.~·
PHILONIS ALEXANDRINI LEGATIO AD GAIUM EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY
BY
\ l\
/ij
E. MARY SMALLWOOD Lecturer in Classics in the Queen's University of Belfast
il._...
LEIDEN
E.
J.
BRILL
1961
Copyright 1961 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands.
PRAECEPTORIBVS
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photo print, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher.
ET
PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
ADIVTORIBVS
i I I
PREFACE
I CONTENTS Preface. . . .
ix
AbbreViations .
xi
INTRODUCTION
I
A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
The situation in Alexandria The prelude to the riots . The riots . . . . . . The embassies to Gains . The settlement . . . . . Gains' attack on the temple The treatise Legatio ad Gaium Additional Notes . . . . .
3 14 19 Z4
ZJ
Synopsis of the Legatio ad Gaium
31 36 44 51
PHILO-TriE EMBASSY TO GAIUS.
53
COMMENTARY
Index . . .
I49 3Z7
·t. .u:
'f I
I
I ;\ 'I
!
! I '
lj
I '
II
I' 'I ~
i
I
11
i i
\
11
II
I I
.i
!I
The text of Philo's Legatio ad Gaium used in this edition is that of S. Reiter, which appears in volume VI of the edition of the complete works of Philo edited by L. Cohn, P. Wendland, and S. Reiter, and published by the firm of Georg Reimer of Berlin between 1896 and 1915. I am indebted to Messrs. Walter de Gruyter and Co. of Berlin, who now incorporate the firm of Georg Reimer, for permission to reprint this text, with a few minor modifications which arc noted in the commentary . This edition is designed as a companion volume to the edition of Philo's In Flaccum by H. Box (Oxford, 1939). Since the two books are likely to be used in conjunction with one another, full discussion of matters treated at length by Box in his introduction or commentary is avoided when I am substantially in agreement with him. In my comn1entary, cross references within the Legatio are usually given simply by the number of the section, and the abbreviation Leg. is prefixed only where there might otherwise be -confusion. Philo's other works are cited by title (abbreviated) and section, preceded by Philo's name only where this is required for clarity. In consulting rabbinic sources I have used H. Dauby's English translation of the Mishnah (1933), the English translation of the Babylonian Talmud edited by I. Epstein (1935-5z), the English translation of the Midrash Rabbah edited by H. Freedman and M. Simon (1939; second edition, 1951), and M. Schwab's French translation of the Jerusalem Talmud (1871-90). My thanks are due to a number of scholars for help in the preparation of this edition: to Professor J. M. C. Toynbee of Cambridge University, who guided the first steps of my researches into the history of the Jews in the Roman empire, and who read and ·Criticized the introduction; to Professor T. A. Sinclair and Mrs. K. M. T. Atkinson of the Queen's University of Belfast, who gave me much valuable advice and help with the translation and with many historical matters respectively; and to my other colleagues in Belfast, to Dr. A. Carlebach, Rabbi of the Hebrew Congregation
X
PREFACE
in Belfast, and to Professor A. H. M. J ones and Professor W. K. C. Guthrie of Cambridge University, whom I consulted on various points. Other debts are acknowledged at the appropriate places in the commentary. For the main lines of the interpretation here put forward, however, as well as for any mistakes and errors of judgement, I take all responsibility. I am very grateful to the firm of W. Heinemann for their kindness in allowing me to see the proofs of the forthcoming volume X of the Loeb edition of Philo, which contains F. H. Colson's translation of the Legatio together with his introduction and some footnotes, and extensive indices compiled by J. Earp, and in granting me permission to include iu my introduction and commentary references to this book before its publication. I am also very grateful to the Queen's University of Belfast for a generous grant which has made the publication of this book possible. Finally I wish to record my appreciation of the patience and vigilance both of the compositors and proof-readers of the firm of E. J. Brill, and of the long-suffering friends who shared the labour of proof-reading with me.
