Keys to the Insects of the European USSR Vol. I Apterygota, Palaeoptera, Hemimetabola

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AKADEMIYA NAUK SSSR. ZOOLOGICHESKII INSTITUT Academy of. Sciences of the USSR. Zoological Institute

Keys

to

the Fauna of the USSR No. 84

KEYS to the INSECTS of the USSR

""EUROPEAN

(Opredelitel’ nasekomykh Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR)

In five volumes Vol. I

Apterygota, Palaeoptera, Hemimetabola (Nizshie, drevnekrylye,

s

nepolnym prevrashcheniem)

DEFENSE PEST MGMT INFO ANALYSIS CTR AFPMB, FOREST GLEN SECTION, WRAMC WASHINGTON, DC 20307-5001 Compiled by G-Ya. Bei-Bienko, D.I. Blagoveshchenskii, O.A. Chernova, E.M. Dantsig, A.F. Emel’yanov, I.M. Kerzhner, M.M. Loginova, E.F. Martynova, G.Kh. Shaposhnikov, A.G. Sharov, Z.D. Spuris, V.N. Vishnyakova, T.L- Yaczewski, V.V. Yakhontov, L.A. Zhil’tsova Editorial Board

B.E. Bykhovskii, I.M. Gromov, A.S. Monchadskii, A.A. Shtakel’berg, O.A. Skarlato, and A.A. Strelkov Editor of this volume

G.Ya. Bei-Bienko Izdatel’stvo "Nauka" Moskva- Leningrad 1964

Translated from Russian

Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1967

TT 66-51068 Published Pursuant to an Agreement with THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, U.S.A. and

THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Copyright Israel

'

1967

Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. IPST Cai. No. 1674

Translated by Jean Salkind Edited by Professor 0. Theodor

Printed in Jerusalem by

Binding:

Wiener

s. Monson

Bindery Ltd., Jerusalem

Price: $15.24

Available from U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Va. 22151

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DEFENSE PEST MGMT INFO ANALYSIS CTR AFPMB, FOREST GLEN SECTION, WRAMC WASHINGTON, DC 20307-5001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword................................................... General part by G.Ya. Bei-Bienko ............................ Class Insecta ............................................. Morphology ......................................... Biology............................................. Ecology and geographical distribution.................. Principles of classification ........................... Classification of insects .............................. Preparation of specimens for identification ............. Identification........................................

Important handbooks

.................................

Systematic part ............................................. Key to orders based on the imago by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko 1. Order Protura by A.G. Sharov 2. -Order Podura by E. F. Martynova- ................... 3. Order Diplura by A. G. Sharov ...................... 4. Order Thysanura by A.G. Sharov ................... 5. Order Ephemeroptera by O.A. Chemova 6. Order Odonatoptera by Z.D. Spuris 7. Order Blattoptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko .............. 8. Order Mantoptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko 9. Order Isoptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko. ................ 10. Order Plecoptera by L.A. Zhil’tsova ................ 11. Order Embioptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko .............. 12. Order Phasmoptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko. ............ 13. Order Orthoptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko. .............. 14. Order Dermaptera by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko. ............. 15. Order Psocoptera by V.N. Visfmyakova .............. 16. Order Mallophaga by D.I. Blagoveshchenskii ......... 17. Order Anoplura by D.I. Blagoveshchenskii ........... 18. Order Homoptera .................................. 1. Suborde Cicadinea by A.F, Emel’yanov .......

......................

.............

..................

..............

..........

Psyllinea by M.M. Loginova ............ Aleyrodinea by E.M. Dantsig ............ Aphidinea by G.Kh. Shaffoshnikov 5. Suborde Coccinea by E. M. Dantsig .............. 19. Order Hemiptera by I.M. Kerzhner and T .L. Yaczewski 20. Order Thysanoptera by V. V. Yakhontov .............. 2. 3. 4.

Suborde Suborde Suborde

Index of Latin names of insects

........

...............................

v

1 1 1

9 12 15 17 19 20 21 23 23 32 35 Ill 115

121 157 190 200 206 210 242 245 248

354 362

385 404 419 421

551 608

616 800 851 1119

1161

FOREWORD The Soviet Union has made great progress in its national economy, public health, and science. This development has constantly increased the role of science and has made it one of society’s main productive forces, This also applies to entomology, which supplies the theoretical basis for plant protection, pollination of agricultural crops, apiculture, sericulture, and for the control of parasites, blood-sucking insects, and vectors of diseases of domestic animals and man. Entomology deals with a group of animals of an incredible variety of form and biological properties. Almost 1 million species of insects are known today, 80,000 species from the U.S.S.R. Systematics has an important part in entomology as the basis of study and identification of insects. One of the methods of systematics is the use of keys. Such reference books help to determine the scientific name and systematic position of an insect which for some reason has attracted the attention of the applied entomologist or other scientist. Because of the enormous number of species of insects it is very difficult to make keys and it often requires the efforts of many experts for many years. This is especially true of a key dealing with such a vast area as the Soviet Union. There is however, at present, a great demand for such keys; this demand can best be satisfied by com-

piling regional keys. The proposed "Keys to the Insects of the European U.S.S.R." (Opredelitel’ nasekomykh evropeiskoi chasti SSSR) is such a regional key. However, the area with which it deals is still so large that it would be impossible to give even the shortest account in one volume. It is therefore planned to publish the key in five volumes: ~

I Apterygota, Palaeoptera and Hemimetablola; II Coleoptera and Strepsiptera; III Neuroptera (i.e., Megaloptera. Raphidioptera and Neuroptera s. str,), Mecoptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera; IV Hymenoptera; V Diptera and Aphaniptera. Not all the species known from the region appear in the Keys. Some rare, narrowly distributed or little-known species are omitted. In some cases the keys define only genera. The purpose of the Keys is to include all genera and all practically important species. It also gives the number of species of genera and other taxa from the European U.S.S.R., often from the whole U.S.S.R. Not all species can therefore be identified. Entomologists working on plant protection, and veterinary and medical entomology will, however, find the names of species important in agriculture, forestry and public health. The southern boundary of the territory covered by the Key runs along the coast of the Black Sea, including the whole of Crimea, and continues

4

5

6

eastwards through southern Ciscaucasia to the northern coast of the Caspian Sea and the Ural River. The fauna of the northern slopes of the Caucasus, which contains many purely Caucasian and southern forms, is therefore largely omitted in the key. The only exception are a few well-known or small orders or suborders, e.g., Ephemeroptera, Odonatoptera, Orthoptera and their allies, Coccinea, etc. The fauna of some regions is so little known that some species which are common in adjacent regions are included in the Keys although they have not been found in the European U.S.S.R. Some species which are frequently introduced to the U.S.S.R. with foreign goods are also included. The "Keys to the Insects of the European U.S.S.R." i s the re suit of the combined effortofmanyveteranand younger systematists of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. and other institutions in Leningrad, Moscow, Kiev. Khar’kov, Chernovtsy, Stavropol, Ivanovo, Riga, Tallin, Tashkent, etc. All authors carried out their work with great interest and devotion, in accord with the general outline and principles of the book. All of them inevitably met great difficulties due to the unsatisfactory classification of many groups. This required a critical analysis of the known data and occasionally revision of genera or families. Special mention should be made of the voluntary cooperation of entomologists who are not members of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences, and who contributed greatly to the successful publication of the Keys. I wish to express here my deepest gratitude to all authors and also to my assistant, E. L. Gur’eva of the Zoological Institute. Her diligence and competence greatly contributed to the successful publication of this work. The following scientists took part in the writing of the first volume, and in the treatment of some orders; A. G. Sharov (Palaeontological Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Moscow) dealt with Protura, Diplura, and Thysanura; E. F. Martynova (Leningrad State University) dealt with Podura (Collembola); O.A. Chernova (Moscow State University) Ephemeroptera; Z. D. Spuris (Biological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Latvia, Riga) Odonatoptera; G. Ya. Bei-Bienko superorder Orthopteroidea, except Plecoptera which were treated by L. A. Zhil’tsova (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences); V. N. Vishnyakova (Paleontological Institute of the Academy of Sciences) dealt with Psocoptera; D. I. Blagoveshchenskii (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences) dealt with Mallophaga and Anoplura; A. F. Emel’yanov, M.M. Loginova. G.Kh. Shaposhnikov, and E.M. Dantsig (same institute) Homoptera; I. M. Kerzhner (same institute), and T.L. Yaczewski (Zoological Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw) Hemiptera; V. V. Yakhontov (Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent) Thysanoptera. The general section and the key to the orders were written by G. Ya. Bei-Bienko. A.G. Davletshin (Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan) also contributed to the book, The authors dealing with the holometabolous orders will be indicated in the subsequent volumes. The number of species known is given for many genera, families, orders, and intermediate taxa. The number of species of the European U.S.S.R. is given at the end of the description of the corresponding taxa, preceded by a period and dash. Measurements are given in millimeters omitting

[NOTE. Areas of European Russia are listed first, then European Russia) except in the North: central Europe.]

all other

areas, e.g.: Everywhere (i.e.,

all of

theletters "mm", unless otherwise stated. The geographical distribution of species is indicated briefly, often only for the European U.S.S.R. Reference is usually made only to large divisions of this region, e.g., (vide map) North, Southeast, Center, etc. G.Ya. Bei-Bienko

7

GENERAL PART G.Ya. Bei-Bienko Class

INSECTA

Small Arthropods, i.e., animals covered by an external cuticle forming an exoskeleton, with segmented body and legs. Body divided into three distinct regions; head, thorax, and abdomen. Head with a pair of antennae .except in the order Protura. Mouthparts of biting or sucking type. Thorax consisting of three segments, bearing three pairs of legs and often two pairs of wings. Abdomen without ambulatory appendages, bearing only modified rudiments of appendages, cerci, styli, etc. Proximal segments of abdomen rarely with weak legs (order Protura).

MORPHOLOGY

8

The body (Figure 1) is small or minute, usually 1 to 50 mm long, rarely larger or smaller. The cuticle is a part of the integument which forms a thick external armor. In some cases, especially in minute insects, it is soft and thin. The cuticle is the basis of the skeleton and is divided into sclerites. It forms the basis for the development of various formations such as punctate depressions, grooves, tubercles, ridges or carinae, minute hairs, setae, etc. The cuticle also bears movable cuticular appendages, hairs or setae which may also have the form of flat scales. The color of the body varies because of pigments in the cuticle or the underlying hypodermis, or because of optic phenomena due to the structure of the cuticle. The pigment colors are dull, but the structural colors produce a metallic sheen and are iridescent. The cuticle is very stable. The structural and pigment colors of the cuticle persist almost unchanged after the death of the insect and are therefore well preserved in collections. On the other hand, hypodermal colors are not stable, and disappear rapidly after death. The color of the body or of some parts may change during the life of the individual until sexual maturity is reached, or in connection with life conditions. Ignorance of this may result in wrong identifications. The pigment is often arranged in stripes or lines along the body. If such stripes run transversely across the body they are called fasciae. The characteristics of the exoskeleton and color are very important in insect identification. This especially applies to chaetotaxy, a part of morphology dealing with the distribution of setae. Chaetotaxy is hereditarily constant, and is sometimes indispensable for the solution of difficult systematic problems. The head (caput, Figure 2) has no external segmentation but it developed by fusion of five segments. The appendages of these segments have persisted in the form of antennae, three pairs of mouthparts: unsegmented

GENERAL PART

mandibulae, segmented maxillae, and a segmented, externally unpaired labium. This consists actually of the fused second maxillae (Figure 4,1). The rigid skeleton of the head is the epicranium. The anterior part of the head is called the frons, which passes dorsally into the vertex and posteriorly into the occiput. Below or in front of the frons lies a welldeveloped plate, the clypeus. Farther ventrad or anteriad of the clypeus lies a movable plate which covers the mouth parts from above, the labrum. On the sides of the head below the eyes are the genae which posteriorly pass into the postgenae (tempora). The ventral part of the head is called the gula. There are usually no sharp limits between most of these parts, and some of them are arbitrary.

FIGU RE 1. Diagram of an inseci (C a 11 i p t a

(after Sei-Bienko) The sides of the head bear compound eyes (oculi), the surface of which is divided into numerous minute, usually hexagonal facets. The number of the facets corresponds to the number of visual elements called ommatidia. Between the compound eyes there are often one to three simple eyes, ocelli. The latter are minute, smooth tubercles, whose color usually differs from that of their background, The position of the head varies in connection with the degree of development and the biology. Two types of head exist: 1) hypognathous head (caput hypognathum), in which the mouthparts are directed downwards like the ambulatory appendages from which they have developed; this condition is apparently primitive, and is found in herbivorous and omnivorous insects; 2) prognathous head (caput prognathum), in which the mouthparts are directed forward; this is characteristic of many predators and developed from the hypognathous type. The antennae (Figure 3) are located on the sides of the frons, between or in front of the eyes, often in well-marked antennal pits. They show a great variety of form characteristic of different groups and species.

The antenna consists of the following parts: a thick basal segment

(scape), a pedicel, and finally a flagellum, from the third segment to the end of the antenna. The following types of antennae are known: a) filiform, i.e., slender and of uniform thickness; b) setaceous, i.e., slender but tapering distally; c) moniliform, i.e., with well defined, rounded segments; d) fusiform, i.e., thickened in the middle and tapering proximally and distally; e) clavate, i.e., thickened at the end; f) capitate, i.e., strongly thickened at the end; g) serrate. with short, angular protuberances at one side of the segments; h) pectinate, with larger processes on the joints; i) plumose, with very slender, long processes on both sides of the segments; j) aristate, short, three-jointed with a slender seta on the terminal joint; k) lamellate, with laterally elongated plate son the distal segments; and others. The scape is sometimes very elongate and followed by a pedicel and a funicle consisting of minute segments. The pedicel and funicle are sometimes attached to the scape at an angle, forming a geniculate antenna. In clavate antennae the funicle is the slender part and the clava is the enlarged terminal part. The mouthparts (Figure 4) consist of three pairs of appendages, a pair of rigid, unsegmented mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and an externally unpaired labium. Each maxilla consists of the following parts: cardo (the basal segment), stipes, the galea or external lobe and the lacinia or inner lobe, and a segmented maxillary palp. The labium is similar to the first maxillae, but its two halves are fused into an unpaired organ. The fused labial cardines form the submentum; the fused stipites form the mentum. The mentum bears a pair of lateral segmented labial palps and two pairs of distal lobes. The inner lobes are the glossae (corresponding to the laciniae) and the outer lobes are the paraglossae (corresponding to the galeae). The mouthparts are covered dorsally by a movable plate, the labrum. Although it belongs functionally to the oral apparatus, the labrum is a skin fold which is not a true oral appendage. The mouthparts described above are of the biting type characteristic of all Orthoptera and their allies. They are therefore often termed Orthopteroid, and are adapted for eating solid food. They are the form from which all other modifications for the consumption of liquid food have developed. Sucking mouthparts and proboscis developed for this purpose. The development of sucking mouthparts took various forms in different groups of insects. There is therefore a great variety of sucking mouthparts. In some cases the food substrate has to be pierced to make sucking possible. This resulted in the development of piercing-sucking mouthparts (bugs, aphids, mosquitoes, etc.). In other cases feeding requires no piercing, e.g., in Lepidoptera. In still other cases the liquid is licked, e.g., in flies. A detailed description of the sucking mouthparts

GENERAL PART

The structure of the mouthparts is used in systematics, mainly to distinguish between higher groups such a orders, suborders, and families. is given with the respective orders.

FIGURE 3.

7fusiform;

12

Types of antennae, (After Bogdanov-Kafkov.) 8lamellate;

9-geniculaie; 10-plumose; 11-aristate.

The thorax consists of three segments, the pro-, meso-. and metathorax. The terga of the thorax form the notum, and the sterna of the thorax form the sternum. The three segments of the thorax are distinguished dorsally as the pro-, meso-, and metanotum, and ventrally as the pro-, meso-, and me taste mum. The sides of the thoracic segments form the pleurae which connect the thoracic terga and sterna. Each pleuron is divided by a suture into at least two pleurites, an anterior episternum and a posterior epimeron. The locomotory organs of the insect, the legs and wings, are attached to the thorax, which therefore functions as the locomotory center of the body. The powerful musculature of the thorax causes its large size and its modifications, and often the complex form of its pleurites. A more detailed description is given with orders and other major groups. The legs (pedes. Figure 5) articulate with the ventral side of the thorax, and are usually situated in coxal depressions. The legs consist of the following parts: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Coxa and trochanter provide the legs with mobility. The trochanter is occasionally

divided into two segments, e.g., in many Hymenoptera. The femur is the longest and strongest part of the leg, and is supplied with a powerful musculature. Its articulation with the tibia is the genual articulation, and the adjacent region is called the knee (geniculus). The tibia is

FIGURE 4. Mouihpans. (After

Imms. Kuznetsov, Skorikova.

and

Uvarov.)

labial palp); 2piercing and gl ~gk>ssa, p.g paraglossa, l.p sucking mouthparts, bug, hfiad ventral (antantenna, ecompound eye, Ib labnim, md mandible, mx first maxilla modified into piercing stylets, labial palp, Im labium); 3~ sucking mouihparts, butterfly, head ventral (1. p p proboscis). mmenium,

approximately as long as the femur, but thinner. It usually bears immovable, rarely movable, spines. Its distal end bears movable spurs (calcaria). The tarsus-is usually segmented, consisting of 2 to 5 segments. The first tarsal joint is often elongate, called the metatarsus. The tarsus is rarely unsegmented. The number of tarsal joints may vary for different legs of the same insect. This is expressed briefly by a formula. For example, the formula 4-4-5 means that the tarsi of the anterior and middle legs are four- segmented, those of the hind legs five-

GENERAL PART

The plantar area, i.e., the underside of the tarsus bears sometimes small protuberances, the plantulae. The distal end of the tarsus bears a pair of claws (unguiculi) and between them often an unpaired appendage, an arolium or a slender empodium. Paired pulvilli may be present beneath the claws. All these structures enable the insect

segmented.

to adhere to the substrate in locomotion or at rest.

FIGURE 5. Structure and types of legs (after

1running leg, tiger beetle (ccoxa,

t

Bei-Bienko. Sogdanov-Kafkov

2jumping leg, locust; 3digging leg, 5raptorial leg, praying mantis; 6food-collecting leg,

Irnms)

honeybee.

Legs of insects show various specializations according to their mode The following types of legs are known: walking legs with short segments and expanded tarsal segments; longer and more slender running legs; saltatorial legs with strongly enlarged femora; fossorial legs with strongly shortened and expanded femora and tibiae, and with strong denticles or spines; elongate raptorial legs with pointed spines; swimming legs with broad, flattened joints and dense marginal hairs, etc. The structure of the legs and their type of, specialization are sometimes used in systematics. There are normally two pairs of wings (alae. Figure 6). The anterior pair belongs to the mesothorax and the posterior pair to the metathorax. The wings consist of a thin membrane reinforced by rigid veins which form the skeleton of the wing. The veins are either longitudinal or transverse, often forming a dense network (reticulate wings) with numerous cells. The number of transverse veins is reduced in higher forms, or they disappear completely, so that the wings are membranous- The main mechanical support of the wings is given by the longitudinal veins which are alternately convex and concave. The longitudinal veins of higher groups are therefore basically the same, although they have been much of life.

13

and

trochanter, ffemur, tbtibia, ts tarsus); mole cricket; 4swimming leg, diving beetle;

modified.

CUP- CUA* for names of veins see text) (after Imms)

14

The primitive type of wing possesses the’following longitudinal veins (Figure 6): costa (abbreviation C), running along or near the anterior margin of the wing; subcosta (Sc), the second vein, usually joining the anterior margin of the wing; radius (R), the third vein from the base of the wing, branching into a posterior radial sector (RS); media (M), the fourth vein from the base of the wing, in the middle of the wing, sometimes divided into an anterior (MA) and posterior (MP) branch; two cubital veins, an anterior cubitus (CuA) and a posterior cubitus (CuP) which often lie close together; 1 to 4 anal veins (Ai- A^). The posterior wings occasionally have a number of jugal veins posterior to the anal veins Together with the anal veins they are called the vannal veins. The longitudinal veins divide the wings into cells designated after the veins which form their anterior margin. The following cells exist; costal cell, subcostal cell, radial cell, medial cell, and cubital cell (between the two cubital veins). When the costa passes at a distance from the anterior margin of the wing, the cell limited by it is called the precostal cell. Larger subdivisions of the wing are known as regions. The following regions are distinguished: the remigial region (regio preanalis) anterior to the anal veins; the anal region (regio analis) between the anal veins; the jugal region (regio jugalis) between the jugal veins. The latter region makes the folding of the wings possible. The primitive venation and wing structure mentioned above are subject to great modifications by the development of new branches, disappearance of veins, their displacement, coalescence, etc. The most important development is the appearance of the jugal region, and the development of the ability to fold the wings. Insects which possess this ability form the group Neoptera, as opposed to the Palaeoptera. The latter include the Odonatoptera and Ephemeroptera, which do not have a jugal region and are thus not able to fold the wings. The jugal region and the ability to fold the wings are often lost. Another important development is the displacement of veins towards the costal margin of the wing. This phenomenon is termed costalization, and distinguishes higher from lower forms. It reinforces the anterior margin of the wing and improves its aerodynamic properties. The function of flying may be relegated to the hind wings. In this case the fore wings become elytra which protect the

GENERAL PART

15

delicate hind wings. The elytra are therefore thick, leathery or horny, and often without venation, e.g., in Coleoptera and Dermaptera. During flight fore and hind wings are coupled by various structures, and function as one unified organ. This results in a functional dipteran condition. The main load in this condition is placed on the anterior pair of wings. The size of the hind wings decreases with further evolution until they disappear completely. A morphological dipteran condition results which forms the highest stage of insect flight (Diptera). It follows from the above that wing structure is very important in the classification of insects and the interpretation of insect phylogeny. The abdomen (Figure 1) consists of a number of segments. The primitive number is eleven, with a terminal non-segmented part or telson. This condition persists only in some Apterygota and in embryos. The number of abdominal segments is often reduced to 5-6 (or even less), especially in higher forms- Each segment typically consists of a dorsal tergum and ventral sternum separated laterally by a soft pleura. There are usually no separate pleurites as on the thorax. The eighth and ninth segments bear the genital openings and in many cases also genital appendages. These segments are therefore called the genital segments. The pregenital segments of the adult are usually without appendages. Only the tergum of the tenth segment is developed. The eleventh segment is reduced and its cerci have moved to the tenth segment. The structure of the cerci is highly variable. In higher forms they are atrophied. The sclerites which surround the anus laterally are rudiments of the postgenital segments, the lamina supra-analis or epiproct dorsally and the podical plate or paraproct laterally and ventrally. In some instances, e.g., in cockroaches and Mantidae. the tenth tergum is named epiproct. The genital segments bear styli in the male (ninth sternum) and an ovipositor in the female. The ovipositor consists of paired processes of the eighth and ninth sterna which apparently represent modified appendages. The ninth sternum of the male forms a true subgenital plate (hypandrium). The subgenital plate is often formed by the last visible sternum of the body. For example, in some female Orthopteroidea the plate may be formed by the seventh or eighth sternum. In higher groups all these structures are reduced or strongly modified, and their details are not always understood. The ovipositor may disappear or be modified into a sting (bees, wasps, etc.). A secondary telescopic ovipositor may appear, consisting of the distal segments of the abdomen which are strongly reduced in width and may be retracted into each other. The end of the male abdomen bears the copulatory apparatus for the introduction of spermatozoa or spermatophores into the genital aperture of the female. This apparatus is usually complicated. Its unpaired part, the intromittent organ or phallus usually has a strongly sclerotized terminal part, the aedeagus. The latter, or the whole phallus, is often named penis. The structure of the copulatory apparatus, the ovipositor and the styli (often called genitalia) is of great systematic importance. The study of the copulatory apparatus often gives an explanation to difficult problems of classification and identification of species, genera, families, etc.

The term "dorsal" is used here for the upper part of the body, and for the lower part. The "basis" of an organ is the part attached to the body or closer to the center of the body. The "apex" of an organ is its distal part. The length of the body is given in millimeters and measured from the head to the apex of the abdomen, excluding appendages, if any. When the wings protrude beyond the end of the abdomen, the length of the body is often measured from the head to the tip of the wings. The measurements may also give the wing spread, etc. Measurements are given, when required, in the descriptions of orders or suborders.

"ventral",

The biology, or mode of life, of the insects comprises features which are important not only for their understanding but also for the interpretaPostembryonal development and the life cycle are the most important aspects of insect biology. tion of differences.

Postembryonal development.

The embryonal stage, i.e., development

in the egg, ends when the insect hatches. This marks the beginning of the second stage of the life cycle (the larval stage). The postembryonal development consists in the growth of the body of the larva by a series of ecdyses (shedding of the old cuticle) and the transformation of the larva into the adult instar or imago. In insects with incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabola) this transformation takes place at the last ecdysis, directly from the larval stage. In insects with complete metamorphosis (Holometabola) metamorphosis includes an intermediate stage of development, the pupa. Hemimetabola, therefore, have 3 developmental stages, whereas 16 Holometabola have four. The number of ecdyses during the growth of the larva varies in different groups and species of insects, from 3 in flies to 4-6 in Acrididae and Lepidoptera and to 45T in Ephemeroptera. The larval instars are separated by ecdyses. The instars are sometimes called stages. This term is occasionally used to denote a developmental stage. Larvae of insects vary greatly. However, two principal types may be distinguished, larvae which resemble the imago (nymphs), and larvae which differ from the imago (larvae). Nymphs are sometimes named

primary larvae, and the larvae, secondary larvae. The nymphs resemble the imago morphologic ally and biologically. Their appearance is like that of the adult; they have compound eyes, and advanced nymphal instars may possess wing rudiments. The body of the nymphs is clearly divided into thorax and abdomen, and they live in the same environment as the adult, feeding on the same food. Such larvae are characteristic of hemimetabolous insects. Nymphs and imagines of the same insect maybe sometimes found at the same time. If the imago is known the nymphs can be identified. The nymphs of Ephemeroptera. Odonatoptera, and Plecoptera show peculiar modifications. They possess provisional organs (belonging to the larval stage only) such as gills, etc., which are adaptations to their aquatic life. Such nymphs are sometimes called naiads.

Holometabolous larvae differ sharply from the adults in appearance, eyes, and wing rudiments. Their body segments

the absence of compound

t [This

is

apparently

a

misprint (see page 123). 25 is the

figure generally given.]

GENERAL PART

are all similar, and there is no division into thorax and abdomen. Larvae of this type vary considerably, but the majority belongs to three groups:

17

a) campodeiform larvae. These larvae resemble Campodea (Diplura) externally. They are active, slender, and usually possess a thick, dark integument, three pairs of rather long legs, a well-developed head, and setae at the posterior end of the body. Such larvae exist in carabids, dytiscrids and other Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and some Trichoptera; b) vermiform larvae. These larvae are inactive, often colorless or light colored, apodous. They occur in Diptera, higher Hymenoptera, Curculionidae, and some other Coleoptera, or with 3 pairs of short thoracic legs (many Coleoptera); c) cruciform larvae. These are usually moderately active larvae with 3 pairs of short thoracic legs and 2 to 8 pairs of abdominal legs. They occur among Mecoptera, caterpillars of Lepidoptera, and caterpillarlike larvae of lower Hymenoptera (sawflies). The holometabolous larvae differ from the adult also in their mode of life, food, habitat, etc. The identification of these larvae is more complicated than that of nymphs. A biological study is sometimes necessary to identify a species. The Holometabola, to which this type of larva belongs, also have an additional stage of development, the pupa. which appears as a result of the sharp difference between the morphology and anatomy of the larvae and those of the imago. This difference is eliminated during the pupal stage. Incomplete and complete metamorphosis are the two main types of metamorphosis. However, they do not cover the whole range of possibilities. Metamorphosis may become more complicated, and incomplete metamorphosis may even be more simplified. The simplest metamorphosis exists in primitive wingless insects with nymphs. Their simplified hemimetabolic development is called epimorphosis or more aptly protometabolous development. Wings, by which the imago can be distinguished from the larva, are nonexistent in this type of

development.

Protometabolic development exists in some lower insects (Collembola and Thysanura) and also in hemimetabolic wingless insects such as Anoplura, Mallophaga, wingless Blattoidea, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, etc. A complicated form of hemimetabolic development, hyperepimorphosis, or better, hypermorphosis, consists in the appearance of a quiescent period in the life of the nymphs (Adelgidae, Coccinea, Aleyrodidae, Thysanoptera). Complicated holometabolic development (hypermetamorphosis) is characterized by the appearance of several larval forms. The first is active (campodeiform). The next instar is vermiform, with a quiescent stage. Hypermetamorphosis exists in Meloidae and a few other insects. A peculiar type of metamorphosis exists in a primitive order of insects, the Protura. Their larvae closely resemble the adult, but they have a smaller number of abdominal segments. Development is accompanied by the appearance of additional segments at the tip of the abdomen. The full number is reached only in the adult. Such a metamorphosis is named anamorphosis. It occurs in a number of lower arthropods, and the fact that it has persisted in the Protura proves that they are primitive. The imago is the last stage in the life cycle of the insect. However, only rarely is the development of the individual completed as soon as this stage is reached in, e.g., Ephemeroptera, Bombyx, some Coleoptera. etc.,

sexually mature and capable of mating and reproducing immediately after hatching. In most cases, adults are not immediately sexually mature. They reach sexual maturity only after a period which may last from a few days to several months. During this period the insect becomes stronger by feeding. The transition from the juvenile to the sexually mature condition may be accompanied by a change in color of the body or parts of it. Ignorance of this has sometimes resulted in misinterpretation of species and in incorrect identifications. A peculiar form of metamorphosis, so-called phase variability, was first observed in Acrididae, and also later in other Orthoptera, and in Phasmida, Lepidoptera, etc. In this type of metamorphosis, the morphological and biological-physiological characteristics of the species change as a result of an increase in numbers. The pigmentation of the cuticle becomes more intense, the proportions and shape of parts of the body change, development is accelerated, and the behavior of individuals changes, resulting in the gregarious phase. Dispersal of the insects results in the loss of these properties. After passing through a transient phase, the species resumes its initial condition, the solitary phase. The differences between these phases are so great that some species were wrongly considered as 2 or 3 distinct species. LIFE CYCLE. The whole cycle of development from egg to imago is called a generation. The duration of one generation varies in different species. Many species are univoltine, i.e., have one generation per annum. Other species have 2 or 3 (or even more) generations per annum and may be called bi-, tri-, ormultivoltine. Specimens of the third generation of a year complete only a part of their life cycle. They need two, three, or more years to complete their development. Their generation is thus either biennial, triennial, or longer. An important aspect of the life cycle is the duration of phases of development in nature. For example, hibernation may in some species occur in the stage of the egg, larva, pupa, or imago. The duration of other phases changes correspondingly during the period of growth. Species with the same number of generations per year may therefore frequently differ from one another, passing a given phase of development at different seasons. A species may therefore differ not only in the number of generations per year but also in their annual cycle, i.e., the seasons at which phases of development take place. The annual cycle is sometimes complicated by a period of interrupted development, or diapause, at some stage of development. A diapause is characterized by reduced metabolism and cessation of feeding in the larva or imago. Development ceases. The diapause is controlled both by ecological factors, temperature, the photoperiodicity, etc., and by hormonal mechanisms. It is an adaptation to life in regions with sharp seasonal climatic changes, particularly in temperate climates. The coincidence of diapause with any given developmental stage is characteristic for each species. Diapause is also influenced by the geographical position and ecological factors which may vary for the same species. The number of generations is also influenced by the geographical position. In many species the number of generations increases southwards. It follows from the above that the development of each species is characterized by a specific periodicity. Each species has its own phenology and which are

18

GENERAL PART

pheno logical calendar which may be complicated or modified by regional and local factors.

Metamorphosis and the life cycle are the most important biological properties of insects. Only higher taxa like families and orders can be classified according to metamorphosis. Species may be distinguished by their life cycle. However, biological criteria are also important in the classification of genera and species.

ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

19

The most important aspect of the life of an organism is its relationship with the environment or ecological factors. This relationship is selective. The specific selectivity and its range are important characteristics of each species, representing its demands from the environment, i.e., its ecological standard.’ The key to the understanding of the ecological Standard of a species is the knowledge of its selectivity for food resources (the main source of energy) and habitats (the total of the ecological conditions at a point on the surface of the earth). Insects have a complicated and diversified food selectivity, exploiting very different forms of organic matter, e.g., animal and plant tissues. metabolites of organisms, corpses, and plant or animal remains. Adaptation to constant feeding on one of the above organic products resulted in different nutritional regimes in insects, i.e., nutritional specializations of the first degree. Many insects are phytophagous, others are predators and parasites, and others feed on various forms of dead matter (saprophages), feeding on decaying matter; necrophagous species, on corpses; coprophagous species, on excrements; detritivorous species, on plant remains. Some insects feed on special tissues, organs or parts of an animal or plant, resulting in further nutritional specialization. Phytophages comprise leaf-eaters, fruit-eaters, wood-eaters, root-eaters, and gall-forming insects. The predators and parasites include bloodsuckers, ecto- and endoparasites. There is also nutritional specialization of the second degree, developing from the selectivity of insects within the above-mentioned sources of organic matter. Phytophagous insects, predators, and parasites comprise monophagous, oligophagous, and polyphagous insects. A similar division also exists among some insects feeding on dead organic matter. Predators and parasites which are harmful to insects are often named entomophages. There are thus transitions between the above-mentioned types of nutritional specialization. However, they are not as numerous as might have been expected.

Selectivity of habitats is a very important and characteristic property of a given species. Each species has its own series of habitats. In some cases this series is diversified and in other cases it is restricted by a strict ecological framework, or even reduced to one single type of habitat. There are many transitions between these two extremes. It is therefore important to take into account the composition of habitats which are inhabited by a species when it is described. The property of species to settle selectively in a certain habitat is one of the most important ecological rules, and it may be named the rule of adherence to a habitat, or the constant choice of habitats.

ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

However, adherence to

a habitat is not an absolute characteristic of a It proves to be valid merely within a limited space and time in In large ranges of time and space the rule of adherence. to habitats is disturbed, and there is often the opposite tendency, namely, regular changes of habitat by a species. This phenomenon is named the rule of habitat change. It may be regional, vertical, seasonal, and annual. Regional change of habitats is characteristic of many migratory species. When they migrate to the north they choose dry, warm, open habitats. When they move to the south they settle in more humid and shaded habitats, often with dense vegetation. A peculiar form of regional habitat change is the regional change of inhabited layers of the ground; terrestrial species may shift to an underground mode of life in dry parts of their range. A vertical change of habitat is analogous to a regional change, but is characteristic of mountain conditions. When the mountain is bordered by arid landscapes, e.g., steppe or desert, and the lowland part of the range faces north, insects seek more humid stations as they go higher. On the other hand, when they reach a point at which plain and mountain meet, the higher they go the more they seek dry and open habitats. These are the rules of habitat change in large areas of the range of species. Seasonal and yearly changes of habitat are obligatory micromigrations of species resulting from microclimatic and climatic changes and changes of the plant cover. Seasonal changes of habitat are mainly characteristic of zones with a hot and dry climate, consisting in the migration of insects to more humid habitats in summer, especially during drought, when the plant cover dries up. Yearly changes of habitat occur in connection with climatic divergences from the average. Dry years result in migration of many species to humid habitats and humid years in migration to dry habitats. The ecological-physiological basis of habitat changes is the conservative selectivity of species and their strict adherence to their ecological standard. As a result, habitats change, and some species may be found in two different habitats within a wide range of time and space. This eventually results in a modification of the ecology of the species and furthers intraspecific differentiation, acting as an evolutional factor. One species is often represented by different subspecies in separate zones, or differentiated into two very closely related species. If the selectivity of a species to habitats is analyzed, the amplitude of their requirements and their tolerance of ecological conditions has to be determined, i.e., the degree of their ecological specialization. Species with a broad range of requirements (a wide ecological standard) are ecologically versatile (eurybiontic). Highly specialized species with a narrow ecological standard are stenobiontic. The degree of selectivity is usually not equal for different ecological factors. Thus, there are species which are stenobiontic for food, for instance, and eurybionttc for habitats, or vice versa. The range of a species is actually a geographically extended habitat. It thus constitutes a combination of the requirements of a species from a sum of ecological conditions on a large territory. This ecologicalgeographical combination is made more complex by geohistorical factors connected with climate, plant cover, soil, etc. The range of a species is therefore the sum of past and present conditions. The distribution of species and faunae therefore exhibits a series of irregularities.

species.

a number of cases.

20

GENERAL PART

The range of most species is geographically continuous, but the range of some species is interrupted. Most interrupted ranges in the Soviet Union owe their existence to the Glacial Period and to interglacial xerothermic periods. These periods resulted in the transfer of northern forms far to the south and in the penetration of some southern forms far to the north. These forms, living in isolation from their continuous range, are glacial and xerothermic relicts. Changes in the contours of the dry land as a result of transgressions of the sea also caused interrupted ranges of insects. This was observed, for instance, when the Crimean Mountains became separated from the rest of the Mediterranean Region. The evolution of a species to the present often culminates in its differentiation into two or several closely related species which seem to be identical. Only a careful study may prove that they are actually different. Such sibling species are either allopatric (when their ranges are different) or more or less sympatric (when their ranges partly or wholly coincide). The irregular geographical distribution of series of species (faunae) makes the division of the land into a series of zoogeographical units of various categories necessary. All territories of the Soviet Union including its .European part belong to the Palearctic Region which also includes the whole of Europe, North Africa, and the temperate zone of Asia. Some scientists consider all these areas and North America as the Holarctic Region, and they regard the Palearctic Region merely as a subregion. The Palearctic Region is subdivided approximately as follows: 1. The Arctic Subregion: the tundra adjacent to the Arctic Ocean. 2. The Boreal Subregion: the largest part of the Soviet Union, including the taiga (thenorthoftheEuropeanU.S.S.R. and Siberia), the mixed forests (from Leningrad, Yaroslavl, and Perm in the north to the Tr an s Carpathian Region, Lvov, Kiev, Kursk, the Volga Upland, and southern Bashkiria in the south), the forest-steppe (from Moldavia, the Central Belt, and northeastern Ukraine with the adjacent part of the central Chernozem Belt to the central Transvolga Region t, the Ural Region tt and southern West Siberia), the steppe (southern Moldavia, the Ukraine, the Volga-Don area, Ciscaucasia, the Transvolga Region from Kuibyshev and Kamyshin to the southern Ural Region, Northwest and North Kazakhstan, southern Transural Region 1 and southeastern West Siberia) and the Caucasus, with the exception of the Mediterranean coast. 3. The Mediterranean Subregion: southern Crimea, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the greater part of Transcaucasia. 4. The Desert Subregion: eastern Ciscaucasia (between the lower reaches of the Terek and Sulak rivers), southern Volga Region (south of Volgograd), Kazakhstan, including the south of the western part, the plains of Soviet Central Asia. In addition, the non-European territory of the U.S.S.R. also includes part of the Asian-Highland Subregion (the Soviet Central Asian mountains) and of the Palearctic Subregion (the southern Far East, the valley of the Amur, the Maritime Territory, and southern Sakhalin).

+ [Transvolga Region the area east of the Volga.] tt (Ural Regionthe area immediately west of the Urals.] t [Transural Region

-

21

the area east of the Urals.]

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

The above outline of the principal zoogeo graphical subdivisions of the Palearctic Subregion is generally accepted, but there are dissenting opinions. Some authors, for example, regard the Caucasus’and the Desert Subregion as part of the Mediterranean Subregion.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

23

Scientific classification is based on the use of a large number of taxa. The main taxa are the following: species, genus, family, order, class, and type. Taxonomists often use (especially for insects) a series of intermediate and supplementary taxa such as subgenus, between species and genus; tribe and subtribe, between genus and family; subfamily, between genus or tribe and family; superfamilyand suborder, between family and order; superorder, infraclass and subclass, between order and class. Since the time of Linnaeus (1758) the species is the principal unit of taxonomy, Linnaeus defined it as a group of individuals in which both parents and progeny are similar. The concept of the species is in fact much more complicated, and the problem of the species is one of the most intricate and important of modern biology. The species is an objective and qualitative reality, a unique complex of morphological, physiological, biological and ecological-geographical characters. A qualitative difference always exists between true species, and this is the definitive criterion of the species. There is also a number of intraspecific taxa. Species exist in nature as groups of closely related individuals (populations). It is often thought that a population is a group of identical individuals. This is not correct, and scientific data indicate that populations are heterogeneous. A group of populations characteristic of definite ecological conditions (including habitats) is often known as an ecotype. Ecotypes may differ in ecological and physiological properties, i.e.. in their different selection of the environment, although they are still morphologic ally identical. The next degree is the morpha, an ecological aberration of a species with marked morphological differences. This taxon is in many cases a morphologically differentiated ecotype. The highest intraspecific taxon is the subspecies, a geographical race of the species. Subspecies differ morphologically and geographically. Morphological differences disappear in the zone of contact between the ranges of the principal form and the subspecies (strictly speaking between the ranges of two subspecies). In such an area appear transitional forms which cannot be ascribed to any of these subspecies. This gradual transition of subspecies is often known as c-linal variation. When a dine, i.e., a variable series, is limited to a narrow territory the subspecies are well differentiated geographically. On the other hand, a dine may extend over a large territory, and may not exhibit sharply differentiated subspecies. In this case a character of the widely distributed species may show only gradual variation and only populations from the outskirts of the range can therefore be dearly distinguished, while those inhabiting the larger part of the range do not show clear differences. It is obviously incorrect to define such forms as "subspecies". Another type of intraspecific variability is parallel variation repeating itself in series of species and even in families and orders. Instances of such variation are macropterous individuals in normally brachypterous species or specimens with a different wing coloration (roseipennis, coeruleipennis forms, etc.). Such variations are conveniently named forms.

GENERAL PART

Color variations which occur in populations together with typical specimens may be termed aberrations. The term variety is used when the taxonomic position of an intraspecific form (or other deviation from the typical form) is not clear. Binomial nomenclature used for naming well-known groups of insects is being gradually superseded by trinomial nomenclature which also designates subspecies. However, we do not as a rule give trinomials in this key. Morphae are designated by Latin names only in wellestablished cases. On the other hand, it is useless and unnecessary to give Latin names to color or other aberrations, The existence of synonyms of species, genera, etc., is a serious disadvantage of taxonomy. Many synonyms, mainly of species and genera, are the result of ignorance or misunderstanding of descriptions (especially of 18th and 19th century authors). It is necessary to refrain from describing new species from single specimens to avoid further accumulation of synonyms. Also, no new species and genera should be established in little-known, large taxa with a complicated and confused synonymy without revision of the taxon and critical examination of the pertinent literature and type specimens, Type specimens, on which the descriptions of new species and subspecies are based, are very important. They are the common property of science and should be deposited in well-known scientific institutions with a qualified staff to ensure proper custody and availability. Types kept in private collections are always liable to destruction or loss by accident. It is therefore the moral duty of taxonomists not working in institutions with properly kept collections to deposit types in large zoological institutions. The principal zoological institution of the U.S.S.R. is the Zoological Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences. If a new species is described from a series, the best preserved specimen should be selected as holotype. In this case all other specimens of the series are called paratypes. A second specimen of opposite sex of the holotype may be designated as allotype. The above practice is necessary because two or more species may be present in a series. In this case the existence of the holotype makes it possible to decide which specimens 24 should keep the name of the species. Topotypes, i.e.. specimens from the type locality, may help with the interpretation of inadequately described species in case the type is lost or not accessible. A scientist describing a new genus must indicate the type species (genotype) which in his opinion best represents the diagnosis of the genus or is a well-known and widely distributed species. This procedure also avoids confusion in case it is necessary to divide a genus into two or more

genera.

-

The great diversity of species, genera, and other taxa requires that the Latin nomenclature always be concise, easy to pronounce, and rational. The names of winged orders of insects usually have the ending -ptera (from the Greek: pteron wing). The ending o i d e a is used for superfamilies or superorders, -idae and -inae for families and subfamilies respectively, -ini for tribes. The principles of taxonomy have been worked out by many generations of scientists. They are an example of a logical system of categories which makes it possible, when applied to such a large group as the insects, to encompass all their variety and make them comprehensible,

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS More than 800,000 species of insects are known, and their number is rapidly approaching one million. The insect fauna of the U.S.S.R. alone consists of at least 80,000 species. The great diversity of insects requires a complicated classification. The classification of higher groups proposed below is based on modern scientific data and contributions of eminent scientists, especially A. V. Martynov. Unnecessary details have been eliminated. According to recent scientific data the subclass Apterygota should be divided into two infraclasses. Some zoologists even suggest classifying them as separate classes. This is not necessary in our opinion, because if these groups are ascribed to the class Insecta, not only is their traditional classification as insects retained, but also their close relationship to insects is emphasized. In the subclass Pterygota the classification into the infraclasses Palaeoptera and Neoptera (suggested by A.V. Martynov) should be united with the classification according to incomplete and complete metamorphosis (Hemi- and Holometabola). Related orders are included in superorders. These are considered more broadly in our classification than by some older authors, who in some cases ignored differences between the taxa "superorder" and "order" t. The class Insecta is divided into 2 subclasses, 6 superorders, and 34 orders. Orders not represented in the U.S.S-R. and its European part are given in square brackets. The subdivisions of Apterygota do not correspond to those given in the article mentioned above (Bei-Bienko, 1962).

25

Class

I.

A.

Subclass

2. 3.

Protura. Podura. Diplura.

Mouthparts concealed

in the head.

No antennae.

Infraclass Thysanurata. 4.

INSECTA

Primitive wingless insects.

Infraclass Entognatha. 1.

B.

Apterygota.

Mouthparts ordinary, visible.

Thysanura.

II. Subclass Pterygota. Winged insects. The most complex and diversified group of winged or secondarily wingless insects. Divided into two unequal infraclasses. A. Infraclass Palaeoptera. Wings without jugal region, laterally spread or held vertically upward at rest. Including only two superorders of modern insects with one order each.

t G.Ya.

Bei-Bienko.

cheskoe obozrenie,

Ob obshchei klassifikaisii nasekomykh (General Taxonomy of Insects).- Entomologi-

XLI. No.l. 1962.

GENERAL PART

a.

Superorder Ephemeroidea.

b.

Superorder Odonatoidea.

5.

6.

Ephemeroptera.

Odonatoptera.

Mayflies.

Dragonflies.

Infraclass Neoptera. Jugal region of wings either present or lost. At rest wings compactly folded along the body. This capacity is rarely lost. Consisting of two sections, five superorders and 28 orders.

B.

1. Section Hemimetabola. resembling imago. c.

Metamorphosis incomplete.

Larvae

Superorder Orthopteroidea.

10.

Blattoptera. Mantoptera. Isoptera. Termites. Plecoptera. Stoneflie s.

11.

Embioptera.

7. 8. 9.

[lla. Zoraptera.

Minute tropical insects living in colonies and showing some caste differentiation.] Phasmoptera. Stick- and leaf-insects. [12a. Grylloblattida. Occurring in the Far East, Japan and North

12.

26

America.] Orthoptera.

13. 14.

Dermaptera. Earwigs.

[14a. Hemimerida. d.

Parasites of rodents in

Africa.]

Superorder Hemipteroidea. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Psocoptera. Mallophaga.

19.

Hemiptera. Thysanoptera.

20.

Anoplura.

Book lice. Biting lice. Sucking lice.

Homoptera. Thrips.

2. Section Holometabola. Metamorphosis complete. resembling imago, without compound eyes. e.

Superorder Coleopteroidea. 21. 22.

f.

Superorder Neuropteroidea. 23. 24. 25.

g.

Coleoptera. Beetles. Strepsiptera.

Megaloptera. Alderflies. Raphidioptera. Snake flies. Neuroptera. Lacewings and ant lions.

Superorder Mecopteroidea. 26. 27.

Mecoptera. Trichoptera.

Scorpion flies. Caddis flies.

Larvae not

PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR IDENTIFICATION

28.

Lepidoptera.

Butterflies and moths.

29.

Hymenoptera.

30. 31.

Aphaniptera. Fleas. Diptera. Flies.

In the systematic section of this key the names of the orders and the order in which they are dealt with correspond to the above list. The order is considered the principal higher taxon, and all orders are described in detail. Other higher taxa, viz., superorders, sections, infraclasses and subclasses, do not appear further in the key, and are given here only for general orientation.

PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR IDENTIFICATION It is usually convenient to describe

insects from dry, pinned specimens. If the material is not pinned, it should be transferred to a humid container, preferably a broad and low glass jar with wet sand on the bottom and a tight cover, to be kept until it becomes flexible. The insect should then 27 be mounted on an entomological pin at 2/3 of its length, and antennae, legs, etc., should be arranged in their proper position and fixed with pins. The method of mounting an insect is determined by its size, the order to which it belongs, and other factors described in detail in handbooks and instructions. We shall only mention that long antennae should be bent backwards along the body, and legs should be pressed against the body or under it. The pinned insect thus becomes less breakable and takes less space in the collection. It is occasionally necessary to spread the wings to examine their venation (Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, etc.). After the insect is dried for several days, alabelwith place, date, circumstances of capture, and the name of the collector is placed under the specimen. The pinned insect is then ready to be placed in a collection. Minute insects or insects with a delicate integument are usually kept in alcohol, formaldehyde, or other preserving liquid. Very minute specimens are examined in a drop of liquid on a watch glass or a slide. Large specimens with a tough integument may also be kept in liquids. However, such preservation may often result in change or loss of color and this may make accurate identification impossible. In some cases specimens have to be cleared. For this purpose they are placed for several minutes in glycerol or in lactic acid. Alcohol specimens are cleared directly, but specimens preserved in formaldehyde are first washed in water. Specimens kept in Faure’s medium are automatically cleared. Many minute insects are identified from permanent preparations, mounted in Canada balsam as follows: 1) placing the specimen in 70 alcohol for 5 to 30 min; 2) dehydration in 95 alcohol for 5 to 30 min; 3) clearing in oil of cloves, cedar oil, or carbol xylol (1 part crystalline carbolic acid and 3 parts xylene) for 3 to 15 min; 4) transfer to a slide, covering with a drop of Canada balsam dissolved in xylene, and covering

with a cover glass. When it is necessary to examine sclerotized structures such as whole minute insects, separate segments, dissected male genitalia, etc., the object is boiled for 3-5 min in a 10% solution of KOH or NaOH to dissolve all soft tissues. The objects are then washed with water to eliminate

GENERAL PART

alkali remains. Finally they are preserved in alcohol or made into permanent preparations. In other cases they are glued to a piece of cardboard and mounted under the pinned specimen. Care should immediately be taken to provide preparations or preserved sclerites with proper labels. Labels for alcohol specimens should be written on parchment paper with a black pencil or India ink. Further details on pinning, preservation, and preparations are given, when necessary, with the descriptions of orders or suborders,

28

IDENTIFICATION If this Key is used to identify an insect, i.e., to find its Latin name and its Russian common name (if any), one should first turn to the key to orders (p. 23). All higher taxa such as superorder, section, infraclass, and subclass are not included in the key. They are given in the chapter "Classification of Insects" and are dealt with in the foregoing text. After the order, the family (sometimes the suborder or superfamily), should be identified and then the genus and species. The Key includes all genera and most species in the European U.S.S.R., to the Crimea and Ciscaucasia. Genera and species occurring in West Siberia and North Kazakhstan are also given in some orders, as their fauna has much in common with that of the European U.S.S.R. The fauna of the Northern Caucasus i.e., of the northern slopes of the Caucasus has much in common with that of the European U.S.S.R. range However, it contains many local or southern genera and species whose inclusion in the key would have required a great enlargement of the book. The book therefore covers only part of the North Caucasian fauna, mainly small and well-known orders such as Ephemeroptera, Odonatoptera, and all the Orthopteroidea except Plecoptera, Psocoptera, and part of

Orthoptera. In some cases the keys give only genera, or only a few species of a genus. This is usually in cases of little-known genera, or of genera which contain many similar, often ecologically identical species without any scientific or practical interest. To become better acquainted with such genera the reader is referred to suitable sources. In addition, lists of basic comprehensive keys and faunae are given for each order, sometimes even for suborders and superfamilies. These sources make it possible to study the classification of these groups more thoroughly. The keys are constructed according to the Swedish system. They consist of a series of opposed characteristics (thesis and antithesis) which should be carefully compared, and the suitable character chosen. All items are marked with ordinal numbers. The thesis is marked with a free number and the antithesis with a number in brackets. To identify an insect one begins with number 1 (thesis), choosing the suitable thesis or antithesis and always advancing, never returning, until a name in boldface is reached. In keys to suborders, superfamilies, and families, the page on which the next key is found is usually indicated in brackets after the name of the taxon. No page numbers are indicated in keys to genera, and further reference to the genus should be made according to the ordinal number of the genus.

IMPORTANT HANDBOOKS

IMPORTANT HANDBOOKS The literature on orders is given with the description of each order. When necessary, the literature on genera, subfamilies, and families is given in footnotes. 29 The following bibliography gives the most important handbooks and keys.

General Handbooks Publications in Russian Bei-Bienko, G.Ya., N. N. Bo gd anov K at’ kov et al. Sel’skokhozyaistvennaya entomologiya (Agricultural Entomology). Third edition. Moskva-Leningrad. Sel’khozgiz. 1955. 616 pp. Beklemi she v, V. N. (editor) et al. Meditsinskaya entomologiya Medgiz. 1949. 490pp. (Medical Entomology), Vol. LMoskva, Kholodkovs kit, N. A. Kurs entomologii teoreticheskoi i prikladnoi (A Course of Theoretical and Applied Entomology). Fourth edition.Moskva-Leningrad, Vol.1. 1927. 432 pp; Vol.11. 1929. 400 pp; Vol. III. 1931. 496 pp. Pavlovskii, E.N. Rukovodstvo po parazitologii cheloveka (A Handbook Moskva-Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo of Human Parasitology), Vol. II. Akademii Nauk SSSR. 1948. pp. 527-1022. Rimskii-Korsakov, M.N. and V. I. Gusev et al. (editors). Lesnaya entomologiya (Forest Entomology). Third edition. MoskvaLeningrad. Goslesbumizdat. 1949. 507 pp. Shchegolev. V.N. Sel’ skokhozyaistvennaya entomologiya (Agricultural Entomology). Moskva-Leningrad, Sel’khozgiz. 1960. 448 pp. Shvanvich, B.N. Kurs obshchei entomologii (A Course in General Entomology).Moskva-Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo "Sovetskaya Nauka". 1949. 900 pp. Shvanvich, B.N. Vvedenieventomologiyu (Introduction to Entomology). Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo Len.ingradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. 1959. 342 pp.

Publications in Other Languages

Balachovsky, A. and L. Mesnil. Les Insectes nuisibles aux plantes cultivees.Paris, 1936. 1921 pp. Grasse, P.P. (editor). Insectes.In: Traite de Zoologie, 9, Paris, 1949. 1117 pp; 10, 1951, 1948pp. Imms, A.D. A General Textbook of Entomology, 9th ed., London, 1957, 886 pp. Obenberger, J. Entomologie. Praha, I, 1952. 869 pp; II, 1955, 726 pp; III, 1957. 468 pp; IV, 1958, 614pp. Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankeiten. IV, V. Tierische Schadlinge an Nutzpflanzen. 5. Aufl. Berlin, 1949. 554 pp, 599pp. Weber, H. Lehrbuch der Entomologie. Jena, 1933, 726pp. Weber, H. Grundriss der Insektenkunde. Stuttgart. 1954, 428pp.

GENERAL PART

Keys and Manuals

-

Arnoi’di, K, V., L. V. Arnoi’di, G. Ya. Bei-Bienko etal. (editors). Opredelitel1 nasekomykh, povrezhdayushchikh derev’ya i kusta’rniki polezashchitnykh polos (A Key to Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs of Shelterbelts). Moskva-Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR. 1958. 441 pp. Fauna SSSR (The Fauna of the U.S.S.R.). New series. Izdatel’stvo Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR (A Series of Monographs on Groups of Insects. More than 40 issues published). Filip ’ ev, I. N. Opredelitel’ nasekomykh (A Key to Insects). Moskva, 1928. 943 pp. Gilyarov, M.S. (editor). Opredelitel1 obitayushchikh v pochve lichinok nasekomykh (Key to Soil- Inhabiting Insect Larvae). MoskvaLeningrad, Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1964. 930 pp. Gusev, V.I. and M. N, Rim skii Ko r sakov. Opredelitel’ povrezhdenii lesnykh i dekorativnykh derev’ev i kustarnikov evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (A Key to Injuries of Forest and Decorative Trees and Shrubs of the European U.S.S.R.), 2nd edition. Moskva-Leningrad, Goslesbumizdat, 1951. 580pp. Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, izdavaemye Zoo logiche skim institutom Akademii Nauk SSSR (Keys to Fauna of the U.S.S.R.). Published by the Zoological Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences (A Series Dealing with Individual Groups of Insects). Shchegolev, V. N. etal. (editors). Opredelitel1 nasekomykh po povrezhdeniyam kul’turnykh rastenii (Key to Insects Arranged According to Damage to Cultural Plants), 4th edition. Moskva-Leningrad, Sel’khozgiz, 1960. 607pp. Shchegolev, V. N. etal. (editors). Slovar’-spravochnik entomologa (An Entomological Glossary), 2nd edition. Moskva-Leningrad, Sel’khozgiz, 1958. 631 pp. Shtakel’be rg, A.A.etal. (editors). Spisok vrednykh nasekomykh SSSR i sopredel’nykh stran (A List of Harmful Insects of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries). Trudy po zashchite rastenii, series 1, issue 5. 1932. 500 pp. Tarbinskii, S.P. and N. N. Plavil’ shchikov (editors). Opredelitel’ nasekomykh evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (Key to the Insects of the European U.S. S-R.). Moskva-Leningrad, Sel’khozgiz. 1948. 1128 pp. Pavlovskii, E.N. and A. A. Shtakel1 be rg (editors). Vrediteli lesa (Forest Pests). A Handbook, Vols. I and II. Moskva-Leningrad, Izdatel’stvo AN SSSR. 1955. 1097 pp.

SYSTEMATIC PART

KEY TO ORDERS BASED ON THE IMAGO G.Ya. Bei-Bienko 1 (8).

2 (3).

Abdomen with furca at apex (Figure 7, 2) or 2-3 cerci (Figure 7, 3, 4), or with paired ventral appendages at least on the first segments (Figure 7, 1); if these organs are absent, first abdominal segment ventral with an eversible tube. Small or very small ................................... (Subclass Apterygota) No antennae or eyes. First pair of legs longer than the others. Abdomenlackingappendagesatapexbut with short, paired rudimen-

No wings.

1. Protura (p. 32) tary legs on first three segments (Figure 7,1) Antennae present. First pair of legs not longer than the others (Figure 7, 2,3). Abdomen 4- to 6-segmented. Venter of abdominal segment I usually with an eversible tube (Figure 7, 2). Apex of abdomen often with a segmented springing fork (Figure 7, 2). Antennae 4- to 6-segmented, but both apical segments may be annulated ....

3 (2). 4

(5).

............................................. 2. Podura (p.35) Abdomen 10-segmented, with 2 or 3 terminal segmented cerci (Figure 7, 3, 4) or with pair of short forceps; abdominal segment I without eversible tube. Antennae many-segmented. (7). Apex of abdomen with only one pair of appendages, segmented cerci or not segmented forceps (Figure 7, 3). Body delicate, without scales. No eyes. Tarsi 1-segmented ................... 3. Diplura (p.Ill) .......................................... (6). Apex of abdomen with 3-segmented caudal filaments (Figure 7, 4). Body usually covered with scales. Eyes present or absent. Tarsi 4. Thysanura (p. 115) 3- to 5-segmented (1). Wings present. If wings are absent, ventral appendages of abdomen absent or present only at apex of abdomen and of different (Subclass Pterygota) structure. Size small or large (12). Head with long segmented proboscis, which is bent beneath the body (Figure 8, 5, 6). Maxillary and labial palps absent. Wings

5 (4).

6

7

.....................

8

............

9

10 (11).

il

present or absent. Proboscis originating behind

anterior margin of head, as if originating from its posterior margin (Figure 8, 6). Fore wings, (if present) of uniform texture, held in a rooflike manner over the back at rest, i.e., covering the abdomen both dorsally and laterally (Figure 8, 1-3) ...................... 18. Homoptera (p. 419) 11 (10), Proboscis originating at anterior part of head (Figure 8, 5). Fore wings (if present) held flat over abdomen, not of uniform consistency. Distal part of fore wings transparent and delicate;

SYSTEMATIC PART

remaining part of fore wings thicker and often opaque 19. Hemiptera (p. 665) (Figure 8, 4» .............................

FIGURE 1. 1

Representatives of insect orders (after Handlirsch, Rimskii-Korsakov, Tumpel, and Filip’ev)

(Eoseniomon); 2Podur. (Tomocerus); 3Diplura (Japyx): 4-Thysanura (Lepisma); 5 Ephemeropiera (Ephen era); 6Odonaioptera (Aeschna). Proiura

12 (9).

Mouthparts biting or sucking. Sucking mouthparts not forming segmented proboscis. Trophi occasionally rudimentary. 13 (14). Abdomen, with 2 or 3 very long, slender, many-segmented caudal filaments (Figure 7, 5). Venation of wings reticulate; hind pair of wings smaller than anterior pair or absent. Antennae slender, shorter than head. Larvae aquatic ..... 5. Ephemeroptera (p. 121) 14 (13). Apex of abdomen without segmented caudal filaments or with a pair of moderately long, segmented cerci. In this case, antennae longer than half the length of the body.

KEY TO ORDERS BASED ON THE IMAGO

32

15 (16).

Antennae very slender, small, shorter than head. Wings reticulate. Hind pair of wings of similar shape and as long as anterior pair (Figure 7, 6). Abdomen very long, slender, with terminal appendages .................. 6. Odonatoptera (p. 157)

Antennae well-developed, longer than head. If antennae are small and shorter than head, only one pair of wings or none. 17 (18). Body very small (0.5-5) and narrow. Antennae 6- to 9-segmented. Legs short (Figure 8, 7). Wings (if present) narrow, with long

16 (15).

SYSTEMATIC PART

33

fringes (Figure 8, 8). Tarsi 1-or 2-segmented, with terminal vesicle. Common on flowers ........ 20. Thysanoptera (p. 1119). 18 (17). Body, if shorter than 5.0, with different characters. 19 (20). Forelegs longer than the others, raptorial, prehensile (Figure 9,1). Apex of abdomen with one pair of segmented cerci ............... hair

........................................

20 (19).

Forelegs not prehensile;

8. Mantoptera (p.200)

if forelegs prehensile, abdomen without

cerci.

21 (22). Apex of abdomen with a pair of rigid appendages (forceps) (Figure 9, 2). Legs short, with 3-segmented tarsi ............... ...................................... 14. Dermaptera (p. 354) 22 (21). Apex of abdomen without rigid forceps. 23 (24). Head cordiform, dorsally covered by the large pronotum. Mouthparts biting, directed downwards and backwards. Body often flat, Abdomen with one pair of terminal, usually segmented cerci (Figure, 9, 3) ............................ 7. Blattoptera (p. 190) 24 (23). Head free. If head partly covered by pronotum, mouthparts porrect or directed downwards, but not backwards. Body not flat, or abdomen without terminal cerci. 25 (26). Hind femora thickened, hind legs modified for jumping (Figure 9, 4), or forelegs fossorial. Anterior wings (if developed) transformed into tegmina, but with well-defined venation. Apex of abdomen with one pair of cerci and often bearing ovipositor in females ..... ........................................ 13. Orthoptera(p.248) 26 (25). Hind femora not thickened, forelegs not fossorial. If characters mentioned above present, tegmina without venation, 27 (28). First segment of forelegs strongly expanded, containing externally invisible silk glands. Body long, cylindrical. Apex of abdomen with 2-segmented cerci which are asymmetrical in males. Wings absent or developed in males only. In this case, both pairs identical and narrow (Figure 9, 5) ....... 11. Embioptera (p. 242) 28 (27). First segment of forelegs normal. The other characters different. 29 (30). Forewings of males transformed into very short, protruding clublike appendages. Hind wings larger, fan-shaped (Figure 10, 1). Male very small, with large metathorax and specialized 4- to 7segmented antennae. Female endoparasitic in insects, larviform (Figure 10. 2), without eyes, legs and wings. Head and thorax of female fused into small cephalothorax protruding from the integument of the host ........................... Strepsiptera (Vol. II) 30 (29). Different characters. 31 (32). Fore wings without venation, transformed into thick, often horny elytra, which cover at least part of abdomen dorsally (Figure 10, 3, 4). Hind wings (if present) membranous, folded under elytra. at rest rarely protruding. Pronotum well-developed. Mouthparts biting ..................................... Coleoptera (Vol. II) 32 (31). Fore wings with distinct venation, often reticulate or membranous, or completely wingless. 33 (34). Body long, very slender, rodlike (Figure 9, 6), sometimes expanded and leaflike. Apterous or with more or less developed wings, m this case, fore wings,always shorter than hind wings 12. Phasmoptera (p. 245)

KEY TO ORDERS BASED ON THE IMAGO

If wings present, anterior pair not shorter than posterior pair. Wings developed, 1 or 2 pairs. 2 pairs of wings. 37 (52). Wings bare, often iridescent. Only veins occasionally setose 34 (33).

34

Body of different shape.

35 (58). 36 (55).

38 (39). Hind wings posteriorly and basally expanded, forming an oval lobe with many longitudinal veins (Figure 9, 7). Mandibles and maxillae rudimentary. Abdomen with a pair of cerci which are

SYSTEMATIC PART

often long and many-segmented (Figure 9, 7).

39 (38). 40 (49).

41 (42).

42 (41). 43 (48).

44 (47). 45 (46).

Larvae aquatic ................................. 10. Plecoptera (p. 210) oval lobe without Hind wings slightly expanded posteriorly, (Figures9,8; 10, 6,8,10; 11, 4,5)t. Mandibles well developed. Wings large, usually reticulate; hind wings not shorter, or little shorter than fore wings. If hind wings are shorter, body small and wings covered with whitish dust. Fore- and hind wings similar, with transverse suture at base and with many longitudinal, branching veins (Figure 9, 8) and remnants of irregular network between them. Abdomen with one pair of small cerci ................................ 9. Isoptera (p.206) Cross veins as thick as longitudinal veins, usually numerous (Figure 10, 6, 8, 9). Hind- and fore wings often dissimilar. Head normal, not extended downward like a beak. Wings large, held in rooflike manner at rest. Antennae anterior to eyes. Tarsi 4- or 5-segmented. Third or fourth tarsal segment expanded, bilobed. Prothorax normal, short (Figure 10, 6). Fourth tarsal segment expanded. Wings without pterostigma, brownish. Female without ovipositor. Larvae aquatic, imagines living near water .............................. Megaloptera (Vol. Ill) Prothorax elongate (Figure 10,7). Third tarsal segment expanded. Wings with a pterostigma, transparent. Female with ovipositor .............................. Raphldioptera (Vol. Ill) Antennae between eyes. Tarsi 5-segmented. No tarsal segments expanded. Veins bifurcating distally (Figure 10, 8), or body small and wings covered with whitish dust ......... Neuroptera (Vol. III). Head directed downwards like a beak (Figure 10,9), with biting mouthparts at the end. Wings elongate, heldmore or less flat over back at rest .................................... Mecoptera (Vol. HI) Wings small, with few cross veins, i.e., not reticulate, not covered with whitish dust. Hind wings shorter than fore wings ..........

46 (45).

47 (44).

48 (43).

49 (40).

(Figure 10, 10; 11, 4,5). 50 (51).

Prothorax clearly differentiated, with well-marked, separate pronotum. Head relatively large, with protruding eyes. Veins of wings tortuously curved. Wings held in rooflike manner at rest. Body small, with soft integument (Figure 10, 10)

15. Psocoptera (p. 362) 51 (50). Prothorax fused with the rest of the thorax. Pronotum not not separate. Eyes protruding. Veins of wings not tortuous, or integument rigid. Wings of very small forms often almost without veins (Figure 11, 4, 5) ............ Hymenoptera (Vol. IV) 52 (37). Wings completely covered with hair or scales. Scales rarely covering only margin of wings, forming a marginal fringe, Mandibles usually absent. 53 (54). Wings and body setose. Setae occasionally rare. Mouthparts not forming proboscis. Maxillary palps always present, 3- to 5-segmented. Larvae aquatic. Imagines often living near water (Figure 11, 1) Trichoptera (Vol. Ill) ............................

t Oval lobe present only in Termites of the family

Mastotermitidae (Australia and

European Oligocene).

KEY TO ORDERS

BASED ON THE IMAGO

SYSTEMATIC PART

FIGURE 11.

Representatives of orders (after Bogdanov-Kat’kov, Meyer, Popov. Filip’ev, and Shtakel-berg)

1-Trichoptera (Limnophilus); 2. 3Lepidoptera: 2-Pieris; 3apterous female of Orgya; 4-6Hymenopiera: 4-Ichneumonid (Amblyieles); 5-bee (Mellita); 6ant (Tetramorium); 7-9-Dipiera: 7-syrphid (Syrphus); 8sheepked(Melophagus); 9Chionea; 10-Aphaniptera (Ceratophyllus); 11Anoplura (Hematopinus); 12Mallophaga (Trinoton).

KEY TO ORDERS BASED ON THE IMAGO

37

54 (53).

Wings and body covered with scales. Mouthparts often form proboscis, spirally coiled at rest. Maxillary palps usually absent. Proboscis occasionally absent. Mandibles rarely developed (Figure 11, 2). Lepidoptera (Vol. Ill) Only anterior pair of wings present. Hind wings absent. Tarsi one-segmented, with a single claw. Mouthparts rudimentary. 18, Homoptera (Males, Coccinea; p. 800). Tarsi 2- to 5-segmented, always with a pair of claws. Mouthparts as a rule forming a well-developed proboscis (Figure 11, 7) .............................................. Diptera (Vol. V) Wings absent or very short, rudimentary (Figure 11, 6, 8-12). Body dorso-ventrally depressed (flat). Pronotum small, smaller than head. Head protruding forward, with small eyes consisting of few facets. Legs with laterally directed, strong claws adapted for clinging. Parasites. Mouthparts biting, head large. Ectoparasites of mammals and birds (Figure 11, 12) 16. Mallophaga (p. 385) Mouthparts piercing-sucking, forming proboscis. Antennae about as long as head, 3- to 6-segmented. Tarsi with 1 large claw. No palpi. Ectoparasites of mammals and man 17. Anoplura (p. 404) (Figure 11,11) Antennae much shorter than head, 3-segmented. Tarsi with one pair of claws. Palpi present. Ectoparasites of mammals (Hippoboscidae; Figure 11, 8) and insects (Braulidae) .................. ...............................................Diptera (Vol. V) Pronotum larger than head, covering head dorsally. Legs ordinary, slender, ambulatory. Mouthparts biting (Figure 10. 5) ........................ Coleoptera (females of fireflies; Vol. II) Body not compressed dorso-ventrally, head directed more or less downwards. Body strongly compressed laterally, covered with spines and setae (Figure 11, 10). Hind legs saltatorial. Small. Parasites of mammals and birds Aphaniptera (Vol. V) Body not laterally compressed. Hind legs not saltatorial. Head extended beaklike with terminal biting mouthparts Mecoptera (Vol. Ill) (Figure 10, 9) Head not extended beaklike. Mouthparts biting, with distinct mandibles. Head large. Prothorax free. Integument soft. Antennae shorter than body. Eyes not protruding, small, or absent. Abdomen with one pair of usually small terminal cerci. 9. Isoptera (p. 206) Living in colonies (Figure 9, 9) Antennae not shorter than body. Eyes protruding. Abdomen without cerci (Figure 10, 11) ............. 15. Psocoptera (p. 362) Prothorax fused with rest of thorax. Integument rigid. Abdomen pedunculate (Figure 11, 6) ................ Hymenoptera (Vol. IV) Mouthparts sucking or rudimentary. Mandibles lacking. Body covered with weakly attached, dense scales and hairs. Mouthparts forming a very small proboscis or absent (Figure 11,3) Lepidoptera (females of some species; Vol. Ill) Body not covered with scales. Proboscis well developed, straight. (Figure 11,9). ................................. Diptera (Vol.V) ...........,.,.,.,

55 (36). 56 (57).

.......................

57 (56).

.......

58 (35). 59 (66). 60 (65).

61 (62).

....................

62 (61). 63 (64).

...........................

64 (63).

65 (60).

.

66 (59). 67 (68).

.....................

68 (67). 69 (70).

..............................

70 (69). 71 (76).

72 (75). 73 (74).

...............

74 (73). 75 (72).

39

76 (71). 77 (78).

..................

78 (77).

.

1.

Order

PROTURA

A. G. Sharov Body apterous, vermiform, flexible. Head without antennae and eyes. Mouthparts sucking, withdrawn into head capsule. Forelegs longer than the others. First three abdominal segments with rudimentary appendages. Abdomen lacking eversible vesicles. Ovipositor and cerci wanting. Development: anamorphosis.

FIGURE 12,

1general

Prouira

(after Stach and Tuxen)

habitus of Eosentom

itorum; 2tarsus

(csclavaie seta: em, a. empodial appendage); 3end dispar. sitorum, ventral: 4headofAcereniomon torum

of foreleg of E. tra of abdomen of E.

EOSENTOMIDAE

41

Minute (0.5-1.5 mm), milk-white or yellowish, delicate, vermiform arthropods (Figure 12, 1). Antennae and eyes absent. Sides of head bearing a peculiar sense organ, pseudoculi, of unknown function. Trophi sucking, withdrawn inside head. Distal parts of mouthparts protruding in form of short proboscis. Thorax not differentiated from abdomen, distinguished only by presence of 3 pairs of legs. First thoracic tergum short and narrow. Anterior pair of legs much longer than 2nd and 3rd pairs, and having a tactile function analogous to that of antennae. Chaetotaxy of anterior pair of legs widely used for identification of species. Tarsi of all legs one-segmented, with unpaired falcate claw (pretarsus). Abdomen consisting of 8 large segments, 3 small terminal segments, ending in a short telson. First three abdominal segments bearing 1- or 2-segmented rudimentary appendages. Nonsegmented gonapophyses in form of short triangular or lanceolate appendages present between last abdominal segment and telson. Gonapophyses identical in both sexes. Body and legs covered with numerous setae.

Postembryonic development anamorphic; larval abdomen 8-segmented on hatching; 3 additional segments appearing between segment VIII and telson in later molts. These segments differ markedly from the others by their small size. Living in the soil, forest bedding, decaying tree trunks and stumps and moss. Their food is not well known. It is assumed that they suckplant and animal remains. Some species feed by sucking on lower fungi. Three families, of which only one is known so far from the European U.S.S.R. It is, however, possible that the family Acerentomidae also occurs in the U.S.S.R. The family Protentomidae which is known from Western Europe and North America is not included in the key. BIBLIOGRAPHY. R imski i-Korsa kov. M.N. Ob organizacii Protura Silv. (The Structure of Silv.). Trudy Sankt-Peierburgskogo obshchestva estestvoispy tale lei, 42, 1911; Siach, J. Protura, Diplura, Thysanura. Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski, IIIV, Warszawa, 1955; Tuxen, S.L. Neues liber die von Rimsky-Korsakow, Prell, Stach, Denis, lonescii, Strenzke und Gisin beschriebenden Arten von Eosentomom (Protura). Videnik. Meddl, Dansk. naiurii. Foren., 123, 1960, Proiura

Key to Families 1 (2). 2 (1).

Spiracles present on mesothorax and metathorax. All abdominal appendages 2-segmented .................. 1. Eosentomidae (p. 33) Spiracles lacking. First pair of abdominal appendages 2-segmented. 2 other pairs one-segmented ............. 2. Acerentomidae (p. 34) 1.

Family EOSENTOMIDAE

Tracheal system present, with 2 pairs of spiracles on meso- and metathorax. All 3 pairs of rudimentary abdominal appendages 2-segmented. Only one genus, Eosentomon. widely distributed in Europe and also known from North Africa.

Key to Species of

the Family Eosentomidae

Eosentomon Silv. Clavate seta (Figure 12, 2) at about half length of tarsi of anterior pair of legs. Empcdial appendage longer than half the claw. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Pseudoculi large, 1/8 as long as head. Number of setae in first row on sixth and seventh abdominal terga 12and 8 respectively. Sterna ofninthandtenthsegmentswith4setae each (Figure 12,3). 1.3-1.5. Northwest ......... E, transitorum Berl. (silvestrii R.-Kors.)

2.

Family ACERENTOMIDAE

Tracheal system lacking. Abdominal terga with 1-3 transverse grooves. Appendages of abdominal segment III l-segmented. Posterior margin of tergum VIII with combs. Europe, America, Australia. Family consisting of 3 genera, one of which (Acerentomon Silv.) may occur in the European U.S.S.R. 1. Acerentomon Silv. Labrum extended into rostrum. Lateral margins of head capsule almost straight. Basal part of head capsule twice as broad as anterior part (Figure 12, 4). Several species in Western Europe.

Species of the genus possibly occurring in the European U.S.S.R.

2.

Order

PODURA^ (Collembola)

E. F. Martynova

43

44

Small ap-terygote insects not exceeding 10mm in length, generally 1-2 mm, entognathous, with modified biting mouthparts. Antennae 4to 6-segmented, eyes lacking or consisting of 1-8 irregularly arranged ommatidia. Abdomen 6-segmented, with the following appendages: segment I, ventral tube- III. tenaculum; IV, forked springing organ (furca). Head of most species prognathous, i.e., with oral aperture directed forward (Figure 14, 2), rarely hypognathous, i.e., with oral aperture directed downward (Figure 14, 1). Mouthparts entognathous, i.e., withdrawn into head capsule. The most characteristic feature of the order are the biting mouthparts and the well-developed mandibulae and maxillae. The mandibles have only a single articulation with the head-capsule, a broad molar process, and denticles at the cutting point (Figure 14, 4). They sometimes lack mandibles (family Brachystomellidae). The most characteristic feature of the maxilla, is the strong development of the lacinia in many species, which is called "head" (caput) in Podura (Figure 14, 5). The other parts of the maxilla are rudimentary or lacking. In species feeding on liquid food there are very simplified piercingsucking trophi with styletlike maxillae and elongate mandibles (Figure 14, 6,7). Compound eyes lacking. Pigmented, rarely pale eyespots laterally with isolated ommatidia usually 8 in number. Number of ommatidia may be less or they may completely disappear in soil- or cave-inhabiting species. The postantennal organ behind the base of the antennae is taxonomically important. This sensory organ is supposed to have a hygrometric function. In the simplest case the postantennal organ is ring-shaped (Isotomidae, Figure 15, 6), or consists of several lobes (Hypogastruridae, part of the Brachystomellidae, Figure 15, 7). In some groups the number of lobes of the postantennal organ is much greater and they are arranged in form of a rosette (some Pseudachorutidae, Figure 15, 5) or in a ribbonlike pattern as in most Onychiuridae (Figure 15, 3). The postantennal organ is present in most species of the superfamily Poduroidea and almost always absent in the superfamily Entomobryoidea and the suborder Symphypleona, Antennae of most species are 4-segmented; in the family Orchesellidae the first or second segment is subdivided. In this case, antennae 5- to 6-segmented. First or second apical segments occasionally subdivided into a varying number of secondary rings (family Tomoceridae, several Symphypleona). Second to fourth antennal segments with a number of sensory structures such as papillae, pits and cones. The olfactory organs on the third antennal segment of the family Onychiuridae t

The name of the order was changed by the editorial board.

PODURA

are especially complex (antennal organ; Figure 15, 2). All these structures are used in the identification of species, but as they are visible only at a very high magnification we have omitted them from the keys. Thorax consisting of 3 parts, pro-, meso- and metathorax. In the superfamily Entomobryoidea prothorax fused with mesothorax, forming a narrow cervix anteriorly (Figure 14, 3). Abdomen 6-segmented. The order is divided

Thorax

FIGURE 13.

Abdomen

Podura (after Grasse and Maynard)

Ishape of body and structure of Ento m obry a pulchella, suborder Anhropleona (cl claw. ddens. ein.aempodial appendage, ffemur, furcfurca, manmanubrium, mucmucro, lentenaculum,

45

into 2 groups according to the form of the body: 1) suborder Arthropleona with elongate body and distinctly separated thoracic and abdominal segments (Figure 13,1). Only in few species 2, rarely 3 last abdominal segments fused (Figure 15, 4); 2) suborder Symphypleona with short, spherical body. First 4 abdominal segments fused with thoracic segments into a rounded shape. Two last abdominal segments are separated from anterior spherical part, and called anal papilla (Figure 13, 2). Genital aperture on venter of abdominal segment V. In males this is a longitudinal slit on a spherical process and in females a transverse slit (Figure 14,9). Anus on abdominal segment VI terminal inmost species. Anus ventral in several genera of the family Isotomidae. Relative size of abdominal segments varying in different groups. In most Poduroidea and part of Entomobryoidea (Isotomidae) first 4 segments very similar, only slightly differing from each other (P r o i s o t o m a); in the rest of Entomobryoidea segment IV at least twice as long as segment III (Figure 13, 1). Integument smooth or granulated. Granules often very large. Coarsely granulated sections are occasionally clearly differentiated, with isolated setae and filiform thickenings

of the cuticle. The number of these thickenings and their distribution are characteristic of the species, and give good taxonomic characters (family Neanuridae; Figure 14. 8). Body setose, scaly in some families. Scaled integument often very thick, giving a metallic sheen. Scales rounded or pointed, with thin or thick longitudinal ridges. Hair cover of various groups uneven, denser in the superfamily Entomobryoidea. The following types of setae exist; smooth or ciliate, with swollen or pointed apex, or terminally branched. Thorax and abdomen of many families of the superfamily Entomobryoidea covered with long, terminally expanded setae covered with

FIGURE 14. 1Podura

Podura (after Grasse, Paisit and Stach) aquaiica; 2Anurida

of mandible; 5 6maxilla

structure

and 7

marilima; 3Orchesella

of maxilla (galgalea,

h"head",

mandible of Pseudachorutidae; 8Neanura

lac

xero thermic a; 4structure

lacinia,

m.pmaxillary oalp);

mu’scorum; 9form

of genital aperture.

fine hairs which form a kind of "pelerine" (Figure 18, 2). Abdominal terga of some species with isolated, very long movable setae (bothriotrichia) (Figure 18. 2) scattered among the ordinary short setae. In some groups the distribution of hairs is used for the identification of species. Several types of hairs usuallypresentin each species. There are also spines or spinelike appendages on abdominal segment VI (rarely on V). Iwo spines on fleshy papillae occur most frequently. Small ringlike

cuticular thickenings (pseudocelli) are very important in the identification of species of genus Onychiurus, Pseudocelli occur on the head and various parts of the body (Figure 15, 1). The distribution of pseudocelli on head and body segments may be expressed by a formula, for instance, for 0. absoloni Born: 32/133/33343. The number of pseudocelli in the formula applies to one half of the body. 3 stands for the number of ocelli on each side of the head at the base of the antennae. The next number (2) indicates the number of ocelli on each side of the posterior margin of the head. Prothorax with 1 ocellus on each side, meso- and metathorax with 3 ocelli each. The three anterior abdominal segments bear 3 ocelli each, abdominal segment IV, 4 ocelli, V, 3 ocelli. A separate formula is given for the ventral and dorsal side. Violet, bluish gray or brownish yellow . colors, often combined, are common. Pigment occasionally completely absent,

FIGURE 15. Podura (after Stach)

1Onychiurus granulosus, distribution of pseudocelli on head and body segments; 2, 30. armaius: 2sensory organ on 3rd antennal segment; 3pseudocelli (psoc) and postaniennal organ (p. a. o); 4Folsomia Quadcioculata, lateral;

(p.a.o); 6Isotoma

5Pseudachorutes

subcrassus, ocelli (oc) and postaniftnnal

notabilis. same; ’7Schaefferia

emucronata,

organ

same.

Thorax with 3 pairs of legs. Structure of legs unusual because of fusion of tibia with tarsus, resulting in a common segment, the tibiotarsus. Tibiotarsus distally produced into pretarsus with a stout unpaired claw

(unguis) and empodial appendage (appendix empodialis; Figure 16, 4). The number and shape of the denticles of the claw and the form and relative length of the empodial appendage are taxonomically important.

FIGURE 16.

Podura (after Grasse and Stach)

1Folsomia pproxirnai

fimetaria, dens and mucro; 2Iso

denticles);

abmininurus

apical pan of hind leg (c. s capitate seta, inner denticles of claw); 5Sminthurid

empodial appendage, elclaw, o.d, i.douter leg (tttibiotarsal organ); 6Entoi

i

laiicus, hind

bryoidea, tenaculum,

In some Podura outer margin of claw covered by a thin, protective membrane (tunica) (Figure 16, 3) mainly characteristic of some Symphypleona. Tibiotarsus of some species with a row of sensory organs, the tibiotarsal organ (some Sminthuridae) and clavate setae. The tibiotarsal organ on the ventral side of the hind pair of legs consists of a pair of small tubercles protected by a stout seta. This is sometimes bifurate or basally expanded (Figure 16, 5). One or several clavate setae on the distal part of tibiotarsus (Figure 16,4) are characteristic of all groups of Podura, though many species lack such setae. Clavate setae important for identification of species. Pregenital segments of abdomen with the following appendages: 1) ventral tube (tubus ventralis), a tubular process with a pair of protrusible vesicles; in Symphypleona these vesicles are produced into ribbonlike cords often covered with verrucose papillae; 2) in leaping forms abdominal segment III bears a special organ, tenaculum (Figure 16, 6) holding the

46

.

47

furca against the ventral body surface; the tenaculum consists of an unpaired base (corpus) and 2 denticulate branches (rami); 3) furca enabling the insect to make sudden leaps; furca attached to venter of segment IV, usually consisting of an unpaired basal part, manubrium, and a paired distal part which consists of a dens and a small distal part, mucro. When the furca is extended, most authors call its lower side ventral and its upper side dorsal. When the furca is folded, its dorsal side becomes ventral. Length of furca strongly varies within the order. Furca either reaching the ventral tube or its length decreases until it disappears (in soil-inhabiting forms). Disappearance of the furca is usually accompanied by reduction of the tenaculum. Parts of the furca sometimes become partly or completely fused. For instance, the dens may fuse with the mucro to form a mucrodens. Dorsal side of dens often with transverse folds (characteristic of superfamily Entomobryoidea) giving a wavy form to its dorsal margin (Figures 16,1; 34, 11). Inner side of dens may bear numerous simple or trifurcate spines (family Tomoceridae; Figure 17, 4). Manubrium and dens, like body, setose and scaled or only setose. The character of the hair cover, the number of setae, and their distribution are important taxonomic characters. The shape and relative size of various parts of the furca are also of great importance. The mucro (distal part of the furca) greatly varies in the order. The mucro of aquatic forms is strongly expanded, with flat, broad lateral parts (Figure 17, 2). In terrestrial forms the mucro is narrower, usually hook-shaped, often with 1-4 denticles (Figure 16, 2), an apical denticle, a subapical denticle, and 2 proximal denticles. Mucro very rarely absent or fused with dens. Secondary sexual dimorphism has been observed only in few Collembola. The most distinct secondary sexual characters in the European fauna are present in the suborder Symphypleona, where the females are often large and have rodlike appendages on each side of the anus. These appendages may be branched terminally (appendices anales; Figure 18, 3-6). Morphological differences are also present in this order in males of Sminthurides, Sphaeridia. Stenacidia. Their antennae are transformed into a prehensile organ to hold the female during copulation (Figure 17, 3). In the suborder Arthropleona the males of some species of the genus Onychiurus have a so-called abdominal organ consisting of sensory setae (Figure 18. 1). In Hydroi sotoma (family Isotomidae) the anus of the female is surrounded by a group of spines on the lateral lobes (Figure 18, 2, 8), while the male has no such structures. The two sexes may differ in color (family Orchesellidae). Biotopes are chosen mainly according to their humidity. Most species are restricted to very humid biotopes. Large populations of numerous species may be found in plant litter, upper layers of the soil, tree stumps, old timber, etc. Some species are found under dry bark and on tree trunks. Some species of the family Entomobryidae and Orchesellidae occur in low grass, on bushes and occasionally in bird nests. Many species live on the littoral or in water. Aquatic species have adaptations which enable them to stay on the surface of water (Sminthurides). In most families there is a number of typical cave-dwellers. Many species are active at low temperatures, occasionally appearing in large numbers on the snow.

The effect on plants and animals is small, although some species may sometimes appear in masses (Symphypleona) in vegetable gardens, fields (mainly leguminous crops) or on mushrooms in hothouses. However, the importance of the group as a whole is very great in some biocenoses, especially in the soil, as a result of the abundance of some species and their active role in the treatment of organic matter. Collection of Podura is difficult because of their small size and the great mobility of species with a springing organ. An aspirator may be used, with which they can be collected from the substrate or picked out of a net after cutting grass or shrubs. There are many mechanical devices, all based on various modifications of thermoelector. We recommend the following formula for rapid fixation: 750 cc of 95% alcohol, 250 cc ethyl ether, 30 cc glacial acetic acid, 3 cc 40% formaldehyde (Gisin, 1960). After three days the material is transferred to 70% or 95% alcohol. For clearing, lactic acid or a mixture of lactic acid (10 cc) with glycerol (2cc) and 40% formaldehyde (0.4cc) may be used. The identification of most species requires the examination of permanent preparations at high magnifications. The insects are mounted in Canada balsam or Faure’s medium, the latter method requiring no preliminary dehydration. Heating results in clearing of the objects. However, such

preparations are less permanent.

The order is divided into 2 natural groups according to the shape of the body and the number of visible segments: 1 Arthropleona, with elongate, cylindrical body and distinct thoracic and abdominal segments; only the last 2 or 3 body segments tend to fuse; 2 Symphypleona, body globose; thoracic and I-IV abdominal segments fused. Each suborder is divided by different authors into a various number of families. The modern tendency is to unite taxa and to divide the order into only 5 families (Gisin, 1960). ’We have used Stach’s system dividing the order into 18 families. About 2000 species of cosmopolitan distribution are known. Three hundred species are known from the U.S.S.R. However, since the fauna of Siberia, the Far East, Soviet Central Asia, and the mountain regions is almost unknown, a considerable increase of this number may be expected. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Gisin, H, Collembolen fauna Europas. Geneva, 1960. Siach, J, The Apterygoian Fauna of Poland in Relation 10 the World-Fauna of this Group of Insects. Krakow, 19471960 (Isoioinidae. 1947; Neogastruridae a. Brachysiomellidae. 1949; Anuridae a. Pseudachoritidae. 1949; Bilobidae. 1951; Onychiuridae, 1954; Sminihuridae, 1956; Neelidae a. Dicyrtomidae, 1957; Orchesellini, 1960); Stach, J. Skoczogonki, Collembola. Klucze dooznaczenia owadow Polski, II, Warszawa, 1955.

Key to Suborders 1

(2).

Body elongate. Thoracic and first abdominal segments always separate, without trace of fusion. 2 or 3 last abdominal segments occasionally fused (Figure 15, 4). Furca present or lacking ............................................... 1. Arthropleona Body short, ovoid or globose (Figure 13, 2). Thoracic and first 4 abdominal segments fused and separated from segments V and VI which bear genital and anal apertures. Furca always present 2. Symphypleona

........

2 (1).

.......

..............................................

1.

Suborder

ARTHROPLEONA

Key to Superfamilies 1 (2).

Prothorax clearly visible dorsally (Figures 14, 8; 19, 1), not covered by mesothorax, with short hairs dorsally. Cuticle usually 1. Poduroidea (p. 44) granulated. Antennae short, 4-segmented ...

^ FIGURE 19.

^ Podura (afier Siach)

lMorulina verrucosa; 2Neanura muscorum, tubercles on left side of abdominal segments V and VI; 3ChoreuEinula in term is, eyespotand postaniennal organ (p. ant. o); 4 Frisea octooculata, spines at end of abdomen; 5 Pseudachoruies dubius, postantennal organ; 6 P. corticicolus, same.

2(1). Pronotum more or less reduced, often almost completely covered dorsally by mesothorax (Figure 17, 1), without hairs or setae. Cuticle smooth, setose, or scaled. Antennae short or long, 42. Entomobryoidea (p. 66) to 6-segmented ......................

50

1.

Superfamily PODUROIDEA

Prothorax narrower than meso- and metathorax, but always clearly visible dorsally, with minute isolated setae dorsally. Cuticle covered with granules whose size varies on different parts of the body. Mouthparts biting, often modified and adapted for sucking. Postantennal organ usually present, rarely lacking, often of complex structure. Antennae short, 4-segmented. Furca present or absent. Soil-dwellers, often lacking pigment. Grayish or bluish violet pigment usually predominating in colored forms. Inhabiting upper soil layers and lower layers of forest bedding. Very common under bark, on decaying, humid wood.7 families.

Key

to Families

1 (2). Head hypognathous (Figure 14, 1). Folded furca reaching beyond ventral tube and base of middle pair of legs ... 7. Poduridae (p. 66) 2 (1). Head prognathous (Figure 14, 2). Furca not reaching ventral tube. and not reaching beyond base of middle pair of legs. 3 (4). Head and several segments with pseudocelli (Figure 15, 1). Antennal organ on 3rd antennal segment of complex structure, with

2 (sometimes 3) stout, flask-shaped sensillae (Figure 15, 2) protected by papillae. Eyes and usually also pigment lacking ......... .......;....,.......................-... 1. Onychiuridae (p.45) 4 (3). Without pseudocelli on head and body segments. Antennal organ simple, with sensory pits, butwithout flask-shaped sensillae. Eyes

present or absent. 5 (6). Posterior margin of abdominal segment VI with semicircular notch (Figure 19, 1), occasionally wholly or partly covered by segment V. Head and body segments with large tubercles (plates) consisting of patches with coarser granules (Figure 19, 2)....................... 2. Neanuridae (p.51) 6 (5). Posterior margin of abdominal segment VI rounded, never covered by segment V. Plates absent. 7 (8). Furca and empodial appendage lacking; spines lacking ............. ............................................ 4. Anuridae (p.55) 8 (7). Either furca or empodial appendage present, or both present. When both absent (some species of genus F rise a) abdominal segment VI bearing spines. 9(14). Apex of abdominal segment VI bearing spines. 10 (11). Three (rarely more) spines on abdominal segment VI (Figure 19, 4) . ............................ 5. Brachystomellidae (partly; p. 56) 11 (10).Two spines on abdominal segment VI. 12 (13). Less than 8 ocelli. Postantennal organ present. Furca welldeveloped, with well-developed mucro ............................ ............................ 5. Brachystomellidae (partly; p. 56)

..........................................

.

ONYCHIURIDAE

13 (12). Ocelli 8. If less, either postantennal organ and mucro lacking, or furca absent, or mucro fused with dens ......................

6. Hypogastruridae (partly; p. 59) 14 (9). Without spines on apex of abdominal segment VI. 15 (16). Two ocelli on each side of head. Empodial appendage present..... 6. Hypogastruridae (partly; p. 59) 16 (15). More than 2 ocelli on each side of head. Empodial appendage either present or absent. 17 (18). Postantennal organ consisting of only 1 stout, large lobe, without lateral lobules (Figure 19, 3)................................... 6. Hypogastruridae (partly; p. 59) 18 (17). Postantennal organ consisting of central lobe and several lateral lobules (Figure 19, 5, 6) either very numerous or absent. 19 (20). Mouthparts adapted for sucking, with elongate maxillae and mandibles; mandibles rudimentary; oral end of head produced into short, pointed cone. Postantennal organ circular or elliptical, with numerous tubercles (Figure 19, 5) 3. Pseudachorutidae (p.53) 20 (19). Mouthparts biting, without mandibles or with strongly reduced mandibles; oral end of head not produced into cone. Postantennal organ consisting of few (4-8) tubercles ........................... 5. Brachystomellidae (partly; p. 56) .............................

.............................

.............................

..........................

....................................

.........................

1:

Family ONYCHIURIDAE

Blind forms, usually lacking pigment, with pseudocelli on head and body segments (Figure 15, 1). Postantennal organ present, often of complex structure. Third antennal segment with sensory organ (Figure 15, 2).

Furca usually lacking. Antennal spines present or not. In soil, litter, under stones and tree remains. On all continents. A number of species distributed far north into the Arctic Region and into Antarctica. Only 28 species are known from the U-S.S.R., representing only a small part of the forms which may occur in this country.

Key to Genera 1(2).

Furca well developed (Figure 20, 5). Body broad, somewhat depressed (Figure 20, 1), 6-9. (Subfamily Tetrodontophorinae) .......................................... 1. Tetrodontophora Furca rudimentary or lacking. Body elongate. Smaller, 0.6-3. Empodial appendage well developed (Figure 20, 4). Terminal spines of abdomen present or absent. Rudiments of furca some2. Onychiurus times present. (Subfamily Onychiurinae) Empodial appendage absent. If present, it forms a short, setaof abdomen Terminal ceous appendage (Figure 20, 6). spines always present (1 or 2 pairs). No trace of leaping furca. (Subfamily Tullbergiinae). 3. Stenaphorura Last abdominal segment with 2 pairs of spines Last abdominal segment with 1 pair of spines. Last abdominal segment with verrucose process ventral to anal 4. Metaphorura spines (Figure 22, 7) Last abdominal segment without verrucose process ventral to anal 5. Mesophorura spines .

2 (1). 3 (4).

..

.........

4(3).

5 (6). 6 (5). 7 (8).

....

..........................

8 (7).

........................................ Keys to Species of Family Onychiuridae

52

Subfamily TETRODONTOPHORINAE

Tetrodontophora Reut. Body broad, somewhat depressed (Figure 20, 1). Furca as long as antennae. Postantennal organ simple, consisting of 12-16 tubercles forming 2 parallel rows. Empodial appendage setaceous, as long as claw (Figure 20, 7). A single genus of the subfamily in Europe, monotypic. 1.

1 (1).

Color bluish violet or bluish black (rust-red in alcohol). Abdominal segments V and VI fused dorsally, with pointed posterior angles. Ventral manubrium with long, pointed appendage at base of dens (Figure 20, 5). 5-9. In mountain forests of the Eastern Carpathians, in litter, on mushrooms, T.bielanensis Waga under bark, on littoral vegetation ...........

