Method of Preserving the Face of Rigpa

THE METHOD OF PRESERVING THE FACE OF RIGPA, THE ESSENCE OF WISDOM AN ASPECT OF TRAINING IN THOROUGH CUT BY JU MIPHAM NAMGYAL

TONY DUFF PADMA KARPO TRANSLATION COMMITTEE

This text is secret and should not be shown to those who have not had the necessary introduction and instructions of the Thorough Cut system of Dzogchen meditation. If you have not had the necessary instructions, reading this text can be harmful to your spiritual health! Seal. Seal. Seal. Copyright © 2009 Tony Duff. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photography, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system or technologies now known or later developed, without permission in writing from the publisher. First edition, January 2009; revised, February 2011 ISBN: 978-9937-8244-1-5 Janson typeface with diacritical marks and Tibetan Classic typeface Designed and created by Tony Duff Tibetan Computer Company http://www.tibet.dk/tcc Produced, Printed, and Published by Padma Karpo Translation Committee P.O. Box 4957 Kathmandu NEPAL Committee members for this book: translation and composition, Lama Tony Duff; editorial, Tom Anderson; cover design, Christopher Duff. Web-site and e-mail contact through: http://www.tibet.dk/pktc or search Padma Karpo Translation Committee on the web.

CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v The Method of Preserving the Face of Rigpa, ““The Essence of Wisdom””, by Ju Mipham Namgyal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Supports for Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Tibetan Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

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INTRODUCTION

This book presents the text The Method of Preserving the Face of Rigpa, ““The Essence of Wisdom”” by the great Nyingma scholar-practitioner Ju Mipham Namgyal [1846––1912]. Mipham, as he is usually called, has become the most well known of Nyingma scholars. He is so well known these days that no further introduction to him should be needed. His text here concerns the practice of the innermost level of Great Completion.

Great Completion The Great Completion system of dharma came from a land called Uddiyana, which is thought to have been in what is now the Swat region of Pakistan. The name of this system of dharma in the language of Uddiyana was ““mahasandhi””, meaning exactly ““the great juncture””. The Tibetans translated this name with ““rdzogs pa chen po””, which in English is ““great completion””. The words ““juncture”” and ““completion”” have the same meaning in this case; they refer to that one allencompassing space, that one great juncture, in which all that

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there could be——whether enlightened or unenlightened, whether belonging to nirvana or samsara——is complete. The name Great Completion refers both to an all-inclusive space that beings including humans could realize and to a system of instruction designed to bring beings to the realization of it1. When a being does realize it, there is nothing more to be realized or done because all is complete within that being’’s space of realization and the work of spiritual practice is complete. In a Buddhist way of talking, Great Completion is the final realization in which that being has manifested true and complete buddhahood. Great Completion is often called ““Great Perfection”” in English but that presents an incorrect understanding of the name. The final space of realization is not a state of perfection but one that contains both perfection and imperfection. The name is not intended to connect us with the idea of perfection but with the idea of the juncture of all things perfect and imperfect, to the idea of a state of realization in which all things are complete. There is also the unavoidable point that Longchen Rabjam’’s definitive explanations in his revered text The Dharmadhatu Treasury make it clear beyond a doubt that the meaning of the name is Great Completion and not Great Perfection. He mentions in several places that the point of the name is the inclusion——just as the original name from Uddiyana states—— of all dharmas within a single unique sphere of wisdom.

1

For realization, see the glossary.

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Completion in the name means that all phenomena are included at once in a single space of realization. Great is used to distinguish something known by wisdom in direct perception from the same thing known by dualistic mind as a concept. Thus Great Completion is not the completion understood through the use of concept, but the greater version of that, the actual state of completion known through wisdom.

