. f i r the mmr pur, ~ g y p t ~ n m have b e a r e to E in this mpccr: fn a m p l e , 83 bmnmrl b m w j "(one) ~ thousand eight-hundred fom,m,ix.'' In svch cornpod nvmbus h e heone-word d t u L with two form rpprrrn* used the rmwulme, except for lbr 6 d urW,which could trLc cithcr the nuuulinc or the feminine form (if it bad one): c h bm-st m'b: (m) and bmhu-If m ' b l ( f ) "three-hundred thirty."

~

mh

In a Icw -a the formation of canpound n u m b reto hnc bccn di&rcnt b m hat af their Englisb cquinlcntr. The c.rdinaL h m e l m m nineteen were campoundJ: b example, mdwwe "dmn" (m), mdw-bmlf "thirrecn" (0.Although ir/ "ou-hundrcd" w 2 word (ongi* dud), the wardr for "mthouund" (bl m y ) and "'twenq t h o u d @bc w':l i s d y , "two ten-tho-d') w- compound., with r word-order thc mx of h r of orho compound.. Sincc Egyptian uwr difkrent wordr for thc thouand. m d ten-thowand., thc compoundr of thc urdirulr for ten thourvrd and higher us diffcmt than their EnglLh c o w p: for uamplc, djw CC"%thousand" % = ( ten-thou-d7, mdwmy'dbC "one-hundrcdfpmv thouund" ("ou~~hn vn-thousand'). h keeping with thc vfcmnoted at the end of 9.1. a h , rhc amid far "mmillion" war frj dbc ( l i e , "mc-hundrcd ten-thousand"); the word ix unlmunlm. bunm ltI probably cithcr M y ' o r hh my'. lt u nor nccm l a m dl thcsc numbcr ward. in ordm to nd hieroglyphic -, since t h u r d i d n u m b us us* q r r r c n t c d in hihiglyph3 by nummls. In tranwription theyus a o W r c p m t c d by En&h nvmcnlr nther tbm by rhc cornspornding Egyptxan number d: far example, 2": mb j o (innud of mh m'b3) "jo cubitr."

u

hdindnomben Wordr uwd lo indicate numerid order m r =tier arc &d ordiad numbm: in [email protected], 'mad. lhtrd, m.To form o& n v m h in English. we add the mding -th to the c d i d c b rrpt for the a u m h r m 3, for which thus rpecid word.. In Egypum, thae is r ~pccL1word ody for "Wwhch is rpcned out: mvcuiinc rpi ferninme rpr (nB_, B. 1:). mL -ally the m e word v the p r e p o r i t i d nisbc rpj "rtmLng amp'' (5 8.5.12). The ordiollr hmn "wcand' m "mnth" rrc formed by adding the cndingr -nw ( 0 , mvollinc in&) and mu( feminine tmgulrr) m the root ofthe cvdinal numben:

(8,.8, 8).

(z,

mnw, rnnwr bmhw, kmhtwi ifdw,ifdnun 4m,dj-I

"sccond"

"rhird" "fod" 'wb"

+, rjsnwr rfim.s n w l Bmnnw, kmnnm pdnw, prdnun

",W "mmth"

"eighth" "ninth?'

lhae me u a d y wdwith numcnlr plu the mding (c.g., bl m m "second:. :lbl i bur bey un llro he spelled out: for example. 8 3 , s n d 'kcond:' % : bmrm "th Thc rrrt ofthe o r d i d , h m "tenth" upwards, uc formcd by addmg the word. i.., &e in&~) md mbt (3, f d e singbr) b c f o ~thc ~ crrbnrl numba: far -PI~. mb!-,o "tenth:' 3 mh-zoo "two-hunddfh?

,

w

....-

3

Ute ofthe nmmben The h.urdirul numbcr. uc -tic+ n o w , m d un be 4 by thmuchrs and m d e d Wrc for cumplc. :11 J pn "thcw 3:. y ? kt loo "another ~m."The o r d i d numbm a ad+va, hut hkc other d ~ e d v c they s can dso be used by thcmrchrs xs n o w : for anmplc. 888" ~ h " w r . ""pan r 1- m n d one?

9.NUMBERS

100

Wlcn ordinal numbcn modify a noun (or a noun phrase), they nofonow it, like h e r adjectives: !b%Yblwfyt 6nvr "the 6th +tion:' zp tpj '"the 6rrt occuion:' Ocurionhowowow, they somc bcfthe noun they modify: in thar uu,the noun either stand. in apposition m the odnal, or it is conncctcd to it by m indirect genitive (55 4 . 1 1 , 4 . 1 ~ . 3for : example. mwtyrlfj3t"hir second office" (lifmlly,"his second one, thc office"). J W t# b3b "the 5th f n M (lit&, '.the 5th one of fmhl"). Wlm urdin.l numbcn arc used m modify 8 noun (or noun p h n v ) , E m t a n writing normJhr urcs what is d c d the "list form:' with thc noun 61s2nd the numml second: for example. mpf zo "20 (lifcrdly."ycu. m").In mcuurmcn&. the thing being m a u r c d is written 6nS foU-d by the unit ofmcowc-enf m d thee the nnmnrrl: 1:!,=51 h(n)pt& loo " r w jug. ofbcc? Oircdy, ''be5jug. IW"). In m a m m a , both n o w arc nomuUg singulr, rr m rhis aamplc. In o t h a ulcr, howolcc. the noun M also bc plunl (with n v m b ~ nh!gher &a2 ) : e.g.. (fill11 rpw, "4 times:'

z(

+,

':'-a

IoLT;

-"

(7;

-

The writing convcntiont for ordid numbcn wnn m h m comc 6om ~ccoune:English nomYUy writes $50 nth= thm so dofbrr for aimilv m o m . Ar with $50 in English, however, phrase like mpt 20 ''20y u n " md ~ f i I I I Izpw 4 "4 times" wcrc pmbabb pronounced wrth the number h: i.c., m&l mpt mdzdw z p . For rhis -on, demomtntivc~that modify such p h n v r us dwap sin&, since they a p with the numeral (whch is nngulr) rather thm ths noun: for imtmcc. Whir% p3 t 1000 "the r m o 1ofb-d" (i.c.. p3 83 0: -&e,t 13 1 loo "the r w loner o f b d (~.e..13ft 0: V&$$P,4llp3(y)j hdw 4 "my four children" (i.s.. p3yjBdw brdw). EgyptLn M ure thc hcwordr wc m d wrt "onc:' m d thc n d % (61 r p o o a d % (hh) 1,mo.m before a noun,noun p h c , or pmnoun. In that uu,the number is conncctcd to the following navn by the prepsition m or the indirect genitive: for ~ u m p l e , 1,000 m t "1.lowe o f b m d " (litem. " r , m in bmd"). &% hh n zp "r &on tima" (liredy, "a d o n of time.?. With thc word. for "one:' thew rwo con.rmctiom hrve diBucnt mrulinga. Thc preporition m is used when wc or w 9 mem "one of many": wly'm n3 n I "om of those donkey:' 5'&9& wc= j m . ~"one of you:' The indirect &rive wtth wc or wrt hu the u m c su the n o d consmadon in which the number modificr the noun directly: dmj w' "one Mor:' wen mjm "one pth:' In the spoken hguw this lrar commrdon vm also uwd to cxprru the ringuLr inkfinite article ("a, m": see 5 4.9); r few camplcr with lhis rcnrc are fovnd in the written lulplage owc MU: W' n q3q3w "a h f " (IitmaUy, "one of bar''). This is r d-lopment common to rmoy Lnguages: the inkfmite d s l n in English. Gnrmn. md k n s h , for example. d comc 6om the words for "oneC'm tho* -.

%kzm

~?hx%%

shzz

-iq,L

~L&A&&

9.5

Fl ?. "twice.. The p h n v ? zp r "two rim-. mice" k uwd in writing u ldnd of "did'sign: for aamplc. %a =f3z p 2 "very oflcd' fifmlly, "twice otcd'). in rpokm E ~ p t i m ? . war apparen+ rc p k c d by the repeated word or p k i.e., '53 'I3 "oftnr.often."The signs R M also bc used in the spelling of single word. u r kind of abbreviation, indiuting thar the preceding signs are m bc r e p t c d : for romplc. (for Pf-lf r k k '.dam,:'

Ifxu

Z)

-

1 mctions

Tbc lndcnt Egyptians uprawd W o n r in miringby the word r rbovrbo a numcd: for exmpk, TTI (-7). %%: %*(r-360). T h e wa. specid signs for a fnv fadons: c Z @), x '/. h.d s -), .R % (MI, m d '/, (bmr-nu). Except for % and X. all fractionshad I ar thc nummmr (thc mp put of the f m o n ) . In order to orprcu fractions with lugn numenton, comb-d 3-d fractions: fm -pie, 5 % % %, = 5% (1.c.. 5 + 'lr, + %, + X I = rCkr= 5%).Exccpf for = Z, ruch Mans rrc rchtiveb uncommon, a d are mmtly h d h pa&+ 0fm.them.tio or xcouncr.

*

'::~*nr::

,

Wd&Is md mwmms Anncar Egypt d a & n of diE& system, f f m-ng h:ngth.ua, weight, urd volume. much Y we s t i l l do in En@ mdq. Mclrurcs o f lc@, un,u,d wcighr (§S 9.7.1-3) arc &irk l m i g h d ~ ~thaw d of length ue the morr common in Middlc Egypda tcm. Mc;uvru o f w l . ume (4 9.7.4)arc marc c a m p l i n t 4 md ue prcmted here o* for ftFre"CC.

-

I.

hgtk mcvvrcmcnr oflmgrh

M. the cubi~Ie q d to atnut 20% ans md multiples arcrc thc following

The sf. rrntimcrrn

I ,m ,

-

2 ,9

-

x,

= ",bit, % psLn (0: 74 in. r.88 an) = 4 fingem, % cubit ( 2 .

'finger"

rzp'pdd

8

'cubit"

=

tick, md"

= rw cubit3 (574r y x

=

7 p h , 2%

m.aoo

lcnt a f u c r M. the $31

cubrs (6.52

"rmurr''

r

(7,d

Is most common k t i o n md mu .am-"= % - m ( r X ~ m n are).*

o roo rquuc 3Wi.p:

tbcn (= dbn), cqu iinr-ofthcdc &m it lud two 6act~onra d ao mvll

= i.:.deben (0.27 or. 7 = ,' debm (0.32 or, 9

;.

%"

,

-

Nm &Ird "bur" IPr0-d h E m a h m , the a?~ r lqn-

Yec-"".'7, Ibmghc ofof

of 1x1 =bit % n lhc -n

"huund-luud"):ic, r.ooo.dpoflxrmc"b.*. )

~cd"YN-,rb.'

why

--

h . k mm Tor eok birm.r-mt ofluud luudh Y M B ~ Y M Bcvbbb, YMB ~ L rh.n L u d 10 amum w krn the ) l - l f ie,

&m lhc ofof ofp

(he

mul.pL

ma

9. NUMB^

=

dbn "dcbsn"

12 -,

10

qio.

u7r*ucr T h e "ring" is r p p n d y the cadi= ofthe ouo,m d h p s d y replaced by the q i o 18. In the Middle Kingdom the debcn had r lower d u e of ody 0.48 or (r 3 6 gm). m d had no fmcioos. The change to thc higher d u e rcem to hne o c d rovud the end of Dylurty la.

4. vo1llme

The E g p h M differentaysvm.(or liquid md dq mof volume. as we do to*. as the h for bsa (- the uump~c lo ldn& of jur, ~ i ~ wm ~ i m& a-d in § 9.4). The u p u i r y of m c of thnc i unlnoam, u c c p for about hrlfr q u m (0.48 litsrr). The mmf common dq mcrnu~ofvobvnc acu for gnin. The ,.axid unit of m thc 1f.m &(3)r "hcqrt3'(ahm i e n )m, a). c q d u:8 lo hin (4.36 dry q

ze

A, A,

h d -d

dia-t

ff1.m.

, r5

,ft.

mvltipln:

nm.

k 3 9 " d 0 ~ b khcqrt" =

2

h

q (8.72 O V q-,

9.
), the p m c c of these prnida seem. to imply some uric-ing- a b u t whether the wrh d come e.They dq rmd first in the mtencc:

Ib&bA&,

[email protected]

hwo) 3 xjjm "I wish I a there" ("If otdy I a there').

IO. -IN

I12

ro.5

SENlzNC2.S

PoMdp m o -

u *object= wxth very few exccptinu,only the d-dent or s m S x fa- dlh. prnoad $.-.-mscd ao ambject in rn adverbial smtmce. A. a m u l t morr Middls Eggptim IdvcdSd atcnca ~ t a ph o d pmnoun u subject are i n d e e d by r pprtide of some so* m m ahen, by jw or m.k. The independent p o d pronoun is u u d rt rhe aubjas o f m rdvcrbLl p d i a a 4 in a ~ ~ kind i r ofwnancc, l which w e will m m m w d the crhd ofthis book. In q m Y r y r7. written Eggpdm l q m m m m m e w Lind d f ~ m d c ntd pronoan a$ the m b j ~ s tof an &did sentence. Thk form ~ c m to r have corns h m the spoken Lnof Upper Esypr 1. paradigm conrLts of the element IW (t or -$) plus the s u 6 x pmn i%r lod second pcnon. m d dependent pmnod~nfor the thLd pe-:

-

Is

""4

;$ (nc.) "I"

IPL

,!a"

hy.k

2

am

,!at"

--(,-, ,

"we"

~ M S

( tr;,

'p"'.

2FS

IW.(IJ

JMS

nu

3N

st

PO.

"it the

3~

j

"you" '"ptt"

t*,$$

‘.he. it" "rhe,it"

Thk f o m is wed only u subject m d only in puriCULI kin& dtfsentences,including el rdvobll prediaa. Ir lhuy.SM& fr..t in the ththtcnce, lod is not uud k p d d u :

$?bEl&hiE&a&.nu brt3n C3mv,

,!a,"

brim:

"Hc b the l a d ofthc ILLrrcr. We have Egypt" litedy, "He is under the h d of the A."ticr" md 'We am under Egpt" (see §

10.7. bclow). since this pmnoun is d v a p uud u the subjm of a scntcncc, we un c d it the s n b j e n form of the p o d pmnoun. You should not= h t it is not used bcfof D p q 17 lod doa not r p p in good, stm&dMiddle EggptLn tcm ofthe Middle W m .

10.6

Adverbid -tenofidtentiq One of the mmt common kin& of &did r thing by m e w ofthc p-ition m: for s x v n p

1,";hfld

!dm*

the subject

m.k wurmmnjw'Yot

am* "behold. you (us)in Ih e r b . ' , For this hird ofscnrrncc we do nol nomuyl t,2&fc the prrpasition m. In Egypdm, however, it i n d i u t d that the rubjca w "in" the -pacity or idcntiry ofrom&g (we 1 8.2.3): in this c m p l e , the $nbj& IW "you" is "in" thc fvncrion of"= herds-.'" Egyprola& sometimes d the prepasidon in this uwge the "m of prrdtution," maning h t the prrpmition " " k a it pmribls for the henowing noun m hcrim as ul h a t i d pmdiutc. In Egyp-, howew, there unr no difference betanen this maning ofm lod the m m u n d d b l e Lutloca in which m m"3' lplace or zi *a (ssfhe e-plcs 10.3, m d 10.4.2, a&).

The odrrmcc ofthis ldnd of enfence meam t h E e had two ~ y of s apraring i d c p mtencc using thc prrpomtim m. a$: with a o o m i d sentence &.%son 7)ar with an Eo&h forces vs tn - h e both liin& o C = m t t in the umc y: for uump11, nlk 'You.rr Re" w d r e 7, no. 34) md m.k IW m m n 8 "You arc a h c r h . " In E k l p h , hmmcr, ths rpo ronsmrstionr mean two d i f t thine. The nominal sentence i used when the identity is thought of* n r d or unchmgclble, and the adverbial e n o n c e with m is w d when the ideatilotion L seen u acquired or temp-. Thur. mlk ir identifier who rhc aubjm b ("Re").whih m k rw m rnnjw identifies the aubjccr'r occupation (which ia not n e c e pemunrnt). In the nmr the sentence nL 2 3 j "Yon rn my son" implics rhrt the JpaLer is trllring m his ml nn,arhdc jw.k m z 3 j "You uc my son" i n d i e that the p-rn being addmud is d n g rr r an (,"he&" he i chc t@er'5 lulson or not). m g l a 3 we saw that Egyptian v r n j w to -ish mtrmtrmtsthat m only temporax+ mrs hmn h o w t b t m ahwp d i d . The sunc ldnd ofdlrinctia, undulia the canbcadverbid acnrcncer with the prepmition m uld nominal m m c n of identity. In both -a. Egyp m mrka a &tinction tb.r d m not orirt in English e-sca, and which thercforc -of bc d v d &nly rnro English. This L m bsuncc in which the E k l p h language ir richer or at lea&morr p m i v -than EnglLh, and it i r good sumplc of how the ~btlctiaofr Lnsugc an bc l a t in &tion.

v,

-

I Adverbial sentenen of poneuion k me lcvncd in 5 6.9, the E g y p h w r g e hrr no irhm-ding m thc En+h irh of psion hdvc. To say "I hns a & : ' Egyptian can u x r nomioll sentence with the n o w nb 'lard, mrcr, merOWll': a 8 jnk nb k3m litenyl. "I v n an avncr of ottlc:' Marc &a, however. Egypp&n an adverbial sentence. The wntcncc quoted in 1 10.5 1" one aq l c of hour thc Lngu.gc expp s e s i o n by mof m rdvcrbid predicate, with Ihc prepition 8. m be "under" romerhing ir to pea it (see g 8.2.15). Alfermtiyely, a prcdicrtc prrpositlon "in the hznd" un be u.cd: mth the

-

g-fi~s~

Ig

~ m e t r ~j m r j~c chm~ emy h q , '"My ~ e s i o n are r in my bmd" (for 5w

-

m r in fhi.1-n). The most s o m a n kind ofd i a l p d i u f e of paocuion invohra the prepsition n hfi fnuumplc. r

W

I

"

~

~

~

"to.

-q\zPJ!Ibrnjz s sbj'The rcW has no mmb,"

A

"A romb is nor for che ncbcl." In m y Larncn this ldntd of m m c c hrr r inEnglish: thus, for the sentencejylfcited, w e e rlro d t e ''There is no mmb 6 kc+,

Sd=rh. e-

-

, $ - ~ ~ &h r: j d tm 3 3~ m m~ nmj

"My brothn rM hrve all my thimp in thc c

o w q and in the village:'

in thc mvnay md in thc village m for my bmherr''(a s e n t m c t PLFn lk&y. "All my born r ~ n ' will). s E e I c & o f m ulc chc term &tivo @ o m d 60m Greek m d Luin p m m r ) m &r m prep06iti0rul such h n sbjmd n mjin thcw enmpln.

T h e ht two sentence m campls in which the prepititin n gcmxm a ~~ obje(s rbj "for the rebel:' n n j "for my brother"). Thcy show the n o d w d d ofadvethid rm -es. with the abject (iz, Qtj nbt m I3 m Mn) 6m and the &&id p-licarc -nd, Whm Ih object of n ia a m 5 x p n o u n , hoar-. the order is usually mrcnsd: for -11.

q y 3 1 H.

-rn

k -b. ~ 3 .

WOO

tor

%laT'$bh4--=z b3 njizp nb mnh '"I wish l had my s&ctivc Etedy.

b m p ofr god:

"For you are life md dominio~"and ' W drhu there were for me a q e

v

e im+

~~The~dumd&~dbcobcobcofrmlcofEslp~gnmmu:ad.Liserirb~ .dXx p m o m tends to spnd u d m m the 6mnt of the sentense u pc4ble. In tkx a ample, the &.ties n.k and n j m m n d k w the two ppnides,jwand W,musf be 6nt 10.8

Mssrbid scaten-

with tbe prepsition r

L&e orhcr prspositiom, thc prsposition r can be uwd in an rdrnobirl p-liote it hu in other urn (§ 8.1.7): for camplc.

952&9$9,

jwfrj, jwj J"H~ is +mt

me md I un +mt

with the moniql

him."

When thc adverbial predicate comisa of r md a noun (or noun phnw) of p k c , th e sentence d ten indiures the tubjcn's deli"=tion:

4$&--1 ' -5 jwj rpt mbrr "I am bound for the no&&e-'-Pqz-!Efi* m.k ""rdmjn &I*

nhnhy

" h k , you arz headed for the harbor of the Lord of Side E t e d y . "I am mwvd the north- *y'. and ^Behold, you am ofthcLnd+ I Silences'(i.e., you uc covrdng dnth). I c acupbd In the u m c way, when the objcct of r is 1 navl (or noun PI_--, or function ofr p n , the sentence usvlyl indiote 1 mfyr " m d which thc subject u d tined: for example.

95=0312 fifrw'b

n1rgn"Hcis mbc a pzisst ofthir g&

litenny, ~ ~ ~ e ~ t o a n r d r p d ~ o f t h i r ~ m h t ~ d n d o f ~ t m c c i s ~ u ~ wntmcc of identicywith the preposition m. which ah comidcd in 5 10.6. With m, the mtm indicate that thc subject is "in" a padcULr mle or bnmon; with r, it indicate rhu thc svbjrar "toward" (headed or dcrtined for) the & or function. 10.9

Adverbial .mtencs* withoot L smbject As in adjcctivll s e n m a (§ 8.5). Egyptian metimes omi6 th,: subject in m rdvehidmm when it i d a r from the con- or whcn it dacm'f ref- m anything in ppniurticulr:

I

4cPQ1Z-1' j w m j s ~ w " ~itljke the p h off # =&4811118n* mjumr " ~ist nor m c-tion." The &tion ofsuch rcntcnca us+ hu r "dymmy" abjcn, if. bmw E"+ 1-fi qYLa a subject In Egypdm, however, the subject cm jmt be Cb out As thew a1rvch rmtcncer am alwap i n d n c e d by pYLi~leof-e son

rbm

I r o Inramg.ti-

-

nM e

we Kc b.vc

n

-

h w rhc intcrromtive rdj.zch md pmnouns u.d a, thc predicate in rdjecmnl md nomid w ,.,,). A, yo. might ruaperr the intern,grriac ad& ,, !1(§ B.,j) be urcd as rd"zzbid seoff f:

qe!z2%-.

zc h it?"'

h~8.1~wcllrouwtha

,mnouns

crn k

UScd

u the objm of r preporition.