Subfamily ONYCHIURINAE 2. Onychiurus Gerv. Body elongate, cylindrical (Figure 20, 2) or distinctly expanded in the region of abdominal segments III and IV. Postantennal organ usually consisting of 2 parallel rows of simple or branched lobes usually perpendicular to the axis of the organ (Figures 15,3; 21,1); there are rarely 3-6 lobules around a central lobe (Figure 21, 9). Furca absent. Rudiments of furca rarely present (Figure 21, 4). Empodial

46

ONYCHIURIDAE

appendage as long as, or shorter than, claw. Antennal spines present absent. More than 150 species in Europe. 20 species.

53

or

1 (6).

Postantennal organ small, indistinct, consisting of 3-4 lobules in a circular pit (Figure 21. 9). (Subgenus Oligaphorura

2 (3).

Antennal spines absent. Postantennal organ as long as one pseudocellus, trilobed. Each lobe subdivided (Figure 21. 5). 0.75. Eastern Carpathians 0. serratotuberculatus Stach Antennal spines present. shorter than claw, with distinct basal Empodial appendage slightly plate (Figure 20, 4). Postantennal organ trilobed (2 anterior and 1 posterior lobules). Lobules elongate and parallel to each other (Figure 21, 2). Males lacking abdominal organ. 1.7, Center, forest-steppe .............................. 0. schoetti Lie-Pet. Empodial appendage 3/5 of length of claw, without basal plate, cone-shaped, gradually tapering apically. Postantennal organ small, as long as 1 pseudocellus, consisting of 3-5 lobules around one central lobe and fused with this at the base (Figure 21, 9).

Bagn.).

..........

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

Male without ventral organ. 0.8. On sour soils. Baltic Region, western Ukraine ............... 0. absoloni Born. (affinis Agr.) Postantennal organ consisting of more than 4 lobes in oblong pit. 6 (1). 7 (24). Lobes of postantennal organ simple or slightly subdivided into 2 parts. (Subgenus Protaphorura Absol.). 8 (21). Empodial appendage as long as claw or slightly longer. 9 (14). Furca reduced but paired rudiments of dens well marked (Figure 21,4); tenaculum present. 10 (13). Empodial appendage with distinct inner plate. 11 (12). Furca consisting of thick, short dentes covered with numerous setae; mucro absent (Figure 21, 3). Postantennal organ with 24 lobules which are partly divided apically. 1.7. Oka basin ............................................ 0. okaensis Beck. 12 (11). Furca consisting of 2 markedly granular, wartlike dentes bearing 3 or 4 setae; some of the setae 2- or 3-branched; mucro wanting. Postantennal organ consisting of 20-25 lobes with vesicles at the base (Figure 21, 8). 2.5. Hygrophilous; in litter, under bark, on decaying wood, often in caves. Eastern Carpathians ...................... 0. burmeisteri Lubb. (tuberculatus Mon.) 13 (10). Empodial appendage without inner plate. Dens with 3 or 4 setae, mucro short, spinelike, not clearly differentiated from dens (Figure 21, 4). 1.3. Interests, in forest duff, under bark, ........

..........

Northwest, North, Center 14 (9). 15 (16).

16 (15).

17 (18).

18 (17). 19 (20).

....................

0. furcifer Born.

Without trace of furca or with unpaired semicircular fold closely contiguous to body. Tenaculum absent. Narrow inner plate present at base of empodial appendage. No pseudocelli at hind margin of head. One pseudocellus at base of antenna. Postantennal organ consisting of 8-13 broad lobules. 2.0. North, Moldavia, Crimea, Volga Region ................... ............................................ 0. sibiricus Tulb. Empodial appendage not expanded basally. 3 or 4 ocelli at base of antennae and along posterior margin of head. Postantennal organ usually consisting of numerous narrow lobules. 4 pseudocelli at base of antennae. Posterior margin of abdominal sternum II of males having 2 depressions with a pair of short, thick sensory setae in each (Figure 18, 1). 2.0. In forest bedding, under stones. Ukraine ......... 0. octopunctatus (Tullb.) Stach. 3 pseudocelli at base of antennae. Male lacking abdominal organ. Tergum of abdominal segment IV with 3 or 4 pseudocelli. Ventral side of head with one pseudocellus. Abdominal sterna lacking pseudocelli. Abdominal tergum VI with 4 setae on the surface

(Figure 21, 7). 1.1-1.8. Male lacking abdominal organ. Cosmopolitan, very common. Injurious to young plants in Western Europe ........................................... *0. armatus Tullb. 20 (19). Abdominal tergum IV with 5 pseudocelli. Ventral side of head with 2 pseudocelli. Thoracic sternum and abdominal sterna II-IV with one pseudocellus on each side. Abdominal tergum VI with 0. arcticus Tullb. 2 setae. 2.5-3.5. Arctic islands. North 21 (8). Empodial appendage 1/4 2/3 length of claw. -

.......

Injurious species are marked with an asterisk.

ONYCHIURIDAE

22 (23). Empodial appendage 1/4 (anterior legs) and 1/3 (posterior legs) length of claw. Claw with distinct inner denticle. 2 pseudocelli at base of antennae. Abdominal organ of male in an oval depression in middle of abdominal sternum III. 1.5-2. In forests. Eastern Carpathians 0. carpathicus Stach. 23 (22). Empodial appendage 2/3 length of claw. Claw without denticle. 1 pseudocellus at base of antennae. Male lacking abdominal organ. 0. valdegranulatus Stach. 1.5. Eastern Carpathians 24 (7). Lobes of postantennal organ consisting of many separate lobules, racemose (Figure 21, 6). (Subgenus Onychiurus s. str.). 25 (25). Antennal spines present. 2.5. Baltic Region, Ukraine; Western 0. ambulans L. (sensu Stach). Europe in caves 26 (25). Without antennal spines. 27 (28). With very long setae which are as long as, or longer than, abdominal terga. 1 pseudocellus at base of antennae. Large, pointed process at base of claw. 1.0. Under stones in spruce forest. Eastern Carpathians 0. longisetosus Stach. 28 (27). Setae short, much shorter than abdominal terga. 3 pseudocelli at base of antennae. No spinelike appendage at base of claw. 29 (32). Arrangement of pseudocelli on dorsal surface of head and body as follows: 33/133/33333. Postantennal organ short, half as long as distance between anterior pseudocelli at base of antennae, consisting of 4-8, rarely 10 broad, racemose lobules (Figure 22, 2). 30 (31). Postantennal organ consisting of 4-6 racemose lobes (Figure 22, 2). Male unknown. 1.5. Eastern Carpathians ...................... 0. bureschi Handsch. 31 (30). Postantennal organ consisting of 8, rarely 10 strongly branched lobules closely together (Figure 22, 1). Adult male with abdominal organ consisting of 3 or 4 lanceolate setae on each side of posterior part of ventral tube. 1.5. In forests, generally in caves. Eastern Carpathians .............. .0. granulosus Stach. 32 (29). Arrangement of pseudocelli on dorsal surface of head and body segments as follows; 32/022/33342, 32/033/33343. 32/133/33343. Postantennal organ longer, about as long as distance between 2 anterior pseudocelli at base of antennae, occasionally longer, consisting of 10-24 lobules. 33 (36). 2 pseudocelli on thoracic terga II-III. Claws with small denticle on inner and lateral surface. Lateral denticle occasionally absent, often visible only in a certain position of the claw. 34 (35). Abdominal sterna I-III without pseudocelli. Head and thoracic segment I finely and uniformly granular. Postantennal organ consisting of 10-15 short lobes, shorter than distance between 2 anterior pseudocelli at base of antennae. Male with thickened setae on abdominal sterna II and III, 1.5. Under dry bark. Eastern Carpathians ........................ 0. nervosus Stach. 35 (34). Abdominal sterna I-III with 1 or 2 pseudocelli. Dorsal surface of head, anterior half of thoracic segment I and lateral parts of thoracic terga II and III coarsely granular. Postantennal organ consisting of 11-15 lobules. Male with 4 thickened leaf-shaped setae on abdominal sternum II and 2 on abdominal sternum III. .....................

.............

54

..................

.....................

.........................................

Eastern Carpathians ................ 0. rectopapillatus Stach. 36 (33). Thoracic terga II and III with 3 pseudocelli. Claws without 1.2.

In litter, under bark.

......................................

denticles. 37 (38).

No pseudocelli on thoracic tergum I. Postantennal organ consisting of 14-24 lobes, longer than distance between 2 anterior ocelli at base of antennae. Empodial appendage as long as claw or longer. Male lacking abdominal organ. 2.5. Under stones, bark, in litter, on decaying wood. Cosmopolitan. In Western Europe and U.S.A. *0. fimetarius L. (sensu Stach.) injurious to roots of plants 38 (37). One pseudocellus on each side of thoracic tergum I. Postantennal organ consisting of lOoval lobules regularly arranged in rows (Figure 22, 3). Postantennal organ as long as distance between anterior pair of pseudocelli at base of antennae. Empodial appendage shorter than claw. Abdominal organ of male consisting of short, thick, pointed setae in two groups at posterior margin of abdominal segment II (3 setae in each group) and two groups at anterior margin of abdominal segment III (5 setae in each group; Figure 22, 4). 1.5. Transcarpathian and Volyn regions .......................................... 0. variabilis Stach. .......

..........

FIGURE 22. Podura. Family Onychiuridae (after Stach) 1

Onychiurus granulosus? posiantennal organ (p. ant. o) and pseudocellus (psoc); 2~- 0. bureschi, organ: 30. variabilis, idem; 40. variabilis, male, abdominal organ; 5-7

postantennal

Metaphorura affinis; 5apical part of leg; 6poscantennal organ;

1

end of abdomen,

NEANURIDAE

Subfamily TULLBERGIINAE 3. Stenaphorura Absol. Abdominal segment VI with 2 pairs of spines. Two species in the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. 1 (1).

Color whitish, postantennal organ consisting of 25-60 lobes in 2 parallel rows. Reaching 1.5. Mainly in open areas, in humus. Baltic Region to the Crimea S. quadrispina Born. ...............

55

4. 1 (1).

Metaphorura Bagn. Abdominal segment VI with one pair of spines and a verrucose process ventral to them. Color whitish. Postantennal organ consisting of 18-25 lobes each apically divided into 2 lobes (Figure 22, 6). 1.3, Archangelsk Region to the southern forest-steppe, often in humus M. affinis Born. (bipartita Handsch.). ...........

........................

5. Mesaphorura Born. Abdominal segment VI with 1 pair of short, curved spines on high papillae. 1 species in the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries.

1 (1).

Color whitish. Postantennal organ consisting of 25-50 lobes in 2 parallel rows. Pseudocelli star-shaped, with 7 lobes, indistinct on thoracic segments and abdominal segments I-III. In forests and open areas, in soil, litter, etc. Baltic Region M. krausbaueri Born. to the Caucasus .........................

2.

Family NEANURIDAE

Mouthparts elongate, adapted for sucking. Head and body segments bearing large tubercles consisting of patches with coarse granulation. Posterior margin of abdominal segment VI with semicircular notch. Segment VI sometimes wholly or partly concealed by segment V. Furca wanting. Under dry bark,, on decaying wood, in litter, under stones, mainly in forests. 5 genera, 8 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

56

2 3 4 5

(1). (6). (5), (4).

6 (3). 7 (8).

Each side of head with 5 ocelli. Postantennal organ consisting of more than 100 minute lobes arranged in a rosette ............. .................................................. 1.Morulina 2 or 3 ocelli on each side of head. Postantennal organ absent. Whole abdominal segment VI visible dorsally (Figure 23. 1). 2. Neanura Abdominal segment V as long as segment IV Abdominal segment V distinctly longer than IV and with cylindrical 3. Thaumanura 1) .................. ridges laterally (Figure 23, Segment VI wholly or partly concealed by V. Dorsum of segment IV with 4 tubercles, segment Vwith 2tubercles, 4. Bilobella all separate (Figure 23, 5) Dorsum of segment IV with 8 tubercles, segment V with 4 tubercles, 2 median tubercles of segment V fused (Figure 23, 3) ............................................... 5. Lathriopyga .........

.........................

8 (7).

.............

FIGURE 23.

Podura.

Family Neanuridae (after Stach)

IV-VI; 3 Larhriopyga conjuncEa, terga V and VI; 5Bilobella

same on

terga IV and V; 4 Neanura n tecga IV and V.

t a uric a,

same on

Keys to Species of Family Neanuridae 1. Morulina Born. 5 ocelli on each side of head, postantennal organ consisting of more than 100 lobes arranged in one rosette. Long setae on body distinctly denticulate. 1 species in the U.S.S.R. and Europe. 1

(1).

Color blue with bluish black tubercles. 2.5-3.5. Largest specimens attaining 4.5. Eastern Carpathians (Figure 19, 1)........... .......................................... M. verrucosa B6rn.

2. Neanura Me Gilliv. 2 or 3 ocelli on each side of head. Postantennal organ absent. Segment V as long as IV; VI not concealed by V and the whole segment visible dorsally. 3 species. 1 (2). 2 (1). 3 (4).

Body and eyespot without dark pigment. 1.75. Eastern Carpathians .............................. N. incolorata Stach. Color blue or bluish. 3 ocelli on each side of head, 2 ocelli on anterior margin of eyespot and 1 on posterior margin. Dorsomedial tubercles of abdominal segment V not fused in midline (Figure 23, 2). Attaining 3.5. Cosmopolitan ............................ N. muscorum Tempi.

PSEUDACHORUTIDAE

57

4 (3).

2 ocelli on each side of head. Dorsomedial tubercles of abdominal segment V fused along midline (Figure 23, 4). 1.5. Crimea .................................... N. taurica Stach.

3. Thaumanura Born. 3 ocelli on each side of head. Postantennal Segment VI completely visible dorsally. Differing from other species in the long and flattened abdominal tergum V which is distinctly longer than IV and laterally bordered by cylindrical tubercles

organ absent.

(Figure 23, 1). 1 (1).

Monotypic genus.

Color blue, with darker tubercles. In the other parts, pigment forming reticular pattern with more or less large cells. 4.5. Baltic Region, Ukraine (Eastern Carpathians) .................. ............................................ Th. carolii Stach.

4. Bilobella Caroli. 2 non-pigmented ocelli on each side of head. Abdominal segment VI wholly or partly concealed by segment V. Dorsomedial tubercles of abdominal segment V separate. 2 species in Western Europe, 1 species in the U.S.S.R. 1 (1).

Without pigment or

orange colored; head

Eastern Carpathians

with 8 tubercles.

......................

2.5.

B. aurantiaca Caroli.

5. Lathriopyga Caroli. 2 ocelli on each side of head. Abdominal segment VI wholly or partly concealed by V. Abdominal segment V with 4 tubercles. 2 dorsomedial tubercles fused (Figure 23, 3). 2 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Dorsomedial tubercles on segment V fused along midline, with 3 pairs of setae: first pair very long, second pair half as long as first pair, third pair very short. Color bluish. 2.0, Ukraine ...................................... L. stachi Gisin. Dorsomedial tubercles of segment V fused along midline, bearing 3+3 setae; 2 pairs of setae very long, 1 pair half as long as the other (Figure 23, 3). Color bluish. 2-2.5. Forests, Eastern Carpathians ............................... L. conjuncta Stach.

3. Family PSEUDACHORUTIDAE

Eight ocelli on each side of head. Mouthparts adapted for sucking, with elongate maxillae and mandibles forming a mouth cone. Postantennal organ usually present, rarely absent, consisting of 6-30 lobes arranged in a circle or ellipse. Clubbed hair sometimes on tibiotarsus. Furca well developed, all parts present. Antennal spines absent. Color generally blue or bluish. In litter, under bark, in old tree stumps. 3 genera, 6 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

No postantennal organ ..................... 1. Pseudachorutella Postantennal organ present. Mucro spoon-shaped, with broad outer lobe and deep subapical notch. Inner lobe narrow, with straight margin (Figure 24. 3), Maxilla apically subulate, Postantennal organ consisting of 4 (6) to 15 (25) lobes ............................ 2. Pseudachorutes

4

(3).

Mucro straight, narrow, with narrow lateral lobes (Figure 24, 1). Apex of maxilla consisting of 3 pointed, subulate parts indistinctly separate at tip (Figure 24, 4). postantennal organ consisting of 15-23 lobes ............................... 3. Pseudachorudina

Keys to Species

of Family Pseudachorutidae

Pseudachorutella Stach. Postantennal organ absent. Maxilla terminally subulate, without lateral lobes. Mucro spoon-shaped. 3 species in Western Europe, 1 species in the U.S.S.R. 1.

1 (1).

Color sky blue to blue, venter of body paler, bark

and in litter.

1-2.

Under dry

North and Northwest........................

..........................................

P. assigilatus Born.

Pseudachorutes Tullb. Postantennal organ consisting of 5-25 lobes. Maxilla apically subulate. Tibiotarsus occasionally with clubbed hair, Mucro spoon-shaped, with broad outer lobe. Color usually blue or bluish, rarely gray. Typical inhabitants of the lower layers of litter, often under dry bark and in old tree stumps. 4 species. 2.

1 (2).

Tibiotarsus with one clubbed hair. Postantennal organ consisting of 7-10 lobes. 1.25. Under dry bark of trees. Kursk region ..... ........................................

FIGURE 24.

P. corticicolus Schaff.

Podura. Family Pseudachomtldae and Anuridae (after Stach)

palmiensis, dens and mucro; 2, 3-~Pseutiachorutes dubius; 2 posteudaorgan; 3densandrnucro; 4Pseudachorudina palmiensis, maxi chorutes subcrassus, posiantennal organ; 6Anurida e!lipsoi 854 ntermedius, Capsus 716 ntermedius, Chorthippus 271 ntermedius, Cixius 343 ntermedius, Dichrooscytus 724 ntermedius sp. n., Diplocolenus 432 ntermedius, Odontothrips 860 ntermedius, Poecilimon 221 ntermis, Choreutinula 67 nermis, Metropis 353 nterrupta, Microplax 799 nterruptus, Euacanthus 381 nterruptus, Paroudablis 629 nterpositus, Orthotylus 744 nterstinctus, Elasmostethus 821 nterstitialis, Artianus 421 ntonsa, Frankliniella 862 ntricata, Craspedolepta 450 ntricata, Protonemura 184, 185 ntricatus, Mycterodus 355 ntricatus, Phlepsius 407 ntricatus, Phytocoris 729 ntrusus, Isometopus 700 ntybi. Aphis 573 nulae, Capitophorus 610 nulae, Ovatoides 597 inulicola, Dactynotus 613 inuncta, Podops 836 ipkigeniae, Platycleis 228 iracundus, Rhynocoris 777 irae subsp. n., Toxopterella drepanosiphoides 584

Iris 172, 173 Irochrotus 826, 828 irroratus, Batrachomorphus 379 Ischnaspis 644, 647 Ischnocera 312, 317 Ischnocoris 792, 801 Ischnodemus 787, 796 Ischnopeza 792, 809 Ischnorhyhchinae 788. 796

jelineki, Frauenfeldiella 487 joernensis, Ecdyonorus 133 johni, Neoheegeria 873 jubatus, Asiotmethis 250 Judenkoa 607 juglandicola, Chromaphis 535 juglandis, Callaphis 535 juniperi, Lepidosaphes 648 junackianum, Delphiniobium 612 juncea, Aeschna 152, 154 juncea atshischgho, Aeschnura 154 junceae, Chondrillobium 597 junceus, Megalotomus 816 Juncobia 533, 538 juncorum, Livia 444 juniperi, Cinara 524 juniperi, Gonocerus 813 juniperina, Cinara 524 juniperina, Cinara 524 juniperina, Pitedia 842

Ischtlorhynchus 796 Ischnura 145 Isioscytus 800 Isogeninae

178

Isogenus 194, 195 Isoimon 212, 222

Isometopidae 663, 700

Isometopus 700

Isonychia 118, 119 Isoperia 178, 194, 195 Isophya 212, 217, 220 Isoptena 199, 200 Isoptera 25, 37, 174 isosceles, Aeschna 153 .Tsotoma 71, 76 Isotomidae 43, 44, 46, 68, 69 Isotomiella 69, 73

Kakothrips 855, 861 Kallistaphis 536 kalmi, Orthops 722 kalmyka, Dnroniella 278

Kalotermes 176 Kalotermitidae 175, 176 Kaltenbachiella 510, 517 karakumi, Atheroides 543 karelica, Enrylophella 130 karelini albomarginatus, Chorthippus 268 karny, Aptinothrips 858 Kasachstanicus 368, 430 kasakhstanicus sp. n., Coelestinus 434 kazaka, Ochrilidia hebetata 277

Isotomina 70, 74 Isotoniodes 69, 73 Isotomurus 71, 75 Issidae 340, 353 Issinae 353 Issus 353, 354 issykensis, Phytocoris 731 italica, Rungsia 544 italica, Saga 225 italicum, Aphanosoma 725 italicum, Graphosoma 835 italicus, Calliptamus 264 ivanovi, Anoterostemma 383 Iziphya 533, 538

kaznakovi, Forficula 290 kaznakovi, Isometopus 700 Kelisia 346, 347

kerkcnnensls. Gryllodinus 238 Kermococcidae 620, 634

Kermococcus

jaceae, Dactynotus 614 jaceicola, Dactynotus 613 jacksoni, Pterocomma 567 jacobaeae, Aphis 572 jacobeae, Nithecus 794 jakovlevi, Aconura 405 jakovlevi, Chorosomella 736 jakovleal, Psatlus 759 jakowleffi, Corixa 666 Jakowleffia 786, 799 Jalla 834, 845 janckei, Macrosiphoniella 615 Japananus 364, 403 Japaneyrodcs 485, 488 japonicus, Euthystira 277 Japygidae 103, 104 Japyx 104 jaroslavi, Schisaphis 569 Jassargini 368 Jassargus 368, 430 Tassidaeus 346, 352 Jassinae 363, 379 lassini

634

kerzhneri, Hyoidea 742 kerzhneri, Parargus 432 kimmericus, Peliococcus 630 kirgisicus, Psallonsis 751 kirgizorum, Falcidiopsis 355 kiritschenkoi, Colposcenia 454 kiritschenkoi, Rhizaspidiotus 653

kiritschenkoi, Systellonotus 746 kiritshenkoi, Phyllodromica 167, 168 kirschbaumi, Anapus 738 kirschbaumi, Eurhadina 388

Kleidocerys 788, 796 klugi, Aelia 838 klugkisti, Brachycaudus 585

knechteli, Acyrthosiphon 603 knechteli, Haplothrips 871 kobachidzei, Conosimus 355 kochiae, Eumetoecus 455 kochiae, Picsma 782 kochiana, Cinara 523 koeleriae, Psammotettix 426

koenigi, Micropodisma 261 koeppeni, Aoploscelis 808 koeppeni, Znliovskia 261 Kolbea 298, 299

363, 379

Jassus 363, 379 jazikovi, Microsiphum 615 1185

kolenatii, Piesma 782 kolenatii, Psallus 756 komareki, Myzocallis 536

komaroffi, Damioscea 754 komaroffi, Hyalochiton 769 Kormus 346, 353 korotnevi, Brachycolus 594 korscheiti, Crypfcomyzus 608 kozhevnikovi, Elymana 410

krascheninnikovi, Chlorita 387 krausbaueri, Mesopliorura 55 kraussi, Dociostaurus 275 krieghoffi, Chitonophora 129 Ktenocoris 729 kurdjumovi, Rungsia 544 kuznetsovi, Laburrus 419 kuznetzovi, Poecilimon 221 Kuwanaspis 645, 649 Kuwania 623 Kyboasca 371, 385 Kybos 371, 385

languidus, Arocophalus 424 lanigerum, Eriosoma 517 lanio, Jassus 379 lantanae, Apbis 570 lanuginosa, Entomobrya 84 lanuginosum, Eriosoma 517 lanuginosus, Lepidocyrtus 83 lappae, Dysaphis 584 lapponica, Acenlrclla 124 lapponica, Elidiptera 424 lapponica, Hypogastrura 67 lapponica, Phimodera 828 lapponicum sp. n., Macrosiphum 61). lapponicus, Adelgos 504 lapponicus, Ectobius 167 lapponicus, Geocoris 797 lapponicus, Psallus 758 laricicola, Cinara 523 laricis, Adelgcs 504 laricis, Anurophorus 72 laricis, Cinara 523 laricis,

Labia 288

Labidura 287, 288 Labiduridae 287, 288 Labiidae 287, 288 Labopini 736

Labops 705, 736 la.bu.rni, Aphis 572, 573 Laburrus 367, 418 Lachesillidae 297 300 lachlani, Stenopsocus 300 Lachnidae 497. 519 Lachniella 522 Lachmis 521, 525 laciniata, Phyllomorpha 814 lactea, Caenis 136 lactea, Pachypappella 514 lactucae, Acyrthosiphon 603 lactucae, Hyperomyzus 605 la.ctuca.riu.s. Pemphigus 515 Lactucobium,

603

lacustris, Gerns 684 Laemobothriidae 312, 316 Laemobothrion 316 laeta, Agramma 774 laetus, Brachycephalus 357 laevigata, Cr?spedolepta 452 laevigatum, Stenodema 732 laevigatus, Orius 699 laevis, Agallia 375 laevis, Aneurus 781 laevis, Macrosteles 401 laeviusculus, NeohaematopiQus 331 Lagopoecus 318 Laineia 539, 543 lameUifera, Odontella 61 laminatus, Idiocerus 377 lamiorum, Aphis 575 Lamprodema 789, 807 Lamproplax 792, 803 Lamprotettix 367, 408 lampsanae, Hyperomyzus 605 lanatus, Irochrotus 828 lanceolatum, Paradorydium 380 langei, Galiobium 590

Cinara

523

laseri, Macrosiphum 612 Lasiacantha 766, 770 lasiagrostidis, Atheroides 543 Lasiocoris 790, 806 Lasiotropis 770 lataniae, Hemiberlesia 652 laterale, Slenodema 732 lateralis, Brachycaudus 586

lateralis, Camptopus 815 lateralis, Gerris 683 laleralis, Halosalda 686 lateralis, Heptagenia 132 lateralis, Sigara 669 lateralis, Turanogryllus 238 Lathriopyga 56, 57 laticeps, Coranus 776 laticeps. Holoneura 303 laticollis, Antheminia 839 laticollis, Orius 699 laticornis, Spathocera 814 latifoliae, Staticobium 613 latifolii, Staticobium 613 latifrons, Ericaphis 590 latior, Craspedolepta 452 latipennis, Scolofcbrips 861 latipes, Nocaracris 251 latipes, Physokermes 643 latipes, Platycnemis 144 lativentris, Megathrips 874 lativentris, Xylocoris 697 latu-Sf Chaitophorus 542 latus, Cryptoturips 869 latus, Drymus 803 latus, Taemothrips 863 latysiphon, Rhopalosiph-oninus 606 lauberti, Dysaphis 582, 583 lauri, Aonidia 654 lauri, Synoparopsis 405 lauri, Trialeurodes 488 lauta, Habrophlebia 129 laxmanni, Onconotus 226 leachi, Plea 679 Lecanopsis 636, 638 lectularius, Cimex 699 ,

ledi, Psylla 469 ledi, Testataphis 606 Ledra 363, 372 Ledrinae 363, 372

leefmansi, Dysaphis 584 leegei, Juncobia 538 Legnotus 823, 825 Leguminola 709, 758 lenticularis, Quadraspidiotus 652 lentisci, Aploneura 518 leonuri, Cryptomyzus 608 leperii, Epidiaspis 650

lepidii-cardariae, Lipaphis 592

lepidii, Lipaphis 592 Lepidocyrtidae 68, 80 i.epidocyrtus 81, 82 I-epidoptera 26, 37, 39 I.epidosaphes 645, 647 Lepidotnchidac 108 iepidus, Euconomelus 351 iepidus, Psajlus 757 lepidus, Solenoxyphns 752 Lepinotus 295 Lepisma 108 Lepismatidac 108 lepnevae, Ectopsocus 301 leporina, Neottiglossa 838 leporinae, Thripsaphis 538 .leporinus, Oliaros 344 Leprosoma 831, 835 Leptoceraea 820 ieptocerus, Heterocordylus 741 Leptodella 302 Leptodemus 786, 799 Leptophlebia 126, 127 Leptophlebiidae 114, 126 Leptophyes 211, 217 Leptopodidae 658, 664, 688 leptopoides, Paromius 810 Leptopterna 705, 734 Leptopternis 261, 284 I-eptopus 688 Lepyronia 360 Lepyroniella 360, 361 Lestes 140, 142, 143 Lestidae 140, 141, 142, 144 Lethaeini 801 lethierryi, Agraphopus 820

lethierryi, Scolopostethus 802

leucanthemi, Haplothrips 872 Leucaspis 646, 647

loucocephalus, Strongylocoris 739 leucogrammes, Ancyiosoma 835 leucomelas, Chaitophorus 541 Leucopterum 711, 750 leucoptenis, Tropidothorax 793

Leucorrhinia 157, 161 leucostrigata, Ptenothrix 101 Lsucotermes 176 Leucothrips 855, 863 Leuctra 178, 188 Leuctridae 178, 179 lezgina, Pachypodisma 261 Ii.banotidis, Dysaphis 583 Libellula 157

LibeIIulidae 140, 142, 156

lichtensteini, Eriopeltis 639 lichtenstoini, Pemphigus 515

Lidaja 596 ligustri, Myzodes 601 Ligyiocoris 788, 810 lilifolia, Tyiopsis 223 liliimacula, Hebrus 680 limbata. Diraphia 444 limbatellus, Diplocolenus 432 limbatus, Anthocoris 698 limbatus, Dolichonabis 691 limbatus, Lygocoris 720

limbosus, Legnotus 825 limitata, Sigara 672 limitatum, Brachyarthrum 755 Limnoporus 683 limonii sp. n., Handianus 416 limonii, Staticobium 613 Limotettix 366, 418 Limothrips 855, 857 linae, Camptotylus 764 linariae, Brachycaudus 586 linarius, Thrips 866 lindbergi, Kybos 385

Lindbergocapsus 742 lindeni, Coehagrion 147, 149 Lindenia 150, 151 linearis, Megaloceraea 732 linearis, Metapterus 776 linearis, Ranatra 679 lineata, Ephemera 117 lineata, Eurysa 351 lineatum, Graphosoma 835 lineatus, Dolichonabis 691 lineatus, Metacanthus 785 lineatus, Neophilaenus 362 Itncatus, Nysius 795 lineatus, Stenobothrus 267 lineatus, Stictocoris 418 lineatus var., Teratocoris sanndersi 734 lineellus, Pachyxyphus 760 lineola, Maccevethus 819 lineolata, Craspedolepta 450 lineolata, Neottiglossa 838 lineolatus, Adelphocoris 728 lineolatus, Camptotelus 799 lineolatus, Euscelis 419 lingi, Mocuellus 437

linnaeanus, Siphlonurus 119 linnaei, Corixa 667 linnaniemii, Heterosminthurus 97 Linnavuoriana 371, 390 Linognathidae 326, 332 Linognathus 332, 333 Linosiphon 566, 612 Liocoris 703, 723 Liorhyssus 817 Liosomaphis 553, 589 Liothrips 869, 870 Lipaphidiella 591 Lipaphis 556, 591 Lipeurus 321 Liporrhinus 603 Liposcelidae 296 Liposcelis 296 Lispothrips 869, 870

Lopus 709, 752 loratus, Chorthippus 269

Locusta 259, 279 Locusta 225 Loensia 304, 306 Loepotettix 414 loewi, Acrotelus 748 loewi, Anamaspis 647 loewi, Anoplotettix 407 loewi, Eurhadina 387 loewiana, Trioza mesomela 475 logvinenkoae sp. n., Diplocolenus 432 Lonchodidae 204

longicauda, Heptagenia 132 longicauda, Palingenia 115 longicaudata, Aphalara 448 Longicaudus 553, 588 longiceps, Arocatus 794 longiceps, Arocepbalus 424 longicollis, Plinthisus 800 longicornis, Anapus 738 longicorniS) Chartoscirta elegantula longicornis, Chorthippus 271 longicornis, Criocoris 759 longicornis, Mocuellus 437 longicornis, Pogonognathellus 80 longicornis, Psallopsis 751 longicornis, Scolothrips 861 longilobata, Paraleptophlebia 127 longipalis, Sigara 673 longipennis, Eirenepailus 263 longipennis, Phytocoris 729 longipes, Acrotylus 282 longipes, Lachnus roboris 525 longiyilosus, Dysaphis 581 longirostris, Acetropis 734 longirostris, Ischnaspis 647 longirostris, Lachnus 525 longirostris, Megalocoleus 753 longirostris, Stomaphis 524 longisetosus, Chaitophorus 541 longisetosus, Onychiurus 54 longisetum, Eulecanium 642 longispina, Ceratopb.ysella 65 longistylosus, Rhaphidothrips 863 Longiunguis 546, 567 longiusculus, Alampes 808 longiventris, Myrmus 820 longula, Hoplopleura 330 lonicerae, Aleyrodes 489 lonicerae, Rhopalomyzus 607 lonicerina, Seauaphis 593 Lophyromiris 726

Loricula 693 Loriculidae 693 loripes, Nocarodes 252 loti, Acyrthosiphon 603 loti, Odontothrips 861 lubb ocki, Sphyrotheca 98 lucifugus, Brachycaudus 586 lucifugus, Epipsocus 298 lucifugus, Reticulitermes 176 lucorum, Lygocoris 720 luctuosus, Sehirus 826 lugubrina, Calligypona 350 lugubris, Aradus 781 lugubris sp. n., Fieberiella 405 lugubris, Jassidaeus 352 Lunaceps 319 lunaris, Jassargus 430 lunata, Staria 839 lundi, Peritreclms 806 lunula, Megalocoleus 753 lunulata, Antheminia 840 lunulatum, Coenagrion 146, 148 lupuli, Dictyla 773 luridus, Pachybrachius 810 luridus, Psallus 758 luridus, Strongylocoris 739 luridus, Troilus 845 lutea, Bourletiella 97 lutea, Notonecta 678 luteicollis, Halticus 739 luteipes, Hyalesthes 345 luteocincta, Homolaner 754 luteola, Therioaphis 537 luteolum, Centroptilum 123 luteospina, Ceratophysella 65 lutescens, Deraeocoris 715 .

Lithodusa 214, 227 lithospenni, Macrosiphoniella 615 Litoxenus 710, 748 littoralis, Salda 685 liturata, Ethelastia 755 lituratus, Idiocerus 377 lituratus, Piezodorus 844 livens, Stroggylocephalus 381 Livia 444 lividus, Ceraleptus 815 lividus, Macrosteles 401 Liviidae 442, 444 Livilla 462, 464 lobata, Spathocera 814 Loboptera 166, 167

686

luteus, Euscelis 421 luteus, Hyperomyzus 605 luteus, Potamanthus 118 lutheri, Maccevethus 819 luzulae, Luzulaspis 638 Luzulaspis 636, 638 luzulella, Raopalosiphum 568 lychnidis, Brachycaudus 585 Lyctocoris 696, 697 Lygaeidae 664, 785 Lygaeinae 785, 793 Lygaeoldea 657, 658 Lygaeosoma 786, 794 Lygaeus 786, 793 Lygocoris 703, 718 Lygus 703, 720 lynceus, Graptopeltus 804 lyriocephalus, Haemodipsus 332 Lyristes 358 lyropietus, Periphyllus 543 lysimachiae, Thecabius 515 lythri, Myzus 598

Maccevethus 817, 819 Machaerilaemus 314 machili, Lepidosaphes 647 Machilidae 107 Machilis 107, 108 1188

Macrocephalidae 779

maf’uscula, Diura 194 majusculus, Onus 699 majusculus, Tropistcthus 801 makarovi, Psammotettix 426 mala, Dysaphis 582 malachitica, Craspedolepta 452 Malacocoris 706, 742 Malaphis 585 Malenia 342 mali, Atractotomus 758 mali, Dysaphis 582 mali, Eulecanium 642 mali, Psylla 469 malicola., Dysaphis 582 Mallophaga 26, 37, 309 malmgreni, Sminthurides 93, 94 malpighii, Campodea 103 Malthacosoma 710 malvae, Aphis 574 malvae sp. n., Brachycaudus 587 mamiilariae, Pseudococcus 628 Mamontova gen. n. 553, 589 mamontovae, Dysaphis newskyi 582 mancinii, Velia 682

macrocephalus, Halticus 739 macrocephalus, Mitricephalus 356 macrocephalus, Sciocoris 836 Macrocerococcus 626, 631 macrocerus, Chorthippus 271 Macrodema 790, 808 Macrolophus 708, 713 Macromia 156 Macroparius 795

Macroplax 787, 799 Macropod aphis 532, 538 Macropsidius 370, 374 Macropsinae 370, 372 Macropsis 370, 372 macropterus, Gryllodinus 238 Macrosiphoniella 566, 614 Macrosiphum 566, 610 Macrosteles 365, 400 Macrostelini 365

macrostigma, Lestes 143 Macrotylus 710, 748 macrotylus, Aneurus 781 macrura, Caenis 136 maculata, Amblyrhina 464 maculata, Iziphya 538

manderstjernai, Artianus 421 manderstjernai, Erythria 385 manicatus, Chirothrips 857

maculata, Notonecta 678 maculata, Phyllodromica 168 maculata, Pterocallis 535

Manfeidae 171, 172 Mantidae 171 Mantis 172, 173 Mantodea 170 Mantoidea 170 Mantoptera 25, 33, 170

maculata, Tingis 771 maculatum, Piesma 782 maculatum, Therioaphis 537 maculatus, Galeatus 769 maculatus, Goniocotes 317 maculatus, Myrmeleotettix 268

manubrialis, Hypogastrura 66 maracandica, Eurydema 842

maculatus, Orsillus 794 maculatus, Psallus 756 maculatus, Rhopalus 817

marani, Quadras pi diotus 652 Marava 288, 289 marchali, Roepkea 588 Marchalina 623, 624

maculatus, Sminthurus 98 maculatus, Sphingonotus 283 maculipcnnis, Aphalara 448 maculiventris, Irochrotus 828 Maculolachnus 521, 525 maculosa, Orchesella 87 maculosus, Cinara 523

margaritae, Kasachstanicus 430 Margarodes 623, 624 Margarodidae 620, 621 marginalis, Orthotylus 744 marginata, Acalypta 767 marginata., Calligypona 350 marginata, Entomobrya 85 marginata, Forda 519 marginata, Leptophlebia 127

maculosus, Macrosteles 400 Alacustus 365, 414 maerkeli, Pithanus 734 magna, AHocotaphis 585 magnicornis, Atractotomus 758 magnificus, Anoplotettix 407 magnisetosa sp. n., Trioza 479

marginata,

Peria 197 marginata, Phyllodromica 168 marginata, Nemoura 188 marginatus, Coreus 814 marginatus, Ochterus 677 marginatus, Pyrrhocoris 811 marginatus, Sminthurus 98 marginatus, Streptanus 421 marginellus, Thaumastopus 803 margin epunctatus, Gonianotus 810 marginicollis, Elidiptera 342 mariae, Chaitophorus 542 maritima, Anisolabis 285, 288

mahaleb, Myzus 598 maidis, Rhopalosiphum 568 majanthemi, Aulacorthum 601 majcopica, Dysaphis anthrisci 581 majo , Chorthippus apricarius 271 majo , Dactynotus 614 majo , Chrysocbraon dispar 276 majo , Leuctra 190 majo , Oharus 345 major sp. n., Paralimnus 423 major, PIatymetopius 405 major, Stalia 691 major, Torleya 130 majus, Trichadenotecnum 306

maritima, Isotoma 77

maritima, Trama caudata 526 maritima, Xerilla 64 maritimus, Beosus 804 maritimus, Pseudococcus 628 1189

3. Dicyrtoma Bourl. Distal part of 3rd antennal segment without secondary segmentation or only indistinctly divided. Claws not tunicate. One species in the U.S.S.R. and Europe.

1(1).

Color brownish violet with lighter head; antennae and legs violet. 1.5-2. Mainly in humid forests. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. ............................................... D. fusca Lubb.

110

marmoratus, Engistus 797 marmoratus, Leptopus 688

marmoratus, Metalimnus 424 maroccanus, Dociostaurus 275 marrubii, Spinococcus 629 marsupialis, Pachypappa 514 Marthamea 197, 198 Masonaphis 566, 610 Masraphis 569 massed, Psallus 757 massiliensis, Mohelnaspis 647 Masthletinus 831, 836

Mastotermitidae 174 Matsucoccus 622, 623 matthiolae, Lipaphis 591 maura, Eurygaster 830

maura, Trioza 482 Maurodactylus 713, 763 maurum; Lamprodema 807 maxima, Neoepbemera 118 maxima, Peria 197 maydis, Rungsia 544 mayri, Allygidius 408 mayri, Metropis 353 mayri, Sigara 669 Mecomma 707, 741 Meconema 212, 223 Meconeminae 223 Meeoptera 26, 35, 37

Mecopteroidea 26 Mecostethus 259, 278 Medecticus 215, 228 media, Apterygida 290 medicagirtis, Aphis 572

mediterraneus, Carpocoris 840 mediterraneus, Margarodes 624

medius, Dicranocephalus 811 medius, Sorhoanus 434 Medoralis 573 medvedevi, Craspedolepta 450 medvedevi, Doratura 404 medvedevi, Macrosiphoniella 615 medvedevi, Orthocephalus 738 medvedevi, Piezocranum 739 medvedevi, Platycleis 230 Megacoelum 704, 728 Megaloceraea 704, 732 Megalocoleus 711, 712, 753 Megalonotini 804 Megalonotus 790, 807 Megaloptera 26, 35 Megalosiphum 613

Megalothorax 89 Megalotomus 813, 816 Megamelus 346, 437 Megathripinae 869 Megathrips 869, 874 Megaulacobothrus 270 megerlei, Phyllodromica 167, 168 Megophthalminae 363, 372 Megophthalmus 363, 372 Megoura 564, 606 Memertellidae 107 melaleucus, Aeolothrips 853 melampyri, Macrosiphum 612 Melanaphis 547, 569

melanocephalus, Arocatus 794 melanocephalus, Cymus 796

mclanocephalu.s, Eysarooris 838 melanocephalus, Phylus 754 melanocerus, Carpocoris 841 melanochaetus, Oliarus 345 Mclanocoryphus 786, 793 melanoneura, Psylla 469 melanoparia sp. n., Trioza 479 Melanoplus 254, 263 melanopterus, Canthophorus 825 melanoscela, Saldula 688 melanota, Aelia 838 Melanotrichus 745 melanotum, Brachynema 839 Melanthripinae 851 Melanthrips 851, 852, 853 meleagridis, Chelopistes 318 Melicharella 370, 375 Melicharellini 370 melissae, Eupteryx 388 mellifera, Hyadaphis passerinn 591 Membracidae 340, 362 Menacanthus 313 Menaccarus 831, 836 mendax, Macropsis 374 mendosum, Cyphodema 723 Mendrausus 369, 430 menetriesi, Phlocerus 275 Menopon 315 Menoponidae 312 menthae, Aphis 575 menthastri, Ovatus 597 menzbieri, Typhlocyba 392 mercuriale, Coenagrion 147, 149 meridialis subsp. n., Dysaphis radicola 581 meridionale, Sympetrum 159 meridionalis, Aradus betulae 780 meridionalis, Forda 519 meridionalis, Metacanthus 785 meridionalis, Micronecta 674, 676 meridionalis, Nabis 693 meridionalis, Odontothrips 861 meridionalis, Phytocoris 728 meridionalis, Taeniothrips 864 merionidis, Hoplopleura 330 meriopterum, Heterotoma 741 merkeri, Dreyfusia 503 Meromenopon 315 Meropoecus 320 Mesaphorura 51, 55 Mesasippus 257, 273 mesmini, Micronecta 675, 676 Mesocerus 814 Mesogastrura, 63, 67 mesomela, Trioza 475

mesomelas, Delphacinus 352 Mesopsocidae 297, 303 Mesopsocus 303, 304 mesopyrrhus, Idiooerus 379 Mesorgerius 341 Mesovelia 680 Mesoveliidae 661, 680 mespiti, Ovatus 597 mespili, Phenacoccus 629 Metacanthinae 782

1190

Metacanthus 782, 784 Metadenopus 625, 626 Metalimnus 368, 423 metallica, Somatochlora 156 Metaphorura 51, 55 Metapterus 774, 776 Metatropis 783, 785 Metopeurum 566, 615 Metopolophium 562, 602 Metopoplax 787, 799

Metretopus 134 Metrioptera 215, 230 Metrioptera 230, 233 metrius, Mocuellus 437 Metromerus 264 Metropis 346, 353 Metylophorus 304, 308 meyeri, Camptotylus 764 meyeri, Protonemura 183, 185 Mezira 779, 781 Mezirinae 779 Micracanthia 685, 686 Micranurida 59 Microcerotermes 175 Microcoryphia 106 Microlophium 562, 602 Micro metrina 356, 357 Micronecta 666, 674 Micronectinae 666 micro phthalmus, Sciocoris 836 Microphysa 693 Microphysidae 663, 693 Microplax 787, 799 Micropodisma 253, 261 Microporus 824 microptera, Pararcyptera 276 inicropterum, Macrodema 808 Microsigara 668 microsiphon, Dysaphis 584 Microsiphum 566, 615 microstigma, Caliaeschna 151 Microsynamma 760 Microtome, 806 Microvelia 681 Microveliinae 681 migratoria, Locusta 279 millefolii, Macrosiphoniella 615 millefolii, Microsiphum 616 Mimocoris 708, 747 Mindaridae 495, 526 Mindarus 526 miniata, Oedipoda 280 minima, Bemisia 487 minima, Carulaspis 649 minima, Proisotoma 75 minimus, Megalothorax 90 minki, Anthocoris 698 niino , Berytinus 784 mino , Elasmostethus 821 mino , Isotomiella 73 mino , Labia 285, 289 mino , Neophilaenus 362 minor var. n., Oncotylus punctipes 748 minor, Paralimnus 423 minor, Parameletus 120 minor, Platymetopius 405

minor, Tomocerus 80 minus, Asterodiaspis 635 minuta, Agramma 774 minuta, Dicyrtomina 100 minuta, Kuwania 623 minuta, Porphyrophora 624 minuta, Proisotoma 75 minutissima, Micronecta 675, 677 minutissimus, Thrips 866, 867, 868 minutus Brachycercus 135 minutus Emblethis 809 minutus Haplotbrips 871 minutus Leptodemus 799 minutus Neelus 90 minutus Omocestus 268 minutus Orius 699 minutus Orthotylus 745 minutus Periphyllus 543 minutus Stenocranus 347 minutus Tomocerus 80 Mioscirtus 259, 281 mira, Chomapbis 570 mirabilis, Frisea 61 miramae, Chorthippus brunneus 270 miramae, Eremippus 273 miramae, Gryllomorpha 239 miramae, Stenobothrus 265 Miramella 254, 262 Miramiola 216, 233 Miridae 655, 657, 658, 659 Miridius 703, 731 mirificus, Isometopus 700 miriformis, Myrmus 820 Mirinae 701, 716 Mirini 701, 716 Mirini 732 Miris 704, 725 Miris 734 mirmicoides, Aptus 690 Mirococcopsis 625, 627 Mirococcus

625, 627

Mirotarsus 602

Mitricephalus 356 mista, Aeschna 152, 153 mixtus, Allygus 408 mixtus, Canthophorus 825 miokosewiczi, Hyalesthes 345 Mocuellus 369, 437 Mocydia 367, 412 Mocydiopsis 367, 412 moczaryi, Zygina 395 modestus, Allygus 408 modestus, Oxycarenus 800 modestus, Phoenicocoris 760 Modicogryllus 238 moesta, Anisolabia 288 moesta, Caenis 136 moesta, Corixa 667 moestus, Criomorphus 351 Mogangella 368, 428 Mogangina 368, 424 Mogoplistes 240 Mogoplistidae 234, 240