Levels of Great Completion Teaching The Great Completion teaching is divided into sections, with each section being more profound than the previous one. The three main sections are Mind, Space, and Foremost Instruction sections, with the Foremost Instruction Section containing the most profound teaching of Great Completion. This final section is sometimes further divided and sometimes not but, simply stated, the most profound level of Foremost Instruction teaching has several names, the most common of which are ““Nyingthig”” meaning ““quintessential””, ““unsurpassed””, and ““innermost”” Great Completion. This level of teaching is the most essential teaching of Great Completion——of reality——that has appeared in our current era of human society. The text here is concerned with the Quintessential Great Completion teaching. It has two main practices, one called Thorough Cut and one called Direct Crossing. Of the two, this text concerns itself with the practice of Thorough Cut. Even though this text was written as an explanation of Thorough Cut practice, the instruction is equally applicable to

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Essence Mahamudra. In fact, this exact same instruction is mentioned by the early Kagyu master Gampopa when teaching his senior disciples, Dusum Khyenpa, and so on2. For this most essential part of the practice, the words and examples used are exactly the same in both the Thorough Cut Great Completion and Essence Mahamudra systems of teaching.

Reading Mipham’’s Text The content of the text can be understood through its title, The Method of Preserving the Face of Rigpa, ““The Essence of Wisdom””. The title has two parts, the main title and the poetic sub-title. The main title, The Method of Preserving the Face of Rigpa, tells us that this text focusses on a specific and essential aspect of Thorough Cut practice called ““preserving rigpa””3. The poetic sub-title, The Essence of Wisdom, refers to the fact that the technique of ““preserving”” rigpa is the most essential of all the techniques taught for developing wisdom. Thus, this text is not a general text about Thorough Cut or Essence Mahamudra, but deals with a single and specific aspect of the practice called ““preserving””. The text is usually read in conjunction with other texts that give the complete instructions of these practices, for instance, another of Mipham’’s texts on this subject, the very well-known The Way of

2

See the book by Tony Duff, published by Padma Karpo Translation Committee, of the questions and answers between Gampopa and four of his main, yogin disciples. 3

For rigpa, see the glossary.

INTRODUCTION

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the Realized Old Dogs, Advice that Points out the Essence of Mind, called ““A Lamp that Dispels the Darkness4.

The Meaning of ““Preserving”” Preserving is an important term in both Essence Mahamudra and Great Completion teachings. It is the main subject of the text here, so reading the text will help to understand what it is about; there is also an entry for it in the glossary. In this text it refers to maintaining or nurturing the state of mindness5 or innate wisdom6, as it is also called, so that it continues on for as long as possible. Note though, that this term is not used only in the context of maintaining the flow of mindness——it is a more general term than that. Overall, it has the sense ““there is a state of mind or mindness, either one, that you have been instructed to bring forth; once it has been brought forth, it must be preserved or nurtured to the extent that you are capable””.

Overview of the Text: Recognize, Train, and Finalize There is a short set of instructions which sum up the whole path of Thorough Cut and of Essence Mahamudra, too. It is:

4

By Tony Duff, published by Padma Karpo Translation Committee, first edition, 2009, ISBN: 978-9937-8244-2-2. 5

For mindness, see the glossary.

6

For wisdom, see the glossary.

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““Recognize, Train, and Finalize””7. The first instruction means that you have, initially, to be introduced to8, and because of that, recognize rigpa. The second means that, after that, you have to train it up, bringing it fully to life within you. The third says that, if you continue the training, you will arrive at the point of its completion, the fruition level. These three points are the skeleton around which the instruction is given in Mipham’’s text. Thus, Mipham’’s text is as much an explanation of these three instructions as it is an explanation of preserving rigpa. If you watch for these three topics as you read the text, you will get a much better understanding of the text than if you were to look only for the topic of preservation. The first step of introduction and concomitant recognition is a whole topic in itself. Mipham does not explain it here but Shakya Shri’’s Peak Doorways to Emancipation9 is devoted to the topic and Dza Patrul’’s Feature of the Expert, Glorious King10 also makes this step of the practice very clear.

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Tib. ngo shes/ rtsal sbyong/ brtan pa thob/. This instruction is explained at length in the book Ground, Path, and Fruition containing teachings of Tsoknyi Rinpoche, authored by Tony Duff, and published by Padma Karpo Translation Committee in 2006. 8

For introduction, see the glossary.

