Magic Plants

BibliDtheca Curios^a.

BEING A TRANSLATION OF A CURIOUS TRACT ENTITLED

DE YE(}ETALTBTTS MAGICTS. WRITTEN BY M.

J.

H.

HEUCHER.

(1700. J

'

•

EDITED BY

EDMUND GOLDSMID,

F.R.H.S.

F.S.A. (Scot.)

^ ^^ ^^

-*-

PRIVATELY PRINTED, EDINBURGH. 1SS6.

/^

This edition

is

-^

limited to 27s small-paper copies, "j^ large-paper copies.

and

^

\J k)

^

INTRODUCTION. YYVVT

^HE

n

ik

curious tract translated in

the following pages those

strange

one of

is

compositions

written in the 17th century,

wherein the writer, evidently great

erudition,

endeavours

what he considers the

a to

man

of

unmask

superstition of his

age, but, in his attempt, at

once exposes

own credulity. The belief in Magic and

his

was

almost

universal

and

" aifected

Ages, Society,

and

all

men."

In our

by our

judicial

sorts

own

in

Witchcraft

the

every

Middle class

of

and conditions of

country, as evidenced

records,

the unreasoning

Introduction.

iv

credulity

which swept

across the civilised

world, rose to high-water mark, assisted as

was by the

it

efforts

of that wise fool of a

King, James the First of England and Sixth

of Scotland.

Heucher's pamphlet of

1

6 pp.

I

know

itself

is

a small ^to.

of no copy besides

my

own, which formed part of the Maidment Library. The imprint is "Lipsiae, apud

Paulum Ehrentium, I

have given,

as

MDCC."

an Appendix, a transla-

tion from the Official records of the Royal

Court of Guernsey, of the

trial

women

1617.

witchcraft

for

translation

is

in

taken from Mr.

Witchcraft and Devil -Lore Islands.

in

J.

of three

This L.

the

Pitt's

Channel

Kxvf one interested in the subject

should get a copy of this very curious, interesting

and really well edited

pam-

phlet.

EDMUND GOLDSMID. Edinburgh, March

2%th, 1886.

riDaaic plants,

J.

M. H.

HEUCHER.

/^FTEN

and forcibly does it occur to me to wonder how it has happened that many men, of glorious reputation and fainous for the greatness of their illustrious deeds, have believed in wicked and unlawful arts, yea, in some hidden compact entered upon with the devil. For, passing over I.

the dreadful blasphemies of the

Hebrew

nation

and the insolence of Ilierocles accusing of sorcery both Him and his most holy disciples, chiefly Peter and Paul, and also the impious attacks of Plinius and Apuleius against Moses, and the false ideas of Theophilus of Alexandria and Eustathius of Antioch about Origen, and of the Arians about Athanasius ; I find the great names of Pythagoras, Platinus,

against the Saviour,

Jamblicus, Porphyrins, Chicus ^sculanus, Anselm

MAGIC PLANTS.

6

of Parma, Peter of

Aponum, Albertus Magnus,

Frischlinus, Henricus Cornelius Agrippa, Michael Scott,

and Roger Bacon, and

names of and Gregory VII. the catalogues of renowned Magi-

even the Popes Sylvester

mentioned in

And

cians.

concerning

finally the

II.

of these,

all

it

is

clearly

confirmed that they stood out from the crowd as

and of great celebrity, as men whom a and intellect separated from the vulgar herd of litej-ati ; a careful study of astrology and nature gave them an understanding of all the most abstruse questions, and transmitted their illustrious

lofty spirit

brilliant

theories even

to

posterity,

so that

it

seems to be almost superfluous for any one, after the example of Gabriel Naudseus, to defend them

But

by a written apology.

when

I

of virtue, and vails,

that

I

ceased to wonder

thought of envy, the assiduous companion

when I when

nay, even

may have

noticed I

how much

it

pre-

considered the grounds

led to such belief.

There are such

very wicked examples of profane deceivers meeting us in every age, that I need not go into ancient history,

sacred

or

profane

;

the

more recent

Doctor Faust, Zedechias the Jew, Scotus Parvus, Christopherus Wageners, the three Eschelles, of Merlinus and Maugis, or of Naudseus Their (if you prefer magic romances) suffice.

writings of

tricks and manifold deceits, although not to be compared with the wonderful works of wisdom

MAGIC PLANTS.

7

by the learned men mentioned before, made a deep impression, however, owing and

art carried out

to the particularly gross ignorance of the ages in

which they

lived, but

they also

left

on them an

indelible blot of infamy. 2.

For such barbarity and want of knowledge

existed in their time, that every class of learning

which was not of the common kind was looked upon with suspicion, and men, carried away by their own

had been drawn And, indeed, a more just or more accurate judgment could scarcely be expected from those men, since, besides their utter ignorance of literature, they were also ignorant of real magic, which embraces in its base ideas, erroneously thought

from the most

filthy

it

lake of hell.

sphere the highest culminating point of all sciences,

and by the help of which

rare, abstruse, and unaccustomed effects are produced. For, be it far from me to assent to the opinion of those who,

Thomas

with

Erastus and his defender Georgius

magic and condemn it as which they have hitherto brought before the public are open to many objections, and if they do prove anything, Hornius, renounce illicit

it is

and low

;

all

since all those reasons

nothing else than that the legitimate use of

magic, as very often happens in other cases, has

been brought into disrepute by abuse.

People in

general are hardly cautious enough, and are a

little

too violent and abusive regarding lawful magic.