Mohelnaspis 644,

647

moldavica, Macrosiphoniella 615 moldauica, PIatycleis 230

mollicula, Dikraneura 383 molliculus, Megalocoleus 75.) mollis, Chortbippus 270 mollis, Psallus 757 molluginis, Hydaphias 595 Monalocoris 701, 713 Monaphis 532, 537 Momnthia 771, 772 moncreaffi, Orthotylus 745 mongolicum, Bryodema geMen 282 Mongolojassus 369, 430 Mongolotettix 277 monUicomis, Cephalothnps 870 monoceros, Kelisia 347 monochaeta, Pseudisotoma 74 Monochaetella 859 Monosteira 766, 773 Monosynamma 713, 7b0 Monotylota 202 Montana 229 montana, Cicadetta 358 montana, Luzulaspis 639 montana, Platydeis 229 montana, Tetracanthella 71 montandoni, Bradyporus 211 montandoni, Dictyla 772 montandoni, Erythria 385 montandoni, HaHodapus 746 Montandoniella 696, 697 montanum, Hysteropterum 35b montanus, Chortbippus 271 montanus, Hehrus 680 montanus, Orthops 722 montivagns, Berytinus 784 mordiiilktana. Aphis 316 mordvilkoi, Brachycaudus 587 mordvilkoi, Chaitophorus 542 mordvilkoi, Cinara 524 mordvilkoi, Cryptosiphon 579 mordvilkoi, Forda hirsuta 519 mordvilkoi, Stegophylla 534 Mordvilkoiella gen. n. 547, 569 morio, Atractotomus 758 mono, Belothrips 860 morio, Clematostigma 305 morio, Salda 685 morio, Stauroderus 272 morio, Sehirns 826 Moritziella 506, 507 morosus, Carausius 204 morrisoni, Spinococcus 629 mortoni, Leuctra 189 Moralina 55, 56 mosana, Hydaphias 595 moscovita, Psylla 472 mosdyi, Leuctra 191 mucronata, Chitonophora loll mucronata, Xerylla 64 mucronatum, Coptosoma 820 mucronatus, Kybos 385 muehlei, Brachycolus 594 mudleri, Salda 685 Mulcticola 322 mulgedii, Dactynotus 613 multiiasciata, Entomobrya 85 nmltifasciata, Orchesella 89

multinotatns, Adarros 428

mnltipunctatus, Sminthurns 98 multireticulata, Dictyophara 341 multiseta, Folsomia 71 multituterculatus, Bradyporus i\\ multivorus, Pseudococcus 628 munieri, Thermocoris 748 muralis, Dactynotus 614 muricatus, Asiotmethis 250 murinus, Neelus 90 muscaeformis, Issus 355 musci, Acalypta 767 muscorus, Entomobrya 84 muscorum, Neanura 56 musivus, Myndus 343 mutabtlis, Orthocephalus 738 muticae, Geoica utricularia 518 Mycterodus 353, 355 Myndus 343 Myodochidae 785 Myodochini 810 Myopsocnema 295 myosotidis, Myzodes 601 myricae, Myzocallis 536 myricariae sp. n., Crastina 454 myrmecophila, Entomobryoides 8.S Myrmecophilidae 234, 235, 240, 241 Myrmecophilus 241 Myrmecophyes 705, 736 Myrmecorini 705, 734 Myrmecoris 705, 734 Myrmedobia 693 Myrmeleotettix 255, 268 myrmica sp. n., Bogdiana 800 Myrmus 817, 820 Myrsidea 313 myrthilli. Phyllostroma 640 myrtilli, Psylla 469 Myzaphls 553, 588 Myzetia 608 Myzoeallis 531, 535 Myzodes 561, 599 Myzus 561, 598

Nabidae 657, 658, 659, 663, 689 Nabinae 689, 690 Natis 690 Nabis 689, 690, 691

Nagusta 775, 776 najas, Erythromma 149 najas, Gerris 683 nana, Phaneroptera 21b Nanoplinthisus 800 Nanopsallus 709, 752 nansem, Diura 194 nanus, Hephathus 374 nanus, Ochetostethus 826 nanus, Oliarus 345 napelli, Brachycaudus 58b

narsikulovi, Psammotettix 424 Nasocoris 708, 747 nasonovi, Macrosiphum bl2 nasonovi, Phenacoccopsis 628 Nasonovia 563, 604 nassata, Dictyla 772 nassatus, Orthotylus 744

nassono-wi, Chaitophorus 541 nasti, Diplocolenus 432 nasturtii, Aphis 574 nasutus, Amblytylus 752 Naucoridae 661, 677 Naucoris 677 Neanoecia 527 Neanura 55, 56 Neanuraphis 558, 597 Neanuridae 45, 50, 55 Neaphis 596 nebulosa, Craspedolepta 450 nebulosa, Endria 403 nebulosa, Bhaphigaster 844 nebulosa, Taeniopteryx 182 nebulosus, Metylophorus 308 nebulosus, Sphingonotus 284 ’ nebulosus, FSphragisticus 806 neeopinata, Staegeriella 595 Neelidae 89 Neelus 89 neglecta, Psacasta 829 neglectus, Jassargus 430 Nehalennia 144, 145 Neides 782, 783 Netdidas 789 Nemobiinae 237, 239 Nemobius 237, 240 Nemocoris 813, 814 Nemolecanium 638, 641 nemoralis, Anoecia 527 nemoralis, Anthocoris 698 nemorum, Anthocoris 698 Nemoura 178, 183, 187 Nemouridae 178, 183 Nemurella 183, 188 Neoalituros 364, 398 .Neoephetoera 118 Neoephemeridae 114, 118 Neohaematopinus 329, 331 Neohayhurstia 593 Neoheegeria 869, 873 Neolasiotropis 770 Neolygus 718 Neomargarodes 623 Neomecomma 743 Neomyzodes 599 Neomyzus 561, 601 Neonasonovia 605 Neophilaenulus subgen- n. 362 Neophilaenus 360, 361 Neophilopterus 320 Neophysopus 859 Neopsocopsis 305 Neoptera 24, 25 Neopterocomma 545, 566 Neotrama 526 Neottiglossa 832, 838 Neoxanttwchilus 805 Nepa 679 nepetae, Aphis 575 nephrolepidis, Idiopterus 607 Nepidae 660, 679 Nepinae 679 neril, Aphis 576 nerii. Aspidiotus 651

nervosa, Craspedolepta 450 nervosus, Cixius 343 nervosus, Onychiurus 54 nervosus, Paramesus 423 Nesothrips 869, 874 neubergi, Cinara 523 Neuiocladus 792, 809 Neuroptera 26, 35 Neuropteroidea 26 Nevskia 598 Nevskyaphis 585 nevskyi, Staticobium limonii 613 newskii, Stenobothras 267 newskyi, Dysaphis 582 newsteadi, Lepidosaphes 648 Newsteadia 621

Nezara 833, 843 nicolasi, Campylomma 763 nicoleti, Entomobrya 85 Nicoletiidae 108 nidlftms, Prociphilus 514 niezabitowskii, Ankothrips 852 niger, Baetis 125

"

’"

niger, niger, niger, niger, niger, niger, nigra,

Chaitophorus 542 Haplothrips 872 Orius 699

Rhynocoris 777 Sminthurinus 96 Strongylocoris 739 Capnia 193

nigra, Leuctra 190 nigra, Nasonovia 604 nigra, Penthimia 379 nigra, Selysiothemis 158 nigriceps, Catoplatus 771 nigriceps, Zygimus 718 nigricomis, Trioza 479 nigridorsum, Polymitareys 116 nigrifrons, Diplocolenus 344 nigrina, Acalypta 767 nigripennis, Leucothrips 863 nigripes, Criocoris 759 nigripes, Cryptothrips 869 nigrita, Anapus 73’i 737 nigrita, Psylla 467 nigritursis, Euceraphis 533 nigritarsis, Leguminola 758 nigritula var., Monosynamma bohemani 760 nigritus, Aethus 824 nigritus, Polymerus 717 nigriventris, Frankliniella 862 nigroaenea, Capnoda 843 nigrolmeata, Sigara 671 nigrolineatus, Berytinus 783 nigrolineatus, Criomorphus 351 nigromaculata, Willowsia 81 nigromaculatus, Stenobothrus 266 nigropilosus, Thrips 865, 867, 868 nimborella, Protonemura 183, 185 Ninomimus 796 nipae, Nipaecoccus 630 Nipaecoccus 626, 630 Nipponaclerda 643 Nithecus 786, 794 nitidulus, Homorocoryphus 224 nitidus, Euryopicoris 736 1193

uitidus, Heteromurus 81 nitrariae sp. n., Brachystetna 454 n n n

tzschi, Enderleinellus 330 valis, Entomobrya 85 valis, Isotoma 77

n vea, Caenis 136 n vea, Panchlora 169 n vea, Zygina 394 n veatus, Phytocoris 731 niveipennis, Rhipidothrips 852 nobilis, Aeolothrips 853

nobilis, Idiocerus 376 nobilis, Megathrips 874 Nocaracris 249, 251 Nocarodes 249, 252 nocturna, Caenis 136 nodicollis, Phimodera 829 nodicornis, Phloeothrips 873 nodosus, Psaminotettix 426 nolitangere, Semiaphis 593

nordmannianae, Dreyfusia 503 norvegica, Arcynopteryx 194 norvegicus, Calocoris 726 norvegicus, Metretopus 134 Nosopon 315 notabilis, Isotoma 76 notabilis, Xerophylla 507 notata, Ephemerella 129 notata, Eupteryx 388 notaticeps, Hyoidea 742 notatus, Idiocecus 376 notatus, Paraphilaenus 361 Notonecta 678 Notonectidae 661, 678 Notonectinae 678 Notosima subgen. n. 768

Notostaurus 257, 275 Notostira 704, 732

notula, Megamelus 347 Notus 370, 383 novemlineatus, Heterosminthurus 97 nowickyi, Pbytocoris 729 noxia, Paraph-olidoptera 232 noxius, Brachycolus 594 nubecula, Isogenus 195 nubilus, Bathysolen 814 nubilus, Macrolophus 713 nubilus, Peritrechus 806 Nuculaspis 645, 651 nuda, Cinara 523 niida, Cinara 523 nudum, Microsiphum 616 niisslini, Dreyfusia 503 nymphaeae, Rhopalosiphum 568 Nymphorgerius 341 nymphula, Pyrrhosoma 149 nysioides, Stictopleurus 819 Nysius 786. 794

oberti, Stephanitis 770 obionae sp, n., Trioza 477 obliqua, Notonecta 678 obliqua, Tcttigometra 357 obliqua, Trioza 477 obliquus, Cymus 796 obliquus, Mindarus 526

obliquus, Xylocoris 697 oblonga, Macrosiphoniella 614 oblongus, Symydobius 533 obscura. Aphis heliantaemi 577 obscura, Isoperia 196 obscura, Spathocera 814 obscurella, Calligypona 349 obscurella, Scoloposcelis 696 obscurellus, Phoenicocoris 760 obscuricomis, Phloeothrips 874 obsGurior, Tartarogryllus tartarus 238 obscurus, Anaphothrips 859 obscurus, Dactynotus 613 obscurus, Oliarus 345 obscurus, Periphyllus 543 obscurus, Pseudoceles. 282 obsoleta, Enderleiniella 299 obsoleta, Symphypyga 375

obsolelus, Euscelis 419 obsoletus, Hyalesfches 345 obsoletus, Platymetopius 407 obtusa, Aelia 838

obtusangulus, Holotrichius 777 obtusivalvis, Jassargus 430 obtusus, Ceraleptus 815 obtusus, Sternodontus 835 occidentale, Acyrthosiphon caraganae 603 occidentale, Bryodema holdereri 282 ocellaris, Adarrus 428 Ochetostethus 823, 826 Ochrilidia 258, 277 ochroleuca, Cymophyes 798 ochroleucus, Megalocoleus 753 ochroleuca s, Megalocoleus 753 ochromelas, Calocoris 726 ochropus, Dactynotus 613 Ochteridae 658, 660, 677 Ochterus 677 Octacysta 766, 773 octopunctata, Pseudosinella 81 octopunctatus, Lamprotettix 408 octopunctatus, Onychiurus 53 octotuberculata, Aphis 574 ocularis, Idiocerus 376 ocularis, Psallus 756 oculata, Phimodera 828 odicus, Gryllodinus 238 Odonaspis 645, 650 Odonata 137 Odonatoidea 25 Odonatoptera 25, 32, 137 Odontelfa 59, 60, 61 odontogaster, Gerris 684 Odontoplatys 704, 725 Odontopodisma 253, 261 Odontoscelini 826 Odontoscelis 826, 827 Odoutotarsini 826 Odontotarsus 826, 828 Odontothrips 855, 860 Oecanthidae 234, 235 Oecanthus 235 Oeciacus 699 Oedaleus 259, 279 Oe’dipoda 259, 280 oedipodioides, Pseudoceles 282

ognevi, Ribautiana 392

okaensis, Onychiurus 53 okaensis, Streptanus 421 oklandi, Capnia 193 oleae, Saissetia 641

oleracea, Eurydema

843

Oliarus 343, 344 oligacanthus, Poecilimon 221 Oligaphorura 53 Oligoneuriella 120 Oligoneuriidae 113, 120 Oligoneurisca 120

Oligotomidae 202 olivacea, Isotoma 69, 77 olivaceus, Deraeocoris 715 olivina, Euphyllura 448 Olyntfwscelts 231. omissa, Craspedolepta 450 omissus, Anaphothrips 859 omissus, Xanthochilus 805 Ommatidiotus 353, 354

Omocestus 255, 267 Omphalonotus 708, 746 Oncocephalus 775, 777 Oncochila 766, 772 Onconotus 214, 226 Oncopodura 78 Oncopoduridae 68, 78

Oncopsis 370, 372 Oncotylini 747 Oncotylus 710, 747 oBoiiryctis, Acyrthosiphon 603 ononidis, Tberioaphis 537 ononidis, Therioaphis 537 onustus, Atomoscelis 762 Onychiuridae 43, 44, 50, 51 Onychiurinae 51, 52 Onychiurus 45, 46, 51, 52 Onychogomphus 150, 151 Onyckumenus 752 opacellus, Pionosomus 808 opacula, Saldula 687 opacus, Chlamydatus 763 Ophiogomphus 150 Ophiolix 418 opima sp. n., Eutrioza 473 Opisthotaenia 712, 760 Opocrates 836 Opsiini 364 Opsius 364, 396 oratoria, Iris 173 Orchesella 85 Orehesellidae 43, 46, 47, 69, 85 orchidearum, Cerataphis 529 Orgeriinae 341 Orgeriini 341 orientale, Hysteropterum 356 orientalis, Acanthopulvinaria 640

orientalis, Blatta 164, 165, 166, 167 orientalis subsp. n., Chaetosiphon alpestre 607

orientalis, Chlorita 387 orientalis, Diplocolenus 433 orientalis, Orchesella 87 orientalis, Pineus 502 origani, Aphis 575

origani, Eupteryx 388 origani, Metopoplax 799 Oriini 696, 699 Orius 696, 699 ornata, Aglena 423 ornata, Aphidura 596 ornata, Bacillaphis 539 ornata, Cicadula 412 omata, Dicyrtomina 100 ornata, Eupteryx 388 ornata, Eurydema 842 ornata, Eurydema 843 omaticeps, Megalotomus 816 omaticeps, Psammotettix 426 ornatula, Chroantha 839 tjrnatulus, Agraphopus 820 omatum, Coenagrion 147, 148 ornatum, Procloeon 121 omatus, Dendrothrips 859 ornatus, Myzodes 599 orni, Cicada 358 Ornithobius 321 Orodusa subg. n. 226 Orphaata 223 Orsillinae 786, 794 Orsillus 786, 794 Orthaea 810 Orthetrum 157 Orthezia 621 Orthezildae 620, 621 Orthocephalus 706 orthocephalus, Mycterodus 355 orfchochila, Saldula 686 Ortholomus 786, 795 Orthonotus 711, 754 Orthops 703, 722 Orthoptera 26, 33, 163, 171, 204, 205 Orthopteroidea 25 Orthotylinae 705, 736 Orthotylini 705, 739 Orthotylus 707, 742 oschanini, Orthotylus 745 oschanini, Stephanitis 769 oseticus sp. n., Diplocolenus 432 oshanini, Geocoris 797 oshanini, Macrosteles 400 osmanica, Colposcenia 454 .ossiannilssoni, Dysaphis newskyi 582 ossiannilssoni, Wahlgreniella 606 Ossiannilssonola 371, 390 ostiaplurima, Polystomophora 627 ostreaeformis, Quadraspidiotus 653 Otidoecus 318 ovalis, Gyropus 317 ovalis, Menaccarus 836 ovata, Bemisia 487 Ovatococcus 632, 634 Ovatoides 559, 597 Ovatus 559, 597 ovatus, Sehirus 826 ovillus, Linognathus 334 ovis, Bovicola 323 Oxycareninae 786, 799 oxycarenotdes, Fulvius 713 Oxycarenus 786, 800 oxycephala, Acrida 265

Oxylipeurus 321 Oxythrips 855, 860 pabulinus, Lygocoris 718 Pachybrachius 788, 810

pachycnemis, Elatophilus 698 Pachycoleus 689

Pachygronthinae 788, 798

Pachypappa 509, 514 Pachypappela 509, 513 Pachypodisma 253, 261 Pachypsyllinae 457 Pachypsylloides gen. n. 457, mi Pachypsylloidini trib. n. 457 Pachyfomella 706, 738 Pachutrachelus 232 Pachytrachis 215, 232 Pachytylus 279 Pachyxyphus 712, 760 Paczoskia 614 paczoskii, Dactynotus 614 padellus, Myzus 598

padi, Rhopalosiphum 5b8 paedisca, Sympycna 144 Pagmania 807

Palaeolecanium 638, 641 Palaeoptera 24, 25 Palingenia 114

Palingeniidae 114 pallasi, Opsius 396 pallens, Calligypona 350 pallens, Doliotettix 414 pallens, Leucopterum 750 pallens, Oxycarenus 800 pallescens, Tarisa 834 palliata, Brachyplax 799 palliceps, Isotomurus 75 pallida, Bacillaphis 539 pallida, Frankliniella 862 pallida, Kaltenbachiella 517 pallida, Trioza 482 pallidicomis, Orius 699

pallidinervis, Psammotettix 42b pallidior, Melanthrips 852 pallidipennis, Saldula 686 pallidula, Kelisia 347 pallidulus, Lygocoris 718 pallidulus, Uchida 313 pallidus, Aspilaspis 691 pallidus, Dicyphus 714 pallidus, Dudanus 421 pallidus, Hyperomyzus 605 pallidus, Myrmeleotettix 268 pallidus, Sdenocephalus 407 pallipes, Acompus 801 pallipes, Lachnus 525 pallipes, Saldula 688 palmae, Borchseniaspis b52 palmeni, Psylla 472 palmerae, Coloradoa 596

palmiensis, Pseudachorodma 5» Palomena 832, 841 palpalis, Myrmeleotettix 268 Paluda 365, 410 paludosus, Paramesus 425 paludosus, Scleroracus 418

paludum, Gerris 683 paludum, Teratocons

734

Palus 369, 434 palustris, Isotomurus 75 palustris, Polymerus 717 palustris, Saldula 686 palustris, Schisaphis 569 Pamera 810 Pamnhagidae 246, -249 Panaoras 791, 804

Panchlora 169

Panchlorinae 169

pandurus, Lygaeus 793 Panesthiidae 163 paniculatae, Caricosipha 545 pannonicus, Chanithus 341 paDnosus, Ceroputo 631 Pantallus 368, 424 Pantillius 703, 732 panzeri, Corixa 667 panzeri, Oliarus 345 panzeri, Palus 436 Papillaphis 577 papillata, Macrosiphomella 615 papillosa, Micranurida 59 Paracaloptenus 255, 264 Paracinema 258, 278 Paracletus 512, 519 .

Paracorixa 670 Paradorydiini 364

Paradorydium 364, 380 paradoxa, Macropodaphis 538 paradoxa, Macrosiphoniella 615 naradoxa, Shaposhnikoviella OBO paradoxa, Sphaerista 768 858 paradoxus, Idolimothrips paradoxus, Lepidocyrtus 83 Paradrymadusa 214, 227 Ptiradrymadusa 226 Parafairmairia 636, 638 ParafranklinieUa 856, 862 Paraglobiceps 740 Paragygrus sutgen. n. Us Parafeptophlebia 126, 127 Paralimnus 368, 423 parallela, Corixa 667 parallela, Pachytomella 738 parallelus, Chorthippus 271 Parallothrips 869, 871 Parameletus 118, 119 Parameles 173 Paramesus 368, 423 Paramyzus 561, 601 Paranurophorus 69, 72 Paraphilaenus 360, 361 Paraphis 596 Paiapholidoptera 215, 232 Parapleurus 259, 278 Parapolycrates 790, 807 Paraprociphilus 509, 514 Parapsallus 713, 760 Pararcyptera 257, 276 Parargus 369, 432 Paraschizaphis 568

Paraserenthia 773

Parasigara 665, 667

Paratettix 247, 249 Paredrocoris 711, 763 parens, Sehirus 826 parilis, Gonianotus 809 Parlatoria 643, 646 parlatoriae, Syngenaspis 646 parlatorioides, Pseudopariatoria 6i Paromius 788, 810 Paroudablis 625, 629 Parthenolecanhim 638, 641 parthenope, Anax 154 Parthenothrips 854, 857

pellucida, Calligypona 349 pellucidus sp. n., Handianus 416 pellucidus, Tetartostylus 400 Pemphigidae 496, 507 Pemphiginae 508, 513 Pemphigus 510. 515 Penenirmus 319

penicillifer, Sminthurides 93, 94 pennicornis, Empusa 172, 173 pennipes, Platycnemis 144 pennulatum, Centroptilum 123 pentagona, Pseudaulacaspis 650 Pentaphis 519

parumpunctatus, Rhopalus 818 parvicerarius, Peliococcopsis 630 parvicornis, Brachysteles 697 parvipennis, Psylla 467 parviapina, Paluda 410 parvula, Acalypta 767 parvula, Brachystomella 61 parvula, Erythroneura 394 parvulus, Heterocordylus 741 parvulus, Folsomides 74 parvulus, Orthotylus 745 parvulus, Peripsocus 301 parvulus, Pseudachorutes 58 parvulus, Solenoxyphus 752 parvus, Psilococcus 638 Pasekia 536 pascuellus, Arthaldeus 434 Pasira 775, 777 passerinii, Hyadaphis 591 passerinii, Phloeomyzus 527 pastinacae, Cavariella 590 patehae, Eriosoma 517 pauperata, Tingis 771 Pauropsyllinae 444 paykulli, Macrotylus 750 Pealius 485, 488 pectinatae, Aphrastasia 503 pectinatae, Cinara 522 pectiniventre, Colpocephalum 315 Pectinopygus 322 pectoralis, Apoplymus 784 pectoralis, Leucorrhinia 161 pectoralis, Paredrocoris 763 pedalis, Linognathus 334 pedemontanum, Sympetrum. 160 pedestris, Podisma 263 pedestris, Stygnocoris 801 Pedicinmae 329 Pedicinus 329, 332 pedicularia, Lachesilla 300 pedicularius, Hoplothrips 870 Pedieulidae 326, 327 Pediculus 327 Pediopsis 370, 372 pedo. Saga 225 pegam, Agonoscena 448 perargonii, Acyrthosiphon 602 pelargonii, Aulacorthum 601 pelei, Betulaphis 534 Peliococcopsis 626, 630 Peliococcus 625, 629 pellax, Laburrus 418

Pentatoma 833, 844 Pentatomidae 664, 830 Pentatominae 831, 836 Pentatomini 833 Pentatomoidea 655, 657, 658, 659 Pentatrichopus 607 Penthimia 363, 379 Penthimimi 363 Peragallia 370, 375 peregrina, Psylla 472

perfidiosus, Peliococcus 630 Pergandeidea 572 Peribalus 841

Periphyllus 539, 542 Periplaneta 165 Peripsocidae 297, 300 Peripsocus 300 Peritrechus 790, 791, 806 Peria 197 Perlidae 178, 180, 181, 197

Perlodes 193, 194 Periodidae 178, 180, 181, 193 perniciosus, Quadraspidiotus 653 Perotettix 414 perplexus, Pilophorus 746 perrisi, Bactericera 475 perrisi, Psallus 756 perseae, Aculaspis 652 persicae,

Brachycaudus 588

persicae, Myzodes 599 persicae, Parthenolecanium 641 persicae, Pterochloroides 525 persicae- niger, Brachycaudus 586 persicaecola, Brachycaudus 586 persimilis, Cicadula 412 persimilis, Pleotrichophorus 610 personatus, Reduvius 778 peterseni, Ecdyonurus 132 petraeus, Omocestus 268 petreae, Tuberculoides 536 Petrobius 107 petrovi, Lepyroniella 361 peucedani-carvifoliae, Debilisiphon 578 Peuceptyelus 359, 360 Pezocoris 791, 807 Pezotettix 252, 261 phaeopterus, Peripsocus 301 phaleratus, Odontothrips 860 Phaneroptera 211, 216 Phaneroptermae 216 phaseoli, Smynthurodes 519 Phasgonura 225 Phasmoidea 203

pellucens, Oecanthus 235 pellucens, Salda 685 1197

Phasmoptera 25, 33, 203 phenacoccoides, Caulococcus 629 Phenacoccopsis 625, 628 Phenacoccus 625, 629 Philaenus 360 Philaia 369, 429 philalyssum, Ventocoris 834 phillyreae, Siphoninus 487

Philoceanus 322 Philomyrmex 786, 800 Philopteridae 317 Philopterus 319 Philotarsidae 297, 302 Philotarsus 302 Phimodera 826, 828 PUepsidius 366, 408 Phlepsius 367, 407 Phlocerus 257, 275 Phloeomyzidae 498, 527 Phloeomyzus 527 Phloeothripidae 850, 868, 869 Phloeothripinae 868 Phloeothrips 869, 873 Phlogotettix 364, 405 phoeniceus, Rhyparochromus 806 Phoenicocoris 709, 760 Pholidoptera 215, 231 Pholldoptera 232 Phorodon 559, 597

phragmitidis, Eriopeltis 639 phragmitis, Chaetococcus 626 phragmitis, ParaUmnus 423 Phthirus 327, 328 Phylidea 756 Phylinae 708, 746 Phylini 708, 747 Phyllaphidlnae 529 Phyllaphls 530, 533 Phylliidae 203 Phyllairmia 166 PhyUodromica 166, 167, 168 Phyllomorpha 812, 814 phyllastachia, Melanaphis 569 Phyllostroma 636, 640 Phylloxera 506, 507 Phylloxeridae 495, 505 Phylloxerina 505, 506 Phylns 711, 754 Phymata 779 Phymatidae 662, 779 physapus, Thrips 866, 867, 868 Physatocheila 766, 772 Physopoda 846 Physokermes 638, 642 phyteumae, Dactynotus 613 Phytocoris 703, 728 piageti, Goniodes 318 Piagetiella 314 piceae, Cinara 521 piceae Cinara 522 piceae Dreyfusia 503 piceae Paroudablis 629 piceae Physokermes 643 piceae Psallus 758 ptceimla, Cinara 522 piceus, Caecilius 299

piceus, Lamproplax 803 pichtac, Cinara 522 picicornis, Loensia 307 picipes, Legnotus 825 picipes, Taeniothrips 864 picridis, Dactynotus 614 picridis, Hyperomyzus 605 Picromerus 833, 844 picta, Anadrymadusa 227 picta, Bacillaphis 539 picteti, Choroterpes 128 picteti, Nemurella 179, 188 picticeps, Sacculifer 758 picticomis, var., PIagiognathus bipuncta tus 761 pictilis, Asymmetropteryx 387 pictipennis, Psammotettix 424 picturatus, Paralimnus 423 pictus Aradus 780 pictus Chlorillus 760 pictus Pithyotettix 414 piclus Promecocoris 829 pictus Scolopostethus 802 pienensis, Isophya 219 Piesma 781 Piesmatidae 664, 781 Piesmtdae 781 Piezocranum 706, 738 Piezodorus 833, 844 Piemstethus 697 pilicornis, Calocoris 726 pilicornis, Cinara 522 pilicornis, Drymus 803 pilicornis, Hyalocoris 810 pilicornis, Oncocephalus 778 pilipes, Drymus 803 pillichianus, Phlaeothrips 873, 874 Pilophorini 707, 745 Pilophorus 707, 745 pilosa, Craspedolepta 452 pilosa, Tetracanthella 71 pilosa, Tingis 771 pilosella, Saldnla 686 pilosellae, Ceroputo 631 pilosellae, Dactynotus 613 pilosellae, Nasonovia 604 pilosulus, Aethus 824 pilosum, Pterocomma 567 pilosus Anthocoris 698 pilosus Bothynotus 714 pilosus Chiloxanthus 685 pilosus Megalocoleus 753 pilosus Scolopostethus 802 pilosus Tachycixius 343 pimpinellae, Semiaphis 593 pinastri, Camptozygum 718 pinea,. Cinara 523 pineoides, Pineus 502 pinetellum, Plesiodenm 754 pineti, Schizolachnus 524 Pineus 499, 502 pini Cinara 523 ptm Cinara 523 pini Elatophilus 698 pini Leucaspis 647 pini Phytocoris 729 .

pini, Pineus 502 pini, Rhyparochromus 805 pini, Taeniothrips 864 pinicota^ Cinara 522 pinicola, Pitedia 842 pinihabitans, Cinara 523 piniphila, Cinara 523 Pinnaspis 645, 649 Pinocapsus 745 Pinthaeus 833, 844 Pinumius 369, 430 Piocoris 787, 797 Pionosomus 790, 808 pipistrelli, Cimex 699 Pirates 775, 776 Piratinae 775 piri, Aphanostigma 507 piri, Schisaphis 569 ptrina, Longiunguis 567 pisi, Acyrthosiphon 603 pistaciae, Anapulvinaria 640 pisum, Acyrthosiphon 603

Pitedia 832, 842 Pithanini 705, 734 Pithanus 705, 734 Pithyotettix 365, 414 Pitrufquenia 317 Pityopsallus 758 placida, Cicadula 412 placida, Greenisca 634 Placochilus 711, 760 plagiatus, Phylus 754 Plagtognathinae 746 Plagtilgnathini Til

Plagiognathus 709, 712, 760 Plagiorrhama 746 Planchonia 635 planicorne, Heterotoma 741 planicornis, Excentricus 741 planifrons, Melicharella 375 Planococcus 625, 628 plantaginis. Aphis 577 plantaginis, Dysaphis 583 platani, Tinocallis 534 platani, Willowsia 81 platanoidis, Drepanosiphum 537 Plataspidae 664, 820 platycheila, Aoalypta 767 Platycleis 215, 228 Platycleis 230 Platycnemidae 141, 144 PIatycnemis 144 platydens sp. n., Phytocoris 731 Platymetopius 367, 405 platyoma, Dictyla 772 Platyplax 788, 798 Platyproctus 370, 375 Platspsatltnl 747 Platypsallus 709, 763 Platypterna 277 Platypygius 259, 279 Platythrips 856, 868 Platytomatocoris 741

plebeja, Tibicen 358 plebejus, Eremocoris 802 plebejus, Euscelis 419 plebejus, Tibicen 358 Plecoptera 25, 34, 177 Plegadiphilus 315 Pleidae 679

Pleotrichophorus 564, 610 Plesiocoris 702, 718 Plesiodema 711, 754 pleurophaeus, Schizophthirus 330 pliginskii, Poecilimon 222 Plinthisini 800

Plinthisomus 800 Plinthisus 788, 800 Plocamaphis 545, 566 Phciamerini 810

Ploearia 774, 776 Ploiarwia 776 plorans, Eyprepocnemis 264 plumeus, Eriopeltis 639 plumicornis, Oncocephalus 778

plumosus, Isotomurus 76 plusiochaeta, Campodea 103 podagrariae, Aphis 571 podagricus, Eremocoris 802 Podisma 254, 262

Podismopsis 257, 276 Podopinae 830, 834 Podopini 831 Podops 831, 835 Podura 25, 30, 42, 67 Poduridae 50, 67 Poduroidea 43, 44, 49, 50 Poecilimon 212, 220, 222 PoeciloscyEus 717 poecilus, Idiocerus 377 poecilus, Psamrootettix 426 Pogonognathellus 79, 80 Poliopterus 761 polita, Phyllodromica 168

pollini, Pollinia 636 Pollinia 635, 636 polonica, Mantis religiosa 173 polonica, Porphyrophora 634 Polyacanthella 60 polygoni, Aphalara 448 polygoni, Aspidaphis 595 Polymerus 701, 716 Polymitarcidae 114, 116 Polymitarcys 116 Polyphaga 164, 165 Polyphagidae 162, 164, 165 Polyplacinae 329 Polyplax 329, 331 Polysarcus 212, 223 polystictica. Iris 173 Polystomophora 625, 627 polytrapezius, Oxylipenrus 321 Pomaphis 582 pomaria, Dysaphis 581 pomeranicum, Parthenolecanium 641 pomi, Aphis 573

Platyfomocoris 741 Plea 679

pontica, Craspedolepta 450

Pleargus gen. n. 369, 430

ponttca, Pholidoptera 232

poniica,

Paradrymadusa 227

3.

Order

DIPLURA

A. G, Sharov

Body wingless, vermiform, flexible. Head rounded, with entognathous biting mouthparts, Antennae present, eyes absent. All legs of equal size. Abdominal sterna with one pair of styli each and sometimes one pair of protrusible vesicles. No ovipositor. Cerci present. Median caudal filament absent. Metamorphosis incomplete, simplified. Usually small (2 to 8mm). Milk white or yellowish. Abdominal segments VIH-X may be brown and strongly chitinized. Body without scales, elongate (Figure47, 1,3). Head large, prognathous, broader than thoracic segment I.

pontica, Sigara stagnalis 669 ponticae, Coloradoa 596 ponticus, Dolichonabis 691 ponticus, Myrmecophilus 241 ponticus, Orthonotus 754 ponticus sp. n., Platymetopms 405 poppiusi, Notostira 732 poppiusi, Podismopsis 276 populeti, Chaitophorus 541 populeum, Pterocomma 567 populi, Chaitophorus 541 populi, Idiocerus 377 populi, Kybos 385 populi, Lygocoris 718 populi, Pachypappella 514 populi, Pemphigus 516 populi, Phytocoris 729 populi, Pulvinaria ’639 pupuli-albae, Chaitophorus 541 porcelli, Gliricola 317 porcus sp- n., Criomorphus 351 porifera, Lecanopsis 638 porifera, Rhodania 626 Porphyrophora 623, 624 portulacae, Myzodes 599 Potamanthidae 114, 117 Potamanthus 117 potentillae, Chaetosiphon 607 poweri, Micronecta 675, 677 praecox, Adelges 504 praetermissus, Thrips 865, 867 praetextatus, Megalonotus 807 praetextum, Cloeon 122 praetrita, Aphis 574 praeusta, Sigara 671 Praganus 369, 437 pragensis, Liothrips 870 prasina, Chlorita 387 prasina, Cicadetta 358 prasina, Palomena 841 prasinus, Apantilius 731 prasinus, Batrachomorphus 379 prasinus, Orthotylus 742 pratensis, Lygus 721 prelli, Dreyfusia 503 preyssleri, Macroplax 799 preyssleri, Paluda 410 priesneri, Aeolothrips 853, 854 priesneri, Phloeothrips 873 primulae, Taeniothrips 864 principalis, Arrhopalites 94 privignus, Kleidocerys 796 P rocalaphis 536 Proceps 367, 407 procerae, Coloradoa 596 procerae, Macrosiphoniella 615 procerus, Handianus 416 Prociphilus 510, 514 Procloeon 121 Proderus 790, 807 producta, Sigara 671 productus, Isotomodes 73 Proisotoma 44, 70, 74 Projapygidae 103 proleteUa, Aleyrodes 489 prolixa, Aconurella 404

Promecocoris 827, 829

Pronotropis 710, 750 propinqua, Glaenocorisa 673 propinqua, Glaenocorisa propinqua 674 propinqua, Isotoma 69, 77 propinqua, Psylla 472 propinquum, Acyrthosiphon cyparissiae 602 propinquus, Aeolothrips 853 proprius, Psyllopsis 463 Prosopothrips 855, 859 Prostemma 689, 690 Prostemmatinae 689, 690 Protaphis 549, 578 Protapborura 53 Protentomonidae 41 proteus, Parlatoria 646 Protolachnus 520, 524 Protonemura 178, 183 protospirae, Pemphigus 516 Protrama 525 Protura 25. 30, 40 provincialis, Psammotettix 428 proxima, Trioza 477 proximalis, Forda 519 Prunaphis subgen. n. 586 prunastri, Sphaerolecanium 641 pruni, Hyalopterus 569 pruni, Psylla 467 pruniavium, Myzus cerasi 598 prunicola, Brachycaudus 587 p runico la, Brachycaudus 586 prunifex, Brachycaudus 588 < Prunomyzus 598 Psacasta 827, 829 Psallopsis 710, 750 Psallus 709, 755 psammae, Laingia 543 psammaecolor, Trigonotylus 732 Psammotettix 368, 424 pselaphiformis, Loricula 693 Pseudacaudella 557, 595

Pseudachorudina 57

Pseudachorutella 57 Pseudachorutes 57 Pseudachorutidae 43, 50, 57 Pseudanurophorus 69, 72 pseudassimilis, Sminthurides 94

Pseudaulacaspis 645, 650 pseudinsignis, Rhizococcus 632 Pseudisotoma 70, 74 pseud obifasciata, Orchesella 86, 89 Pseudobrevicoryne 592 Pseudoceles 260, 282 pseudocellaris, Jassargus 430 Pseudocentroptilum 121, 123 Pseudochermes 632, 634 Pseudocloeon 120, 121 Pseudococcidae 620, 624 pseudococcus 625, 627 pseudodiplophthalma, Folsomia 72 pseudoferus, Nabis 693 pseudohesperidum. Coccus 640 pseudolamellifera, Odontella 61 pseudoleucaspis, Kuwanaspis 649 Pseudoloxops 707, 741 psetidomaritima, Isotoma 77 1200

Pseudomenopon 313

pulvera, Macrosiphoniella 615 pulverinus, Dysaphis 583 Pulvinaria 636, 639 pulvinatus, Euchorthippus 272 pumilio, Ischnura 145 pumilis, Sphaeridia 94

Pseudoparlatoria 645, 650 Pseudophasmoidea 204 Pseudophlepsius 364, 398 Pseudophloeinae 812, 814 Pseudophloeus 814

pseudoplatani, Aleurochiton 488 Pseudopodisma 254, 262 Pseudosinella 81

pumilus, Baetis 125 pumilus, Coniortodes 752 pumilus, Phenacoccus 629 punctata, Balclutha 400 punctata, Corixa 666 punctilio, Phyllodromica 168 punctatissima, Leptophyes 217 punctatonervosus, Stictopleurua 818 punctatus, Lygus 721 punctatus, Rhacognathus 845 puncteola, Entomobrya 84 puncticollis, Grypotes 396 puneticollis, Halticus 739 puncticollis, Megalonotus 807 puncticornis, Brachynotocoris 742 punctitrons, Aphelonema 354 punctifrons, Sagatus 401 punctipenne, Malthacosoma 710 punctipennis, Euceraphis 533 punctipennis, Ortholomus 795 punctipennis, Pronotropis 750 punctipes, Excentricons 759 punctipes, Gampsocoris 785 punctipes, Oncotylus 748 punctiventris, Rhynocoris 777 punctulata, Craspedolepta 452 punctulata, Halticidea 737 punctulatus, Deraeocoris 715 punetulatus, Geotomus 825 punctulatus, Ischnocoris 802 punctum, Arocephalus 424 punctumalbum, Fulvius 713 punicae, Aphis 574 purohasi, Icerya 624

Pseudovermicorixa 671

Psilococcus 636, 638 psittaceus, Chroocacus 421 pskovica, Anoecia 527 Psocidae 297, 304 Psococerastis 304, 308 Psocomorpha 294, 297 Psocoptera 26, 35, 37, 291 Psocus 304, 307 Psorodonotus 215, 232 Psophus 259, 280 Psylla 462, 464 Psyllidae 442, 457 Psyllinae 459 Psyllinea 336, 437 Psyllipsocidae 295, 296 Psyllipsocus 296 Psylloj)sis 459, 463 ptarmicae, Microsiphum 616 Ptenothrix 99, 100 pteridis, Bryocoris 713 pteridis, Empoasca 387 Pterocallis 531, 535 Pterochloroides 521, 525 Pterocomma 545, 566 Pterocommatinae 545, 566 Pteronemobius 237, 239 pterostlcha; Heteracris 265 Pterotmetus 790, 808 Pterygota 25, 30 ptilioides, Plinthisus 800 puberulus, Scolopostethus 802 pubescens, Geocoris 797 pubesceas, Lygus 720 pubis, Phthirus 329 pudicus, Carpocoris 841 puella, Coenagrion 147, 148 pujoli, Aphidura 597 pulchella, Eurhadina 387 pulchella, Psylla 465 pulchella, Scoloposcelis 696 pulchellum, Coenagrion 147, 148 pulchellus, Delphax 348 pulchellus, Trigonotylus 733 pulcher, Actinonotus 725 pulcher, Dialeurolobus 487 pulcher, Neoaliturus 399 pulchra, Orchesella 87 pulchra, Psylla 469 puhcaris, Deltocephalus 401 pulicarius, Chlamydatus 762 pullicariae, Dactynotus 613 t pullula, Calligypona 350 pullus, Chlamydatus 762 pullus, Chorthippus 271 pulmonariae, Amphorophora 606 pulsatorium, Trogium 295

purp^atus,

Chorthippus

macrocel

purpureipennis, Carpocoris 840 purpureolineatus, Odontotarsus 828 purpurescens, Hypogastrura 67 pusilla sp. n., Achaetica 398 pusilla, Armene 172 pusilla Leucaspis 647 pusilla Micronecta 675, 676 pusill, Miramiola 233 pusilla, Neottiglossa 838 pusilla, Tingis 771 pusillimum, Cryptostemma 689 pusillus, Halticus 739 pusillus, Hebrus 680 pusillus, Pilophorus 746 pusillus, Plinthisus 800 pusillus, Stagonomus 838 pusillus, Temnostethus 697 pusio, Antheminia 839 pustulifera, Haploprocta 813 pustulipes, Philidoptera 232 putom, Blissus 797 putoni, Diaphorina 463 putoni, Dictyla 772 Pycnopterna 725

f [puHcatiae. Dactynotus]

1201

Pycnoscelus

quereus, Stomaphis 524 querceus, Tuberculatus 5o4 quercus, Typhlocyba 390 quercus, Zyginella 390

169

Pygidicranidae 286

pygmaea, Capnia 193 pygmaea, Micranurida 59

pygmaea, Microvelia 681

Phyllodromica 167, pygmaea; pygmaeus, Acompocoria 699

168

pygmaeus, Arrhopalites 94 pygmaeus, Pleargus 430

guisquiliarum, Kolbea 299

pygmaeus, Stygnocoris 801 pygmaeus, Tytfchus 754 Pygolampis 775, 777 pylnovi, Metrioptera 231

raddei, Sigara 671

radiata, Alloeoneura 464

radicicola, Heliococcus 631 radicicola, Stomaphis 524 radicis, Trama 525 radicola, Dysaphis 581 Raglius 791, 805 ragusana, Tingis 770 Ballicola 319 ramburi, Psyllipsocus 296

Pyraphis 567 pyrarius, Longiunguis 567 pyrenaicus, Neopsocopsis 305

pyrenea, Isophya 218

pyrethri, Oncotylus 748

Pyrgodera 259, 280 Pvreomorpha 252

Pyrgomorphidae 246, 252 pyri, Dysaphis 582 pyri, Psylla 467

Quadraspidiotus 652 pyri, Stephanitis 769 pyricola, Psylla 467 pyriformis, Pemphigus bursanus 515 pyrilaseri, Anuraphis 579 pyrina, Longiunguis 567 pyrisuga, Psylla 472

pyri,

.

pyrrhocondae 664. 810 Pyrrhocoris 810, 811

Pyrrhosoma 145, 149

Quadraceps 319

Quadraspidiotus 646, 652

quadratum, Peisma 782 quadratus, Xanthochilus 805

quadrlcornis, Cantacader 767 quadricornis, Mocuellus 437 quadriguttatus, Omphalonotus 74t> quadrilineatus, Macrotylus 748

quadrimaculata, Euclismia 305 quadrimaculata, Libellula 157 quadrimaculata, Physatocheila 773 quadrimaculatus, Criocoris 759 quadrimaculatus, Ectomocons 77b quadrinotata, Cicadula 410 quadrioculata, Folsomia 71

madripunetata, Phaneroptera 216 guadrlpitnctntus, Adelphocons 728

quadripunctatus, Beosus 804 quadripunctatus, Calocoris 726 quadripunctatus, Sonronius 401 quadripunetulatus, Macrosteles 400 quadrituherculata, Betulaphis 534 quadrituberculatus, Schoettellodes bl quadrivirgatus, Miridius 731 quadrum, Athysanus 414 quaestionis, Allocotaphis 585 quercicola, Asterodiaspis 635 quercus Acanthochermes 507 quercus Kermococcus 634 quercus Lacuesilla 300 quercus Pealius 488 --is

Psallus 756

querquedulae, Trmoton 31o querula, Cicadatra 359 quinquecostatus, Oliarus 345 quinquelineata, Entomohrya 85 quinquenotata, Cicadula 412

Ramburiella 257, 276 ramicola, Chaitophorus 541 Bamitrichophorus 615 Bamulus 204 Kanatra 679 Banatrinae 679 Ranissus 341, 342 ranunculi, Dysaphis 582 ranunculi, Trama 526 ranunculina, Tubaphis 601 rapax, Hemiberlesia 652 Raphidioptera 26, 35 rara, Trama 526 rasinae, Eriopeltis 639 reaumuri. Dysaphis 582 Recilia 368, 403 reclairei, Agnocons 723 reclinata, Polyplax 332 recta, Diura 194 recticornis, Megaloceraea 7^ rectidens, Podops 835 Rectinasus 512, 519 rectopapillatus, Onychiuros 54 redelei, Phloeomyzus 527 Reduviidae 658, 659, 663, 774 Beduviinae 775 reduvinus, Ectemnus 697 Reduvlolus 691

Reduvius 775, 777 reicheli, Adelphocoris 728 religiosa, Mantis 170, 172 remota, Trioza 475

repanda, Deuterosminthums 9» repletus, Jassargus 430 repugnans, Asterodiaspis 635 resedae, Kleidocerys 796 reticulata, Dybowskyla 8.J5 reticulata, Microvelia 681 reticulata, Ptenothrix 101 reticulata, Tingis 770 reticulata, Ulopa 372 reticulatum, Lygaeosoma 794 reticulatus, Dryodurgades 374 reticulatus, Lepinotus 295 Beticulitermes 176

retovskii, Plagiognathus 761 retowskii, Anadrymadusa 226 retowskii, Phyllodromica 168 retowskii, Podops 836 Retrocorixa 672 Rcuterella 302 reuteri, Auehenocrepis 764 reuteri, Bathysmatophorus 381 reuteri, Camptotylus 765 reuteri, Drepahothrips 858 reuteri, Haptothrips 872 reuteri, Notonecta 678 reuteri, Saldula 686 reuteri, Trioza 482 reuteri, Xanthochilus 805 Rhabdiopteryx 181 Rhacocleis 216, 233 Rhacognathus 834, 845 chamtti. Aphis 574, 576 rhamni, Neanuraphis 597 rhamni, Trioza 479 rhamnieola. Aphis 574 rhamaicola, Psylla 464 Rhaphidophoridae 209, 210 Rhaphidothrips 855, 862 Rhaphigaster 833, 844 rhenana, Oligoneuriella 120 rhinanthi, Hyperomyzus 605 Rhinocola 445, 447 Rhinotermitidae 175, 176 Rhipidothrips 851, 852 Rhithrogena 130, 133 Rhizaspidiotus 646, 653 Rhizococcus 632 Rhizoecus 625, 627 Rhizopulvinaria 636, 640 Rhoananus 369, 434 rhodani, Atractotomus 758 rhodani, Baetis 126 Rhodania 625, 626 Rfaodochlanis gen. n. 447, 457 Rhodococcus 638, 642 rhododeudri, Psylla 469 rhodopa, Angaracris 282 rhois, Calophya 463 Rhombaphalara gen. n. 447, 456 rhomheus, Syromastus 813 Rhopalandrothrips 855, 856, 865 Rhopalidae 658, 664, 816 Rhopalini 816 Rhopalomyzus 564, 607 Rhopalopyx 410 Rhopalosiphoninus 504, 606 Rhopalosiphum 546, 567 Rhopaloiomus 716 Rhopalus 817 Rhynchothrips 869, 870 Rhynocoris 775, 776 Rhyparochrominae 788, 800 Rhyparochromini 804 Rhyparochromus 791, 805 Rhyparochromu.s 807 rhyparopus, Orthocephalus 738

ribauti, Kelisia 347 Ribautiana 372, 392 Ribautomiris 729 ribesiae, Pulvinaria 639 ribesinus, Rhopalosiphoninus 606 ribtcoia, Nasonovia 604 ribis, Cryptomyzus 608 ribisnigri, Nasonovia 604 Ricinus 317 riehmi, Therioaphis 538 ringdahli, Ptsroeomma 567 riparia, Labidura 288 ripicola, Proisotoma 75 risi, Brachyptera 181 riveti, Stictopleurus 819 rivulorum, Isoperia 196 rjaboyi sp. n., Phytocoris 731 roboris, Acanthococcus 632 roboris, Kermococcus 635 roboris, Lachnus 525 robusta, Anadrymadusa 227 robusta, Caenis 136 robustus, Kakothrips 861 robustus, Odontotarsus 828 Roepkea 552, 588 roeseli, Arocatus 794 roeseli, Metrioptera 230 rogenhoferi, Cymatia 674 rolandri, Aphanus 809 rorida, Zygiaa 394 roridus, Oliarus 345 rosae, Aulacaspis 649 rosae, Bulgariafeurodes 486 rosae, Macrosiphum 612 rosae, Maculolachnus 525 rosae, Typhlocyba 390 rosarum, Myzaphis 588 rosea, Balclutha 400 Rosenus 369, 434 roseomaculatus, Calocoris 727 roseri, Salicarus 760 roseus, Conostethus 750 roseus, Psallus 757 rosinae, Leuctra 190 rosophilus, Rhodococcus 642 rossi, Lipaphis 591 rossica, Bactericera 475 rossica, Isophya 217 rossica, Locusta migratoria 279 rossicus, Orthonotus 754 rostrata, Aelia 838 rostratulus, Mycterodus 355 rostratus, Platymetopius 406 rotermundi, Sthenarus 758 rotundata, Octacysta 773 rotundatus, Trochiscocoris 843 rotundiceps, Paralimnus 423 rotundicollis, Tingis 770 ruber, Deraeocoris 715 ruber, Lepidooyrtus 82 rubescens, Sphingonotus 283 rubi, Aleyrodes 489 rubi, Amphorophora 606 rubi, Ribautiana 392 Rubiconia 832, 839 rubicunda, Leucorrliinia 161

riabovi, Isoimon 222 ribauti, Agallia 375 ribauti, Helionidia 394 1203

rubicunda sp. n., Symphypyga 375 rubicundus, Agnocoris 723 rubioundus, Stenobothrus 267 rubida, Pseudacaudella 595 rubidus, Orthotylus 745 rubioides, Myzus 598 ruborum. Aphis 573 rubri, Lepidosaphes 649 rubricatus, Myrmecoris gracilis 736 rubricatus, Orthops 723 rubripes, Asiotmetbis muricatus 249, 250 rubripes, Nocaracris 251 rubripes, Odontopodisma scbmidti 262 rubrogularis, Rhynocoris 777 rubrovittata; Erythroneura 394 ruderalis, Lipaphis 591 rufescens, Cryptostemma 689 rufescens, Hallodapus 746 rufescens, Isoperia 195 rufescens, Kybos 385 rufescens, Metafcropis 785 rufiabdominalis, Rhopalosipbum 568 ruficeps, Hebrus 680 ruficeps, Loricula 693 ruficornis, Trigonotylus 733 rufifrons, Orthonotus 754 rufinervis, Saceulifer 758 rufipennis, Dichrooscytus 724 rufipes, Acompus 801 rufipes, Caucasippus 276 rufipes, Pentatoma 844 rufomaculata, Coloradoa 596 rufoscutellatus, Limnoporus 683 rufula. Aphis 573 rufulum, Parthenoleeanium 642 rufum, Aulacorthum 601 rufus, Aptinothrips 858 rufus, Atractotomus 758 rufus, Gomphocerippus 275 rugicollis, Anapus 737 rugicollis, Odontotarsus 828 rugicollis, Plesiocoris 718 rugosus, Aethus 825 rugosus, Nabis 693 rugulipennis, Lygus 720 rugulosus, Goniognathus 396 rumicicolens, Brachycaudus 587 rumicis, Aphis 571 runzids. Aphis 571 Rungsia 540, 544 ruperti, Myzocallis 535 rusaevi, Doratura 404 rusticus, Stygnocoris 801 nUhenicus, Mocuellus 437 rutila, Cavariella 590 rutilans, Lygus 721 rutilus, Deraeocoris 716 ryei, Drymus 804 rysakovi, Nymphorgerms 341

sabuleti, Ischnodemus 796 sabulicola var., Megalonotus chiragra 807 Sacchiphantes 502, 504 Sacculifer 712. 758 Saemundssonia 320 Saga 207, 213, 224