9

Authored by Tony Duff, published by Padma Karpo Translation Committee, 2008, ISBN: 978-9937-9031-9-6. 10

Authored by Tony Duff, published by Padma Karpo Translation Committee, 2008, 978-9937-8244-3-9.

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The second step of training is the focal point of Mipham’’s text. The rigpa which has been recognized in the first step has to be brought fully to life. To train it up, the practitioner engages in the process of preserving the face of the rigpa which has at least been recognized, even if it is not very operational. Hence the name of the text The Method of Preserving the Face of Rigpa. The way to preserve it is described through the standard, three-step progression of increasing ability to liberate the discursive thoughts which are the face of not-rigpa11. The final step is arrival at the completion of training. When the training has been finalized, one has only the wisdom of a buddha and no other kind of knower12. Essentially speaking, the wisdom was arrived at through the most essential practice of preserving rigpa, hence the second part of the title The Essence of Wisdom.

Further Study Padma Karpo Translation Committee has amassed a range of materials to help those who are studying this and related topics. Please see the chapter Supports for Study at the end of the book for the details.

11

The usual translation of ““not rigpa”” is ““ignorance”” but the term literally means ““not being in rigpa””.

12

For knower, see the glossary.

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Health Warning The text here is about a subject that is kept secret. Anyone who has had these teachings in person will be able to understand them or at least go to his teacher and ask for further explanation. Anyone who has had the introduction to the nature of mind13 upon which the teachings hinge, please use and enjoy the text as you will! However, if you have not heard these teachings and especially if you have not had a proper introduction to the nature of your mind, you would be better off not reading this book but seeking out someone who could teach it to you. Nowadays there are both non-Tibetans and Tibetans who can do that for you and who are available in many countries across our planet. In short, the contents of this book could be dangerous to your spiritual health if you are not ready for it, so exercise care. These days, in the times of rampant globalization, these deep secrets have become very public. That is not necessarily a good thing. For example, I have many times in the last few years run into young men who are extremely confident of their understanding of the meaning of these profound systems but who just spout words that they have read in books. Unfortunately, they have read the books and know the words but have not contacted the inner meaning that the books are intended merely as a pointer towards. The solidity of their minds is noticeable and not being helped by reading these

13

For introduction, see the glossary.

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things for which they are not ready and, therefore, should not be reading. My best wishes to all of you. May you preserve the state! Tony Duff Padma Karpo Translation Committee Swayambunath, Nepal, February 2011

Ju Mipham Namgyal Mural on the wall of Dzogchen Monastery, Tibet. Photograph by the author, 2007

THE METHOD OF PRESERVING THE FACE OF RIGPA, THE ESSENCE OF WISDOM by Ju Mipham Namgyal

Homage to the glorious, Primal Guardian14. The training of rigpa comes in three steps: recognition, training, and finalization. First, using the guru’’s oral instruction you home in on the naked face of rigpa until it is seen clearly without mental analysis15. When that has been settled, you yourself training in that essence is the only thing of importance. In other words, just to recognize it is not sufficient——it must be trained up fully.

14

For primal guardian, see the glossary. Here it refers to Samantabhadra.

15

Paraphrase: ““Home in on the naked face of rigpa until you see it clearly without any of the coverings of dualistic mind’’s conceptual style of mental analysis which, if present, would distort the view of rigpa””. 1

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Proceeding with that, you have initially recognized rigpa but, when you begin resting in it, the hindrances of discursive thought make it difficult for naked rigpa to shine forth16. So at that time, it is important to lengthen the period of staying in the state of uncontrived rigpa by resting in it again and again and without any suppression or furtherance17 of discursive thoughts while doing it18. By familiarizing yourself with it like that again and again, the waves of discursive thought will subside in strength and the rigpa will grow clearer. When that has happened, stay equipoised on it as much as you can and, in post-attainment, rely on mindfulness which recalls the rigpa19. By familiarizing yourself with that, rigpa will be trained up further and further. Initially, discursive thoughts will arise. However, there is no need to rely on an antidote to stop them other than they themselves; just by leaving them in their own place, they will be self-liberated in a few moments, like a coiled-up snake that by itself uncoils itself. After further familiarization, discursive thoughts will arise as small 16

For shine forth, see the glossary.

