Mathe Modern Greek ·
A new method of learning modern Greek
Menelaos L. Batr/nos
M&vtAaoc; A. Mnarpivoc;
8, Evripidou St.
Eupmfoou 8
Politia-Kifisia (145 63)
noAtrda - Krycptata 145 63
Greece
TryA. (01) 62 04 041
Tel (01) 62 04 041
All rights reserved. This new method of learning modern Greek Mathe Modern Greek is protected by copyright. The method of discovering in any language Greek words, stems and roots and of using them for teaching modern Greek to the speakers of that language or for any other purpose is also protected by copyright. No part of this method may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage or retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owners.
ISBN 960-7398-41-6
Copyright @ 1996 PUBLICATIONS P. Ch. PASCHAL/0/S Tetrapo/eos 14, Athens 115 27 Tel.: (01) 77 89 125 - (01) 77 93 012 Fax: (01) 77 59 42 1
V
Contents Prologue ...................................................................................................................... 1 The History of the Greek language ................................................................. .... .........? The diglossy of the Greek language ....................................................... .... :.............. 13 The pronunciation of Greek ....................................................................................... 14 The accentuation of Greek words ............................................................................... 16 The Greek Alphabet ...... ........ ....... ................ ............... ... ........... ... ..... ........... ............... 17 Synoptic Table of pronunciation of Greek letters .......................................................23 Basic Grammar. Gr 1a. The genders of the Greek nouns and the definite article, b. The endings of the Greek nouns, c . The indefinite article ........ ............................... 25
First Lesson {L 1)
... ...... ... .. .... .. .. . ... .... ... . ..... ............ . .....................................................
Second Lesson {L2 )
26
... . ... .. . .... .... ............... . ... ........ ...... ... . .................................... . ...... . .. 28
Basic Grammar. Gr 2a. The plural form of the nouns and definite article, b. The plural of the adjectives and of the verbs be and have,
c. The third person
of the personal pronoun as a demonstrative pronoun ........................... ............... ...... 31 Third Lesson (L3 )
.............. ... .................. .. ....................................... ... .... .. .... ........ .... ... 32
Basic Grammar. Gr 3a. The endings of the verbs, b. The cases of the nouns, c. The pronoun no one, nobody, d. The wo rd every ..... ......................... .. ........ .... ....... 35 Fourth Lesson (L4 ) ........ . . . . . .. . ...... ..... .......... . ....... ... .......................................... . ........... 38 Basic Grammar Gr 4a. The plural of the verb have, b. The accusative of the personal pronouns .......................................... ..... ...... ................................................ 41 Fifth Lesson (L5)
................................ . ........ .... . .... . .. ·. .... ...... .. ................... . ..... . ............ 42
Basic Grammar. Gr Sa. The verbs say and listen, b. The adverbs, c. The genitive case of the personal pronouns ................... ............................................................... .45 Sixth Lesson (L6 )
........................................................................ .. ........ ...... ............... 46
Basic Grammar. Gr 6a. The genitive of the masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives, b. The genitive of the feminine nouns and adjectives .............................. .49 Seventh Lesson (L7) ..... .. ........... ..... .... ....... ............................................. .................... 50 Basic Grammar. Gr 7a . The passive voice of the verbs, b. Verbs with active and passive voice ............. ................ ..... ........................................................................... 53
vi
Eighth Lesson (L8 )
. . ............ . ................. . ... .......... . .... .................................................. 54
Basic Grammar. Gr Sa. The vocative case, b. Verbs stressed on the last syllable, c. The comparative and superlative form of the adjectives .................... 57 Ninth Lesson (L9)
... .. ............. . . . . .. ... ........ .... .. .. ... .. . ..... ...... . . .... ... .. .... .... ..... . .. .. . . ... ......... 58
Basic Grammar. Gr 9a. The tenses of the verbs, b. The continuing and the complete form of the past and the future tense, c. The past tense of the verbs stressed on the last syllable, d. The future tense, e. The past and the future tense of the verbs be and have . .................................................................................61 Table of the endings of the past and future tenses .................................................... 63 Tenth Lesson (L 10)
....... . . . . .. ... . ......... ... . .... .............. . ....... .. ............................... .. .......... 64
Almost all Greek prepositions should be familiar to an English-speaking person ....... 67 Basic Grammar. Gr 10a. and b. The subjunctive of the verbs, c. The imperative of the verbs, d. The participle of the active voice .......................................................75 Eleventh Lesson (L 11 )
...................................... . . . ... . ....................... . .... . ..... . . . ...... .. ..... . .
76
Basic Grammar. Gr 11a. The past tense of the passive voice, b. The future of the passive voice, c. The. subjunctive of the passive voice, d. The participle of the passive voice, e. The imperative of the passive voice ...................... .. ................... 81 Twelfth Lesson (L 12)
..... . .. . ........................................................................ .. .... . . . ......... 82
Basic Grammar. Gr 12a. The perfect and pluperfect tense, b., c. and d. The past and future tense of certain irregular verbs ................................................ 85 Thirteenth Lesson (L13} ............. . . . . .. . .. ...... . ... .. .... .. ...... ................. . ........................... . ... 88 The pronouns of the Greek language a. The personal pronouns, b. The genitive of the personal pronoun , c. The demonstrative pronouns, d. The interrogative pr·o nouns, e. The indefinite pronouns .....................................................93 Synoptic table of the pronouns .................................................................................98 Basic Grammar. Gr 13a. The endings of masculine nouns, b. The endings of the masculine form of the adjectives ....................... ............................................... 99 Fourteenth Lesson (L14 }
............................................................................................
100
Table of the endings of masculine nouns ................................................................. 104 Basic Grammar. Gr14a,b and c. The endings of feminine nouns ........ ..................... 105 Fifteenth Lesson (L15)
..................................................................................... . . .. ...... 106
Table of the end ings of femin ine nouns ................................................................... 108
vii Basic Grammar. Gr 15a and b. The endings of the neuter nouns, c. The end ings of the neuter form of the adjectives, d. The conditio nal of the verbs, e. The impersonal verbs ........................................................................................... 109 Table of the endings of neuter nouns ....................................................................... 111 Sixteenth Lesson (L16 )
........ .... .. . . . .. .. . .......................................... . .. . ... . ... ... .. . . . ........... 112
The continuity of the Greek language ............................................. .......................... 117 The feminine figure in Greek art ............................... ........................ ........................ 122 Useful dialogues . .t.1 "I want a room" ....................................................................... 124 The home .. ................................. ................ ..... ........ .......................... ...................... 128 The days, the months and the seasons of the year .................................................. 129 Useful dialogues . .t.2 "I travel in Greece" ....................................................... ............ 130 The time ........ .. ......................................................................................................... 133 Useful dialogues . .t. 3 "At the market" ........................................................................ 134 The numbers ................................................................. ........................................... 138 Useful dialogues . .t.4 "At the restaurant" .................................................................... 140 Foods, fruits, vegetables, drinks ...................................... .......................... ............... 142 Useful dialogues . .t. 5 "Professions" ............................................................................ 144 Table of professions ...... ......... .......................... ....................... ... .............................. 147 The education in modern Greece .............................................................................. 148 Useful dialogues . .t. 6 "Visit to the city" ............... ................... ..................................... 150 The family ................................. ..... ... ............. ... ........ ..... .......... ....... .......................... 154 The colours ............. ............................................................... ....... .................. .......... 156 The body .................................. ............ ................................... ............. .................... 157 The garments ........................................................................................................... 158 Good wishes ............................................ ....................... ..................... .... ................ 160 The answer to the question where ?, how much ? ................... ................................. 162 The answer to the question when ? .......................................................................... 163 Commented references .................................................. ............ .......... ........ ............ 165 Vocabulary .................... ........................................................................................... 169
Prologue For many years, when talking to foreign scient ist s, I had noticed w ith grief that even t hose w ho had been taught ancient Greek were not in a position to understand or recognize everyday Greek words which, however, had passed inlo Lheir own vocabulary and were used by them in their speech and writi ngs al most unchanged. A major cause of this lack of understanding is of course the phonetic value that Eras mus arbitrarily gave to the Greek letters, which the Western world w idely accepted, creating a barrier of communication between students of ancient Greek and those of Byzantine and modern Greek. A characteristic example is the awkward situation in which I and a foreign friend proud of his knowledge of ancient Greek found ourselves when we were introduced and he kept repeati ng to me, each time more lo udly and clearly, the incomprehensible word eyu darm6ni jomai, which I understood
only
when
I
asked
him
to
write
it
down :
EYLlAIM ONIZOM AI ( = I am glad, pleased). He in his turn was no less
embarassed to recognize the same word when it was uttered the way it has been pronounced for centuri es : evthemon fzome In 1977 as organizer of a Congress of French-speaking endocrin ologists in Athens, I addressed the participants i n modern Greek, using words which should all be well known to them, as explained in the written text reproduced on page 4. The impression this initiative created and the great surprise experi enced by all when they found out that the strange-sounding words took on a familiar form and meani ng on paper gave me the idea of writing this method.
The idea was that since in all European and American languages there is a treasure of Greek words, stems and roots, an
2
ordinary educated person could use this abundant lexical stock of Greek origin in his own language to understand in an easy and relatively simple way not only modern Greek but also Greek of all times. All he should need is a guide that explai ns the structure and particularities of the Greek language and helps him in the search for and recognition of the Greek words hidden in his language, with which he will bui ld up a large Greek vocabulary. A phonetical rehabilitation of the Greek loan words in a foreign language is also necessary, not of course for the original pronunciation of the Greek letters, for which only unproven theori es exist, but for the sound which they have most probably had for at least 2,000 years, until the present. The English language is particularly rich in Greek words. Constantinidis, in his book The Greek words in the English language (1992),
reports that he has counted 5,250 - 9,030 Greek words in
dictionaries of 35,000-43,000 words of every day English, a percentage of 15-20%, and as many as 35, 136 Greek words or 21.07% of the 166,725 English words contained in Webster's International dictionary. lt is to be noted that the above calculations did not incl ude the numerous composite English words w ith a Greek component. The first contact of the English language w ith Greek was through the Bible which was written in Greek, but the main influence was at the t ime of Renaissance when the revived interest in Greek philosophical ideas and letters had a profound impact on the humanistic movement and the development of arts and science. lt was only natural that Western languages, including English, stil l poor in word s expressing abstract concepts, borrowed from the rich Greek vocabulary
the
appropriate terms and
expressions or
created
neologisms with Greek roots from the vast lexical stock of ancient Greek authors or from that offered by contemporary Byzantine scholars.