41P991wmj.jji!'What is lt like?" r. "It i like wht?" [for the subject PCC

3

The concept of time tit the mdcnt Egyptimz called dt rcprcrcntcd their vicar that the p l a a n of udrtcncc w ke4 unchulging. m d c t c d (M &ray 9). Thc pattcm i s s t h e y d c d m3.t. m lbsmrr noun &rived 6om the verb r n "dirccr" ~ m e concept of m3'1 den to thc mnvll ordcr of the univcrw. something like the notion of mmnl Irw in W w r n phiiaophy. It mcuu escnorlly "the wq ought ta be:' This i a concept b t ir nearly impoanile to -Lte aceunrcly by one Eaglish word so EklpmL the mnrrrip.

22

+L

don ofthc E g y p h word ("Muf'7 d e r rh-n a &eon. The Egyptimz w Mut u a form af MM - in 6cf thc n f avch faces. The hemglyph -, which appurs in mi* of the word, pn viewpoint It wnn. to mp~seotr rode or base on which ul objccr such u 2 L"w... a n smd, and pahaps for r b -n it rrmc to bc llvd rr m idcofor mething that ~1 bldc or &I&mmrrl. Lxk ocher lvrud f o m , M u t %# llso d i k e (ucE s q 4). As a god&. mt n-yI k mpmmtcd in hform.i & n ~ c d(for unknown m o o ) by the fnthnth Ishe dwqs ~ 7 i n N c k d into hcr headband. From this association thc feather rta am=to b. uxd u m idsggnm bm37. The E g y p h r rccm to have used the ferthcr,or thc hi&h of the god& wit (dl. 1, rn md miting 4whm they MWC d d & g of Mul ~ u al g o b . The wclc w d u m rdmgrun or nilitcnl sign h miting the word n3'1 iselfuld related wonls. rvch u the vatr m': "dirrn" md thc adjcnicnic m:.' which m''havingthe q d i q ofMur" Like the nhrr forces of m-, Mru wrr emblirhcd at the mtion, whcn the run rorc inm thc world for the firs rime; for this thirtyon,the @ s is o h c d d z31 F "the &+m of RR." To the Egyptimz, it wrs the uiatcncc of Mut itxlfth=t c t u d chat the w d d would conhue to udaaithdhmtheb+ningoftLnc:

-...,

M u t is cEec&c. lasting. md A: it b un-d rdncc thc time ofhim who made i t in the k c of the M o o t ... Hc who bypurer ie h is punLhcd: it is the p t h In the end it h Mut b f h-wmethkg of which a llynnpr: 'It i rhc l e g a l of my 6 t h ~ ~ :

Mut apcntcd bnh in the wodd at l q e and in thc world of h v m a5k.on the cmmir 1-d it gwcmcd thc pmpn funcdoning ofthc mi-. Maat was what kept the world's clcmcntl 6rrd m thnr rppmprLrc pluca. the serana ToUwhg in their namd order, night giving wnl m dq, and each pncntlon being succeeded by ulothcr. loth. Egypbn vim thu idul order did not mean that the more dainbL plm of namm should eliminate the lar dcinble: h t n d , thc concept of Mut was one in whch dl pvtr of lururc lived in b h c c md harmony. The d n a

s m y n d i n g Egypt for cumplc, wan a wild and *mu$ p k c , yet it alro served a purport in rwhting thc counmy fmm irr en-a for most ofancient Egyptian hsmry. In the same my, life L C I C Ypmferablc ~ to dnth, bur dclth i. &a nccesy, if succeeding gemartions am m th. same bcncfirs and oppommitia thxt thcir ant-rn I d . Mat &lso p m c d thc ~irnnacrworld of h u m a5k.In that aphcm Mur w e d as thc yYdmck a@i"st which the Eklp&n, m a m d mast of thcir unportrnt arpcdences:the= wtieq's d u a , t h e IELtiorship~with one anathcr, and evm rhcu awn paception of d i t y D D ~ pending on which of thae of h m activity iryr wan wed in. h t compondcd to roml diffcmnt modern concept.. and can bc &ud by r n u m k of h g b h atntncr no-: "rightv: "correct b c h a 2 ' "order," "jurticc";2nd "rmth?' The opporifc of Maat in each of thcre unr was jzfl: "wrong"; "incorrca or m & d wOr,.' ' . & d * : ' ".lojustice"; uld "fdschwd:' In our wcicty the distinction beween thac opposites is determined by c a d a of religions com~ndmcnr.and "ail h. Andcnt Egypt had no such coda. For thc Egyptians thc distinction was dc-ned by practical cxpmer that promoted b h c e d , borrmoniour xhtionrhip berwccn p p l c wrr m l c ("right derly,just, me'); that which did no< was a d C M t i o n ofjzfl. Although M a r was aublkhcd by rhc cmaror, as part of thc world's rutunl ordn u m c h m human bring. th-laer. In 0°C Mid& Ki"gd0m text the mator say$:

-

I ma& . . a , .

I did not c

m like hi,fenn ( m j w f S I C 4s 9 . 1 ~ . 4 ) . o d that t h q do jz/t: what I h e kid OUL

ir is thck h a m that d-

".

lo WO&, thc m m r atlblkheda b c c d "aivnsc ("1 m; hir f J l d l ; i m b h c c in the world coma about not through the ndstctcncc uvlr rvu .vlrr ("I did not command that they do jz$"), but through h m behavior ("it is their hearts that deshoy what I h- kid out"). The wnrcocc "I rmdc o c r g man like hi,feUm" ha %merimer been akcn la a ~igmthat thc Egyptivu bclicved in r ldnd of rutunl cqu.lity, bbut thir is nor the a c . The -me of Maat in the hunun sphere wa nor perfen r d and economic cqlulity but nth- the hammiour cocrisance of son*', different I-h (scc ~.szy 3). at did not m a n tlut the rich and p o d should become e q d to the poor md we14 or viccvmr: in 6 c t t u n that dcscn%c r soncry without M u r * i c e my thine like "The bof the lmd b e b c c m e rich men and the owners of thine. thore who hnc nothing.'' Inrasd. Maat munt thar the dch and pow& should uac thcir a h not m orploir hose lcrr farunate but d c r m help them. Tmb biogmphicr ohen ccho this undzmmding in sentcnccr mch as "I hnrc given bread m the hungri md clothiw to the n* and "1 was2 husband m the wid-, and a 6th- to the ocpban."

lr w thc duty o f d l Esyptim m live in i n i n i n h c e with MuL Only ifthey did so codd they join the s o c i q of the dud when t h q died (C Esay 8). In the ftd judgment that every Egyp nm (mthe hng) had m pru thmqh, thc hcvt of the dK-d wu weighed a-t a Lather m d c t c m c Ifhis m her d o n s in lifc ('ymbaliud by the h e w ) were in balance with m a t (the fnth.4. UnWrc the ftd trial of Christirn mdlhon, this not a rcligiourjudgmcnt but a. social one: 1 -. who h d bccn disruptive elements in the society of the living could hardly expect m k wclclomcd as mrmbca of the blessed s o c i q of the dead. O n b whcn thc comparison b m c c n Ibc h u n and Mut showed that the dcswcd w m3' bnu "mrc of mice'. MI the dead pmon dud. 6 4d - d by HOW, lii"g ofthe living, m the ~ f o n r i siring , While n o d E&nr wcm rqoruiblc for conducting their liin accordance with M u g +he king had r d d rcrparuibiity: not o+ m live his oum lifc accom the m c principle but bto win& M u t m m i q EPI a whole. ThU m p a ~ i b i l i qhmd m y di&rent k c a . Ic u.rr the km@ duly m kcep E8ypfff cncrmcl at bay, so that the countcy codd live in order md m q d t y ; m appoint just officlllr, who w d d keep roncty running moot& and in b o n y ;

-

m

scdc disputes between nomcr, towns. and people; to mmthe nrtiod p i n supply, so that p p l c would nor go hungry between haw-; and m plcvc the go& wth tcmplcr and o&-, m h r the fforccr of mnm would contlnuc ta look kindly on the Egyptimr. All of thoc d o n s , md 0th- like th-, wcm wen prr of the lung's duq m his rubjccrr and rhc go& - a duty m m m m d in Icm by the ph"Y '"put6q mPt in p k c o f j w and on temple v d s by image of bol o f M u t mI the k

(d)

1.

34-E5&2P4P

-=Uu96bfi A-

2.

F

-jt(i):

scc

S 7.8 n. I: hnw "intedor."

- h m m :-*s

> ~ & ~ ~ ~ , P & ! I-nu I I ~ "indeed: P , ! v Z L $-~ p-t: ~ hr(j)jb "wi&r" Z r. k -m(mk"food..

9

>&A\=%

q$q:$$.=&-$Lli$!&'4P r3. - & & , S t r,. r..

-past: wCw "soldid'

- hwI " b l a r W , b m f m Ery. 3 -1,

"pke"

1x8

ro. ADVzRBUL SFNmNCBS

dP3-&PE - . f - W f - W p rr. i&"BZ-&&%!Z -~~~"rncrnrnry~~: tp(jJ!~4nishe 14.

-0"

h r n rp 4 4 4 p ~and ~ PI-'. P

..'

~6.4!3~;:3 17. & P ! A o l o ~ p P 18.

-

-X~UPZ4P-

19.& 2-& C = 9= 10.

~LZ&'?Z&!P,

21.

zzne:

,m caE:' nbw "g,

22.

-kdcl&44

23.

-&:P,PtB

IIr h?!

IK

U1

5 8.3.1

-

24.

&8A&!fP

2s.

b&P,-ue

gg 8.1 o and 10.2

26. ,9,PAE 27.

kbf-PPIC~.A&akkB -mw'.e

.a.

kckza

29. , Q r P x & , e

-prrt:

30. = 6 1 j & - # b k k 9 L , d

3r. 3..

hyt "tdbe.'

vdpw"waifcr.';jrr see g 8.6.4

-b?b

"PTCI ace''

n~~Cd2PECV-P -pt;t:,..a Ibr" (see § 8.2.7) .;1-&4!F&LP -"ds "mmonlm:' rnnpt'Vrn"

33.44wr=

3s.

&xa!k& 96Ed-lt

36.

;;,*MS4TZ

34.

37. 3839.

- 'nb "Life"

f3el&-#h&k,?$,P -&-5-L!-~C&-lZ4P "Sohck": scc

gg 8.13 and ta.7

Kpcditionuy force"

-W

bI"heW

- c mr*

40.

&.&pg&&d&& - :hw-nccdy..

41.

-!=I

0.F i 8 4 7 z - % P P 7 - ) $

-bd"chi1d"

a

qucrdr,n,nor t-mlated: rm "fish:'

rbk

11. Nonverbal Senten, '11.1

D&

.

.

.. .

>-

.

u rdjdvll. n o d , a d rdvabid. In a h of thcv -ten-

the p d u t c is not a verb, rhhough English force rum tcm&e them with one -unully, r farm of thc vcrb be. B c u u v of t)nr common fc1hu~Egyptalogurs group the three kind. of rcntcncc together undcr the h d n g of " n o n ~ e ~rmtcncn," !d which 1%short for the mo1c ucuntc -tion "sentence with a n a r &rl p d i u f f " (rcc 17.1).In tbk 1-n arc will look at thc k c kind. of nonverbal sentences rogcrhn. md at romc & h e r h m r c r of thcm. 11.1

B.(ic k we -1

king

the k c kind. of I r thc subject md

&mnr

forms.

F h a a basic

Pflm

an ndjectivc (zhuyJ mvcvlinc r L y . l v or d c dull). subject: for nnmplc, nfrrdm "LLrrningis gmd:' w h m rhc I rhc rubjccr. ,dm "hfcning" namely, that it is "good:'

n6tg of thef qurLty of

ES 2

-

N o m i d M-Chave taro bvic pattern: A B md A pu the ~ubjcdor predicate. Tbcy e x p the ~ identity of thdr r

.. -.. ...*,..

pmdiute rC fcb who rhc subjccf pw "he:' is); phrt pw prdute pbrl "r cycle" e x p b what the subjecr. 5th 'Iifc:' is). &c

iorBunbc r Re" (where (wh- thc

4"

Adverbid sontcnsn unuylhnc the ptt- SUBJE~-PR~DIULTE, whhh the p d i u t e is a advcrb or p r i t i o u l l phnnc; in some tbk paan bc rcvcncd, with thc p d i u t c preceding the svbject Dupite mcir -0"s famu. d"obirl m m c e dl u p r a r cocnti+ the location of their rvbjccr This is self-evidcnt in -fmfmer such l-r m k au =3 "You u.h m " mduccd by the p m c t m.k), bur it is rlro m e of r rentencc such v p jljj m w% "My 6dnced by the prrricleju). r w a soldier" (literally, "My fither w

d .nd m a r k e d . m t m c n f 6% thxm kin& of nonvcrbrl m t m c < ~dcntity,or loution bctwccn i s sr ..... b n c n say nothing a b u t when these n

-

o* r p..xi& mhtiaml,ip .h their basic pmcrn, nanvcr-.,-d m be m c , whether or o~ at a prrricvlv time in rlrc p t , F e n < or future. ~inguisrrd this kind o f f e m "uomarked:' The Engiirh noun pilot, for example, i d e d far gender: it un be rucd of r rmlc pdor or a fcrmlc one. b c u m L1vt y nothing about me so( ofthe pm;on it refm m. 11" conthe nom ameu is marked for gender. bcum it aaly rcfcr to a wonun). E m nonvdd

-

'

'' I

wntcncn 1IF w"mrM for m e .

-

1x9

rm

11. N

O

~

~

C

E

S

When m clement or co-don of r lrnis w h d for a puricvlv f m m , it an be u x d either without uying anything rbovt that fmmm or with a more limited rrfmncc. In the English wntcncc 7kpplbt M r d thrpbw safily nahing is k d about the pilot's sex. whthe wntence Tkr pilot turned the ronrmb o m to hn q i l a r is clearly a b u t li fcoule pilor Sincc E ~ y p h nom& IUIMES arc u n d c d for anw,they un bc uwd either withovt reference to r patic& time or with mom limited reference to the ps.% p-n~ or future. In m a y cua nonv& sentences up- a gcnaic rebtionrhip, one which ir m e rc&les of tLnc ( x c § 7.16): nfishm ''Hearing L good" (zdjectivllpmdinte); pbrt p v 5th "LiG is Icycle" ( n d pmdintc); z: rdmw m i m w hnu "An obedient son is r foUower of Honu" (adverbid pmdince)). More limited relrrionrhip an bc indicated by somethingin the sentence i M ( a the pmnoun ho d o n for the noun pilor in the English xntcoce cited a h ) : for uomple, "fr f m h w p n "It is gWd for him on dir dq" (djejcctivd predicate: Exen& 8, no. I=),@ m w m hrj mjn "Durh is in my right rodq" (advethid prediuu: 10.3). Oficn. how-, it is ~ o l ythc conrm that determine whcthcr the reLtioruhip up-d by a nonvcthd sentence is m a r rs gcncdc or u rmc in the p u t p m Q or fu-. Thc &&id tentencejw mwl m b r j mjn 'Dmth is in my right rodry" is clculy -t to be unduamod v m c in thc p m f nor genmdy or in the p a t or future. This -pod Limitation is indicated nor only by thc adverb mjn "mdy" but dm by the pudclc jw,which is typidy urcd for statcmencl that are m e ooly rmpomdy or in puticvlv sircumrrmccr. As we uw in g 10.3,

jwan~bcuwdinthlwywi~m1djdjtivll~nfC'.jwnfiwmp3hw"H~is~odoodthir day'' In both u r a j w wwes to mark the sentence as limited nth" rhu, gensdc in referenen. Hcrc we come m m impatant &IT-cc b e m e n the wiour kin& of nonvcthd sen-s Althmgh d thre.uc d s d tor in Middle E m & nor+ only thm with m =herbid or adjectival +cafe on bc d e d m indiulc that they haw m e limited rcfmncc m r p v r i h m l c or ~ ~ ~ C U M M C ~ This . ht.m do with the kind of relatiomhip that c r h o/pc of noov d d xntcnse eqreses. In Em-, @ly m d location uc &tiomhip that can be arprsxd eith" u d e d for tnuc (rn the buic rdj& and M u l x n m c e ) or u ""rked (for exampl~.by~~~m~m~reLimitedtimeee~~~:nfiw~~H~isgoo p3 h w ' 7 l c is p o d rodry"; bru*.k n p.k 'Your posaeacionr uc in your ha-" vs. j w f m 'r "It is in r m m . " For relatiomhip of idcntily, h m , E&&n makes r dk6maion benwccn marked md 4wn(~ncn.N d x n ~ n c ac m only express mhtionrhip d identity that u. mm-Led for a m : nth r' "You are Re." Na-, dncc mch x n m c a am unmarked they cm bc YVd nor ooly fM gcncdc rtrfemfeme but dm for momcnrr that hne r mom limited qpliability: f p "Hc is Re:' @ 3 w p "It wu a MLc:'RSLtiomhip ofidentity that uc m& for &race (o a mom limited time or cirar-, howcvcr. cul only be q x c s d by the hcld&irl - ~ c e of i d d r y with the p-tion m 6 10.6): nlk 'Youuc H-" (mnmkd)v..jw.k m Qw'You uc Honu" f ie '$YO" , uc in H r n ? compare Emdw 1.3, "0.24). As we hnc noted before. these Wncticticti that fdrt in E m & sentence n m d l y nuke no dine-cc m their ~ n & h &tiom, ~t is impomt m bc of thm. hour-r, not ~ o l ybc n u w they do udU in Egyptian but dm bcabca they undalie some 0th- differencesin E m &

-.

g~ururd"hrrwcwiUm~~finthth"~~flcnon~

11.4

Tbe n m e r b d negation ofcrd.tsnce .ad adverbial ssntemcH g 10.4.2wc w that the p.rtidc 2 an 'hot" ir uwd m n w r c the M i d wnuncc. r v o c pufldc un a h be wed to f w e ~ ~ S ~ C S ~ia C Sa ~wnrc(cc(c C S ~ C wich the pnn A , where A ir

ne

or pmnoun, without my pqoaltiond phrrre or a h r b Ifmit: for e m pL. nn rnPcrjw"Thuc u~ no rightcow m a ? ' Whm nn A conaim r noun that h a a r& pronoun, the m r c n c e unununa m the n w e o n ofp.....on: foroumplc, nn m r w f " ~ cb no chidrm" (lift*, " ~ i chlldrcn r a noun. noun

l2dhp8

=fiPt984-

This conrmcrion i. o k n found &r m undefined noun (§ 4.9): in that au,nn c m b translated by the E+h prcpaition "without": for aumplc. (P!zZ~ht\! wbt

ue not'). wdy

kc without r rudder" (lircnlly, "r barge, itr ruddcr nor"). I" romc u r a w b t larks like a ncgrtcd rd""bid scnfcncc ir rtluy,1 nn A of adswith m adverb or prepaaitiod phmc m h e d : for complc, n- rm brs 'There is no rednca on it" Acmdiy, there ir no diffcrffcrnce brwccn this kind of ~cntencem d a n p f d advethid scnccncc such a, tbBd-l,nn mwr.k bnc.k "Your m o t h is not with pu:'Just like the ncgrtion of cxistcncc, the negated r&M ~ ~ r c n amounts cc m r denid that rhc =hen exists m the a m t i a n r p e d c d by thc rdvnbid p h e : i.c.. rr fir rr the sitvation bnc.k "with you" in conccrncd, m&.k ''lour mother"i. nonexistent M

b w s "a

t-h!Wz!

cnce

1.5 The negation atnomind scntcne~ In Middle E g y p h , n o d scnrcnca r r . nomdy n e w d by two wordr mgnhi "1 (wlthout -!) plua the pmcle js. Thew two elements sand on cirher si& ofthc wntcnce-I.=., n j A j s B , nz Appro, md n j A j r p B : far example,

-

41

-gMS

nj .a js z(jJ '"YOU2.

not 2 m

"

-.1"911 nj we j~ p " s mnor broad one" -hPIPbP& " j w j $ p w j m 'Th. p t th2

0°C

is not a Bat

0tt.-

Thcw c u m p l a u.ncptiom of the s c n t e n c ~ntk zj 'You u.r rmo" ( A B), wb pw "It wu r brmd one" ( A pw scc § 7.15). and w p w w jm "The p t one there is r p a t one" ( A p B). rapcctively O c u r i o W the pw p m of a ncptcd A pw rcntacc un b omittcd: nj J j j r "He u not my son" (ncgrdon of r3 j p w "He is my son"). The p d d a n j a d js "bndref" the A p m mfthth ~ M M M , much like the n w t k p d d a m (or ",) urd p a d o far h c h verb. (T"n'" p a un h m c -You rr. not a m"). Both "j m d JSare esmtid p m of the negrtion. even though t h q rn ucrd 6om one mothcr. xntencc i. not ncgrrcd just by "j done: p .-r ca*tiom uc redly ditr-f co-ctiom. a, we will rcc below. The @de nn ir not nomuyl found ia scntenccr with r n o m i d prediufc. In. fcar c-. hmcm, a u ulcd ~mrcadof nj or cvcn by xrulfncpouo uf thc nvmrd w n m c c . for rumplc. Zkb.! ,JIV nnz3.kjrpw"Hc -not y o u r m " uld ;)9-$*= j, m n+ ? t, ppv h mnvl n ' It a nor r I d o n your ~houldem"Thu kmd uf ncplhon. huwcvcr. u nomulhi found only in tern rftcr Dynuty 12, m d cvcn t h m it is the exception rather than the rule.