MAGIC PLANTS,

O

looking upon

accustomed to

as

it

call

it

supernatural,

poisonous,

had

the

repute,

These

men

and being

being unlawful

forbidden, devilish, deceitful,

evil

indeed,

black, art

believe

names.

other

as

of

base,

foul,

and

Democritus,

Averhoes, and Simplicius do, that there are no devils.

angels,

They

call spirits,

which

to

either attribute all results to

whom by

and argue that our

class

good

reason of their superiority they air is full of

them

;

belong the Platonics, Jamblicus,

Porphyrius, Proclus and Julian the

Emperor

;

or

Avicenna and Petrus Pomponatius his pupil, that all things spring from hidden magnetic properties, and a peculiar state of the atmosphere, or with Reginald Scott trace back most cases to madness, black bile, or other else they think, with

disturbances of nature,

or along with

Thomas

Campanella, and Marcus Marx, believe in the

power of concentrated

will.

may mention

I

Cornelius Loosens, Gallidus Gaudanus, Robertus

many

Fludd, John Weir, Bodinus, and supporting

my

contention, since

it

others as

can be seen by

their writings that they believed in such a thing as

beneficent sorcery. 3. it.

Therefore, both these opinionsbeing considered,

may be

as well to conclude that

magic

is

not

altogether to be renounced and despised, since

some magic may be found, which

is

not only free

from wickedness, but which even deserves much

MAGIC PLANTS.

9

Although I would willingly grant that what is base and devilish, is often blended with that blameless and harmless science, just as that science in an impure state often advances in commendation.

the guise of one which is legitimate, and adopts methods from nature. This the most ancient of the Magi had already done, as Lucanus, Statius, Seneca the tragedian, and others assert. For they wished to appear to have accomplished every thing they did by the power of Nature. Whence you often read that they invoked Hecate, since by her they specified nature herself, or the Empress of Nature, which fact the passage in Eusebius, in Prapar. Evatzg. makes tolerably clear, wherein Hecate says of herself Bearing the threefold '

:

symbols hinders

of

me

a

'

Nay,

nature."

threefold

what

from stating with Vossius de Orig.

et

Pror. Idol., that evil spirits accomplish nothing

save by natural powers, and that nothing can be

done except by the powers of nature. pray,

if

For what, moving themselves

the power they have of

and other bodies separate from them, of driving forward or backward the elements, of transporting weights as

if

by machinery, of gathering things

scattered and scattering things gathered, of hiding

things seen, of assuming other bodies, of applying actives to passives, of changing organism

destroying

sensations,

innumerable other things

and ;

B

of

what

itself,

of

accomplishing

is all

this

whereby

MAGIC PLANTS.

lO

they strive to deceive men, but making use of of natural forces? 4.

All these things have such a considerable bear-

ing on our theme, that they are altogether worthy

There are many which we see produced, particularly admirable and unusual, which must be attributed to the Supreme Deity alone, and on that account you may consistently call them supernatural, since by a long distance they outstrip the usual powers of being duly inquired into. effects

of nature.

same

Others indeed, springing from the

owe

Creator,

nevertheless

whole

their

beginning to the motion, imparted and definitely

implanted by fixed laws in the system of the world at its creation,

natural.

and are therefore simply called differ from these to this

Others indeed,

extent, that they tion, the

depend

chiefly

on our imagina-

stupendous power of which

treat too lightly.

And we

let

us not

believe there are

some

which emanate from superstition, as Theophastus very well shows in his Characters. Finally, certain results which we are able to assign to noneof these classes of causesyet enumerated, are allied to these,

and thus belong to the removed from God, they have been distinguished by the name of devilish. Moreover, to this list I would add all those, which although they depend on, and proceed solely from, some evident natural cause. attributed to the

supernatural.

devil,

Being so

far

MAGIC PLANTS.

II

nevertheless, because the devil mixes himself

with them, pretends that they are his

and feigns that he

is

up

own work

their author, deserve to

be

called devilish as well as magical.

mind

is

perceive by

fair investigation,

how

feebly,

confusedly,

and

small

5.

For, indeed, what powerful

with

what

not able to

how

degree

of

accuracy, these subjects are handled in the writings of most

men,

for,

we have

although

a very

bountiful supply of authors on this theme, so

much

you wished to estimate the number of those who have written on magic, your paper would hardly contain them, you will nevertheless be unable to name one who has unfolded and

so that,

if

explained everything,

as

was

befitting.

not, at this time, discuss all magic,

these

little

pages would not contain, but

my

before myself, as least,

the vegetable

industry, if not of

will

I

place

theme, for the present at

kingdom

alone, in which, the

any rate of many has and since, so far as I know,

all,

failed to enlighten us,

I

which indeed,

at

former writers have recorded in their writings too

about magical plants,

little

myself to

this, if I

will

far

devote

use the expression, fruitful

Poets (since frequent mention of the

subject.

subject

may

I

is

made

aware that

in their writings,)

must have been would be fully

thereafter, its usefulness

appreciated.

For,

who can

forget the powerful

and noxious herbs of Medea, the enchanting herbs

MAGIC PLANTS.

12

of Lucan, the fatal herbs of Claudian, the flourish-

ing plants of Maro, and lastly those venomous

which abundance was to be found

plants, of

Colchis and Thessally

Who

ignorant of the Nepenthe of

is

in

?

Homer,

the

Polion of Hesiod, the plant of the Ethiopians

drying up waters, the Asphodel, sweet food of the

Manes, the plant of Juba and Bela arousing the dead, the soothsaying Thelangis, the Juniper and

Hypericum

putting

demons

the

to

flight,

the

Alyssus, Baccharis, Adianthus, Satyrion and the

Amulets of the Syderii charms against witchNevertheless

craft?

it

has

not

yet

appeared

necessary to any one to explain these mysteries so that the observant reader might rest satisfied with

Which fact therefore the more embrace the opportunity. confess that, at first, I was filled with no

regard to them.

impels 6.