3
Another stimulus for undertaking the task of writing this method is my admiration for the Greek language, which from its first written appearance in the epics of Homer has shown a high degree of perfection and an abil ity to express subtle nuances with a richness of words and
characteri zations only encountered in modern
elaborate languages. The endurance of the Greek language for over 3,500 years, manifesting its worth and strength as a tool of expression, also deserves admiration especially when one takes into consideration that the people who spoke it remained subject to the Romans for 500 years, suffered successive incursions by Slavs and Arabs, was under Western domination for 200 years and under Turkish occupation for another 400. The greatest thinkers and philosophers expressed t heir thoughts in Greek and t he sacred texts of Christianity were written in this language. lt is ther efor e d eplor able that those whose mother tongue is not Greek have no d ir ect contact with this p erfect tool fo r expressing human tho ught, althoug h they know without r ealizing i t a multitude of Greek words. The f inal impetus for writi ng this met hod was given to me by the encouragement I received from an English-speaking audience when I address.ed them in Greek and by the fact that my Greek prosphonesis was published in a prestigious scientific journal (see page 5). Searching for Greek words and roots in the English language has been a t hrilling experi ence which I have greatly enjoyed and I am sure t hat the English-speaking reader of this method will feel the same pleasure in the intellectual game of discovering these words in his mother tongue and giving them their Greek form and sound in order to constitute an easily intelligible and rich Greek vocabulary. The author 's satisfaction will be complete and his goal in writing this method fully accomplished if the common phrase "it's all Greek to me" will in the future mean "it's familiar to me".
4
A llocution du Profcsscur M. Batrinos President Comirc H cllcnique u' O r ganimion, ~ I' ouverture de b X V Reunion des Endocrinologistcs d e Languc Fran\·aisc
uu
Athcncs le 6 scptcmbrc 1979 Phili 1 (am is) GImwn) ton the) diagnosoc6n (diRgnostic) dilcmmaron (d.ilemm41) kc (tmd) pol6nu (~fm4ny) illon s (other) ormonik6n (hlmlfbtUll) provlimilcon (problems) ron (of tile) oothcc6n (wariu) . Prnsrhero111 (I tu/d) 6ri (tbat) i ~lisn (the city) ti$ Athcnas (o!Athms) kc (and) i (the) EWnik! gc21 (lAnd.), o o uran6s (the slty) kc (llnd.) i lllalam (rhe Self) lnc (are) sti (111) di:hhcsi m (your diJJI®fl) mccl11 (Rfter) to symp6sion (the symposium). Mctaphcron (I eowPey) ta (the) rhc:rm~n (wRrm) philika 1 (frimdly) acsrhemaraM (ftelinas) ton (ofriJe) EU!non (Greek) syuadelphou1 (collelfJ!ues) thi~ (for) rous xt nou.s» (the foreign) iatroU.s9 (pi'Yticians) kc (and) anaphoncl16 (f arm): Call(l'l (good) crgas(a11 (worlc) kc (Rnd) dynami11 (force) se (to) 6lous1 (lfll).
(X
I l'ros • row;ud.s (proaclytmn) + ph01\~$1S • o ral addras lphonctic, tckphonc). l PhUo50phy, philowic, bibliophlle. 3 Syn • to~c:lhcr (ayncrgism, synrhcsi$) + adclphic • brothers, b~dcn:n (l' hcladclplua). 4 Logorrhea, dialogue:, prolosuc.
SO iigomcno"hcJ.
Cloua.l, glocsiw. 7 Agnonic, lhc oppnsirr f>f agnosn i.• gn03n 6
(known). 8
Holocawr, holographic.
9 latrogtnic. 10 Graphology, guphic. 11 Ergometer, crga.•iorhtrapy
12 Th
= demo-
cracy, l5p61JO, l5rama = drama e always as in get, bet
£n(8£To, epi8eto
= epithet
(Never as in the, me) ~
z
~f!Ta,
zlta (z in algebra
z
as in zero
~fJAoc;,
zlloss = zeal
the third unknown va-
~woAoytKoc;, zooloyik6ss
riable)
cal
= zoologi-
The reader should pay special attention to the phonetic spelling of the letters y, 6, e and X because, in order to avoid confusion, these letters will not be changed when a Greek word is transliterated.
18
Letter
11 H
Name f)Ta, (ta
Pronunciation i always as in fit
Examples 'l8tK~ , 18ikf = ethics
HTa is one of the five "is" of the Greek language (1, I"J, u,
£1,
01) which all
have exactly the same sound (Do not confuse the capital H with the English H !)
ee
8f)Ta, th(ta
Th as in theatre
8e011. Oessi = thesis , a8Ailttl~.
I
I
y lwTa, y6ta ~ota subscript)
K
K
I always as in fit (never
1Ma, i~ea = idea, l~loouyKpaola,
as in time)
ioi ossinkrassla = idiosyncrasy
K6na, kapa (Phi, Beta,
K
KUKAtK6~. k ik lik6ss = cyclic
KEVTptK6~. kentrik6ss = central
Kappa)
AA
a81itiss = athlete
A-6~-toa, lamoa
I
nap6.UT'] Aoc;, paraliloss = parallel , n6Aoc;, p61oss = pole
J.l
M
IJl, m( (IJg = micro gram)
V
N
v(, n(
m
IJOV6Tovo~ .
n
~
-
~r. ks(
I.JeTpo, met ro = meter
ks, as in telex
mon6tonoss
= monoto-
nous IJOVaatf)pl, monastlri = monastery, e~oooc;,
eksoooss
= exodus
e~wTtK6c;, eksotik6ss = exotic
oO
OIJtKpov, 6mikron (= o small)
0
as in not
KOOIJOnoAfTlKOC:, kosmopol(tikoss = cosmopolitan
19
Name
Pronunciation
n(. pi (n = the symbol
p
Letter [
n
n
of the circumference
Examples n eptcpepeta, p eriferia' = periphery npwT6Tuno. p rot6tip o = prototype
of a cycle)
p p
r
pw, r6
p u81J6c;, rithm6ss = rhythm, nap6.ypaIA D.IAITA 0EATPO KYKAOr 0EPAn EIA 0EPMOMETPO KATHIOPJA KENTPO KOMOD.IA MOYrEIO nOIHTHr OIKONOMIA LYMnA0EIA THJ\Ect>ONO CI>AINOMENO CI>OTOIPACI>IA lVYXOJ\OriA MYrTHPIO Yri EINH
OVOAUCJTl un68e011 OVEKOOTO OVTLOOTO 8ewp(a aywv(a aeponA.6vo 0 a8AI1Tr'Jc; 0 a8A.11TlK6c; TO a(vty~a 11 apt8~11TLKr) 11 aT~6crIAo nollw 16 ev74 11
ook
en
=
to
polo
to ef
=
=
1. ouK not. See No 5, 2. ev in, 3. TW noMw the much (Tw noMw is the dative case of the neuter adjective TO noM to pal( = the much. See the adverb noM L1, No 7), 4. TO £U to et = the ef. See L1 , V11 . An ancient saying which is still in use meaning that happiness is not found in abundance.
30
H A8f)va a8ina (Athens) from Lycabettu s Hill.
31
BaOIKI\ (vassikQypaiJIJGnKI\ (yramatiki)
Gr. 2
a. The Greek nouns, their defintite article and the adjectives that accompany them have two different endings according to the number of things or persons they refer to. One is used when the word refers to a single thing, item or person (singular number) and the other is used for more than one (plural number, abbreviated pi.) . We have seen in L1 (abbreviation for lesson 1) that the singular form of the definite article is o for masculine (m), 11 for feminine (f) and TO for neuter (n) nouns and the endings of most nouns and adjectives is -oc;, -a or 11 and -o or -1 respectively. The plural form of the definite article and the corresponding plural endings for the majority of nouns are: masculine article: 01 (pronounced i as in fit)), ending -01 (i) feminine article: 01 also ending -tc; ess neuter article: ending -a Ta In ancient Greek (abbreviated Anc.) and in Ka9ape:uoouoa ka9arevoossa (abbreviated K ) the feminine article is a1 and the endings of the feminine nouns -a1, -tc; or -tlW~ e:(vat Ka8ap6. ine ka8ari. To foss ine ka8aro. o ooran6ss ine ka8aross. I foni Ot ~evOL e:fvat 6Aot Ka8apoL Ot ~eve:~ e:lvm 6Ae:~ Ka8ape~. i kseni ine oli ka8ari I kseness ine oless ka8aress. Ta nmot6. e:fvat 6Aa Ka8ap6.. ta peoya ine ola ka8ara.