-&$$PI

Zk

11. NONYERBNIENENCEE

111

rr.6

The negation of adjectival -PIIOH Bcndri ia uw in the ncgrdon of the hcsentence md ia the nn A ma~rmcti nn is .lraused m n q t c the adpxivll yntencc: for c m p l e ,

kYt~%o~kdlfe

m.m nn h r p 3 r k(nhl "Look, that (mount of) bread uld beer is not little." in Middle

".

E m & . N o w rhc IMauec .ref*= to w a n&*entencc consrrvctlon iIlurud: for ex" rmplc, "j w s b p p w "It aras not r broad one" (cited in the prrvio ur, not broad." The rdjectid w n m kd by nj ...jr, likc the nome.,' Orhcr : . m 1 rccm to contain m l d j c ",,&out j*, mually predicate, not m rdjectiv

-?;.BPiQPl?

-

11.7

Otbrr nanserbdneplions Egyptinn cm alo n q t f Beaidida negating nonvcrt,d sen-. Lh does thL with thc ncgatiriri no or n*: for example, No pu c "of in ltving mmary (megaboo of the p w m si o d phnv in iiviq nj is used to ncgacc a."r.l.. r-. in.nnrr

-

--.;f;~& njbrp"1tis: o n

ThL is m A pw n o d in which thc A p e is rhc phnrphnr nj bf "nothingBB Althrhrhgh it looh likc r ncgrtivc n d sentence, it doc. not conform m my d for such r sentence (§ 1r.5). Here only the wd b: "rhiog" n n q t d not t wlf. ifEgypdrn had w t c d to ncgrtc rhc untencc, it wvld havc wittcn

-24)

"If L not 8 thin+''

m an& 7vord or phnsc, Eg in uonconrirting of the ncgadvc nj md the partidej!i together. The "C& nor' or "cxccpt": for c m p l e ,

When a word oc p h n v h -uod

ncgrdon

-PI,

nay.bc onr!Ated "nof" "md noC' '%"I

IEBkP-IIP-biQ-

m j w k "a poor rrmo, nor yow c q d bww n j j: ~ (negrtion orthe novn mjrn.k)

h&4p&2E

m m3-t njj, mgg "in mth, md notinlying" (neetion ofthc prepoaiaonrl phnv m a81

-B-243&2-PP&(negation ofthc adverb wf).

d jnmfnjjs

Pw

unt "his skin is firm, but nor 6

. ..

.

.

h t h a uumpkr &ow. nj j~ncgrte bod worm ma pNocr, wmrm rm] Wnc ccgrta word%Thc ditT-ce between nj md n j p as thc negation of r word L that njjr is only uwd wvCv ux tion con-with or qdifta some othcr w a d or p h , u cm be sen in the aamplri pvcn

ab-.

I,,.a

11.

NONVERBAL SE-CES

I23

Nonverbal negations: s-ary For convcnimt reference, the nonvcrbrl nq one on bc sunmvrired v foIIm:

=

-

mcmroNsm r r ~ nn A

ncgrta ndrtcncc (§ , I .4) negates adverbid scntc nccr (§$ 10.4.1, rr.. .*\ ncptu r d j c ~ t i d s c n t. e.. ".. ~U, . Ll.",

= ... 91

negates nomilul

,.

11.9

(in h e r Middlc Egyptian: 1 11.5) negates nominal rentenca (in h e r Middlc Egyptirn: I r.5). M t M C . 5

N-rbd sentence ofpossccddn Bcginnlng in Lason 6 we hlvc rccn different ways in which Middlc EWplirn orpz tiomhip bcrwccn z possesor md r thing possmed without ulinp a verb: I.

2.

vnominalprediute nb X "owncr of X (§ 6.9). w h o . n ,Ie, EFEwj a k n b k3w-I m t

. .

X is thc lhing om~ed:for aomo m owner ofbulln")

the nfr *r ""W of k c " c o m m o n ($3 0.5, 0.9,. where nfr d m to thc mad hr is thc thmg p-cd: for mmple, =r3m m "1 h c many scd" (litcdy, "I un m y ofrcr6')

A3Q\%?z44jnk

v zdjectid predicate "j A B 'Rbclangs to B" or '% belongs I to A" (5 7.5). where either A or B an bc the own= for instance. ?toJ wj r' "I belong m Re:' gi$knnk pr " T h e sky belongs to me"

3. v rhrcrbLlpredicate

.

with the prepribon n "to" md the p r e p a i t i o d p k s n Xp(yJ "X's" md m '"in the h n d of' ($9 6.10, the of the preporition prrporitiond p h L mer: f a r u u n p ~ ~ , ..jz . ~ b j - ~ h ~ hu tomb:' . k jrn $0 "It is yours:' b m j m 'j "I hnc my poscssionr" with thc preposition br "mdd:' where thc ~ b j c c fof the preposiaon h the thing p o e rcrrcd: NC" hr h, 'We h Egypttt

=91~~~98

&&ahd$

=9&~

;;;l&ako

Note rta rhc conrrmctlonwith nn followed by r noun with a ru& pronoun or pmwoisc pronoun. -d in § 11.4 = b e : ZBldP,?- nm r n wf'Hc hss no childrdrdr' r verb in the English -lation ("om:' ''belong:' "he:' Although mat of thex ctc.), thc, am dl nonvcrbdsentence. in EgyptLo, since Eklpdm has no verb of prcsrian.

xr.ro Nonverbal wntence without a .,'bjoSt In 99 8.5 and 10.9. we snu that adjectival and d i d p d a t e s cm bah be uwd without a subjcn when thc subject d-nt rcfcr m m+mg in pm&. Such sentcnccr are nornorhtcd inm English vring the "d-y subject" it for example, nfr n.m "It is good for you" mdiw mjrbr nh"1t wrr like the p h ofa god." Nominal rentcncn in Middle Egyptivr must h n c m cxp-ed subject, ecept in thc ncgrtive, where the p of m A gw wntcncc an be omitted: for iwrmce, nj 134 js "He is not my ron" (5 I z.D.1" this rnthe omitted %amlIyd e n to mcthing ("he")bur c m rtin be aninsd,perhaps for srytistic m o o r .

Ir.rr Nonverbal interrogativesenfenIn Lmroor 7 and ro we mcr n a m p l a of nonverbal wntmces in which the predicate b m intcrrogrflve pmnoun. adjective. or adverb, or ri p-itiod p b contining intemgrtivc pronoun (§§ 7 . r ro.xo). ~ Egyptim an & make question. with nonverbal vnvncs that do not Iwc thcre in=-tive wordr. This i be done in two ways. I . Virtod questions Grammarims urc the r c m "virmll" u the oppalilc of "d A vimul question is one that hu nothing m indiute it ir r quation other than i s context that is, r wntcnss that is redly r. atate mcnt but which fondom u r question. ThL kind ofqvafion a k s in E~nglirh:for -PIC. Jak irn'c h m ya?,which hu exurb, the same words md em-the sorcmcntJd irn't her rt.In Fa&h apecch, of c o w , the two ~ n t c n c c sare pmnounced diff-tlv: in the amation thc vmce rircr at the end of the wnMCe, e d m the ~mfcmcmnrrf 6lh at thc rhnd (you c m hnr tlIC diff-cc by pmnouncing thc two m t e n c a our loud). In miring. howem, the only rhing that &Mthem is their final punsllutioion (question marli versur pcda Egyprun could &o make vLturl quetiom. hcrurmbty thcy mo wcrc disting stltemcnh by r diffcrcncc in pmnuncirnon, but we h.vc no way of knowing if or t done. Sincc mitten EgVptivr hu no punctuwioa muks. q~l-..~... -7 -. statemenh. An uumplc is rhc two-pur w n m c e 39&_*34& h m herlo (no. 14): nnu jm,nn mw jm "1s water there.or k water not them?" Thh is two --ens that u.wed as quesrionr: lirrnlly, 'Wafer is thae?Water is not th-?" Such vimul q u m o m seem to k about u common in Egyptian u they u.in English. Unfo-rdy, we hrvc no wy of knounng whnhcr a nonv& sentence is m a t u a statement or u a quation -t h m thc conin which it is 4.Even thm the maning is nor .lamir = l a h the u ~ m p l jun c cited, for inrrmcc, 0 jm could ah bc und& u m m e t i n g atltcmmt "Thcrc is no w r c r thee

.

ma

.

m.

1. Quatiwith interrogative puticl" Although lrngvlpr an rmLc virmal q u a tioor. they & h. qucrtionr fmm s t a m e n s . In English, quatioo., , , Auted by reversing rhc a v b j ~ t m d vcrb: for inrrmcc. 1sJill hm'vcrsur Jill is hn.. In Egyptian, rul (nonvimul) qucrtiO N u.UNally m k e d by one or two puticla:

,-,

9jn (&

Pv-d

-.

-

n)

.

-at the beginniag orthe sentence

~ i Q n ( a h ~ i m d - I , \ \ ~ ) - ~ d e t h c r n v n c c . ~ & t ht word. efi~

rzs

I I. NONVERB~L SENENCFS

W e have h d y met both of t h e putides: jn in questions with the inmmgrtivc pronoun mj (§,.l3.r);and hqactoftheinfslmgrtiripronmpn, origiolllyp"-h(g 5.1,). Thepvti&jm-bcoscdbyi~orwitht~,md~mf~ppcuinqud~~thrll~ of prcdicrtcs. It rcrvcr as r End ofEByptirn "qucarion maW uld lilc a question mark is nor no* m l r c d . The pmiclc n .Lo is +not m&& ocosionrllg however, it wemr m mem somethingWrc "&or "rcaLIy." Bxaq1es with a n o m i d p d rrr:

4-b2%~ jn 9 mb31 ~ P "1s it a dc?"'

(an A P -t-cd

4 - Y ? k o b ~ Y ? a - i ~ ~ j n p 3 r b . n mdt "h chk the phrve of spccch? (m A pw B renance).

Smtcnca with m rd""4Y p r r d i ~ f crc&

9-@,i,dX-

jnjw

9-4G,mS-flS++jul

tr

""c

0)tO.i)

the pvtidcjw

=3''1smy fithcrhrh

~mbcapthforyc

*.k$

&n>,

Scntmca with r n o m i d prcdion .La I wnrmcn (§Iro.3, r1.3): foriarmce.

u*

rcg

9-~)0l~p%@ j ~ j w q m r p w "it~r~ This is just

h u t the only si-on

-..

in which Middle Fmmhn YVI iw in li xn-c

pnmafc.

with th t

h

d

When the pad& jn is wdmco A, thc !mcensc un look 1 tbm a question: for uumplc.

--g="Lfi

(j~wn.kCnfjw"Dc

.

IIC M bc fairly CCc h i n chat thac u. ""rch the pact- for the ncgrflon of nonvnM xntcnccr. The f,"t -pie h u m rdjccdd prcdiufe (literally, "Is myn.h gmt m you?l,.md should be r q u l*on bccruw the few h m c c s of ncplrd djcctid w n v nc a use the neptions nn ornj ... js.m ~t "1 dome (§ 11.6). The second ;or In. oftcn by nn ...jr or nn, camplt:iulABnomid1 sentence, which i negated by e j ... j>

Despite thdr apparulcc,

burnor ur

svua.E

ly

T h e kt ltcmnples show how impomnt it is m w urdvl e n t i o n m the wording of m Egyptian mrcnce. Since hiooglyphic r p c E q is not rmdrrdkcd. we o h havc to rcb on dues u scntencc pnttemr md word-ordcr m unddrand w h t 1 puricullr writ-ce m-. Sometimes we u.fommtt enough m h e drncicnt copies of r pvticulv tort to g i d c ua d. The h t cumplc in tbc previo-J p a r a ~ p h(h a Middle Egypstow)i = in point: m mathn copy of the now the thmc sentence hrr 4-pe jn jw h m d of so we c m be hirb Fcrtlin thrt i in bhf 2 spelling of> uld not thc nwtion. But chk kind of utra evi&ncc is the exception nthcr than tbc rule. In mort cues, wc on1 c of thc wn-

-

t c n a iselfto p i & ru.

-.

-

-

c -tion of Egyptim Esqucntty nuLc r r k m c c to the go& md ndR m ~ i a u with d thc world. Thue were mvly diff-t crrrtion rccounu, md mr used m think the svlr of a prmcuLr god in one of the mrjor "tin of mcirnt E rcccnt yeus. that thnc represented c o w g thmlagicr, md m a cntrin cnt ph"ti0or of hm0101, wholu. h e bcw to rccogaize that the \Rdous z c o t the -tion than &&rent q c s m of. single, dam u n & n r m q or now mc world u m e m be. In thc ncn few essay we will 1 k at thmmc different m u n u md the goda invokd m r h . In EByptim thc creation wrr d e d I* n@"the time ofthc go4" or more sped*

=a?&?

ZOql a r "the timc O ~ R ~ : 'but &, 3 4 f l I*

"the

of the

god.? T ~ dL- 8 thc

-

E k l p t h view that the nution ininohred both th single -mr md the 0th" go& d. wdL i f f n mpcntivc A n vnong d the f o r c ~ md d-nu ofthe uoiuoiuoi. ~ c f o r cthe world -ad the uoiwr.a limitles mean, whose m t e a atretched m is hiry m d dimdoor (see EBlY 2). Thc Egypd e d this wacclo nwo) "the m a r g one:' L*c the othcr clcmcnu of the heunivcrw, it wrr r god (Nu. hter Nun),who ir o h d c d

-

El

j,(j) ".#!a "fithe' of the god." in r e c o ~ t i o nof his priodr,. Although no one had CVCT YM this uniunicrul crulcrulcrulm,ia f a- could be w e d by conm with thc melted world. If mfe' (mq), whde the world con& dry Imd md air. Whm thc crated world i. ztivc, it incd W.O).~).source ofthc hfcr nunc ~ m ) lr. aor m ania flood( l i b = h ( ~ )wherr . the Imd ofthe m d d ir f i t e . While the world i i lit by the sun, it lq in pcrpcd & h a s ( Z b T k b ) . And, in urnrmt m thc rmx~~blblc md h d l c amdd. it hidden jmn) md lort (L!hA tm). Wre rhc wrrcn ~ ~ F I I U Fthese I V Cqurlitin J. were seen u divine in their own right, m d u mrlc &itin bccavw thcir m a uc muculinc. Some of them are mentioned in the evliert mligiour texts, &ting m the end of the Old Kingdom.Beuluc the m t m th-CC wcm m u ~ r c g dp m ofthe -tion - its k l g m u n d the qullitlcr of& 1 ~ 1 could ~ ~ d 3 o bc berecn u creator g d . In tcm of the First Inmmcdirtc R d o d md the Middle Kingdom we meet four of rhcm in this 11.Waterinas : ( m y ) md Inhiry (hhw). D u h a (khy) and "Lames" (m).Since the Egypd t , . -tion with birrh, the d c qurlitia arm given f e d c count-. By the Late Pcdod, the p u p coadated of four p i n : unuyI Nu (or Nun)md Naunct (scc Enly 2 ) . f c p h ~ t i n barh g wrrednar a d inmnes (njnz); Hnh md Hauhcr, infinir,; Kuk md IOuket, duknar; md ndu a d Amatmet, hiddcnnas. Thc eight god.m g d m were wonhippcd u ;:PPbdi bmnry "the Ogdoad" (a G m k word PU,', of eight'^. T h q am oftm shown with thc head3 of b g r ( d c ) md d e ( f c de). two ~ ~ cof& i n that the Emti- - l a d with crutivs =tea. The t h t b l md ~ wonhip of the Ogd-d was c e n t 4 m the mwn of Hcmopoli.. which wrr cdcd iz8 bmnvl "~i~hc-tovll" in thcir honor. m m e , which pmnouaced q m y in ~ Copm, h mmvcd in the modcrn h b i c nunc of the *a of mcient Hnmopolu, cl-&"".in. thrr concmmte on the Ogdold'. mlc in the -tion ue !"o .wn u the HermaThe ~ l i rynnn. m ~ o s of t w k t wc hoa,about this h o ~ q k cl o m a from tcm of the Pmlanric

(UA

(I=%

-

-

II. NO-N

I17

SENTENCES

...

Pcdod Thnc d the gmup "the 6m o w the c l d a god.. who dewlution ... who M L C ~ thc b+mhg m their hi'In cadi= tern the god3 uc simply mentioned by m e . hlthoughwe lack .dy rccoun~of the H~rmopliturrlrl~cm,h m it is lil+ thrt the theology w meet in inlcrmic tam existed h r d y in the Old Kb&m rincc the name b w 'Eight-', Itff back to the Fifth Dp"5y In one ofthc hter -t the Ogdozd is & m i d u "the 6th- md m o t h of the ~ a d i d r... they floated in rmcndrncc C* him and 5m n n d 00 the high hi0 h which the sun's lotus m:'Thir &a m one of thc udicrt L n m Egypdan i ~ g ofa the ootion: a mound of cuth tbt rmmged u thc 6nt dry h d when thc prLnnnl waren m e d d It is templing to =c in this imagethe view of the .dyE g y p h firmcrr, watching thc highest movnd, of crrth anu the md f l h t e n of the inundationm d c d fmm them ficldr.Jut u the NdeS inundation lefr thc land f d c md mdy m gmw new p h s , ID too the u n i d watcn produced new life on the mound, in the form of a l o w p h t fmm whac blossom the sun cmcrgcd for the 6m time into the world, m ~ v 'light r &ex the dulmdulm." Thc E ~ p worship$ h h l k t 1p h f u the god Nehmun njr-M). The primeval hill ifp~lfthqhonoxd lr the 6m '>lace" in the world, in the farm of the god Ta+nen rr@m0) lit&, "land that besoma &tinct"). M m y Egyptian tnnplu bad r mound of nnh in mdr mhlyr h c h nor Drily commrmo~rcdthe -4 mound but which rlro w v l m d u the primnr.l hill. W r e the ontion rccovnrr thcmrclvu. thctc m o w mound, did not compete for recognitionrr the p d m d hdl but were vicwcd rr dtermtivc,md complementmy, rrllintioor ofthc "6mpkc" (rcc the diS"ui0" ofs,mcrrtkm in Esq- 4). The mug. of thc p d m d mound is prcwmd not o* in -son tom but rlro in higtvphs. Thc word ''xppepclr" h mitten with the bilifcnl sign 8,'cp'cpnting the rrgr of thc run >*padogwer 8 mound of d. In eak hiemglyph chi. sigm hax the form U ,when th. is -n clearer.

(&=Ll

(z$u

*

*

XI. NONVEREUSEMMC~S

128

=4%%-7-B -jw"canpLint" rr. P'&~ln2,84Y!Pa'2; - a nc@vs ro.

(Z wdc

with taro p m &a).g?w'%hich

quariarim:not

...":jw..eno<junu"bl~nce"

w

rz. ~~4Eft&TBP,,lt -for n p s e $4 5.8-5.9; '3.n "lump I~.Z&~VLZP;"~L~'OJ$ -rn.jw"acpw b n b e * =vrryonc:. 14. BlRZ~I-P&IPX~P-V-h t "-c" rprl 'hablnwomm" rr. -&&PPV&&;= -fumre: m j ~ ~ " e ( f u one l , who i lik 16. !&.iTtZA;= -a metaphor for b i 1 ~ 1 (mi: "tm "der

r,.

bj" "ad'

." (litdb.

of thc endmure')

ZS~X~L~+=-!A(C~~I~I= -nw "+ring."jwcw

r8. - ~ ~ ~ ~ ( ~ 6 ~ = - - ~ " - ~ ' ; r t ~ f r n b r c k r n nlmr.--v.u--..-

&Wd=&$'1= F2442V -= I .z. -&BrKC&"-.: az. T1E&.@A044Z -

ad+$'

19.

20.

"0.

. 23. -k5%Z&h!d8'= qn '%bmrs:'&

"night" (s.

Egyptian, but Snt in ~nglith).

..., - ~ % k m t "zh..oncwho
(j). ringuLr u apencd with just a unilircd r: for eumplc,

TC-.

-

n.7 The relalive n d j c s h ntj Y Y YOm adj-. nrj a h bc bcwd as a aoyn, k c other cdjecdve (see § 6.4). When it in Smce vwd just by i a without an mfcc&nt or a following rchtlvc claw. nq s a noun meaning "hc who exim:' "she who &:' "that which odr8:. or "thorc who exirt, thorc which a d s t " (depending on itr form). Morc o h , n$ h.r r dative chow it bur no antcccdcnr In that -, tbs cntlre "rj churc fuoctious u 8 noun, and ntf us* ha to bc -lafed rr "one who:' "hc *a:' "that which:' md Ia forth (see S 12.2): for urmplc.

iBXAl&-A- - mj ntj m mr-f"lik cone who is in hi5

This is r direct mhhvc cklvlcwithngvitrn rbject: thc mtirc cl; ioon mj 'a=." hn examg o f m indirect rcLbvc &we u.cd ut

- j n nrj m w m bI-f'%y the one in whq=?&Th&F-

b ct

h

pan*.

5 12.5) adthe mtirc ntj cLvw is the object of the pqmitionjn *%." Whm it h d a u u r noun, ng crn be modihcd by the r d j c c ~ knb. likc othcr no-. Thc phnrc "g nb (~rc.) mnnr "anyonyo who, -one who, wh-c."uld wr forrh: Tor uunple. H a the 3ubjccrof& rchtiti chuw ir mnvr " p a i d

Cryqb~

4.'

