MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
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Copyright © 2006, 2002 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to
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NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com
To m myy Elder daughter
Late Nallur Nallurii Kiranmayi Chowdary
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION I attempted to provide essential information on molecular basis of health and disease that is mainly related to life of surviving cell(s) in the first edition of the book. However life cycle of cell(s) includes cell(s) birth and cell(s) death apart from survival. For the last couple of years these frontier areas are advancing rapidly which is viewed by many as good sign for development of : (a) new therapy or therapeutics for cancer (b) immortalized cells. The latter fuels growth of biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries also. Hence, in the second edition two chapters—1. Biochemistry of cell cycle (cell birth) 2. Biochemistry of apoptosis (cell death) are added. As living organisms evolved from simple unicellular to highly complex multicellular mammals, several new systems and organs were developed. For example, blood which acts as vehicle or communication between various locations of body, immune system which protects body from intruders or foreign organisms. Parkinsonism, psychosis, depression, Schizophrenia, loss of taste and olfaction are due to disturbances in nervous, taste and olfactory systems. Various organs present in body perform several organ specific functions which are essential for life. If functions of these organs are disturbed, diseases in which may culminate in death. So, in this edition biochemistry of blood including immune response in Chapter-32; molecular and cellular mechanism of learning, memory, behaviour, taste and olfactory in biochemical communications Chapter; tests, procedures that are done in hospital biochemistry laboratory to assess functions of liver, kidney in Chapter-33 and thyroid in Chapter-29 are detailed. Depending on disease a particular constituent of blood is either elevated or lowered. Diagnosis and prognosis of disease usually involves detection and measurement of various blood constituents in hospital biochemistry laboratory. Therefore advanced techniques like high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), affinity chromatography, and general techniques like centrifugation and dialysis, instruments from spectrophotometer to auto analyzer and methods used for detection and quantitation of blood constituents like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, electrolytes etc., in health and disease are detailed in Chapter-34. Humans and other mammals are able to remove waste products, toxins, foreign compounds from blood and organs in the form of urine. In disease, composition of urine varies from that of healthy state. So, detection, quantitation of various constituents of urine is carried out in hospital biochemistry laboratory to confirm diagnosis of diseases. In Chapter(vii)
(viii) 34, methods for detection and estimation of urine constituent under normal and diseased conditions are also detailed. Most striking feature in this edition of the book is inclusion of biochemical aspects of diseases or disease causing organisms common to tropical countries like malaria, tuberculosis, peptic ulcer or gastritis, pneumonia, leishmaniasis, giardiasis, trypanosomiasis etc. Since most of the organisms are developing resistance to the existing drugs, there is need for development of new drugs which requires thorough biochemical knowledge of these diseases as well as disease causing organisms. Apart from adding new chapters, all existing chapters have been updated by adding new subject matter. References of each chapter updated by including reviews, books, research articles etc. Further, number of unsolved problems have been increased in most of the chapters. I hope this edition will be well received by teachers and students of various medical, dental, pharmacy, biotechnology, physiotherapy, medical laboratory technology, biomedical engineering, life sciences under graduate and post graduate courses, Suggestions or comments from teachers and students are welcome. I am grateful to Sri. R.K. Gupta, Chairman; Sri Saumya Gupta, Managing Director of New Age International, New Delhi, for publishing second edition. N. MALLIKARJUNA RAO
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION This book explains the fundamentals of biochemical (molecular) bases of health and disease. Hence it meets medical and allied health sciences student’s needs. As a teacher of medical, dental, pharmacy, biomedical engineering and science students for the last two decades, I know the problems faced by students in mastering (conceptualizing) the subject within a limited time. Most of these students need a book for their routine day-to-day study which contains only the necessary information in a simple and concise way. Therefore, this book is written in simple language in such a way that a student with very little chemistry or biology background can easily follow the various aspects of biochemistry that are presented. This book is also useful for those who are specializing in biochemistry (M.Sc. or M.D.) because advances in frontier areas of biochemistry are presented in a systemic way. Of course advances in other areas that are relevant to medical students are also included to a limited extent. An interesting feature of this book is that the medical and biological importance of each chapter is highlighted in simple numbered statements. Further, in some chapters, diseases, drugs (treatments) or toxins of particular subject matter are described under medical importance heads. Further, each chapter’s text is designed to facilitate easy flow of information in an interesting, thought provoking and logical manner. Exercises (cases) given at the end of each chapter help in mastering of the subject by student and utilization of biochemical principles by the student in solving health problems. To enthusiastic students, references given at the end of each chapter provide additional information. There are 29 chapters in the book. First six chapters deal with the composition, structure, function and life cycle of cells and the goal of biochemistry; occurrence, chemistry, structure and functions of biomolecules like amino acids, peptides, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates and lipids. This is then followed by chapters 7 and 8 that deal with membrane structure, various transporters that move biomolecules across membrane and disintegration of complex molecules of food and absorption of resulting products, respectively. Chapters 9-12 deal with the production and utilization of energy in various pathways of carbohydrate, lipid and aminoacid metabolisms. Regulatory mechanisms of some of the important pathways are also outlined. Further synthesis of biologically (medically) important compounds including non-essential amino acids is detailed. In chapter 11 the ultimate way of producing energy from all energy yielding compounds in the respiratory chain is described. Changes in the flow of metabolites into various pathways of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism that occur among tissues in well fed state, diabetes and starvation are described in chapter 13. Fundamentals of molecular biology i.e., occurrence, chemistry, structure, functions, metabolism of nucleotides, nucleic acids and control of gene expression as well as applied molecular biology i.e., recombinant DNA technology are detailed in chapters 14-20. Biomedical (ix)
(x) (chemical) aspects of two major health problems of the 20th century—cancer and AIDS are briefed in chapter 21. In chapter 22 occurrence, chemistry, structure, functions and metabolism of porphyrins and hemoglobin are described. Clinically related topics like vitamins, minerals, macro nutrients, energy, nutraceuticals of food, electrolytes, acid-base balance and detoxification are described in chapters 23-27. Chemistry, production, detection and uses of isotopes in biochemistry and medicine are detailed in chapter 28. Chapter 29 deals with mechanisms of communication between cells. I hope both teachers and students of Biochemistry at undergraduate and postgraduate levels use this book extensively and their suggestions to improve the book further are most welcome. I express my sincere thanks to New Age International, Publishers for publishing the book. N. MALLIKARJUNA RAO
CONTENTS I'"fffff
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Coli AminoAcids and Peptides
3. Proteins
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ElUymes
5. Carbohydrates 6. Lipids
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Membrane and Transport
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NudeicAcids BiOlynthesis of Nucleic Acid,
Protei n Biosynthesis
ReguLation of G.!ne E~prenion
20. Recombinant DNA Techr>alogy Cancer and Aids
22. Porphyrin and HaemOjlobi n Metabolism 23. Vitamirul
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8. Digestion and Absorption of Food
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Minerala
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Energy, Nutrients. Medie;nft and 'Ibxins of Food
26. Wate_r. Electrolytes and Acid Bue Balanoo 28.
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629
Dernxification ofXenobiotiCI
,