Sagatus 365, 401 Saginae 224 sahlbergi Corixa 667 sahlbergi Hypogastrura 67 sahlbergi Labops 736 sahlbergi Nemoura 188 sahlbergi Salda 685 sahlbergi Somatochlora 156 Saissetia 637, 640 Salda 685 Saldidae 658, 664, 684 Saldinae 684, 685 Saldula 685, 686 Salicarus 712, 759 salicellus, Coniortodes 752 saliceti. Aphis 573 saliceti, Psylla 469 saliceti, Psylla 472 salicicola, Globiceps 740 salicicola, Idiocerus 376 salicina, Aphrophora 360 salicinae, Brachycaudus 587 salicis, Chionaspis 649 salicis, Phylloxerina 506 salicis, Pterocomma 567 salicis, Taeniothrips 863 salicivora, Trioza 482 salicivorus, Chaitophorus 542 salicorniae, Rhodochlanis 457 salictaria sp. n., Trioza 479 salicti, Chaitophorus 542 salignus, Tuberolachnus 525 salina, Doratura 404 salinus, Conostethus 750 salinus, Engistus 797 salinus, Sphingonotus 284 salsae sp. n., Tarisa 834 salsolae. Aphis 573 salsolae, Macrosteles 400 salsolae, Orthotylus 745 salsolae, Piesma 782 salsuginosus, Psammotettix 424 saltans, Isotoma 77 saltans, Tinocallis 534 saltator, Dendrothrips 859 saltator, Halticus 739 saltator, Orthocephalus 738 SaltaioTia 205 saltatoria, Saldula 687 Salticidae 339 saltitans, Chlamvdatus 763 Saltusaphis 533,’538 salviae. Aphis 573 salviae, Platyplax 798 sambuci, Aphis 570 sambuci, Tbrips 866, 867 samojedorum, Calocoris 726 sanborni, Macrosiphoniella 615 sanguinea, Cercopis 359 sanguineum, Prostemma 690 sanguineum, Sympetrum 160 sanguinipes, Pinthaeus 844 sanguinisparsus, Goniognathus 396 sanguinolenta, Cercopis 359 sardea, Anisops 679 sareptana, Biskria 768

sareptanus, Halonabis 691

scirpus, Saltusaphis 538 Scirtetellus 705, 736 Scirthothrips 848 scitulum, Coenagrion 147, 149 scitulus, Phytocoris 726 scitulus, Phytocoris seitulus 729 sciuri, Neohaematopinus 331 Scleroracus 366, 418 Scoloposcelis 695, 696 Scolopostethus 792, 802 Scolothrips 855. 861 scorzonerae, Protaphis 578 scotioa, Saldula 687 scotti, Sigara 672 scripta, Sigara 669 scriptus, Brachycoleus 724 scurrilis, Aphelonema 354 scutellaris, Deraeocoris 716 scutellaris, Jassus 379 scutollaris, Zygina 395 ScnteLlata, Macropsis 374 scutellatum, Coptosoma 820 Scutelleridao 655, 66^, 826 scytha, Ranissus 342 Scythia 636, 639 scythicus, Poecilimon 222 secreta, Odonaspis 650 secundaria, Mogangella 428 sedakovi, Gampsociois 227 sedi, Aphis 576 scgregis, Sacchiphanfccs 505 Schirinae 823 Sehirus 823, 826 Seira 81 scjuncta, Macrosiphoniclla 615 seladonious, Placoohilus 760 selecta, Elasmotropis 770 selecta, Sigara 669 Selenocephalus 365, 407 Selenodcra 834 Selysiothemis 157, 158 Semenovitcs 233 Semenovium 380 Semiaphis 556, 593 semicaecus, Hoplothrips 870 semicolorata, Rhithrogena 133 semiflavus var., Capsus ater 716 semipunctata, Eupteryx 388 semipunctatum, Graphosoma 835 semistriata, Sigara 672 semisubterranea, Brachycaudus 586 senecionis, Nysius 795 senegalensis, Ischnura 145 sensibilis, Folsomia 72 sensibilis, Pscudisotoma 74 senilis, Agnetina 198 separandus var., Alloeonotus fulvipes 724 Sepiana 215, 230 septum, Sepiana 230 septemnotatus, Macrosteles 400 septentrionalis, Fieberiella 405 septentrionis, Diura 194 Serenthia 773 Serentbiella 774 Serenthiinae 773 serenus, Deraeocoris 715

sarmatica, Bianchiella 799 sarmatica, Psylla 469 satunini, Podisma 263 saturata, Cicadula 410 saturejae, Holcocranum 798 saturnius, Xanthochilus 805 saulii, Velia 681 saundersi, Teratocoris 734 savignyi, Sphingonotus 284 savignyi, Tridactylus 243 saxatilis, Lygaeus 793 Sayetus 430 scabiosae, Acaudinum 588 scabiosae. Aphis 576 scabricornis, Coriomeris 815 scalaris, Ribautiana 392 scalaris, Stauroderus 272 scambus, Baetis 125 scanicus, Megophthalmus 372 Scantius 810 scapha, Enoplops 814 Scaphytopiini 364 scapularis, Oncochila 772 scarabaeoides, Thyreocoris 823 scariolae, Acyrfchosiphon 603 Sceodamia 748

schach, Deraeocoris 716 schaeferi, PsyUa 472 schaefferi, Hydroisotoma 71 Schaelteria 62, 64 schenki, Euscclidius 419 schillei, Xenylla 64 schilleri, Capnopsi? 193 schillingi, Chorosoma 820 schimitscheki, Cinara 523 Schizaphis 547, 568 Schizodryobius 525 Schizolachnus 520, 524 Schizonotinus 215, 232 Schizophthirus 329, 330 Schizorgerius 342 schmidtgeni, Recilia 403 schmidti, Calocoris 726 schmidti, Odontopodisma 262 sohmidti, Poecilimon 220 schmutzi, Limothrips 858 schneideri, Aphis 574 schneideri, Dreyfusia nordmannianae schneideri, Isophya 217 schneideri, Smiela 592 schoberiae, Orthotylus 745 scbochi, Oedipoda 281 Schoettella 62, 64 Schoettellodcs 60, 61 schoetti, Ballistura 74 schoetti, Ofaychiurus 53 schoetti, Sminthurides 94 scholtzi, Psallus 758 schrankiana, Glyphina 528 schusteri, Volutaphis 603 schwartzi, Brachycaudus 588 Sciocorini 831 Sciocoris 831, 836 scirpi, Balanococcus 627 scirpi, Schisaphis 569 1205

signatus, Actitocoris 734 signatus, Chlamydatus 763 sii, Ammiaphis 590 silenes, Piesma 782 silvarum, Anaphothrips 859 silvarum, Liposcelis 297 silvatica, Bemisia 487 Silvestrichilus 107 sllvestrti, Eosentomon 41 silvicola, Zygina 395 similis, Capitophorus 610 similis, Cixius 343 similis, Japaneyrodes 488 similis, Poecilimon 221 serricomis, Isoptena 200 similis, Psammotettix 426 544 Atheroides serrulatus, simillima, Campylomma 763 servillei, Onconotus 226 stmilllmus, Psailus 756 seselii, Debilisiphon 577 simplex, Cixius 343 seselei, Semiaphis dauci 593 simplex, Eremippus 273 seticornis, Adelphocoris 728 simplex, Haplothrips 872 seticornis, Brachyptera 181 simplex, Oncochila 772 setifeia, Urelia 71 simplex, Paranurophorus 72 setiger, Caulococcus 629 simulans, Piezocranum 739 setiger, Haplothrips 873 simulans, Psylla 467 setinodis, Liothrips 870 simulans, Tetrix 248 180 179, Sctipalpia 177. 178, Sinella 83 setosa, Craspedolepta 452 sinensis, Ceroplastes 643 537 Ctcnocallis setosa, singularis, Excentricoris 759 setosa, Ptenothrix 100 singularis, Uhlmannia 595 setosus, Labops 736 sinuata, Peragallia 375 setosus, Linognathus 333 sinuaticollis, Tingis 770 setosus, Pealius 488 sinuatus, Galeatus 769 518 setulosa, Geoica Sipha 540, 544 setulosa, Jakowlefiia 799 Siphlomiridae 114, 118 setulosus, Dicranocephalus 812 Siphlonurus 118, 119 setulosus, Oncotylus 748 Siphonaphis 567 severtsovi, Typhlocyba 392 Siphoninus 484, 487 726 sexguttatus, Calocoris Siphanculala 324 sexmaculatus, Tritomegas 825 Sitobion 611 sexnotatus, Macrosteles 401 Celes 280 skalozubovi, sexoculata, Folsomia 71 skorkini, Forda 519 sexoculata, Pseudosinella 81 569 Mordvilkoiella skorkini, 390 sexpunctata, Linnavuoriana slavae, Brachycolus 594 sexpunctatum, Trichadenotecnum 306 slavonicus, Heliococcus 631 shaposhnikovi, Brachyunguis zygophylli slavonicus, Quadraspidiotus 652 578 slovaca, Pholidoptera aptera 232 shaposhnikovi, Chaitophorus 542 smaragdinus sp. n., Opsius 398 Shaposhnikoviella 552, 588 smaragdula, Chloriona 349 schelkovnikovae, Gampsocleis 227 smaragdula, Kybos 385 568 Aresha shelkovnikovi, Smiela 556, 592 sibirica, Aelia 838 Sminthuridae 45, 89, 90 sibirica, Macromia 156 Sminthurides 46, 47, 90, 92 sibirica, Macropsis 374 Sminthurinus 90, 94 sibiricum, Miccolophium 602 Sminthurus 92, 98 737 sibiricus, Anapus smreczynskii, Physatocheila 772 sibiricus, Gomphocerus 275 Smynthurodes 510, 519 sibiricus, Mongolojassus 430 smyrnensis, Forficula 289 sibiricus, Onus 699 socialis, Hypogastrura 66 sibiricus, Onychiurus 53 socialis, Turrutus 429 80 sibiricus, Tomocerus solani, Aulacorthum 601 Sigara 666,668 solani/olli, Macrosiphum 612 65 Ceratophysella sigillata. Solenopotes 332 signata, Odontoscelis 828 Solenoxyphus 710, 751 signata, Xenapbalara 454 solidaginis,Dactynotus 614 signaticornis, Aradus 781 cnl,^; Ha’ploembia 202 solieri, Manlnftmbifl siguatipennis, Eupteryx 388 solitarius, Macrotylus 750 signatum, Brachynema 839

sericans, Stenodema 732

sericeum, Eulecanium 642

Sericothripinae 855 Sericothrips 848, 855, 858 seriphidii, Euscelis 419 seriohidii, Psammotettix 426 serpentinus, Ophiogomphus 151 serpylli, Aphis 575 serrata, Aeschna 152, 154 sonata, Polyplax 331 senatotuberculatus, Onychiurus 53 serratulae, Gueriniella 624 serricaudus, Barbitistes 220

1206

solskyi, Asaroticus 835 Somatochlora 156 somcheticus, Aradus 780 sonchi, Craspedolepta 450 sonchi, Dactynotus 614 Sonronius 365, 401 Sorbaphis 551, 584 sorbi, Dysaphis 582 sorbi, Psylla 472 Sorbobion 584 sordida, Paradrymadusa 227 sordida, Tettigometra 357 sordidipennis, Macrosteles 404 sordidma, Calligypona 350 sordidulus, Kybos 385 sordidus, Dasyscytus 738 sordidus, Globiceps 740 sordidus, Streptanus 421 Sorhoanus 369, 434 Spanioneura 462, 464 Spathocera 812, 814 spathulata, Erythroneura 394 Spatulophorus 556, 592 speciosa, Camarotoscena 448 speciosa, Euidella 348 speciosa, Nahalennia 145 spcctabilis, Alloeonotus 725 spectabilis, Eurydema 842 spectabilis. Orchesella 88, 89 specularis, Psorodonotus 233 Speudotettix 365, 412 speyeri, Aulacorthum 601 sphacellatus, Holcostethus 841 Sphaeridia 46, 90, 94 Sphaerista 765, 767 Sphaerolecanium 638, 641 sphagneticola, Orchesella 85, 89 sphagneticus sp. n., Limotettix 418 sphagnetorum, Gerris 683 sphagni, Ceratophysella 65 sphegiformis, Globiceps 740 Sphingoderus 261, 284 Sphingonotus 260, 282 Sphingonotus 284 sphondylii, Dysaphis 582 sphondylii, Semiaphis 593 Sphragisticus 791, 806 Spliyrotheca 91, 98 spilotum, Plagiognathus 760 spinifrons, Galeatus 769 spiniger, Centrocoris 814 spinigera, Polyplax 331 spinipes, Ulmicola 814 Spinococcus 625, 628 spinolai, Dimorphopterus 796 spinolai, Lygocoris 720 spinolai var. fraudatrix, Coriomeris 815 spinosa, Folsomia 72 spinosa, Phaneroptera 216 spinosus, Aspidiotus 651 spinulosa, Polyplax 331 spiraeae, Brachycaudus 587 spiraeae sp. n., Handianus 416 spiraeae, Psylla 469 spiraeae, Rhodococcus 642 spirothecae, Pemphigus 516

splendens, Calopteryx 142 sponsa, Lestes 144 spumarius, Phiiaenus 361 spurcatus, Quadraspidiotus 652 spuria, Gossyparia 632 squalidus, Oncocephalus 778 squamiger, Mogoplistes 240 squamoornata, Seira 81 stachi, Frisea, 60 stachi, Lathriopyga 57 stachydearum, Eupteryx 390 stachydis, Aphis 575 stachydis, Dactynotus 614 stachydis, Dicyphus 714 stactogalus, Opsius 396 Staegeriella 557, 594 stagnalis, Sigara 669 stagnorum, Hydrometra 681 Stagona 514 Stagonomus 832, 838 Stalia 689, 690 standfussi, Amphinemura 186 staphyliniformis, Pterotmetus 80S staphylinus, Sericothrips 858 Staria 832, 839 statices, Haplothrips 872 staticcs, Helionidia 394 statices, Tuponia 764 Staticobium 566, 613 Stauroderus 356, 272

Stauronotus 275 staurus, Grypotes 396 stavropolensis, Clypeaphis 596 steganoides, Strongylocoris 739 Stegophylla 530, 534 stehliki, Mocuellus 437 steinbergi, Aphis 575 Steingelia 622, 623 steinheili, Pterocomma 567 stellariae, Brachycolus 594 stellatus, Chiloxanthus 685 stellulata, Eupteroidea 387 Stenacidia 46, 90, 92 Stenaphorura 51, 54 Stenobothrodes 267 Stenobothrus 255, 265 Stenocephala 811 Stenocephalidae 664, 811

Stenocranus 346, 347 Stenodema 704, 732 Stenodemini 704, 732

Stenometopiellus 366, 410 Stenopodinae 775 stenopsis, Linognathus 334 Stenopsocidae 297, 299 Stenopsocus 299 stenoptera, Chloriona 349 Stenothrips 856, 868 Stenotus 704, 724 Stephamtis 766, 769 Steppensis, Asiotmethis tauricus 2i stepposa, Isophya 219 Sternodontus 831, 835 Stethoconus 707, 714 steveni, Drepanosiphum 537 Sthenarus 709, 758

Stibaropus 823, 824 stichai, Euchorthippus declivus 272 Stictocephala 362 Stictocoris 365, 418 Stictophytocoris 728 Stictopleurus 817, 818 Stictosynechia 697 Stigmaphalarini 447 stigmatellus, Elatophilus 698 sfcigmaticalis, Idiocerus 376 stigmaticus, Cixius 343 stigmaticus, Stenobothrus 265 stigmaticus, Stenopsocus 299 stigmatipennis, Dikraneura 383 stipae, Chaitosiphella tschernavini 544 Stomaphis 521, 524

stolata, Bagrada 843 Stollia 838 Stolliiiii 832

straminea, Calligypona 350 straminea, Mogangella 428 stramineus, Eomenacanlhus 313 strandi, Isoperia 195 strepens, Aiolopus 279 Strepsiptera 26, 33, 339 Streptanus 365, 421 striata, Platycleis 230 striata, Sigara 672 striata, Thripsaphis 538 striatella, Calligypona 350 striatus, Chanithus 341 striatus, Miris 725 striatus, Psammotettix 428 strichnocera, Dictyonota 768 stricta, Platycleis 230 stridulus, Psophus 280 strigilifer, Kybos 385 Strigiphilus 321 striifrons, Arthaldeus 434 striola, Limotettix 418 striola, Trioza 479 striolatum, Sympetrum 160 strobi, Pineus 502 strobilobius, Adelges 504 Stroggylocephalus 363, 381 strongilisiphon, Staticobium 613 Strongylocoris 706, 739 Strophingia 445, 448 stschurowskyi, Promecocoris 829 Sturnidoecus 320 Stygnocorini 800 Stygnocoris 789, 801 stylata, Doratura 403 stylifer, Aptinothrips 858 stysi, Isophya 218 suaedae, Clypeaphis 595 subangulata, Oncopsis 372 subapterus, Goranus 776 subapterus, Tmetothrips 859 subarctica, Aeschna 152, 154 Subcallipterus 535 subcicoltis, Amphinemura 185, 186 subcrassus, Pseudachorutes 58 subtasciatus, Peripsocus 301 subfusculus, Speudotettix 412 Subisotoma 74 t [Symphypleona]

sublongicauda, Palingenia 115 submacnia, Maculolachnus 525 submarginata, Paraleptophlebia 127 subnigra, Orchesella 87 subnitida, Aphis 577 sulphurella, Elymana 410 subpunctata, Craspedolepta 450 subroslratus, Felicola 323 subrufus, Rbopalus 818 Subsigara 672 subterranea, Anuraphis 579 subterraneus, Cbortinaspis 651 subtilissimus, Haplothrips 871 subulata, Tctrix 248 succincta, Agonoscena 448 suis, Haematopinus 327 sukatus, Seiocoris 836 sulcicornis, Criocoris 759 sulcii, Chaetococcus 626 sulcii, Hcliococcus 631 sulphuraea, Tettigometra 357 sulphurea, Heptagenia 132 i’nlphurella, Hadropliyes 750 superba, Entomobrya 84 snperbus, Melanocoryphus 794 superciliosus var., Capsodes gothicus 725 surinamcnsis, Pycnoscelus 169 sursumnexus, Jassargus 430 suturalis, Hallodapus 746 suturalis, Odontoplatys 725 suturalis, Psylla 465 sviridenkoi, Podisma pedestris 262 Sylvadrymus 804 sylvaticus, Drymus 804 sylvcstris, Ectobius 167, 168 SylvestriS) Ligyrocoris 810 sylvpstris, Nemobius 240 sylvestris, Pcritrechus 806 Sympetrum 156, 157, 158 Sumphypleona 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 89 Symphypyga 370, 375 si/mptiyti, Dictyla 773

Sympvcna 142, 144 Symydobius 530, 533 Syngenaspis 644, 646 Synophropsis 364, 405 syreniae, Smiela 592 syriac.us, Melanocoryphus 794 syriacus, Psallus 756 Syromastus 812. 813 Syrrhaptoecus 318 Systelloitotini 746

Systellonotus 708, 746 tabaci, Thrips 865, 867 Tachycines 210

Tachycixius 343 taentata, Cinara 523 taeniatus, Paramesus 423 Taeniopterygidae 178, 179, 181 Taeniopteryx 181, 182 Taemothrips 855, 863 Tamaricades 396

tamariciarum, Brachyunguis 578 tamaricifoliae, Brachyunguis 578 tamaricina, Crastina 455

+

tamaricis, Helionidia 394 tamaricis, Hemitropis 344 iamaricivorit.m.

Brachvunguis 578 tamaricophila, Brachvunguis 578 tamiasis, Enderieinellus 330 tanacetaria, Macrosiphoniella 615 tanaceti, Dactynotus 613 lanaceti, Metopeurum 615 taiiQcfticola, Dactynotus 613

tanactina, Coloradoa 596 Taphropeltus 792, 803 tarandi, Solenopotes 333 taraxaci, Dactynotus 614 taraxaci, Thrips 866 taraxacicola, Aphis 577 tardoides, Adelges 504 tardus, Adelges 504 Targionia 646, 654 Tarisa 830, 834 Tarisini 830 Tartarogryllus 236, 238 tartarus, Dociostaurus 275 tartarus, Tartarogryllus 238 tartarus, Tridactylus 243 tatarica, Myrmecophilus 241 tataricae, Semiaphis 593 taurica, Ameles 173 taurica, Coloradoa 596 taurica, Ephedraphis ephedrae 577 faurica, Haploembia 202 taurica, Isophya 219 taurica, Lecanopsis 638 taurica. Luzulaspis 639 taurica, Neanura 57 taurica, Orchesella 89 taurica, Rungsia 544 tauricum, Hysteropterum 356 taurtcum, Staticobium 613 tauricus, Aeolothrips 853, 854 tauricus, Aradus 780 tauricus, Asiotmethis 251 tauricus, Dimorphocoris 736 tauricus, Macrocerococcus 631 tauricus, Nabis meridionalis 693 tauricus sp. n., Phytocoris 731 tauricus, Poecilimon 222 tauricus, Protolachnus 524 Taurotettix 366, 412 taurus, Bootheca 355 Taylorilygus 718 teberdina, Podisma 263 Teloleuca 685 Temnostethus 696, 697 tenax, Baetis 126 tendinosus, Issus 355 tenella, Myrmedobia 693 tenella, Proisotoma 75 tenellum, Ceriagrion 145 tenellus, Baetopus 123 t8nellus, Litoxenus 748 tenellus, Orthotylus 744 tenera, Therioaphis 538 tenerrima, Ribautiana 392 Tennusiphon 603 tenuicaudus, Chaitaphis 595 tenuicornis, FranMiniella 862

tenuicornis, Orthocephalus 738 tenuicornis, Tetrix 249 tenuis, Hardya 408 Teratocoris 704, 733

Teratoscopus

754

Terebrantia 846, 847, 848, 849, 850 tergestinus, Epacromius 278

teriolensis, Leuctra 189 Termitidae 174 terrestris, Lecanopsis 638 terrestris, Pulvinaria 640 tesquorum sp. n., Stenometopiellus 410 Tessellana 228 tesselata, Platycleis 228 tesselatus, Eucalymnatus 640

tesselata, Chlorita 386 testacea, Elasmotropis 770 testaceus, Amblytytus 752 testaceus, Reduvius 778 Testataphis 563, 606

testudinarius, Eurygaster 830 testudinatus, Periphyllus 543

Tetartostylini 364 Tetartostylus 364, 400 Tetracanthella 69, 71 Tetraleurodes 484, 485 Tetralicia 484, 485 Tetraneura 510, 518 Tetraphis 528, 529 Tetraphleps 696, 698

tetraphylfa, Lindenia 151 tetrarhodus, Chaetosiphon 607 Tetrigidae 243, 246, 247 Tetrix 247 Tetrodontophora 51,

52

Tetrodontophorinae 51, 52 Tettigometra 356 Tettigometridae 340, 356 Tettigonia 213, 225 Tettigoniidae 209, 211 Tettigonioidea 207, 208 teucrii, Aphis 575 teuorii, Copium 771 thalassina, Meconema 223 thalassinus. Aiolopus 279 thalictri, Aphis 577 Thalpomena 282 Thamnotettix 366, 414 Thaumanura 56, 57 Thaumastopus 792, 803 Thecabius 510, 515 Thelaxes 528, 529 Thelaxidae 498, 528 theobaldi, Cavariella 589 Therapha 817 Therioaphis 532, 537 Thermobia 108 Thermocoris 712, 748 thermophila, Isotomina 74 Thisoicetrinus 265 Thtsoicetrus 264 Tholagmus 831, 835 thomsoni, Scolopostethus 802 thomsoni, Xylocoris 697 thoracica, Harpocera 755 thoracicus, Gerris 683

Eyes or ocelli absent. Mouthparts biting, sunk into the head capsule. Only distal parts of mouthparts visible from the outside. Antennae long, multiarticu103 late. Legs of about the same size. Tarsi not segmented, with 2 claws. Abdomen consisting of 10 segments. Last abdominal segment with one pair of cerci which are long, multi articulate or short and form a rigid forceps. First 7 abdominal segments with short appendages, styli. Segments II-VII with eversible vesicles near styli. Genital aperture of male and female between abdominal segments VIII and IX. No external genitalia. Body and legs covered with numerous setae. The chaetotaxy is much used for generic and specific diagnoses. Postembryonal development epimorphic. Young specimens differ from adults in size, number of antennal segments and cerci when these are segmented, in the smaller number of setae on the body and undeveloped genital organs. Molting takes place not only during development but also in sexually mature specimens. Living in soil, forest bedding, decaying wood, under stones. Feeding on plant and animal food, including decaying plant remains, fragments of mushrooms, spores, algae, remains of insects and other animals in the soil. Species of Japygidae attack small soil arthropods. Divided into 3 families. One of them, Projapygidae, is not dealt with in this key. It occurs in southwestern Europe, in Africa and in America. LITERATURE. lonesco, M.A. Yapigidy (Japygidae, Diplura, Insecia-ApierygoEa) yugo-vosioka evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (Japygidae (Japygidae, Diplura, Insecia-Apterygoia) of the Southeast of ihe European U.S.S.R.) (Collected by M.S. Gilyarov).-Zoologiches!(ii Zhucnal, 38, 1959; Kuznetsov, N. Ya. Japyx solifugus Haliday (Thysanura, Japygidae) na Yuzhnom beregu Kryma(Ja pyx solifugus Haliday (Thysanura, Japygidae) on the southern coast of the Crimea).Russkii eniomotogichesku obzor, IV, 1904; Siach. J. Protuca, Diplura, Thysanura. Klucze oznaczania owad6w Polski, III-V. Warszawa, 1955.

Key to Families 1

(2).

Cerci long, multiarticulate. Last abdominal segment small, of the same color as the other segments (Figure 47,1) ...........

2

(1).

Cerci short, forming forceps. Last abdominal segment large, strongly sclerotized (Figure 47, 3) ......... 2. Japygidae (p. 113)

.....................................

1.

1. Campodeidae (p. 112)

Family CAMPODEIDAE

Antennae 20- to 30-segmented, moniliform.

Each antennal segment with a whorl of short setae in 3 or 4 rows, in addition to several longer setae. Head capsule dorsally with V-shaped suture. Styli of abdominal segment I cylindrical or clavate, clearly different from styli on abdominal sterna II-VI. Abdominal sterna II-VI each with a pair of eversible vesicles between styli. Body densely covered with fine setae. Longer setae (macrochaetae) present among them. Their number and distribution are used as diagnostic characters for genera and species. Thoracic and abdominal terga with anterior, lateral, posterolateral, anteromedianandposteromedian setae (Figure 47, 2). The insects have to be mounted in Canada balsam or Faure’s medium and examined under the microscope for identification. More than 20 genera and about 100 species, mainly in tropical and sub-

tropical regions.

1 genus.

transvittatum, Eulecanium 642

Thripidae 850, 854 Thripinae 855 Thrips 856, 865 R?? 538 Thri’""’"1"" 533, Thripsaphis thunbergi, Hoplomachus 754 Chlonta 387 n., thymi sp. thymi, Nysius 795 Thyreocoridae 822 Thyreocoris 823 Thysanoptera 26, 33, 846 Thysanura 25, 30, 105 Thysamirata 25 tibiale, Sympetrum 159 tibialis, Cicadetta 358 tibialis, Dericorys 261 tibialis, Macropsis 374 Tibicen 358 Tibicina 358 ticinensis, Adelphocons 728 Tigrahauda 341, 342 tigrinus, Brachycarenus 817 ligripes, Heterocapillus 758 tigripes, Opsius 398 tiliae, Dendrothrips 859 tiliae, Eucallipterus 535 tiliae, Eulecanium 642 tiliae, Pediopsis 372 tiliae, Phytocoris 729 Timema 204 Tineidae 655, 658, 659, 663, 765 Tinginae 765, 767 ’Tingis 766, 770 Tingitidae 765 Tinicephalus 711, 753 Tinocallis 531, 534 tipularius, Neides 783 Titanosiphon 563, 604 Tlja 603 Tmethts 249 Tmctothrips 855, 859 Todolachmis 522 tomentosus, Schizolachnus 524 tomis, Forficula 285, 286. 290 Tomoceridae 44, 46, 68, 79 Tomocerus 80 Torleya 129, 130 torneellus, Colladonus 408 torrentiiim, Chloroperia 199 Toxoptera 549, 579 Toxoptera 563 Toxopterella 551, 584 Toxopterina 570 Trabeculus 320 tracheli, Dactynotus 614 tragacanthae, Camptopus 816 iragopogonis, Brachycaudus 588 tragopogonis, Brachycaudus prunicoli Trama 521, 525

transcaucasica, Hierodula 173 transitorum, Eosentomon 41

transsilvanica, Chelidurella 290 transsilvanica, Pholidoptera 232 transversa, Parasigara 668 transversum, Leucopterum 750 transversus, Scleroracus 418

trapezoideus, Blaberus 169 Trapezonotus 791, 808 tremulae, Asiphum 513 tremulae, Chaitopborus 541

tremulae, Idiocerus 379 tremulae, Mezira 781 tremulae, Pachypappella 513 tremultnus, Chaitophorus 541 Trialeurodes 484, 487 triangularis, Ampninemura lo5, Trichadenotecnum 304, 306 trichechi, Antarctophthirus 326 Trichocallis 538 Trichocalocoris 726 Trichochermes 473 Trichodectes 323 Trichodectidae 317, 323 Trichopsocidae 297, 301 Trichopsocus 301 Trichoptera 26, 35 tricincta, Erythroneura 337 tricinctus, Aphrodes 381

tricolor, Baetis 126

Callipterinella 536 tricolor, Paracinema 278 tricornis, Diclyonota 769 tricuspis, Poeoilimon 221 Tridactylidae 242 Tridaetyloidea 207, 208, 242 Tridactylus 242 trifasciatus, Aphrodes 381 trifasciatus, Deraeocoris 716 Trilidaphts 519 trifolii, Therioaphis 537 Trigoniophtalmus 107 Trigonosoma 834 Trigonosomatini 831 Trigonotylus 704, 732 trigonus, Ventocoris 834 triguttatus, Systellonotus 747 Trilotaphis 553, 589 Trimenopon 316 ttinotatus, Sminthurinus 95 Trinoton 313 Trioza 473, 47B Triozidae 442, 473 Triphkps 699 tripunctata, Chloroperia 199 tripustulatus, Liocoris 723 trirhodus. Longicaudus 588 trispina, Silvestrichilus 107 trispinosum, Stenodema 732 tristis, Frankliniella 862 tristis, Oncopsis 372 tricolor,

i

tristrami, Melanocoryphus 793 tristriatus, Cyphostethus 822 tritici, Haplothrips 872, 873 tritici, Heterococcus 630 Tritomegas 823, 825 Tritomurus 79, 80

tritubulatus, Peliococcus 630 trivia,

Ulopa 372

trivialis, Forda 519 Trochiscocoris 833, 843 Trwtes 297

lo/

Troctomorpha 294. 296 Trogiidae 295 Trogiomorpha 294, 295 Trogium 295 troglodytes, Trama 526 Troilus 834, 845 Tropidocheila 771

Tropidophlebia gen. n. 786, 799 tropidoptera, Agramma 773 Tropidothorax 786, 793 Tropiduehidae 340, 353 Tropinysius 795 Tropistethus 790, 801 truncatus, Chaitophorus 542 truncatus, Goniodes 318 trybomi, Calacanthia 686 Trypetimorpha 353 tschernavini, Chaitosiphella 544 tscherskii, Mecostethus 278 Tubaphis 561, 601 Tuhercv-laphis 577 tuberculata, Callipterinella 536 tuberculata, Phimodera 828 tuberculata, Proisotoma 75

tuberculata, Spathocera 814 tuberculatura-artemisicola, Macrosiphoniella 615

tuberculatum, Bryodema 282 tuberculatum, Leprosoma 835 Tuberculatus 531, 534 tuberculatus, Aneurus 781 tuberculatus, Haematopinus 327 tuherculatus, Onychiurus 53 tuberculifer, Coranus 776 Tuberculoides 531, 534 Tuberocallis 534 Tuberolachnus 521, 524 Tubulifera 846-850, 868 tulipae, Dysaphis 584 tullbergi, Anurida 59 tullbergi, Hypogastrura 67 tullbergi, Xenylla 64 Tullbergiinae 51, 54 tumida, Caenis 136

tumidicorms, Heterocordylus 741 tunicatus, Pantilius 732 tunicafcus, Platythrips 868 Tuponia 710, 764 turanica, Nipponaclerda 643

turanicus, Parapleurus alliaceus 278 turanicus, Oecanthus 235 turanicus, Rhodococcus 642 turauicus, Xantnochilus 805 t Turanogryllus 237, 238 turcomana, Ramburiella 276 turkcstanicus, Pachypsylloides 462 turrita, Acrida 265 turritella, Lipaphis 591 turritus, Asiotmethis 251 Terrutus, 369, 428 tussilas>,ifiis, Chomaphis 570 Tyiopsis 212, 223 typhae, Chilacis 798 Typhocyba 372, 390 Typhlocybinae 370, 383 Typhlocybini 371 t [turanicus. Xanitiochilus]

Tytthus 711, 754 Uchida 313 ucrainensis, Para proci phi lus 514 Udamoselidae 483 Uhlmannia 557, 595 ukrainensis, Charimachilis 107 ultrainicus, Jassargus 430 ukrainicus, Poecilimon 221 ulicis, Livilla 464 ullrichi, Trapezonotus 808 ulmariae, Aphis 573 ulmeri, Behningia 116 ulmi, Eriosoma 517 ulmi, Hoplothrips 871 ulmi, Lepidosaphes 647 ulmi, Phytocoris 729 ulmi, Psylla 464 ulmi, Ribautiana 392 ulmi, Tetraneura 518 Ulmicola 813, 814 ulmifoliorum, Oxythrips 86u ulmifoliorum, Taeniothrips 863 ulin-iphila, Mimeuria 514 Ulopa 363, 372 Ulopinae 363, 372 ululans, Ectomocoris 776 Umbelliferaria subgen. n. 582 umbelliferarum, Debilisiphon 577 umbraculatus, Dyroderes 837 umbrella, Aphis 574 umbricola, Microvelia 681 umbrinus, Sciocoris 837 Unaspis 645, 649 uncatus, Lestes 144 undatus, PIatymetopius 405 undosa, Caenis 135 undulata, Tetrix 249 unicolor, Stictopleurus 819 unicostata, Monosteira 773 unifasciatus, Polymerus 718 unipunctatus, Mesopsocus 304 uniseriata, Acalypta 767 unispina, Gryllotalpa 241 ummguiculata, Schoettella 64 Upupicola 318 uralensis, Dysaphis 583 Urumelan 614 Urothripidae 868 urticae, Euptcryx 390 urticae, Heterogaster 798 urticae, Microlophium 602 urticae, Orthezia 612 urticae, Trioza 477 urticaria, Aphis 575 urticata, Aphis 575 usnus, Coulinus 421 usquertensis, Macrosiphoniella 615 ustulatus, Idiocerus 376 ustulatus, Phytocoris 731 utricularia, Geoica 518 uvaeursi, AcanthococcuS 632 uvarovi, Paratettix 249 uvarovi, Podisma 263 uvarovi, Rungsia 544 uvarovianus, Sphingonotus coerulipes 283 uzeli, Odontothrips 861

uzeli, Scolothrips 861 Uzelia 69, 71 .

vacca, Demalacantha 211 vaccinii, Asterobemisia 487

vaccinii, vaccinii, vaccinii, Vachiria

Aulacorthum 601 Paroudablis 629 Wahlgreniella 606 775, 776

vagabunda, Empicoris 775 vagans, Anoecia 527

vagans, Chorthippus 270 valdegranulatus, Onychiurus 53 valesianus, Dichrooscytus 724 validus, Graptopeltus 804 validus, Thrips 866, 867 vandalicus, Adelphocoris 728 vandergooti, Capitophorus 610 vandergooti, Chomaphis 570 vaporariorum, Trialeurodes 488 varia, Codophila 840 varia, Meconema 223 varia, Tettigometra 357 variabilis, Capnia 191 variabilis, Celes 280 variabilis, Onychiurus 54 variabilis, Piesma 782 variabilis, Psallus 756 variabilis, Rhizopulvinaria 640 variabilis, Saldufa 687 varians, Aphis 574 varians, Psallus 757 variata, Dikraneura 383 variatus, Macrosteles 400 varicornis, Antheminia 839 viridula, Trioza 482 variegata, Loensia 307 variegata, Nemoura 187 variegatus, Aeropedellus 273 variegatus, Cleptochiton 428 variegatus, Euscelidius 419 variegatus, Tridactylus 243 variolosa, Asterodiaspis 635 varipes, Phytocoris 730 varius, Idiocerus 376 varius, Pionosomus 808 varsoviensis, Asiphum 513 vasiljevi, Psylla 476 vastator, Nipaecoccus 630 vastatrix, Viteus 507 veidovskyi, Prosopothrips 859 vetata, Ervthroneura 394 "

Velia 681

Veliidae 661, 681 Veliinae 681 venosa, Agallia 375 venosa, Isoperia 195

venosus, Delphacodes 347 venosus, Ecdyonurus 133 venosus, Euscelis 419 venosus, Psorodonotus 232 Ventocoris 831, 834 ventralis, Deraeocoris 716 ventralis, Eurydema 842 ventralis, Graphocraerus 408 ventralis, Omoeestus 267

ventricosus, Haemodipsus 332 venustissimus, Eysarcoris 838 venustulus, Baetis 126 vera sp. n., Mamontova 589 uerae, Chomaphis 570 verbasci, Aphis 576 verbasci, Campylomma 763 verbasci, Emblethis 809 verbasci, Neoheegeria 873

verbasci,

ParafranklinieUa 862

Verdanus 432 Vermicorixa 669 vermiculata, Heliocorisa 668 verna, Campylosteira 767 vernalis, Holcostethus 841 vernalis, Hypogastrura 66 vernus, Baetis 126 veronicae,

Myzus 599

veronicae, Zinia 580 verrucivorus, Decticus 228 verrucosa, Morulina 56 versicolor, Aeolothrips 853 versicolor, Aradus 779 versicolor, Opsius 396 Vertagopus 71, 77 verticillatae, Aphis 575 vesicalis, Pachypappa 514 vesicarius, Pemphigus 516 vespertina, Leptophlebia 127 vestitus,

Arachnocephalus 240

viaduensis, Zygina 396 viatica, Hypogastrura 67

viburni. Aphis 570

viburni, Filippia 639 viciae, Megoura 606

vicina, Colposcenia 454 Vicinechaetella 859

vicinus, Calocoris 725

villosa, Orchesella 87

villosus, Periphyllus 543 Vilpianus 831, 834 viminalis, Thrips 866, 867 violacea, Isotoma 77 violacea, Stcnacidia 92 virens, Brachynema 839 virens, Isoperia 195 vireiis, Lcstcs 143 virens, Orthotylus 743 virens, Stenodema 732 virescens, Tarisa 834 viresccns, Tettigometra 356 virgata, Aelia 838 virgator, Kybos 385 virgatus sp. n., Brachycaudus 586 virginalis, Oxythrips 860 virgo, Calopteryx 142 virgo, Polymitarcys 116 virgula, Campyloneura 714 virgulatus, Fasciosminthurus 97 viridana, Brachycaudus 586 viridana, Cholodkovskya 504 viridegriseus, Macrosteles 401 viridescens, Bourletiella 97 viridiflavus, Oncotylus 748 viridilutea, Orchesella 86 viridinervis, Orthotylus 744

viridipunctatus, Orthotylus 745 viridis, Aeschna 152, 153 viridis, Agraphopus 820 viridis, Aspilaspis 691 viridis, Cicadella 381 viridis, Coloradoa 596 viridis, Isotoma 77 viridis, Lestes 143 viridis, Lygocoris 720 viridis, Notonecta 678 viridis, Rhizopulvinaria 640 viridis, Sacchiphantes 505 viridis, Sminthurus 98 viridis, Teratocoris 734 viridissima, Palomela 841 viridissima, Tcttigonia 225, 227 viridula, Chlorita 387

vulgatissimus, Taeniothrips 863, 864 vulgatum, Sympetrum 160 vulneratus, Polymerus 718 wagneri, Canthophorus 825 wagneri, Capsus 716 wagneri, Lygus 721

wagneri, Mioscirtus 281 wagneri, Psallus 756 Wagneripteryx 371, 388 wahlbergi, Alebra 383 wahlgreni, Microsiphum 615 wahlgreni, Pseudosinella 82 wahlgreni, Tetraeanthella 71 Wahlgreniella 563, 606 walkeri, Trichochermes 475 wallengreni, Caliscelis 354 waltii, Arenocoris 814 waltlj, Cryptostemma 689 wartensis, Baetopus 123 weberi, Macrosiphum 612 werneri, Paraleptophlebia 127 westerlundi, Vertagopus 78 westwoodi, Elipsocus 302 wilkinsoni, Chlamydatus 763 wollastoni, Sigara 671 Willemia 62, 63 Willowsia 80, 81 woronieckae, Microsiphum 615 wui alkani, Micronecta 675, 677

viridula, Cholodkovskya 504 viridula, Nezara 843 viridulum, Erythromma 150 viridulus, Batrachomorphus 379 viridulus, Omocestus 267 viridulus, Periphyllus 543 visei, Anthocoris 698 visci, Carulaspis 649 visci, Hypseloecus 745 viscicSIa, Orthops 723 vitellina, Tettigometra 357 vitellinae, Chaitophorus 542 vitellinus, Parapsaliup 760 Viteus 505, 507 viticola, Drepanothrips 858 vitifolii, Viteus 507 vitis, Pulvinaria 639 vitis, Rhizoecus 627 vitis, Targionia 654 vitiupn, Ephippiger 211 vitreus, Idiocerus 377 vitripennis, Marthamea 198 vitripennis, Paluda 410 vittata, Eupteryx 388 vittata, Euthystira japonica 277 vittata, Kyboasca 385 vittata, Platycleis 229 vittata. Saga 225 vltlata, Tetrix 249 vittatus, Aeolothrips 853 vitticeps, Oncotylus 748 vitticollis, Coriomeris 815 vittifrons, Alloscelis 355 vittifrons, Idiocerus 377 vittipennis, Kelisia 347 vittipennis, Orthocephalus 738 vittiventris, Ectobius 167 vituli, Linognathus 334 volgensis, Aconura 405 volgensis, Aeropedellus 274 volgensis, Kasachstanicus 430 Volutaphis 562, 603 vorobjevi, Agallia 375 vovae, Allococcus 628 vuilleli, Haplothrips 873 vulgata, Ephemera 116 vulgaris, Rhyparochromus 805 vulgaris, Tomocerus 80 vulgatissimus, Gomphus 151

xanthochila, Saldula 688 Xanthochilus 791, 805 xanthoneurus, Sorhoanus 434 Xenaphalara 447, 454 Xenaphalarini trib. n. 447 Xenomyzus 558, 597 Xenylla 62, 64 Xenyllodes 60, 61 xeranthemi, Macrosiphoniella 615 Xerobion 549, 578 Xerijphtlaphls 578 Xerophylla 505, 507 xerothermica, Orchesella 87 xilostei, Hyadaphis 591 Xtphtdtum 224

Xylaplothrips 869, 871 Xylococcus 622, 623 Xylocormae 695, 696 Xylocoris 695, 697 xylostei, Prociphilus 514 Arachnocephalus 240 Tezatwa 580 yuccae, Haplothrips 871, 872 yersini,

zacharjini, Asiotmethis 251 zacharovi, Polysarcus 223 zachvatkini, Condylotes 418 zachvatkini, Hoplochaetaphis 535 zachvatkini sp. n., Paralimnus 423 zaicevi, Capnia 193 zaicevi, Psylla 472 zaitzevi, Phlocerus 275 zamiae, Furehadiaspis 650 zarudnyi, Tigrahauda 342 1213

zetterstedti, Siphlonuros 119 zhadini, Pseudocentroptilum 123 Zicrona 834, 845 Zinia 551, 580 zimitzi, Anoecia 527 zirnitzi, Hyperomyzus 605 ziziphi, Parlatoria 646 zonata, Chloothea 434 zonatus, Quadraspidiotus 653 Zophocnemis 761

Zoraptera 25 Zubovskia 253, 261 zubovskit, Isophya 219 Zygentoma 106, 108

Zygimus 702, 718 Zygina 371, 394 Zyginella 371, 390 zygophylli, Btachyunguis 578 Zygoptera 140

343926913724555826 TRIGGER-1

Key to Species

of Family Campodeidae

1. Campodea Westw. Claws simple, without longitudinal striation. A simple seta without cilia, or a flattened seta, at the base of each claw. 2 species. 1

(2).

2

(1).

Meso- and metanotum with posterolateral seta (Figure 47, 2). Antennae 18" to 20-segmented; cerci 10- to 14-segmented. 4.0. Widely distributed in Europe ............... C. plusiochaeta Silv. Meso- and metanotum without posterolateral seta. Antennae 22 -segmented; cerci 9- or 10-segmented. 5.0. Carpathians ............................................ C. malpighii Silv. 2.

Family JAPYGIDAE

Antennae

-

much shorter than body. Head usually without V-shaped suture. Styli of abdominal segment I of the same structure as those of the next segments. Abdominal segment X 2 or 3 times longer than IX, 104 strongly sclerotized. Cerci short, forming forceps. More than 15 genera and 100 species, mainly in tropical and subtropical zones. 1 genus, 4 species.

>rTTr’>TTT4

FIGURE 48. Diplura (afler lonesco)

[

ff

/r

Key

to Species of Family Japygidae

1. Japyx Halid. Yellowish white. Posterior margin of abdominal tergum I with modified vesicles (coxal organs) forming lobes with filamentous processes at posterior margin (Figure 48). Posterior angles of terga VII and VIII drawn out posteriorly andpointed (Figure 48, 5-8). Southwest and South. 4 species. 1

(2).

Coxal organ with 4 to 20, usually 6 to 8 setae. All or some of these setae much longer than stylus (Figure 48,1). Corners of abdominal terga VI-VIII of varying shape (Figure 48, 5). 6-8.