ABBREVIATIONS AFA: Acta Fratrum Arvalium, ed. A. Pasoli (rgso). A}: Josephus, Antiquitates ]udaicae. Balsdon: J. P. V. D. Balsdon, The Emperor Gaius (1934). Balsdon, JRS: J. P. V. D. Balsdon, "Notes concerning the principate of Gaius" in ]RS xxiv (1934), 13-24. . Bell, ]. and C.: H. I. Bell, Jews and Christians in Egypt (1924). Bell, ]. und Gr.: H. I. Bell, Juden und Griechen in rOmischen Alexandria (Beiheft :mm alten Orient IX, 1926). BGU: Aegyptische Urkunden aus den kOn·iglichen lVIuseenzuBerlin. Griechische Urkunden (1895-1934). B]: Joscphus, Betlum judaicum. BMCCRE: A Catalogue of theRomanCoins in the British llduseum ..H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire (1923"50). BMCGC, Palestine (or other place name): A Catalogue of the Creel~ Coins in the British Museum. G. F. Hill, The Greek Coins of Palestine (r9q). Other countries by various editors. Box: Philonis Alexandrini In Flaccum, ed. H. Box (1939). B. T.: The Babylonian Talmud. CAl-I: The Cambridge Ancient History. Charlesworth, Trade-routes: M. P. Charlesworth, Trade-routes and Commerce of the Roman Empire (1924). CIG: Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Cl]: J.-B. Frey, Corpus Inscriptionum judaicarum (1936-52). CIL: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Claudius, Letter: Claudius' Letter to Alexandria (P. Land. 1912), published by Bell, ]. and C. Colson: F. H. Colson's forthcoming edition of the Legatio, Loeb Philo X. C.-W.-R.: Philonis Alexandrini opera Quae Supersunt, vols. I-V ed. L. Cohn and P. Wendland, vol. VIed. Cohn and S. Reiter (1896-1915). Dahl: J. C. Dahl, Chrestomathiae Philonianae pars altera sive ... , . libelli illustres adversus Flaccum et de legatione ad Gaium (18o2). Delaunay: F. Delauuay, Philon d'Alexandrie. Ecrits :flistoriques (1867). Eru·p, Index ... : Indices to the Loeb Philo, in the forthcoming vol. X, compiled by ]. Earp. Eus. HE; Praep. Ev.; Dem. Ev.; Chron.: Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica; Praeparatio Evangelica; Demonstratio Evangelica; Chronici Canones (Jerome's Latin version). Fl.: Philo, In Flaccum. Gelzer: Gelzer's article on Gaius in P.-W. s.v. Iulius (Caligula) no. 33, coli. 381-423. Goodenough, Light; Politics; Introduction: E. R. Goodenough, By Light, Light, The lklystic Gospel of Hellenistic judaism (1935); The Politics of Philo ]udaeus (1938); An Introduction to Philo judaeus (1940). HThR: Harvard Theological Review. InAp.: Josephus, In Apionem. IGr: Inscriptiones Graecae. IGRR: R. Cagnat, Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes (1911~27).