I

me

to

when who have spoken

inconsiderable joy

authors praise

— Hermes,

I

read the

list

of the

of magic, not without

Orpheus, Museeus, Pythagoras,

Democritus, Empedocles, Kiranus, and others, of

whom

from

this I

labour. to naught

all

are said to have praised magical plants

promised myself a great solace to

But, indeed,

when

I

all

;

my

hope immediately came

found that most of these authors

had been destroyed by the injury of time, or if any fragments of their writings survive they are of uncertain and slight reliance, as there is still

MAGIC PLANTS.

much doubt fragments.

as

to

Nor do

plants survive satisfy

the

authorship of such

real

the writers

my

1

whose works on

expectations

much more,

Apuleius, —namely, Theophrastus Eresius, and those who have drawn small streams from Paracelsus, Th. these sources — Theophrastus, Plinius,

Cantipratanus, the feigned

Bernh.

Great,

G.

name

Penotus,

of Albert the

Suchtenius,

Alex.

Leonh. Turnheuserus, Carrichterus, Mich. Sendigovius, Jo. Em. Burggravius, Wreckerus, Porta, Lemnius, and a few others. These writers on on the wonders of nature and other hidden things, however much they may wish to appear

plants,

to have founded the healing effects of herbs

natural laws,

either wittingly

or

corrupted

on

by

have nevertheless inserted in their writings certain things which savour somewhat of magic and supernatural agency. superstition,

7.

free

It

behoves the mind to approach

this subject

from every preconceived notion and super-

and properly imbued with natural science and learning, nay, even with a knowlege of the For when those who first healing art itself. wrote on the subject gave their attention almost solely to meditation about the stars, and believed natural philosophy and the healing art to be

stition,

intimately connected with these heavenly bodies,

they

disseminated seeds of magic, from which

that science grew to such a degree that

it

over-

MAGIC PLANTS.

14

spread the whole world with this

Pliny

fact

Ot

pollution.

its

a remarkable witness in his

is

Natural History, confirming what we have said by these words " No one can doubt that magic :

is

—

the greatest of the sciences, seeing that

only one which

having power over the

them

No

to one.

human mind, and

one doubts that

it

saying

that

all

the

not

fact

flatter

loftier

and

Grillus also

clearly

almost always

much

reduces

Egyptians is

it

and thus,

nation,

show, contributed 8. I will

is

that

the healing art

that

among

what

This

From which

physicians.

the

has sprung

from medicine, and become something holier than its parent."

maintains,

it is

embraces three other sciences

as

we

are

proved

flourished shall

soon

to our argument.

myself that

this

work

will

be

so complete as to appear perfect in all parts before

the learned world. to

make

it

It is sufficient to

so, in so far as

it

goes.

I

have wished have written

this present work on the so-called vegetable kingdom, including and embracing in its limits nothing less than all that springs from the soil,

and

is

thus brought into existence, to germinate,

be nourished and increase, both in roots, leaves, stalks, stems, flowers, branches, twigs, fruits and seeds

;.

in short,

nothing in

this

work belongs

kingdoms, and let it be remembered that magic specifies not merely what is devilish, but also all that which is coneither to the animal or mineral

MAGIC PLANTS,

1

sidered supernatural through ignorance

Since therefore,

stition.

magical herbs,

and super-

intend to treat of

I

enumerate

I will specially

if

not

most plants, herbs, trees, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, which are considered to savour of anything superstitious and deceitful, and at

all,

least

means of which the great author of men ; and then, as far as I

those by

falsehoods imposes on

can, I will enquire into the causes of the effects attributed to these herbs.

And, from

this little

work

of mine, I hope not

only that some advantage will accrue to those

long to understand

many

who

of the more obscure

passages of old authors, but I also believe that

many

of the deceptions practised

be detected, by which

it

is

by

knowledge of natural philosophy, medicine 9.

may

far

wrong

if,

first

of

is

in all,

resolved to

my

our

Thus, although the

commence

opinion, will not

he seek the origin of

science in the study of old authors art.

that

as well as of

greatly be increased.

Wherefore, if any one

from the beginning, he, be

sorcerers will

possible

first

on the healing of the

principles

science ought rightly and deservedly to be attri-

buted to the

Egyptians

records, however,

— whose

are far from

very

clear

ancient

—yet

these

elements are by no means free from superstition, for Africa

is

tural things.

considered the mother of Different, indeed,

all

unna-

was the reasoning

MAGIC PLANTS.

l6

of the Egyptians from that of Aristotle.

For he,

dealing with the interpretation of dreams, decided

no dreams were sent by the Gods to men, as was unworthy of their dignity to go into the

that it

The when they were about

couches of sleepers and disturb the weary. Egyptians, on the contrary,

to consult destiny regarding the cure of

and particularly desperate purified their

any severe

disease, having

duly

mind before they betook themselves

to the couch, used to wait for the revelations of

the

Gods

in their dreams,

and according

of these revelations,

dictates

method of simple at

As

cure.

first,

this

rite

to the

used this or that

was a

so in process of time,

it

little

too

was more

For, and more overloaded with ceremonies. when many plants and flowers had come under the notice of the sorcerers, they, with the selfish

imagination of enthusiasts grew to consider them as favours stored

up beforehand

for themselves.

Then they besought heaven and

the

Gods with

hymns, to show by means of a dream, which plants were the best cure for the disease, then, after preparing themselves by prayer to sleep, whatever deity first appeared to them in their

dream was supposed

to indicate the plant specially

attributed to him, as the one divinely destined to

subdue

the

disease.