17

For suppression and furtherance, see the glossary.

18

While doing this, you do not engage in the usual approach of cultivating something newly, in which you use thoughts to stop that which is seen to be opposite to what you want to achieve and to further what you want to achieve. If you did, it would all be contrivance and, as he says, this is about non-contrivance.

19

Recalls here does not mean think about, it means ““returns you to””.

THE TEXT

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disturbances but will also immediately fade of themselves, like a drawing on water. Even further familiarization with that state will result in the discursive thoughts arising without doing any harm at all. The resulting lack of hope or fear over whether discursive thoughts arise or not will come forth as an experience in which they have no effect, being neither helpful nor harmful, like a thief who enters an empty house20. By even further familiarization with that state, the process of training comes to its conclusion: finally, discursive thoughts and the alaya21 together with its movement-producing winds dissolve into the uncontrived dharmakaya and rigpa has been captured in its place. Like ordinary earth and rocks cannot be found on an island of gold even if you search for them, every appearance and existence without exception now shines forth as the realm of dharmakaya, having become universal purity. This point is called, ““finalization””22. At this point, the hopes and fears of samsara and nirvana, and of birth and death have been destroyed from the root.

20

A thief who comes into an empty house neither does any harm nor improves the situation. Likewise, at this point, the arrival of thought has no effect, one way or another, on the experienced state.

21

For more about the complicated subject of alaya, see Mipham’’s other text, mentioned in the introduction, The Way of the Realized Old Dogs, Advice that Points out the Essence of Mind, called ““A Lamp that Dispels the Darkness.

22

Tib. brtan pa thob. This is the third of the three part process of recognizing, training, and finalization.

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As with that progression in which daytime appearances and discursive thoughts are gradually brought under the control of rigpa, so the night-time equivalents——the apprehension of dreams, fine and thick luminosity in them, and so on——will come along23 without needing to rely on any other type of instruction. Having understood that, you absolutely must, for as long as you have not finalized the practice, have unwavering perseverance in it, a perseverance that is continuous, like the flow of a river. Instruction given by Mipham. May virtue and goodness increase. Goodness! Translated at Tsoknyi Rinpoche’’s request after receiving instruction on the text by Tony Duff of the Padma Karpo Translation Committee, July 6, 1996, at Swayambunath, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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The night-time equivalents are the experiences and realizations that come from night-time practices, such as being able to recognize dreams, then having degrees of luminosity mixed with dreams, and what follows on from that. There are many types of practice for utilizing dreams as part of the path. However, in this case, none of these types of instruction will be followed. The instruction already given covers both daytime and nighttime situations, equally.

GLOSSARY

Alaya, Skt. ålaya, Tib. kun gzhi: This term, if translated, is usually translated as all-base or thereabouts. It is a Sanskrit term that means a range that underlies and forms a basis for something else. In Buddhist teaching, it means a particular level of mind that sits beneath all other levels of mind. However, it is used in several different ways in the Buddhist teaching and changes to a different meaning in each case. In the Great Completion teachings, an important distinction is made between ålaya alone and ålaya consciousness. Clinging, Tib. zhen pa: In Buddhism, this term refers specifically to the twofold process of dualistic mind mis-taking things that are not true, not pure, as true, pure, etcetera and then, because of seeing them as highly desirable even though they are not, attaching itself to or clinging to those things. This type of clinging acts as a kind of glue that keeps a person joined to the unsatisfactory things of cyclic existence because of mistakenly seeing them as desirable. Contrivance, contrived, Tib. bcos pa: A term meaning that something has been altered from its native state. Cyclic existence: See under saîsåra.