Ciscaucasia, western Caucasus; southeastern Europe ........... J. confusus Silv. Coxal organ with more than 20 setae, all or most of them shorter than stylus. Setae on coxal organ of 2 types: 1) numerous short setae; 2) 4 or 5 long setae (Figure 48, 2). Posterior corners of abdominal tergum VI truncate (Figure 48, 6). 5.4-6. Crimea ........... J. ghilarovi Jon. Setae on coxal organ of the same type (Figure 48, 3, 4). Posterior corners of abdominal tergum VI not truncate (Figure 48, 7, 8). Only posterior corners of abdominal terga VII and VIII pointed posteriorly. Corners of tergum VII pointed, directed inwards (Figure 48,7). 6-7.6. Western Caucasus and southwestern Ciscaucasia ................................ J. caucasicus Jon. Posterior corners of abdominal terga IV-VIII pointed posteriorly; corners of tergum VII blunt, directed posteriorly (Figure 48, 8). 6.3-7. Western Caucasus (Gelendzhik) .......... J. arnoldii Jon.

.............................................

2

(1).

3

(4).

4

(3).

5

(6).

6

(5).

.............................................

4.

Order

THYSANURA

A. G. Sharov Body apterous, elongate, flexible, usually scaled; mouthparts biting, not withdrawn into head capsule. Antennae and compound eyes developed. Abdomen with styli. Females with well-developed ovipositor. Abdomen with 3 long, filiform appendages at the end. Metamorphosis incomplete, simplified.

Medium-sized insect (8 to 20mm). Body more or less spindle-shaped (Figure 49,1), usually scaled. Antennae long, filiform, multiarticulate.

Mouthparts biting, not withdrawn into head capsule.

Both compound eyes

and ocelli usually present. Thoracic segments articulated. Thorax not sharply differentiated from abdomen. Legs with large coxae. Tarsus 106 3- to 5-segmented, ending in 2 or 3 claws. Abdomen consisting of 10 visible segments; abdominal segment XI reduced and concealed by tergum of segment X. Venter of abdomen with 1 to 8 pairs of styli and sometimes also with eversible vesicles. Females with well-developed multiarticulate ovipositor formed by appendages of segments VIII and IX. Males with unpaired tubular organ erroneously called penis. Ape’x of abdomen usually with long multiarticulate cerci and an unpaired multiarticulate caudal filament of equal length or slightly longer. Metamorphosis protometabolous: young specimens of first instars larviform, differing from subsequent instars and from the adult in greater homonomy of segmentation, absence of scales, homonomous articulation of legs (tarsus

acting as a single segment), andintheabsenceofexternalgenitalia. Later instars are nymphs, which differ from the adult mainly in undeveloped genitalia. Sexually mature specimens molt many times. The number of imaginalecdyses not constant. Living in forest litter, in cracks in bark or beneath it, under stones and fallen trees, rarely in soil. Some species are synanthropic; myrmecophilous or termitophilous. Feeding on plant and animal debris, spores, mushrooms, and lichen. Several species are capable of cannibalism when kept in breeding chambers. Occasionally harmful to libraries, feeding on paper and glue. Divided into 2 suborders. About 100 genera and 400 species throughout the world, mainly in regions with warm and hot climates. The species in the U.S.S.R. are little known. 8 genera. 9 species. LITERATURE. Sharov, A.G. Razvilie shchetinokhvostok (Thysanura, Apterygoia) v svyazi s filogenii nasekomykn (The Evolution of Brisiletails (Thysanura, Apterygoia) in Conneciion with Insect Phylogeny).Trudy Insiiiuia Morfologii Zhivomykh, 8, 1953; Escherich, K. Das System der Lepismaiiden. Zoologica, 43, 1904; Janeischek. H. 0. przerzutkowatych z Krery i krajow balkinskich(Thysanura, Machilidae). Ada Zool. Ccacov.,’2, 1957 (with a hey of the orders of Machilidae family in Southeastern Europe); Stach, J. Protura, Diplura, Ttiysaniira. Klucze do oznaczania owad6w Polski, III-V, Warszawa, 1955; Stach, J. Dwa nowe garunki z rodzaju Chariniachilis Wyg. (Thysanuca, Machilidae). Acta Zool. Cracov., 3, 1958; Wygodzinsky, P. Notes and Descriptions of Machilidae and Lepismatidae (Thysanura). Proc. R. Eni. Soc. Lond., (B) 26, 1957. problemoi

Key to Suborders 1 (2).

2 (1).

Eyes large, adjacent,

in anterior part of head. Maxillary palps 7-segmented. Coxae of 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs usually with styli. Cerci less than half as long as caudal filament. Able to make short leaps .................... 1. Microcoryphia (p. 116) Eyes small, notadjacent, atsides of head, sometimes reduced. Maxillary palps 5-segmented. Coxae without styli. Cerci only little shorter than caudal filament. Not leaping ................. ....................................... 2. Zygentoma (p.118)

Suborder

MICROCORYPHIA

Body semicylindrical (Figure 49. 1). Lateral processes of thoracic segments directed downwards. Eyes large, contiguous, with hundreds of ommatidia. 3 ocelli always present. Mandible articulating with head

by one condyle. Maxillary palps 7-segmented, with process on basal segment. Labial palps 3-segmented. Pronotum shorter than mesonotum, with lateral paranotal lobes concealing base of head. Coxae cylindrical; coxae of 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs usually with styli. Styli rarely present only on coxae of 3rd pair of legs, or completely absent. Femur and tibia of about equal size. Tarsi 3-segmented, with 2 claws. Sterna of abdominal segments II-VII divided into sterna proper and paired coxosternites. Coxosternites of abdominal segments II-IX with movable styli. Coxosternites of abdominal segments I" VII with 1 or 2 pairs of eversible vesicles. Vesicles often absent on segment I, sometimes absent also on segments V-VII, or completely absent. No subgenital plate at base of ovipositor. Microcoryphia usually do not include symbionts of other insects or 107 synanthropic species. Occurring only in regions with warm or hot climate. In European Russia occurring in the South, not farther north than the Ukraine and the Rostov Region; in the West not farther east than Latvia and, appar-

ently, Lithuania. Divided into 2 families. One of them, Meinertellidae, is widely distributed in the southern hemisphere. In the northern hemisphere it is found in southwestern Europe and in North Africa. It is therefore not included in the Key.

Key to Families 1 (1).

Abdominal sterna II-VII in form of large triangles between coxosternites. Apices of triangles reaching beyond half the length of coxosternites. Basal part of antennae (scape and pedicel) always scaled 1. Machilidae (p. 117) ................................

1.

Family MACHILIDAE

Abdominal sterna II-VII large, their apex reaching beyond half the length of coxosternites. Abdominal segments II-VII with at least one pair of eversible vesicles, usually 2 pairs on segments II-V. Base of antennae, sometimes also flagellum, scaled. Coxae of 2nd legs and often those of 3rd legs with styli. Male always with gonapophyses. 5 genera.

Key 1 (4). 2 (3).

to

Genera

Abdominal segments with only 1 pair of eversible vesicles. Paired ocelli very elongate, with a median constriction, usually 1. Charimachilis. along anterior margins of eyes (Figure 49, 2) Paired ocelli small, oval, without median constriction, closer to outer margins of eyes .................... 2. Silvestrichilus. Some abdominal segments with 2 pairs of vesicles each. Paired ocelli almost triangular, close to each other (Figure 49, 4) ......................................... 3. Trigoniophtalmus. ...

3 (2). 4 (l).

5 (6). 6 (5). 7 (8).

Paired ocelli’ very elongate, with a median constriction. Mandibles without apical denticles. Flagellum of antenna without scales 4. Petrobius. Mandibles with 4 apical denticles. Flagellum of antenna scaled at least in its proximal part 5. Machilis. .........................................

8 (7).

.......................

Keys to Species of Family Machilidae 1. Charimachilis Wygod. Ocelli paired, constriction (Figure 49, 2). 1 species.

1 (1).

very elongate,

with median

Ovipositor not reaching beyond gonocoxites (coxites of gonopods) of abdominal segment IX. Gonapophyses of segment VIII 18segmented. Last segment of gonapophyses of segment IX beakshaped (Figure 49, 3). 11.0. Vicinity of Kiev ................... ........................................ Ch. ukrainensis Stach. Silvestrichilus

2.

part of 1 (1).

Wygod. Ocelli paired, small, oval. beneath lateral eyes. 3rd segment of labial palps flattened

anterior margin of

apically.

Tarsi with short, thick spines.

1 species.

Eyes

contiguous only for a short distance. Eyes more than 3 times as wide as the line of contiguity between them. Gonapophyses without stout spines or hooks, 9-11. Krasnodar Territory.

Rostov Region; Turkey, Israel

...............

S. trispina Wygod.

Trigoniophtalmus Verh. Ocelli paired, triangular, dark, close together (Figure 49, 4). Ovipositor without fossorial spines. Parameres only on abdominal segment IX. 1 species. 3.

1 (1).

Only abdominal segments II-IV with 2 pairs of eversible vesicles each. Ovipositor long, reaching beyond gonocoxites of segment IX. Paired ocelli close together or even touching. 10-12. Crimea, Krasnodar Territory; Mediterranean ........ T. banaticus Wygod,

4. Petrobius Leach. Ocelli paired, large, elongate. Mandibles without apical denticles. Flagellum not scaled. 1 species. 108

1 (1).

Parameres only on abdominal segment IX. Ovipositor slender, projecting beneath gonocoxites of segment IX. Each segment of ovipositor with 3 or 4 long setae. 9-10. Latvia, southern P. balticus Stach, coast of the Baltic Sea .......................

Machilis Latr. Mandibles with 4 apical denticles. Spines on legs pigmented. Abdominal sterna obtuse or right-angled. Ocelli reddish or light-colored. Cerci and caudal filament scaled. 1 species. 5.

1 (1).

Ovipositor without fossorial denticles. Maxillary palps with numerous setae which are uniformly distributed on 2nd to 7th segments. 12-14. Crimean steppe; southwestern Europe

.......

.............................................

Suborder

M. helleri Verh.

ZYGENTOMA

Body dorsoventrally depressed. Paranotal processes of thoracic segments directed laterally (Figure 49, 5). Eyes small, consisting of 10-40 ommatidia,on sides of head, far apart from each other, sometimes absent (family Nicoletiidae). Ocelli usually absent. Mandibles articulating with head by 2 condyles. Maxillary palps 5-segmented. Labial palps 4segmented. Pronotum as long as, or longer than, mesonotum. Coxae flattened. Legs without styli. Tarsi 3- to 5-segmented, ending in 3 claws;

LEPISMATIDAE

median claw, the pretarsus, smaller than lateral claws. Coxosternites usually fused with sterna; sterna rarely differentiated. Styli usually present on segments VIII and IX, rarely also on abdominal segment VII or II-VII. Eversible vesicles usually absent. Subgenital plate present between gonocbxites of abdominal segments VIII and IX. Mainly in warm and hot climates. Some species are myrmecophiles or termitophiles, some are synanthropic. The range of the synanthropic species reaches the temperate and cold zones. Divided into 3 families; family Lepidotrichidae relict, now represented only by one monotypic genus in California.

Key to Families 1 (2). 2 (1).

Eyes present. Body elongate Eyes absent. Body short, drop-shaped

...........

1.

Lepismatidae (p. 119) 2. Nicoletiidae (p. 120)

1.

...

Family LEPISMATIDAE

Eyes always present. Antennae, cerci and caudal filament long, filiform. Tarsi usually 3-segmented. Gonocoxites of segments VII-IX broad, covering base of ovipositor or gonapophyses. Free-living, myrmecophilous, termitophilous or synanthropic species. More than 20 genera with a great number of species, mainly in the south of the temperate zone and in the Tropics; little known in the Asian part of the U.S.S.R. 3 genera, 4 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

All setae bare, smooth or only bifurcate at the end. Posterior margin of abdominal terga with only 1 pair of lateral tufts of setae, in addition to single setae ../....................., 1. Lepisma.

2 (1).

Some macrochaetae pinnate or with fine denticles or spines. Posterior margin of abdominal terga with at least one pair of tufts of setae in addition to the pair of lateral tufts. Abdominal terga with not more than 2 pairs of tufts ............................................... 2. Thermobia. At least several abdominal terga with 3 pairs of tufts of setae 3. Ctenolepisma.

3 (4).

4 (3).

..............

............................................

.....

Keys to Species of Family Lepismatidae 1.

Lepisma L.

All macrochaetae bare, smooth, some of them bifid

or trifid. Posterior margin of abdominal segments with only a few macrochaetae or only one pair of lateral tufts of setae. 2 species.

109

1 (2).

Posterior margin of abdominal tergum X without notch. Cerci and caudal filament long, more than half as long as abdomen (Figure 49, 5). Silvery gray. 8-13. Cosmopolitan. Inhuman dwellings, libraries, and warehouses. May be injurious to books and pictures ........................ *L. saccharinum L.

Posterior margin of abdominal tergum X with notch. Cerci and caudal filament short, about 1/3 as long as abdomen. Yellow or yellowish. 8-10. Southern coast of the Crimea. Myrmecophilous. ............................................ L. wasmanni Mon.

2. Thermobia Bergr. Abdominal tergum X obtuse triangular. Ovipositor long, protruding markedly beyond gonocoxites of abdominal segment IX. Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum with 1 pair of tufts of setae each; abdominal terga II-VIII with 2 pairs of tufts each. 1 species. 1 (1).

Antennae almost twice as long as body. Dark, with yellow spots. 8-10. Northwest, South. In warm places, occasionally injurious to stores *Th. domestica Pack. ................................

3. Ctenolepisma Esch. Posterior margin of pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum with one pair of tufts of setae each. Abdominal tergum I with 2 pairs of tufts, terga II-VIII with 3 pairs of tufts each. Claws shorter than last tarsal segment. 1 species. 1

(1).

Yellowish brown. Abdomen with dark and light longitudinal stripes. 10-12. Crimea ....................... C. lineatum F. 2.

Family NICOLETIIDAE

Basis of gonapophyses free, not covered by gonocoxites. Gonapophyses always large. Eyes always absent. Living in soil or myrmecophilous or termitophilous. Several genera, mainly in the tropics and subtropics. The genus Atelura possibly occurs in the European U.S.S.R.

Key to Species of Family Nicoletiidae 1. Atelura Heyd. Body scaled, oval. Abdomen as long as thorax. Cerci and caudal filament less than half as long as abdomen. Several species, mainly in the Tropics and Subtropics.

1 (1).

Abdominal tergum X short, with notch at posterior margin, with spines ventrally in male. No macrochetae on terga. Segments II-IX with styli. Segment VII with eversible vesicles. 8-10. Southern Europe. In ant nests, mainly under stones ............. .......................................... A. formicaria Heyd.

.

THYSANURA

2 (1).

HO

5-

Order EPHEMEROPTERA

Mayflies

O.A. Chernova Insects with elongate body, reduced mouthparts, slender legs, membranous wings not folded on the abdomen; anterior part of wings always much larger than posterior pair; abdomen with 2 or 3 long segmented filaments at the end; metamorphosis incomplete, nymphs aquatic. Body elongate (Figure 50, 1). Mouthparts reduced, functionless. Compound eyes of males large and often divided into the 2 parts as follows: 1) upper region, ampullaceous, mushroom-shaped or turban-shaped eyes; 2) lower part. Eyes of females small. 3 ocelli; median ocellus sometimes reduced. Antennae short, consisting of 2 segments and a terminal seta. Face divided by a longitudinal fold, overhanging the reduced mouthparts as a thin plate. Prothorax small, usually much shorter than wide, separated from mesothorax. Mesothorax very large, strongly convex, fused with short metathorax. Wings usually 2 pairs; hind wings rarely absent. Anterior wings always much larger than posterior wings, triangular, with distinct anal angle (tornus). When the posterior wings are much reduced, anterior wings oval. Venation of wings as a rule rich, reticulate (Figure 50, 1). Longitudinal veins usually connected by numerous cross veins. The first vein along the anterior margin of wing is the costa (C). The subcosta (Sc) runs parallel to it. The next longitudinal vein is the radius (R). This is followed by the radial sector (RS) which is divided into branches. The first media (M) lies in the middle of the wing, and branches into anterior and posterior veins (MA,, MAn). In the fork between them lies the intercalary media (IMA). The next 3 longitudinal veins are the posterior mediae (MPi, IMP, MPg). These are followed by the cubital veins (CuA and CuP). In the cubital field (between CuA and CuP) there are often a number of intercalary veins (ICuA) of variable position. At the base of the wing are the anal veins (A). Between the longitudinal veins at the posterior margin of the wing are intercalary veins which are connected with longitudinal veins or free. They are either single or paired. In the apical part of the costal field of the forewing is the pterostigma, i.e., a thickened, usually opaque or colored area of the field which sometimes contains cross veins. Venation of hind wings similar but reduced because of their smaller size. Legs consisting of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus. Forelegs of males especially long. 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs may be reduced. Tarsi 5-segmented. 1st tarsal segment sometimes little differentiated. In this case the tarsus is apparently 4-segmented. Tarsus sometimes 2-segmented or not segmented at all. Last tarsal segment bearing 2 claws which often differ from each other. Abdomen consisting of 10 similar segments. Male genitalia between segments IX and X. Sternum IX of male with a protruding genital plate (styliger) which bears

EPHEMEROPTERA

articulated claspers (forceps) laterally (Figure 50, 2). Paired genital lobes (penes) of varying structure usually present beneath genital plate. Paired genital apertures of female opening between sterna VII and VIII, covered by the protruding part of sternum VII (subgenital plate). Abdominal sternum IX of female projecting as postgenital plate. Apex of abdomen of both sexes with a pair of long articulated filaments (cerci) and a median caudal filament (paracercus) which may be very short.

FIGURE 50. Ephemeropiera (original)

Igeneral habitus of male ofSiphlonurus linnaeanus. mimesothorax;

ccoxa;

tftrochanter;

ffemur;

lateral (anantenna;

libcibia;

tartarsus;

filaments); 2geniialia of male of Ephemera vulgata, penpenes: stforceps, or segmented claspers). or caudal

ptprothorax;

elclaw;

ventral

cercerci

(ggenital plate;

Mayflies differ from all other insects in having 2 winged stages, the subimago and the imago. Winged mayflies of both stages do not feed, and live only for a short time (this is the meaning of their name; "ephemeron" in Greek means "lasting for a day"). The stage of subimago lasts a few seconds to several days, the imaginal stage several hours to 11.1 10 days. The subimago differs from the imago in its dull color, hazy wings with fringes of hairs at the posterior margin and shorter appendages. Some species flyinswarms: during a few hours or 2-3 days large swarms of insects emerge simultaneously on large parts of the water. Afterwards,

EPHEMEROPTERA

an immense number of dead mayflies covers the surface of the water and the margins of the water body. Some species lay thousands of eggs. The eggs are laid in the water. Metamorphosis incomplete, archimetabolous,

with an ecdysis during the winged

stage.

Nymphs are called naiads, young

stages campodeiform.

Development of nymphs prolonged, lasting 1 to 3 years, involving up Mouthparts of nymphs biting, complex. Body of diverse structure, with tracheal gills. Nymphs mainly feed on detritus and algae, on and small larvae of insects. They live in freshInfusoria very rarely water bodies, rapid mountain streams, rivers, brooks, lakes, marshes, and ponds. The nymphs are divided into the following morphologicalecological types, according to their different mode of life and shape: 1) thicket-inhabiting nymphs, with large gills; 2) nymphs living in silt bottoms, with gills protected by an operculum; 3) nymphs living on sandy bottoms, with long claws and "brushes" on the head; 4) nymphs inhabiting rapid streams, with fine gills, which swim actively; 5) flat-bodied inhabitants of rapids, with clasping legs; 6) bottom-inhabiting, burrowing nymphs to 25 ecdyses.

EPHEMEROPTERA

"tusks" (Figure 51, 1-3).

The ecological classification of the nymphs is important, because the morphological-ecological type of the nymph is adapted to ecological conditions. Nymphs of Ephemeroptera form an important part of the food of commercial fish (e.g., Salmonidae). 112 Ephemeroptera are one of the most ancient orders. They are found to have existed as early as the Carboniferous. They show a number of primitive characters, e.g., numerous larval ecdyses and ecdysis in the winged phase, paired genital ducts, etc. Larvae of mayflies give numerous examples of adaptive evolution, and reflect sharply the connection between organism arid environment. Fossil mayflies are important in stratigraphy. Seventeen families are known throughout the world, including about 1600 species. These are distributed from Novaya Zemlya in the north to Tasmania in the south. Most Ephemeroptera (75% of the fauna of Ephemeroptera throughout the world) belong to the families Baetidae, Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemerellidae, Siphlonuridae. Most species are known from the Holarctic Region. About 200 species of 15 families have been found in the U.S.S.R. with

LITERATURE.

Kazlauskas, R.S. and R.A. Sanvattiie.

LictHnki

podenok sistemy reki Gauya

(Mayfly Larvae-ofthe RiverGauja System). Laiv. eniom., 6, 1962; Cliernova, O.A. Podenki (Mayflies). In the book: Zhizn’ presnykh vod SSSR (Life in Freshwater Bodies of the U-S.S.R.). Vol. 1. Moscow-Leningrad, 1940; Chernova, 0. A. Fauna podenok Evcopeiskogo severa SSSR (The Fauna of Ephemeroptera of the North of the European U.S.S.R.)--Zoologicheskii zhurnal, 20(2). 1941: Chernova, O.A. Podenki basseina Amura i ikh rot’ v pitanii amurskikh ryb(The Mayflies of the Amur Basin and Their Role in the Nutrition of Amur Fish).Trudy Amucskoi ikhtiologicheskoi ekspediisii 1945-1949 godov. III 1952; Chernova, O.A. Podenki (Mayflies).In the book: Osnovy paleontologii. Trakheinye i khelitserovye (Principles of Paleontology. Tracheata and Chelicerata), Moscow, 1962; Schoeneniund. E. Eintagsfliegen oder Ephemeroptera. Die Tierwelt Deuischlands, 19, Jena, 1930.

Key to Families

113

1 (4). 2 (3).

Hind wings absent, or very small and with not more than 3 longitudinal veins. Both sexes with 2 caudal filaments. Wings narrow, with welldeveloped cross veins and free intercalary veins at margin of wing. Hind wings sometimes absent (Figure 55, 3)

...............

..........................................

3 (2).

4 (1).

9. Baetidae (p.135)

3 caudal filaments. Wings broad, with 1 row of cross veins. No intercalary veins at margin of wing. Posterior margin of wings with fringe of hairs. Hind wings always absent (Figure 61,1). ........................................ 14. Caenidae (p.153} Hind wings large. If hind wings are small, they always have numerous veins.

5 (8).

6 (7).

Longitudinal veins of anterior wings arranged in pairs from the base of the wing, forming 4 or 5 pairs. Broad cells between longitudinal veins, with hardly noticeable, thin cross veins, which are absent at the posterior margin of wings. Ocelli on anterior margin of head. Cross veins of fore wings present only in anterior half of wing, to MA, (Figure 55, 1).

Forceps 3-segmented, much longer than penes ...,..........8. Oligoneuriidae (p. 134) .....................................

124

EPHEMEROPTERA

114

.

Longitudinal veins not arranged in pairs, distributed at equal distances. Veins sometimes arranged in pairs only in posterior half of wing, forming usually not more than 3 pairs. Many cross

.

8 (5).

.

Ocelli on posterior margin of head. Cross veins present between all longitudinal veins (Figure 52, 5). Forceps not segmented, 2. Behningiidae (p. 127) almost half as long as the long penes .

7 (6).

veins present. 9(18). CuA of fore wings curved at the base and sharply diverging from

10 (13). 11 (12).

MP^. Fore and hind wings of imago hazy,

milk white or dirty brownish. Fore wings brownish, corrugated. Sc of anterior wings fused and of MA close together at the RS Branches with C apically. apex, forming 3 pairs of adjacent veins (Figure 52, 1)

.............

Palingeniidae (p. 126) 12 (11). Fore wings milk white, not corrugated. Sc of fore wings well to No of apex separated paired adjacent veins (Figure 53, 1) wing. 3. Polymitarcidae (p. 128) ......................................

....................................

1.

EPHEMEROPTERA

Wings transparent, with dark veins, sometimes with dark spots. branching into several (usually about 10) straight, parallel veins on posterior margin of wing. A, not bifurcate. Wings often with dark spots and dark spots near cross veins (Figure 53, 4). ...................................... 4. Ephemeridae (p. 129) 15 (14). A, branching into 2 cross veins or none towards posterior margin of wing. A almost always bifurcate (Figure 54, 1). Wings not

13 (10). 14 (15).

A^

spotted. Eyes of male close together; distance between eyes of male not more than half diameter of eye. Sides of abdominal segment IX without processes .................... 5. Potamanthidae (p. 129) 17 (16). Eyes of male widely apart, distance between them greater than diameter of eye. Sides of abdominal segment IX with long pro16 (17).

18 (9). 19 (22).

20 (21).

21 (20).

cesses which reach posterior margin of segment X in both sexes. ................................... 6. Neoephemeridae (p. 131) MP, and running almost parallel at base of fore wings, diverging slightly; CuA without sharp bend. hind of legs 4-segmented; if 5-segmented, 5th segment Tarsi little differentiated from tibia, and immovable. 2 intercalary veins between IMP and MPg and between MPg and CuA (Figure 58, 7), Forceps usually with a short terminal segment ........................... 11. Ephemerellidae (p. 145) No intercalary veins in cells mentioned above (Figure 57, 9). 10. Leptophlebiidae (p. 142) Forceps with 2 terminal segments. Tarsus of hind legs distinctly 5-segmented. numerous into undulating veins CuA of fo’re wings branching towards posterior margin; some of these veins are sometimes branched (Figure 50, 1) ............... 7. Siphlonuridae (p. 131) 4 or 2 long intercalary longitudinal veins connected by short cross veins in cubital cell (between CuA and CuP) of fore wings. 1 or 2 pairs of intercalary veins in cubital cell; if there are 2 pairs, shortest pair always near CuP (Figure 60, 7) ................................... 13. Ametropodidae (p. 152) 2 pairs of intercalary longitudinal veins in cubital cell; shorter 12. Heptageniidae (p. 147) pair close to CuA (Figure 59, 4)

CuA^

...

22 (19). 23 (24).

24 (23). 25 (26).

............

26 (25).

.......

1.

Family PALINGENIIDAE

of male not divided into 2 parts. Longitudinal and cross veins numerous. Sc of fore wings fused with C in fold and in apical part. Longitudinal veins usually not approximated along their whole length, but only in their apical part, forming not more than 3 pairs. The only exception is the genus Cheirogenesia from Madagascar, which possesses 5 pairs of approximated veins. In this genus, cross veins are also present in the posterior half of wings. IMA always present. CuA bifurcate. CuP always curved (Figure 52, 1). Hind wings well developed. Tarsi reduced, mainly in females. Nymphs burrowing, with fossorial legs and broad, flattened processes of mandibles. Mainly in the Palearctic and Oriental regions. 1 genus, 3 species in the European U.S.S.R. 2 genera, 6 species in the

Eyes

whole U.S.S.R.

PALINGENIIDAE

Key to Species of Family Palingeniidae 1. Palingenia Burm. M of fore wings branching beyond middle of wing. Forceps of male 6- or 7-segmented (Figure 52, 2). Larvae digging loop-shaped tunnels in the clay bottoms of rivers. 3 species.

1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

Abdomen without pattern, velvety black dorsally, with yellow lateral margins. Abdominal sterna lemon yellow. Wings smoky, brownish black. Males 22-24. Crimea and basins of the Kuban and Kura ................................ P. fuliginosa Georgi. Abdomen yellow or brown dorsally, spotted. Abdomen dark brown, with light yellowish articulations of terga and 2 small, light spots on anterior margin of each tergum (Figure 52,3). Wings brown. Male 28-34. Northwest; basin P. longicauda Oliv. of the Danube; Western Europe Abdomen light yellowish. Each tergum with W-shaped gray pattern (Figure 52,4). Wings light brownish yellow. Male 27-32, female 28-34. Basins of the Volga, Ural, Syr Darya and Irtysh. P. sublongicauda Tshern. ..............

4 (3).

......................................

EPHEMEROPTERA

2.

Family BEHNINGIIDAE

into 2 parts, very large. Ocelli on posterior Fore wings with 5 pairs of approximated longitudinal veins. Veins IMA and IMP present (Figure 52, 5). Hind wings with cross veins. Legs weak. reduced. Forceps not segmented. Anterior margin of head of nymphs with 2 protruding areas which are densely covered with setae. Burrowing in the sand of rivers. Palearctic Region, Southeast; North America. European U.S.S.R. 1 genus, 1 species; whole U.S.S.R. 2 genera, 3 species,

Eyes of male not divided

margin of head.

Key

to Species of Family

Behningiidae

Behningia Lest. Frons very narrow. Legs twisted, short, especially middle and hind legs. Tarsi of all legs not segmented. Inner side of apical half of penes with trough-shaped concavity (Figure 52. 6). 1.

Caudal filaments of male very long, 3,5 times longer than body. Median caudal filament short. Cerci 12 or 13 times longer than median filament. 116 Abdominal segments of nymphs broad and short. Hind legs long, almost reaching abdominal segment IX. All legs without claws. Coxae of hind legs about half as long as femora. Leaf-shaped gills on ventral side of abdomen. 1 species, known only from nymphs. 1 (1).

3rd segment of labial palp not more than twice as long as 2nd segment. Setae’on.sternum IX short, shorter than sternum. Volga ........................................ B. ulmeri Lest. 3.

Family POLYMITARCIDAE

Eyes

of male not divided into 2 parts, widely apart in both sexes. Wings milk white, especially in females. Sc of fore wings well marked to apex of wing. 1-9 long, straight, intercalary veins in cubital cell (between CuA and Cup). These intercalary veins converge slightly at the base, and are connected by cross veins (Figure 53, 1). Forceps 4segmented. Male with 2, female with 3 caudal filaments. Larvae burrowing, with long protruding mouthparts curving inwards at the end. Mainly in the Neotropical and Ethiopian regions. 1 genus, 2 species in the European U.S.S.R.; 1 genus. 3 species in whole U.S.S.R.

Key to Species 1. Polymitarcis Etn. Middle and hind legs short.

1 (2).

2(1).

of Family Polymitarcidae

Legs weak; forelegs of male

as

long as body.

2 species.

Thorax dorsally light brown. 3 to 5 straight intercalary veins connected by numerous cross veins in cubital cell of fore wings. Penes deeply divided, their base very short (Figure 53, 3). Rivers and lakes. Throughout Europe, Amur River .............

............................................... P. virgo Oliv. Meso- and metathorax brilliant black or brown. Not more than 2, usually 1, pair of intercalary veins in cubital cell. These intercalary veins branch into curved veins towards margin of wing.

128

EPHEMERIDAE, POTAMANTHIDAE

Penes not deeply divided, their base rather thick and long (Figure 53, 2). Large and medium-sized rivers and lakesinthe northern half of the U.S.S.R. P. nigridorsum Tshern. .............

4.

Family EPHEMERIDAE

Eyes of male not divided

into 2 parts. Longitudinal veins not arranged Intercalary veins obliquely running from CuA of fore wings to posterior margin of wings. A-, slightly curved, branching into a series of closely standing cross veins towards margin of wing (Figure 53, 4). Hind wings well developed. Forceps 4-segmented (Figure 50, 2). Larvae burrowing, their mandibles with slender, smooth, long processes which are bent outwards at the end (Figure 51, 3). Mainly in the Oriental and Palearctic regions.European U.S.S.R. 1 genus, 3 species. 1 genus, about 10 species in the whole U.S.S.R.

in pairs.

Key to Species of Family Ephemeridae

Ephemera L. Wings often spotted, with spots around cross veins. Both sexes with 3 caudal filaments of equal length. Nymphs with feathered gills curved dorsad. In slow-flowing rivers, lakes. 3 species. 1.

1 (2).

Anterior abdominal terga with a triangular, curved brown-black spot on each side. These spots extend into stripes on posterior abdominal terga. An additional pair of short lines between these stripes (Figure 53, 5). Fore wings dark, brownish, with numerous dark spots. Throughout Europe. Nymphs in clay-silt bottoms of slow rivers and lakes ......................... E. vulgata L.

2 (1).

Anterior abdominal terga light, with diffuse square spots and thin lines. Wings translucent, with few spots. Anterior abdominal terga, especially in female, ivory-colored with diffuse spots. Next 4 abdominal terga with or without short lines. Abdominal terga VI-IX with large, dark, wedge-shaped spots; 2 short lines between them (Figure 53, 6, 7), West, Northwest and North, In cold and pure, rapid streams. Central Europe, mainly in mountain and foothill rivers .................. .............................................. E. danica Mull. Anterior 2 abdominal terga with light, angular spots. Terga III-V with 4 lines, the outer very short.. Terga VI-IX with 6 dark longitudinal lines, the inner pair the shortest (Figure 53, 8). Europe. Nymphs in rivers, in parts with rapid current, in silt-sand bottoms ....................................... E. lineata Em.

3 (4).

117

4 (3).

5.

Family POTAMANTHIDAE

Eyes of male large, with a weak but perceptible line delimiting lower part of eye. Vertex narrow. Longitudinal veins not approximated in pairs. Ai of fore wings undulating and bifurcate near margin of wing. No cross and margin of wing (Figure 54, 1). Hind wings well veins between

A^

developed.

Forceps 3-segmented.

EPHEMEROPTERA

FIGURE 54. Ephemeroptera (after Schoenemund, Ulmer and original) 1Potamanthus

luieus, anterior and posterior

same; 6Parameleius

chelifer, same;

7P.

wings; 2Neoephemera

maxima, same;

minor, same.

Nymphs with biramous, pinnate gills on each side of abdomen. Mainly Oriental Region, but also in the Holarctic Region. European U.S.S.R. 1 genus, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 genera, 2 species. Key to Species of Family Potamanthidae Potamanthus Pict. MPn of fore wings connected with MP^ at the base. Wings without dark spots. Both claws of foreleg blunt. Both sexes with 3 caudal filaments. Mandibles of nymphs without long processes. In rivers and brooks, among vegetation and on stones. 1 species. 1.

118

1 (1).

Mesonotum grayish yellow. Abdomen yellow, with dark brown dorsal longitudinal stripe flanked by a diffuse brownish dot at the posterior margin of terga. Anterior corner of each tergum with one black dot. Wings with dark longitudinal veins and yellowish anterior margin. Both wings of subimago yellow. Holarctic. In rivers ........................................ P. luteus L,

NEOEPHEMERIDAE. SIPHLONURIDAE

Family NEOEPHEMERIDAE

6.

Eyes of male not divided into 2 parts. Vertex broad. A, of fore wings of American species bifurcate. Not more than 2 or 3. not undulating. cross veins between Ai and wing margin. Cross veins well developed in both wings (Figure 54, 2). Hind wings well developed. Forceps 4-segmented. Gills of nymphs protected by operculum. Nymphs in rivers with slow and moderate current, among submerged roots and stems. In rapids in the Appalachian Mountains. Holarctic and Oriental regions.European U.S.S.R.. 1 genus, 1 species. 1 genus, 1 species in the whole U.S.S.R.

A^

Key to Species of Family Neoephemeridae Neoephemera McDunnough. A^ not bifurcate, with one cross vein towards posterior margin of wing. Sides of segment IX with backwards-directed processes reaching posterior end of segment X in both sexes. Median caudal filament of both sexes short. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Mesonotum of male dark brown, that of female yellowish. Wings thin, with light veins. Legs white. Femora of anterior legs and claws dark brown in both sexes. Abdomen of male transparent. Terga VII-IX with diffuse brown spots. Sterna VII-IX with small, dark spots. All abdominal terga of female with large dark brown spots; abdominal sterna of female with small dark brown spots. Caudal filaments white. Only first 3 segments completely dark. West, France. Nymphs in rivers, on stones overgrown with vegetation and on roots of vegetation ............ N. maxima Joly. 7.

Family SIPHLONURIDAE

Eyes of male often with a light-colored line delimiting lower part of eye. Vertex of Palearctic genera narrow. Wings and venation well developed. Numerous undulating intercalary veins (not connected by cross veins) in fore wings from CuA to posterior margin of wings. Some of them may be branched, e.g.. in I sony c hia and related genera. Tarsi 5-segmented. Claws of different structure in various genera. Forceps 4-segmented. Penes of different structure. Both sexes with 2 caudal filaments. Median caudal filament rudimentary, exceptfor Dipte rom imus, in which the medial caudal filament is half as long as the cerci. Nymphs swimming, with cylindrical abdomen and pointed, backwards-directed lateral processes. Sides of segments with 7 pairs of laminate gills. In addition, some genera have oral and sternothoracic gills. Caudal filaments densely setose. Cerci setose only on inner side. Nymphs of 2 ecological types: 1) with broad gills, living in stagnant and slow-flowing water (Figure 51, 1); 2) with small gills, actively swimming, living in rapids. Most species in the Holarctic Region. Absent from the Ethiopian Region. 4 genera, 9 species. 6 genera, about 20 species in the whole U.S.S.R.

EPHEMEROPTERA

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4). 4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

CuA reaching posterior margin of wing anterior to tornus, i.e., on terminal margin. Intercalary veins from CuA branched (Figure 54, 3) ................................... 1. Isonychia. CuA reaching posterior margin of wing almost at anal angle of wing. Intercalary veins issuing from CuA towards posterior margin of wing curved (Figure 50, 1). Tarsi of hind legs longer than tibia (Figure 50, 1). ................ .............................................. 2. Siphlonurus. Tarsi of hind legs shorter than, or as long as, tibia. Claws of all tarsi of different structure, one blunt and the other pointed. Genital plate between forceps with concave margin. MA of hind wings bifurcate ...................;... 3. Ameletus. Claws of all tarsi similar, pointed. Genital plate between forceps with straight margin or protruding in the middle. MA of hind wings, not branched .................... 4. Parameletus. Keys to Species of Family Siphlonuridae

119

Isonychia Etn. Forelegs of male shorter than body. Tarsus of hind leg slightly shorter than tibia. Claws of forelegs of male broad, club-shaped at tip. Claws of other legs narrow, hooked. 3 or 4 branching, intercalary veins in cubital cell of fore wings. MA of hind wings branching near posterior margin of wing. Genital plate with a deep notch which almost reaches base of plate; genital plate thus apparently consisting of 2 lateral plates (Figure 54, 4). Nymphs with 1 pair of gills on each segment to the 7th. Each gill consisting of one tuft of branchial filaments and one protective lamina. Tufts of branchial filaments also at base of forelegs and maxillae. In rapid streams. Northern hemisphere; mainly in the Nearctic Region. European U.S.S.R-, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R., 1.

2 species.

1(1).

Tarsi of forelegs of male slightly longer than tibia, in female distinctly shorter. Forelegs brown. 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs yellow. Wings transparent. Thorax brownish. Abdomen reddish brown, in female light-colored. Everywhere, except in the Southeast; Western Europe. Nymphs in rapids, among plants and on sandbanks .................................... L. ignota Walk.

2. Siphlonurus Etn. Forelegs of male as long as body, or longer. Tarsus of foreleg of male almost twice as long as tibia. Tarsus of hind leg markedly longer than tibia. Claws of all legs identical, pointed. Wings very long, narrow. Hind wings well developed. MA branching in middle of wing. Nymphs with laminate gills on first 7 segments. Anterior 2 laminae double; sometimes all pairs double. Abdominal terga with pointed lateral processes (Figure 51,1). Holarctic Region. European U.S.S.R., 5 species. 8 species in the whole U.S.S.R. 1 (2).

Abdominal sterna III-VIII yellowish white, with well-marked pattern consisting of dark-brown dots and spots. Anterior abdominal terga of male light brownish yellow, posterior terga dark brown. Anterior abdominal terga of female light-colored,

SIPHLONURIDAE

2 (1). 3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

often with 2 well-marked dark-brown spots near median line. Femora of all legs with dark bands. Cerci whitish, with distinct dark articulation. Common in the U.S.S.R. Nymphs occurring among aquatic vegetation in stagnant water, in lakes and quiet parts of rivers .............................. S. linnaeanus Etn, Abdominal sterna not spotted or punctate. Broad dark stripes form a U- or V-shaped pattern. Femora without dark bands, Posterior angles of tergum IX without pointed processes. Genitalplate between forceps with straight margin. Abdominal sterna III to VIII with broad, light median spots widening towards posterior margin. U-shaped pattern dark brown. Northwest, north. Nymphs in rapid streams ........... S. zetterstedti Bgtn. Posterior angles of tergum IX expanded, strongly elongated and pointed. Segment IX moderately expanded, its pointed process reaching only middle of genital plate. Margin of genital plate straight, Light median spots on abdominal sterna narrow. West, northwest, north, center, and east. Nymphs among aquatic vegetation in stagnant water, brooks and slow parts of rivers ................. ............................................. S. aestivalis Etn. Process of segment IX broad and long, almost reaching base of forceps. Margin of genital plate concave in middle. Light median spots on abdominal sterna strongly expanded towards posterior S. armatus Etn. margin of sterna. Northwest ...................

Ameletus Etn. Forelegs of male almost as long as body. Hind tarsi slightly shorter than tibia. Claws on all tarsi of both sexes different, one claw blunt and the other pointed. Fore wings long and narrow. Intercalary veins of cubital cell slightly curved. MA of hind wings branching in middle of wing. Penes widely apart, falcate. Nymphs with 7 pairs of single laminate gills. In cold and pure rapids. Northern hemisphere; mainly in the Nearctic Region. 1 species. 8 species in the whole U.S.S.R. 3.

1 (1).

Tarsus of foreleg of male more than twice as long as tibia, in female almost as long as tibia. Veins of wings brownish. Abdomen of male yellowish brown, of female light-colored. Legs and caudal filaments yellow-brown. Articulations of caudal filaments slightly darkened. Outer margin of genital plate deeply notched (Figure 54,5). Northwest, North; Western Europe. Nymphs in mountain and foothill rivers ...................................... A. inopinatus Etn.

4. Parameletus Bgtn. Forelegs of male as long as body. Tarsi of forelegs more than twice as long as tibia. Tarsi of hind legs slightly shorter than tibia. Claws of all legs similar, with pointed tips. MA of hind wings not branching. Abdominal segments without broad, flat processes. Nymphs with 7 pairs of identical, laminate gills. 2nd segment of labial palp with process. Holarctic Region. 2 species in the U.S.S.R. 120

1(2).

Whole body brown; only posterior margin of abdominal sterna yellow. Veins of wings thick, dark brown. Cerci brown. Genitalia as in Figure 54, 6. 10-13. Caudal filaments of male 16-18. North, and Kama River................. P. chelifer Bgtn.

EPHEMEROPTERA

2(1).

Head and thorax pitch-black, abdomen yellowish brown, with white articulations. Cerci yellow-brown, in female whitish. Genitalia as in Figure 54, 7. 7-9; caudal filaments 18.0. Only in the North, in mountain and foothill rivers P. minor Bgtn. .......

8.

Family OLIGONEURIIDAE

Eyes of male undivided. Longitudinal veins closely approximated in pairs throughout their length. Sc and R fused at apex. Cross veins few or absent (in American species). Veins IMA and IMP absent (Figure 55, 1). Hind wings large. Legs weak but not reduced. Most species in the Neotropical Region. European U.S.S.R., 2 genera, 2 species. Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Cross veins of fore wings only in anterior half of wing. Several cross veins in cubitalcell in hind wings (Figure 55, 1). Nymphs flat-bodied, abdomen 3 times as long as wide. .Posterolateral angles of abdominal segments elongate and pointed ............... ........................................ 1. Oligoneuriella Imh. Winged phase unknown. Nymphs with elongate body. Abdomen 5 times as long as wide. Sides of abdominal segments without pointed processes ....................... 2. Oligoneurisca Lest, Keys to Species of Family Oligoneuriidae

Oligoneuriella Imh, Frons broad. Ocelli on anterior margin of head. Middle legs of male longer than forelegs. Forceps 3-segmented, much longer than penes (Figure 55, 2). Femora of middle and hind legs of nymphs without long setae on margins, 3 times as long as wide; claws 1.

small and curved. Tufts of branchial filaments at base of maxillae and on first branchial lamina invisible from above. 1 Palearctic species.

1 (1).

Abdomen of male whitish, first segments translucent. First abdominal segments of female yellow-brown. Wings light gray. Caudal filaments white. Nymphs in rivers, in parts with rapid current, on stones. Everywhere, except in the Northwest ........ .............................................. 0. rhenana Imh.

2. Oligoneurisca Lest, Imago unknown. Femora of middle and hind legs of nymphs flattened, with long setae at the margin, twice as long as wide. Claws straight, long, almost as long as tibiae. Tufts of branchial filaments at base of maxillae and on first branchial lamina strongly developed, projecting beyond sides of body, 1 Palearctic species.

1 (1).

Margins of branchial laminae on segments II-VII with long, feathered setae. Length of not fully-grown nymph 14.0; length of caudal filaments 4.0. In rivers, in parts with rapid current, on sandy bottoms. Known only from the Dnieper River and the Warta River (Poland)................... 0. borysthenica Tshern.

134

9.

Family BAETIDAE

Fore wings oval, with few cross veins. MA not branched. Hind wings very small, with 2 or 3 longitudinal veins and few cross veins. Posterior wings may be absent (Figure 55, 3). Upper part of compound eye of male very large, mushroom-shaped or turban-shaped, light-colored. Forceps 4-segmented. 2 caudal filaments. Nymphs swimming, with cylindrical abdomen, without abdominal processes, with 7 pairs of laminate gills. Most species in the Holarctic Region. European XJ.S.S.R., 8 genera, 25 species.

Key to Genera 1 (6).

Hind wings absent. 1. Pseudocloeon. 2 (3). Marginal intercalary veins arranged in pairs 3 (2). Marginal intercalary veins single (Figure 55, 3). 1st segment of middle and hind tarsi long, as long as the 3 other 4 (5). segments together. First cross vein between R and anterior branch of RS almost above cross vein in next cell. 2nd segment of forceps short and wide (Figure 55, 5) 2. Procloeon. 1st segment of tarsus of middle- and hind legs only as long as 5 (4). 3rd and 4th segments together. First cross vein between R and RS closer to base of wing than cross vein posterior to it, in next cell. 2nd segment of forceps conical, longer than wide (Figure 55,6) ...................................... 3. Cloeon. 6 (1).’ Hind wings present, but sometimes very small, 7 (12). Marginal intercalary veins of fore wings single. Hind wings long and narrow, with pointed, curved process on costal margin (Figure 56, ....

121

............

2,3). Hind wings with 3 longitudinal veins and several cross veins ....................................... 4. pseudocentroptilum. Hind wings with 2 longitudinal veins;’ no cross veins. 9 (8). 10 (11). Terminal segment of forceps narrow at articulation and expanded at the end (Figure 56, 1). Body length 5-8 5. Centroptilum. 11 (10). Terminal segment of forceps long, digitiform, as thick as pre6. Baetopus. ceding joint. Body length 3-4.5. 12 (7). Marginal intercalary veins of fore wings in pairs. Hind wings with or without obtuse process on costal margin. 13 (14). Hind wings very small, narrow, without process on costal margin, with only 2 longitudinal, parallel veins (Figure 56, 6) ............ 8 (9).

.......

...................

................................................

7. Acentrella.

14 (13). Hind wings oval, usually with blunt, rarely with pointed process, or without any process and with 2 or 3 longitudinal veins; second longitudinal vein sometimes branched (Figure 56, 7, 11) ........... ................................................... 8. Baetis.

Keys to Species of Family Baetidae 1. Pseudocloeon Klap. Short intercalary veins on posterior margin of wing paired. Hind wings absent. Terminal segment of forceps rounded at the end, twice as long as wide (Figure 55, 4). 2 caudal filaments; median caudal filament rudimentary. Nymphs with 7 pairs of single laminate gills

EPHEMEROPTERA

and 2 caudal filaments. In rapid streams. 2 species in the U.S-S.R.

1 (1).

Cosmopolitan.5

species.

Eyes of male cup-shaped, elevated, yellow. Thorax dark brown. Legs whitish except the yellowish femora of the forelegs. Fore tibiae 1.5 times as long as femora; hind tibiae as long as femora. Wings with white veins. First 6 abdominal segments translucent. Distal abdominal segments dorsally light brown, ventrally yellow. Caudal filaments white. Male and female 4.0; caudal filaments of male 8.0. West, Northand Center. Nymphs in rapid streams or rivers ............. P. inexpectatum Tshern.

Procloeon Bgtn. Intercalary veins on posterior margin of wing First cross vein between R and upper branch of RS almost above cross vein of next cell, or slightly closer to apex of wing. Hind wings absent. 1st segment of middle- and hind tarsi long, as long as the 3 other segments together. 2nd segment of forceps short and wide, with projecting inner margin. Nymphs with single branchial laminae on all segments. Distal segment of labial palp expanded apically, with rounded inner angle. Holarctic Region. 1 species. 2.

single.

Eyes of male mushroom-shaped, strongly diverging anteriorly, greenish, 1.5 times as long as wide. Thorax light brown, ventrally lighter. Abdomen yellowish, first 6 segments with red stripes, 2 near midline, and the others lateral to them. Anterior margin with 1 stripe. Stripes of alcohol specimens lose color. Forceps yellowish white (Figure 55, 5). Caudal filaments white. Male and female 5-8. West, Northwest, North, Center, East. Nymphs in rivers, lakes and brooks, among aquatic vegetation .