XII
ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
ILS: H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (r8gz-rgr6). JBL: Journal of Biblical Literature. JE: The Jewish Encyclopedia. }ones, I-Ierods: A. I-L M. Jones, The I-Ierods of Judaea (1938). JQR: Jewish Quarterly Review. JRS: journal of Roman Studies. J. T.: The Jerusalem Talmud. ]ThS: Journal of Theological Studies. Leisegang, Indices: Index volume (VII) of C. -W.- R., compiled by H. Leisegang (1930). L. and S. 11 : Lid dell and Scott's Greek Lexicon, gth edition, by H. S. Jones and R. McKonzie. M ace.: The books of Maccabees. Magie, De VocabuZis: D. Magic, .DeRomanorum Juris Publici Sacrique Vocabulis Sollemnibus in Graecum Sermonem Conver5is (1905). 1\-langey: Philonis ]udaei Opera Quae Reperiri Potuerunt Omnia, ed. T. Mangey (1742). Musurillo, AA: I-I. A. 11usurillo, S. J., The Acts of the Pagan Martyrs. Acta Alexandrinorum (1954). OGIS: VV. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (1903-5). P. followed by a place name: Papyri. P. Oxy.: The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, ed. B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt, and others (r 8g8). PG: Migno's Patrologia Graeca. PIR 1 : H. Dessau, E. Klebs, and P. von Rohden,ProsopographialmperiiRomani, 1st edition (r897-8). PIR 2 : E. Groag and A. Stein, P,rosopographia Imperii Romani, 2nd edition ). . (r933PL: Mig11e's Patrologia Latina. P.-W.: Pauly-VVissowa, Realencyclopiidie. RE: Revue Biblique. Reiter: Reiter's text of the Legatio in C.-W.-R. VI. RE]: Revue des Etudes Juives. B.oscher, Lexikon: A usfiihrlickes Lexikon der Griechischen und ROmiscken Mythologie, eel. W. H. Roscher (r884-I937). S. Aug.; Tib.; G.: Suetonius, Divus Augustus; Tiberius; Gaius. Schtirer: E. Schii.rer, Geschichte des ]iidischen Volkes im Zeitalter ]esu Christi I, 3rd and 4th edition (1901 ), II, 4th edition (1907), III, 4th edition (1909). Schwab: M. Schwab, Le Talmud de jhusale:m. Traduit .... en Franyais (r87r-go). SEG : Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Sen. De Bene f.; Dial. ; Ep.: Seneca, De Beneficiis; Dialogi; Epistulae. SIG: 'Vil. Dittenberger, Sylloge InscriptionumGraecarum, 3rd edition (1915-24). T. A.; H.: Tacitus, Annales; Historiae. Turnebus: Philonis Iudaei in Libros 1Vlosis . ... Eiusdem Libri Singulares, ed. A. Turnebus (1552). \Villrich: H. Willrich, "Caligula" in Klio iii (1903), Ss-rr8, 288~317, 387-470. \Volfson: H. A. \Volfson, Philo. Foundations of Religious Philosophy in ]udaism, Christianity, and Islam (1948).
XIII
PHILO'S PHILOSOPHICAL TREATISES E. R. Goodenough's abbrevations are used in this edition. The numbers in brackets give the volumes in the Loeb edition of Philo.
De Abrahamo (VI). Abr. De A eternitate M undi (IX). A et. Agr. De Agricultura (III). Cher. De Cheruqim (I!). De Confusione Linguarum (IV). Conf. De Congressu Eruditionis Gratia (IV). Gong. Cont. De Vita Contemplativa (IX). Decal. De Decalogo (VII). Det. Quod Deterius Potiori Insidiari Soleat (II). De Ebrielate (III). Ebr. De Fuga et Inventione (V). Fug. Gig. De Gigantibus (II). Heres Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres (IV). Immut. Quod Deus Sit Immutabilis (III). De .Josepho (VI) . .Jos. LA Legum Allegoria (!). Mig. De Migratione Abrahami (IV). 1\J."os. De V ita lVIosis (VI). De lVlutatione Nominum (V). M ut. De Op·ificio Mundi (I). Opif. Plant. De Plantatione (Ill). Post. De Posteritate Caini (II). Praem. De .Praemiis et Poenis (VIII). Prob. Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit (IX). Provid. De Providentia (IX). QEI Quaestiones et Solutiones in Exodum (Supplement II). Quaestiones et Solutiones in Genesin (Supplement I). QG' Sac. De Sacrificiis Abelis et Caini (II ). Sob. De Sobrietate (III). Som. De Somniis (V). Spec. .De Specialibus Legibus (VII and VIII). Virt. De Virtutibus (VIII). 1
Extant only in Armenian.
!
~
;•
INTRODUCTION
,-. !'