5. 0
6. Etj.lCOTe: OAOl e:ow. Ecrd~ oe:v dOTe: KaAOL Eow Ol 6.v8pwnm13 e:(vat nOAU imaste oli eoo. Essis oen iste kali Eo6 i an8ropi ine poli . e:uye:vtKoL Eow o K6cr1Jo~ e:Lvm KC1A6~. Nm e:ow, 6Aot e:fvm KC1AoL evyeniki. Eoo o kosmoss lne kaloss. Ne eo6, oli ine kall. 7. AUTO~ 0 opOJ..l0~14 e:(vat f3PWJ..llKO~ KQl QVWIJaA0~15. Efvat KQKO~ opOIJO~. aftoss 0 or6moss ine vromikoss ke anomaloss. lne kakoss oromoss. 0 6.Mo~ opOIJO~ e:(vat OJ..laA6~14 Kat Ka8ap6~. EKe( Ol opOJ..lOl dvat Ka8apof. o aloss oromoss ine omaloss ke ka8ar6ss. Eki i or6mi ine ka8ari.
a. lluo op6~-tot, o
eva~ KC1A6~. o 6.Mo~ f3PWJ..ltKoc;. oio or6mi, 0 enass kal6ss, 0 aloss vromikoss. npwTo~ op61Joc;, oe:LITe:po~ op61-1o~. pr6toss oromoss, oefteross or6moss. 'Eva, OUO, Tp(a natot6.. M(a, OUO, Tpel~ yuva(Ke:~. 'OXt Tpet~ 6.v8pwnot, IJOVO eva~ ena, oio, tria peoya. Mla, oio, triss y1nekess. Oxi trlss an8ropi, mono enass.
33
Third lesson (L3) 1. We are all good friends. This gentleman and this lady are together(= IJC~I, mazi). The gentlemen please here (= c~w e<S6) the ladies there (= &K&i, eki). Here only children. Ladies and gentlemen ... 2. You what are you? We are all friends (the question is answered by women. If men answered this question they would say = &IJ.Jaarc 6Ao1 «PIAo1). We are Greeks (= 'EAAilv&c;, ellnes) they are foreigners (or strangers). This woman is not (a) stranger (Note that a) the third person, singular and plural of the verb to be are the same: &iv01, ine b) the third person plural of the masculine nouns and adjectives ending in - 01 is phonetically the same as the first person singular of female nouns and adjectives ending in -11 : "AuTol, afti &iva1 ~tvo• kseni", "AuT~, afti ~cv &iva1 ~tv11 kseni"). They are all foreigners (males) and foreigners (females) . 3. They are all together. The (male) foreigners and we, we are agreed (we agree). The (female) foreigners are all polite women but they are not agreed (they do not agree) . They do not agree with us. 4. Are all the children clean? No they are not. This child is not clean. lt is dirty. The hands are very clean but the feet are dirty. 5. The sky is clear. The voice is clear. The light is clear. The (male) foreigners are all clean . The (female) foreigners are all clean. The children are all clean (Note that the ending of the adjectives Ka8ap6c; and 6Aoc; agree with the gender and the number of the noun). 6. We are all here. You, you are not good. Here the men (the people) are very polite. Here the people are good. Yes here all are good. 7. This street is dirty and anomalous (uneven) . lt is a bad street. The other street is regular (even) and clean. There the streets are clean. 8. Two streets the one (is) good the other dirty. The first street, the second street. One, two, three children. One, two, three women. Not three men (people), only one.
Vocabulary. 1.
= The third. The number 3 is Tpfa (trfa) Remember that the i of Tp fa is pronounced as in fit. The numbers 1,3 and 4 are adjectives. The masculine and feminine form of Tpfa is TptlWVr'J, TO OUJJ(f)WVO, 0 sfmfonoss, i sfmfoni, to sfmfono {symphony) = agreed. (lit. of the same voice: ouv (sin, together) + q>wvr; (No 12). au,.u pwvw, simfon6 = I agree, ou~q>wvouv, simfono6n = they agree o Ka8ap6c;, r'J Kaeapr;, To Ka8ap6, o ka9ar6ss, i kaeari, to ka9ar6 (cathartic, catharsis) = clean, clear. o 13PWJ.IIKOoJ36Tal ~en fovate is not afraid. See the noun o cp6poc; No 7.
=
=
lightning, 4. ~&v
A popular proverb which is said of men with a clear past and concience who are menaced with accusations.
0 Ka8ap6c; oupav6c; in a Greek island
41
Gr. 4.
BaOIKrl (vassiki) VPOIJIJOTIKrl (yramatikf) a.
The plural of txw (= I have) and of most Greek verbs has the following endings: 1st person -OUJJ& )I 2nd ·&T£ » 3rd -ouv
b.
= EllEl~ = eae(~ = QUTOL
emiSS essiss afti QUTE~ aftes QUTQ atta
EX·OUIJ&, ex-&r&, ex-ouv, ex-ouv, ex-ouv,
exoome exete exoon exoon exoon
= = = = =
we have you have they(m) have they (f) have they (n) have
The pronouns &yw (1), &au (you) etc., have two forms in the accusative case: JJ& o& TOV TI"JV To
or (&)IJtva or (&)otva or auT6v or aur~v or auT6
(e)mena = (e)ssena = aft6n (m) = aftin (f) = aft6 (n) =
me you him her it
IJO e(llal n oAu KaA.6. :=tpw KaA6 6Tt e(vm e~ci>. Tou~ (Tl~) ~epouv iste kala ? efxarist6 ime poll kala. ksero kala 6ti fne e~6 . toos (tis) kseroon 6AOL n oAu KaA.6. Tov yvwp(~w noAu KaA.6. ra~ euxaptmci> noAu. 61i poli kala. ton ynorizo poli kala. sas etxarist6 poli. Vocabulary. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
-o, pemptos = fifth. The number 5 is nt VT&pen de. (pentecost, pentagon) . as an adjective is not declined. TO ypa~~a . to yrama (telegram , grammatical) = letter 11 ~tpa or 11 I"J~tpa i mera, i imera (ephemeral) = day 11 &cpi"J~&p{~a i efimerl~a (ephemeral) = newspaper (lit. on daily basis) LALKa19. Tou A£~18 n6VToTe T11 yvWIJI1 oou; Tou Tll(V) Mw aM6 5ev soo to Ieo filika . too les pandote ti yn6mi soo; too ti Ieo ala 5en T11V oKoueL. T( Met ouT6~; M11 IJOU MTe oUTa TO np6y1JOTO. tin ako6i. ti lei aft6s; mi moo lete afta ta praymata.
8. Mto M~112o 1-16vo SeAw on6 atvo. 'Exw To A6yo21 aou; 0 A6yo~22 Tou e(vot mia leksi m6no Selo ap6 sena. exo to 16yo soo; o 16yos too ine nwvw (I telephone) is the place of the accent. etAw 8elo = want. The second person singular etA£1 L4 , V7). ~fvw ~lno = give. From ~(vw comes 11 ~6a11 i Msi = dose. £uxopfarwc; efxarlstos = with pleasure. The adverb of £uxaptaroc; (No 15}. Note that phonetically the difference between the adverb and the masculine adjective lies on the stressed syllable = e:uxap(OTwc;, e:ux6piOToc;. At w or Atyw Ieo or leyo (lecture, dialect) = say, tell (see also No 21 and 24). The 2nd person singular of the verb Mw is Ate; (a contracted form of Mye:1c;). T( Me;; what do you say ?). The 3 rd person plural of M(y)w: Atv(£) is used to mean they call or is called: IJ€ Mv(e:) rtc.i>pyo me len(e) y6ryo = they call me George. nwc; (= how) TO Mv(e:) OUT6; p6s to len(e) aft6 = how (what), do they (you) call this ? cptAtKa filika =friendly, amicably. The adverb of the adjective cptAtK6 c;, -1\, -6 fihk6s, -1, 6 = friendly (from · 11 A£~11 i lexi (lexicon) = word. o A6yoc; o 16yos (logorrhoea, logomachy, dialogue) = 1. word, 2. speech, 3. reason. Here it means your word. here o A6yoc; means speech here o A6yoc; has the meaning of the reason . TO A6yto ta 16ya (exists only in plural) = the words, verbal sayings. The words Atyw, At~11 . A6yoc;, A6yto, AoytKrl loyikl = logic, come all from the same root. 11 a~fa i axla (axiom) = value. TO t pyo, TO t pyo (pi.) to eryo, ta erya (erg the unit of work, ergometry) = work(s), deed(s). a~t6Aoyoc;, -11, -o axi61oyos = remarkable, considerable, worthy of note (6~1oc;, -a, -o axios = worthy, deserving, meritorious , capable, see No 25) + Myoc; = speech No 21). TO At~1A6y1o to lexil6yio = vocabulary, glossary. lt comes from the words M~11 (No 20) + Myw (No 18).
12. TO npayJJo, TO
13. 14. 15. 16.
17.
18.
19. 20. 21 .
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
"''Em:(a) l esto
o!6y04; up~v
2
va( va(,
o I 6yos im 6n ne ne
,
,5
ouou 0000
Jesus Christ to his disciples (Matthew) Let your word be yes yes, no no
1. tOTw esto = let be. ' EOTw is the imperative of the ancient verb E:IIJ( im i= e:(IJOI (I am). In modern Greek tOTw is u sed with the meaning of so be it and with KOI it means even: torw Kal t~1 = even six, 2. UIJWV im6n = the ancient of yours, 3. ou or ouK oo oak = not (see L2, V5) .