..........................................

P. ornatum

.

1 (1).

Tshern,

3. Cloeon Leach. Intercalary veins on posterior margin of wings single. First cross vein between R and RS closer to base of wing than cross vein in next cell of RS. No hind wings. Basal segment of middleand hind tarsi as long as 3rd and 4th segments together. 2nd segment of forceps long and narrow, conical, longer than wide. Nymphs with double laminate gills on segments I-VI; segment VII with single gills. 3rd seg122 ment of labial palp with elongate, pointed outer angle. In stagnant water. Mainly in the Ethiopian Region. 4 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Apical part of costal cell transparent, with 6-9 cross veins, some of which are branched. Basal segments of forceps contiguous at the base. Plate between forceps short and broad, with straight posterior margin (Figure 55,6). Sides of cup-shaped eyesbrownish black. Thorax dorsally pitch-brown to pitch-black. Abdominal terga yellowish brown, almost not transparent; abdominal sterna yellowish. Caudal filaments white. 6-8 caudal filaments 13.0. Nymphs with 2-segmented maxillary palps and weak tracheation of asymmetrical gills. In rivers, brooks, and ponds, among aquatic vegetation. West, Northwest, Center, East, and Southeast ........... C. praetextum Bgtn. Apical part of costal cell of male with 3-5 simple cross veins. Basal segments of forceps not contiguous. Triangular process between base of forceps (Figure 55, 7, 8).

3 (4).

Anterior tibia of male 1.5 times as long as femur. Triangular process between forceps blunt, rounded at apex (Figure 55, 7). Cup-shaped eyes uniformly yellow, conical. Dorsal part of eyes twice as broad as black lateral eyes. Femora of forelegs with hardly noticeable darkening near apex. Abdomen of male dorsally of uniform color, brownish. Middle abdominal segments of male very slightly transparent; venter slightly lighter. Costal and subcostal cells of female grayish-brown. Abdominal terga of female (II-VIII) with dark-red, inwardly curved line on each side, these lines flanked laterally by thin, dark-red lines. Abdominal sterna of female with a straight, dark red-brown line on each side. Dark pattern of female sometimes absent. Male 7-8, female 8-9. Nymphs with 3segmented maxillary palp; gills with strongly developed tracheation; upper leaflet of 1st pair of gills half as broad as 2nd leaflet. In ponds and marshes ................... C. dipterum L.

’CuA

’MP

3

FIGURE 5S. Ephemeropiera. Family Ulmer, Bogoescit and original)

\%^ 7 Oligoneuriidae and Baetidae (after

er)

1Brachyptera, fore wing; 2Taenioptery>;, same: 3Rhabdiopieryx acuminaia, wings; 4Brachyptera risi, basal third of antennae; 5B. braueri. same; 6.7B-risi, male: 6right cercus (ccercus, babasal appendage of ceccus); 7supra-anal appendage (tpterminal plate of supra-anal appendage); 8,9B. braueri, male: 8right cercus; 9supra-anal appendage; 10B. risi, female, end of abdomen ventrally(pgppostgenital plate); 11B. seiicornis, female, same; 12Rhabdiopteryx acuminata, female, same; 13B. seticornis, male, supra-anal appendage, dorsal; 14Taeniopteryx nebulosa, female, end of abdomen, ventral; 15,16Rhabdiopteryx acuminata, male: 15same dorsal (sapsupra-anal appendage, svsubanal valve, gp genital plate); 16supra-anal appendage of tergum X posteriorly; 17,18Taeniopieryx nebulo; male; 17end of abdomen, lateral (avabdominal vesicle); 18same dorsal (ccerus, sapsupraanal

appendage,

svsubanal

valve).

216

NEMOURIDAE

Rhabdiopteryx Klap. Habitus and measurements as in 33rachyp tei-a. Fore wings with one stripe and 2-4 cross veins between C and Sc. Sternum IX of male abdomen without vesicle; tergum X divided into 2 pointed lobes; subanal valves asymmetrical; supra-anal appendage almost as in Brachyptera (Figure 86, 15). Female with long postgenital plate. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (1).

182

-

2.

Anterior branch of RS simple. Cerci 6-segmented. Processes of tergum X of male very pointed (Figure 86, 15). Supra-anal appendage of male (Figure 86, 15, 16) consisting of 2 weakly curved processes; dorsal process with apical notch. Genital plate long, in male dorsally curved and pointed in profile, in female triangular, with pointed apex (Figure 86. 12). Male 9.0, female 9.5; wings of male 10.0, of female 11.0. Baltic Region.

April.................... R. acuminata Klap. (anglic a Kimm.).

Taeniopteryx Pict. Color dull; wings without transverse stripes. Male cerci not segmented, female cerci 4- to 9-segmented (Figure 86, 14, 18). Coxae with scar of nymphal gills. Male genital plate short, with vesicle (Figure 86, 17). Supra-anal appendage simple, with bean-shaped terminal plate; subanal valves symmetrical, hook-shaped (Figure 86, 18). Genital valves on each side of female genital pore; no postgenital plate, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 3.

1 (1).

Wings not shortened. Hind tibia without denticle. Male cerci dorsally spherical, not larger than terminal plate of supra-anal

appendage (Figure 86, 18). Female cerci 8- or 9-segmented. Female without well-marked genital valves; posterior margin of sternum IX rounded (Figure 86, 14), Male and female 8-13; wings of male 10.5-11.5, female 12-16. Throughout northern and central Europe, Siberia. February-April. Mostly in large, T. nebulosa L. muddy rivers; emergence from under the ice .....

183

2.

Family NEMOURIDAE

Minute (4-10), dark-colored, with transparent wings lying flat on abdomen. Fore and hind wings with X-shaped figure in distal third (Figure 85, 4). Cu not branched; many cross veins in cubital cell; few cross veins in costal cell. Pronotum with or without gills (Figures 87, 2; 88, 1), Cerci one-segmented. Sternum IX of male with tongue-shaped, elongate genital plate with abdominal vesicle (Figure 87, 7). Subanal valves of male of different structure, sometimes very complex; intermediate appendages usually membranous, sometimes with supporting sclerite (Figure 87, 6, 8). Supra-anal appendage of male directed dorsad and anteriad, usually complex. Sternum VIII of female (sometimes VII) forming genital plate (Figures 87, 19; 89, 12). 4 genera, 18 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 genera, about 50 species.

Key to Genera 1 (4).

2 (3).

Prothorax with gills in form of 6 filaments or 4 fascicles. Prothorax ventrally with 6 digitiform gills in 2 groups (Figure 87, 2). Hind wings with large anal lobe. Intermediate

3 (2).

appendages of male well developed (Figure 87, 3, 5). Sternum VII of female not extended posteriorly ............... 1. Protonemura. Gills of nymphs small, numerous, forming 4 fascicles arranged in pairs (Figure 88, 1). Hind wings with narrow anal lobe. Intermediate appendages of male reduced. Posterior margin of sternum VII of female extended posteriorly (Figure 88, 18, 21) ............................................. 2. Amphinemura, Ventral side of pro thorax without gills. Male cerci short, as long as, or slightly longer than, sternum IX, modified into copulatory hooks; intermediate appendages reduced; subanal valves broad (Figure 89, 1). Sternum VIII of female simple; anterior margin of sternum IX elongated triangular (Figure 89, 7). .. ................................................. 3. Nemoura. Male cerci more than twice as long as sternum IX, without hooks; intermediate appendages membranous, digitiform; subanal valves narrow, leaf-shaped (Figure 89, 13). Sternum VIII of female with .

4 (1). 5 (6).

6 (5).

..

2 lateral ridges; anterior margin of sternum IX straight (Figure 89, 12). .................................. 4. Nemurella.

Keys to Species

of Family Nemouridae

1. Protonemura Kemp. Larger than other genera; wings often spotted. Prothorax with 6 gills (Figure 87, 2). Male and female cerci short, cylindrical. Subanal valves of male usually with apical process in form of rigid, narrow plate (Figure 87, 8); intermediate appendages of male simple or bilobed, with supporting sclerite which is sometimes spinulose (Figure 87, 4, 8); supra-anal appendage of male of varying form (Figure 87, 14-17). Sternum VIII of female with genital plate which covers vaginal valves partly (Figure 87,19). 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 20 species. 1 (12). Males. 2 (7), Subanal valve of male without well-marked outer horn

(Figure 87,4). 3 (6).

4 (5).

5

(4).

Process of subanal valve long, sharply set off from valve at base (Figure 87, 4, 6). Supporting sclerite of intermediate appendage long, reaching its apex. End of RS, M and Cu in fore wings curved (Figure 87,1). Supra-anal appendage ventrally with dark, spinulose tubercle in profile; (Figure 87, 14). Intermediate appendages moderately long; their supporting sclerite blunt at apex (Figure 87, 3, 4). Male 6-7.5, female 7-10; wings of male 8-9, of female 8.5-11. Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Lithuania. April-June ................. .............................................. P. meyeri Pict, Branches of Rs, M and Cu of fore wings straight. Supra-anal

appendage ventrally with several spinules, without well-marked tubercle (Figure 87, 15). Intermediate appendages very long, digitiform, their supporting sclerite angularly bent near apex (Figure 87, 5, 6). Male 5-5.5, female 6-7; wings 6,5-8. Southwest. August-September .............. P. nimborella Mosl.

vesicle); 8subanal valve and intermediate appendage, lateral; 9,10P. intricata, male: 9end of abdomen, ventral; 10 subanal valve and intermediate appendage, lateral; 11,12P.hrabei, male; 11end of abdomen, veniral; 12subanai valve and intermediate appendage, lateral: 13P, brevistyla, male, supra-anal appendage, lateral; 15P.nimmale, end of abdomen, ventral; 14P.meyeri, borella. male, same; 16P. intricata, male, same: 17,18P. brevistyla, male: 17same; 18 siibanal valve and intermediate appendage, lateral; 19P. intricaca, female, abdominal segments VII and VIII, ventral (gpgenital plaie. vag vaginal valve); 20,21P-auberti: 20supra-anal appendage of male. lateral; 21genical plate of female; 22P.brevisiyla, female, genital plate; 23P. nimborella, female, end of abdomen, ventral; 24P. meyeri, female, same (svsubanal valve); 25,26P.hrabei, female: 25same; 26same, lateral. nal

Process of subanal valve short, gradually passing into subanal valve (Figure 87, 7, 8); supporting sclerite of intermediate appendage very short, pointed (Figure 87,8). Supra-anal appendage sharply bent at the end (Figure 87, 20). Male 5-7, female 6-10; wingspan of male 15-18,5, of female 16.5-22. Southwest. July-October ......................... P. auberti 111. Posterior-outer angle of subanal valve elongate and forming a well-marked outer horn (Figure 87, 18). Supporting sclerite of intermediate appendage spherical at apex (Figure 87, 10). Processes of subanal valves pointed, curved backward and outward (Figure 87, 9); supra-anal appendage

straight, with dorsal, subapical process (Figure 87, 16). Male 5-6.5, female 6-8.5; wingspan of male 13.5-15, of female 17-19. Kola Peninsula, Lithuania, Southwest. April-July .................................... P. intricata Ris. 9 (10). Apex of intermediate appendage not spherical. Processes of subanal valves directed backwards (Figure 87, 11. 13). Supraanal appendage without dorsal, subapical process (Figure 87, 17). 10 (11). Outer horn of subanal valve clearly shorter than median process; supporting sclerite narrowing at the end, with one spine (Figure 87, 12). Male 6.9-7.3, female 6.5-8.5; wings of male 8.2-9.8, of female 9.1-10.8. Southwest. August-September ...... ............................................ P. hrabei Rauser. 11 (10). Outer horn of subanal valve as long as median process. Supporting sclerite strongly expanded at the end, with several spines (Figure 87, 18). Male 4-5. female 7-8; wingspan of male 13-15, female 17-22. Southwest. July-October........................ 185 ............................................ P. brevistyla Ris. 12 (1). Females. Sternum 13 (14). VII convex in middle, dark, strongly extended posteriorly and covering base of genital plate; posterior margin of genital plate straight or slightly concave, its posterior angles rounded. P. intricata Ris. Vaginal valves small (Figure 87, 19) 14 (13). Posterior margin of sternum VII straight or slightly rounded, but not extended posteriorly. 15 (16). Genital plate very short, not more than half the length of sternum. Vaginal valves unusually large, contiguous (Figure 87, 21) ................................................ P. auberti 111. 16 (15). Genital plate normally long, reaching posterior margin of segment VIII, sometimes beyond it. Vaginal valves small, widely separated, sometimes covered by genital plate. 17 (18). Genital plate with 2 well-marked swellings contiguous in midline (Figure 87, 25). Posterior margin of genital plate almost completely covering vaginal valves and reaching a little beyond sternum IX (Figure 87, 25, 26)................. P. hrabei Rauser. 18 (17). Surface of genital plate more or less smooth, without wellmarked tubercles. Vaginal valves protruding beyond posterior .............

........

margin of genital plate. 19 (20). Subanal valves blunt. Posterior margin of genital plate rounded or angular. Genital plate depressed in middle (Figure 87, 22) ............................................ P. brevistyla Ris. 20 (19). Subanal valves pointed. Posterior margin of genital plate straight or slightly concave; surface of genital plate smooth (Figure 87,

.....

23,24). Genital plate narrow, little widened posteriorly, with sharply projecting dark lateral parts; posterior angles of genital plate blunt; small vaginal valves visible lateral to posterior angles of genital plate. Subanal valves elongate and pointed at the end (Figure 87, 23). ................... .......................................... P. nimborella Mosl. 22 (21). Head dorsally with light stripe between eyes posterior to hind ocelli. Genital plate shorter and broader, markedly widened 21 (22). Head dark dorsally.

NEMOURIDAE

posteriorly. Posterior angles of genital plate pointed. Vaginal valves posterior to hind margin of genital plate, reaching its posterior angles (Figure 87, 24). Subanal valves elongate and sharply pointed at the end ...................... P. meyeri Pict. 2. Amphinemura Ris. Small, slender, dark species. Prothorax with 4 tufts of gills. Male and female cerci simple, short. Subanal valves of male and intermediate appendages of complex structure, of varying shape (Figure 88, 13-16). The supra-anal appendages of the male give good specific characters for identification (Figure 88, 6, 8, 10, 17). Female with more or less developed genital plate on sternum VIII; posterior margin of sternum VII more or less rounded and convex in the middle. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 species. 1 (8). 2 (3).

Males.

Supra-analappendage wing-shaped in dorsal view and twice or more as wide at the apex as at the base (Figure 88,6), ventrally with dark spines (Figure 88, 7). Subanal valve consisting of 3 lobes (3rd lobe curved around base of cercus and not visible ventrally (Figure 88, 2. 13). Male 4-6, female 5-6; wingspan of male 12-14, of female 13-17. Baltic Region, Carpathians. June. ........................................... A. triangularis Ris. Supra-anal appendage not widened at apex in dorsal view. Supra-anal appendage beak-shaped in profile, without spines ventrally, smooth dorsally (Figure 88. 8,9). Outer lobe of subanal valve bilobed, dark,, fingerlike, without spines, sharply curved dorsad (Figure 88, 3,14). Male 4-6, female 5-8; wings of male 5.7-7, of female 7-8.6. Kola Peninsula. June-September ........................... A. sulcicoHis Steph. Supra-anal appendage not beak-shaped in profile, ventrally spinose (Figure 88, 11,12). Subanal valve trilobed; median lobe the largest, spinulose or denticulate at the end; the outer lobe forms a small sclerite curved around cercus (Figure 88, 15, 16). Supra-anal appendage smooth both dorsally and laterally, blunt at the apex (Figure 88, 10,11). Inner lobe of subanal valve very small; median lobe elongate, with 4 strong ventrally-directed denticles at the end (Figure 88. 4, 15). Male 4-5, female 5-7; wings of male 6-7, of female 7.5-9. North, Northwest, West A. borealis Mort. (Lithuania), East. May-August. Base of supra-anal appendage widened dorsally, with rounded lateral margins, widened in the middle in profile (Figure 88, 12, 17). Inner lobe of subanal valve distinct, dark; median lobe curved dorsally, with spinose membranous end and with a group of ventrally directed, adpressed subapical spinules (Figure 88, 5, 16). Male 4-6, female 6-8; wings of male 3.56.5, of female 3.8-7.2. Northwest, Northand West (Lithuania). June-October ............................... A. standfussi Ris. ......

3 (2). 4 (5).

5 (4).

6 (7).

................

7 (6). 186

Females. 8 (1). 9 (10). Genital plate strongly sclerotized, shining, with distinctly

limited, rounded or slightly angular posterior margin, with a median notch (Figure 88, 20). Vaginal valves distinctly delimited, A. borealis Mort. brownish ....................................

PLECOPTERA

10 (9).

Genital plate moderately or weakly sclerotized, with median notch on posterior margin. Vaginal valves indistinct,

FIGURE 88, Plecopiera. Family Nemouridae (after lilies, Brinck and original)

1Amp h in emu r a sp., prothorax of nymph (ggills); 2 A. triangular is, male, end of abdomen, ventral (savsubanal valve); 3A. sulcicollis. male, same; 4A. borealis, male. same; 5A. standfussi, male;same; 6.7A.triangularis, male: 6supra-anal appendage, dorsal; 7same, lateral; 8,9A. sulcicollis. male: 8same, dorsal; 9same lateral; 10.11-A. borealis. male: 10-same, dorsal; 11-same, lateral; 12-A. stand fus male. same, lateral; 13A.triangularis. male. subanal valve and cercus, lateral; 14 A. s

borealis, male, same; 16-18 A. standfussi: 16male, 17supra-anal appendage of male, dorsal; 18end of female abdomen, ventral; 19A. suici collis, female, same; 20A. borealis, female, same; 21A.triangularis, female, sar cicollis, male, same; 15A.

11 (12). Genital plate colorless, not distinct, with 3 notches which divide the posterior margin into 4 rounded lobes; median lobes more A. standfussi Ris. rounded and prominent (Figure 88, 18) 12 (11). Genital plate more distinct, brownish, with a median notch. 13 (14). Posterior margin of genital plate almost straight, with shallow median notch. Genital plate sometimes apparently divided along median line. Posterior margin of segment VII slightly protruding posteriad (Figure 88,19).......... A. sulcicollis Steph. .........

222

187 14 (13).

Posterior margin of genital plate rounded, divided by a broad, rounded notch into 2 prominent, transverse, brownish lobes. Posterior margin of segment VII strongly protruding backwards

(Figure 88, 21)............................. A. triangularis Ris.

/ 3. Nemoura Pict. Body larger thanin Amphi nemur a; coloroften grayish brown.

Prothorax without gills. Cerci of female simple, those of male modified and often armed with hooks and spines at the end (Figure 89, 1). Subanal valves of male more or less forming obtuse triangle, without terminal process (Figure 89, 1); intermediate appendages reduced; supra-anal appendage forming a flat sclerotized disc (Figure 89, 11). Sternum VII forming genital plate of female (Figure 89,7). The following key is based only on the characters of the males.- 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 16 species.

female, same: 8N. erratica, male, cercus, lateral: 9N. arctica, male, end of abdomen, ventral; 10N.sahlbergi, male, same; 11--N. avicularis, male, supra-anal appendage, dorsal; 12,13Nemurella picteti: 12end of abdomen of female, ventral (gpgenital plate); 13same of male (i a pintermediate appendage, savsubanal valve, ccercus).

Cerciwith 2hook-shaped spinesat the apex (Figure 89, 1). Subanal valves with subapical notch on outer side (Figure 89,1). Several cross veins between M and Cu of hind wings (Figure 85,4). Male 5-9, female 6.5-11; wings of male 4.5-8.5, female 5.5-9.7. Throughout the European U.S.S.R. April-September, very common, in all types of waters ................................ .......................... .N. cinerea Retz. (variegata Oliv.). 2 (1). Apex of cerci with or without an outward-directed spine. Hind wings with one cross vein between M and Cu. 3 (4). Cerci straight, without hooks, rounded at apex (Figure 89, 3). Inner margin of subanal valves with distinct apical process. Male 5-7.5, female 6-9; wings of male 7,2-8.3, of female 8.1-9.4. West and Southwest. April-May. ..... N. dubitans Mort. 4 (3). Cerci curved outwards at apex, ending in point or spine. Subanal valves narrow or broad at the end, with notch on posterior margin. 5 (12). Subanal valve elongate, more or less narrowing at the end. 6 (7). Apex of cerci with rudiment of 2nd segment in form of a dark wart on light background; outer side of apex of cerci with a strong beak-shaped hook (Figure 89, 2). Male 6-8, female 7-9.5; wings of male 6-8, of female 9-10.3. North, Northwest, West.

1 (2).

188

April-June 7 (6). 8 (9).

.................................

N. avicularis Mort.

Cerci without dark rudiment of 2nd segment. Cerci foot-shaped at apex: inner margin of apex of cerci ("heel") rounded, convex.; outer margin pointed, setose posteriorly and angular subapically (Figure 89, 4). Subanal valves much narrower distally. Male 5-6. female 6-8; wingspan of male 15-17, of female 18-20.5. Transcarpathia. April-July ...................

........................................... N. cambrica Steph. 9 (8).

Cerci not foot-shaped and without setae at apex. Subanal valves not narrowing distally, rounded at apex. 10 (11). Inner margin of subanal valve straight (Figure 89, 5). Male 4-7, female 5-8; wingspan of male 13-19, of female 17-25. Western Europe, possibly occurs in the U.S.S.R. April-September

........

...........................................

N. marginata Pict.

11 (10). Inner margin of subanal valve with notch at about the middle (Figure 89, 6). Base of cercus much broader than apex in profile (Figure 89, 8). Male 5.8, female 5-10; wings of male 6.8, of female 9-10.3. Baltic Region, Northwest, totheKola Peninsula. March-June ................................. N. erratica Claas. 12 (5). Subanal valve short, with broad tip. 13 (14). Posterior margin of subanal valve with distinct notch, forming 2 rounded lobes (Figure 89, 9). Outer spine on apex of cercus blunt, its base with 2 spines directed towards the middle, curved round membranous apex (Figure 89, 9). Male 5.5-6.5, female 6.5-7.5; wings of male 4.9-7.1, of female 6-8.5. North, including Arctic Urals and Novaya Zemlya. June-August.................. .......................................... N. arctica Esb.-Pet. 14 (13). Subanal valve with broad, blunt tip or with shallow notch at posterior margin (Figure 89, 10). Outer spine at apex of cercus pointed, curved dorsally, with 2 less distinct spines, ventral

spine directed towards middle and dorsal spine directed towards base of cercus. Male 6.5, wings of male 6.5. Arctic Urals ...... ............................................

N. sahlbergi Mort.

4. Nemurella Kempny. Imagines and nymphs without thoracic gills. Cerci of female simple, those of male very elongate, cylindrical. Genital appendages of male very elongate, large. Monotypic genus.

1 (1).

Male genital plate consisting of basal part and narrower distal part; intermediate appendages narrow; membranous appendages pointed; subanal valves elongate, rodlike (Figure 89, 13). Supra-anal organ consisting of 3 parts; female with narrow, triangular plate on sternum VII and 2 convex, rounded areas on sternum VIII (Figure 89, 12). Male 5-7, female 6-10; wingspan of male 14-17, of female 18-25. Polytopic species, living in quite different water bodies (stagnant or running) throughout

Europe. April-September ...................... N. picteti Klap. 3.

Family LEUCTRIDAE

Small (5-14), dark, with elongate body and transparent wings; wings enveloping body in repose. Costal cell without cross veins; Cui not branched; RS with 2 simple branches; cubital cell with numerous cross veins (Figure 85, 5). Cerci one-segmented. Abdominal sternum IX of male usually with vesicle at base. Flying at various seasons. 1 genus, 12 species. In the U.S.S.R. 27 species.

Keys to Species of Family Leuctridae Leuctra Steph. Subanal valves of male triangular, produced into elongate, falcate plates and falcate paired titillators between them; terga VI-VIII of male with paired or unpaired processes, membranous in the middle; tergum IX with 1 or 2 dark spots at posterior margin; tergum X with elongate appendage, the supra-anal lobe (Figure 90, 1-12). Sternum VIII of female forming genital plate; spermatheca characteristic for each species beneath sternum VII (Figure 91, 1-14). 12 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 27 species. 189 Sternum IX of male without abdominal vesicle; paired processes 1 (2). on terga VI and VII (Figure 90, 8). Lobes of posterior margin of genital plate of female short, broad, rounded (Figure 91, 1). Male 5-7, female 6-8. Southwest. August-October .............. ............................................ L. mortom Kemp. 2 (1). Sternum IX of male with abdominal vesicle. 3 (6). Terga of male without processes (group ine rm i s). Dark lateral margins of terga delimit a median membranous 4 (5). field which is blunt and rounded at anterior margin of tergum VIII and pointed at anterior margin of tergum IX (Figure 90, 1). Genital plate of female without prominent median lobe, its posterior margin divided into 2 lobes which are rounded at the outside and produced into short papillae in the middle (Figure 91, 2, 3). Male 4-6, female 5-7; wingspan of male 11-13-5, of female .L. inermis Kemp. 12.5-14.5. Southwest. April-July 1.

............

5 (4).

Lateral margins of tergum VIII pointed; lateral margins of tergum IX rounded (Figure 90, 2). Genital plate of female with vesicle at base (Figure 91, 4, 5). Male 4-5, female 5-8; wingspan of male 11-12, of female 13-14. Southwest. AprilAugust .................................. L. teriolensis Kemp.

6 (3). One or several abdominal terga of male with processes. 7 (12). Only abdominal tergum VIII of male with processes. Lobes of female genital plate well marked and separated by a deep

notch. Process on abdominal tergum VIII of male double; plate on tergum IX very large (Figure 90, 3). Dark lateral margins of female genital plate produced posteriorly into 2 rounded lobes separated by a deep notch; ends of lobes turned towards each other (Figure 91,7). Male 5-7, female 6-9; wingspan of male 13-17, of female 14-19. Kola Peninsula, Karelia, Baltic Region, Leningrad Region, East. March-June L. hippopus Kemp. 9 (8). Tergum VIII of male with a plate-shaped process. 10 (11). Process on tergum VIII of male with smooth surface, without sclerotized stripes. Paired median plates on tergum IX very short, triangular (Figure 90, 4). Genital plate of male with 2 long, digitiform lobes and a bulge in the middle (Figure 91, 8). Male 4-7, female 6-7; wingspan of male 11-12, of female 12-14. Southwest, Alpine species. April-August ....... L. armata Kemp.

8(9).

.........

226

LEUCTRIDAE

11 (10).

12 (7).

Process on tergum VIII of male with curved, sclerotized stripe forming inverted V; paired plates on tergum IX elongate (Figure 90, 5). Posterior margin of female genital plate broad, slightly rounded, divided by median slit into 2 broad, almost contiguous lobes; genital plate with a broad lobe proximal to slit (Figure 91. 9). Male 6-7, female 8-9; wingspan of male 12-13, of female 16-18. Southwest. May-August. ............... ............................................. L. rosinae Kemp. 2 abdominal terga of male with processes. Lobes of genital plate of female short, less distinct.

popus; 8L. armata; 9-L; : 13-L. fusca; 14-L.albida.

.inae;

10L.

nigra! 11L.

major, 12L.

digitata:

Abdominal terga VI and VIII of male with paired processes; subanal valves shorter than titillators (Figure 90, 6), Female genital plate with small triangular notch and short, rounded lobes; dark rhomboidal area near notch in middle beneath genital plate (Figure 91, 10). Male 4.5-6, female 6-9; wingspan of male 10-14, of female 14-19. Baltic Kegion, Leningrad Region, Southwest. April-July ................. L. nigra Kemp. 14 (13). Terga VI and VII with paired processes. No rhomboidal spot on female subgenital plate. 13 (14).

15 (16).

Very large species. Pronotum much longer than broad. Processes on abdominal tergum VI of male short, -widely separate; processes on tergum VII small, hook-shaped, directed inwards (Figure 90, 7). Female genital plate with broad,

almost rectangular or rounded notch; lobes of posterior margin of genital plate almost rectangular, the median angles pointing towards the middle (Figure 91, 11). Male 8-10, female 9-13; wingspan of male 20-22, of female 23-26. Southwest. AugustSeptember ................ L. major Brinck (cylindrica Deg.). 16 (15). Small species. Pronotum square or little broader than long. Processes on abdominal tergum VI of male longer and closer to each other, or broader (Figure 90, 9-12). Female genital plate with small notch. 17 (18). Processes on abdominal tergum VII of male narrow, directed towards middle of tergum; processes on tergum VI long, close together, directed backwards (Figure 90, 9). Lateral parts of female genital plate dark, produced into 2 short, oblique lobes

191

dividedbyashallowandwide notch (Figure 91, 12). Male 5-7, female 6-8; wingspan of male and female 14-16. North (Kola Peninsula), Northwest, West, Southwest. July-September, in the North September-November ............... L. digitata Kemp. 18 (17). Processes on abdominal tergum VII of male thick, obliquely directed backwards and inwards; subanal valves of male much shorter than titillators. 19 (20). Processes on abdominal tergum VII of male square, hardly reaching middle of segment; processes on tergum VI broad, square; plate on tergum IX in form of pair of small triangles; subanal valves of male very short (Figure 90, 10). Posterior margin of female genital plate rounded, with shallow notch (Figure 91, 14). Male 4.5-7.5, female 4.5-8; wingspan of male 12-14, of female 15-17. Southwest. July-September ............ .............................................. L. albida Kemp. 20 (19). Processes on abdominal tergum VII of male reaching posterior margin of segment. 21 (22). Processes on tergum VI broad, short, connected by a narrow ridge; processes on tergum VII with broad, blunt apex; plate of tergum IX transversely elongate, often with rounded anterior angles. Lateral parts of tergum VIII connected by a dark stripe which is sometimes interrupted in the middle (Figure 90, 11). Female genital plate with broad, rounded lobes (Figure 91, 6). Male 5-6, female 6-7; wings of male 6-7, of female 7-8. Southwest. July-September ................... L. moselyi Mort. 22 (21). Processes of tergum VI narrower, connected by a broad ridge; processes on tergum VII thicker, more elongate, appearing pointed in dorsal view as their apices are twisted (Figure 90, 12). Female genital plate with short, blunt lobes separated by a shallow notch (Figure 91, 13). Male 6-8, female 7-9; wingspan of male 13-16, of female 16-19. Widely distributed in rivers in valleys and mountain regions. North, Northwest, West, East. AugustNovember ........................................ L* fusca L.

228

4.

Family CAPNIIDAE

Minute (4-9) species with dark body and translucent wings lying flat on abdomen; brachypterous forms occur frequently; subcostal cell without cross veins or with 1 or 2 cross veins (not counting the humeral vein; (Figure 92, 1, 4); cubital cell of fore wings with 1 or 2 cross veins; not branched; anal lobe of hind wings not developed or well developed; if present, it has 3 anal veins. Cerci long or short, or one-segmented. Genital plate of sternum IX of male elongate; supra-anal appendage thick, sclerotized, curved dorsad (Figure 92, 5-10). Sternum VIII of female with simple genital plate (Figure 92, 11-17). 2 genera, 7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 genera, about 20 species.

Cu^

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Cerci long. Subcostal cell of fore wings with several cross veins; anal lobe of hind wings developed, with anal veins (Figure 92, 1). Wings sometimes very short......................... 1. Capnia. Cerci short, 7- or 8-segmented. Fore wings without cross veins in subcostal cell; hind wings without anal lobe and anal veins

(Figure 92,4)

...................................

2. Capnopsis.

Keys to Species of Family Capniidae 1. Capnia Pict. Body dark; wings more or less smoky. In subcostal cell of fore wings, ’1 or 2 cross veins between C and Sc (in addition to humeral vein); an additional oblique cross vein between C and R; 2 cross veins between M and Cu,; brachypterous forms occur. In male, one or several posterior abdominal terga usually with tubercles of various shape (Figure 92, 6-10); supra-anal appendage of male well developed, anteriorly curved over abdomen, of specific structure for each species. Sternum VIII of female more or less modified, sometimes forming genital plate (Figure 92, 12-17). Cerci multiarticulate. Flying mostly in winter and spring. 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 16 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4). 192

Abdominal terga VI-IX of male not modified, without tubercles or processes. Supra-anal appendage of male slender, long, with rounded swelling at about half its length and with slender apical process (Figure 92, 5). Wings normal, sometimes shortened in female. Female genital plate with obtuse posterior margin (Figure 92, 12). Male 4-4.5, female 5.5-6.5; wings of female 6.5-7, wings of brachypterous female 4-5.2, wings of male 5-5.7. Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach. July-August .................. ........................................... C. variabilis Klap. One or 2 last abdominal terga of male with tubercle or process. Supra-anal appendage of male of different form, divided by a longitudinal slit. Abdominal tergum IX of male with dorsally projecting posterior margin (Figure 92, 6); abdominal sternum IX of male with vesicle at base. Wings of male very short; cell between Cu, and Cug of fore wings of female square, narrowing at the base (Figure 92,2).

229

Sternum VIII of female not modified (Figure 92, 13). Male 5-6, female 6.5-9; wings of male 0.4-0.7, of female 7-8- Baltic Region, Leningrad Region. Crimea, February-June, in large rivers in valleys ............................. C. bifrons Newm.

FIGURE 92. Plecoptera. Family Capniidae (after Brinck, lilies, Hynes and original) I-Capnia atca, wings (cu-cubital cell); 2-C. bifrons. cubital cell of fore wing; 3,4-Capnopsis schilleri: 3male abdomen, lateral; 4wings; 5Capnia variabilis. male, end of abdomen, lateral (sapsupra-anal appendage); 6C. bifrons, male, same; ^C. atra, male, same; 8C.zaicevi. male, same; 9C. pygmaea, male, same; 10C. nigra, male, same; IICapnopsis schilleri, female, same, ventral; 12Capnia vaciabilis, female, same; 13-C. bifrons, female, same; 14-C. acra, female, same; 15-C. zaicevi. female, same; IGC- pygmaea, female, same; 17C. nigra, female, same.

4

(3).

Abdominal tergum IX of male without process; tergum VII with large, rounded, black protuberance (Figure 92, 7-10). Sternum IX of male without abdominal vesicle. Cubital cell of fore wings

5 (6).

193 6 (5).

triangular (Figure 92, 1). Sternum VIII of female more or less differentiated. Abdominal tergum VII of male with large protuberance at posterior margin and 2 small, pointed processes at anterior margin; supra-anal appendage of male with strongly projecting posterior part (Figure 92, 7). Posterior margin of sternum VIII of female variable, flanked by 2 small, usually triangular sclerites (Figure 92, 14). Male 5-6, female 6-8.5; wings of male 2.5-6.5, of female 2.8-9.5; (brachypterous form occurs in the mountains). North (including Urals), Leningrad and Moscow regions. AprilAugust ......................................... C. atra Mort. Abdominal tergum VII of male without processes at anterior margin, only with a large protuberance at posterior margin (Figure 92, 8-10). Genital plate of female with 1 or 2 longitudinal sclerites.

7 (8).

.

Supra-anal appendage of male conical, pointed, with projecting posterior part (Figure 92, 10). Genital plate of female with straight median sclerotized stripe (Figure 92, 17). Male 5-5.5, female 5-8; wings of male 6-6.6, of female 6.5-8. Caucasus. March-June ...................... C. nigra Pict. (coni ca Klap.). 8 (7). Supra-anal appendage of male of different shape, not conical, with subapical notch on ventral side (Figure 92, 8, 9). Genital plate of female with 5 vaginal valves, which are sclerotized and with curved stripes projecting from under posterior margin of plate (Figure 92, 15,16). 9 (10). Dorsal part of supra-anal appendage of male narrow, almost straight, as long as ventral part; subapical notch of supra-anal appendage not deep, with rounded posterior margin (Figure 92, 8). Vaginal valves of female long, with rounded and outward-directed ends; distal part of female genital plate colorless, membranous; its rounded posterior margin appears therefore indistinct (Figure 92, 15). Male 5.5, female 7.5-8; wings of male 4,5, of female 7-8, North (Kola Peninsula to Novaya Zemlya and C. zaicevi Klap. (oklandi Mort.). Arctic Urals). June-August Dorsal part of male supra-anal appendage broader, convex, 10 (9). with small dorsal notch, markedly shorter than ventral part. Subapical notch of supra-anal appendage deep, rounded, with pointed posterior margin (Figure 92, 9). Vaginal valves of female forming short rods with rounded tip, projecting from under margin of genital plate (Figure 92, 16). Male 3.5-5, female 5-6.5; wings of male 4.8-6.2, female 5.9-7.5. North, including Urals. May-July ............................. C. pygmaea Zett. .

.

2. Capnopsis Mort, Subcostal cell of fore wings without cross veins; one cross vein between M and Cu-i; one anal vein in fore wings; hind wings without anal lobe (Figure 92, 4). Cerci less than 10-segmented. Abdominal sternum IX of male forming well-developed genital plate. Sternum VIII of female not modified (Figure 92, 11). Labial palps unusually long, Mono-

typic genus.

PLECOPTERA

1 (1).

Black, shining. Sternum IX of male without abdominal vesicle. Posterior margin of genital plate strongly sclerotized; subanal, valves connected by median sclerite; male supra-anal appendage forming dorsally curved, open tube of almost uniform width, with strong inner seta (Figure 92, 3). Male 3.5-4.5, female 4.5-5.3; wings of male 4.9-5.6, of female 5.3-6.3. Northwest; West; Caucasus. End of April-July. .................. C. schilleri Rost. 5.

Family PERLODIDAE

Medium-sized or large (10-20); usually dark, with distinct yellow pattern on head and pronotum; hind wings with large anal lobe and more than 2 anal veins; apex of fore wings often with network of cross veins; RS divided into 2-4 branches; branches of RS sometimes numbering as many as 6; subcostal and cubital cells of fore wings with cross veins (Figure 93, 1); male of several species brachypterous. Cerci multiarticulate. Genital appendages of male of various shape; subanal valves more or less modified; penis membranous, often spinulose (Figure 94, 4). Female with genital plate on sternum VIII (Figure 93, 3). 5 genera, 9 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 8 genera, 36 species.

Key

194

to

Genera (including brachypterous forms)

1 (10). Wings normally long. reaching beyond apex of abdomen. 2 (5). Branches of RS and cross veins forming multicellular archedictyon in apical part of fore wings (Figures 85, 6; 93, 1). Few cross veins in middle of fore wings between M and Cu^ 3 (4). (Figure 85, 6). Posterior margin of female genital plate with 2 projecting angles (Figure 93, 3, 4). ............ I. Arcynopteryx. 4 (3), Many cross veins between M and Cu^ of fore wings (Figure 93,1). Genital plate of female bluntly rounded or with shallow notch on posterior margin (Figure 93, 12). ........... 3. Perlodes (partly). 5 (2). No polygonal archedictyon in apical part of fore wings

(Figure 85, 7,8). 6 (9).

Fore wings with brown (sometimes weakly marked) spot in the region of cross vein R-RS; RS with 3 (often more) branches

(Figures 85,7; 93, 10). 7 (8).

8

9

10 11

Tergum X of male not divided longitudinally; subanal valves elongate, directed backwards and contiguous (Figures 85, 12; 93, 9). Female genital plate short, covering less than half the length of sternum IX (Figure 93, 5). .................... 2. Diura. (7). Tergum X of male divided to base; subanal valves not modified (Figure 93, 13). Female genital plate large, covering more than half the length of sternum IX (Figure 93, 14) ......... 4. Isogenus. (6). Fore wings without brown spot in region of cross vein R-RS; RS with only 2 branches; anterior branch of RS sometimes bifurcate (Figure 85, 8). Sternum VIII of male with process at the posterior margin (Figure 94. 5, 6)............... 5. Isoperla. (1). Wings shortened, venation indistinct (brachypterous males). (12). Posterior margin of sternum VIII with process .................. ....................................... Isoperla difformis Klap. 232

PERLODIDAE

12 (11), Posterior margin of sternum VIII without process. 13 (14). A dorsally-directed seta between base of cerci; abdominal tergum X of male divided longitudinally (Figures 85, 11; 93, 2) .................................. Arcynopteryx compacta McL. Seta absent; abdominal tergum X of male not divided. Subanal valves of male elongate, contiguous and directed backwards (Figure 85, 12) .............................. Diura bicaudata L. 16 (15). Subanal valves short, less closely contiguous (Figure 93, 11) ......................................... 3. Perlodes (partly).

14 (13). 15 (16).

......

Keys to Species of Family Perlodidae

Arcynopteryx Klap. Large, dark,

with yellow spots. Archedictyon present near apex of wings (Figure 85, 6). Abdominal tergum X of male divided longitudinally; lateral parts of tergum X transformed into 2 processes directed towards the middle, with a vertical, apical process; a seta on supra-anal lobe, i.e., a titillator (Figures 85, 11; 93, 2). Female genital plate short, modified. 1 European species, in the Boreal-Alpine Region. In the U.S.S.R. 5 species.

1.

1 (1).

Vertex and posterior part of head with light spot; pronotum with broad, yellow line; abdominal sternum IX of female with a pair of dark spots (Figure 93, 3, 4). In the European U.S.S.R. males brachypterous and females long-winged or with slightly shortened wings. Penis membranous, cross-shaped when everted, spinose at the end. Male 11-18, female 12-20; wings of male 2.7-4.5. of female 6.2-18.5. Size, color and length of wings variable. North (including Urals), Carpathians, Transcarpathia. May" September .................................. A. compacta McL. (dovrensis Mort., dichroa Mcl., norwegica Kenip.).

2. Diura Bill (Dictyopterygella Klap.). Medium sized, dark with yellow spots; wings brownish, with darkveinsand spotoncrossveinR-RS of fore wings. Subanal valves of male elongate posteriorly, closely approximated. Penis membranous. Female genital plate as in Arcynopteryx. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1 (2),

2 (1).

Male brachypterous. Subanal valves of male simple, digitiform (Figure 85, 12). Female genital plate short and broad (Figure 93, 5,6). Male 12-15, female 14-19; wingsof male 2.7-4.2. of female 7.8-17.4. Northwest and North. May-August. ...... D. bicaudata L.

(recta Kemp., majuscula Klap., septentrionis Klap.). Male long-winged. Subanal valves of male swollen in the middle and covered with setae (Figure 93, 9). Female genital plate narrower and more elongate (Figure 93, 7, 8). Male 10-12.5, female 12-15.5; wings of male 9.6-11.7, of female 10.9-23.7. North, June-August .......................... D. nanseni Kemp.

3. Perlodes Banks. Large, with yellow, cross-shaped pattern on head and pronotum. Female always with normal wings, male sometimes brachypterous; end of wings with archedictyon of several cells; their number varies. (Figure 93, 1). Genitalia of male simple; subanal valves of male and membranous penis without specific differences, making identification very difficult. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species.

1 (1).

Dark brown; no light spot on head anterior to anterior ocellus. Wings of female normal, wings of male shortened, not reaching end of abdomen. Subanal valves of male cylindrical, attached to inner side of basal segment of cerci, membranous ventrally and in the middle, swelling during copulation (Figure 93, 11). Female genital plate large, its posterior margin rounded, with shallow notch (Figure 93. 12). Male 11-17, female 15-20; wings of male 4-4.7, of female 14.6-19. Northwest, West, East. March-June. In slow rivers in plains and foothills to an altitude of 800 m ............................................. P. dispar Ramb.

.......

4. Isogenus Newm. Dark, with yellow pattern. Both sexes with normal wings. End of fore wings without network of cross veins, with dark, more or less distinct spot on cross vein R-RS; RS with 4-6 branches (Figure 93, 10). Abdominal tergumX of male divided to base (Figure 93, 13). In Europe only 1 species. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

lPerlodes dispar, wings; 2,4Arcynopteryx compacts: 2end of male abdomen, lateral; 3,4same of female, venual; 5.6Diura bicaudaia, female, same; 7,9D.nan: 7,8same of female; 9same of male, dorsal (svsubanal valves); 10Isogenus nubecula, end of fore wing; 11,12Perlodes dispac: 11end of male abdomen, dorsal (svsubanal valves); 12-same of female, ventral; 13.14-Isogenus nubecula: 13-same of male, dorsal; 14-female genital plaie.

1 (1).

Head with narrow yellow spot between ocelli and light stripe on

occiput; pronotum with yellow median stripe. Female genital plate very broad and long, covering almost the whole sternum IX (Figure 93,14). Male 14-19, female 15-20; wings of male

14.6-15.8, of female 15.2-16.1. European U.S.S. R., Urals. rivers at altitudes below 700m .......... I. nubecula Newm.

Large

5. Isoperia Banks. Medium-sized (7-15); color yellow to greenish black, usually with distinct dark pattern on head (Figure 94, 1, 2). Wings usually normally developed, without network of cross veins at apex; RS with only 2 branches; anterior branch of RS sometimes with an additional branch (Figure 85, 8). Sternum VIII of male abdomen with an appendage at posterior margin (Figure 94, 5,6). Subanal valves of male pointed and curved dorsad. Penis membranous, lying inside segment IX in repose, with armature of denticles or spinules characteristic for each species (Figure 94, 4), Posterior margin of sternum VIII of female with more or less developed genital plate (Figure 94, 13-15). 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 13 species.

IS FIGURE 94. Plecoptera

lily Perlodidae (after lilies.

BrincK,

77

Despax and Klapaiek)

obscura, same; 31. difformis, s i, head, dorsal; 21. 4Isoperia sp., male, end of abdomen with evened penis, lai end of abdomen, ventral; 6I. obscura, male, same; 71. difformis, male, armatu 9same at high magnification; 10I. rivuloi 8, 9I. grammaiica, male: 8same; 12same at low magnification; 131, dit same; 11,121- obscura, male: 11same; female, genital plate; 14I. obscura, female, same; 15--I-grammatica, female, s of 16.1’?I- rivulorum, male, armature penis (aprincipal armature; baccessory arm cdenticles on surface of penis).

1 (2}.

Head with distinct horseshoe pattern (Figure 94, 1). Penis cylindrical, elongate, densely covered with denticles (Figure 94, 8,9). Female genital plate with rounded, little-projecting pos-

235

PLECOPTERA

(Figure 94, 15). Wings of male 8.2-11.2, of female 9.4-13.2. Everywhere, except in the South. May-August; eurythermal species; occurs in various types of rivers .............. I. grammatica Poda (rufesc ensSteph,, veno saSteph., strandiKemp., virens Zett.). Head darker, without horseshoe pattern (Figure 94, 2,3). Penis of different shape or absent. Denticles on penis forming a flat, triangular or heart-shaped area (290 y. long, 280 (i broad) without apical notch, and with 2 small additional spinulose areas at the sides (Figure 94, 10,16, 17). Male 10-13, female 11-15; wings of male 10-11.5, of female 12-13. Southwest. May-September I. rivulorum Pict. No denticulate area on penis, or penis with a row of several small denticles (Figure 94, 7,12). No denticulate area on penis; surface of penis densely verrucose, except at place of armature; warts passing into denticles towards base of penis (Figure 94, 7). Body brown. Wings of male very short. Female genital plate elongate, with blunt, rounded posterior margin (Figure 94,13). Male 6-8.5, female 9-13.5; wings of male 1.7-2.7, of female 9.4-13. Baltic Region; Leningrad, Arkhangelsk regions. April-May ............. I. difformis Klap. Penis with a V-shaped row of several broad pointed denticles; surface of penis near denticles without warts (Figure 94, 11,12); denticles light, hardly visible. Process at posterior margin of abdominal sternum VIII of male longer than broad (Figure 94, 6). Female genital plate with pointed posterior margin (Figure 94, 14). Male 8-11, female 9-12.5; wings of male 8-9, of female 9.6-11.8. Everywhere except in the South. May-August; mainly in large rivers ................. I. obscura Zett. (griseipennis Pict.). terior margin

196

..........................................

2 (1).

3 (4).

4

(3).

5 (6).

6 (5).

197

...........

6. Family PERLIDAE Large (15-30), usually dark-colored; pronotum with distinct sculpture; costal and cubital cells with numerous cross veins; RS usually

divided into 3 branches, sometimes into more; 2nd and 3rd anal veins of hind wings with many branches (Figure 84). Males of some species brachypterous. Cerci long. Abdominal tergum X of male interrupted in the middle and transformed into 2 hook-shaped processes directed anteriad (Figure 85, 9). Penis with denticles of various shape (Figure 95, 6-9). Sternum VIII of female transformed into genital plate or with only 2 short, angular processes at posterior margin (Figure 95, 12-14). 3 genera, 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 genera, more than 30 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Abdominal tergum V of male normal. Anal lobe of hind wings with a cross vein between anterior and median branches of An (Figure 84). Posterior margin of sternum VIII of female with only 2 short triangular processes (Figure 95, 12) ........ 1. Peria, Abdominal tergum V of male elongate (Figure 95, 11). Anal ^obe of hind wings without cross vein. Sternum VIII of female modified into a more or less elongate genital plate. 236

3 (4).

4 (3).

Processes on abdominal tergum X of male not bifid, curved, long, reaching process of tergum V (Figure 95, 11). Female genital plate trapezoidal, rarely parabolic (Figure 95, 13)......... ................................................. 2. Agnetina. Processes of abdominal tergum X of male bilobed, much shorter (Figure 95, 10,17). Sternum VIII of female slightly modified, its posterior margin convex. Sternum X sometimes strongly 3. Marthamea. produced posteriad (Figure 95, 14) ................