~

.tr nbtjmd.'to@a

~

rn k3 n ng tzb mfl

L.ofcvcryonc whow m e ln the h t of fhsc aompla nn ir the mbjc rn f fit*, "for thc L.of cwy one-who hu -c

(~ompu.thc =and-lut nrmplc in

w i d o&l

?

"for thc

I

za on rnu sn

'

.

"

~

$

~

Thcorctiu4; n$ cm bc used m rmkc my adverbid sentence inm a dative chhe. Since rhc subject of m a d d i a l predicate un ramc6mc6m bc omitted 6 ro.9). urc can arpcctm h d relctiac c h w where this i a h me. An -11 i. the cxpcxpon n$ nf (using m oldo rpclhg of ng). Thir me- !it&, "one who (there is something) far him."It is used a 2 noun maning "one who has rhings" (see J 11.9.3). jwt u b g b h nuka nuka noun DDL of the vab have in the exprcaion rk hm, and rhr hm-nofr. 11.8

Negative relative &.~e* with " I j We saw in 12.4 that Egyptian usa "4 u the mbjea of r k &tivc chusc. W h e n such r ch- b ncgrted, h m r . 2 +re pronoun haa to bc uscd a its subject: for uur

nn nn >r m _hw.f%atwhichwsnot LKideit" -

==l-&Ea$E

This i m example of lrehtiti dam uscd a a noun, withoot m ultefcfcdmf 6 11 the independentrcntcnce nn st m hnwf"it ws not imide ic" with the pmnrmn n lit&, "that whch ~t(rr) wrr not m 1ts invdar bnwa.'' 12.9

Ths d a t i v e adjectivej i r j The wmnd rchtivc adjective in Middlc Eggl

,-

haa the fonowi

MNCUUNESWGULNl

jwlj

2s.3% 2s .

MilscurMmPrurur

$9

&I y-.

-

Ls,-b:s.z

j..

FmaNlNE

-~.

u r bili d with thc has thc &ejw or+< clswhd u e "j or m Jtcrmtive wrifing of n. Thc cndinga aIe those ofthe &be. u with nti. although the ori@d ward h m which thc ni8bc b f o o d do 111gcredr6 Ln strndvd Middle Elg m h . Thc rchtivc =dj& jMj ws on& the ncgtivc counlC l p Y t of "li.mcrn ing '"who noc > ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ - -.~-~,L. which noll-~~~a),n'$~l-

mnfnni~:wpw

'He saw that a m a ent r e d

u saw') md u object of the hc& m33f'%c rav the n o d wntcnce il3wpw ' 3 "It wrs r pelt secret" 1%. ,, ,,. - ... the object of preporitioianr u well u of verb. The tollowing cornibbations of nrt m d a preposition or preposition1phnse u e noun clam rc-

A n ,~ u n chusc with nlt can occvc u

n ns "~Einghr"-litmlly,

"with (the kt)&a" (rcc "fm, bbccausc" lit.+. "for (the fact) h t " 6 8.. "insmucha''-hte+, "with =pea to (the krnu "bccauw" litc* "upan (rhc hcr) that" 8.2.101 t)that" 1s 8.z.rr) "I, "in vim of (thek drnn "rincc" -litedy, "sincc that" (5 8.2.17).

-

n nu r ntt

-

e combinrtiaianr. n c h

~

na, 6r nn, md dr ntl uc found mart c,fta in Middle Egy p h turn. the object of r prqlosition, with dl th~reckin& of

c ~xarnplcrof a noun chuw as

nl prediua:

1s

138

12.NONVERBALCULUSES

?~X!,~&lPk@ hr Nt ttfkjlli) m nmh %uu

you us r 6rhn m the o r p W

(nominal pmliate)

?=QZD'B-N&hrnfl n l j b n

r' L happy"

(r4mivrl predicate)

?Zl..Lnb&aA b r n r t m i ~ p m' (rdverbd predidite).

When a noun chuw mdaodccd by nn brr ti p o w pmooaod aod the subjen nt m advexbid p& ate. E m & norm& uur thc ume faof the ppronoun that i r h i n i n d l c n ,dative chwith nq (§ 12.6):that is. thc xu& form except for 1%9 ' m d 3" rr: for wunplc.

b=-&%&&-To%

drnnfm k m m nw '"rinc~ c he is one among thas:'

-

3. Noom clamses with nu andj s

introduced by nu ocurio& h m the partids b inside thc n o w &we as wO. Nova L mulrcd byp Thir ldnd of "double mrking' m bc 8 &tion fmm the older conrtrusrio~ to the nova form marked by nu. T h e p-nce or liten- of ji in this uu wenx to rrlrc no differcncc m the muniog: for example,

=.S;it9l+$I&Zdd n nlrjnk j~bf p -3 n wrjr $A%x&=dd rn nrljnk b f p 'fn w j r "for I am that gnt b r of O r d ' (forpw we n. 4). Kingdom coffin.' In both of them the noun &uu corviro of m A B nomid rcnrcnscjnk b 3 p '3 n *"I un that p a t h of Osirir." Tho1 01 identical except for the PPPPP ofjh ~ the 6nt -pic bur not in the second: apparen* the smbc uud m aldcr conrrmction in thc h tuu bur r more canremporq c o d o n in the wcond 12.14

Ulunulrrd noon chlun In roms uwr English can uu indepdent chuscs rr nova &- without the r marker: for uunplc,Jmk diuwmdJill'l ma a pmblm, a r h m the &usJill> a p s the objm ofthe verb dkmvnrd. Eggprim un do the rvmc thing: Tor imtsncc.

*J+,-*ly&-B

p "j hJwp

"I dircwmd it

,,", mrke:' 1

w h m the A p n o d wntcncc h 3 w p "It ~s r uuLe" is h e object ofthe vcrbgn.nj '*IdLc d : ' A with u d e d mhtivc c l a m , o* the con- the farx h r it foUow~a dindiatc. that this is r noun s l a w md "not m indrpcndent mtsmcnt: this rmc both of thc Ern& rcntcnce urd ofi* Englirh &tion.

"

139

12. NONVXXBN CUUSEI

AnvwBcLwSEs a" :f22'indium,

1

ul s h w b Lkc rdvabs, svch churcr tell when, whhcre. Ads& &- uc &o knu circum.

-

m adverb. Ju~t 9

oue

(5

8.11).

*nib= thc dr&use is rmc. In the EqTish mtcnce j d b h q p y t o d q . thc rdv& l o d q whm Jack i happy. Rcpit i m dp b rlo h e i o n as udvcrbcrb in m y YIYI (I B.IB): for fxy~lple,in the En@ sentence jdd f8ar depased m the winter, the p q o r i t i o d phnw in the winm d n c d b n when Jack g a deprascd Ad"& & m a ham the mmc function u adverb m d titi id phnrn. u nn bc s e n in the foU.ming English r c n r c n c s r : j d b h q p y dm k hr irth Jill (kLh when J z k is happy),j a k b kppy b a u s c hr b uithJll (A whgJu(r u h z p ~ ) . lun. Word9 such v w h n m d kmwr m mke it posiblc English has two u n y ~m rmkc ahrcm &> for m independ".t c h m: (such u he b with jia in the ~ m p l; jna a given) m s e ne u a a w l v m b m a d d &vrc by w i n verb in0> m -ins form dam. h m y uus,En(* u n r l o m r l r e for c-PIC, j a k hr [uld by omitting in subjccf if it is the u m c ;r tbc subject of the Min &-): b y bdng w t h p l l . Like EnglLh. E s y p h a!s ha two u n y ~of forming adverb =la-. As uoth r e h h chure. and noun &we, ruch c h m un be m M by m i n i d w o r e or they cm bc onmuked, in which puthdr advcrbul hurcdon corn- fmm the coo- m which thcy uc d. ~rmtlncs under which

n.r6 Matked adverb clauses We have &+ mcr one Lind of m k c d .dvob =Lux:t b t which c o d of* prepoaitirm phu 1 norm chux with r r ($~ rzro). Just u a &abn plm a n m cm funcdoncdo ncdo an adverb, so fa) can the combination of r pqaaition md a noun chusc: far nomplc,

AB-O'30~~~9~EE-&%&&d2~b 3wjb njmtrpr w m 3 ' brwdrnttfm w'mm ma

"The hcut of.mwd Nu. jmGed, is bppyII Jincc hc b one lmong thew."

Thb aplmcc m

d

of two &-: 8 main chuv 3vB n P n j r p nu m P bm with an = d j c d M prediute; md m .dvob &we dr ...., ... ... .. with m a d v d u l predicate. The &use c x p b w h y

-

s t m d Nu,jusGcd. is happy:'

1

I ' 1

w "ence he b one amom thnc:' thc mtcment of the -in OBm, adverb &user puade hid.the &me,

r. Ad-b

91-

or by m t h m

wid

form, u 1 mult of round c h a m p m thc hiscoy of the Loeugc. hrr thc ~ u t i c kwu 1- ~ kAh-dy . in Old E g p h , h m , it 1Lo appcam v 1- r! m d j*, where the o t i g i d k b c-d to !. Middle E g y p h vlcr rll thrm fornu. .law with a

Ths @Ac 0

d c l c at thc bc* l ofboth.

140

12.

NONVERBUMUSES

9E

n

91- j,: (samerima >hY m d 10). where the h a l f hZ( changed to I (we m d m archzing form jsk. Thc particlejl! (etc.) rank at the h a d of the advert churc urd ma to m u k wrg that ntj does for rehtivti t i h m m d ~ I dodo I for noun chum: far uomple, fovrth spdling.

91-

g 2.8.3).

?$9149491-!Lk% ( M I j v p j s k h m f m j n p "Shc unr the m m i g n ' r wire when his in-tion

H- the rmin &11y is the chuw has m rhnrbY prr Nonverbal c l a m m one: for h

e

wrr m!J (that of)ihaby.'

-

jvp PYPYshhthe 4% wit rdkwhcnrhcrmio c k m me. dor r d j c c t iI~predrute 8s wen

=nmCehmr

,

4p-Z~-Ed\~Gjstr13 WI 13, r r r t t h ~ ~the g hm d w r r very inrcc ,-.-..Lwhcm the prediafe of the h e r b chuw is djccrival (sc g 7 . 4,. ~= IYIUIU ~ wlY.

a t e u.the most commoq however. %en the subject of m adverbid prcdiut, pronoun, the dependent fomu u.uwd: for cxamplc.

v-lk$~$z sk w(i) m h s wf '%bile I

hs faU0Wi"gC'

I in

Yon m q h n c noticed h t the prcccding u u m p l a with js ! (ctc.) were tnnrhtted in E+h with dinerent intmductoq wa& 'Wen:' "although:' and "r ~hille:' The ulc of ruch words in -. . . rranrhtion is often 2 m n a of p l u l p r e k m c e on the p m ot tnc -tom. aI gyp- tne ~ r r r ijrf ~ rncrely l~ -r to mark a &me u svbordinrrc in m c q. Sorncsims Ih e jr! cluw is :k h m f m j t t p dculy advmbid m meaning - rr it L, for cxamplc. in the mtence hm: jty pw j> "She the sovcrrigni mfc when his inurntion p l l r still (that of) 1 baby.'' lo ottar m a , however, fhC ~ubordLutionis nor ro dur,m d E&h hu to m n ta a Ico rpeciKc.word to inducc the &use, such rr "far" or "uld." OwrianryI the jrr s h u u is even bdot trurrhtcd aa m kdependent sentence without m inmducmq word, or with a vague word of n "now" or "so": the cl.urc jsl113 wr I&, for cxamplc, c m ako h &ud "Nm very ~ c c d b l c . ' " thm Eklptiur; w c win rnccr th. m zgrin whcn Thdoc am cua where English L mom we d b m verbal chusn. Far now, you should simply be rnnrr that jrt -a m m ,ark%&"wu rubo&fc, m d that such chuws often function r p d f i d , ' rr adverbs, dcwnibing whcn, why. or haw r main c l n w happcnr or 1s m e .

-

.

-

AdVeh dn0.n with g This partide, spelled 19 o r l . is sp-tly related to thc m r d "ye? Its mclning may k ,hila m cthat of the uchaic English word Yl. ( u in 'Yea, though I d b n g h the Vancy of the shadow of dclth": P d n 23). bur thir rendering L nor vscd in modmnshtiour. LiLc js. II' s c a d s at the hcrd ofm sdvmb chuw and marks ir u mbordinrtc. Nonverbd clan- inmduccd by g .lwni.rccm to hnc m adverbial pmdiate, with r noun or a dcpcndcnt pron, for uumple, 2.

Ite

rz. N O N ~ R B A MUSE L

142

21&d9m#h&

m383.k bjn m i c j m r3.k 'Your bwk will rcc evil, since my amy is in back ofyou""

=IVn.T;PBT&%m, ..A rmrm came up, while we

-

8pjv.nm w g - w at f f

TlTILB=1aS-E49h w 3 h j r t m ~ 3 mr3 r(m)t,i " I d I c m it a ruin, with no people thucin'"' In s u h ofthcsc example the -nd c l a w Mkan rdvnbiu nrnunrpncc mt applis to thc k t , mrio shurs: m F J m 13.k "my m y f in bwk ofyou" re& why m3 d . k bjn "your back Mn ~e cvil:'jwn m w 3 - m '%e were a sea" dsctibcr when 8 p "a s m m c l m c up:' md n idn n(m))l j m " ~ p l will c not be thclciclci" indicates how w3hJst m w33 "I will I w c if Iruin? NOD that in nch au the English &tion p m k 1word m mtmduce h e wmnd clam ("since:' "while:' uld "with"). Such wordr ur supplied by the En@ &lor. they do not uda in the EgVptLnwntmccr. In bn, in cuh of thae uompla the second cLw could t h e o r m a be ul indrpcndcnt sentence by i d thc confen indicates t b f it L mbodime to thth pm. ceding chuu. Since thb is so,thc morltion ir pvYi r mmr ofp&cc, urd other &tiom ~ ra s h esuly.padble (tho+ not esuly.gwd): far m p b ,

+

m3 d . k bj" mFj m 33.k

"Your b r k will we evil, whm my amy lin buk ofyou" "Your bzk will uc evil. formy amy is in back ofyou" "Your brck will uc eviL my umy bcbg in bwk ofyou" "Yourback will uc 4:my army ir in back ofyou" 4Cprjv.nm w 3 u n

"A rbrm u m e up. when we were at m'' "A rmrm u m c up. uld we wm at YY" "A norm u m c up, we bcmg at s f ' ' "A storm suns up: we were ura" w 3 h J n m d 3 nn $m)ljm "1 wiU Iit a ruin. without people I "IwiUlnvcitamin.uldnopeopI~~~mm~ -1 will it ~ ~ O P Ibdng C &-in" "I will lave it r ruin, no p p l c will bc therein."

-.

OMOYIu ~n&, adverb c l a m in Mid& Egypdrn uc lcas rpecihc thvr English &b churs about the urn nrof the advnbirl rehaamhip w h the rmin c h w . In mon uur the

-.,

-

rr 10 me ndn cL-. m? "d i i ~is"8 vITb. d . k '"pwhd? i( ie- subpa R. b b "d IS tm object T h e m v k e " Y the hrpbh, mcun 6", mc rn Whom he h ,+g d bc * , r d by mc p d " g EmP=" my. 12

l~rhcmun&uw,d'"~-"rLrub~dLmrrrbpP~~p""A~rcl"ih~"mLe~Bb Gmn": wid-w " h t BlurCr=cn"i.hE m - -c for bod?thth Mrd,rd,rd,rd,SS.nd &I Rcd 5 5 I" me m ~ Cn~ W , ~~~~~I d hei( a "nb ~m mm mb~= uld ",t" ~ b j w , ul?= l i w "am.'

mnton only

otTcn

a

ofpmsibilitin. The &th

could indicate either why the first dame is m e

chuw in the fint example, for inrmcc.

("since my m y is in bvlr of you") or when it L

m e (.ahen my m y is in back ofyou"). In the second d p l c . h m , the adverb d a m only dscribs whm the tint claurc bppmcd, not why. To some e n & thcrrfm, how you undeuand rhc conton sin dcarminc hau you mnshte m vnmarkcd ch- - or whcther you undmmd it u m h e r b chwc at d,rather dun rn m independent u n t a c c . There uc no hard md fist rulcr that un be offcrcd m guide you. but yru will didiwover that the c o n t m itsclfir g ~ n c d y a p r a y good pi&. .I%

-

The position of adverb CLL~N

English cm put m adverb dame either before or rkcr the rmia chuu: for c-plc, 'While wc m. at m, a stam amc up" a d 'astorm umc up. while wc a sea.'' In E ~ p t i v Sonly mrkd a d v d & w e on preced~the rmin h e . Svch churn c m be marked by the prrridc jr lmdc the ldvab chusc, or t h v un be i n d u c e d by the p.rticls j* (in Ira nriour fo-) or g, but rhn,cannot be intloduc

ATION O F THE T

....

L--

,p""d of the creation,dsudbiog what the uajverac wu like bcf- cmAtion b-. The o c m of 'Teatian wrr rhe in-t of theol* in mother p t Egyp- city. HeliopolL :ritc of modern Cairo). b the heation .cu1- of the Bible, those of mcient Egypt do not m m hrvc c n w -2 paribiliry of something being -red hn o b g . larmd, the Egypdrns bclicved thvr ng in the world- d i s ~11entS md form -m e ha ..91e..91..91c, much like the id -ty in the "Big Bmg" thca i,. ThL origLul must of all ). The god's n u n c rn"finN known v the god Arum (fmrw, wu; nd d e n m thc f m h t A m "finishmcd up" u thc worl*3. In m o p i t i o n of his ruturr. d c d nb m "Lordof T d t y " (wc thc nomplc in g r2..16.4) or morc o h . lord m the Limit" Bcfi,re the -&on, A m u d r a d fmm d time within the p d m d ~ t inma ma of inert lity - la the tcm dercdbe it "donc with NU,in incrmcrm" md -in his egg," The cmg h r and life 00" hag,pcned when Arum evolved into rhc world becoming the fmitc space of M within the rnfinite v n i v d rxon (w %q2 ) . This pm~crmis cxphincd both u Arum's "dfbpr prdrf"hc who evolved by himself' md by molntio6'- the god iv ofan d c d &?I!:d Eklptivl metaphor ofc'eatititi, b i d . Bc rw~l fmt z t of ccrction i n v o b the tnnh of ouo "childxn" fmm Afunc Shu hu) md E,d @WA. rlw @O. To hau A m could "give b W m Shu md TeflimeK the tcm w c the metaphors of tion on or "mnc=iq" md ''++ng:' thc h e r I 2 plq on wo& t I? "mcne"= hu "Sh":' Qe'~pit''= @t "Tchnr'). Shu is the armab is mation pmdvccd a dry iQ),empty (I%% hu) spve in the midst of the miwried

.,

zbfl

-

(@a

zya

(B&D

cc-. within which rll Lirc edrs @.say 2). T s h r is the M e sountmpas of Shu; hsl mk in the -tion is -ntiaLly to wrvs Y mother ofthe succeeding genmtionr. The -ti00 of r mid within rbc waren pmdrodd of omrrity 1 boaom md top whm none had -ed before. Thac are Gcb ($.dB gbb orgbw)),the earth, and Nut ;d m),thc rliy, the c h i l h n of Shu md T&ur Togcthcr they dc6ne the phrisd rrmrmrs mr1 limi5 of the w t c d world. I" one ten Sh" uyr:

(z

.

I haw lifted my &"&re, Nut amp me, h r 1 might gisc her to my father A m in his m m e m 1 h m c put Gcb undm my f m md thir god k knorring wthrhrh thc land for my fitha At The creation ofthc d d ' r phyriul m c r u r c pmducd r ph icould &st ~ h children c d ~ e and b ~ uarct the p d m y forca oflife: ~d > d d md f i e r the Middle Kingdom. &a), the paver of bi* and =generamon, r u , (U u ,SO, the pin& p ~ eof motherhood; ~ c t h(otiginrlhi 1 1 3IU: by thc ~ i d d l c~ i n g d o m IQ; in the ~ n a Kingdom often wtb: in d pcriadr -ally wriwith the S c t h 4 , $y or 91, u ideogram or dsermbative)).the force of male r d t y ; md Ncphthr nbr-bvr). the f c d c counlcrpvt ofSeth. Togcrbsl, Amd b eight h d m e uc k n m ax the Ennerd, r Clmli word m-niq pi1 " p p of nine(' n. "gmup of nine:. This is r dLM d t i o n ofthe Egyp- tcm E g ~ u a m&mod thir tam f i p t i v c b u arsU u litdly. Wlm the godr of the h e a d e "a".& they e y i o * mount to m m thu, nine go*. This is r p p m * k r u w the h e a d ilvlfrepresmb the m of d the drmm5 md forca of the acued wdd. In olty religiour mm. th~wodp~l~2nnod"iswrittrn~.sdifhl(bccnsupsacd~tthcmmwurcmnn jun a ainc go& x 9) bur .lro u a " p l d o f p l d X 3). or m &te number. The Ennead uns uronhippcd pvdcuLrIy in Helioplis, o h in the form ofjhnw b ' psdll .a- md his Ennad." The "tsnth god" implicit in thir phnw is Hb), the aon of Yr a d OsirL. H-8 wrr the power of kingrhip. To the Egypthis wu u much r form of name Y thwe embodied in the other If vm d m in ovo o v d phmom-: the sun, thc m011 pwrrfvl farce m nr-; md the pharaoh, the most p o w 4 force in hvrmn M c i e g Horn's mlc u the k i q of ovir probtbly the origin of his m e : bnu a m to menu "the one Ibovc(( or "the one 6r otf' md ia ocosionab written Wrc rhs verb bru) "to h 6r o r ThL k ~ p p n *r rcfercncc to the sun, which is " ' a W md "fu off' in the sliy, like the 6 l c m with which H o w isy d a l , h f e d (md with which his -C is UI+ wium). Thc biltll ofthe run is .cnullv the d m h t i o n d -tion in the Heliopliaa T e r n , u it ir in the ~ a r l ymyth of the primeval mound (see Famy r l ) . T h c sun's fint risL% into the ncwtg atcd ~ ~ ~ l d - r p mrrh r c e thc end d-tion md the beginning of the dcycle of life, which the aun regohtn (as king dm-) and nuLa pcssiblc l h m d his h a t md light The Hcliopolitan rccouna thdmfrc concmrrrte not o* on A m ' s "evolution"bur llao on rhc sun's mlc in the -on. As n n clcmmt of nr-, the run k k n m simpb, u rr( "Sun" (unully m b c d ..Ressor "W). h the newIy r k n sun, hc is ofim d e d 2 8 bpr(iJ "Khcpd" (literally, "Ember'); the bccrle wed m writ= thi, n m e is the source of the common depiction of thc

Lfi $&.A[:(

(m

(1

(h

+.