49
BaatK~ (vassikf) ypappOTIK~
( amatiki)
Gr. 6
a. The genitive case of the nouns is mainly used to show who "owns" or "possesses" something. The masculine nouns and adjectives in -oc; and the neuter nouns and adjectives in -o and -1 have in the genitive case the ending -ou (pronounced as in moon). Examples: 0 ve-oc; ~p61J·Oc; 0 neos or6mos = the new road Tou ve-ou ~p61J·OU too neoo ~r6moo = of the new road 0 Tp(T-oc; K60IJ·oc; o tritos k6smos = the thrid world Tou Tp(T-ou K60IJ·Ou too tritoo k6smoo = of the third world To Ka8ap-6 IJUaA-6 to ka8ar6 mial6 = the clear mind Tou Ka8ap-ou IJUaA-ou too ka8aro6 mialo6 = of the clear mind To j3pW1JlK-o XEP-1to vr6miko xeri = the dirty hand Tou j3pWIJlK-OU xepl-OU too vr6mikoo xeryou = of the dirty hand Note that the neuter nouns ending in -1 move the stress to the last syllable in the genitive case: xtp1 - X£PIOU, n6~t - no~tou po~you If the masculine noun is stressed on the third syllable from the end the stress in the genitive case usually moves to the second syllable: 0 av8pwnoc;, 0 an8ropos = the man Tou avepwnou, too an8r6poo =of the man. The few feminine nouns ending in -oc; like t~o~oc; exooos = exit have also the ending -ou in the genitive case and move the stress to the second syllable if they are trisyllables: Tllc; £~6~ou tis ex6ooo = of the exit. Example: TO cpwTa Tllc; £~6~ou ta f6ta tis ex6~oo = the lights of the exit.
b. The feminine nouns and adjectives in -a and -11 form their genitive case by adding an -c; (cr(y1Ja, siyma). Examples: H wpa(-a KOl euyevLK-~ Kupf-a I orea ke evyeniki kiria = the beautiful and polite lady. T11c; wpa(-ac; KOl euyevLK-~c; Kupf-ac; t1s areas ke evyenikis ktrias = of the beaut iful and polite lady. H KaA-~ uy£f-a I kali 1yia = good health TllafvoJ,~al fenome (phenomenon) look, seem 7. cpaVTaanK6c;, -1\, -6 fantastik6s, -i, -o (fantastic) = imaginary, unreal 8. ypacpw yrafo (graphology, autograph) = write 9. ra ypOJ.IJ.Iara ta yramata (grammatical) = the letters. The plural of YPOIJIJO (~. V2) 10. 11 &P~OJ.IO~a i evCSomaCSa = week. See ej3C5o1Joc; (L7,V1) 1.
=
=
=
=
55
Eighth lesson (La) 1. I imagine that (= OTI) you know the dangers. I know them but (= aM6) I am not afraid. You don't (can't) imagine what (a) great idea he has for (about) himself. He does not look (it) but he is very dangerous. The dangers are imaginary. 2. I write many letters every week. What do you write to her? What does it write today the newspaper? lt does not write no (any) news. How{= nwc;) is written this word? 3. I don't feel well. Something {= KOTl) I have. What have you? Don't you feel well? No, I am al l right. He does not feel nothing (anything). He is an insensitive (without feelings) man. 4. The entrance is forbidden. Please, is not allowed the smoking (the order of the words could also be = rrapaKaAdJ ro K6rrvtaJ.Ia ~ev emrptrrerat). Do you allow me? (Note that emrptrrerat and emrptrrere are phonetically the same). No, I don't allow no one (anyone). lt is forbidden strictly the parking . Are forbidden the animals here (As the Greek language presents a high degree of flexibility in the word order the phrase could also be Ta t;wa arrayopeuovrat eow r1 e&lJ arrayopetJovrat ra t;wo. Note also that in Greek the definite article o, 1], ro is used more often than in English).
=
5. He does not seem to know nothing (anything) . lt seems to me that your hands are a little cold. You seem to me that you are warm, perhaps {=(owe;) you have fever. Yes, I feel very warm.
6. Is there a possibility that {= 1-1~nwc;) you sell your flat? No, in this flat I live and I don 't sell it. Here, however, {= 61Jwc;) it writes (it is written) IS SOLD (to be sold). (n wM:ITat is the 3rd person of the ancient verb nwA.w-nwA.oUIJOl which in modern Greek has become nouA.w- nouA.tEIJOL See Gr. 7 and NO 24) ). I don't know what it writes there, I know that it is not sold. 7. You know, I let my house. Please can you tell me if this house is to let. Here I see a (sign) TO LET. 8. I am sorry that I say it to you but this is the truth. I am afraid that he does not say the truth. Don't be afraid he does not know nothing (anything) . They are not afraid of nobody (anybody) . 11. aJo86vo1JOI eseanome = feel, sense (see ava(o9T)TOC: N13) 12. tVT6~t• entaxi = everything in order, OK, all right [the ancient preposition tv = in and the word T6~11 (syntax) = order in the dative case] 13. avafo81'JTOWVI')O-a.
d.
The formation of the future tense is simple. By adding the word ea to the present tense the continuous form is formed : ea ypaq>w, (I shall write, repeatedly, often etc), ea Tr)A£q>wvw (I shall telephone every day, etc). By adding ea to the second stem ypaq.J-, Tr)A£q>wvr)o- and using the endings of the present tense we have the complete form: ea ypa"'w (I shall write), ea Tr)A£q>wv~ow .
e.
The verbs
£1~a1
and
txw
have only one form of past and future tense. The past is
~~ouv(a) , ~oouv(a) , ~Tav(£) , ~~aar£, r1oaar£, ~Tav(£) and £1xa, £1x£c;, £ix£, £1xa~£, £1xaT£, £ixav(£). The future is formed with ea and the present tense: ea £1~a1, ea txw etc.
The use of two stems of a verb to form the past and future tenses, which is a basic feature of the Greek language, is a common source of mistakes for an English - speaker learning Greek as English does not normally distinguish these two forms. The continuing form of the verb yp6.cpw in the past tense typacp-a can be translated = I was writing or I used to write and the complete form typalJJ-a I wrote. But in the future tense the form ea yp6.q>-w denoting that the action of writing will be repeated (every day, often, always etc.) and the form ea yp6.q.J-w meaning that the action of writing will be completed are both translated in English = I shall write.
=
63
j
Gr. 9j
Baon«l ypappanK~ .IuvonTIK6 Present Ef~OI
Pas t Contin uous Complete TliJOUV(a) f)oouv(a) f)Tav(e) fJIJaOTe (flllaOTaV) f)oaOTe (f)oaOTav) f)Tav(e)
t xw
nlva Ka Fut ure Continuous Complete ea €l1Jal ea e(om ea e(Val ea e(~-taOTe ea efOTe (e(oaOTe) ea e(vm
eaexw
e(xa etxeWV110-a ea 1TJAecpwv-w ea 1TJMcpwv~a-w CO~W------~~D~ ~~O=u~ a~ a______~(~fum ~o~-0 =-----~ e~ a~~T~-~ W~----~ e= a~T~O~·= W~--~
64
11&KOTO 1 (~ekato) 1Jcl91"UJO eypa~a (eyrapsa) Tp(a ypa~~aTa . 'OA.o TO npw(3 eypa<pa. npoxeec;4 CJOU TilAEnoc; 4 eyEvvr)91) 5 From other kind of animals man was bom
"
Ava~(IJOV~poc; (610 -547 B.C.) Anaximander
1. e~ = from. The preposition &K before a vowel, 2. aMoet~wv =other kind (6Moc; (L1, V17) + e(~o~ = kind), 3. ~wwv = genitive plural of ~wo Lg, V':!J, 4. 6v8pwnoc; = man (L 1, V6 ) , 5. eyew fJSn = was born. The ancient simple past ofyewte1Jat Lg, V17 .
92
XpOVTlo-a) KpantJ,Jat kratieme = be hold (s.p. Kpanl8-11KO). The passive voice of KpaTw krat6 (democrat, aristocrat) = hold ~IOTI'lPOUJ.IOI ~iatiro6me = be maintained (sp ~l01T)ptl8-11KO). The passive voice of ~IOTilPW ~iatir6 = maintain UYirl9avtl va or q>TOV&I va f8ani or ftani = it is enough, provided that (cp86vw or qm:lvw = arrive, reach) (IL12. V43) anoKAti&Tal va apokliete = it is excluded to, it is out of the question that (anoKAE.IwO!lOl = exclude, be excluded) a~i~&l va aksizi = it is worthwhile to (at;l~w = be worth, deserve) (L11 , V 11 ) ~tv n&lpa~tl 5en pirazi = it does not matter, it is of no importance (netp6~w = annoy) aptotl va aresi with the personal pronouns 1Jt, ot, TOV etc. = lt pleases me, I like to &mTptn&Tal epitrepete = it is permitted (emTpenw = I permit) (Lg, V 15) anayoptu&TOI apayorevete = it is forbidden (anayopeuw = I forbid, I prohibit) (L8 , V4) Here are some common phrases with the above impersonal verbs: 9av&l, 5ev unapx&• OMT') AUO'T') (it is enough, there is no other solution) . Ynapxtl A.uO'T') , cp9av&l va ~epetc; (there is solution, provided that you know). nptntl va n pooexouJ.lE 6XOL J.JOLAO IJOU. Av f)~e:pe:~ KCrn ea IJOU TO ELXE~ nEl. 0a moeav61JOUVQ neptoo6repo3 EUTUXlOj.leV0~4 EQV tlOOUV KOVTQ IJOU (OV cre: e:lxa 5(nA.a IJOU). Av IJ'ayanouoe:~ ea TO e:fxa moeavee:L 2. Mou E~tlY110E TO A.aen nou eKOVQ OTQ ypaj.lj.IOTQ nou TOU EOTEl.Aa5 . LTO TEAO~ TOU IJOef)IJOTO~ ea OOU TO nw. ea OOU TO eA£ya X8E~ OTO Tl1Aeq>WVO aM6. 6EV ElXO KOlp6. 3. H 6uva1Jl1 TOU nVEUIJaTO~ (pnevmatos) KOl TOU VOU ELVOl IJEYaAUTEP11 an6 Tl1 6uva1Jl1 TOU OWIJOToc;B. To IJUaA6 (mial6) TOU E:LVOl e:6w aM6. ll 4JUXT'J1 TOU aMou8 (alo6). 'EXE:L IJEYOAr) OWIJOTLK(J9 6uva1Jll aMa IJLKPrl 4JUXLKf) aVToxf1 10. Euxaptarr1811Ka (efxaristi8ika) IJE: Tll ltJUxtl iJOU (IJ€ 6Al1 TOU Tl1 4Juxfl) . 4. Ot Apxafot (arxei) e"A.eyav: "Nouc; uvu1c; ev OWIJOTL uytec;". LWIJOTLe:(vm 'l 50TLKf] 11 TOU crwiJaTo~. T11 5oTLKrl ot ApxaiOL Tl1 XP'lOLIJonotoucrav cre: an6VT'l0'112 Tl'l~ e:pWTI10'1~ 1 3 OE nOL6V. ITa vea EMnvtK6. ea XP'lOLIJOnOLOUOaiJE: (Xrisimopio6same) Tr)V QlTLaTLKf]14 : oe: OWIJO uyt&c;. s. To 56ooc;1s elvm ~wf) . n pene:t vo ayan61Je: To 6eVTpa16. /1e:v apKe:(17, 61Jwc;1s, 1-16vo va TO ayan6.1JE:, XPE:la~E:TOL 1 9 VQ TO ne:ptnOLOUIJE:ea20 KOLVO TO npOOTOTE:UOUIJE:21. 6. Tt np6KE:LTm22 va K6.ve:t~ Twpa; /1e: <pa(ve:Tm va un6pxe:t23 A.u01124 . /1e:v l!.mapxe:t KaiJ(a e:A.nf6a2s. 11e:v np6Ke:LTOL va <po~11ew Km va unoxwpflcrw2B. ea npoxwpt'lcrw27 KOL 6Tt e:fvm va yfve:t2B a~ yfve:t28. Xwpfc; e:A.nfba o 6v8pwnoc; be: ~e:t. 7 . IuyvWIJ'l 29 (siyn6mi), eKava A.69o~. Ia~ ~TlTW ouyvWIJ'l yta To e6puJ3o. Me: ouyxwpe(Te: (sinxorite) eeA.w VQ ne:paow. /1e: 9a OE OUYXWPrlOW noTe YL' OUTO nou EKOVE:-
·~
·.