A-THE SITUATION IN ALEXANDRIA The Legatio is an invective against Gains, illustrated by various examples of that Emperor's outrageous behaviour and by episodes in which Philo maintains that he showed hostility towards the Jews. The author relates, among other things, the attacks made on the Jews in two places during Gains' principate-the anti-Jewish riots in Alexandria during the summer of 38 and Gains' attempt to dedicate the Temple in Jerusalem to the imperial cult-and the fortunes of the embassies to Gains which the former event occasioned and which gave the treatise its popular title. Save for a chronological link between the movements of the embassies and events in Palestine, the episodes in the two countries were unconnected with each other. In the Legatio Philo attributes the disturbances in Alexandria in 38 to Gains' self-deification. He says that the Jews alone refused to recognize Gains as a god and thereby incurred his anger and hostility, and that the Alexandrian Greeks, realizing this, used it as a pretext for giving expression to their own long-standing hatred for the Jews 1 • Philo arrives at this explanation of the trouble by manipulating the chronology and ante-dating Gains' demand for divine honours and his consequent hostility towards the Jews 2 • He completely ignores the events in Alexandria (related in the In Flaccum) which led up to the outbreak, and gives no account of the social and political conditions in the city which were the basic cause of the severe friction between the races. The ferocity of the Greek attack on the Jews in 38 is indeed comprehensible only on the assumption that behind it lay a deepseated resentment which had long been smouldering and was ready to bnrst into flame on the first provocation. It seems clear from Philo's various references to 7tOAL~eLx that at least one cause of the quarrel was some question concerning the Jews' civic status in 1 11
Leg. ns-zo. See the note on IIS
f1.6vou~;
y.Xp
'Iou3cdou~ Une:~A€Tte't'o.
INTRODUCTION
THE SITUATION IN ALEXANDRIA
Alexandria. At one point in the riots the prefect Flaccus is said to have taken steps to destroy the Jews' 7toJ,,~doc and so to deprive them of their political rights 1 ; the purpose of the Jews' embassy to Gains is described as a campaign about the 7tOA,~doc 2; and the envoys are made to speak of the fear that their own 7tOA,~doc will be destroyed and of a threat to the whole 7tOA,~s(oc of the Jews in general 3 . \Vhat, then, was the Jews' civic status in Alexandria, and what is the meaning of the term 7to),,~doc in these contexts? Scholars are agreed on two points. First, Alexandria was a Greek city, in which the main citizen-body was naturally composed of Greeks, although some individual Jews resident in the city obtained its citizenship. For example, Philo's brother Alexander, who held the Greek municipal office of alabarch or arabarch (customs official) under Tiberius and Gains 4, and one Demetrius who held it under Claudius 5 , must have had Greek citizenship 6 • In a passage which Box maintains refers to the Alexandrian Jews, Philo speaks of them as occasionally holding the positions of clerk of the market (&yop~ vofLo") and gymnasiarch-·both Greek municipal offices which were obviously confined to possessors of Greek citizenship 7 •
Secondly, the Jews resident in Alexandria were organized as a quasi-autonomous civic community, with a constitution similar to, but not identical with, that of the Greek municipal organization, and they thus formed a city within a city. Their organization is generally known as a 7tDAhsufLoc by modern, if not always by ancient, writers. This term, one which covered many concepts, was often used in Hellenistic times to denote "a corporation formed by members of a race or community domiciled in a foreign state" '·We have evidence for 7toA•~sOfLOCTOC of Caunians at Sidon, of Phrygians in Alexandria, and of foreigners of unknown nationality at Cos 2 • The Jews at Berenice in Cyrenaica formed a 7toA(-rsufLoc 3 , and in the document known as Aristeas to Philocrates, written in the late second or early first centnry B. C., the term 7tol.(~eUfLOC is used of the Jewish community at Alexandria 4 • Some sort of definite organization as a community was essential for the Jews of the Diaspora, if they were to retain their native customs and religion. The "leaders of the 7toA(~sUfLoc" whom Josephus, based on Aristeas, mentions as functioning in the Hellenistic period are probably to be identified with the yspoucrl<X of imperial times 5 . Strabo speaks of an
4
1
FZ. 53
't"~\l 'r'lj~ ~(-tet"tpa~ r.oA~'t'e(ac; &vcdpE:crw.