2-8.

2-

*,a

r45

*I.NONVERBN M U S E S

m-god u r scarah. Thc at &wn is dm Lnrr b%,?\B b-99 "H-&ti" fit& "Ham of the Akhct")" a,combined with Re. u " R ~ H d r i "(wmetLna miSince rhc sun Ir thc c u h t i o o of A m ' s "evolution" into the world, the two & odr u.occ~sionayl romblncd in the form g d f-(j)rm(wJ "Re-Am? Amm himylfm often wmhippcd u thc mhg sun, apparently through ruacirtlar of hu p t rge ( u "oldat" of the g o 4 with the "old ofthe st", at this pomt in its drily cycle. The Hclioplian account of m t i o n cxpLincd not d y the odgin of ttrc world's mcnur. dcmrno, a d form bur dm how i5 divmty emhied fmm r ringlc source. A-"a pncDrion of Shu and TcLut ir d c w n i d u "whcn he ~s one md evolved into h. The " Ennnd itselfis 2 meuphor ofboth p h ~ relationship d md dcpcndcncy. Aturn's "giving birth" to h i "c&n'' is a may of u p h i how the elements of l ~ - come horn a dnglc phyzcrl source, jw rr chilh o daivc thdr submcc fmm that of their pareno. The Exmud's p c n t i o r u l whcmc d c m the logcrl dependency of ie pm:the creation of a void m the unen (Shu md Tehut) pmdvca r 'bbormrn" and "top" (Geb and Nut, the childrm of Shu md TcLur), rod rhc void in turn &a paarihlc the hcforca oflife (Osidr md Lds. Scrh uld Ncphthy, thc children of Gcb m d Nut). Although it 1s explained in p n e a t i o d t-, thc Hctioplimn vim of h e m t i o n LI tharc 1- a "rtcpbyntcp" account thm r kind of E~yptim"Big B a g " theow, in which dl of -tion hppppencd at once, in thc momcnt whcn Arum ewM into the world md time itrelfbe p.Onc Mrddlc Kingdom torr reflea this vlnv of mation whcn it d a m b e Shu u red an the &q tlut l " b e on

h).

*"

T~L..=

uvvvv

ulc following ~ t c n c a .

I.

~&&4ZO,&'l-

2.

07915F&LP37~l,b4$,P- n 'sn :' q

rimw"smti' ,n"

!-&Z!Zc2 4. ZI&, &hhP -~f& "he NY 18. 7Z&k-?22bWP -put 19. & ~ ~ T & X ~ : ~ ~ & ! P Z - L Z m.%zF~,~PPz-SI-ZILP1 12.

scc=nay D

S)

LIYW.,

.CICLCL

X.

&~~t-h.&-6&~~PI&~I!d~~

> ..

a ~ & h P P & $ ~ ~ S-~rLlvrr 9 . ' ~"\ r - s r

24.

kLwP&%-Ph~8L~:!d-l

.,.E-py=:k-bzPv&~erd

r

"Rud-djcde" (a mmc) 2s.

d-P=rdGPP-,=kkI

~. -!-&@h-=TLj

-6

-4 . m nf"lct

him be c a m d e C

2.1.

~ b ~ ~ $ & -title & ~ of. & h e~ q .peU

18.

F&&-&=g

-mrr.k

"yon wish"

29. h%rh2,n*P 30.

-l-&TGh=-h8"-MB&<E+?

- 2 scntcncn

truction 15.1

-

Form.

.

..

In Laronr Kc-,= wc r-ed how Esyptirn uwr p q o a i t i o d pu m a-ul preacate m wntmsa m d drusa, md in § r4.11 we chat the idmLiYe M bc YYd u the obcct of a prrpoaition. Eke 0th- no-. As you might expect therefore. the combinrtim of a -&tion lad the & t i 4 M JO bc uYd u an adverbial predicltc. Egypml@ d thir k h d of p d mtc thc preudoverbd mnstrudoa: "vcrbll" beuuw it invohs n verb form (the s n i t i v e ) , bur " p u & bcuuw it ir n/n&calbj r nonvabrl prcdiute (adverbial), m n though p m of rhc pxdiutc u a real verb form (the bfmitive). Not combinrtion of 8 prepasltlon p h the k&cit,. on bc uwd in the m r n d o n . In Middle EgVp- only k hndr ofprcpoaitiod phrrscr occvr in tl

-

hrplas idinitin -for example,:?

.

--=;

m plos b h i t i t i e -for u a m p l ~ ,&ID&;

r plos infinitive -for example.

hrjrr literally, "upon doing" n h3r: literally. "in

dm-

rprc literally, "toward emerging."

Of these. hr plus inhitive md ,plus infinitkc are "c,y c a m o n in Middle Egyptian -: m~ h u infinitive ia vaed less ahen. md only with intransitivev&. All k pxudoverbrl co-dons hm~Coptic dcxcndYlts. known the " F h t Rewnf" ( h m original br plw inhitive), "Finr Fa-" (from m plus &titi), md "Third Fu-" ( h m r plus s n i t i v e ) . Egyptologisa ramtimcr u c thnc n u n n to & to the Middle Egyptim conrrmmonr u well.

el

sasicmeaniags

LlLe d ~~~ p d a t m , the pcvdwcrbd conrmdon is a a c n w n o n t n n p a d in irvlfit don not c x p m a p v t i d a r tcnw, but it M be wed to describe past, prercnt or fvtwe adom (IK 5 11.3). It is 1110 bYi+ i n d i c a h . denoting r statcmcnr of fie (rcc § r1.3.j). Thee f a arc common to all three p ~ d a v e r b r pdi-tes. l A p t h m thcw common fez-, howeves the thmc p w u d o v coarrmctions ~ have d i f f . b r r ~mcrning~. In Middc Egypem the combinztion of hr plus m&mc u a pcudoverbd prcdiate m m often q x s e s the impertect (see § 13.3.2). I r unully corrcrpan& to the 'bmgrrsrive'' fof En@ verbs -char u,those which conrxrt of r form of the verb be plus thc gclund: for example. hrjr: "is domg, wu doLy." Likc the En&rh progrcmvc, it nomuyl indiutcr action in process P'pmpeaing") cithcr at thc moment of rpuking (for uamplc,pll is doing the m m d p u u b ) or nt the tlme of mother action (for instmcc, pll w a doing the m s d puzzle d e n Jad all@. 4though this is the original,and most common. meaning, Egyptim ocnmryl b c p to ure hr plus daitive m arpna~simple action u well. Ocuriolully. therefore, hr plus &tidc cormpondr to the s q l c -f or p u t t e r n of En&h particuluty in p e r i s statements,u in the En@ oumplelill d m ms-d p-ie~. This usc be@ ro r p p u r in tat thc cnd of Dynvq rz m d h mmt oh" found in Middlc Egyptim tRm f m n the New Kingdom.

-

-

be &fed witt The combimatiriri of n plns infinitive n a p c u d w a b l l pmdiute uo the En&h F-VF: for wrmplc, m h31 "L dcxending." Rather d m action m pmgxs, however, it rccm to dcnote fmd o n , much like the En&h p m p v c don in a vnancc such n Jd "going la Alorka lhk m m m a Likc hr phu inhitititi, thir consmc6on rLo c b q e d in munrng over the course of time. In mm fmm the New Kingdom, m plw blinitivc oftm rra , thc Lnpc&c like the pcudoscrbll corurruction with (Ir plns W t i v e . The p w u d ~ c r b rconsmc6om l with r plns inhnitivc d-ta d o n tlut hu yet to hppc" II the moment ~ f ~ p u k i or n gwith rnpccr to mothcr &on: for -PIC, r p r "willemerge, m cmqe." Urn* this p d u t e implia m ution that is pl-ed or inevimblc. In this -ct it u r i m h to the English commctions with a form ofthc vcrbr he or h m phu thc blirurivc, which a b dmoa .man that h a yet to bappcn: for oumplc.pll u to* t k opming addnrr mdJmk ha la Irm. Thc Egyptian pudoacrbll p d u t e with r plus inhitive cm vrvrlly bc d t e d an& t h a EnglLh comrmmans n well n with the smplc &~YTC: for uumpl. r p r "'is to emerge, ha

-

to mqe.bad to unqe,"md so fonh, L( MU n "willemerge." & is n o d with rm*crbd prrdiuta. the p c v d d l l conmucrion comes .fl (- § 10.2). It un be uwd m most ofthc ~ ytlur. other a d v u b Y p d c a a r are use uc d s m i c d in the following wctionr.

to merge,

15.3

The p ~ ~ d o v c c bconrtrmction sl in nuin &Like other advexbill p d u t a , thc pvudwcrbd construction un be nscd in mrin cLnscr lor indcpcndcnt rcntcnce: see § r2.r) withovr my inaoducmly word: for e-11,

y&*'~z% nb w brjlt 'X ~grrrrlordirI

)rf ~

d is tskhgpaucaio d'

unjD hrjl"" ~ - ! & ~ ~ ~ * ~ ~ ? ~.wt $h311 ~ r lo D nv & kmf ~ o "A foreigo h d f r flock uc to d i d at the tiof Egypt" prophv). Middle Epyptim m-with special f f m ofthth pcmd p n o w (see the rhm scr 1n most c-. mrin &vvs with r pcudovcrbd p n d i u a bm the ram= inmd wedwith othcr a d v e t h i d p d u t a , svch n j w m d m.k ($9 10.3-lo.,): fmnamplc, q+=-~fi+e0=Ee~y:%

j w l r l j l w hrrdjr n.kjw.k hrju "Thc offici& am giving to you and you ue t.Idng"

h?~&hmPi-n%-BT?SZl m.twjm h3r rkmr rjnt 'pwjm nbnhvj "Lwk. I am going down m Egypt to 6pt svpplic~them lo,r my children"

G5&-TL~%-SSS,&m . k Y j r + m

7.k3&

"Loak. I hto tzkc ruy your do& L p-t" &with othcr n k b i l l p d u t a . the h c e of thc p ~ d w d commsfion d depends on &e in wbch it is vlcd Whik hr or m plns Wrivriv uc ofrm best &td with the -1 t h q sometimes -c put action8 (for aumpla, w x $$ 15.6 md r5.8-13.9). SimiLrb, whilc r plus &titi us& d c n to I%t i t s , it un also denote an ution that hrd yet to h z p p 1" the p m (wrmplc cited in 5 r5.5). con-c.

'77

Is. THEPSEUDOVTKBN CONSTRUCTION

M The pseodoserbal corubuctioo with subject pmnoruu A SUI& or dependent pronoun r h r an inmductaq particle is n o d used to upup a pm nomid =bjtct in the p ~ c u d w n b dcamrmnion. as in the Lat thrCC aompLa of tl.1 prrceding d o n . In g to.* wc m e a specid farm of the pcrrod pmnaun that is lucd as the rubjccr of an in later Middle Egypurn. This pmnoun c;",&functionut he rvbjuct of adverbid a pvudwerbd predicrre: far cxamplc,

;&=1712mJ r!hn h n c r I a m to -gap u

with him (i-- --,

-1

Xhe impersonal mbject pmmomn tw Bulb the p c m d pmnounr. Egyptian & baa

;

-1

2 n i m p c m d pmnoun N (rlsa and a, rnly 19). This pmnavn is used exclusively z the subject of m adverbid predicate (including the pcudwnbd co- hmw br ,pf br =mcm n fky In* d w j j "A m t v m at hk hud p i n g him hi m s s g c , -hi11

I

ti8

fcc?"

~&Tlc$-PAvtl:fi

$dm." j hru "I h a d hk voicc whcn hc MI trlhng

rn3&"9?;;;&mKL%34 hnunfrjuv.n m h3t rf3 "A p o d k,u wc uc ping d m to the h.m.r.h!"

..

Now h t the m k d adscrb cLur with r pmnomsl subla:t is m d u c e d by*, while the the chvre with r n o m i d rubjcn lur no inmuworn. N r general rule, jwchuws with r pmomirul ~"bjenun be 6th- mm chuws or adverb d r u c a , while &ma with jw end a n o d ,"bjcn uc " ~ ~ m . lMin h , cLrvss (or independent rcntmcn). A5 w,th nonucrb?l adverb &ma, the -Ltion ofthese adverb chuws is pvYi r matter ofpreference. 320

The pcudossrbd coluPocfion in relative dams== Lke Mher adverbid prediafc., fhc pudovcrb?l corurmction uai be uwd in direct or indims rrLtisc ch-3. with or without the relative mzkcr nlj. All three p~udwerbalpndir Lhk m: for -pie, Ee

r. with nrj (wc

12.3-12.8)

&$IIIBoQ~Dv~=% m.m r t p t tlr h r m n ~ "1004it is the Mmvn who is d e d n g " (direct rehvc)'

43ZfiTYaL rimjrfm

ntr u m

t

"So h t m , you who uc coming into bt;ing (m thc fume)'

129lfiXZY

pru-tri nlj r j l : '%r is anc to do? or ' W h r is to be dons?" (indirrn which one is to do??'

15. THx~5-a

180 a. witha-t nfi (-

§

CONS~UC~ON

l2.Z~)

.I-

.-...

Rhtive chusca without nfi am uwd & undched mwccdcne. When mch prcudoverbd p d c r c thcy arc n o m d y inrmdvccd byjwplvr r ru& pronoun that d m brk m thc anrcccdcnt This consmction seem to be wed only for direcr rehtivcr: fm u

~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ - i ~ 9 L ~ ~ + ~ ~ ~ ~ ' : j w f m n b n rnpt ~ ~ o j w f h r w n130 m "HFis 1 commoner of I 10y- (of 9) who .L 4 n g so lorves o f b d

(Z

1-&b+%9b-N92!@pwj-,miit ''It wrs a s d e . who wrs coming"

fil~~Xa~x~9:E&?~~P:~rY4~~* M

pw

n Ln-nbnrufrrq

ipb4jwfr ~r?rdht

"He ~la child of $outhem Egypt, who is m take up the urhitc crown who is to w a r rbs Rcd C m . ' "

W h e n thc rchrivc dromitted: for cumplc,

comes imm&teI!

k;;?"ST?--

z(j) hr mn r-jbf-('a

-

--

". ~,.,

Although &&id pmdiuar un &o be nu^. -,-..., ntion (scc 9 I Z . ~ ) this , don not seem m be m e for the p c ~ d o v d dc o ~ t i ~ rThe i . -rnplc jun tired. thehcrrforr. hu to bc d 1 c d u z mhtive chluc without a subjen @kc the E+ tmmhflon "a man su&nng") n l c r than u r nkbc phrve *WJmn "who is upan rufiering:' Sincc pcudavcrbd prrdiatn gmc* behave Wre othcr advetbid pmdicaar. thcre would seem m be no syntactic ruron why Egypdul should mold expression. such u *kr(j) mn -who b upon su&ring" or * j j rzp "who is m take ~ p . "& wc w i n 9 r2.10, h o r n , thc nirbc fmof m adverbial p d u t e -such u jmjw pt "&me who u.in the sky" - s not specific about dmc or CLCYIIY~~IICCI and oftoft has generic meming. Though thq ra, ue r d v d i d predicates, the pcudoverbd pm&crtes are &o Eminit= verbal conrrmctianr, denoting ztions that am in some my limited in thcir rime or upa This is apprmrh,why Egyptian did not t the &be form ofmch +crta.

15.11

The pseudoverbal sonatruetionin nourn c l a w Although prcudmdd predicates c m be used like othcr a d w b l l pmdiutn in noun cllurcr. few c m p l e s of ruch clauses am z+ found in Middle Egyprun t-. Them rccm to be no sumples of unmvkcd noun chvwr with a psoldovcrbd prebatc (rcc $ 12.13; h r c h t do rmn am intmduccd by "11 (see $ 12.11.2) Or by the 5- W l (&o La), v h c h hrs the m e u nn a d is used in the t h e m y : for -PIC, ' 'ddw mtf h r c k j "ofwhom it L said h f he is q i n g me tr

-

hb+Z*ZA

-"

hmdly W e mcdcd .,fHi&* kU . "hcPfun md &I-rhrh

7

hn-"b" nu-

s

son ud ~ h e For mn "r"5er"

9

n.

E C n.,

,.", &, " m.

a d dd red ooe"

h e ; I.,% "(mmuh" mc-l-

&,=,.a

d d d d , d "6 fam m

+,

rrd h c

"moumaf,, w ' " d o ~ hith rn

"

IS. THE PEEUDOVERBALCONSTRU~ION

181

For noun clawcr with rpbb W t i v e u predicate, two cowmctiom uscd. TdlcKkgdom use nrl or m l plvs thc p.cudwcrb.l c m c t i a n : for example.

of the Mid-

9bk-l-Bl=it3*2jwdd.nm mtm rhdr lpw " n c y hnc aud that they Ci to s m h had":' where mr inrmdvccs the paeudwccbd c o m c t i o n ar objcn ofthe vert form& dd.nsn '"they Jlib" In am ofthe New Kingdom the now cLuw b inmduccd by nnjw for ~WMMM,

RA-ZP,%f PY-%=IT-EIIZhhL=s::*aa rrpd 6%tn r nnjw.au r!bn r 'b3 6nC hrpJkzjdw3 "Shupcn y o u mob, since one k m meet in order to fighr with ttur w m k~ c denemy in the m0mLy:. as object of the pqmirion r - Ltc*, tW'"Aprt h m the uw ofmror ns, the dihkencc h e e n . tL"jun the PWCI~SC or abwnce ofjw in thc noun clawe. d c m rhc noun chwc r c m

('with mpccr m (the kt)

-.--.. I.-. I... YY.. 1

2 -*I:-

.V.-..IULII

g.n I b e pseodovcrbd constmeion in questioru Likc 0th" rdverb~dpredzuta, the pwvdwccbd cawrmcdon ol

~ m r s ~ a r

rrrmncntl of €a& Mat namplcs occur dtm the intcm@tive womjn (3 11.11.2,: mr uomplc.

9-Pbyk&B

js&k

h r m 3 3 ' D o yon -?"

(litem&, "h you seeing?').

Tbc pcudwchd comrmctiori b bin other km& of quatiom. The foil+ m w e , with a intaro@tiveadverb at the bc-g of thc mtcncc:

is m -cptiod

P9hPZ&-e'll>Ik2!& mjmjjvfz(i) nb hrm3mwm f "So,

why is every mm killing hir brother?''

Thc pscudwubd s ~ f c n s here s ia a c t d y an ads& drwc modifying the inibl question, which hu M u n u p d auhjcn (compare Excrciw lo, no. 39): litcnUv. "So. (it is) like wht, when rvayn

+

Mcmphir ( E v r r q ) am dike in one m~pcd:the gods in both Tern. am put ofthe nrrbd world. Ahlm of Htliopoh L thc -mid .ourcc of crntion, which evolved into the d d (rs the Ennad), and Pflh of Mnnphl b the m a w thmugh which that evolution hap pmcd. Thac go& am immmnr in nahlm (rcc &sly 4). The go& of the Hcmropolian Ogdoad rand a p m h m the cmtlon. but thcy mm m i i i f - mot in thc n u dwodd, bur xn the univcnrl ocean that cn*ed bctom m t i u n a d thlt sdll m u n & tbe world.

pmn""o>aon; the bd w.h-

.

-

d"r th. "6mtlvr .ndcdm l m r l , l . c . Z"",". rn&',rn"I)

.,.

nKqvrlityof~mccLafaauedvrcdbydlE~gods.withonct god Amun of Thcba. Amun appeur h d y in mh m the late Old Kingdom...L , ,, l a m much =bout him until the Middle Kingdom, whm hc rrric to pmminmcs a10% with the phrnoh. ofDynutie 11-12. which originated in Thsba. It was in18 (wh~ichrLo umc h m Thebe), however, rtur Amun k t Jt to tomimtc EW1p t k " religion m 4 . with i t Egyp tim ucoune of the creation. "hidden' 1J&e dl the The m e "Amon" (9=8jm, mare W j m m ) mother Egyptim gods. who w- immrnmt in the phellomcol of nature, m u n unr nanmmdar: he -tsd above md rprn h m thc univmc, "hiddcn" from the created world. This quality of Amun i somcrima rrnccrcd in m eplthct jmn(w)-m f "He whoac identity (liunUy. ' m e ' ) is hidden" (1 n/r (lr sonrtrustion:5 6.1) md it ir ocudo* r e f e d to in rrltgiaur t a b of thc New Kingdom. The dcua r a m a t of Amun'. mnwadcncc, ~ ( W C Vcoma C T , hr hto the god tlut was written sn I% pmhbkj dudog the mi@ of Ramn, on r papyrus that is n w in the NnhaLndr Natlod M w v m of htiouitie in Ldden. Thr. tort ap h Amun's "hiddm" nrturr with the f0nowing word%

e$d

-

4c)Ea

"

Hc hiddm h m the gods. md hit m e ir unknown. He is than the sky,he is d e e p d m the DDL No gad h o r n hb true r p p ~ n c e . no imrgc of hs ir revealed through mrriptionr. no one rails to him u-tcb. H S ~ ~ ~ O J C C ~ ~ ~ Y ~ SIenCY. WC~~~IMSDIMSD hc lp f to invertigrte,mo powerful to hw.