Which

fact

Jamblicus,

referring to the Egyptian mysteries, testifies to in

the following words

:

Thus, in the temple of Escu-

MAGIC PLANTS. lapius, diseases are cured

I7

by divine dreams, and

the healing art arose from holy dreams,"

And

Aristides further confirms this. 10.

Not that the Egyptians, at the shrines of Isis, and of the Egyptian Aesculapius, which

Osiris,

was close by the banks of the Nile, followed this custom in the same manner as the Greeks and

Romans

in the temples of Hephcestion or Vulcan,

but the general process was as familiar to the

Greeks and Romans as to the Egyptians.

For,

with this intention and design, the former often used to sleep in the temple of ^sculapius, to

which custom Aristophanes refers when he says " Let both you and I go as soon as possible, and :

lie

rite it

down

in the

temple of ^sculapius."

Plautus also alluded to in Latin

happens that

;

Which

" Therefore

this sick procurer lies in the

temple

They were accustomed

t^ act

of ^sculapius."

same way in this temple, as in the city of Pergamos in Asia, whither Herodianus states that Antoninus Caracalla had set out, "wishing to use The same thing used the cures of ^^sculapius. " to take place in the temple of the Oropian Amphiarus, about which Pausanias says " Sacriin the

:

ficing a

ram

to

him, and spreading out the skin to

sleep, waiting for the

appearance of the dream."

And from these testimonies of authors it is clear, how remarkably the "lying down"

pretty

of the

Greeks, and the zealously "watching the gods"

MAGIC PLANTS.

1

of the Latins, the hides of those, and the couches these, corresponded to one another, all of

of

which things have reference

to

the custom of

sleeping in temples and to the rite of lying in wait for divine revelations to

sleep.

be obtained by means of

In very truth, what class of vulgar dreams

these were, those

may

judge,

who know how

perverse and idolatrous a worship of the gods prevailed in those times,

and what

sort of deities

the heathen worshipped and honoured.

I,

indeed,

have no doubt that the devil was by no means

was chiefly intent on his had embraced this suitable

forgetful of himself, but

own

profit,

and

that he

and very convenient opportunity of defiling the natural and healing Science by means of the most wicked superstitions. Which thing even Borrichius in other passages the keenest opponent of Couringuis,

who

thinks along with us, considers necessary to

confess in his

account of

book on the hermetic

this,

thinks that

art,

and on

we should lament

the

miseries of these nations estranged from the true

worship of the deity. his

Nevertheless, Kircherus in

CEdipus jEgyptiacus, seems to have spoken

too strongly about these enchantments of dreamers, since he thought that, although this plan of curing

wonderful

results even in lamentable were by no means to be ascribed the natural power and quality of the plants, but a hidden compact and treaty with demons. For

afforded

diseases, these to to

MAGIC PLANTS.

I9

although very often cures have been eftected, the plants used in which have been only an outward

power of no one, nevertheless, will hesitate to assert that none of those remedies, acting in a natural way, have displayed a power and efficacy of their own. 1 1 And so the Egyptians obtained some fair knowledge of plants, and did not remain content with dreams, but advanced even further. They had, indeed, selected from those who had appeared to the devils supplying the actual

sign,

curing,

.

the dreamers ten gods, to entreat to

To

whom

show the

they used especially

readiest cures of diseases.

each of these they had

number

— number

given

a

separate

Supreme Deity and the Cause of Causes, number two to Mephta, number three to Minerva, number four to Apollo or Horus, number five to Isis, number six to Osiris, number seven to Mercury, number eight to Ammon, number nine to Typhon, lastly, number ten to Momphta, and they had thus come to conThereafter they nect numbers with the gods. examined the numbers the leaves, plants, and flowers had, how many pips fruit contained, and how many joints stems possessed, and afterwards considered them sacred to that god whose number was thus represented, and placed them under Nor did they attend to the his guardianship. number only, but earnestly watched the colour one

to

the

MAGIC PLANTS.

20

and the form

in flowers

;

and

as regards stalks of

duly inquired whether they were

plants,

they

round,

smooth, three-sided

or

and

four-sided,

dedicated these stalks as sceptres to the corres-

ponding

deities, as

can be further proved from the

Bembina Fabula in the writings of Kircherus. They used to believe that they were able to show wonderful Proclus,

which fact the sublime Platonic book concerning sacrifices and

results,

in

his

magic, besides others, confirms.

He

adds that

by amalgamation of many things they obtained supernatural influence, but he thinks, nevertheless, that sometimes one plant or one stone has been sufficient for the divine work, adding that in stones and plants is concentrated the essence of divine powers. (if

we

believe Origen and Stobseus) were thirty-six

in

12.

Further, the chemical plants, which

number, clearly prove

this

very

human body

dividing the whole

For,

thing. into

many

so

parts, they assigned a separate divinity to each,

whether god or devil

;

M. Firmicus, you may

whom was if

a

man

own

them decani

;

lost the health of

who looked

it

after

any member they

could be recovered,

respective deity being invoked by the

peculiar to himself,

J.

each of

appointed limb or member.

persuaded themselves that its

with Galenus and

the presiding genius

the safety of his

And

or, call

name

and propitiated by the plant

MAGIC PLANTS. dedicated to himself.