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Dharmakaya, Skt. dharmakåya, Tib. chos sku: In the general teachings of Buddhism, this refers to the mind of a buddha, with ““dharma”” meaning reality and ““kåya”” meaning body. In the Thorough Cut practice of Great Completion it additionally has the special meaning of being the means by which one rapidly imposes liberation on oneself. Discursive thought, Skt. vikalpa, Tib. rnam rtog: This means more than just the superficial thought that is heard as a voice in the head. It includes the entirety of conceptual process that arises due to mind contacting any object of any of the senses. The Sanskrit and Tibetan literally mean ““(dualistic) thought (that arises from the mind wandering among the) various (superficies q.v. perceived in the doors of the senses)””. Entity, Tib. ngo bo: The entity of something is just exactly what that thing is. In English we would often simply say ““thing”” rather than entity. However, in Buddhism, ““thing”” has a very specific meaning rather than the general meaning that it has in English. It has become common to translate this term as ““essence””. However, in most cases ““entity””, meaning what a thing is rather than an essence of that thing, is the correct translation for this term. Equipoise and post-attainment, Tib. mnyam bzhag and rjes thob: Although often called ““meditation and post-meditation””, the actual term is ““equipoise and post-attainment””. There is great meaning in the actual wording which is lost by the looser translation. Foremost instruction, Skt. upadeùha, Tib. man ngag: There are several types of instruction mentioned in Buddhist literature: there is the general level of instruction which is the meaning contained in the words of the texts of the tradition; on a more personal and direct level there is oral instruction which has been passed down from teacher to student from the time of the buddha; and on the most profound level there are fore-

GLOSSARY

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most instructions which are not only oral instructions provided by one’’s guru but are special, core instructions that come out of personal experience and which convey the teaching concisely and with the full weight of personal experience. Foremost instructions or upadeùha are crucial to the Vajra Vehicle because these are the special way of passing on the profound instructions needed for the student’’s realization. Key points, Tib. gnad: Key points are those places in one’’s being that one works, like pressing buttons, in order to get some desired effect. For example, in meditation, there are key points of the body; by adjusting those key points, the mind is brought closer to reality and the meditation is thus assisted. In general, this term is used in Buddhist meditation instruction but it is, in particular, part of the special vocabulary of the Great Completion teachings. Overall, the Great Completion teachings are given as a series of key points that must be attended to in order to bring forth the various realizations of the path. Knower, Tib. ha go ba. ““Knower”” is a generic term for that which knows. There are many types of knower, with each having its own qualities and name, too. For example, wisdom is a non-dualistic knower, mind is the dualistic samsaric version of it, consciousness refers to the individual ““registers”” of samsaric mind, and so on. Sometimes a term is needed which simply says ““that which knows”” without further implication of what kind of knowing it might be. Knower is one of a few terms of that sort. Liveliness, Tib. rtsal: A key term in both Mahåmudrå and Great Completion. The term is sometimes translated as ““display”” or ““expression”” but neither are correct. The primary meaning is the ability of something to express itself but in use, the actual expression of that ability is also included. Thus, in

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English it would not be ““expression”” but ““expressivity”” but that is too dry. This term is not at all dry; it is talking about the life of something and how that life comes into expression; ““liveliness”” fits the meaning of the original term very well. Luminosity or illumination, Skt. prabhåsvara, Tib. ’’od gsal ba: The core of mind has two aspects: an emptiness factor and a knowing factor. The Buddha and many Indian religious teachers used ““luminosity”” as a metaphor for the knowing quality of the core of mind. If in English we would say ““Mind has a knowing quality””, the teachers of ancient India would say, ““Mind has an illuminative quality; it is like a source of light which illuminates what it knows””. This term been translated as ““clear light”” but that is a mistake that comes from not understanding the etymology of the word. It does not refer to a light that has the quality of clearness (something that makes no sense, actually!) but to the illuminative property which is the nature of the empty mind. Note also that in both Sanskrit and Tibetan Buddhist literature, this term is frequently abbreviated just to Skt. ““vara”” and Tib. ““gsal ba”” with no change of meaning. Unfortunately, this has been thought to be another word and it has then been translated with ““clarity””, when in fact it is just this term in abbreviation. Mind, Skt. chitta, Tib. sems: There are several terms for mind in the Buddhist tradition, each with its own, specific meaning. This term is the most general term for the samsaric type of mind. It refers to the type of mind that is produced because of fundamental ignorance of enlightened mind. Whereas the wisdom of enlightened mind lacks all complexity and knows in a non-dualistic way, this mind of un-enlightenment is a very complicated apparatus that only ever knows in a dualistic way.