.

Unlike the othcr gods, Am"" ir not put of thc m t c d world ("He is hnhd fh thc s!q. he h deeper hthc Dult"')md ir thaefore "hidden" - not just h m h-n u n d m m..u g our even h m the koowlcdp of the gods thcmebu. who ur a h part ofthc created world. Although Amnn himclfcuvlot be h-, hw-, hi -tence cur be dcdvccd h m the v qk t that the wodd odm. As the only god who i indcpdcnt ofthe univem, hc ir the rmc crumr:the pre-exishg god who thought of t h wodd '*through the hcut" md commndcd it to be "through the mnplc:' For this m n . dl the other gods of c-tion Arum md bk E n n 4 Ptrh-Ta$cnur. md even the O g d d of HmnomlL uc rr.ltv ilut u ~ c t of r Amvn himself b the Leiden papyrus uphim it:

-

H c b e p rperkingin thc midst of*, i)FS... that hc might give birth to what ir md1 uw them ta live YO"b c p Nolutir," with nothing ... The E m 4 is combined in yoyo bo4 your mage ir oq god.joined in yoor pswn. You cmcrgcd 6nfYOU t e p ~ 6- the stan Amun. who= identity ir hidden h m the gods: oldet elder, mom dktingruhcd thm they ... Heir the G m t One in HeliapaL.

-

I s . THE HEUCOVESNCONSWCI1ON

183

who i. dm c d s d Tntjmen ... Another ofhu -II&ON is the H~nmopolim. O@ one who +f the original o n e md w e d the Sun m hc born. cOmpl&g himwlfin Aone body with hun.

The concept of Am"" a 2 tmwc&t god whaw udrtenc,~ c u r k ~ n l ne tphmamclu h ofmis mmwid in the person of thc god gc??d jmn-rc "Amun-Rc:' who combines the notion of n e n ~ ~ c n d c god n t (Amun) with that of the p a t s t imrmncnr ~arccm lu-, the run 0. h d y m 4n.m rz. b u n - R e uw recopired a the p t a t of dl the god.,the mw nlnu ''king of the god&?'In this mle b u n - K c was a h the source ofrhc phurh~rh'~ authmiq, thc nb mu 13uj 'lord ofthc &nu of the ' h e lands:' uld hc wy womhippcd a such in thc state temple at Kunrk. Although thcrc were rmny other templa to h u n thmughour Egyp< Yarn& wrr the most importmt Pertup a arb ar rhc Middlc Kingdom, phurahr were cmwacd t h e or hrd their c o m ~ t i o nconfirmed tbm,a d dvdng thcir reign most ~~d--d m .dd in aamc wrl to ia splendor. KuluL b-c -and remained- thth grgrtaf o f d l F g p b templa, ~CUYV f CrnbDdied not o* .he rhrinc of Am""-Re but dm the source of the Eg,pim state i*K Ul6matdy. the notion that m q god c o d be seen a u l ~ c of ht u n led to a kind of Egypdm rnonotheisx that is, rhe idea that dl rhc god. uc r+ one. This is di&-t h r n the monotheism ofJvLirm md Irh,which rcccpa or+ one God, but it is similv to the notion of the c h b ~ d o l q which , rllc cdrance af k e a-t - D ~ M N - @mc5 son, a d Hob Spkit) in a single God. The Leidcn hymn m Amun. the ChrisI& of a triune god by more than r thousand yew, in thc foUowU

$zm

X=

l~ln~.iii+:z

j pw

~=+~+:~+ZIIO!;;;

jmn Fpth M 2wsn

9=;6--=BP-h9c?+ Z+~+h283+-3+

jmn m f m jmn

"An the god.x c k

nlnu nbw

nfr' m hrdrfprh

c :

Amun, Re,urd Pah, without their sscand. W xdmtie, is hidden in A m u bi, is Re s f%e. bi,body i" Pah."t.

T& p-,

fhC m m h o u s in the Lciden p p . rccognira the existence o f r dnglc god (in Ih. singulu pmnoun "hi,') but accepts, at the runc time, three Kpantc apectr ofthe god: exkfing =pan h m m(aAmun), yet viriblc in md governkg lu(aRe), md the source o f d l thine i. M( a Pah). Thm lints bnc been reguded a the ultinue c x p m o n not o* of ~gyptirnneation rcounn bur dm ofthc ti& 3,ooa-yur hirrcq a f ~ g y p r u nthmlagy.

IS. n a P s E u o ~ c o N S r a U c n o N

EXBRCLSE 15 ~ ~ o d i - f ~ &(c

&C

fonouing drm

~==ne,x1gtBgavE k?!-EKll!z 3 . t'o&%3i&ar!z9P

- 6-

I. 2.

4, A p e C = l p p I,

lee--

.-6L-d/-fl

24?FZZEP? :

f

l

r

o

~

~

~

~

~

s. ;'#vy-~m--,q 6.

%PPb?*%qT!

7.:Gsvc&H&,P8.

rzns;eeew-c:

9.

,&='v&4&4

ro. L4.93?%&8E90

rt9-1@WPtf t9&SC?d1116d-,;;, ~ O - f ~ ? ? l ~ & - - ! P-h m m autobiognphy I,. &-Z&PL~V&-&!H,&~IIV&Z 12.&is7A~dZ1-!IBZ4~ZlP"~P&~ZC~~&ZM~Z~BP~Q 6- a @%to

in an &aster

quun/:jn "it is:' r:-nbl Ch3-nbt m

&:' @(j)-rS(j) 'll)"wcrrcerofthe quamy,'' ~ b k - m - h al nur r 3 . ~ZTAk!kZLAUiY*L@%R& ~ 4 B&@=dP&CC'vLP . rs. .&~5e&=,?O&'-!-

e (ace § 4.15). jn"who

The Imperative and Pa 6.1 D m

ornu Thc m p c m v e lr a vem t o m h t i wed to commmd action. It ir wed by a d m ddrnring romcanc (or romcthing) in the wcond -n. ringuk or p l d . English has only one 1mpmti6 form, which is uwd whcn lddrcaii both one pemn (or thing) md morc thm one penon (or thing): for example. & h m yourrcfl (ringulu)md & h w purrelw$! ( p l d). Wri- Middle Egyptim, for the mmt W rlso ha o* one imperative form. F'ar most vcrb rlron, thir is the verb mot: for aamplc,

51 dd "rpcak.

wy.'

21%rn~..sec.. o& ,dm "har"

-B j"

" ~ t "

=iT?& "nd "co,

r 9 ndr"gnb hold

PTa .b - m a . lmm. d.e"o""e" 18-

.-

-....--,,... MOM.

jqn jj md A)

2

A.

m.kc hrppmzs

$,pb%dog ,?

p-1P&~:B

-

rbnl "pmmoe (i.c., a w e to b in fmnt)"

1, "come"

d, "@6, put"

This form ir urcd when spce!&g to ODD -n or mom than one, d c or f c d . Spoken Middc Emtian,howma, pmbabty had fourimpcntivc forms:masculine and f-C, dirtinguuhed by v m L ; md ringvlrr md p l d , dirtinpished by the absence or prcrcnce of an en*. Thac fmfyfy uc preserved in the Coptic impentivs munlng "come!": ME

A1(OY

R

MPI

-8

mL

A m

.".,A

M c o m c , bimc&pbic "haws no a e of the d that dirdnguirhed masculine md kninhc M tititia, but the d i k n c c berwccn ringvlu and p l d ir romctLna rcflccrcd in wd-. hpmtida addressed to mom tbn one pcraon crvl bc written with p l d stmkcr: far u u n p l ~ . b l l f i 4 3 "pmceed:' An ending y (mcator of thc Captic p l d ending +) romerimes 1p m p c in the p l d impcntivc of fid-weak v c k for iDIhncc. dgy 'look" (*om L e - i d du), dy (h mom. r4). Other m o m m t y show the rune ending: P-lqq* jthy "pull" (hm j*).

-49.-

z99-

r6.a

S p e d fornu Bcsid" the mgvLr impmtia fen specid impentiw.

forms dircluscd in the prcccdingm i o n , Middle Eklprirn *o hu

I.

-d

fomu In Old E m the impmtive of r m c verb c b o h had a p 6 X (M 111.4.5). Tbk f a , is OCUI~O& found m the imperative of aomc %litverbs in Middle E g y p h for uumpic. q7rA j.~(i) "go: qkr j.mr "bring: 3.

The imperative mj"comcC T h e + i m ~ v c r a f m m ~ d j y . j y . ' c a n e ~ a h o w n i n ~l 6 . l , u . n a o f t m u v d l n

pLce of the%, rnddldl Esyprirn n o w uM the s p e d impmtidd &PA mj (the thcamr of Copti. may. m.; h'pcUed &A). In mart tcm thir imperativeis 'pcued &-On, w h a t h e "m" s i p is a bilifcnl nq (mom pmpedy -: see thc next p m p p h ) . Like other M-wakimpentititi, the plunl of mj un be written with th en* for cumplc. & 4 9 A my "come!" 3. The imperativejmj "give" The mguLr imperative of rdj '"give.put" ix rLo m.Inafcd. mast Middle EgWtLn oxtr w 2 bilirml jm, unth the h q h , jmj. In In w d , the dgo w Y ddetcrminrti=.' Evenhtq, howcacr, it TWO jig^ Y .i phonetic complcmcna md the M u m c to be ~ r c d ZI YOilif~nlm (like &: g 1.3). As a df f m ofthe New Kiwdom rnd hm somerpcn the imperative jmj u if it had rwo ms: PI&-, q?. the impenme

-

q. The imperative m "tlLe" The vabr Izp "cake" (3-lir) rod j$ "cake p r y i o d ' (ftihid) 1We addition to k c , howeverOMW Middle E m has a impmtivc m (mi&

+

impcntivti. L jm), rlw muning "cake!" This impenrive is f w d exclusively in +our -, md .lmm lhvays with z f0Uowins &ti"w, "f,>Ij. md b i d onl mad* OfofOkuj:

16. T I I E W T n r r

AVDPNInCLES

QTA~=$~-P& j.za ~jn&ajfl m rj "Go, get me a s h e from my how"

97r~j=*$bjz(jjjn

n j w "Go. get him for me.''

whac the p m n o d &.ovc n j"for me" precedes bath the nom and rhc pmnamirul objcct nu "him" (Vdo): md

~&az:dh=-~e*4 f i j mrur.k P&==+Y?,%&??jmjm.n

r3-mur .-G~w

oayonc.

bnr.n n j t "Give us ow&

outcome,'''

whcr. the n o m i d &ti- n r3-mw "to -one" follow rhc n o d objccr m m . k ' k u r love" (VOD) but the pmnominrl dative n.n "to u " prcccdrr the n o m i d object bnl n n j t "our gwd ourcome" (VdO). lu Egyptian u in English, the subject of Ihc impcntivc ("you') ~1 nomdy un-d but oot cqxncd. When it is q m e c d , howcvcr, Egypdm the dependent pmnounr srter the q ~ t i v efor : i-cc,

-

b??,Ez-Z'$&

u# m d s k z P m w '"Youdecide by yo&

'$8B,?,fiZm,71=4

3 h ,=k.wj 'YOU

ran ofMmr"'

(apm~pm~pm~dt~ the arhdidindidi-w

h the tno.lrtion. ofthuc cumplcr shonu, English on rlro q m s the subject of thc impmhc unth r pmnoun ("you"). illumcr how Egypdm onuu r noun or noun p h n v refThc second-hr uumple m the 1 m p t i y ~ ' mb~ublnt s (in thir a c , z 3 - m w "ran of Ma:' retirringto the -n being ad*). The noun or noun phnv in thk ux is known u thc vocative. A voutivc on be u c d with thc impenrive we" when the hcbjccr is nor cxpreucd, md u&e the hcbjcct it can come bcfm or lftcr the imperative: for h M c c ,

3&&49

""A"

h?0P'b'lB&7~~ "

."."..

m of the impernti

"""'

,---, ow IonN in which this defective verb c m a p ~g .11.7).In the simpler ncgtion, m is toUowod by thc ncgativrl complcmcnt (I 14.17): forcmplc,

ilk?%t,hmkeAeC?! h3 r bnu, m h?w hrrpf 'DFJc~" to~below: don't dcwcnd on hk had!:' I h3w

"don't dcwmd" ir the negative count-

of thc imperative h 3 ''descend.'' Beaida

the rimplc ncgrtival complcmcnr,m sul zlro be fallowed by rhc n e w t i d complement ofthc verb

ji "do"plus a vobd noun: for mace,

-.

9-

16. TW IMPERI.17MAND PAP.IzCLEI

I89

-

jn ( b o Ptl. -) S o ~ a r r h m a e c n b j n i s d m ~ a ~ ~ d ~ e n i o nC I~. I C ~ ,15.12): ' ~ .it~ ~ . r , .ho i n d m c c r vnbsl qucaionr. as we anll see in htcr kwnr. Baidcl thk fundon, jn m mukrh.~cninpudcuLrldndrofseotmces,aurcwcanllvillrlroininlaaon.19mda~. I& u *bly the m e W0.d W0.d the tio on j", whch in&the -t o f 2 p..iw Mb or the M&(§I8.z.z. r4.4.r). 2.

'1. 4

jg "thcn" lorr c x c h . ? b bcfc

This o d d c b wed to t i c k rrrb form,which an 4.

91%@ jw"bchold" rued in much thc u

The pvridcjhu I," thc

-k P I . B E n % 2 U h V j h u d w ~ m d r 1' '-BC~OI& hc i. - U U P ~ ~that tvms m e rtormwind"" It ir much Ins common than m.k, bur it ~urviurvi :d inm Coptic (uaIC "behold') long i

b m the spoken Lngurs.

2pp-d

r. 91-

j ~ r(h 91-, PI;, 91-. I-.11) As we b e b d y seen. the pddc jll (cbz.) c m be lued m mark r &use u dependent on r prrcemngchusc or wntmcc (§I r2.16.r, r2.16.4. 15.9).runally u m advab chuw. In h n rnpcn, j& on bc corvidcrcd a convoter. In n"q c u n . h-5, thc conncctioionwith a preceding &"re orwnrrncc ia lcrs obviourly ~ d v c r b imd , for this -on j,! b pmbxbty bnt v i d u r rt2t.tcmmt a&. Is urc in .xrbal c l a w is the w e u that for drures with nonverbalpredicates. 6.

9- wnl ' " h t " The pnidc mt is uwd to mark 2 sh-

im r nonverbal or v

noun drwc

(5 1s.11).Although it is classed u a puridc,unrr is pmhbb a for Isr m-n h n nlr, which I,"thc m e w I 16.6.11).

"d lt b

w

m.k (CC.) 'Wold" Wc h e && mcc this panicle in our &--- -. .-.. r), md it % rcnmcer in the svne way 1t d w p serves m intmdbrlbrlbrlbrl nuin nun ih- (orindependrnr sentence) md rccmr m caU 1- ckuw m thc attention of rhc pcnon or penom k g spoken m. For thv rcuon it normdy I l u the fom m.k (~mr),m.r or m.1 (26), m.m or m.m (2pl). with the rnond-pcraan a u 5 x pmnoun.. h+,the form mj is uwd by i d € without r r& pm"0"". I" that c m , s b the m * "although" or .'whether": for urmplc,

7.

w d m -brl

Id

h-bf k%3znkAbikd,mj wj m hnmm wj m $1 m "whnhcr I un a home (lire+,

'in the inador') or whcths I am in thir p h . "

"rcc!" or the l k it wra od@dy mj m q b e -d oot u m Mpmtive fallowedby dependent pronouns. like an imperative (§ 16.3).n k hthe s f i tomu.

The @dc

190

-

r6. THE BlFTZATlVBAND P A R T I W

nj and 2 ",,"not" These am the two rmjor acgrtim wordr of Middle Egyptian. We hnc rev. vuw uuu ofthcm ue uud in thc ncgrtioo of-& md ofnonvmtd c h u md rcovncs (§§ 11.8, ~2.17). They" &o uud to 1ug.re verb f o m . fo fo will lum in f"t"C5 Ies10m. T h e puri,dennundm be wed by i5clfto conwith r phnw or chn%e,with the m e m q "0. not": 8.

~~

BBS9LB-&+-dt;888lYH5;2

431 efi

431jm m r3

''Crossing the river on sand& is ig o d m s i q or not?"?

-

Most Middle Egypt& am dearly distinguish the nc&ve p d c l c ~nj md nn by their spc0ing: is uxd o* in the r@ng of nn, and nj L spelled with alone. Thc plmclc nn is x mztion of Middlc EgyptLn: Old Egypt& h d o* the puticlc nj, which uud Wrc both of the hrn ncg.rions nj md nn. Some urly Middlc Eglpt& tcm ,dl I",.=res"naI5 of thu old= v t c m . and ~ Y I nj F where sm&rd Middlc Egypt& rexe would vre nn. There L also -o ta bclicvc that older wa somerimes uy k m a Jpclling of nj - i.c.. n(j). with rr a phonctir camplmenr Although you can vnully mly on Ihc spcfing m ~ n d i u awhelher nj or nn is meant, thdore, you dm need to be rwrrr of the diffdiffnf c o m c t i o m in which both ocgrtionr ur wed (for nonvcrtal m v n c a , see 5 1r.8; thcir uw in verbal ~ c n t f c awill bc rummuircd m h n 26). If one of the ncgrtiom nppcur in r cammction for which it is nor nomully usd. ththlradunccthat - a b ~ u u d f o r n n . u i t t h i i O l d E ~ , ~ r t h aLt i s b d n g d as a r p e l h g of nj, p u t i c w in early rurr (beforeDpa%ty13.

-

-

9.

6"

"fr "not"

The p& consmctiom:

nfr

is

..

.

H2.B

x u no X rr an'.. for c ~ I < , nfr pw. uwd in the commc "fi , M I . n.P ,&? ;.." 'mna n me" . ... , . ...... - ... ..... ... "f . .3.korr -r . .It . . .-...., -not men the offering of a ~ p e t rhere:' T& is a s o n g = negation than the mom common nnX "there a no X" (g 11.41. &%nfr n "not, that not," vrcd wirh a following verb form. This is an Old E g y p h c o m d o " . n o u y . ,kcd by the ncgrmc x r b mr (§ r4.16) in Middlc IEgypt&.

I.)*IijOP&

"There

-

,in Middlc Egyptir

20

th

&z,

QZPnfr 3 '.not s-tion

at

da. not wen:'

n c p d d c nfris d t e d m the noun Q ro.

yh"

used mody

with

a fdmving verb

nbmn

B hS : I "dep~cdo~cd" (w

"-v

W e I",.=met d,is p d d e in comectictictiwith advnbid sentex mrin chwes or independent mrenca, with nand or -bv mth ofthc rtatcmcntmade in the thhh or hhff ff. 7

Ar.A

sn

- -L.r.v r cum... form.

is f o d in 2 few a* Middle Egyp&n t-.

M -tenre

(u. 57.8.1) la.d u r 4 9y-m

prruuu.,

6 11.1r.1);

uu

rupuuu,,

d3tu LC&dvr

dp.+mf !$

g ,&a). The -* " mo"zc "Wrhrh r h r h on &c w ,"mLLk k off f k a") L m by bou u .lurk *bk. .ndth& nx "I p z d rrornog" A &cr &oan -kma,+m-h~menv.mnn!.. (m,-d,"c:,

Ir.

ee

16.~ ~ E ~ T I M ~ P A R ~ C L E S

I91

nn "that"

Thcpnridcnnisuudrnmul~drorewithno~or~pd~aaan-druw the Eoglirh word t h e which hm the h e m hcrion. Nthough it cm be considacd a putidc, ntf is a w U y the feminine form ofhe rdrtivv 3dlcctk ntj.

(5s 1z.rj.2-1z.13.j);it c o r r s p o d m 12.

tk$$ h3, tkak b3 3.1b"$$k ha we W i n

S

M 3 '"ififonh:I ruirh. would that" (rLo 1 1 , j b 1 )

10.4.4, thac particla

.r 2 wish when there u m

c unce-v

a mrin m n rib- Or mdcpendcdcf fffLcLCLC whether the wish will willwillwill m e . T h q vr u d

uwd I0 ahbat

with vcrbd rJ M U as nonvrrbdP ~ ~ I C I .

Zrn

hr "then" (dm f; odd* )~:q The @dc B, ha -ad Lncdallsin Middle -0. It w m mas* u r acr-nr a d iuy, with nonvcdd or vabd p d u t e s . m indiua the incvi~hlcr d of m d o n dcasnid in m e preceding chuw: for -pic, 13.

(dT-',&lzzy, wbn f b r n m "He dacs. d then the h d is in - i w e n ~ " '

hcwt

k r * a m t r u i l i q , bhr nomuny mulo r ruho&tc chinmduca a c h v v with m d v d i d p d u t e . Synhctic*, bbr 0 lau 8 p r e p i t i o d phnw m r a n d a the b e e g of r wnmcc: ror -PPP,

Z-&:;;b=?Tb1f

-

lo*=PB'iPbd

bt "6w &,j&d p j,." p3 mi, "Thcn htcr, when cvcniaghad hllcn. &"g

br m

*

the cgm

of rhc wntcncc: lit"a&, "nen .fm(anrb), c m i " g hning hap&cd what the k h mvlo the bcsjmhg of a smfmfmfm.The didnc6onbmubmuntheovauusof~1isun,mm~:whenitisfonoMd&~~~~tid phnw, br is a mnmncr d muh the bsginning of r wnrmcc; nb ~mt a"xiliay md mfmdmu a m w t e druv deno6ngmEvitahIcd t the

mmmona did anr to come.'* In this ore

-

!&I3

14. .'pcrhrps, w b e , pmb=h$" The @dc mnun inmduca r main chore (or independat SL ---., abd or rrerhdpdicatc. It in.&that thc r c r t t t r of& chuw or renfcnfc is uncertain: for c-plc.