-·... ~~~1 -~~U~/
Tu Acyalo eyeo (= Aegean sea) an6 Tov K.
r paJ.1~aT6nouAo
116
H 0e6 (= godess. See o 0e:6~ Lg, V2) Yyda iyia hygiene (= health . L 14, V5 7)
117
The continuity of the Greek language lt is evident from the passages quoted in this method that the Greek language from Homer and the philosophers of Classical times to the Evangelists and Byzantine literature, and right down to the present day has been one language that has enjoyed a continuous tradition. In the course of its development the Greek language has certainly undergone many phonological and morphological changes and much reorganization. However, as a language it has remained essentially the same so that Greek of earlier stages has not only been familiar to Greek-speakers of later stages but has offered them the choice of using a larger stock of linguistic patterns. This is attested by the literary texts and written documents of all periods, which are a mixture of the contemporary spoken language with older forms. This tradition is particularly true for modern Greek which has such a long and rich literary history behind it. The student of modern Greek should, therefore, be aware of the main changes that have occurred through the 3,500 years of its history. This will enable him to understand the variability of forms and endings, and the flexibility of expression of modern Greek. The greater changes that had a profound impact on the present form of the Greek language took place during three periods: 1. The Hellenistic period 2. Early Byzantine times 3. The period following the liberation of Greece in 1821. 1. The Hellenistic period is marked by the prevalence of the Attic-based KOLvtl which replaced the local dialects in Greece and became an international language. After the Roman conquest of Greece the KOLvtl remained an international language spoken throughout the Roman Empire and was the main language of the peoples of its eastern part, that included Greece, the Middle East and Egypt, where the first Christian centres were founded. lt is therefore natural that the earliest Christian literature, such as the Gospels, the letters of St. Paul and the writings of the Fathers of the Church were written in the KOLVf) . To suit the great variety of peoples who had to learn and use it, the KOLvtl went through a process of simplifications which affected not only the form of the words but also their pronunciation. In the same period the Alexandrian grammarians introduced the accents to indicate to foreign people learning Greek the correct pronunciation of the words. Early Christian literature amply documents these changes, but more revealing of the pronunciation of the Greek letters at that time are the documents and letters of ordinary and presumably not well-schooled people. The spelling errors and the alternative use of one vowel or combination of vowels instead of another leaves no doubt that both had the same sound. This is well illustrated in the following example taken from Professor Babiniotis "XuvorrrtKrJ (= concise, synopt1c) taropfa TT7~ EMryvtKrJ~ yAwaaa~" (1986):
...
118
Letter of eep1Jouo6.c; to his mother (2nd century AD) : "8~ppou66c;... TTJ pf}rpt rrJ..iara xtptv K~ 6ta rravrtc; uy~vtv. 'EAaf3a...(~UYTJ efKoat Kt KoMoupta 6tKa (~uyTJ... Kat rr6c; ~xt pou o rrarf}p .. 11
eep1Jouo6.c; uses the simplest way of expressing the sound of the letters writing ~ instead of at, t instead of eLand o instead of w, rrMara instead of nA.Efata (= many, much), xtptv instead of xa(petv, KC instead of Kat, uytvtv in the place of uyLa(veLv and rr6c; instead of nwc;. Even the common verb txet is spelt ext. So the student of modern Greek can be reassured that the way he pronounces the Greek leters is no different from the sound these letters had at the time of Jesus Christ. Besides the phonetical, many morphological changes of modern Greek have their origin in the modifications that the Kotvf] brought to the Attic dialect. 2. The second important phase was Early Byzantine Times, during which the main features of modern Greek had taken shape. Although the written documents of this period are scarce it has been established that the fundamental changes in the structure of modern Greek belong to the period of transition from the ancient world to the middle ages, so that by AD 1,000 spoken Greek had already assumed most of the characteristics of modern Greek. 3. The third period starts with the birth of the Greek state in 1827 and is marked by a) the definition of an official language, b) the elimitation of a large number of Turkish and other loan-words, and c) the immense lexical enrichment of the language necessitated by scientific, social, political and cultural develpments. The new words were mainly formed from the rich lexical stock of the Greek language of all times. The definition of a national language for the new Greek state was not an easy task. The language of the people, the majority of whom had remained illiterate during the Turkish occupation, was considered insufficient for the needs of a modern state. The Orthodox hierarchy communicated in the traditional learned Byzantine Greek and the educated Greeks of the diaspora wrote in a language that was a mixture of learned and spoken Greek of their choice and therefore by no means uniform. There was also a tendency to restore the Attic dialect as the national language. Finally, a form of purified language the Ka8apeuouaa was adopted as the official language of the state. Ka8apeuaouaa was up to 1975 the language of education, of scientific and technical writing and, in slightly modified form, of the newspapers. However, alongside the Ka8apeucrouaa the spoken language 11 0111JOTtKft was used in everyday speech and in the majority of literary texts, leading to a state of diglossy that took serious political and social dimensions until 1975 when a form of 6111JOTtKft, ft veoM11VtKft (modern Greek), was adopted as the national language. A speaker of modern Greek, however, following a long tradition Is by no means Impeded from making use of words or linguistic forms from earlier periods if he considers them appropriate to his writing or speech.
119
The main changes that took place over the centuries can be summarized as follows: 1. The great majority of changes concern morphological and phonological modifications of the word, the meaning of which remains identical with that of Classical times. For instance, the child in Classical and hellenistic Greek is o na(~, accusative Tov na(oa and the dimunitive TO nmo(ov and TO nmi56ptov (= small child) . In modern Greek the child is TO nmi5( and the small child To nati56Kt. 2. Other common morphological changes of the words are: a) the disappearance of initial and medial unaccented vowels: ru..1epa -)- J.ltpa, epum.{) -)o pwTC.I>, eup(oKw ---+ [3p(oKw, eupr'}Ka (eureka) ---+ f3Pr1Ka, oui5ev (nothing) ---+ i5ev (not), ohlyo~-)- Myo~ .
b) the elimination Of the final v: TllV XWPOV ---+ Tll XWPO and c) the change of certain consonants to others, like the change of ~ to i5eVTpo) or of K to X (OKTW ---+ O)(TW) .
VT
(i5evi5pov
-)o
3. Another common change is the formation of a new nominative singular of the nouns from the accusative singular of the ancient word. In ancient Greek since the Homeric poems the father was o naTnp, TOV naTtpa, Tou naTp6c;. From Tov naTepa a new nominative o naTtpac; was created by adding the characteristic ending "c;" of the nominative singular of masculine nouns. Similarly, from 'li..1'1TrlP. TllV IJ11Ttpa, Tll.o.,, -o11, 1"0, prize, reward mlpcK(W, - , ;,lpowu, gather
mlv,Uw, be diapirited mlv~'f"COS',
-a, •cw (verbal adj.}, not to deapair, not to be de1paired of Al,.oaw~JADl, -w11, ol. Aegoapotami (river) Ail"""''S'• -o11, ..;. Egypt "'A~r. -ou, d, Hadea; the underworld or Ita god allrfp, -cpos, d, ether, upper air ":.,'YI'Ci• -CJ1'0S', TO, riddle, enigma
.r>.o.,, 7iP'1K«, 7if't11'Ci'•
~~.-"r,~,anchor ~w. not to know
at,Hw,
O,.WUI""",
alul&.oJUI', aluf,)uo""'• ituiO~Tf"· per-
•o.- (-oi'OS), seneelea1, thoughtleu U,.Op&, -!a (= fresco. o Tolxoc; = wall + ypaq>(J = writing) , an6 TT) 0(Jpa (tavtop(Vll) n&p(TO 1600 n .X. (= npo XptOTou) .
ruvau<efa IJOPeuyw L12 , V24) (checking out) in a short time (or immediately or in half an hour(= wpa L1o. Vs). At the resort or in the small towns where there are many signs rooms to let and even more ROOM TO LET(!) (See La. V27) .