21

Firmicus, Haephestion the

Theban, and Manlius differ among themselves about the Decani and their number, whether there were

thirty-six only, three

always being given to

each sign of the zodiac, or whether, indeed, there

were more

;

him

under

workers

I

;

or whether every one of these

own

his

am

subordinates and

had

fellow-

content to believe that they were

divided according

the twelve

to

signs

of

the

possessed of unlimited power over the

zodiac,

whole human body, and were wont to be propitiated by certain plants. Nay, it was a proper

and extremely common custom separate signs

own

their

—nay,

herbs

medicines

appoint to

Abenrahman, the

;

philosopher, moreover, for use as

to

to separate constellations

all

relates

that

Arabian

they chose

forms of nature and grades

of beings which possessed any resemblance to, or

common

quality in

an example,

with, the seven planets.

the sun they chose from

to

stones,

them heart

animals,

plants,

is,

as

it

read in Jamblichus's

De

Marsilius, .

metals,

were, the sun of a smaller world still

3

minerals,

and herbs, and turned

to use as medicine for the heart, because the

which things can be

1

As

forms which bore any resemblance

all

and likewise

;

more comprehensively Mysteriis ^gyptiortun,

in Ficinus.

Who does not see that later, further superstitions

sprang from

this

connection of plants with Heavenly

MAGIC PLANTS.

22 bodies, and

amongst these

may specially mention

I

the belief that the efficacy of the plants depended

on the hour they were gathered in the meadows, which hour was fixed by the influence of the stars.

And

those will not oppose this base

custom,

who

in the stems of

and

false

believe that greater powers lie

still

Hypericum, dug up on the Feast

of St. John, in twigs of the wild cherry cut off on

the sacred anniversary of St. Martin, and in the

sympathetic ashen wood, the sun

is

crescent

Of

state.

this

(in var. led. Freitag.

up at noon, when and the moon in a

split

in the sign Virgo,

superstition

noct.

Keinsius

med.), Maxwellus

( Medicin. Magnet.) and QxzSmxs, ( Arcan. medic.) supply

many examples.

Kircherus

that, particularly at the

tries to

prove

time of the solstice, the

leaves of the willow, white poplar, elm, lime, and olive turn their

underside

reason, therefore, I

account

all

am

motions

besides, in the

to the sky; for this very

not willing to leave out of of

the

heavenly bodies;

work of Gesnerus, we come

across

not a few examples of plants having been affected in

shape by the sun and moon,

proof of harmony with their

Much

less

do

I

this

being a clear

own

constellations.

strive to reject or reproach all

plucking of plants at fixed times as being an unnecessary process, desiring merely to prove, with Couringius, that the idea of the risings, settings,

and

positions

of

the

constellations

fixing

the

MAGIC PLANTS, different

times of collection,

is

moreover, that the belief that

23 ridiculous,

and

we can determine

the very days, hours, and even minutes, savours

means

altogether of superstition, and by no

ideas Helmontius refutes

uncommonly

censures in the following words.

He

differs

Which

from the doctrines of the Egyptians.

well,

and

"In be some who says,

modern books on Medicine there ascribes a great number of diseases to signs of the Zodiac, and since the number of these signs was too small, they extended each into three sections, in order, forsooth, to divide all herbs into thirty

Do we

six classes.

not

know

that the soil has a

capacity of raising plants from city,

therefore,

it

which capa-

itself,

need not beg from heaven."

Finally, concerning the apportionment of plants to

the seven planets that the very

I

have nothing

number of

to say, except

now known

the planets

sufficiently silences the theory. 14.

Neither,

however,

is

researches about plants, to science of the Egyptians

it

right,

in

believe that

was magic

;

making all

the

although I

cannot but greatly approve of the way they judged of the excellence of herbs by the help of their external senses.

Nay, even he may not have

who

men

erred

many ways

has said that these

surpassed in

the carefulness of later writers, when,

besides taste and smell, which almost alone you see our botanists employ, they also

summoned

to

MAGIC PLANTS.

24

and touch.

their assistance hearing, sight,

With

the help of the ear they judged by the sharp,

heavy, ringing, dull, harsh, or gentle sound, of the consistency of the stem

;

by the hand, from

the smoothness, roughness, softness, or hardness,

of

texture

its

and

;

lastly,

from the colours as

by the eyes they decided

to the virtues lurking within.

Thus, by judging carefully from their senses, they were able to infer and learn the effects of plants. 15. But, truly, the more correctly they conducted themselves in this matter the more basely did they devote themselves to superstition.

Carefully

mark of member of the

they used to watch for the distinctive

every plant,

human body

observed to which it

corresponded, and carefully noted

the result, afterwards thinking that plant most suitable to that limb

own

external shape.

which it resembled by its Or by a certain supposed

it as a remedy Thus the peony flowers yet enclosed in the bud and poppy heads they dedicated to the head. In like manner the Euphrastia, Caltha, Heiracius, and Anthemis they thought beneficial to the eyes, because in them they found something

analogy of qualities, they applied to that limb.

of the

first

elements of the eye

:

they assigned the

root of the Dentaria to the teeth, of the Anthora to the heart.

plant,

the

If,

therefore, they

Cynosorchis,

for

came

across any

example, like

the

genitals in shape, they persuaded themselves that

MAGIC PLANTS. it

25

most certainly cured the sexual passions, since its influence they believed that deity could be

by

summoned who i6.

For a

juices of plants

or

presided over the genitals.

like reason, also, they

which

in colour

humours of the human body,

cleansing

it

employed the

resembled the juices for the

purpose of

of the offending humour.

Hence,

they wished to cure the yellow bile with the saffron-coloured juices of plants, the black

bile

with the black, purple or azure phlegm with the white, blood with the red, and milk and semen

with (he juices resembling milk.

be inferred that

this

science

was

Whence

it

not, as

many

can

(among whom is Couringius) think, invented in modern times, but that it was raised afresh from the records of Eastern people, since very distinct proofs of this are found in the writings of Dioscoris

and Pliny, and, probably, from the absurd toms of the Egyptians. I confess that, on

even it

if

to settle

this

my

judg-

on anything as certain.