-d~P153199,$3

nbjmmrb4fp "My lord. ~f i pmbhly his -c" where mum i n d m e r m A p nomid sentence a h the vosltim n b j "my lord" It ha bccn ~ g s r t e dthat the ppride r m m derive fmm m rdvcrbLl sentencer(j) m m "it is something thrt mryW.inthihi~rapccfifmddbebe&rnf hc EngLrh word nulybr. which coma 1bthc cxprarirarirari "it may be."

~ l h d ~ b mc.Unc.a.mbfaa p "

16. THE r

192

~ ~ m uAND r n~ A R T ~ C L U ~

-ka

k3 "them'. (&o -A) patide. Wrc jb (5 r6.6.31,muh a slow with 1 mkl or noomkl +ate dywcdwithoncl -It ofthc d o n of some p& sl-. I fom~mbe&cwdinh~~~.

15.

t6l

uDD

1,IOlj

As--in J rl.r6.2, gmrmdr I s l u u with rdvat irblLouudforthcumepmpxwithtbvd d pcediutr.

r.

B3 This paticlc un be wcd m cmp-

ap

d

g word or phnre: for example.

i~%Al=aZ +nw rp 3 m spr n . "thefirnth ~ rime ofpetitioniog m yo, This b rLo the meamq it Im in the combined puticlcr njr 3 'hot at dl" md b3 3 / bwj 3 "if onhl.. ($9 16 6.9. 16.6.12). Mmt inrtrnccs o f 3 occur in m f f n n a with a vcrbd ndicarr: in tha. d o n ofthc verb it scma nor only as rn cmpbur &o t Im.asarewiUucinrcoon18. I.

,9

,

jrJ rf(m.) "sd' B c d d a r h c u r c s a r e h m c ~ m e tb.r.1, ~~

ru..,

a4.ar.,,

...

-\

.L-

--.:.

ucpcyuuu.

--

ut lilc m a & & puridc ~ h e m if p v a m 8 he p n o m c.g.,jrJ mo* o h rf (4 8.1.7). In thu m the prcpaaitiodphrvc lu* aprppcus rr the ~ o n drmmt d in the slvw (or mlcna).W;. nher a & c puadpuad. rather rhvl in thc t h d +titin of @titid phnwr at LCa d of the &use. %u u is very mmmon intom.though mcdy for CL- with a wxbd p d i m . The cnclitis uss of,f(ctc.) &"a from the h c c mcrning of the prrposition r "with q c a m" (5 8.2.7). The r u 5 x p o w frcfcrr m so- previous &uu or rarcncc. and thc prrpaait i o d phrrw wnrrr m rchfc i s h e to the preceding one: for m p l c ,

=9"&2ke?-ko'!- nnj?

g-g?,~~~).-I'PQ~

n b l n m . m "Thcn b no pilot in j .jw rfmj mj. "So, where b hc md

Thc mditic h a c relates the quation in the aecond wn-e m the atmment of& lierally, "with -t m it," where the he p- mfar m thc prcding sm--. &tion indiutc., this nwolul &e ofoffofan be CODbv the Ed& mrtidc lo. Tk YLT (IS) L rmly yvd i d . third-pc"apc"ap n b w& - " h e SinpIaJ $ femhim With a k t or second-pemn r&, thc aclitic wm rclbate the d o n o f &s vcrb m the +cr (fmp-a) or thc pcnon(s) being d d m s d (wcond pzrmn) rather Lhl. bo r prcccding statemcar This l u c b v q CDDDD with impcratiri: far m p l

*

oE-a

.

.--.

0

.

spm . k nj '"Listenm me?

lierally, ' k e n . with rnpccr m younelf m me!" l o ~ h ~ q i p r r a i o n j - lb n9 " wl i w m "&oCthehrm..: ic., rhc-wbItrod.ud ,d -6- 6,*&,G,c ""e. The p h 7" t h u hour" m%hem they ur on dr drhc wrmdwn%rrc "omimd (el$5 ro.g,o)

16. THEIMPERATIYE

w PARTICLES

193

Enditic jvJL vlcd not only by i t 4 u in the preceding exunpln, but &o in conjunction with 0 t h p d c l n . The combination j* rfis eqedally common. It is n o w vlcd to introduce r new topic or sdditiod infomation in the coum d r nurrtive, and oftm come aponds m the En&h prnidc now. which hy r &s Iinction (rcc § r2.16.1): far example.

91-=I

912-9-Yh39t&9-~

jjt . ~ j v ~ 3 ~ . j yfh. f12 ~ "Now,Y for LCwater, it URI ,I cubit. (deep).? f2amwith jrl rfur 6 y " w z i e subrdiltlf~.but offen hwe m be a r n r h d u rmin &uses. 3. C j r

The particle jr is r s p & c slemcnr W e hnrr b d y mcr it u part ofthe nonmrbd ncgrtinj ...j,(§ 11.5)mdnjjs(§ 1 1 . 7 ) . m d a a m u k e r o f n o n ~ n o v n & ~ ~ ra.rt.x, 1 ( ~ ~ rzr3.3) and r d w b ch($6 12.16.3-11.16.4). There umc hvlctianr u.&o b u n d in &uses wth a dprcdiute. E a c n w , jr i n d i u m thu the d n u c in which it occvn ia &rdrmfc. This b &a to in novn ~ h u s a2nd adverb ch-, but it is w r u ts of the negationr nj ...js m d nj js A8 we ham sen (§ 1r.7). the negative pdrrile nj sin be used m negaa a word: for uomplc,

-

-.Zob

nj br pw "a L norhing:

Thc addition ofjr to 8uch r &we iduts that the negrtion rpplin to the en& m the word d m f o n m js, Y in

-2qPob

s l t u ~not , just

46tjrpw"Itir not a rhing?

Thc hcwoancc nj hr pw L m I f t i n n a b renrmcc: literally, '"It b a "on-thing." The sentace nj $jr pwir r negative wnancc: it mthat the ercmcnt btpw"it i s i&bg" b not -. Thc p m c e ofjs in the ncgrdon nj ...jr indium thu rhc entire c1so.c (hl p)i aubondinrtc m the ncg.don. n w j w the wad @O fhlf form "8. We hwe aka seen hour the ncgrtion nj js is u d m r word or p h in conm m c r h i n g (§ 1r.7). u in

lEbL*-q!!-)&-

I--.a jjs mjw.k

"a

poor mm,not-

cqrul"

Hoe too js i r m k e r of rubordLution: it inbcrts h t thc p h c in which it is uud (njjl m,w.k "nor yovr c q d ) L dependent by conon fhat which prcsedc. it (h "a poor m').T h e we of jr m mbrdirutc 1 single word or p h c is ocurio* found in atlim?ive wncnccr u well: for -PIC.

-

-

= 4 & ! ~ ~ - ~ b ? , ~n.kjrn , - b$0)mjf:.nw.kj~ "It L your.u wcU, b c q your hounds.'"' Here j, ~"bordimmthe no"" p h f m w . k 'your hound,- to the prcccding &we n k jm SO) mju '"ais your. u MU." T h b uu, which is not tw common in Middlc Egyptiur, b d i t i i d r to d t e litmlly; in mmt it un be p p h d wing the word "a"before the herubordinad phrase: "It L your.u well, u your hounds:'

-.

.-;

"* njrj

w g - u rub

16. THE IMPERhTNE AND P.UA'ICLEI

194

4.

$ w c',t Thir pMide is r nrc negation chat hu m m i d rr a holdover horn Old F.g&ao.

rlmmt exclusively in rctiEiour tern, md rmly wirh puriculrverb farm. (vec

b is found

26.29.4)

m.1 "re*, indeed" (& . Imt) 5. This pmidc is uwd mmdy in n o d acn-ca and only m b with r v& prcdiuts. I& mMing co-n& 6idy =la+ to h t of English c m p h a i i adverbs such rr mnlly, omromr4. indeed, truly,in fa& for urrmplc.

gp

14Y1-111ZZ jnk . r - 1 6.

n(ilr3 n j b r I

un mly rm official p a t ofh-"

k-. hM. kYmj"plow, nod'

Thc enclitic pMicle mj is probably julf the proditic pUtic1e mj (5 16.6.7) uwd cnditidy. b is uwd after the imperative or (ruck) the rubjuncdvc ( k s o n 19):for ins-s.

&PA&?$

mj m j j b j "Come now. my hem!"

,. m~a

-N+, i n d d ( r ~ o m l e a -, m~\) Thnr particle is uwd mm* in main c l a m , with both 4 and nonverbal prodicrta. himp!ia rrtonirhmcnr, reproach, objcct~on,or pan& pcrrurrivcnCn, md cornponds hirb clwck in mcrning to the Eqlirh adverb sunly,vhich baa much the r u n c connorrtion: for cmmplc. >.

. .

them 15 surely no one with white dotha in our time!""

nc~ h n wP e I F a jw mr, which

-L..',

4

-

the fint -tcVCc of thi.-PI=. u, -&d W& ~ n ~ nurcd s a to p c r r d c that it even* be-c m idiom for "onggmtiad' (i.c., the kind of cllim nu& by snakcoil salesmen for their pmdum]: see Ex~xcircI r, no. 6. AO, mormver'. ( r ~ o w&, w&L%] 8. e l hm T h s pmide is found in &uu. with nonvcrbd or d d prrdicara. b indiutcr thzt the cbw in which it occun is an rdditiod a t a t a n t to one that baa been rmdc -tier: for example.

&"W&,,%K=#-&%$

m.k hm Y k h r m ( m ) j t j . j "hndlook, your d o & q is caring my pin!.'

4%-

lun"b"t" The pvtide winom+ occurr in the second of nvo phrases, chuses, or tentcncn md indir contrrrr with the prneding one, like Englirh "bur"I t i urcd with nonverbal or wbrl predislta. For examples. sm E x m w r 1, no. 22, md ExnEiw 15, no. 8. 9.

cat-

10.

5 p,. ~ n ~ wmarcovcr, , but"

T h e puticle grr is uud in chwith nonverbal or vobrl prcdiures. It h a mvch rhs umc English mnshtion rr the pmicle bm (I 16 7.8). but unlike the Lncr it nomuyl mrrb a new topic or r new linc of thought Form oumpk. see Exercise rr. no. 4.

16. T H B ~ M I W D P m T I C L E S

195

I I . z i ~ h ( h z l m d - ~ . ; g ) mi8

&cle

o c m

cwlwi+

in qustic

1

713.2. 7.13.4, rr.rr.a). It is vst& not tl wmcthing likc -'* or " m W (we 1 8

ks

in prnrionri lmom (55 7.r3.1m mean chvrc. wirh EMand

it occuxon& reyd m

prc&clcrtcr.

no-M

Int.,ection. 1 j"oh!"(& 9.ad 98ji. Thk inrerj.d.3" is wed before fore f t i r i r i r i for -pL,

81

9-8. -8.b.

9DPTBi8BiZj '& so@ t:"oh, (you) livingwho m on earth!(. PTh?j n d b "luil"!m (& 0 7 7 2 . m.)

*

Thu inteqcction .lay.occun &tin rhc wnrrncc, a d is ud w t h 1 r c c a n d - ~ " me* pmnoun attachedto hr- i.c.,l.nd hr.k,j.nd hr!, a d j.nd hr!n -as well u with a fhnnwi.g vwtive: for aumpk,

qt7%%j ,d hrk d b q ' " H 9 m ' I

yoyo, Thoth!"

Nrhougb it is used (in this form) o.ly u m ~ntmjection,it mry d n i from ~ m o prcnionj n d j h r k (cu.),muning something like ''WIinme* ""mi-. If i wed dmmt exdu.ively in religiour tnm.

3.

h119%",4

n-bj: "no!.. (rLo hd'%o%

ThL inmjection occua only u r r-te mpk, rce Exc~x~xirc I * , no. , I .

' '

m d hdk&

word. Wrc the English mwjcction "no!": f o r m ex-

(dm .LA,iducnccd by the verb h:j "M) The inojcctian h3 is u u d like j before f f rive. It i lcu common fhvlj, a d occ"" may. rehgour texts, ur& before the name ofthe d c c d and ohcn followed by the demo-r k e pn (feminine ' ) orpw (fcmirunc rw): f o r e-"PI., 4. O l8 h: "oh!" lo

~%?d&E&.A!
&T~bf-CPLv+hdh;;7::

...

... PAT-

jwfm n d ~n m p l l ~ o j w f h r m mI J J jwf*.(w)!32 lp h s "He is r commoner of r ro ycur (of rgc). who lia+ know8 (how) ro tic on a -red herd('

I

,

had:' &r o r u / b r lunm Jo *nckn- tying on bxad" (we lwc ltrerdy met the fi"t p u t of this LLtefFCCin 15.10.2).

*il, ".,I

dq)

... who

eaong 50 1-1

The SUB,ECT-rtstive construction in noon chu." When r IS vrcd ro r noun chusc, thc m ~ ~ m + t a n vcolurmction c is n o r d l 7 i n m d u c ~ dby nn or mr "that" r r m noun chusn mth 2x1 adverbial or prcudmcrbrl prcdicrtc (SS 11.11.1,15.11): for in-me,

e~ZM-d8-M&-Jg-"XPd

bran wj hu m cbg nlj z b

"bcuurcI un shod with thc rm& of S O W '

9dhb=&5-%81dT-B8hZ

j.dd k n b w m t y. V.kwm m3' b w f "You should ray m Horns that I am m i t c d about hisjus&ation.'"

In the 6nt of rhnc exunpln, thc noun &vv is the abjcn ofthe prepmitiom br: in thc wcond, it n thc ob~ccrafthc verb fj4d.k "you should wy." lob." hx hrnn rn 5 0, htc"cy, " .*). a".

6K.r

r,.

zro

rnSTAn"e

In rz.14 we m hmv m indcpmdenf wntmcc with rdvabdvabrl prcdicrtc un W o n a r noun &usc without my inaoductory word. Thir is aka rmtruc for the m ~ + c r - t i m conrrmction. Eumplca in Middle 6mhm occm mostly in the fallowinguses:

r. as objen of the compund prepiflorn m btt'tBa" (lifer+,

PB2-bEQTZlXohFTP9f bI?Z jw brp.n.fi),q-Im'j njnj n Wt m brjw-m~muscnb.tlj) "I k t c d Uppcr Egyptim bull, m Ini m d m H~cht,Ster lu-irm Hcrc the senancc jtwn-jmuFnb.t(j) is used Y the English -slation uwr the hcentcncc " .'&d'without m inaodvcmry word. 2.

u the A c1cmenr hul A p n

uy

fc

compound prepri the .,bjccc ~ f t l

'

o d sent

HjQ"7ZIbaPBI

b3pw b r . W b r b w f 3 w ~ "It melor 1 thwmd h e men rt the r a n d ofirs wind: In this cau thc entire sentence 83 6r(w) br hw t3w.r '"a thou= ld have m e n at rhierovndofa wind" is uwd Y 1 n o m i d predicate (A). As As in m A p >mtencc, pw is p l x cd ar claw b the b n t ofthe -fence rr possible 6 7.9): here. immediately dter b3 ''2 thousand:' which u the subectof thc rtztivc br.(w) "have fallen:' Camp the use ofthc vvvvu,r y.,ufe m m Apw sentence, whish we mcr in 5 1 4 . ~ 1 . 3. asthe object d a d. for example:

4-4.223%?%%4&7j n j w m 3 c t p p 3 d d y Y k v j . l j ~ 3 zf p b q

d the truth?" Thir ir m A p B nomid rcnencc, used in r ~ c a t i o n(§ 11.rt.2). where A i the noun m3't "the truth" and B zr the noun p h n v ~3 d d j w k 6 . g r3z tp !q "the uying you h o w tying m r mered hcd." In the noun phnw. the scntenccjw.k 6.9 l?z rp brq "you h o w qing on r d herd" a the object of the ~ t i v e p 3 d d " t hnying'. c (see 111.8). In each of th- uws. the SUBDCTCTL~~~VC comrm~tionis d like r nono - as the obj- d a ppositron, as the predicate in in A pw Y ~ M ~ M , md rr the rhbicct o f f v m h -even tho& it ir a c~mplctcscnrcncc in iDc4 with ia mvn sub

p

tmk-d,&.bhb,,,g-&h.h.~"ngforhnhn "llll (that) 2 tho-d hm 6Um 28 me avnd ddd d d " Tb= m

w,

v e d'o(o(o( d" & ma*& uudbhuntbud. T b c 6 4 r m - d L c r o l r o l c " w ~ ~ ~ r a n . m p y " , L t h ~ " . ,an& a d w l d c o n w u r ~ & O n ~ w u ~ c t h m a m w u . ~ n c t t , t h m , a m n n r . t h o h o u r m d b n r r 6 n m n

n.12

The sw.pc~-st.tititiconremction in adverb &-r In previous I-nr w e bnc sccn how rhmbLl rmtcncs and t h m with r pcudoverbd predicate cm finction la rhmb d r h , either with m inducmrg p d d s or withour one (SS 1 r r 6 12.17. 15.9). The m e n - n r t i v e conrrmcdon ca bc uwd m cnsyl the m c uny. Thc foUowing is m ulmplc with the mrmductq pmiclc jrl:

lAk~bn4=PLUE~9MeA&f &It:* 43d:pwjcn b m f m $1-nc, j9t ' f i p n g g (w) m rhu, "What Hir Inurntition did w m proceed m the go$$ h t while this B o a ws

-

f"dshhd with tm~pshipr!'~ In mon m &rb &vv with the rrrhc is d c d : hat ir, it looks just like r main chuw, or i n d c p d c n t rmtmce. but li d c n a c d u m ldvsrb s h - by thc conin which it is uud (compuc thc sunc use of rhmbid md p u d & p d i u t a m unnurkcd ldvnb c h h : $9 1 ~ xand 7 15.9.1). The fouowinguc two u.mplc. wrth nomnrl m d pmnomid tubjca

-,&-~&wpLZAy--

"9"ISd j" b8. jbfZw.(w) by Hir Inurntition,hL h u r t happy',"

"Sriliog daarm-

& ~ ~ ~ - P B - ~ ' ; ~ Z ~ ~ - j n k F d d r t ~ j w f - f n b . b )m, b3h !m f "I m s the one who cut off hL hand. whilc hc wrr (dl) dive. (right)in 6ont of Hi3 Insun.tion.~"'

-

jbf :w.(w) "hir hw hrppy,"jw f which thq u c uu d shwv. h t they u.advcthid. ibmg r state penrioiag whm the d o " of the mun nr scormce

Each ofthac m p l n cat c"g.(w)

j r p + ~ 3 z .Jnh v p fn "Ifyou find it hu knotted up on ie nghr ridc""

-8UATEB-J-8P9be~Z .-j+

~3s.~!b.rfl

'Yon s h d mcm the w= smdded, like yon did on land.*'

lo other um ~ n l ythc vnmvkcd form ofthc noun C g.Y thc A clcmcnt of a" A pW"0rnioll olloll"fffff:

~ U Kwith

the pats 8s r t t a e d -tar exam-

9-flk-bElJlblb~~~IP&bIB&kPl26~~~LB jrt.Rsbjwhtm.n wzm3yrnut,p~

"Aa for the p r d i n g of the rebels. if mefom of the perfect re-

ihihtcd:"'

thrt thc gmg c

ofSeth b :'rvlth the rw la the n o m i d prrdiur. of the A pw wntcncc: litcdy, "it Uht)the

Hcrc the entire ~cntmcchm.n.rw rm3p y f j "the

cthb

b m &fed." The negated perfect the neetion A nj. Likc thc pcrfe3 iBdf the In M~ddleEgyptian the p a f a is ofim uud mgucd ~ ~ ~ fiscucl ut e l a ~ Although . s c x p m the neetion of complcfcdMion, howcvcvr, it b not cqmnlcnt to the F q b h pcrfcct or plat tenser. Insred, n nomaliy co-pnds to the p-ent tams in English, ¬ing the ncgrdon of setion, ability. or necessity, cithcr la something rmc or as .omcchbg that b rmc only rt the moment ofmcrkin~for cnmplc. that i, gvlg of S n h hu

1I.14

Tt&-%=&G&&=I

nj nmC.n bwd m prf "He who b "rich in hi, h o w doe not *ow +eO , 1' or "Hcwho b rich in hi, hovrc doe not h e to show puda

&gbte'2P=Z&,l-

m.kt4krlprn.k. njrh "look, I a n pelltioningm you, you on't hear it" 0, " h k . I un petitioningm you, (bur) you don't hcar it"

As rhc l u r numple s h m , the negated perf- ~rrvcru thc ncg verbal ~olumrcrianwith hr plur thc idniflvfl. which b nomaliy I

r the pcudor5.8).

18. T H e m a

136

The pnfect can Ilx, be negated by &

nn.