12. Have you (~~nwc; = has the meaning of I wonder if, is there a possibility that, is there a chance that) any free room? Is there (a) room? How much has (or makes or costs) the room the (by) day (or the (by) night)? Has it hot water? Has it bath? Has it shower? Is there in the house (= on(n La. V28) (a) telephone (line)? Can I see it? Can we visit it? All right, we take it for tonight. Good, we rent it (or keep it) for 3 days and if we like it we will sit (or we will stay more or more days). 23. ~npoanv6c;, -r1, -6 brost1n6s = in front (from (t)~npoc; = ahead, in front (L 14 , V4) 24. nAtov pleon (adv.) = more. Enl nAtov = in addition 25. KPOT11al1, 11 kratisi = reservation (from KpCTw L 15.V2A) 26. nAr1PI1uyw (r'J Sa avaxwpf}ow 16) oTJIJEpa (r'J TO IJEO'l11JEPL17, TO an6yEUIJO 18 (ap6yevma), TO l3p66u aupto) OTl~ TpEl~ 11 wpa. TL wpa q>EUYEL TO Tpa(vo (TO nA.o(o 19, TO aeponA.avo 13) YLO Tl1 ... ; LTLe; IJLO KQL 5EKOnEVTE (r'J KQL TeTapTo20) OKpLI3wc;21 . 16 22 AvaxwPLO'l1 OTL~ neVTE napa ElKOO'l, 6cpL~11 OTl~ oeKa KQL IJloTJ. n60'11 wpa KOVEt; 14 4. Eyw Ta~t5euw n6VTOTE IJE nA.o(o (r'J IJE Tpa(vo r'J OL5T)poopOIJLKW~ , r'J IJE aeponA.6vo r'J aeponoptKw~ . r'J IJE OUTOKLV11TO). To Ta~(5L dvm n6VTOTE wpa(o apKe( va IJT)V exet noA.u 23 K60'1l0 KOl VQ exel~ KaNl 8€011. ea r'}SeA.a IJLO 8€0'11 KOVTO OTO nap68upo • LlUOTUXW~ 24 5ev unapxet 8€0'11. 'OA.e~ Ol SeOEL~ elVQL nLOO'IJEVE~ (pyasmenes) (r'J KQTElA111JIJ€VE~ katilimenes). 5. To nA.o(o avaxwpe[1 6 evt6~25 oA.(ywv A.emwv26. napaKaA.ouVTaL oL emcrKeme~27 va 8 29 e~eA.8ou~ . AvaxP110'11 16 OIJO~oOTotxfa~ (amaxostixias) EVT6~ ouo A.emwv. 30 31 napaKaA.ouVTOL ot emi36Te~ va napa1Je(vouv OTL~ Secret~ Tou~. Sa yfveL eA£yxo~32 (elenxos) ELO'LT11PLWV. Ta ELO'LTf}pt6 00~ napOKaAW. To ELO'LTf}pt6 IJOU elVQL yLa OUO 33 OTOIJ0 . 34 6. rtaT( apye( VQ cpuyEL TO nA.o(o; Yn6pXEL K08UOTEP110'11 ( ka8isteris~ A.6yw35 TOU 37 36 Katpou. To 5pOIJOAOVL0 ea y(VEL KQVOVLK6. ; Eyw 5ev ~epw , pwTr'}OTE OTL~ 38 nA.11pOcpop(e~ . nou ElVQL Ol nAilpocpop(e~ napaKaA.w; K6.8e n6Te exel nA.o(o YLO Tl1 ... ; K6.8e 1Jepa exet 5uo 5po1JoA.6yta OTL~ em6 TO npw( Kat OTl~ ouo TO IJEO'lliJEpt. 7. re napaKaA.w nou dvm 11 OT60'11 Tou A.ewcpopdou ( leoforioo) (r'J o OT081J6~39 TOU Tpa(vou) ; E(vOLIJOKpt6.40 ; Not, npeneL va n6.peTe Ta~(41 (r'J To A.ewcpopdo 15). noLo~ e(vm 42 o en61Jevo~ OT081J6~ (r'J nma e(vm 11 en61JEVI1 OT6.0'11) napaKaA.w; n6cro IJOKpt6 dvm; 43 nep(nou neVTaK6ma IJETpa an6 e5w, nep(nou 5eKa A.em6 IJE Ta n65ta. ea npenet VQ KQT£13etTE IJETO 5uo OTQO'ELc:;. /\&~1A6y1o 1. Ta~ll>tuw taxi~evo taxi~yotik6s
= travel. To = of travel, travelling
Ta~ll>l taxl~i
= journey,
voyage, trip. Ta~1l)1wnK6c;, -~. -6
131
Useful dialogues
I travel in Greece 1. All Greek cities (= n 6Al1 L15 , V7) and great regions are of feminine gender and end in -a or Athens, Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Crete, or in -oc:; like the Aegean islands (Rhodes, Myconos, Paros), Cyprus, Peloponnese, Epirus. Exceptions are Piraeus and Volos which are of masculine gender. (Note that the names of the cities or great territorial regions are acompanied by the definite article).
-rr
At the travel agency (= ypaeiA-a) xfA1o1, -tc:;, -a xllii (kilogramme) (adv.) 1. thousand, 2. countless. XfA1a Xilia = one thousand. H x•A•a~a xiliai5a (chiliad) = a thousand. To x•A•apiKO xiliariko = one thousand note ~laK60IOI , -tc:;, -a iS1ak6s1i (adj.) two hundred ~pax~r1 . 11 i5raxmi = drachma (the Greek currency) ~1M, Ta ps11a = small change. IP1A6c:;, -r1, -6 psil6s thin, fine ntVTOXIA~apo, TO pentoxlllaro = five thousand note (ntvre+xo..ta) pt ma, Ta resta = change (money) ~wvf~w psonlzo = 1. purchase (\jJwvto-a), 2. shop, 3. buy. Ta "'wv1a ps6nia = shopping, purchases, provisions, untpayopa, 11 iperayora = supermarket Kpt ac:;,To kreas (pancreas) = meat ~£~16c:; , -r1, -6 i5exi6s = 1. right, 2. right-wing. llt~16 i5exia (adv.) to the right, on the right ~~a~po~oc:;, o i5iai5romos = 1. corridor, 2. passage (i5ta (= through) + i5p61JO~ = street) Jla9oc:;, TO V380S = 1. depth, 2. far-end, 3. background pacp1, To rati = shelf aplmtpa aristera (adv.) = To the left,on the left. Ap1m t p6c:;, -r1, -6 arister6s =1.1eft, 2. left-wing "'uyd o , TO ps1yio refrigerator avofyw anlyo = open. AVOIKT6c;, -r1, -6 an1kt6s = open. Avo1KT6 anikta (adv .) = 1. open, 2. openly
=
=
=
=
= =
=
=
=
=
=
137
50. 51 . 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.
AaiK6~, -~. -6 laik6s (laical) = of the people. 0 Aa6~ la6s
= people
npo'i 6v, TO proi6n = product KaT' euedav kat' ef8fan (adv.) = directly, straight (KaTPOY'I'A
-
rAYJTil c.popa O'TTlV EM66a, 6e yvwp(~w Kaveva Kat etf-w va ouvavtflaw2 Kat va yvwp(ow K60IJO. No K Lg, V 16) Y~PAY/\I KOI i~ravlik l (hydraulic) = plumbers (TOU KYP)
150
Xptjatpot .lltaAoyot
lls
E n I OK£4J r) OTr)V n6Ar).
1. :Lfu1epa ano<pamoa va yvwp(ow TrJV n6Ar1. ea yupfow 6A.o To KeVTpo IJE Ta n6ota Kat 1 2 Sa Ent0KE96cre•c; = as soon as you arrive), 2. if (61Ja 9tA&tc; &cru = if you want) OJ.IO~I, To amaxi = 1. horse-cab, 2. motor car aJ.Ia~oarotxfa, 11 amaxostixla = train CJ.IapTia, 'l amartia = sin AJ.ItptKav6c;, -1\ amerikan6s or AIJ&ptKavoc;, -a amerikanos = American (m. or f.) . AJ.I&p1KCVIK6c;, -1\, -6 amerikanik6s or OI.I£PtK6VtKoc; = american, AJ.ItpiKI\, 11 ameriki = America Ol.l&aoc;, ·I\, -o amesos = direct, immediate. A11tawc; amesos (adv.) = immediately, at once OJ.II09oc;, -11, -o amls9os = unpaid (a + ~tcr96eJ3aX-a, &xw a1Jcp•J36X-Et, ea a1Jq>tJ36A-w) H OIJcptpoAfa amfivolla = doubt (a~q>t + J36Mw (ballistics) = throw a1Jcpl9tarpo, To amfi8eatro = amphitheater OJ.IcplaJ311TW amfisvit6 ;;::; dispute, call in question
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
172 (a~-tq>toj3frn1o-a, a~-tq>tol3rrnl9-nKa) OJ.upoT£pot, -tc;, -a amf6teri = both (exists only in plural) av- an- (the privative prefix a before a vowel) = un-, in-, -less av or tav elm = if ava- ana- = prefix, denoting upon, up, backwards, again, Intensification ava ana (Anc. + K) (prep.) = along, over, throughout, across (ava ~(wpo = every two hours) avapallw anavalo (irr.) = postpone, put off (avej3a'A.a, txw avaj36A-et, ea avaj36A-w) (ava + j36Aw (ballistics) = throw, strike). H avapo,\r\, anavoli = postponement avapw anavo 1. light (fire etc.) (6valjJ-a), 2. turn on (light etc), 3. inflame, provoke, 4. take fire avayytAw anangelo = announce (av6yyeiA-a) (av6 + ayyt'A.w (angel)= anounce) avayKa~w anangazo = compel, oblige, force (avayKao-a). H avayK11 anangi = need, necessity. AvayKaUy-a, ea anocpuy-w) (ono+ cpeuyw = go away) anoxa•ptrw apoxeret6 say goodbye to (anoxatptTno-a) (ano + xatp&Tc.i> = salute, greet) ano"'t ap6pse (adv.) = this evening, to-night AnpfAtoc;, o aprilios or AnpfAJlc;, o aprilis = April apa ara (conj.) = consequently, so apyw ary6 = 1. be late (6PY'10-a), 2. loose time, 3. not to be working, be closed. H apyfa aryia = holiday, closing day. Apy6c;, -1\, -6 ary6s = slow, idle. Apya arya (adv.) slowly, late. Apyorcpa ary6tera (adv.) = later on aptow areso = 1. please (6peo-o), 2. give pleasure (Expr. trot 1,1' apto&t so I like it, that's the way I want it) 6p9po(v), TO arero = 1. article, 2. clause ap191J6c;, o ari9m6s (arithmetic) number apt91JI"'TIKI\, 11 ariemitiki = arithmetic aptaroc;, -Jl, -o aristos (aristocracy) = best, excellent (the supperlative of good). :Aptara arista (adv.) = excellently aptarcp6c;, -1\, -6 arister6s 1. left, 2. left-handed, 3. left-wing follower. H ap1artp6 arlstera = left-wing. Aptartpa aristera (adv.) = to the left, on the left (optOT£p6 napoKaAc.i> = to the left please) aptaroKparfa, 11 aristokratia = aristocracy (6ptOTo + Kpotc.i> = rule, hold, keep) aptoroupyru..ta, ro aristo6ryima = masterpiece (aptOTO + t pyo = piece of work) apKw ark6 :::: suffice, be enough (apK£( va :::: it suffices that, provided that). ApKOUIJOI arko6me 1. be content (opKEOT-IlKO), 2. confine oneself apvou~a• arno6me = refuse, deny (apvf)9-11Ka). H 6pVf10Jl arnisi = refusal, denial apnal;w arpazo = 1. seize, snatch, carry off (6pna~ a), 2. catch (cold, fire) appajJwvtal;oiJal aravoniazome get engaged (appo~wvt60T-I1KO) AppajJwvtaOTtK-6c;, -16 (f) aravoniastikos = fiance appwaralvw arosteno fall ill, make ill (appc.i>O'Tiloo). H appwarta ar6stya illness, disease. :c\ppworoc;, •fl, -o arostos ill apa&vtK6c;, -1\, -6 arsenik6s (arsenic) = male, masculine (gender) apTflpla, 11 artiria artery aproc;, o artos (Anc. + K) bread. To apronOitio(v) artopilo(n) bakery. To apronwA&io(v) artopolio(n) = baker-shop
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
175 apxaioc:;, -a , -o arxeos (archeology) = ancient, old. Ta apxafa arxea = antiquities. Apxa•6rtpoc:;, -11, -o arxe6teros = senior, older (chronologically). H apxm6T'1Ta arxe6tita = 1. antiquity, 2. seniority. Apxa•oA6yoc:;, o arxeol6yos = archaelogist apx~. 11 arxi (anarchy) = 1. beginning, origin, 2 . principle, 3. authority. 01 apxt c:; = the autorities. ApXIK6ap ~oo-a) (a:)cptroc; (e}fetos (adv.) = this year. (E)cp&Ttev6c;, ·r\, -6 (e)fetin6s this year's tcptupcuo.,, 11 efevresi invention tq>'lJ.I&pflia, 11 efimeri6a (ephemeraO = newspaper tcponAeorr\c;, o efoplistis ship-owner tcpopda, 11 or ccpopfa eforla 1. tax-office, 2. board of governors (t)xatc;, To (e}xees (adv.) = yesterday txep6c;, o exer6s = enemy. Ex9p1K6c;, ·r\, -6 ex9nk6s = 1. hostile, 2. of the enemy txw exo = have (Ei)(O, ea txw} (Expr. 1\ £xt;lc;; what is the matter with yoU? n6oo t)(£l Clllt6; hem much does this cost?)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
twc; eos (prep.) =
until, up to, as far as, (time and place}
Z, { ~axap., , 11 zaxari = sugar. To ~axaponAaordo(v) zaxaroplastio(n) = confectioner's ~tOT.,, '1 zesti = heat (Expr. KOV£1 ~EOTil = it is hot}. Z&orafvw zesteno = heat, warm, (~eOTav-a) . Z&orafvo~Ja• zestenome feel or g et hot (~tOT6911KO). Ztor6c;, · r\, -6 zest6s hot, w arm (tuy6pe,. To zevyari (Anc + K (cuyoc; zevyos} pair, couple (r\A&ea, 11 zilia (jealous) jealousy. ZI'JAtuw zilevo = 1. be jealous of (~r'JM:ljJ·a) , 2. envie (r\Aoc;, o zilos zeal ('liJia, 11 zimya = damage, loss (r\TiliJO, TO zltima = matter, problem, question, issue (Exp r. Efvm ~rli1"J ~O £6v .. = it is doubtful whether .. ) ('lTW zit6 = demand (~rli1"JO-a} , 2. ask for, seek, look for. H (r\TilOil zltisi demand (for commodity) (1\TW zito = long live, hurrah for (~rlTW is the Anc. imperative of the verb ~w = live) (ouyKAa, 11 zo6ngla = jungle (OUJ.If, TO zoomi = 1. broth, 2. juice (uyf(w ziylzo = 1.weigh (~uyto·a), 2. balance (uy6c;, ·r\, -6 ziy6s = even (Expr. ~ova ~uya = odd or even) (w zo = 1. live (e·~J1 0·a), 2. live through, experience (wypacpf(w zoyrafizo = paint, draw (~wyp6q>no·a), (~wn "" life + yp6c;, -rJ, -o lremos = calm, quiet. ' Hpa::(Ja (adv.) lrema = calmly, quitly f1pwac;, o iroas (Anc. + K rlPWC: iros) hero. Hpw1K6c;, -~. -6 iroik6s = heroic 11auxa~w isixazo = 1. make or g row calm or quiet (llouxao-a), 2. rest, sleep, 3. be reassured. 'Hauxoc;, ·11. -o isixos = quiet, peaceful, free from worry (1.1e:fve: fJouxoc: = do not worry). H I"JJllxJO is(Xia = state of quietness and calm. (HOU)((a napaKaAci> = quiet please) l'lxoc;, o ixos = sound. H 11XW 1x6 = echo. Hx11p6c;, ~ . -6 ixir6s= loud, resonant
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
e, e ea ea = particle introducing the future and the conditional form of verbs
eaAOIJI1Y6C:, 11 9alamiy6s = yacht 96Aa(Joc;, o 9alamos room, chamber, ward eaAaaaa, 11 8alasa (thalassocrat) = sea eavaToc;, 0 9anatos (thanatophobia) = death. 0av60IIJOC:, -11, -o 9anasimos (euthanasia) = deadly 9appoc;, TO 9aros = 1. courage, boldness, 2. liberty (na(pvw TO 86ppoc; = I take the liberty) eauiJa, To eavma = miracle, marvel, wonder. 0aupa~w eavmazo = admire, wander at (80u1JOO-a). 0 eaupaap6c; eavmasm6s admiration. 00UJ.ICOIOC:, -a, -o 9avmasios = wonderful!, marvellous. eta, 11 eea (theology) = goddess (the feminine of ee:6c; = god} eta, 11 Sea (theater) = view, sight. To et apa 9eama = spectacle, show. 0 ea::aT~c; 9eatis = spectator. To etaTpo 9eatro = theatre. -.-a, ea IJ&"t'a~epw = bring). H IJ&T6cppaon metafrasi = translation (IJ&"t'6. + q>p6.0T)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
phrase) . 0 (Jtracppaar~c; metafrastis, 11 IJ&Tacpp6arp•a metafrastria (f.) translator. M&Taq>pa~w metafrazo translate (1-l&"t'-e-q>pao-a, ea 1J&"t'Oq>p6o-w) . IJ&raxt•pf~OIJDI metaxirlzome 1. use (IJ&"t'OXEtp(OTT)K-a), 2. treat, behave to {person). Mtraxc•p•oiJtvoc;, • .,, · o metaxirismenos = 1. used, 2. worn (not new), 3. second hand IJETtxw metexo = take part in (IJ&T&fxa) (1Je:T6 + txw). H IJETOX~ metoxi share IJ&Ttwpoc;, • .,, -o meteoros (meteor) 1. in suspense, 2.not decided, 3. hanging in the air JJtTpo, ro metro 1. metre, 2. measure, 3. moderation. MtTplo~, ll morphi (morphology) = 1. form, 2. face, 3. appearance, 4. aspect. H IJOpq>oAoyia morfoloyia = morphology. Mopq>wvw morf6no = 1. educate, train (f.16pq>wo-a). 2. form. Mopq>wVOIJOI morf6nome = be educated, be trained (f.lOp6c; (philadelphla) = brother) ~ova- ksana- = prefix denoting again, back
203
~av6
ksana (adv.) = again ksanayirizo = 1. return back (~avayupta a), 2. give back (~av6 + yup(~w turn) ~avaK6vw ksanakano = do or make again (~av6Kav-a) (~ova + K6vw) ~avaAtw ksanaleo= say again, repeat (~avae(n-a, ea ~avan-w (~ova+ Mw) ~av6pxo1Jol ksanarxome = come again or back (~ava~pe-a. ea ~avape-w) (~ova + tpxo~at = come) ~av96~, -1\, -6 ksan96s (xanthic)= blond, fair ~anAwvw ksapl6no (~6nA.wa-a) and ~anAwvoiJal ksapl6nome = lie down (~anA.w9-T)Ko) ~acpv1K6c;, -1\, -6 ksafnik6s = sudden, unexpected. ::acpv1K6 ksafnika (adv.) = suddenly ~&- kseprefix denoting out, off, completely (it comes from the ancient preposition &~) ~t~aq>w ksevato loose colour, fade (~e~aljJ-a) (~e + l36q>w paint) ~tytAw kseyel6 = 1. deceive, gull, 2. seduce (~eyeA.aa-a) (~e + yeA.w laugh) ~t6u"w kse6ips6 = quench one's thirst (~e6(1jJaa-a) (~e + ~t!J.Iw = be thirsty) ~&KIVW ksekin6 (Anc + K &KKIVW ekin6) start off, set out (~&Kivno-a) (~e + Ktvw move) ~&Koup6~w ksekoorazo rest, relieve (~eKoupaa-a). =:tKoupal;OIJOI ksekoorazome repose, rest (~&Koup60T-l')KO) (~e + KOup6~0IJOt become tired) ~tvoa~la ksenofovia ;;::; xenophobia. To ~tvoooxtio ksenodoxio = hotel (~evo + 15oxelo = receptacle). 0 ~tvoMxoc; ksenoMxos = hotel keeper ~tVTuvw ksendino = undress (~evrua-a) (~e + vruvw = dress) ~&vuxrw ksenixt6 = stay up late or all night ~avayupf~w
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
= = =
(~&VU)(tll0-0)
ksepern6 = surpass (senepaa-a) (~e + nepvw =pass) ~tp6c;, -1\, -6 kser6s (xerograph) = dry, dried. ::epafvw ksereno = dry up (~epav-a) , ~&pofVOIJOI kserenome = 1. dry up (~£p69-l')KO) , 2. die (of plants) (Expr. ~epael')K£ OTa yeA.ta he died of laughing) ~tpw ksero (irr.) = know (f)-~ep-a) ~tq>tuyw ksefevyo 1. escape (~eq>uy-a) , 2. avoid, 3. slip out (~£ + ' 6oov = in as much as, as long as 6acppi'JOI'J, 11 6sfrisi = sense of smell 6Tav 6tan = when OTI 6ti (conj.) ;;; that 6,TI 6ti (pron.) = what, whatever. OTil)~noT& oti~ipote = 1. whatsoever, 2. anything at all 6Tou 6too (pron.) With twc; or 1-1txp• = twc; 6Tou, 1-1txp•c; 6Tou ;;; until. with an6 (which becomes a~p') acp'6Tou = since oulltic; oo~is (pron.) = nobody (oul5& (= not) = et~ (= one) oulltnoT& ool5epote (adv.) never oulltT&poc;, ·I'J, -o ooMteros = 1. neutral, 2. neuter (gram.) ou~o, To o6zo spirit flavoured with aniseed OUK ook (Anc.) (adv.) = not (the ancient word ou ("" not) before a consonant becomes OUK or ouX) oupa, 11 oora = 1. tail, 2. queue oupav6c;, o ooran6s (uranium) = sky, heaven. 0 oupavo~UOTI'Jtt1-.-a) 6cpeAoc;, TO 6felos = profit ocpeaA~6c; , o otealm6s (opthalmology) eye. 0 ocpeaA~iaTpac; ofealmiatros = eye specialist
=
=
=
=
206 6xru.1a, To 6xima = vehicle 6xe11, '1 6X9i =shore (of lake), bank (of river) 6x• 6xi = no, not 611111. 11 6psi (synopsis) = 1. appearance, look, 2. face, 3. sight (&v 6'11&1 = in view, ?..a~J36vw un' 6'111v = take into consideration, t~ 6!11twc; by sight)
=
n, rr n6yoc;, o payos = Ice. To naywT6 payot6 icecream na~6p1 , TO pazari = 1. market, 2. bargaining naeafvw pa9eno (pathology) = suffer (e-na9-a) (Expr. KaA6 va n69£t = it serves him right. Tnv tna9£~ = you got caught out). H n6811011 pa9isl = malady. To n68oc; pa9os = 1. passion, 2. animosity, 3. vice. na8'1TIK6c;, -1\, -6 pa9itik6s (pathetic) = passive. H na8oAoyfa pa9oloyia = pathology na16f, TO pe~i (pediatrlcs) = child, boy. To na166K1 pe~aki = little child. na•l5•K6c;, -1\, -6 pe~ik6s child's, of children. na16aywy6c; pe~ayoy6s = paedagogue na16&1a, 11 pe~ia = education, learning. na16.:uw peMvo = torment (naf6£1jJ-a) naf~w pezo = 1. play, 2. gamble. To na•xvfl51 pexnl6i = 1. game, sport, 2. toy, play-thing, 3. gambling. 0 nafKT'lc; pektis = 1. player, 2. gambler naipvw perno (irr.) = 1. take, 2. get, receive, 3. contain, hold (Expr. nalpvw IJnp~ = start (of motor), 6£ IJO~ na(pV£1 11 wpa = We have no time, 6£V nafpV£l an6 Myta = he does not listen to reason) naKil'o, To paketo = packet, package naAaTI, To palc~ti = palace n6A1 pall (adv.) = 1. again, once more, 2. on the other hand (Expr. n6At KaM not too bad) naA116c;, -6, -6 or naA16c; palios (Anc. + K. naAa16c; pale6s) (palaeontology) = 1. old (not new), 2. former. 0 naA16v8pwnoc; palitmeropos = rascal, scoundrel (nC1At6~+6v9pwn~=man). To naA16na16o pali6pe~o = bad boy, naughty boy naA(A)11K6pl, TO palikari = 1. brave person, 2. young man naAT6, TO palt6 = overcoat nav- pan- = prefix denoting a//, very, universal nav, TO pan (pi. TO n6VTa panda) (panamerican) = everything, the whole world
=
navayfa , 11 panayia = the virgin Marry (nav+ay(a (hagiography) = saint) n avt.UI\v•oc;, -a , -o panelinios = panhellenic. To navt.Uqv1o the whole of Greece nav&man\.,•o, TO panepislimio = university (nav+£nlanl1.1'1 =science) nav'lvup•, TO paniylri 1.patronal festival, 2.fair. nav'1VUPIK6c;, -1\, -6 paniyirik6s (panegeric) = 1. festive with rejoicing, 2. panegeric n6v9tov, TO paneeon = pantheon (nav+B£6~ (theology) god) n6v811pac;, o paneiras (Anc. + K n6v811p pan9ir) = panther (nav+9l'Jp(o = wild animal) nav1K6c;, o panik6s = panic navf, TO pani = cloth nav6pa.,a, TO pan6rama = panorama (nav+6pa1Ja =vision) navat A11voc;, 11 panselinos = full moon (nav+o&Ar'!Vl'J = moon) n6VTa panda or n6VTOT£ pandote (adv.) = always. naVTOTiv6c;, -1\, -6 pandotin6s = eternal, for ever n6VTa, TO panda = see TO nav naVTtA6vl, TO pandel6ni = trousers naVTOVVWOTilc;, o pandoyn6stis = omniscient (nav+yvoTT]~ (agnostic) = knower) naVTOKp6rwp, o pandokrator = lord of all, Almighty, pantocrator (nav+Kpatw (democrat) = hold) naVTonwA11c;, o pandop61is = grocer (nav+nw?..w (monopoly) = sell). To naVTonwA&fo pandopolio = grocer's shop naVTOu pando6 (adv.) = everywhere naVT6cpAa, ..,, pand6fia = slipper naVTpt uo.,a• pantrevome = get married (naVTptliT11Ka) n6VTwc; pandas = in any case, anyhow n6vw pano (or .:n6vw epano) (adv.) = 1. up, above, on top, 2. upstairs, navw an6 = over, more than, above n6nac;, o papas = the pope nan6c;, o or nann6c; papas = priest n6nAw.,a, ro paploma = cotton quilt nanourm, TO papo6tsi shoe. 0 nanoura~c; papootsls = shoe-maker nannouc;, 0 papo6s = grandfather nap6 para (prep.) = has many meanings (see preposition p.68) 1. than, 2. but, 3. near, beside, 4.contrary to, despite, 5. except, less (IJ{a nap6 6£Ka = ten to one, nap6 A!yo = nearly, 1.1epa nap6 j.i£pa ::::
=
=
=
=
207 every other day) n6pa noAU = very much, too much napa- para- = prefic denoting closeness of position, situation on the other side, wrongness, irregularity, alteration, etc. nap6jlaa11, 11 paravasi = infringement (napa+I360Tl = base) napayytAw parangelo = 1.order, prescribe (napa+ayye~w (angel) announce). H napayyeAfa parangelia = 1. instruction, order, 2. message (en( napayye~(a made to order, acpf]vw napayye~(a = leave a message) nap6ypacpoc.;, 11 parayrafos paragraph (napa+ ypacpw = write) nap6yw parayo = produce, yield (nap6+6yw = lead). H napaywyr\ parayoyl = production. 0 napaywyoc.; parayoy6s = producer. napaywyiKOI.;, 1\, -6 = productive nap6yovrac;, o parayondas = factor nap66t1y~a , TO paradiyma (paradigm) example (n.x. napa~e{yiJOTOepw) it pays, it is to one's advantage. To OUIJcptpo(v) sinfero(n) = interest, advantage OUIJcpopo, 11 sinfora = calamity ou~o~cpwvfa , 11 sinfonla 1. symphony, 2. agreement (ouv + q>wvr; == voice). Iu~o~cpwvw sinfon6 1. agree, 2. match, correspond (au~-tq>WVr)o-a) . Iu1Jcpwvoc;, -11, -o simfonos in accord, in agreement. Iu1Jcpwvwc; sinf6nos or ouiJcpwva sinfona = accordingly, in accordance with ouv sin = with, plus. See prepositions p .68 auv- sin- = prefix denoting together, with, completely auvaytpJ.16&Af)9·11KO). H wcptAc1a ofelia benefit, profit wxp6c;, -11. -6 oxr6s pale, palid ncpcAOU~OI Ofelo6me
=
=