GLOSSARY

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The Mahåmudrå and Great Completion teachings use the terms ““entity of mind”” and ““mind’’s entity”” to refer to what this complicated, samsaric mind is at core——the enlightened form of mind. Mindfulness, Skt. smôiti, Tib. dran pa: A particular mental event, one that has the ability to keep mind on its object. Together with alertness, it is one of the two causes of developing ùhamatha. See under alertness for an explanation. Mindness, Skt. chittatå, Tib. sems nyid: Mindness is a specific term of the tantras. It is one of many terms meaning the essence of mind or the nature of mind. It conveys the sense of ““what mind is at its very core””. It has sometimes been translated as ““mind itself”” but that is a misunderstanding of the Tibetan word ““nyid””. The term does not mean ““that thing mind”” where mind refers to dualistic mind. Rather, it means the very core of dualistic mind, what mind is at root, without all of the dualistic baggage. Mindness is a path term. It refers to exactly the same thing as ““actuality”” or ““actuality of mind”” which is a ground term but does so from the practitioner’’s perspective. It conveys the sense to a practitioner that he has baggage of dualistic mind that has not yet been purified but that there is a core to that mind that he can work with. Post-attainment, Tib. rjes thob: See under equipoise and postattainment. Prajna, Skt. prajñå, Tib. shes rab: A Sanskrit term for the type of mind that makes good and precise distinctions between this and that and hence which arrives at correct understanding. It has been translated as ““wisdom”” but that is not correct because it is, generally speaking, a mental event belonging to dualistic mind where ““wisdom”” is used to refer to the nondualistic knower of a buddha. Moreover, the main feature of

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prajñå is its ability to distinguish correctly between one thing and another and hence to arrive at a correct understanding. Preserve, Tib. skyong ba: An important term in both Mahåmudrå and Great Completion. In general, it means to defend, protect, nurture, maintain. In the higher tantras it means to keep something just as it is, to nurture that something so that it stays and is not lost. Also, in the higher tantras, it is often used in reference to preserving the state where the state is some particular state of being. Because of this, the phrase ““preserve the state”” is an important instruction in the higher tantras. Primal Guardian, Skt. ådinåtha, Tib. gdod ma’’i mgon po: Primal Guardian protector is one of many names for the primal state of enlightenment innate to each person personified as the guardian who in Nyingma tradition is Samantabhadra and in new translation schools is Great Vajradhara. Proliferation, Tib. ’’phro ba: A term meaning that the dualistic mind has become active and is giving off thoughts. This is actually the same word as ““elaboration”” but is the intransitive sense. Rigpa, Tib. rig pa: This is the singularly most important term in the whole of Great Completion and Mahåmudrå. In particular, it is the key word of all words in the Great Completion system of the Thorough Cut. Rigpa literally means to know in the sense of ““I see!”” It is used at all levels of meaning from the coarsest everyday sense of knowing something to the deepest sense of knowing something as presented in the system of Thorough Cut. The system of Thorough Cut uses this term in a very special sense, though it still retains its basic meaning of ““to know””. To translate it as ““awareness””, which is common practice today, is a poor practice; there are many kinds of awareness but there is only one rigpa and besides, rigpa is substantially more than just awareness. Since this is