2 Leg. 349 fJ.E-rxr.e:[MpBS:ne:c; &::ywv(croccr0a~ 't'Ov ne:pt 't"1jc; n:oA~'t'dll.l; &y&voc. 3 Leg. 193-4 -ror.:; y±p f!e:y&/,mc; ~pocxia xcd -roLe; xoworc; -rOC ra~oc Urcocr't"S:Mew &.vo:yxrx:t:ov, Wv O~XOfJ.f\I(•W ~ppe:~ xat ~ noA~'t"drt. rroU yd:p 6crwv 1) 08~t~'t'OV &AAw.:; &yw\l(l,e:cr8ca, Se~xvO\I't'OCc; cbc; toyJ:v 'AAe:~avSpdc;, o!c; 0 nept 't"'ljc; xo:OoAtXw't'8po:c; noAvrdo:c; lAwvo.; &pe~&v & (& omitted by M) a &rm ~~- eIJI.QNOI: APETQN IIPQTON
THE EMBASSY TO GAIUS
the "age of Cronos" described by the poets ceased to be regarded as a poetic fiction, because of the prosperity and plenty, the freedom from grief and fear, and the festivities which went on by clay and night, in private houses and in public places alike, and 14 continued without a break for the first seven months. But in the eighth month a serious illness attacked Gaius, who had exchanged the more moderate, and therefore healthier, mode of life which he had followed hitherto, during Tiberius' lifetime, for a life of luxury. Heavy drinking and a taste for delicacies, an appetite insatiable even on a swollen stomach, hot baths at the wrong time, emetics followed immediately by further drinking and the gluttony which goes with it, indecent behaviour with boys and women, and all the vices which destroy soul and body and the bonds which unite them attacked him simultaneously. The wages of self-control are health and strength, while those of a lack of self-control are weakness and an illness which may prove fatal. 15 3 The news of Gaius' illness spread widely, as the seas were still open-it was the early autumn, the time when seafarers make their last voyage and return from their trading -stations all over the world to their own ports and havens, especially those who are trying to avoid wintering abroad. People then gave up their lives of luxury and went about with long faces; every house and every city became anxious and dejected; their recent joy wavered, r6 counter-balanced by a grief equally keen. All parts of the habitable world were ill with Gaius; but they were suffering from a more serious illness than that which had seized him. For his illness was merely physical, whereas theirs was universal, affecting their mental health, their peace, their hopes, and their participation in 17 and enjoyment of good things. They began to discuss again the many serious evils which anarchy breeds-famine, war, devastation, ravaging of fields, loss of property, arrests, and the desperate fear of slavery or death; this fear no doctor could cure, and the only r8 remedy lay in the recovery of Gaius. When therefore his disease began to abate, even people at the ends of the earth soon heard of it-for nothing is swifter than rumour-and every city was in suspense, constantly thirsting for better news, until the good tidings of his complete return to health was brought by travellers. At this every continent and every island turned back afresh to the rg same jubilations, regarding Gaius' preservation as its own. Never within living memory had any single land or single nation felt such joy at the preservation and restoration of a ruler as the whole world felt at Gains' accession and again at his recovery from his zo illness. People rejoiced as if they were now just beginning to change from a nomadic, savage life to a gregarious, communal life, to move from the desert and from pens on the mountain -sides to walled cities, and to give up an existence without a guardian for an organized life under a guardian, a sort of herdsman or shepherd of the domesticated flock. But they had no conception of the real sit-
59
7tOL't)'TCI
)
Ql
\
\
0
3 ~LIXyyeAdcr'Y)c; oUv 'T~
I
't'O
CX:n. (f.rJOV 1
fL~'A'Aov 81: ~v cruvm>LI 1 otXO:. 't'OU~ Xrt.~~ o:.' JU7tE:U'0 U\JO\J apx:YJ\1 ~ tj\1 !XU't'OXpo:.-ropo:., tJ..1)3e:\IOc; &:nl -ro'i:c; 07t(:ocroUv rce:rcpo:.ytJ..Svotc; A6yo\l &nat't'e:'i:\1 -roAfLW\I'TO0\1 1 O'U\I!XPXOV't'CIAONO~
APETDN ITPDTON
€cpea"t"dl't'WV &xa-rov't'OCpx.ou xoct X,tALtipxou, o!c;; e:~plJ't'O [L~ cruvecp&.1.!xurOcu 't'oiJ &youc;, GJc; oUx S~Ov cdJ't'OXpoc-r6pwv &rcoy6vouc; rcpOc; E-dpwv &vocLpe~ crOe't'Oc; Aoc~Wv -rO
l;Lcpoc; btuv6&ve:'t'o 't'Ov xoctpt!.SToc't'ov 't'6nov Urc' &yvoLx.:; xoct &'1j0dac;, ~VIX e:Ucrx.6rccp rcA1JY1i 't'~V &6Atocv ~w~v &nopp~;1J. xoct o~ 11-tv o!oc 8t3&:crn.ocAm ro xocxo3oc~!J.oV£ac; Ucp1)yoiJv'T6 'TE: x.at &:3dx.\lucrav '1'0 !J.l:.poc;, <J) XP~ -rO ~tcpoc; ~7tE:\leyx.e'Lv · 0 3E: npW-r1JV xcd 6cr't'&:r1)\l ~&;(:h) mV &voc3~3ax6dc; &v3pocp6\loc; wJ't'Ot; <XU-roU y(ve't'oc~ ~~acrSdt;, 0 30cr't'1)\JO 't'Yjc; ~ye:!J.ovtac; npOc; 8v &noxA~voUcr£ 15 nvec; 't'&V ~6eAoxocxo0\l't' -roUe; Un1Jx6ouc; e:OepyE-re:~v. &AAot t-t€v yap &AAwv gpo:.'Yot, ofJ 0.IX 1CJ\0Uat~ "'I "t"CfLrt:T0\1 (.LE't'O:~ocA61v ~VC( 't'£t) rcA~Ge:t napay&y'(l 5 ToUc; Op&v-rcxc;, &AA'' a a~ 1t1Xpcx3o~6-ro::rov ~V, E:vOc; crno~c; OnoO"'t'ac:-ro::t, 0 dE; &de:Acp0c; &d -re:Ov~~r::'Toct, xoct p,e-rel -r1jc; &6avoccrLo::c; &.O&va'ToV -rO En' E:xe:Lvcp ntv0oc; &vad&~e't'e"ri{) [J.€V "C'0 Ov1)-r6v, -ri{) dE: ' " ' '\ "' I ~ e ) > ' 1 IXOe/\cp!p 'TO a.
