Maintenance of Horticultural Equipment
P.A. REYNOLDS
BIOTECH BOOKS
Maintenance of Horticultural Equipment
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
Maintenance of Horticultural Equipment
by P.A. REYNOLDS
BIOTECH
2009
Biotech Books Delhi - 110 035
©Reserved First Indian Impression 2009
ISBNlO 81-7622-204-6 ISBN13 978-81-7622-204-4
Published by
BIOTECH BOOKS 1123/74, Tri Nagar, DELHI - 110 035 Phone: 27383999 e-mail:
[email protected] Showroom
4762-63/23, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, NEW DELHI -110 002 Phone: 23245578, 23244987
Printed at
Chawla Offset Printers New Delhi - 110 052
PRINTED IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION NEVER has there been so
much equipment on the farm, the nursery and the smallholding. That equipment must be kept in good order if production costs are to be kept down. On every holding there should be someone who understands engines, general machinery, electricity, water installations and carpentry. His knowledge need not be profound, but he must know how to use tools. Here, then, is a practical guide to the maintenance of equipment.
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
CONTENTS IN T R 0 I) I (' 1 J 11 '\
page :,
1. OPERA TlNG COSTS
II
Operating costs of a two-wheeled tractor-types of horticul tural tractor-single-wheeled-two-wheeled-thrce- and four-wheeled-tracklayers.
2. CHOOSING A MACHINE
18
How to choose a motor cultivator-adaptability-buying a second-hand machine.
3. THE WORKSHOP
24
Your workshop and its equipment-engineering and woodworking tools-how to use a hacksaw-files and filing-spanners-drills and drilling-how to solder-hard soldering-brazing-riveting-thread cutting-grinding wheels.
4. ENGINES
41
How an engine works-four-stroke engines-two-stroke engines-principles of carburation-the fuel systemengine governors-principles of ignition-sparking plugs -ignition testing-air cleaners-adjusting a carburettor.
5.
MORE ABOUT ENGINES
60
Decarbonising a two-stroke-decarbonising a four-stroke -adjusting engine governors--engine timing-servicing data for ViIliers and J.A.P. engines.
6. TRANSMISSION Transmission-methods of drive-roller chain adjustment and repair-ditferential gears-hub ratchets-dog clutches -centrifugal clutches-clutch relining-belt drive and belt clutches and their adjustment-tube repairing.
7.
IMPLEMENT MAINTENANCE
Sharpening cultivators, disc harrows, etc. Rotary scythes, lawn mowers and cutter bars-sharpening a lawn mower-cutter bar maintenance-rotary hoe maintenance, etc. -rust prevention-broken bolts-sprayer maintenance.
72
8
CONTENTS
8. DIESEL ENGINES
page 94
Diesel engines-care and maintenance-bleeding the fuel system-installing a stationary engine-fuel filters-the Lister diesel.
9.
ELECTRICITY
99
Small electric generating plants-wind-driven generators -Iow voltage generators-clectrical terms explainedhow to wire a house and buildings for electric Iight-care of dynamos-battery maintenance-mains supplies.
10. WATER SUPPLIES
113
Water supplies-shallow well pumps-centrifugal pumps -pistons-glands-deep bore pumps and their maintenance-stationary engines-belts and pulleys-belt joining and lacing-pipe work, etc.
11. BOILERS AND OIL BURNERS
124
Maintenance of boilers and oil burners.
12. BRICK AND CONCRETE WORK
127
Brick and concrete work-lime mortar-cement mortarmixing cement and concrete-cutting bricks-bricklaying -concrete and breeze blocks-plugging brickworkcutting glazed earthenware pipes.
13. WOODWORKING
134
Woodworking tools-how to sharpen a saw, chisel and plane-setting a plane-how to plane-making a sawing stool-woodworking joints and how to make them-nails -screws-making an extension ladder-making gates-preserving wooden posts.
14. ROOFS AND BUILDINGS
151
Roofs and buildings-bracing a shaky building-making a shed-cutting asbestos cement sheets-fixing asbestos sheets-roofing with felt-repairing a torn roof-painting -glazing, etc.