For

point, I rather prefer

ment than

cus-

now

to

suspend

the opponents of this theory maintain that

follows as a consequence from

it

that the fruit

of the Anacardium, for example, must be the best cordial, that

the famous Cephalic must produce

the Aphrodisiac, the best plums ; they and the juice of the Esula the best milk nevertheless prove nothing from that, as it can be How long is it since Mercury, at once retorted

the best apples

;

;

:

MAGIC PLANTS.

26

argues as follows

list

human, into

inquire remissly

to

ever been

Nothing has

things.

Borriclius

of poisons?

It is a characteristic of

:

not of Divine nature,

were

seeds, &c.,

Antimony, Cinabar, Coriander excluded from the

discovered or

many weak and apparently

created until after futile efforts.

Those are the

17.

virtues of plants

spread

its

original

fibres,

as

it

tree of the belief in the

from which the

grew

to such

were,

magic

an extent, as to it refuses to be

branches so widely that

embraced in these narrow limits. It is a matter of enquiry even whether the land of the Egyptians Couits own magic plants. shows that it furnished a few wines, but Let not abound in medicinal remedies.

supplied itself with ringius

did

writers contend

wish,

we

among themselves as long as they who desire to know more to

refer those

the books on Egyptian plants published

and other

own

writers,

But now,

opinion.

vented

by the

by Kircher

from which each can form

limits

regret that I

I

of

my

am

his

pre-

parchment from

entering into any disquisition concerning the merits of these plants, whose names I have recorded.

There are indeed among

their

number some of such their names

mention

a nature, that

I

may

and properties

:

the Salvia, Veratrum, Juniperus,

briefly

&c,, powerful in routing the demons; the Adianthus, Ruta, Sideritis, &c., a sovereign charm lor over-

MAGIC TLANTS. coming

witchcraft

Absinthium,

the

;

2/

Cnebison, Scordotis, &c., used in

Ricinus,

sacrifices,

and

to

obtain divine apparitions; the Asphodel, irresistible in calling forth the

gloomy

deities

and the Manes

;

the Osiris, &c., which enables one to prophesy; the Laurus, Theangelis, Halicaccabi, Bellonasia,

Vatica, &c., which bring on madness, ravings and sleep

;

Strichnon,

Semasum,

Thallassegle,

Gelotophyllis,

the plant of Nectanebus,

the Olive,

Mandragora, Catanance, Cemos, Anacampserotis, &c., which enter into the composition of aphrodisiacs or love-potions.

The

Pleiracium,

Theom-

brotium, Bali, Juba, &c., said to have power to rouse from death

itself.

I shall

with care explain,

time and opportunity permitting, the qualities of

and many other plants, but meanwhile must bid thee farewell, benevolent reader. these

Xaus

2)eo.

I

APPENDIX. CONFESSIONS OF WITCHES UNDER

TORTURE. Before Amice

De Carteret,

and the

JULY

Esq., Bailiff,

Jurats.

4th,

1617.

SENTENCE OF DEATH. CoUette du

Mont, widow of yean Becquet

daughter, wife of Pierre Massy

report

damnable

;

Marie, her

and Isabel Becquet,

Le Moygne, being by common rumour

wife of Jean

and

;

for

art

a

long

time past addicted to the

of Witchcraft,

and

the

same being

thereupon seized and apprehended by the Officers of

His Majesty [James themselves,

I.], after

voluntarily submitting

both upon the general inquest

of the

country, and after having been several times brought

up before the Court, heard, examined, and confronted,

APPENDIX.

30

upon a great number of depositions made and produced before the Court by the said Officers

which

it is

clear

the aforesaid

from

;

and evident that for many years past

women

have practised the diabolical art

of Witchcraft, by having not only cast their spells

upon inanimate in langour

beasts

;

objects, but

through strange

children, and caused

many

persons and

many

the death of

in the informations

animals, as recorded

thereupon

follows that they are clearly convicted and

In expiation of which crime

proved to be Witches. it

by having retained

and also cruelly hurt a great number of men,

women, and laid, it

also

diseases,

has been ordered by the Court that the said

shall be presently conducted,

women

with halters about their

necks, to the usual place of punishment, and

and be hanged, strangled,

shall

Executioner to a gallows,

there be fastened by the

killed,

and burnt, until their

flesh

and bones are reduced to ashes, and the ashes

shall

be scattered

estates, if

Majesty.

;

and

any such In

order

all

their goods, chattels, and

exist, shall be

to

forfeited

make them

to

disclose

His their

accomplices, they shall be put to the question before

the Court, previous to being executed.

APPENDIX.

31

Sentence of Death having been pronounced against CoUette

Du

Mont, widow of Jean Becquet ; Marie,

her daughter, wife of Pierre Massy

;

Le Moygne

;

Becquet,

of yean

wife

have confessed

as follows

and

Isabel

the same

:

CONFESSION OF COLLETTE DU MONT. First, the said CoUette

immediately

after

the said

sentence was pronounced, and before leaving the Court, freely admitted that she

was

a

Witch

5

same

at the

time, not wishing to specify the crimes which she had

committed, she was taken, along with the others, to the Torture

Chamber, and the

when

question

said

applied to her, she confessed that she

being

was quite young

the Devil, in the form of a cat :* appeared to her

in the Parish of Torteval

her cattle,

it

being

still

:

as she

daylight,

:

was returning from and that he took

occasion to lead her astray by inciting her to avenge herself on one of her neighbours, with

whom

she was

then at enmity, on account of some damage which she had suffered through the cattle of the latter since then

when

appeared to her in the aforesaid form

* As

;

that

she had a quarrel with anyone, he :

and sometimes

occurring where they are not required, Mr Pitts observes that they corresDond to similar pauses in the original records, and evidently indicate the successive stages by which the story was wrung from th: wretched They are thus endowed with a sad and ghastly sigvictims. nificance, for it must be remembered that the confessions were not made in a connected form, but were elicited by leading questions, often accompanied by a .'lesh sp.il of torture. regards

ihese

colons,

APPENDIX.