Thir consmrmon L much I-

common thm thc

hZP%EB"A'="f: "Hcwho is Pvolo lu for the whole dz idle E g y p h ~ b i negrtive s comrmmon rcm bc n Gatu in p c n l . A3 we w ah- (I 18.3). EgyptLn norrmy.urn the rative ofinmmititi v"b8 x- the - ~ rountcrpm of the pofect of tnruitivc verbs. After the n c w v c prlficles ni or nn, however, the pcrfccr ofinmnrinve v&r is uud, not the mtidve: fa exrmplc, A

9A

--

n j ~ . n . rp n bz rdmj

,-OO_S,~!='

''An \nunworthyuuw = m o t urive vet thth -r''

Thir is b ~ l u r cthe negated perfect q

1i.e.. or

action, a not mfc: --anot mi=:' not "IS not m 2 rate a f a r n d " The rratlve l d i s negated a* in the m ~ a - ~ t i comrmr v e tion, and even thth o d y t h b (I 17.ld. Exmplc. afthc pcrfcct with thc r u I k rw ue &o common drer the ne@tivc: fa,r insmcc.

qtrnla?r9:t=sz,zc

~

j,,, h m ~ * ( ~ ) , .jj.

M".""

"Surely, rhc women arc burcn: no one u n concclvc:'

liady, '"oneu m o r conccivc" a "one is nor conccivinp ( h n Mmt cumplcs of the prfcct withant m cxpxrscd sub~ccr& cx

I!&lr&$b'

:!JY--'Ct

'The fimaof to*

dvcrrc timm). ,r i-cc,

brim nw mjn "j m r . e

do not I-!'

In this ow the subject hnmnu nw mjn "the friends of mdy" has -.... .-,.-.--, I. ofthe unul r u t h pronoun q n t i n g the subject &er thc vcrb. the subject of the vrrb is omimd and thc that n used when the rubjca ir omitted (5 '8.5). Although a a nomuyl transhted with the pramr ten%, rr thac crampln show, the negated perfect un bc urcd in conto;rs that rcquiui a pat -in the Enpliplih la ti on: for nnmple.

w b ha the spcnal form ofthc perfect a&

E!-Iv~'A-L;"~-T&Z~~=~I-B& w n f i ~hrdbn 13 '1. n j g m . n ~bwjmuajm

"Then she wa going m u o d the mom. b t ) ,he .oddlit E" d, the place in which if

f

being dor

Despite thc put rcfircncc of such crampla, however, the c o r n ..-.. _ - -....... the ncgrtion of rction or rbiliq ("she codddt h P ) , nor the negation of a put evmt ("she didnt find") Egyptian vrcr r diffacnt ne@io* far the htter, which we ,dl mcct in Lcuan 20.

If a s c a m odd h r the negated perf- has r ditfitfnt rrmdation thm the perfect e k e whcm, you should mmonbcr that the perfect e x p m a the q c c t of completion md not a tcruc. la ncg~tiontherefore denote the ncpnon of complctian, nor the ncpaon of completed or p t rction. An hnxpprnsion such u nj rdm.n.k me- something hke "you do nor complac hearing": th~reforc."you do not he=" or "you cmnot hcu:' Similarly, njgm.n.r in r p a context msomcttung like "rhc did not complete findiog": thctcforc. "she could not find" or "she rnnot finding."

1.n

The negatedpctfect in adverb clamses Like the n h t i v e (nomepted) pcrfccq thc n e e d pcrfm cm be lucd not only in rmin chwe (or independent sentMca) but llro in subrdirute cluscr. E-pln lo ldvcrb ckarc brut "& .a , unrmrked. They look just me x"i" c l m . md u.od,. mbrdLutc by "irmc of am c t u t ( h t is, bemuse they arc logically r a t e d m a preceding clure): for aamplc.

9 ~ v ~ B ~ 4 B _ D o ~ $ - ~ ~ -b bf : _i a~. ~bbb ~ "Heh.r been fighting m c e the time ofHoms. withour bc Hcrc rhc &urc njqn.nd"hc c-or -il" &be, how the nc The w of the negated pcrfcct in r d v d ckurcs is similar to ph. lhc (I 14.15.1).Compare the fo~orvingtW0c m p l

T2&4-58=

'memmth

r s w , njmdw

L dent without b.i.g =t

!r"l2fA1929G 'p.m~s.rj. mn "Then she wEl still,without mwing.'" The adverb &me in a c h of thee wntcnccr dacriba how the action of the preceding &hpperu 01 is m e . Although the two negative corurmctiaru urprrrr thc ncpoon of xaon, thc ncgrtcd perfect nomdy has the comorrt~onof inability ("without bdng sblc to speak"), while PIUS the inhnitivc cxpthe ncgatian of action itrelf ("without ",wing"). Thus, the adverb &uw nj qn.n.fm the fint m p l e in &is section me- "withour bdng able m p d nthlhrn dm& "without pmniling:' siocc rhe l a m c d d Iwe been wprnred by nn phu the i,,Kt,i-

""

ti"
&EiZiII...iGL-YLkI*ll~- b m p t i o n of the ki"g

28

athlete

! ~ Z W ~ % & T T & - Y & ~ Z ~ * & I G...&LPKd-ZLf ~~R&~? r,?gElZJT-!h~;&R~~BB~::~.Fik-

rr. ~I~D~~PT&&PP~'&~B~&RF~ -jnb-hq3-e of. hntiecf-t (§ 4.~5) 16.

C~VP&~&L~~~=~.~L ~ ! = ~ h = ~kd ~WX,.L, b%

"Don't bc h m b when you uc p d "Don'r bc hash ...md mil won't -h

, so that mil dann'r relch you" or you"-ptupae orresult ($9 19.8.1-r9.8.z)-

9B!B?=H.ddCBd-dLh$+Si.I?

jwwd.ngbb ti)r(j) w r i r n n j w n ( m ) b

"Gcb, 6Qr of Oairis, h a commmdcd &st I not a r excrancct" -objecr of 14 (9 19.9).

Bccauac rm h a vnb in irr own righ~io subjunctive form c m even bc ~bj""Cfi"Cofother vcths:

by nn, liLe the

t-&=.Jr&= nn t m f j r h n f i "He will not not do goodncs" -i.c., "Hc will not fiil 4. s m m q ofneptiom with the e~~bjuncticticti The wim ne@ve c o W o r u mth the ~bjunctivcti.r ur rumnurircd in thc foLIowing able:

:countnpare.

A F F ~ T N E

VE

m i " c l a w , lu-

f

wish or c o m a p q a c m d mub cklvc. a 0th.r lver of the subjuncti.

8;

nmin ch-,

nrrk jmfsdm

=.whch we

~ i d d l eegypdrn

r h c ~ " b j ~ir~lvcd t i in~ one ~ r h a d meet in the n u t Inson. 9.n The sobjmnclive in q u c s t i ~ ~

e e the rubjunctivccc be bebed in both pmdidi(c 100 oajunal9y9~9~9ynr (9 18.18). In q ~ n i o n r(whcn Ihc d o n of the verb itsclfis qucnlancd), the sentence is n o d ind u c e d by jn: for cumplc. L I ~ Cthc N

@catc

97fl&5$,&2-jn ' 3 . l w j r f m "So,

PStlf

I be mbbcd in hlr mate!"

The ncgltivti canrmrmon nn r d m f o n &o bc 9 y d o n e d in th.

q-=="pflh&,.8y

j""" r f d j . k w 3 . n

b"

'"so. won't you let lu p a on thc p d

In adjunct quntionr (whcn mmc other clcn .E ,-.. the h t word m the ccctence: forc

2n4:,-99

%$vj,i.c.

:h qucsrioned). the

mj "Hc

The ~ ~ b j u n ~ is t ~not v e very common in djdjunct quesmonr: nomuuy a atrerent vcm mrm u -a for such question$.which w c mn meet in IAs o n 2 5

rg. nasusprrcrm

258

19.r,

The ."bj~ll&ve ofwnn The z a c p m verb wnn +=)"d L r verb in i s mright, and like other v c h it czn be uud in thc s"t$ubjuncti~ (""gemimfed wn): far numple,

(s,

eP&I,-?T8

wnd bnc nbCnb "I &dl -t

with the Lord ofL1fcl'

rhc ~ m p o ~ a put n t ofthe chuu L not the verb i d b u t the adverb or prepoaitiad p k that accompmcs i t In such CWI. the sobjunetive ofwnn allen adverbial predicate to fvnction like a subjun&ve. W h e n the vcrb wnn la wd m thnr wav it noun& cormpond-,m m form d t h e E@h verb be nthcr than airt for numplc.

US&

kUy*4-&l~$

w . k : w W !.k m pew "YourworLcnwill be in jubbtion" (foturc:5 19.3.2)

jQye&h,z j.a.0) m j m z3.k "I havc corn that I mighr be your pmvmmm (purpow:

",?%%#!b~ak%

d j k wnJ mrmmilrm k

"May you l a me bc in rhc following ofyour Innmation

9.10). mrkcr it p-

Thc mbjunnive ofwnn un ako be accompaniedby thc rbtiti. ble for the hebbLVC ro functionlike a mbjuncrivc: far imancc,

--@6=,.!!&4k"bli "I

will rmLe them be

djjwn.m b.(w) mk.u,

m m p l d and pmcected:'

HFXthe $"bjvoctive wn dm thc f0ti.m &(w) mk.w "they hcy exempad and pmtecteb' to -c as the object of74 mmething that thth *ti= cannot do by i ~ e K Although it looks liLe r svbjvncti~~ conrrructicri,thc n-tion nn wn L nomuyi oar future. It m q conbin r M e - t verb form, which we will dis- m the next IIOI.

-

16

Lnao6r u thcir works a x known, thc frmav~wim mentioned r the end ofthe b r ayl wcrc dl authon of the kind of am that wc d anrdom hmahm. The Esypruru & thu pm 1b?yt "+tion:' md ~trem have b- the meat pop& form of limrture among the Eglptiuv th-h. More compo~~itioti of this c y p have come do- m u thm any other form of ancimf EgyptLn rcNLr li-NTr. Although wc havc only one copy ofsome widom rum. most rurvive in morc than one copy. fmm roml m more thm r hundred. Some ofthc copies we have -re wittcn on paby a~~rnplishcd miba, for p-flon or pcrhrp far thck own phmrc. The b e ofthcw date m thc Middlc Kingdom. Mort, how-, were mitten on flakes of timamnc, d c d "eam!d (sinp L r "eamkon"), by N w Kingdom whoolbai. copying a -cr text or n!sing dictation horn thcir rca~hcr.Bcing sshwl tuL1. thcy hcy oaftcn fun of crmn, md thi.rmLa the undcnmdmg of m y praugs conjcrmnl or o m im-blc; but thcy ako pmdc r wimem to the affection and m n c c thc E m h d for this prrdNLI f m o f t h e bmture.

!J*%qofi

19. THE S U B ~ N C ~ ~ Y E

219

Middle Eklpdzn d m tern un k divided into thwc n t c p r i a . The oldac uc msrmctiom for l i n g , in which t k r u t h a record. his a h c c for r pmper md svcsssfvlhie. Mast were w n m by - or mms tiLti~ly,in t h t h t h t h of - h o u s ~ P i i l for , the edi&rtion of thek wnr. The mlicrf am ambuted to three o f f i d ofthc Old I(mgdom: m vnnvncd vizier i ~ r m ~ r mhis ti~~ row, onc afwhom, nrmcd Kngnnni, is uid to hnc bccomc -er under S n c h in Dyrnsty q; W j a d e f (or Djcdcfhor). a son of Sneh'r ~cccssor. Khufu: md Ptlhhotep, r nrier of the phvroh Ircsn. h m the end of5. Wcnc uc arten slid to h e becn compmcd dudng the Old Kmgdom, pcrhapa luring Dynvty 6. but the nrlicrt -nusoips arc witten in Middle Egyptim and Ate 60," tlIC bc-ng of the Mid& Kingdom or jut kfxe if so there is some doubt v t o t h c d * ofthe compmitiod Wh r . w c r m y h n . e bten the hmricd origin of their Lufructlonr. Hudjcdef uld bhhotep were, rmemted by later g~ncmtianrof Egiptiuu v thc authon of the wudom tcm v&d to h... r "%me rhnn. T. . . of . .rhr -..I, .~thor- red or Gcriad - of the inarrudon for +mni 10% but it my havc k c n Kurrs, r mered author whac w d is vnknown (SCF t h ~ cnd of Fsay r8). Anorha cx l y h d o n thar h not r u m x d MI =&bed to Imhotep, architect of thc Stcp P p mid of 'DJos.. (Dy-ty 3 ) .who wsr Ltcr M c d v the pamn of wribn md phpiciurr. Thcw inIfTUdonr in':I"& r nnge of advice, h m correct bchnnor m r o d dmationr m PmPerconduct t m d N paion md rubohate%.Their purpoac is thc harumLrion of Mat -2 nghr rlu paup.. L-L..A-- both for i s o m a L c md u the key to a happy md rucceufvl lif.. The individd who lives according to Mat is often described aa g "the $rillm"or "the rllenr m" that u, the c d m md x l f -n ~ ~or t.'%he Lnowlcdgnblem:' "the fool? as oppoacd m S e v d ba Middle Kingdom iarhllcrionr &o klong in this category. There indo& the anonymam md f q m c n t q hrruction of a M m for hi.Son;ulothcr anonymnu;inamdon on l q d q to md mcrcncc far rhc lunghip (hrnv the Loyalist hbuction); and the Instruction ofKhety,annhcr ofthe revered uldcnt r w r . T h c h t ir the most wdl-attnted of d widom tern, rurvivlng m more tbm r hundred copicr, moat ofwhich wcrc ammen v excmisea by ~ h ~ l b ~Itly pop&ty s. v 8 school ten no doubt derive hom the 6cr that a is a commcnt q on m o c a t E m tnh, conrmting the mivnbk Lfc of m r n d worken, fmm Gshcrmen m &, with the camforrzblc and respcctcd wcupation of r scrik. A -nd +ofwidom litemrc d c l with the p m p s condua of the kin&p. Thk u r c goq ininlndes two tom suppose* wdby Ldnp f a their m c c m m . The Instruction for Meis sddregd m s pharaoh of Dyovty lo by his hthcr, and mry &u to the F r a Interrncdlatc Penad. Bcrida advice on the mvugonmt of the country uld subadinat=, this rwt indv&r r long &oon rhc rchtionrhipbeovecn hurmn bdnp md the god (cited in p u t at the end of kry 5). The h h u c t i o n of Amenemhat contlinr rdvlcc of Amenemhat I, 6rrt king of m ty l l , far his so" m d auccnsor, Smwm~ m Ir. It h h o u r for lrn dnniption of ruvdnation o f h c n c m hL by elrmcna ofth emyll@,whichnworrmvnorh rnm h i s s o n n a f m h cmN. Bvcd on this arpcricncc, the

----

E&

-

- f6

$-%&%6

w

The third crtcgory of Middlc E m w i h m litemhur io k n d e d "ldmonitionr" Thcw tern are dumptian. or p p h c c i u of k c m c s in Ekmf when the c o " " ~is o v m v n by ourriden and the n o d s ~ a aorder l is Nmcd upridc dawn. T h c d& mch teat u pmbrbk thr Pmpheein of Neferti T b is rn in the rime of the pharaoh Sncfm a d d e d the predictiom of 2 sage m e d Neferri about f future time when Ewpt d be bmw" info cham by the i n m son of hiaticr into the Delm. In the end, Neferti fomdlr the coming of r kiog h m muthan Egypt who wiU reumrc the countq md bdog order and pro-ty. Smcc the kiog is w e d Amcny - r niclrmmc of Amen&f I -this an u genmlly n d rs r campmition of n6y D y n q 12. intended to conthe reign of the ncw dynasty with thc chaos of the F h r Inmmcdiarc Period; thc d m copla, h m v e r , date m the b@g of Dynarty r8. The tm cdlcd the Admonitions of Ipower i simikr m the Rophccia of N c M in c o p tent It ~urviurviuonly in a sin& lengthy muluwnpt, dating to +q 19: itr beginning md md are Ion Although it mo bemoms r tLne when the counrry is in chaos, it contains no apccifichl+ m r i d dcrcnccr; certain fcatwcr of i s g m m u md vouhuluy, hoar-r, paint to r Mid& Kingdom orip. The Lammratiom ofKbnkhep.re-waeb rrc rlro preserved in 1 copy, of ,zth-+ry dare, whch repmducu only the beginning of the ton Thc o"+ wrs compmcd in the early Middle Kingdom; the nvnc of ia author honors the pharaoh Scnwosrer 11, whose throne m e MI ma-khCpec-re. Like Ipuwer's .dmonitianr, Itr c a m p h t r are ge"oll ln chvancs the author w v m l timu nlL upon hi hart m dim hk vuiny by lining how ra bear up mder hk ,,,i%ery. Another unique Mi&nc E&m tc% k"Own Ir the Didat p e of r M m with his Bs,h dwch, xhfcd to thc genzic of rdmonidonr, Iluricvlvl,. the hrntaoanr of Khakhcpcrrcwneb. Thk is of undirpvad Mi' Idle Kingdom origin, rincc irr rolc run.i.g COW wrs wiam arty la +ty 12: irr beginning is lost The t e a iIru the farm of z dcbatc h e n r 7", and b" br .. ,r. nf h avlf The man is tom bcmm (KC EIsay 7)- cscno&. ,hmfmr 2 .rli3lno --, . .. 3.m -.m ruith . .- j life in this world, which a certain but full of miury, and the amrction oflife dter death. which p d c s to bc happy but which is unknown md u n c a r i a . In the end, thc br &~XS the to nccept hk life while looking fo-d to berm odncncc in the ncxt wodd Despite their diffdiffnca in conant, the h r c c utegorin of Middlc Egyptian wisdom rn haw scvenl fcrin common. The sin& theme underfig them d is that of Maar (SCC Elwy 10). The insrmctions for living uplrin hoar to b&aw m lccordvrcc with Maat in or& m =hihihi hppppines m d ruccem; thc royll insrmctlon. conain advice for the pmper and rucccaiul conduct of kinphip; md thc admonitlonr promoa Maat by dncribing the disartmvs state of r world in which this pdociplc of order is igno-d Common m d thc wkdom tcm as MU rs r. p n c n l nth= rhur specific piew of the divine. h f u d of invoking specihc deities, the tom luu& just refer to 94 nrr "the god:. It is a man of romc &bat= whcthcr IhL imcrnt rs 1 genml a"" i.c., "my god'. or .,a more mnfir d c x n c c to thc underlying unity of d & (rcc Esqs 4 md rs). Conccitybh,, hov of thir dmpb -nccrr the w c u h origin of widom litat-, sampm~dby 1-ed men who m a t their compmitioru for r andc audience md who had bmdm or mom @view of the divine ban th.t d m y one thmlogid warn.

-

-

I9. THE SUBJUNCTIVE

EXERCISE 19

cn. A number of tl

"I

&S%lpX&Zd~19Bi%Z$ZZ

IPP1PA4EZa4~CBBP$=EPE5u1A'D4 T 1 ~ 1 1 ~ = 4 - ~ 9 Q ) B i ; ' 1 & Z ~ I d % d - h d ~ ~ d * L f d 6 6... Pt-h~

'???Z&~&R"~X@=+?&

from a wrin ofwishes for the afterlife:unbt nr m3'rj refers m the hall ofjudgment (scc E s q 8 ) J q "mlcomc!" 2.

-&L&,UE,OL~&PPVPRF?=-~~T&~

3.

a'P4el-$lZTP &

~

~

d

&

~

-

d

~

P

~

,

~:taphor~for ~

pmpcr bchnior

-kI=7z-lr&R 9-&tZA&43! 7.2zS1?~&dBBPVBSlh ... &BBLlfii!5&dZSl'@2Ph.hBh-

1.

6

thrnr of the phvrah h o s e W t j p p j "Apaphu:' rulcr of the H y h s

a. 9.

k=k!&~+kw-kv -hm the ~ i r l ~ g u ~off g u fdan eth hi, B~ l a ~ u l c d l u r cbnt"thinks' : ,ESBM=dZP4PZ-&I&'I -6- thc

11-

W%AP'--:::.'Wz2%P'-l.11;T,

r2.

E-&S-&?-&T!-b#%k-UPL-C2P

13. 14.

=LEAZL~T4~~3F&&d! .An=ZlkbC&4~&%4~I~TBT

15.&=ZS-Z-7eOL'r4ZF- -wt b r y w h a he M : li-

'khtwa

.41Zk-SY&bk -h m the lnrmctioo 0fprrhh09 r7. &&hk&&dk!kf &?BVL~~&tgp--d-E~+CLP - h t h c

him"

IS.

tlon

0fF'mhhotcp

b r a -

~

-

~-

7VGhZZEP-P~3~7EEEA-~~Z!-2

-'0-9dq.

a L P , ... 3~Ak42-AB-oozAll -,BB&*L! 1Z.-3Z!%1mf&rf,"lX "T7 ;mlLq pompow s! ,.mqmx v,. var SA~XJTZ~OJ! 3q1 r p x a m 'mq, mrm ST pm ' ( r p ~p) r Lq (9~g3931xlxla ~ p mq q 3 q a 'amep a n g pu~ a q mawq m m a m q y l ~ l o'"~ p m n h q a m m o 3 np 30 a6q -ep a~pepzIS 3x3 znq ..sxl==m am 4.q s1! -0 d I!,, ynpzr' I- IN 9 r p r pu. .,urnus n -u a!,, r.w jmur sanp~marpAq -3-azEed.r q ppo" =ml> tp08 . x g n ~ ~ a d ma qq ~ J ! M' u n p 9 Jur r.!q r p r p a :(rrrr g -) anr3rpad -00 r rpp%'rw J M I ~ :.,xxqd e., rnurr auopmu. p . 0 9 3 ~ 3q3 ~ IT ylv q q s p31ZZmm ~ om mq .=ms"as I ~ L L +ouurd -X> m

-

-

-

.:Mq =P a n W I l = T m 1' :=adsa, Apq Q! YO d g q m 'JIIII p v 1-d v,, ( q u p Jw J* r-d

Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs

Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs - 2nd edition

Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs