TUTTLE
Learning Japanese
and
Learning Japanese
Hiragana
and
Katakana
Learning Japanese
Hiragana andKatakana (
WORKBOOK AND PRACTICE SHEETS
Takagaki
&
Henshall
TUTTLE PUBLISHING Tokyo Rutland, Vermont Singapore •
•
)
Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., with editorial offices at 61 Tai Seng Avenue, #02-12 Singapore 534167 and 364 Innovation Drive, North Clarendon, Vermont 05759 U.S.A. Copyright © 1990 by Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
LCC Card No. 90-70374 ISBN-10: 0-8048-3815-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-8048-3815-3 Previously published in 2005 as
A Guide to Learning Hiragana
&
Katakana ISBN 0-8048-3391-5
First edition, 1990 Printed in Singapore
Distributed by:
North America, Latin America and Europe Tuttle Publishing 364 Innovation Drive, North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436, USA Tel: (802) 773 8930 Fax: (802) 773 6993 E-mail:
[email protected] www.tuttlepublishing.com
Japan Tuttle Publishing Yaekari Building, 3rd Floor, 5-4-12 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032 Tel: (03) 5437 0171 Fax: (03) 5437 0755 E-mail:
[email protected] Asia Pacific Berkeley Books Pte Ltd 61 Tai Seng Avenue #02-12 Singapore 534167 Tel: (65) 6280 1330 Fax: (65) 6280 6290 E-mail:
[email protected] www.periplus.com
II I0 09 08
I0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
TUTTLE PUB Ll S H I N G ®
is a registered trademark of Tuttle Publishing, a division of Periplus Editions
(HK)
Ltd.
CONTENTS How to Use This Book An Explanation of Kana PART 1: HIRAGANA Practice a ko Mini Review a ko Practice sa to Mini Review sa to Practice na ho Mini Review na- ho Practice rna -yo Mini Review rna yo Practice ra n Mini Review ra n Voiced and Half-Voiced Sounds Review of Voiced and Half-Voiced Sounds Review of Double Vowels and Consonants Combined Sounds Review of Combined Sounds Review through Place Names and Period Names General Review -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PART II: KA TAKANA Practice a to Mini Review a - to Practice na -n Mini Review na-n Voiced and Half-Voiced Sounds Review of Voiced and Half-Voiced Sounds Combined Sounds Review of Combined Sounds and Double Consonants Review through International Place Names -
7 9 17 19 24 26 31 33 38
40 44 46
50 52 54 57 59 61 63 65 69 71 81 83 96
98 100 102 104 106
109 111 113 114 115 116 117 118 120
PART ITI: FINAL REVIEW About Japan Food Items Quiz Aora and Fauna Quiz Personal Names Quiz Kana Word Search Quiz Answers Do-It-Yourself Kana Charts The Iroha Verse
6
HOW TO USE T H IS BOOK The main aim of this book is to help students achieve competence in reading and writing
kana , the phonetic symbols that are fundamental to written Japanese. The book starts with a section entitled An Explanation of Kana , which contains everything the student will need to know about the two ka na systems of hiragana and kat aka na. Part I of the workbook sec tion then systematically introduces each hiragana symbol, voiced form, and combination, and provides ample practice and review. Part II does the same for katakana , while Part III provides an overall review. The Explanation of Kana outlines the function and origin of kana , the difference between the two kana systems, the various sounds, the combinations, and the conventions of usage. It attempts to be detailed and thorough so that it can be used for reference at any stage. Though all the information about kana is grouped together in this one section for ease of reference, it is not expected that the student will read it all before starting on the practice pages. In fact, to do so might give the impression that kana are perhaps rather formidable,
which is not really the case at all. (Just ask any Japanese child!) We recommend that the student start work on the hiragana practice pages after reading the first three subsections on the function, origin, and basic sounds of kana . After fmishing practice of the forty-six basic hiragana symbols the student should go back to the Explanation and read the subsec tion on additional sounds, then work through the rest of the hiragana practice pages before moving on to the katakana practice. The final subsection, on other points to note, is mostly concerned with special katakana combinations and can be left until the appropriate point in the katakana practice pages, just prior to the final review. Students may modify this order, but we recommend fmishing practice of one ka na system before moving on to the next. In the practice pages of Parts I and II each kana symbol is allotted half a page, permitting plenty of writing practice in the boxes given. We suggest working in pencil, rather than ink, as this will allow for erasing and repeated use. Stroke order and a pronunciation guide are also given for each symbol. In addition, for each symbol there is an illustration of its graphic evolution from its "parent" character (see Explanation of Kana) and a reference number for that character as it occurs in A Gui de to Remem bering Japanese Characters (Charles E. Tuttle Company,
1988), together with the character's pronunciation. This may
be of interest to readers wishing to continue their studies of written Japanese to an advanced level. (However, some of the original characters are no longer commonly used and there fore are not included in A Gui de to Remem bering Japanese Characters ).
7
After approximately every ten symbols there are "mini review" pages for further practice, this time using whole words. These are cumulative, containing symbols not only from the group just completed but from earlier groups. The mini reviews can be used purely for copying practice, or, by covering the cue kana on the left side of the page, as more chal lenging writing exercises. They can also be used as vocabulary exercises. Part Ill, the Final Review, contains exercises, quizzes, and "do-it-yourself' charts. Unlike the reviews in the first two parts it combines the two kana systems, as is natural in Japanese texts. And for a more natural effect the boxes used earlier in the book to help achieve even spacing and proper stroke lengths
are
dispensed with in this final part.
The words appearing in the reviews have been carefully chosen in keeping with an addi tional aim of this book, which is to expose readers to key words related to Japanese society and culture. The prime criterion for selecting review words was their suitability for practic ing the kana symbols, but we thought it would be helpful to students if in addition these words could, whenever possible, have particular relevance to Japanese culture. About half of the 450 or so vocabulary items in the book fall into this category. It is beyond the scope of the book to explain these in detail, but students who take the trouble to find out more about them will be rewarded with a broadened appreciation of Japan's society and culture. In short, we intend that these words should be used as a sort of checklist for an exploration of Japan, rather than simply memorized as isolated vocabulary items. Readers will occasionally encounter a semicolon between English equivalents given for a Japanese review word. This indicates that the Japanese word is a homophone, that is, a word having a different meaning but the same sound as another. Normally these homo phones would be written with different characters, but when expressed in phonetic kana script or romanization such differentiation is not possible. The English words separated by a semicolon thus refer to different Japanese words sharing the same kana form. (Commas between English words simply indicate nuances of the same word.) It should also be noted that there is sometimes a subtle difference in intonation between "homophones, II which can not be determined from the kana or romanization. Finally, readers are advised to seek specialist or native-speaker guidance on intonation and pronunciation. It should be appreciated that the pronunciation guides given in this book can only ever be approximate, owing to the variety in pronunciation of the same English word in different parts of the world. Also, some Japanese sounds cannot be precisely represented ll ll by English letters. The Japanese 11r,11 for example, actually falls between the English r and lid II But remember that, with both speaking and writing, practice makes perfect!
8
AN EX PL AN ATION OF KA NA
The Function of Kana Kana are purely phonetic symbols. That is, they are written representations of pronuncia tion. They can express the entire Japanese language in writing, though in practice the writ ten language uses a mixture of kana and kanji (characters taken from Chinese). There are two kana systems: katakana and hiragana . Katakana is now mainly used for words taken from languages other than Chinese. Hiragana is the more important of the two systems, and is used for everything not written in katakana or kanji. Kanji show meanings of words, though they also have pronunciations. Normally they are used for nouns and the the unchanging part (the stem) of verbs, adjectives, and adv�rbs, while hiragana symbols are used for the changing parts (notably endings). For example, the verb iku means "go," while ikanai means "not go." The stem is i -, and this is usually written with a kanji, while the variable endings -ku and k - anai are written in hiragana . Hiragana is also used to \\rite particles, and other words where kanji are not appropriate. To all intents and purposes the two kana systems are not interchangeable, and are rarely mixed within a given word. The rule is:
katakana
for non-Chinese loan words,
hiragana
and
kanji
for the rest.
The student of Japanese should ideally aim to learn all the two thousand kanji in common use. They play a very practical role in graphically and distinctively conveying the meaning of a written statement, unlike a purely phonetic script, and thereby aid rapid understanding. And naturally, no one can expect to read unedited Japanese texts without a knowledge of
kanji . However, learning the kanji is a time-consuming task. Many of them are structurally complex, and many have a wide range of meanings and pronunciations.
Kana , on the other hand, are much fewer in number, with only forty-six basic symbols in each of the two systems. They are simple to write, and, with very few exceptions, they have fixed pronunciations. If you don't know the kanji for a particular word, but know the pronunciation, you can just express that entire word in kana (hiragana ,that is; remember that katakana is for non-Chinese foreign words). In other words, while not ideal,
(hiragana)
can substitute for
kanji.
kana
This means that even beginners can express
themselves in functional written Japanese with relatively little effort.
9
The Origin of Kana The word kana derives from karina , meaning "borrowed name," for the kana symbols are simplified forms of certain borrowed Chinese characters used for their sound (though, con fusingly, the same characters lent their meaning in other contexts). The prefix hira- means "ordinary," with connotations of "informal" and "easy," and in this particular case "cursive." Thus hiragana means "ordinary (cursive) kana ," and indeed hiragana has tradi
� (pronounced like the "a" in "car") derives from a cursive rendition of the character �
tionally been the more commonly used of the two systems, and the more cursive. The hir a
gana symbols are simplifications of whole Chinese characters. For example, the kana
(pronounced "an"). Kata- means "one side" or "partial," pointing to the fact that katakana "ee" in "meet") is the left-hand part of the character
-'i
1f (also pronounced "ee").
symbols derive from one part of a Chinese character. For example,
(pronounced like
Both systems evolved around the end of the eighth century. In those early days hiragana was used mostly by women, while men preferred to use the more angular katakana . How ever, these associations have long since disappeared.
The Basic Sounds Represented by Kana Kana symbols basically represent syllables, and the kana systems are therefore syllabaries rather than alphabets. Generally the syllables are crisp and clear combinations of one con sonant and one following vowel, or one vowel by itself. There is only one consonant that exists as a syllable and kana symbol in its own right, n . The use of English letters to refer to Japanese sounds and symbols can produce a number of apparent irregularities. Among other things a combination of consonant and vowel in Japanese will not necessarily have the same pronunciation as in English. For example, while
...
�'
is found in the hgroup (see the table that follows), its pronunciation is actually
closer to the English sound "fu" than "hu." To facilitate pronunciation the romanization used in this boo k is a version of the Hepburn system, which transcribes
�'
....
asfu rather
than hu, but readers should appreciate that there is no direct equivalent in Japanese to an English "f." Similar cases of convenient but seemingly irregular romanization are found in the s group and t group. This may begin to seem complicated, but in fact correspondence in Japanese between kana spelling and pronunciation is much simpler than in the case of English and its alphabet. Attempts to express certain loan words in katakana can seem
10
awkward, but that is really a problem relating to the Japanization of non-Japanese words, rather than to the kana system itself. Each of the two kana systems contains the same basic forty-six syllables, arranged in the same order. The basic syllabaries are as follows (combined for convenience, with the kata
kana written slightly smaller).
VOWELS
k s
�
ell
z 0
5
ell
u
t n
h m
y r
lv
y n
w
n
J\
1
a
-p
1)\ tJ ka a
\, \
� � ....,.. l sa (2 �ta -1? -ttd. na t:
'-
��
� � ? '
h
I\ ha
:7
rna
�
v
J-J-
_:2_ v) ya ra
'J
A 1
�
ki
'l
� shi
-
chi
-
ni
t: hi �
_ ....:
ffil
I)
ri
e
u
t7
1 '
< t
-:J
t/J '
.... )
\
� YO �
wa
u
1
ku
/\ ''
su
I
tsu
)l.
;t
:I-
1:t
-1:2 se
( tJ ttJ
ru
e
�t'1
nu -; /"'-. fu � mu ..::z_ yu
)I/
0
t1
_q-_
;t te
ne
""""
I-
he me
)....
re
;h� ....,
"'-
Yc t
(f)
�1 t J: 7:;
R
;t 0
.::1
ko
'/
so
l-
to
)
no
,t-.. ho ;f;
mo
3 yo 0 ro
::j
wo
This order is known as the go jiion u j n , meaning "the fifty sounds order. " In fact, there are
Jo> I J/:-) and we ( }!.., I _:e.) were officially removed from the list in 1946 since the
now only forty-six basic symbols (sounds) officially in use. Yi , ye, and wu do not exist.
Wi (
sounds were considered sufficiently close to i and e to be represented by the symbols for these. However, the symbols for wi and we are still encountered on rare occasions. The go jiion jun is the standard order followed by dictionaries and other reference works. It
11
is therefore particularly important to remember it. To this end, the following mnemonic, which is a modified version of one taught by Professors Dunn and O'Neill of the Univer sity of London, may be helpful.
Ah,
kana signs! Take note how many you read well (n).
The reader will have taken note of the fact that the first letters of these words follow the
goj 'Uonj un consonant headings. With apologies to mathematicians, even the syllable n (/v)
is represented, by the mathematical symbol "n" indicating the utmost number (in this case
92, the sum of the two kana systems). The syllable n ( lv) is sometimes called the "independent n" but in fact it can never be used truly independently. Nor can it ever start a word. When working from romanization it is sometimes difficult to tell whether a non-initial n followed by a vowel is a syllable from the
n - group, or whether it is n ( /v) followed by an independent vowel. For example, tani
could be either
r-, t:::.(valley) or f::.lv" \(unit).
Context usually makes this clear. To avoid
ambiguity some romanization systems use an apostrophe after the n that represents lv.
Thus
f:, � \,- l can be romanized as tan i' .
Note also that in romanization lv is sometimes
written as mbefore a p, b, or m, as in shi mbun for shin bun (newspaper). This practice is
by no means universally followed (and is not followed in this book), but its existence does indicate one of the exceptional cases where the pronunciation of a kana symbol could be said to vary slightly according to context.
Additional Sounds Represented
by Kana
In addition to the forty-six basic symbols, there
are
sixty-one classified modifications and
combinations in each system, and a few further special combinations as well. This may sound alarming, but in fact it involves only a handful of new points to learn. The first is the dak uon , meaning "voiced sound" or "hardened sound." Sounds starting with the unvoiced consonants k , s , t , and hare voiced as g , z jl , d/z j/ , and brespectively if the diacritical marks '' are added to the upper right side of the basic kana symbol, as shown in the following table. (See also pp.
52-56.) The table also shows han dak uon ,
meaning "half-voiced sound," which applies only to sounds starting with h . The addition of a small circle
o
to the upper right side of the appropriate basic kana symbol changes the
pronunciation from h top (as opposed to changing it to bin the case of the full dak uon ).
12
VOWELS 1
a g
z/j d/'z/j b p
ti�'
fJ'' ga -tt''
�··
'-
za
9"
r-
..
Lt'' o Li
da
) \"
ba
0 J\
pa
· Ji and z uare written c and
�113:1)';
�..
-t-"'
gi ' ..
-......;..
l' '' ? :· v tJO
;./
ji
4-" ji
t:."
bi
t::•
pi
'J''
< ,,
gu
9''
"J...'' zu
,�··
..
� v� '
.....
..
)
zu
/"
..
\
bu 70
()
PU
'
0
e
u
it" 1t'
1"
�
�
'1''
ge '' 1Z
ze
:;- ..
de "'"' be � pe
· �·
:J' go
�··
'-
�� 2::''
'
zo
F'
do
;r-.:·
Ll.. bo o ;Ko l t O P
q-·; except when they clearly derive from chi ( -J?) and ts u(-:;)
in compounds or repeated symbols. For example, hanaji (nosebleed, from hana [nose] and '' chi [blood]) is and ts uz uk u(continue, from ts uts uk u) is-?'? � \) ,t o(ten, t i>'), and t ori (way,
is necessary to learn each word with a long o sound case by case. Fortunately, there are only a few common words that require the addition of
okii (big, Jj· �-��.\) ,oi (many, 1>'"/J' \- l), t oi (far,
road,
t n. L J ). Students should take particular care not to be misled by the common romani
zation practice of writing a long o as oo , when in hiragana it is usually -;.,· (o )plus
� (u).
Caution is also needed when transcribing from kana to romanization. Always check that an apparent long vowel really is a long vowel, and not two unlinked vowels. A typical case of
':f 1, meaning (By contrast,� -? mean
the latter is a verb whose variable ending starts with the same vowel as the last vowel of the stem, or appears to combine with it to make a long o . For example, the verb "go with," should always be romanized as so uand not s oor soo.
"t? (suck), rather than s u, and kiite is the way to romanize the
ing "thus," being a genuine long vowel, is romanized as s oor soo .) Similarly, s uuis the
� � \ (. (listening), rather than k tTe .
romanization for the verb suspensive
14
Other Points to Note
There are three common cases where kana usage is distinctly irregular. They all involve
"t, and
particles, namely the topic particle wa, the object particle o, and the directional particle e
l
(meaning "to"). These words are written �' i {:,1 : I tsuru
kore
l2 ! fll : I 1-) ': bl : I furo
.
non
I tJi �J I : I IL�: �I : I haru
-
fv I
RA
-
N
bowl; bay
I : I : I : I : I I : I : I : I : I I : I : I : I : I temple
crane; to fish
this
I : I : I : I : I I : I : I : I : I bath
edible seaweed; paste
I : I : I : I : I I : I : I : I spring; to stretch
rei
politeness; soul; example
sh iro
castle; white
I fll \I : I I : I : I : I : I l l l 7:7l : I : I : I : I : I : I L
Nih on
Japan
sakura
cherry blossom
I L::i L�: A-1 : : I : : I : : I : : I 50
HIRAGANA
uchiwa
1 1 l S l t7l : :
matsuri
I
round fan
: : I : : I : : I festival
I j: : -=>i L) I : : I : : I : : I : : I I Llik ! � l : : I : : I : : I : : I lwtaru
fuefly
futon
futon
1- �': c :�vi : : I : : I : : I : : I lfli � : ll : : I : : I : : I : : I rekishi
history
wafuku
Japanese clothing
: : I : : I : I : : I I � : � :�vi : : I : : I : : I : I
I Pi-�,: < I
I I
.
nron
theory
furoshiki
cloth wrapper for parcels
1-�': � : L : � I : : : harakiri
l lj:: � : � i !J I :
!
I harakiri
: : : I
: I : : i I
Hinomaru
Rising Sun Flag
samurai
samurai
l vl (J)l 1i {;>l l l l I l l l I
51
HIRAGANA
VOICED AND HALF-VOICED SOUNDS
ga
as "ga" in "garden" but shorter
I JJ�·1 I I I I I I gi
I I I I I
as "gee". in "geese" but shorter
I�1 I I I I I I I ..
I I I I I
as "goo" in "goose" but shorter
gu
I I
1
I L i '? i � l : i I i l I · i i I i l I
I r: t : 1 1 : : I : : I : : I : : I 57
HIRAGANA
zlJri
sandals
I ::z·: 1 : tJ I : : I :
: I
suji
1 1 : -1 : l' l
: : I : : I
numeral
: i I i i I i i I i : I y ilgen
tranquil beauty
gakkiJ
school
kiJyo
red leaves
okii
big
kendo
kendo
jingii
shrine
I n i tJi � i ' I i i i I i i i v
I L:. : �v: l : : i i I i i I l.h: 1 : it l : : I : : I : : I I ili V"i
.
94
KATAKANA
ORIGIN
(KO, part of 856)
J STROKE ORDER
3
0 as "o" in "or," but shorter
PRACTICE ... . .. . � . � .. .
·:
ORIGIN
(NI)
STROKE ORDER
n
as "n" in "sin" PRACfiCE .. .
. .
.·· ...
95
KATAKANA
MINI REVIEW
I -"i I ) I
heri
: I :
-j- -
I i
menw
Y I NA
-N
helicopter
I : I i
: I
memo
I ; : 1:: 1 : I i I i I i I i hire
I t.i vi i I i I miruku
i I i I i I i I : I fillet
milk
I � i 1�: 7 1 i : I : i I : i I i : I l tJ i � : - 1 : i I : : I : : I : : I lumii
canoe
wanisu
varnish
: I : : I : : I : : I : : : i I : : I i I :
ron
loan
naifu
knife
I :ti -1 i 7 1 i i juri
l 7 i �i - l i : I
i I i i I Hooray!
: : I : : I
nnto
note, notebook
taiya
tire
: I I
I J i - i r- 1 i : I : : I : i I : : I (car)
l � i 1 : -vi : : I : : I : : I : : I 96
KATAKANA
l ni; i 7 1
kamera
camera
nemu
name, reputation
:
: I i i I i i I i i I
1� ! - !LAI : : I : : I : : I : : I I�: i -t: i r I i i i I i i i yur.noa
humor
mainasu
mmus
saran
salary
-
I -tt i =1 i IJ i -l i i i
I i
hanmii
hammer
yoyo
yoyo
hankachi
handkerchief
1, ,: /: ;7: -1 : : : I : : : l ' 'i /i h i+ l i yuniku
i i
I i i
un1que
I _:z_i : -i 1 1 i i i I : i .::.
nekutai
necktie
I* i 7 i 9 i>1' I i i i l i i i I hom uran
home
97
run
KATAKANA
VOICED
ga
AND
HALF-VOICED SOUNDS
as "ga" in "garden" but shorter
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
ltrl gi
as "gee" in "geese" but shorter
I I I I I I I I I 11 ""1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I
l =fl I I I I gu
as "goo" in "goose" but shorter
ge
as "ge" in "get"
I I I I I I I I I I :J I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
IT"I I I I I go
as "go" in "gore" but shorter
..
za
as "za" in "bizarre" but shorter
1-lfl I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Jl
as "jee" in "jeep" but shorter
zu
as "zoo" but shorter
. .
1 v·1 I I I 1;(1 ze
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
as "ze" in "zest"
1-t(l I I I I I I I I I I zo
as "zo" in "Azores" but shorter
I I I
I �/I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 98
KATAKANA
da
as "da" in "dark" but shorter
I I I
IY'"I I I I I I I I I ji
as "jee" in "jeep" but shorter
zu
as "zoo" but shorter
I
I I I I
1+·1 I I I I I I I I
I ��/I I I I I I I I I de
as "de" in "desk"
do
as "doo" in "door" but shorter
ba
as "ba" in "bark" but shorter
bi
as "bea" in "beak" but shorter pi
1-f l I I I I I I I I I �· 1 I I I I I I I I pa
as "pa" in "park" but shorter
I' "·1 I I I I I 11 \·1 I I I I I I as "pea" in "peak" but shorter
I t·· 1 I I I I I
I t: I
l fl
I
1�1
I I I I I
17°1 l-"'1
bu
be
bo
as "boo" in "boot" but shorter p u
I
I I I
as "be" in "beg"
pe
as "bo" in "bore" but shorter po
I I I I I I as "poo" in "pool" but shorter
as
"
I I I I I I
pe
"
in "peg "
I I I I I I as "po" in "pork" but shorter
I jKI I I I I I I t�l I I I I I I 99
KATAKANA
REVIEW OF VOICED AND HALF-VOICED SOUNDS biru
office building
I t:"i ' t--1 : I 1-c·: o l : I
I : I : I : I : I zero
zero
: I : I : I : I I : I : I I
basu
1 1 \i J-.1
bus, bath
: I
giya
gear
� �·: -vi : I
:
: I : I : : I : : I
17·: -: �1 : : l 1ii 1 : }-: I : :
: : I : : I : : I : : I
I
dansu
1 9··: Yi AI
I I I
gemu
gaido
gorufu
dance
game
guide, guidebook
: I : I : I
golf
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besu
base
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trousers
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gorilla
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daburu
double
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report
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Jeans
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word processor
pachinko
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dessert
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green pepper
mai pesu
at one's own speed ("my pace")
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part-time job
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KATAKANA
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REVIEW OF COMBINED SOUNDS AND DOUBLE CONSONANTS
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shii
show
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net
fan
fan (sports)
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l 7 i r i :;1 i i I i i I i i I i i yeti
yeti
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news
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fork; folk
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check
jeri
jelly
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chalk
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watch
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disk
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KATAKANA
fairu
ftle
w eb u lwev u wave (hair)
b ide o/vide o video
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apartment house
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window
majan
mahjong
weta
waiter
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cash
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human
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pitcher (sports)
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KATAKANA REVIEW
1-r'l v·: r I
THROUGH INTERNATIONAL PLACE NAMES
Ajia
Asia
Suisu
Switzerland
Roma
Rome
Kanada
Canada
Doitsu
Germany
Atene
Athens
Puraha
Prague
: : I : : I : : I : : I I Al 1 l A I : : I : : I : : I : : I la l -l -< 1 : : I : : I : : I : : I l 11 ltirl : : I : : I : : I : : I : I I Fi 1 i '>'l : : I : : I : : : I : : I : 1 7°: 7 :I \I : : I : : I :
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Amerika
America
Oranda
Holland
lgirisu
England
Mekishiko
Mexico
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KATAKANA
Mosukuwa
Moscow
Betonamu
Vietnam
Shidoni
Sydney
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Kyuba
Cuba
Win
Vienna
Furansu
France
:
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Europe
Firipin
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Philippines
Bagudaddo
Baghdad
Echiopia
Ethiopia
Noruwe
Norway
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I
KATAKANA
Ii'i -( : _:r_i
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Jakaruta
Jakarta
Sanchiago
Santiago
Potsumasu
Portsmouth
Hariuddo
Hollywood
Myunhen
Munich
Guatemara
Guatemala
Maruseyu
Marseilles
Betsurehemu
Bethlehem
Dieppu
Dieppe
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Benechia/Venechia
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Venice
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Chunijia/Tunijia
Tunisia
1 08
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FINAL REVIEW
FINAL
REVIEW
ABOUT JAPAN
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biscuit fermented soybean
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