15. SOME USEFUL ODD JOBS
159
Sharpening shears and scissors-repairing a cracked petrol pipe-oil lamps and heaters-maintenance of pressure lamps, blowlamps and flame guns-oil drum as an engine cover-repairing galvanised tanks-fitting new handles to forks, spades and axes, sharpening auger and centre bits-oilstones-truing up a grindstone, etc. INDEX
181
ILLUSTRATIONS I. Using a hacksaw
page 169
2. The Surform plane
169
3. Drill grinding gauge
31
4. Riveted joints
36
5. A simple four-stroke engine
41
6. A mushroom valve
42
7. The principle of a carburettor
4S
8. A simple carburettor 9. Banjo coupling and filter gauze 10. Villiers Mk. 10 engine and governor
11. Villiers engine governor weights
45 169 170 47
12. Two modem types of sparking plug
170
13. Contact breaker of Wico flywheel magneto
171
14. Contact breaker of Villiers flywheel magneto
171
J 5. Fabric type air cleaner on J.A.P. engine
172
16. Zenith Model12T carburettor 17. Adjusting Amal carburettor on Gem Rotavator
S6 172
18. The Villiers industrial engine carburettor
59
19. Throttle slide on Villiers Mk. 25C engine
173
20. Two-stroke engine with cylinder removed
173
21. Removing rings from piston
173
22. Parts of Villiers engine
174
23. Valve chamber of Villiers four-stroke
174
24. Flywheel magneto armature plate
17S
25. Governor linkage on J.A.P. 2A engine
175
26. Governor adjustment on a J.A.P. engine
176
27. Wico Type A magneto
176
28. Wico Type A magneto contact breaker
176
29. Parts of a roller chain 30. Repairing roller chains 31. Servicing Trusty dog clutch 32. Drive lay-out on Howard Bantam
74 76
177 80
10
ILLUSTRATIONS 33. Adjusting belt tension on Howard Bantam 34. Clutch adjustment on B.M.ll. Hoemate
page 177 177
35. Drake & F1etcher Model L.O. pump
178
36. The Lister Diesel
178
37. Insta1lation of Lister Diesel
179
38. Compression ratio change-over valve on Lister
98
39. A simple lighting circuit
101
40. Lighting circuit
102
41. Methods of fixing electrical cables
104
42. Common type of fuse holder
180
43. Parts of water pump gland
180
44. Belt fastener
119
45. How to lace a leather belt
120
46. Pipe fittings for water supplies
121
47. Making a sawing stool
139
48. Woodworking joints
141
49. Lap joint
142
SO. Making an extension ladder
146
51. Ironwork for extension ladder
147
52. Construction details of wooden gate
148
53. Bracing roof raftel'S
152
54. Tool for cutting asbestos sheet
180
55. Details of a modem blowlamp
163
56. Oil drum as an engine cover
164
57. Fitting-a new handle to a spade or fork
166
CHAPTER 1
Operating Costs grower is at some time or other confronted with the problem of mechanisation. He is urged to buy a motor cultivator, to go in for heated glasshouses or for an elaborate system of irrigation. Advertisements extol the virtues of the latest appliances and imply that prosperity is bound to follow their purchase. Perhaps it will, but not just by writing out a cheque. When you buy any piece of equipment you pay in advance for a service. Whether the particular service turns out to be good or bad depends upon three things: whether you have made a wise choice; whether you make full and proper use of that service; and whether you maintain the equipment in good order throughout its life. Suppose you contemplate buying a motor cultivator, how do you know if it will justify its cost? And even when that point has been settled you still have to discover which machine is the best for your purpose. Finally you need to know how to keep it running. A motor cultivator can easily do five times as much work as you can do by hand, but a cultivator will not do everything nor will it always do the job quite so well as a skilled man. Crop production includes the following operations: EVERY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Digging or otherwise loosening the soil. Preparing a seed bed from rough land. Sowing seeds Qr transplanting seedlings. Keeping down weeds by hoeing. Carrying manures, fertilisers, tools and produce.
You might add to this list spraying and dusting. Possibly there will be hedges to trim as well. A small garden tractor will do these tasks (with the exception of transplanting) a great deal easier and quicker than you can, and even were the above the only things a machine can do, its purchase would in many cases be justified. But the modem light tractor can do much more. With suitable equipment it will CUt 11
12
MAINTENANCE OF HORTICULTURAL EQUIPMENT
grass, mow lawns, pull a roller, haul a 10ad€f