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such an important term and since it lacks an equivalent in English, I choose not to translate it. This is the term used to indicate enlightened mind as experienced by the practitioner on the path of these practices. The term itself specifically refers to the dynamic knowing quality of mind. It absolutely does not mean a simple registering, as implied by the word ““awareness”” which unfortunately is often used to translate this term. There is no word in English that exactly matches it, though the idea of ““seeing”” or ““insight on the spot”” is very close. Proof of this is found in the fact that the original Sanskrit term ““vidyå”” is actually the root of all words in English that start with ““vid”” and mean ““to see””, for example, ““video””, ““vision””, and so on. Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche, who was particular skilled at getting Tibetan words into English, also stated that this term rigpa really did not have a good equivalent in English, though he thought that ““insight”” was the closest. My own conclusion after hearing extensive teaching on it is that rigpa is best left untranslated. Note that rigpa has both noun and verb forms. To get the verb form, I use ““rigpa’’ing””. Samsara, Skt. saîsåra, Tib. ’’khor ba: This is the most general name for the type of existence in which sentient beings live. It refers to the fact that they continue on from one existence to another, always within the enclosure of births that are produced by ignorance and experienced as unsatisfactory. The original Sanskrit means to be constantly going about, here and there. The Tibetan term literally means ““cycling””, because of which it is frequently translated into English with ““cyclic existence”” though that is not quite the meaning of the term. Shine forth, shining forth, Tib. shar ba: This term means ““to dawn”” or ““to come forth into visibility”” either in the outer physical world or in the inner world of mind.

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It is heavily used in texts on meditation to indicate the process of something coming forth into mind. There are other terms with this specific meaning but most of them also imply the process of dawning within a samsaric mind. ““Shine forth”” is special because it does not have that restricted meaning; it refers to the process of something dawning in any type of mind, un-enlightened and enlightened. It is an important term for the higher tantras of Mahåmudrå and Great Completion texts where there is a great need to refer to the simple fact of something dawning in mind especially in enlightened mind but also in un-enlightened mind. In the Tibetan language, this term stands out and immediately conveys the meaning explained above. There are words in English like ““to appear”” that might seem easier to read than ““shine forth””, but they do not stand out and catch the attention sufficiently. Moreover, terms such as ““appear”” accurately translate other Tibetan terms which specifically indicate an un-enlightened context or a certain type of sensory appearance, so they do not convey the meaning of this term. There will be many times where this term’’s specific meaning of something occurring in any type of mind is crucial to a full understanding of the expression under consideration. For example, ““shining-forth liberation”” means that some content of mind, such as a thought, comes forth in either un-enlightened or enlightened mind, and that, on coming forth, is liberated there in that mind. State, Tib. ngang: This is a key term in Mahåmudrå and Great Completion. Unfortunately it is often not translated and in so doing much meaning is lost. Alternatively, it is often translated as ““within”” which is incorrect. The term means a ““state””. A state is a certain, ongoing situation. In Buddhist meditation in general, there are various states that a practitioner has to enter and remain in as part of developing the meditation.

GLOSSARY

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Suppression and furtherance, Tib. dgag sgrub. Suppression and furtherance is the term used to express the way that dualistic mind approaches the path to enlightenment. In that case, some states of mind are regarded as ones to be discarded, so the practitioner takes the approach of attempting to suppress or stop them, and some are regarded as ones to be developed, so the practitioner takes the approach of trying to go further with and develop them. These two poles represent the way that dualistic mind always works with itself. Thorough Cut practice goes beyond that duality. Thorough Cut, Tib. khregs chod: The innermost level of Great Completion has two main practices, the first called Thregcho which literally translates as Thorough Cut and the second called Thogal which translates as Direct Crossing. The meaning of Thorough Cut has been misunderstood. The meaning is clearly explained in the Illuminator Tibetan-English Dictionary: Thorough Cut is a practice that slices through the solidification produced by rational mind as it grasps at a perceived object and perceiving subject. It is done in order to get to the underlying reality which is always present in the core of mind and which is called Alpha Purity in this system of teachings. For this reason, Thorough Cut is also known as Alpha Purity Thorough Cut. The etymology of the word is explained in the Great Completion teachings either as or . In either case, the term is ““a cut””; there are all sorts of different ““cuts”” and this is one of them. Then, in the case of , is an adverb modifying the verb ““to cut”” and has the meaning of making the cut fully, completely. It is traditionally explained with the example of slicing off a finger. A finger could be sliced with a sharp knife such that

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