32

form of a dog

in the

inducing her to take vengeance

:

upon those who had angered her

persuading her to

:

cause the death of persons and cattle.

That the Devil having come might go to the Sabbath, one

perceiving

it

:

and

ointment with which she

to fetch her that she

called for her

gave

(after

her

without anyblack

certain

a

having stripped herself),

rubbed her back, belly and stomach

:

and then

having again put on her clothes, she went out of her door, air

when

she was immediately carried through the speed

a great

at

instant

the

at

:

and she found herself in an of

place

the

Sabbath,

which was

sometimes near the parochial burial-ground

:

and at

other times near the seashore in the neighbourhood

of Rocquaine Castle

:

where, upon

arrival,

she

met

often fifteen or sixteen Wizards and Witches with the

Devils

hares to

who were

recognise, because

disfigured

the

there in the form of dogs, cats, and

which Wizards and Witches she was unable

:

:

it

was

true,

they were

summon them

Devil

;

sometimes. of Massy, :

with her Devil,

those

of

and

summon them commenced

she

and

Fallaise

confessed that on entering the Sabbath

Devil wishing to

Witch

blackened

by their names, and

remembered among others Hardie

all

however, that she had heard

:

the

with her

Admitted that her daughter Marie, wife

now condemned

for a similar crime,

was

a

and that she took her twice to the Sabbath :

at the Sabbath, after

who

having worshipped the

used to stand up on his hind legs, they had

APPENDIX. connection with

him under

they drank wine (she did

;

which the Devil poured out of a jug pewter goblet

silver or

her so good also ate

;

which wine

into a

seem to

did not

which was usually drunk

as that

salt at

Moygne

le

:

when

the Sabbath the Devil incited her to deeds

:

call, as

came

she

to the

On leaving

Sabbath, which she had done several times.

evil

—she

the Sabbath.

Confessed that the Devil had charged her to she passed, for Isabel

they

;

white bread which he presented to them

had never seen any

then

And after having danced, not know what colour it

they danced back to back.

was),

33

the form of a dog

commit

various

and to that effect he gave her certain

black powders, which he ordered her to throw upon

such persons and cattle

powder she perpetrated did not

upon

remember

Mr

:

as

she wished

several

among

wicked

:

sion of his death by these means.

with

this

which she

she threw

others

Dolbell, parish minister

;

acts

some

and was the occa-

With

this

same

powder she bewitched the wife of Jean Maugues : but denied that the woman's death was caused by also

touched on the

side,

powder over the deceased wife of minister

who

it

:

she

and threw some of this

Mr

Perchard, the

succeeded the said Dolbell in the parish,

she being enceinte at the time, and so caused the death of her and her infant deceased

Upon give her

woman

—she

did not

know

that the

had given her any cause for doing

the refusal of the wife of Collas

some milk

:

she caused her

cow

so.

Totte-vin to

to dry up,

APPENDIX.

34 by throwing upon

it

some of

some

bran, and

this

powder

by making

she afterwards cured again

which cow

:

some

eat

it

terrestrial herb that the Devil

gave her.

CONFESSION OF MARIE BECgUET. Marie, wife of Pierre Massy, after sentence of death

had been pronounced against her, having been put to the question, confessed that she was a at the persuasion of the Devil, in the

form of

when

she gave herself to

with his paw

:

a dog

who

Witch; and that appeared to her

him that him he took her by the hand

she gave herself to

:

that she used to anoint herself with

the same ointment as her mother used to the Sabbath

:

:

and had been

upon the bank near Rocquaine Castle

with her, where there was no one but the Devil and her as

it

seemed

:

form

in the aforesaid

had seen him several times

:

in

She was

which she

also

the

at

Sabbath on one occasion among others in the road near Collas

Totte-viti's ;

every time that she went to the

Sabbath, the Devil

came

to

and

her,

it

seemed

though he transformed her into a female dog said that

upon the shore, near the

Devil, in the

form of

Rocquaine

said

as

;

she

:

the

had connection

a dog, having

with her, gave her bread and wine, which she

ate

and

drank.

The

Devil gave her certain powders

:

which powders

he put into her hand, for her to throw upon those

whom

he ordered her

his orders

:

she threw

npon persons and

cattle

:

some of them by notably upon the

APPENDIX.

she was

Bourgatze, while child of Leonard

le

35

Item, upon the wife of Jean

child of Pierre Brehaut.

Item, upon the

enceinte.

Messurier.

CONFESSION OF ISABEL BECgUET. Jean

Isabel, wife of

Moygne, having been put to

le

Witch

the question, at once confessed that she was a

and that upon her getting into

woman

Girarde,

her

:

who was

form of

Devil, in the

a hare,

her

give herself to

:

sister-in-law

the

:

daylight in

road

a

and persuading and inciting her to

him

:

and that he would help her to

avenge herself on the said Girarde, and everybody else to

which persuasion she would not

condescend to yield

:

to her

in

and pursuing his previous argument the same terms as above

went away,

after

of parsnips

j

at

:

:

:

but

same road,

the

exhorted her in

that done, he

her and

left

she then took a certain black powder in

which he

He

powder she kept by her.

placed

to give herself to

it

which

;

appeared to her another

time under the same form in the town

anew

;

moment

having previously given her a sackful

wrapped in a cloth

her

the

so he at once disappeared

came again

very soon he

:

with the

took occasion to tempt

appearing to her in broad

near her house

quarrel

a

district, inciting

him, but she not wishing to

comply, he next made a request to her to give him some living animal:

and fetched

same

place

a

whereupon she returned

to her dwelling

chicken which she carried to him to the

where she had

left

him, and he took

it

:

and

APPENDIX.

36 after

having thanked her he made an appointment for

her to be present the next morning before daylight at the Sabbath, promising that he would send for her

according to which promise, during the ensuing night, the old

woman

Mont, came to fetch her, and

ColUtte du

gave her some black ointment, which she had had

from the Devil; with

this (after

having stripped herself)

she annointed her back and belly, then having dressed herself again she

went out of her house door

she was instantly caught up

:

:

when

and carried across hedges

and bushes to the bank on the sea shore, in the neighbourhood of Rocquaine Castle, the usual place

where the Devil kept

his Sabbath

arrived there than the Devil

no sooner had she

;

came

to her in the

of a dog, with two great horns sticking up

:

form

and with

one of his paws fwhich seemed to her like hands)

took her by the hand told her that

the Devil

and calling her by her name

:

welcome

she was

made her kneel down

stood up on his hind legs

:

:

the Father,

God

the

while he himself

he then made her express

;

detestation of the Eternal in these

God

then immediately

Son,

words

and God

the

:

/ renounce

Holy Ghost

,•

and then caused her to worship and invoke himself in these terms

:

Our Great Master, help

compact to be

him

faithful to

done he had connection with her of a dog, but a

danced with

little

larger

him back

to

:

with a special

when

this

in the aforesaid

was

form

then she and the others

back

the Devil poured out of a jug

us !

and

;

:

after

having danced,

some black wine, which

APPENDIX.

37

he presented to them in a wooden bowl, from which she drank, but

it

wine which

usually

is

not seem to her so good as the

did

drunk

but she did not eat any self

him

to

for a

there was also bread

:

confessed that she gave her-

:

month

they returned

:

from the

Sabbath in the same manner that they went there.

The

second time she was at the Sabbath was after

woman

the old

Collette

had been to fetch her, and she

anointed herself with the ointment as above stated

;

on entering the Sabbath, she again had connection with the Devil and danced with him; after having danced, and upon his solicitation to prolong the declared, that

time, she gave herself to

him

Sabbath the Devil used to

Witches

in regular order (she

him

then the Hardie.

call

remembered very well

the old

Item, he also called Marie, wife of Massy,

and daughter of the

said Collette.

Said that after

she herself was called by the Devil

The Little Collas

held

someone

in these

:

him

Becquette: she also heard

Becquet,

[Collasl

h er by

at the

;

the Wizards and

woman Colktte the first, terms: Madame the Old Woman Becquette): woman Fallane ; and afterwards the woman

having heard in these

for three years

summon

[a

son her

of

the

said

by

the

hand

woman] whom

the other hand)

there she did not

:

know

:

there

in

dancing,

and

not know, held

there were about six others :

always nearest to the Devil

were dancing,

call

woman (who

old

she did

them

terms

the said :

old

woman was

occasionally while

some

others were having connection with the

APPENDIX.

38

Devils in the form of dogs

they remained at the

;

Sabbath about three or four hours, not more.

While

at

marked her

the Sabbath the Devil

upper part of the thigh

at the

which mark having been

:

examined by the midwives, they reported that they had stuck not

a small pin deeply into

felt it,

know

in

what

part the Devil

who came

those

waited

for

it,

and that she had

and that no blood had issued

the

to

first

others

j

:

she did not

had marked the others

:

the place of the Sabbath,

and

the

all

Witches appeared in their proper forms

:

Wizards and but blackened

and disfigured so that they could not be recognised.

The

Devil appeared sometimes in the form of a goat

him in other forms on made them kiss him behind, and asked them when they would come again he exhorted them always to be true to him and to do evil deeds, and to this end he gave them certain black powders, wrapped in a cloth, for them to throw upon those at

the Sabbath

;

never saw

:

their departure he

:

:

whom

they wished

to

bewitch

:

on

leaving

the

Sabbath, the Devil went away in one direction and

they in the other

hand

:

At the

:

after

he had taken them

instigation of the Devil she

of the powder over several persons and cattle

over Jean yehan, for a pig.

when he came

all

by the

threw some :

notably

to her house to look

Item, over the child of James GalUenne,

and over others.

Item, over the cattle of Brouart,

and of others. It

was the Devil that was seen

at the said GalUenne'

APPENDIX.

39

house in the form of a rat and a weazle, she herself being then in the neighbourhood of Gallienne's house,

and he [the Devil] came to her

iti

the form of a man,

and struck her several blows on the face and head

:

by which she was bruised and torn in the way that she was seen the next day by Thomas Sohier, believed

that the cause

of this

And

she

maltreatment was

because she would not go with the Devil to the house of the said Gallienne,

She never went to the Sabbath except when her husband remained

Whenever

all

night fishing at sea.

she wanted to bewitch anyone and her

powder happened to have been

all

used up, the

Devil

appeared to her and told her to go to snch a place,

which he named, so, she

for

some more, and when she

never failed to find

it

there.

Printed by E, &f G. Goldsmid, Edinburgh.

did

^ ^m