IA!'!NO:E APETON riPOTON
77
o~xou~€V1)\I; 'Aa(<X xd EUpfu7t1) -rcb; Sx. aoU yeyev1Jp.€vac; 3wpe0Cc; oO X,(J)pe:Y; 89 x.a~v(h;; !J-~V oU\1 -rfxvrxc; xa.i &n~cr't'~!J.occ; &veUpec; 6)c; xoLvOc; Aut-u:;~v xoct TCaAet::f!VtX;Loc;, ate; p.e:-ra~&AAe:Lc; -rOC ~3ea x.at xap-rOC 7tp0c; &1J3Lcxc; xat AU7t'ac; xod. &~Lw-rov ~(ov -roLe; 7te 0 .\ wv 1' 1!.\:> ' TWIJ TO'J t-'tov OV1JO' CIXVT(l}IJ, o xaxOO'T1jc; x.atI otwp·ope:uc; ~opacrav r::xe:tvot. 93 13 Toae80'~1Xc; g8 cpov&v'n xo:.t o~~&Yn &.vOpwndou alt-toc-roc;. e:hrx 'TO~c; -re !J.•j E:TGL' t'pr::7tm 't'LOO"J\G
Act0c.Gv. ~p.e:AAov ~e &pa oUx OA~ym a~a crrc&.vLv 't"Wv &vayxcdwv
&Aoy~aa.v-re:c,; -r~c; ~3(Clc;; &a<paAdca; &~LfvocL, Sfe:L -roU 1..1.~ AL!J-(j} navobuot
rw.:panoAfa8o:.L 't'OUt"wv -r&c;; 3Lcx30cre:Lc:; xapa3oxoUv-rec:; E:ne:-r~pouv xoc1 -roUe; 129 cruAA"')cp0fvt"cxc;; e:U6Uc:; 3Lfcp8eLpov octxL~6[Le:Vm rc&crocLc; oJx.Latc:;. ~-re:poc;; 35: A6xoc;; ~v Ecpe:3p:::Uwv -roLe; 'Toti itO'T(I.!-J.OU ALtJ,km rcpO.:;; &p11:cxy~v 't'&v xa-r- 5 ayotJ-fvwv 'Iou3cdwv xcd iliv XtXT' E:t-tnopLa.v ~x6[Lt~ov · hce:tcr~cdvov-re:c;; yr:X.p ~
I
vocucn
I
I
)
~
>1,!,
{
't;'
I
I
)
I
lt;'
cpop--rov e:v o't'e:m -rwv xuptwv Ese:cpopouv xrxt ocu-rouc;; Es(J:yxwv(~ov't"e:c;; Eve:rdp.rcpoccrav, 6P:n xpWf.LEVOL 7t'f)3'aA(ot.:;;, o'~IX~L, XOV't'o'i:c; xd
'Tottc;;
'TOV
130 't"a!;c; Erd 't'Wv xa--racr--rpcuv-&--rwv O'W,I~at. 't'OZ~ ae Ev tJ..fO"'(J --r'(i n6'Ae~ xa--raxa~otJ.iVm~ oLx'Tp6-Tccro~ ~v 8Ae:Opo~ • amivet yOCp gcr't'~\1 5-re ~0Awv cppUyavc,: > 1,r, I < \).1 ( I tJU\IE(jJ 6poU\1 XCI:~) 't"OCU't"OC OC' JOC't'C('J't'E'.; E:7Ce:ppL7t' t"OU\I 't"O~~ C(•e')./ ALOL~ • OL or::: ljtJ..LqJAE:X:TOL xeOdpov--ro, --r'lj~ cppuywo~~3ou~ 5'A1J 't'i'JV €~ ~f)ouc;;, &AAcl x.o:;t 7tapocXo:;'t'oc6'l)x'Y)V ~XE:LV -roUe; 't'E &v3pac,; tile,; dp1)-
r6z
I I ~ I 1 ~ -'-"1 ( I ! IQ VLX.Ou'c; 't'IX' cw't'oxp<x.'t'optx'Yj\1 mmiXV · IX7t'e:ye:ucro:.'t'o Y1XP 't'WV e:yxuXM(t)V xa:-riX tpLAoJ.c"t~ t-t1av 't'OU rcpo't'l:pou 3e:crrc6't'aU, 8c; a;(nbv eawp~criX't'O TL~ep(c:p Ka(crocp~; 't'6't'e:_ 'l' ·~ ,... ' rJ I~ [.LE'>' ouv ouoe:tJ-LOC I 11 1 ' I o:.xope:Ut'O:.' 7tp00"E(Y't't O'OL XIXtI 't'U.1_ O"'t'Wj.LU/\0\1 OUX. O:.'t'Ep1t8I \ "-' 1 't'e:poc; ;IA!1NO~
APET!1N IIP!1TON
99
€!J.et-t~cr6(t)v't'o cdl'"c0\J tJ.ey&Am~ p.m8o7:~, oU a~a XP'IJ!l-&'t'{t)\J !L6vov &M1,1, > \ OC7t'O ne:poc't"W\1 ocU-r&v - UnO -r1jc., p.eyLa-r"t)
I
''
"'
I
.\
I
't'O OOX.L!J.CU't'OC't'0\1 Xott OO"OV 't'(J)\1 7t II.ECiJ\1 O'I'L xoctI vew-repmtowc; OCV1J~~evoc; "T tjV ecp o:.7te