Keys to Species of Family PerMdae 1. peria Geoff. Large, usually dark; head sometimes light with dark spots; wings normally developed; hind wings usually without cross vein between M and Cu (Figure 84). Middle of abdominal tergum IX of male covered with sclerotized denticles which often form longitudinal crests, processes on abdominal terguin X of male of typical form in different species (Figures 85, 9; 95, 5). Basal part of penis (stem) covered with denticles or warts; membranous apex of penis with armature, i.e., a denticulate area on ventral side (Figure 95, 6-9). Sternum VIIIoffemale with 2 short angular processes (Figure 95, 12). 3-4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 10 species.

2 (3).

Head dark-brown between ocelli (Figure 95, 1,2). Denticulate field on abdominal tergum IX of male- short and broad (Figure 85,9). Penis narrower at the base and in the distal half (Figure 95, &,7). Head ventrally yellow in both sexes. Apical armature of penis occupying about 2/3 of the surface, consisting of short separate denticles (Figure 95, 6). Eggs (in abdomen of female) with smooth surface. Male 15-20, female 19-25; wingspan of male 35-45, of female 47-64. Size and color variable. Southwest, May-August .

.

1 (4).

P. marginata Panz. In both sexes head ventrally and dorsally dark with small light areas (Figure 95, 2); body dark. Apical armature of penis consisting of long denticles forming a narrow brush (Figure 95, 7). Eggs (in female abdomen) with coarsely granular surface (Figure 95,15). Male 17-20, female 23-28; wingspan of male 34-43, of female 46-61. Southwest. April-June ................. .............. P. burmeisteriana Claas. (abdominalis Burm.). Head yellow between ocelli; each ocellus surrounded by dark pigment. Denticulate field on abdominal tergum IX of male long and narrow (Figure 95, 5). Penis straight, not distinctly limited at the base; armature of penis forming a single area (Figure 95, ...........................................

3 (2).

4 (1).

8,9). 5 (6).

6 (5).

Dark pigment forming only a narrow stripe around ocelli; whole head light (Figure 95, 3). Armature of penis more than twice as long as broad (Figure 95, 8). Male 20-25, female 23-28; wingspan of male and female 45-57, Western Europe, possibly occurs in the U.S.S.R. May-July ....................... P. maxima Scop. Dark pigment forming a broad stripe around ocelli, especially around the 3 posterior ocelli; head darkened from M-shaped line to antennae (Figure 95, 4). Armature of penis as long as, or little

longer than, broad (Figure 95, 9). Male 18-22, female 23-28; wingspan of male 31-44, of female 58-67. Southwest. MayJuly ....................................... P. bipunctata Pict. 198

2.

Agnetina Klap.

Medium sized; color light, mainly ocher-yellow;

thoracic segments darker, brownish; color of head between ocelli reddish. Wings generally normally developed, rarely shortened. Abdominal tergum V of male much displaced posteriorly in the middle; processes of tergum X very long, their apex reaching process of tergum V; posterior margin of terga VI-IX membranous (Figure 95, 11). Posterior margin of female genital plate usually trapezoidal, rarely parabolic (Figure 95,13). 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

FIGURE 95. Plecopiera

mily Perlidae (after lilies. Klapaiek, Winklet and original)

marginata, head, dorsal; 2P. bucmeisieriana, same; 3P. maxima, same; bipunctata, same; 5P. maxima, male, end of abdomen, dorsal; 6P. marginata.

IPerla

4P.

male, penis; 7P. burmeisieriana, male, same; 8P. maxima, male, same; 9P. biviccipennis, male, end of abdomen, dorsal; punctata, male, same; lOManhamea IIAgnetina senilis. male, same; 12Pecla roarginata, female, same, ventral; 13Agnetina senilis, female, same; 14Manhamea vitripennis. female, same; 15Perla burmeisteEiana, egg; 16,17Marthamea vitripennis, male: 16end of penis, lateral; 17inner side of end of process on tergum X, lateral.

1 (1).

Male brachypterous, female with normal wings. Head reddish between ocelli, of richer color in female. Veins dark, very prominent. Male 11-12, female 15-18; wingspan of male 20,

238

CHLOROPERLIDAE

Rostov-on-Don, Crimea, Ciscaucasia. June-August .................................. A. senUis Klap. of female 38-46.

3. Marthamea Klap. Medium sized; color richer and lighter than Perla. Processes on abdominal tergum X of male bilobed (Figure 95, 10,17); terga VI-VIII membranous in the middle; posterior margin of tergum V thickened and convex posteriorly. Penis folded in repose, sleeve-shaped, verrucose or spinulose, its apex undifferentiated (Figure 95, 16). Sternum VIII of female convex posteriorly in the middle. Female always with normal wings, male sometimes brachypterous. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. in

1 (1).

Male with normal wings. Apex of penis curved ventrally (Figure 95, 16). Head blackish brown between ocelli. Sternum X of female strongly produced posteriorly in the middle (Figure 95, 14), Male 13-15, female 17-19; wingspan of male 29-83, of female 37-42. Lithuania. June; in large rivers of valleys ................................... M. vitripennis Pict. 7. Family CHLOBOPERLIDAE

199

Small or medium (7-11), delicate, greenish yellow. Last segment of labial palps very small (Figure 96, 1,2). Posterior margin of meso- and metanotum with black border (Figure 96, 3,4). Abdomen with dark dorsal stripe. Wings transparent; Sc reaching only middle of wing; anal lobe of hind wings strongly reduced; fore and hind wings are therefore about equally wide; costal cell with or without numerous cross veins; RS with 2 branches; cubital cell with few cross veins (Figure 85, 10). Cerci long. Abdominal tergum X of male with sclerotized hook directed dorsad and anteriad (Figure 96, 5,11). Penis usually with titillators (Figure 96, 8,14). Posterior margin of sternum VIII of female forming short genital plate (Figure 96, 6). 2 genera, 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 genera, 16 species.

Key to Genera 1

(2).

2 (1).

Fore wings with 2 anal veins (Figure 85, 10). Antennae and palps setaceous (Figure 96, 1). Meso- and metanotum with W-shaped dark pattern at posterior margin (Figure 96, 3). .................. .,........,’.......,................,........... 1. Chloroperla. Fore wings with 3 anal veins. Antennae and palps serrated (Figure 96. 2). Meso- and metanotum with arcuate or U-shaped pattern (Figure 96, 4) ............................. 2. Isoptena.

Keys to Species of Family Chloroperlidae 1. Chloroperla Newm. Pronotum usually with dark submarginal line which is especially distinct at anterior and posterior margins; median line of pronotum also usually dark; meso- and metanotum with dark W-shaped pattern. Penis of varying structure, at end of abdomen or very long; in this case, its base lies in abdominal segment I (Figure 96, 14); titillators

usually filiform, sometimes lamellar, of varying length (Figure 96, 7,18).

Females little differing in shape and pubescence of genital plate (Figure 96, 6). 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 13-14 species.

3 (8).

4

(7).

5 (6).

distinct dark spot between ocelli and on clypeus. Supra-anal hook slightly curved ventrad at apex (Figure 96, 11,12). Distinct dark spot between ocelli and on clypeus; meso- and metanotum brownish. Penis with a denticulate, bifid area ventrally and 2 smaller such areas dorsally (Figure 96, 7,8). Supraanal hook with blunt point (Figure 96, 9). Male 5-7, female 6-8; wings of male 6-7, of female 7-8. Genital plate of female broad, with a shallow notch and with a transparent sclerotized area in the middle (Figure 96, 15), West, Northwest. North, East. May-September .......................... Ch. burmeisteri Pict. Dark color of head and thorax less well marked (especially in male). Penis with a denticulate, pointed area ventrally and 2 such areas at the sides (Figure 96,17). Supra-anal hook sharply pointed (Figure 96,10), Posterior margin of female genital plate uniformly curved; genital plate without median sclerotization (Figure 96, 16). Male 7.0, female 7.5-8-5; wings of male 6.5-7. of female 7-9. Crimea. April-July Ch. acuminata Zhiltz., sp.n. Titillators forming 2 curved processes on a base with pointed and denticulate apex (Figure 96, 18). Head without spots; only ocelli bordered with dark pigment; supra-anal hook straight at the end (Figure 96. 13). Female genital plate with rounded posterior margin (Figure 96, 19). Male 7-8, female 8-10; wingspan of male 15-16, of female 17-20. Southwest. April-September .... .

6 (5).

Titillators present (Figure 96, 17,18). Titillators filiform (Figure 96, 7.17). Head with more or less

7 (4).

8 (3).

200

.

2 (1).

Supra-anal hook of male with subapical notch (Figure 96, 5). Base of penis in abdominal segment I. Titillators filiform, as long as abdomen (Figure 96, 14). Female genital plate with median group of setae (Figure 96,6). Male 5.5-7, female 6.5-8.5; wings of male 5.5-7, of female 7-8. Southwest. May-August ............. .......................................... Ch.torrentium Pict. Supra-anal hook of male without subapical notch in profile. Penis situated at end of abdomen (usually in segment IX). Titillators shorter than abdomen or absent. Supra-anal hook tapering in dorsal view. Pronotum with a dark line in the middle and at anterior and posterior margin.

.

1 (2).

.......................................... Ch. tripunctata Scop. Supra-anal hook broad at the end, with a notch (Figure 96, 21). Pronotum yellow, without dark lines. Titillators absent, replaced by pair of sclerotized rods (Figure 96, 20). Female genital plate narrow, small, with rounded posterior margin (Figure 96, 24). Male 5.5, female 6-8; wings of male 6.9, of female 6.8-7.9. North to Urals, Leningrad Region, Lithuania. June-August ............................... Ch. apicalis Newm.

2. Isoptena Enderl. Pronotum with broad, light median stripe; lateral parts of pronotum dark; mesonotum and metanotum with broad, U-shaped pattern. Anal lobe of fore wings with 3 veins. In male, posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX dark, thickened; supra-anal hook

240

CHLOROPERLIDAE

short and broad, with anteriorly curved apex, and blunt point (Figure 96, 22,23). Penis complex, consisting of many parts, lying inside segment IX, Titillators elongate, sclerotized. Female genital plate with rounded posterior margin. In Europe 1 species.

1 (1).

Yellow-green; ocelli with dark borders. Abdomen with broad dark stripe. First 8-10 antennal segments lighter than the others. Male 7-8.3, female 9-11; wings of male 9.5, of female 10-11.3. In large rivers in valleys and foothills; rare. North; Baltic Region; Leningrad Region. May-July ................. I. serricornis Pict.

201

ll.

Order

EMBIOPTERA

G.Ya. Bei-Bienko Insects with elongate, flexible body; mouthparts biting, legs ambulatory, with silk.glands in strongly inflated 1st tarsal segment of forelegs; 2 pairs of wings, membranous, similar, developed only in males, or both sexes apterous; abdomen with 2-segmented cerci; metamorphosis incomplete.

FIGURE 9"?. Embiopiera. Family Oligoiomidae Chopaid and original)

(after Beyer,

1-5Haploembia solieri: Igeneral habitus, female; 2mandibles of mate; 3same of female; 4hind tarsus, lateral; 5end of male abdomen, dorsal.

Body (Figure 97, 1) medium-sized (10-20 mm), with soft integument, elongate. Head large, free; mouthparts biting, porrect, different in male and female (Figure 97). Eyes compound, small; no ocelli. Antennae multiarticulate, monili-form, longer than head, Thoracic segments distinctly separated; pronotum not broader than head, smaller than mesonotum and metanotum, square or oblong, divided into an anterior and posterior part by a transverse groove. Wings present only in males, 2 pairs,

242

OLIGOTOMIDAE

similar, membranous, held flat over body in repose, with reduced venation; longitudinal veins and a few cross veins developed only in primitive forms; wings may be absent in both sexes. Legs short, ambulatory; hind femora thickened; all tarsi 3-segmentedj with a terminal pair of claws but without arolium. First tarsal segment of forelegs swollen, containing silk glands; first 2 segments of middle and hind tarsi with light ventral plantulae, Abdomen consisting of 10 segments, but sternum I of female may be reduced. Last segment (X) different in both sexes. Segment X of female symmetrical, its tergum complete and its sternum longitudinally divided into 2 similar plates. Segment X of adult male asymmetrical, its tergum divided into 2 dissimilar halves with hook-shaped processes; sternum X fused with sternum IX, forming an asymmetrical genital plate. Cerci 2-segmented, small but well developed, symmetrical in female but asymmetrical in male, i.e., right cercus normal (with similar cylindrical segments) and left cercus specialized, its first segment thickened and asymmetrical. 202 Metamorphosis incomplete, simplified in apterous forms. Nymphs resembling adults, closely resembling female in apterous forms, and their last abdominal segment similar to that of female. The silk.glands of the first tarsal segment of the fore tarsi are used to build tubular, often branching silken tunnels with numerous openings. The eggs are laid in the tunnels, and the females live there together with the nymphs, sometimes surviving until sexual maturity is reached by the young. Such nests with families often form colonies. In southern Europe the nymphs hibernate and the adults appear in April-May. There is one generation per year, but females may live half a year or longer. Phytophagous. Nests always contain reserves of chewed food. They occur mainly in the Tropics, mainly in forests, under bark of trees or in cracks in the bark. They do not occur in temperate countries except in the warmest regions; if the humidity is low, they live mainly in the soil, under stones, among plant debris, etc. About 200 species exist. They were formerly considered to belong to one family, but are divided today into 7 families. This classification has yet to be confirmed. In Southern Europe occur 5 species of 2 families. Embiidae (genera Embia Latr., Cleom ia Stef. and Monotylota R.-Kors.) and Oligotomidae. The latter is represented by a single species in the fauna of the European U.S.S.R- In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. LITERATURE. Kuznersov, N.Ya. Nablyudeniya nad Embia taurica na Yuzhnom beregu Kryma (Observations on Embia t a uric a on the Southern Coast of the Crimea).Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, Vol.37, 1904; Chopacd, L. Onhopteroides.-Faime de France, Vol.56, Paris. 1956; Davis, C. Family Classification of the Order Embioptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer,, Vol.33, 1940; Enderiein, E. Embiidinsn.-Catal. Coll. zool. Selys-Longchamps. 3/43, 1912; Krauss, H. Monographic der Embien.Zoologica, Vol. 60, 1911.

1.

Family OLIGOTOMIDAE

Mandibles of male denticulate at apex (Figure 97, 2). If wings present, RS without posterior branches. Basal segment of left cercus of male cylindrical, not granular. Abdominal sternum I of female reduced. Several genera occur in the Tropics, one in Mediterranean countries. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family OUgotomidae

Haploembta Verh. Both sexes apterous. 1st segment of hind tarsi with 2 ventral plantulae (Figure 97, 4). Basal segment of male cerci slightly inflated, without denticles on inner side. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

Brownish, with indistinct light spots; almost of uniform color, Antennae almost filiform, 18- or 19-segmented. Pronotum elongate. Last abdominal tergum of male markedly asymmetrical, its right lobe large, triangular, its left lobe shorter, almost spinelike. Male 8-9, female 12-12.5 (Figure 97, 1). Southern Crimea, Western Caucasus; Mediterranean Region ............................ H. solieri Ramb. (t a uric a Kusn.).

203

12.

Order PHASMOPTERA (Phasmoidea, Cheleutoptera) Stick- and Leaf-Insects

G. Ya. Bei-Bienko

Insects with very elongate, slender, stick-shaped or with broad, leafshaped body; mouthparts biting, head prognathous; legs ambulatory, often very long; wings often absent or, if present, anterior wings shorter than posterior wings; abdomen with one-segmented cerci; metamorphosis incomplete. Body (Figure 98, 1) usually large or very large, very elongate (stick-insects) or leaf-shaped (family Phylliidae, leaf-insects). Head free, spherical, or ovoid; mouthparts biting, porrect. Eyes small, rounded; ocelli 2 or 3 (especially in male) or absent. Antennae long, filiform or setaceous, with few (not less than 8) or numerous segments. Thoracic segments distinctly separated, prothorax short, with well-developed pronotum; meso- and metathorax usually longer than prothorax. Wings (if present) always with shorter and thicker tegmina, often absent. Legs usually very long, ambulatory, sometimes with strong spines or lobeshaped processes; fore femora often S-shaped. All tarsi 5-segmented, 204 except those of genus Timema Sc. from California, whichare 3-segmented; tarsi with arolium between claws. Apex of middle and hind tibiae with ventral triangular area (suborder Pseudophasmoidea) or without such area (suborder Phasmoidea). Abdomen 10-segmented, with 10 terga but only 8 visible sterna in male and 7 in female, sternum I having been lost. Tergum I closely connected with metanotum and sometimes called median segment. Last tergum (X) well developed in both sexes; last sternum of male (IX) forming genital plate, without styli; last sternum of female (VIII) also called genital plate or operculum. Ovipositor usually well developed, consisting of three pairs of short valves at the apex of the abdomen ventrally, not projecting beyond abdomen. Cerci elongate, but generally small, unsegmented, usually more complex in male than in female.

Metamorphosis incomplete; nymphs closely resembling adults. Phytophagous, living among grass and on trees and bushes. Sluggish animals, capable of falling into a state of catalepsy which makes them invisible among the vegetation. Mainly tropical insects. About 2500 species exist. The classification of the order is not yet settled. Phasmoptera were considered in the past a family of Orthoptera. At present some authors divide the order into 2 families, others consider these "families" as suborders, dividing the order into 6 or 7 families. This key uses the latter division, although it is not definitive. In the U.S.S.R. occur only 8 species of the suborder Phasmoidea (middle and hind tibiae without triangular area at the apex) of the family Lonchodidae.

PHASMOPTERA

FIGURE 98. Phasmoptera.

Family Lonchodidae (original)

bHubeccu iaius, female; 2Carausius morosus. female, 1Ramulus anterior pan of body. dorsal ; 3,4Ramulus bituberculatus, female: 3same; 4apex of abdomen, venir. .1: 5Carausitis mocosus, female, same, lateral. LITERATURE.

Yakobson, G.G. and V. L- Bianki.

Pryamokrylye

i

lozhnoseichatokcylye

Rossiiskoi impecii i sopredel’nykh Stran (Octhoptera and Pseudoneucopiera of the Russian Empire and Adjacent Countries).-Sankt-Peterburg. 1905; Brunner- Watienwyl, K. and J. Redtenbacher. Die Insekienfamilie dec Phasmiden. Leipzig, 1908; Chopacd, L. Orihopteroides. Faune de France, Vol.56, Paris,

1951.

1.

Family LONCHODIDAE

Apterous. Abdominal tergum I (median segment) much shorter than metanotum, transverse or slightly elongate. The medioventral carina of middle and hind tibiae reaches the apex of the tibiae; apex of middle and hind tibiae without triangular area. Many genera occur in tropical and subtropical regions. In the U.S.S.R. 3 genera, one of them in the Par East.

Key to Genera Antennae shorter than fore tibiae (Figure 98, 1,3) Me so- and 1. Ramulus. metanotum with distinct longitudinal carina. Antennae longer than fore tibiae (Figure 98, 2). Meso- and metanotum without median longitudinal carina 2. Carausius. .

1 (2). 2 (1).

.

..

....

Keys to Species of Family Lonchodidae 1. Ramulus Sauss. (Gratidia St.). Antennae 15- to 21-segmented. Last abdominal sternum of female simple, almost flat (Figure 98, 4). Many species in Africa, some in Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia and Transcaucasia. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6 species.

LONCHODIDAE

1 (1).

Gray, almost smooth. Head narrow posteriorly, with a pair of longitudinal tubercles or carinae between eyes dorsally (Figure 98, 3). Penultimate abdominal sternum of female with long posterior process (Figure 98, 4). Male 52-65, female 62-80.

Deserts of Kazakhstan, reaching Lake Inder in the west; ..................... R. bituberculatus Redt.

Soviet Central Asia

2. Carausius St. (Dixippus auct.). Antennae with more than 30 segments. Last abdominal sternum of female ventrally with strong keeled process, which reaches apex of abdomen (Figure 98,5). A number of species in Southern Asia; 1 species introduced into Europe and the U.S.S.R. 1 (1).

Greenish gray, covered with fine, partly dark granules. Head almost cylindrical, without dorsal carinae or tubercles (Figure 98,2). Female 70-85, parthenogenetic. Introduced from India; bred in laboratories C. morosus Br. ................

247

205

13. Order

ORTHOPTERA (Saltatoria) G.Ya. Bei-Bienko

Insects with elongate body, biting mouthparts, large laterally overhanging pronotum, saltatorial hind legs, leathery fore wings and hind wings folding fan-wise; sometimes tegmina and wings shortened to a varying extent or absent; abdomen 10-segmented, with usually unsegmented cerci and with ovipositor in female; metamorphosis incomplete. Large or medium-sized, rarely small. Body elongate, not flat (Figure 99). Head with vertical or backwards sloping frons, hypognathous, rarely progna thous (Gryllotalpidae, Oecanthidae and Tridactyloidea). Mouthparts biting. Vertex may be anteriorly differentiated as fastigium. Eyes large, usually oval; ocelli usually 3, rarely rudimentary. Antennae elongate, generally filiform or setaceous, but also ensiform or clavate, rarely of different shape; antennae in some cases shorter, 10- to 30segmented, not longer than half the body length (Acridoidea, Tridactyloidea), in other groups longer than body or slightly shorter (Tettigonioidea, Grylloidea). Thorax large, with strongly developed pronotum covering greater part of thorax; lateral parts of pronotum turned downwards, forming lateral lobes which cover prothorax. Meso- and metathorax fused, their pleural regions divided by oblique or vertical sutures into episterna (anteriorly) and epimera (posteriorly). Two pairs of wings. Fore wings thicker and narrower, in repose usually covering hind wings, transformed into tegmina and functioning in flight to a limited extent. Hind wings (or simply "wings") broad, membranous, actively functioning in flight (posterior propulsion); wings in repose folded fanwise beneath tegmina. Tegmina and wings often shortened to a varying extent; there is occasionally marked sexual dimorphism, that is, the wings of the male are more developed than those of the female. In brachypterous forms macropterous individuals appear rarely. Ignorance of this may result in wrong identification. Brachypterous species may be taken for nymphs, although in nymphs the pads of the tegmina (narrow lobules) are situated posterior to, and between the triangular wing pads. Tegmina and wings sometimes absent. Venation (Figure 101, 2) usually distinct and often Important for identification (see description of superfamilies for description of venation). Fore tibiae of many Tettigonioidea and Grylloidea with tympanal organs. Hind legs with thickened and elongate femora and elongate tibiae (hind legs saltatory). Forelegs ordinary, ambulatory, rarely fossorial (Gryllotalpidae and Tridactyloidea), Hind tibiae usually dorsally covered with numerous spines on both sides and with 4-6 strong movable spurs at the apex. Tarsi usually 3- or 4-segmented, but sometimes 1- or 2~ segmented; apical segment of tarsi with 2 claws and sometimes an arolium between the claws. Abdomen elongate, cylindrical, consisting of 10 terga and 8 or 9 sterna.

Sides of abdominal segment I of many Acridoidea with openings of tympanal auditory organs. Usually well developed, often more or less triangular anal plate (epiproct) present posterior to last tergum (X). The last sternum (IX in male, VII in female) is called the genital plate. Apex of abdomen with cerci and ovipositor in female. Cerci usually not segmented, 2-segmented only in Tridactyloidea and multi articulate in Myrmecophilidae. Ovipositor sometimes absent, e.g., in Gryllotalpidae, Tridactyloidea and some Tettigonioidea. 206 Metamorphosis incomplete; nymphs resembling adults, living in similar habitats. Eggs laid in groups or singly in the soil or in plants, sometimes in grass sward. In Russia the yearly life cycle is usually as follows: the eggs hibernate, the nymphs hatch in spring and complete their development in summer (reaching the adult stage); they then become sexually mature and lay eggs, which may lie dormant until autumn. A few species (some Acridoidea, all Grylloidea and Gryllotalpidae) hibernate as nymphs or adults. Most species emit sounds by stridulation after reaching sexual maturity. This is produced by different methods characteristic of different families, subfamilies and genera (see description of superfamilies and families). Copulation takes place by spermatophores. Spermatophores are of variable shape, often characteristic of families, subfamilies and genera, and their study may be useful for the classification of orders and other groups. Most Orthoptera are phytophagous, but some are carnivorous or omnivorous. Some Acridoidea and some Tettigonioidea and Grylloidea form a gregarious phase when they occur in large concentrations. This phase differs from the ordinary, solitary phase by living in swarms, in its different color and other morphological characters. When most of the gregarious specimens have died and have become dispersed, the gregarious phase again changes into the solitary phase. The difference between the two phases is so marked that they have often been considered as separate species. Most Orthoptera inhabit open biotopes; only a few species live in the forest. Many species are typical biotic elements of a certain landscape and keep to definite habitats. There are two main modes of life, phytophilous and geophilous. The former live on plants and the others live on the ground or in the soil. The phytophilous forms have a smooth, laterally compressed, streamlined, slender body, usually greenish or yellowish, They are divided into chortobionts, living on grass, and tamnobionts, living on shrubs and trees. Geophilous species are dorsoventrally depressed, usually more thickset, often with rugose body surface, and of dark, earthlike colors. They are divided into open geophiles, living in open areas on the surface, hidden geophiles, living on ground covered with dense vegetation, plant debris, etc., and fossorial geophiles, living in burrows. The ambushing insectivorous species form a separate category, represented in the Russian fauna only by the genus Saga; they are characterized by the strong armature of fore and middle legs. Many species are injurious to plants; some, especially Acridoidea, may cause great damage to agriculture, The Orthoptera are divided into 2 suborders, long-horned forms (Dolichocera = Ensifera), with the superfamilies Tettigonioidea and Grylloidea, and short-horned forms (Brachycera = Caelifera) with the superfamilies Tridactyloidea and Acridoidea. Some authors consider all the

frfrons: vvertex; ococciput; eeyes; anantennae; prn pronotum; lb~ lateral lobes; f. ffore femur; h. fhind femur; f.t~ fore tibia; h.thind tibia: lytympanal organ; f. tc fore tarsus; h.trhind tarsus; tegtegmina; ggenu; sspines; spspurs; plare; staylus,

FIGURE 100.

Ibllobules:

elclaws;

tXtergumX;

ccercus; gpgenital

Orthoptera (after Tacbinskii and original)

of Callipiamus italicus; 2Tridactylus variegaius/same; 3Locusta migratoria, end of abdomen of female, lateral (ccercus, u. vupper valve of ovipositor; 1. vlower valve of same); 4Decticus verrucivorus. female, same; 5C-ryllus burdiga lensis, female, same; 6Decticus verrucivorus. fore tibia and tarsus (tytympanal organ); 7Tridaciylus variegatus, end of female abdomen, dorsal.

Iforeleg

ORTHOPTERA

above 4 sup erfami lies as suborders, which is less acceptable. There are also other classifications of the order, which are now obsolete. There are more than 20,000 species. 120 genera. 300 species in the European U.S.S.R. and more than 700 species in the whole U.S.S.R. LITERATURE, Tarbinskii, S. P. Prygayustichie pryamokrylye Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR (Sanatoria (Orthoptera) of Azerbaijan SSR).-Moskva-Leningrad, 1940; Yakobson, G.G. and V.I. Bianhi. pryamohrylye i lozhnosetchatohrylye Rossiiskoi imperii i sopredel’nykh stran (Orthoptera and Pseudoneuropiera of the Russian Empire and Adjacent Countries). Sankt-Peterburg. 1905; Chopard, L. Onhopteroides. Faune de France, Vol.56. Paris, 1951: Harz. K. Die GeradflUgler MilteleuropaS. Jena, 1E)57; Kirby. W.F. ASynonymicCatalogueofOrthoprera.II.HI. London. II, 1906; 111. 1910; Ramme. W. Zur Systematic Faunistik und Biologie der Onhopteren von SO. Europa u. Vorderasien.Mitceil. Zool. Mus. Berlin, Bd,27, 1951.

Key to Superfamilies

208 1

(4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

4(1).

5 (6).

6 (5).

Antennae setaceous, usually longer than body, consisting of very many segments. Tympanal organ, if present, on fore tibiae (Figures 100. 6; 102, 1). Female abdomen usually with long, prominent ovipositor (Figure 100. 4,5). (Suborder Dolichocera). All tarsi 4-segmented (Figure 100, 6). Genital plate of male often with styli (Figure 101, 3). Female ovipositor laterally compressed, sickle- or sword-shaped (Figure 100, 4). Tegmina. if developed, held in a rooflike manner in repose ................ ..................................... 1. Tettigonioidea (p. 252). or 334. Tarsal formula: 333 Male genital plate without styli. Female ovipositor, if present, slender, usually lanceolate at the end (Figure 100, 5). Tegmina, if present, held flat over back ................................... 2. Grylloidea (p. 286). Antennae short, usually not longer than half the body length, filiform, sword-shaped or of a different form, but not setaceous, consisting of 10-30 segments. Tympanal organ, if present, on sides of abdominal segment I (Figure 1). Female ovipositor, if present, short, not prominent (Figure 100, 3), sometimes half concealed. (Suborder Brachycera). Forelegs fossorial (Figure 100, 2). Tarsal formula: 221. Antennae moniliform, 10- to 12-segmented. Abdomen with 4 slender terminal appendages, including 2-segmented cerci (Figure 100, 7); female abdomen without ovipositor. Small insects ............................. 3. Tridactyloidea (p. 297). Forelegs not fossorial (Figure 100, 1). All tarsi, or at least tarsi of hind legs, 3-segmented. Antennae filiform, sickleshaped, clavate or otherwise, usually more than 12-segmented. Abdomen with one pair of not segmented cerci which are sometimes little developed; female with short ovipositor which consists of 4 valves (Figure 100, 3). Large or medium-sized species, 4. Acridoidea (p. 299). sometimes small ........................

251

ORTHOPTERA

1.

Suborder 1.

DOLICHOCERA (Ensifera)

Superfamily TETTIGONIOIDEA

Anterior part of head usually with well-developed, laterally compressed fastigium which is usually separated from the anterior part of the tubercular apex of the frons by a transverse groove (Figure 101, 5). Pronotum with flat or convex dorsum called a disk, and with flat, downward directed lateral lobes; disk often with median carina (Figure 101, 1); lateral carinae, which delimit lateral lobes, usually absent or little developed; transverse grooves weakly developed, but posterior groove usually better marked. often U-shaped. Venter of prothorax often with a pair of spinelike processes between forelegs. Male tegmina with or without stridulatory organ at the base; this organ is sometimes also developed in the female. Venation of tegmina (Figure 101, 2) with well-developed RS, strongly modified in area of stridulatory organ: a brilliant, usually transparent circular area known as the "mirror" between base of M+CuA and A^+A^, which acts as a resonator; mirror anteriorly delimited by a thick stridulatory vein, the modified Cup which bears a row of teeth ventrally on the left legmen. Sounds are emitted by friction of the stridulatory vein against the margin of the mirror. Hind wings sometimes longer than tegmina. Tegmina and wings often shortened to a varying extent, losing their flying capacity, but preserving the organ of stridulation, often even better developed; tegmina and wings sometimes absent. Fore coxae with or without spine. Aperture of tympanal organ on fore tibiae oval, covered with a membrane (Figure 102, 1), or slitlike (Figure 100, 6). All tarsi 4-segmented; 3rd tarsal segment often heart-shaped (Figure 100. 6); 1st segment of hind tarsi often with a pair of ventral, plantar lobes (Figure 103, 3,4.6); no arolium between claws. Abdomen of male with 9 sterna, that of female with 8 sterna. Last tergum often specialized, with processes, especially in male. Anal plate often concealed beneath last tergum. Male genital plate usually with a pair of styli (Figure 101, 3); female genital plate covering base of ovipositor. Cerci not segmented; cerci of male often with a denticle on the inner side (Figure 101, 3). Ovipositor (Figure 100,4) laterally compressed, long, sickle-shaped, or sword-shaped, rarely absent; dorsal margin of ventral valve at base of ovipositor often with a process (lateral fold). Phytophagous, predatory or omnivorous, some harmful to plants. Divided into several families and a number of subfamilies. Some subfamilies are regarded as families by some authors. Three families occur in the U.S.S.R.

LITERATURE. Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, Pryamokrylye. Tom.II. vypusk 2. Kuznechikovye. podsemeiscvo Listovye kuznechiki (Phaneropterinae) (Orthoptera, Vol.2, No. 2. Teuigonioidea, Subfamily Phaneropterinae). Fauna SSSR, Novaya Seriya, Vol.59. 1954. See also bibliography after description of the order.

209

Key to Families 1 (2).

2(1).

Fore tibiae without aperture of tympanal organ. Tarsi laterally compressed, the 3rd segment not expanded. Apterous (Figure 105, 1) ................... 1. Rhaphidophoridae (p. 253). Fore tibiae with oval or slitlike apertures of tympanal organ (Figures 100,6; 102.1). Tarsi dorsoventraliy depressed, 3rd segment heart-shaped (Figure 100, 6).

RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE

3 (4).

Antennae ventral to eyes (Figure 101, 4) or at level of lower margin of eyes; in this case hind tibiae without apical outer spine. Tegmina very short, almost or completely covered by pronotum, stridulatory organ in male and female present; no wings ............................. 2. Bradyporidae (p.254).

verru c ivorus: 1head and pronotum. dorsal (fafastigium. dpronotal disk. l-3Decticus carmedian carina, Iblateral lobes); 2 male legmen (sp mirror); 3end of male abdomen, dorsal multituberculatus, head, anteriorly; st stylus): 4Bradyporus (lerg.XtergurnX, ccercus, verru c ivorus, head anteriorly (fafastigium, a. fr apex of frons. anantennal socket, 5Decticus clclypeus); 6Damalacantha vacca. female pronotum, dorsal; 7Ephippiger ephippiger, pronotum and tegmina of female, lateral; 8, 9 Sradyporus mulfituberculatus: 8rightcercus of male, dorsal; 9female genital plate, ventral; 10B. montandoni, same; HEpnippiger ephippiger, end of abdomen and male cerci, dorsal.

4

(1).

Antennae dorsal to lower margin of eyes (Figure 101, 5); if attached at level of lower margin of eyes, hind tibiae with an apical spine on outer side- Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened, in female without stridulatory organ, sometimes absent.............................. 3. Tettigoniidae (p. 356). 1.

Family

KHAPHIDOPHORIDAE

Fore tibiae without apertures of tympanal organ. Apterous. Spurs on apex of hind tibiae long, especially the dorsal pair. Tarsi subcylindrical, laterally compressed; 3rd tarsal segment not heart-shaped. Cerci long,

soft, setose. Mainly in the Tropics; externally resembling crickets. 2 genera. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 genera.

Key to Genera

210 1

(2).

2 (1).

Hind tibiae dorsally with numerous minute spines arranged in groups; apical spine in each group longer than the others. Fore femora with a long apical spine on outer side; .middle femora with 2 apical spines ............................. 1. Tachycines. Hind tibiae dorsally with a few uniform spines. Femora without 2, Dolichopoda. spines or with very small spines apically ........

Keys to Species of Family Rhaphidophoridae

Apex of vertex with a pair of conical tubercles. Ventral surface of hind femora with a few small spines; dorsum of hind tibiae with 50-80 minute spines on each side. A number of species in the Far East and in tropical Asia. 1 introduced species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1.

Tachycines Ad.

2 species. 1 (1).

Brownish gray, with dark spots and silky sheen caused by very minute, densely standing hairs; legs with brown rings. Male genital plate without styles; female genital plate triangular, with apical notch. 13-18, ovipositor 11-14 (Figure 105, 1). In hothouses; sometimes harmful to plants........ .I’T. asynamorus Ad.

2. Dolichopoda Bol. Apex of vertex with a pair of blunt tubercles. Dorsum of hind tibiae with 25-30 marginal minute spines. About 15 species in Mediterranean countries; many inhabiting caves. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

1 (1).

Uniformly brownish yellow. Tubercles on frons separated by longitudinal groove, often black. Ovipositor not longer than middle femora, almost straight, only slightly curved dorsad and slightly narrowed at apex. 12-15. ovipositor 6-10. Black Sea coast of Caucasus; western Transcaucasia. In. caves and cellars D. euxina Sem.

.................... 2.

Family BRADYPORIDAE

Fore tibiae with slitlike apertures of tympanal organ. Head rounded convex; antennae ventral to eyes or at level of lower margin of eyes. Tegmina very short, often completely covered by pronotum; stridulatory organ present both in male and female; no wings. Body often large and thick. Mainly in dry regions of Eurasia and North Africa. 3 genera. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 genera.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Pronotum saddle-shaped, without lateral carinae. markedly elevated posteriorly (Figure 101,7). Tegmina slightly protruding from under pronotum, well developed ............. 1. Ephippiger.

254

BRADYPORIDAE

2 (1).

3 (4).

Pronotum not saddle-shaped, with prominent lateral carinae. Tegmina not protruding from under pronotum, completely covered or hardly visible. Body very large and thick. Lateral carinae of pronotum interrupted and with spines anteriorly. (Figure 101, 6). Hind tibiae dorsally with widely-separated minute spines. Tarsi ventrally with short, thick small spines ............................................ 2. Damalacantha. Lateral carinae of pronotum complete, without spines. Hind tibiae dorsally with densely standing, strong spines. Dorsum of abdomen with rows of oblong tubercles ........ 3. Bradyporus. ...........

4 (3).

Keys to Species of Family Bradyporidae Subfamily EPHIPPIGERINAE

Ephippiger Berth. Vertex anteriorly with well developed, acuteangled apex. Hind tibiae dorsally with a few, small spines, without outer spines at apex. A number of species, mainly in southern West Europe. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1.

1 (1).

2n

Posterior part of pronotum rugose. Middle of male anal plate narrowed; posterolateral angles of male anal plate protruding, pointed; male cerci with a small denticle near middle (Figure 101, 11). Ovipositor 2 to 2.5 times longer than pronotum. Color variable, occiput black. 19-30, ovipositor 19-25. Southwest. Forest clearings, forest borders, vineyards, on plants and on the ground; a minor pest ........................... *E. ephippiger Fbg. (vitium Serv.). ...............................

Subfamily DERACANTHINAE 2. Damalacajitha B.-Bien (Zichya auct.). Vertex without anterior process (fastigium); distance between antennae twice as long as 1st antennal segment. Posterior part of pronotum rugose; posterior margin of pronotum without strong denticles, notched or straight in female (Figure 101, 6). Deserts of Kazakhstan, western Mongolia and West China. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

Pronotum with a pair of black tubercles near posterior margin (Figure 101,6). Male cerci very short, thick, with apical spine, Ovipositor 1.5 times longer than hind femur, moderately curved, dorsad. 24-25, ovipositor 22-25. Deserts of Kazakhstan; possibly occurs in the west in the area between the Emba and the Ural rivers. Occurs on stony solonchak areas with scattered halophytes. Runs rapidly on the ground ......... D. vacca P.-W.

Subfamily BRADYPODINAE

Bradyporus Ch. Pronotum with sharp lateral carinae, with 4 longitudinal ridges in posterior part. Dorsum of abdomen with rows of oblong tubercles. Very thickset and large. About 9 species in countries around the Black Sea, reaching northern Iran. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species. 3.

255

1 (2).

2 (1).

Dorsally bronze-black, with yellow color, usually with a pair of longitudinal, yellow stripes on abdomen, rarely uniformly bronze-black, but with rudimentary longitudinal stripes along tergum I. Female genital plate broadly triangular, with little notched apex and a small denticle on the sides near the base (Figure 101, 9). Denticle of male cerci pointed, almost spinelike (Figure 101,8). 40-55, ovipositor 14-18. Virgin steppes of Ciscaucasia, formerly also in the Ukraine and in the steppes of the Center........................ B. multituberculatus F.-W. DorsaUy uniformly bronze-black, sometimes only with a pair of yellowish spots at anterior margin of abdominal tergum I. Female genital plate transverse, posteriorly narrowing, with distinct but shallow rounded notch apically, without denticle at the sides (Figure 101, 10), Male cerci with shorter denticle, almost rectangular at the apex. 45-53, ovipositor 15. Moldavia; southern Rumania ......................... B. montandoni Burr. 3-

Family TETTIGONIIDAE

Fore tibiae with slitlike or oval openings of tympanal organ. Antennae usually dorsal to level of ventral margin of eyes. Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened, rarely absent, female without stridulatory organ. Cerci thick, in male more complex than in female. A number of subfamilies, not separately dealt with in this key; some of them are sometimes considered as families. 32 genera. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 50 species.

Key to Genera 1 (18). Openings of tympanal organ on fore tibiae open, oval (Figure 102,1). 2 (17). Pore tibiae with delicate groove its whole length dorsally. ventrally without small spines or with weak spines. Male tegmina with

3(4).

4

(3).

5 (8).

6 (7).

stridulatory organ. Tegmina fully developed, wings long, reaching beyond tegmina (Figure 105, 2). Lateral lobes of pronotum with posterior shoulderlike notch (Figure 102, 2). .............. 1. Phaneroptera. Tegmina shortened, forming stridulatory organ in male, as long as or shorter than pronotum in female (Figure 102, 6); rudimentary tegmina sometimes completely covered by pronotum. Lateral lobes of pronotum without posterior shoulderlike notch. Ovipositor strongly compressed laterally, lamelliform, with straight or very finely serrated margins (Figure 102, 3). Fore tibiae 2 or 3 times longer than pronotum. Male cerci without conical process at base dorsally (Figure 102,4). Female genital plate triangular, not elongate (Figure 102, 10). .............................................. 2. Leptophyes. Male cerci with conical process at base dorsally (Figure 102, 5). Female genital plate oblong, sharply pointed, with narrow pointed apex (Figure 102, 9) ................... 3. Euconocercus. Ovipositor not lamelliform, strongly serrated apically (Figure 102, 8). Fore tibiae not more than 1.5 times longer than pronotum or shorter. .....

7 (6).

212

8 (5).

256

TETTIGONIIDAE

9 (16).

Fore femora as long as or longer than pronotum. Fore tibiae slender, markedly widened basally, narrower than. eyes in the middle. Fastigium not wider than 1st antennal segment. 10 (13). Transverse groove of pronotum in middle of pronotum or posterior to middle (Figure 102, 6). Rudimentary tegmina of female almost completely projecting from pronotum (Figure 102,6). Male tegmina completely free, with visible stridulatory organ. 11(12). Ventral margin of ovipositor curved (Figures 105,4; 108.1). Stridulatory organ of male with developed veins, sharply delimited by convex vein on the left side ...................... 4. Isophya.

2Phaneroptera falcaia: Ifore tibia (ttympanal opening); 2pronotum, lateral; punctaiissima, female, ovipositor; 4L. albovittata, male, right cercus; 5 Eu con o cercus caucasicus, same; 6 Isophya brunneri, female, pronoturn and tegmina; 7Poecilimon scythicus, female, pronotum; 8Barbit isles serricaudus, female, ovipositor; 9Euconocercus caucasicus, female; genital place, ventral: 10Leptophyes albovittata, 1,

3Leptophyes

12 (11). Ventral margin of ovipositor straight to the serrated part (Figures 102,8; 108,2). Male stridulatory organ with indistinct veins, not delimited on the left by well-marked, convex vein .............................................. 5, Barbitistes. 13 (10). Transverse groove anterior to middle of pronotum (Figure 10:L,7). Rudimentary female tegmina invisible or half-covered by pronotum. Stridulatory organ of male partly or completely covered by pronotum, 14 (15). Pronotum and tegmina of male and female dissimilar: female pronotum cylindrical (Figure 102, 7), that of male saddle shaped or posteriorly widened; female tegmina not inflated, invisible or slightly projecting from pronotum 6. Poecilimon. ......

.............

15 (14). Pronotum and visible part of male and female tegmina similar: pronotum strongly concave dorsally; tegmina partly projecting, inflated (Figure 102, 11) ............................ 7. Isoimon. Fore femora shorter than pronotum (Figure 110, 2). Fore tibiae 16 (9). thick, not widened at the base, not narrower than eyes in middle. 8. Polysarcus. Fastigium wider than 1st antennal segment Fore tibiae without dorsal groove, with 3-5 pairs of well-developed 17 (2). movable spines ventrally. Male tegmina without stridulatory 10. Meconema. organ 18 (1). Openings of tympanal organ on fore tibiae narrow, slitlike ........

........................................

(Figure 100,6). 19 (20). Fore tibiae with delicate dorsal groove its whole length. Eyes oblong-oval. Tegmina and wings as in Phaneroptera ............. ................................................. 9. Tyiopsis. 20 (19). Fore tibiae without dorsal longitudinal groove. Eyes rounded. 213 (22). Fore and middle femora with numerous strong ventral spines; hind femora long, slender, not saltatorial (Figure 111,3). Antennal sockets contiguous. Very large species, very elongate, almost or completely apterous ........................ 13. Saga. 22 (21). Fore and middle femora without ventral spines or with a few weak spines; hind femora much thickened basally, saltatorial. Antennal sockets separate. 23 (26). Fore tibiae without spines dorsally. Frons strongly slanting backwards (Figure 111, 1,2,4). 24 (25). Fastigium narrower and shorter than 1st antennal segment (Figure 103, 2), Hind femora ventrally without spines or with few weak spines ............................. 11. Conocephalus. 25 (24). Fastigium wider and longer than 1st antennal segment (Figure 103, 1). Hind femora ventrally with strong spines ..;...,.

^

.........................................

12. Homorocoryphus.

26 (23). Fore tibiae dorsally with 2-4 spines on the outside (Figure 100,6). Frons vertical or slightly slanting backwards. 27 (60). Ventral side of hind tibiae with 4 apical spurs; inner pair shorter (sometimes considerably shorter) than outer pair (Figure 103, 3). plantulae on ventral side of 1st segment of hind tarsi shorter than 1st segment (Figure 103, 6) or nearly absent. 28 (29). Fastigium much narrower than 1st antennal segment. Body green, tegmina without dark spots in middle. Tegmina and wings fully developed...................................... 14. Tettigonia. 29 (28). Fastigium wider than or as wide as, 1st antennal segment (Figure 104. 1); if slightly narrower than 1st antennal segment, body not green, Tegmina and wings fully developed or shortened to a varying extent. 30 (31). Inner side of hind tibiae with fewer and longer spines dorsally 214 than on outer side (Figure 103, 5). Pronotum dorsally with wellmarked transverse depression, wavy or serrated at posterior margin. Male tegmina strongly shortened, those of female rudimentary ................................... 15. Onconotus. 31 (30). Inner and outer spines on dorsal side of hind tibiae similar. Pronotum without dorsal transverse depression, its posterior margin smooth.

258

TETTIGONIIDAE

32 (39).

Fastigium not wider, or less than twice as wide as 1st antennal segment. 1st segment of hind tarsi ventrally with very short, sometimes little developed plantulae (Figure 103,6). Ovipositor ventrally curved.

FIGURE 103. and

Tettigonioidea. Family Tettigoniidae (after Bei-Bienko, Karabag, Tacbinskii, Chopard,

original) ephalus,

iryphus

.

!

end of hind tibia, ventral and base of tarsus (piplantulae); 4Rhacocleis gerlaxmanni, right hind tibia; 6Anadrymadusa retowskii,

; 5Onconotus

cercus, lateral; 8L

9Anadrymadusa

ithodusa daghestanica, last abdom retowskii, same; 10Paradryma’

.

.

33 (34). Tegmina and wings fully developed; wings smoky, dark. In male, cerci with 2 long denticles directed inwards (Figure 103,7); 16. Ceraeocercus. female cerci slightly curved inwards at apex. 34 (33). Tegmina much shorter than abdomen, in male forming stridulatory organ, in female rudimentary, sometimes almost covered

by pronotum. 35 (38). Frons with black stripe between eyes. Female tegmina not longer than pronotum and less developed than in male. 36 (37). Male cerci without denticle on inner side, straight or strongly curved. Last tergum of male abdomen often with (or without) pair of pointed processes posteriorly (Figure 103, 9). Female tegmina not covered by pronotum, not lateral. ................... 17. Anadrymadusa. ...........................................

259

37 (36). Male cerci with strong denticle on inner side (Figure 103, 10). Last abdominal tergum of male without pointed processes posteriorly. Female tegmina slightly projecting from pronotum or covered by it, often lateral .............. 18. Paradryroadusa. 38 (35). Frons without black stripe between eyes. Tegmina equally developed in both sexes, slightly longer than pronotum. End of male abdomen as in Figure 103, 8 .............. 19. Lithodusa. 39 (32). Fastigium 3 or 4 times wider than 1st antenna! segment (Figure 104, l); if only twice as wide, plantulae on 1st segment of hind tarsi well developed, almost half as long as 1st segment or longer (Figure 103, 3). 215 40 (41). Ovipositor slightly curved ventrad, obliquely slanting on dorsal side of apex (Figure 104, 8). Prothorax ventrally with 2 long, slender spines between forelegs. Pronotum without median carina...................................... 20. Gampsocleis. 41 (40). Ovipositor straight or curved dorsad (Figures 100,4; 114,7). Prothorax ventrally without spines. 42 (59). Pronotum at most 1.5 times longer than fore femora. Tegmina fully developed or shortened to a varying extent. 43 (46). Fore tibiae usually with 4 strong dorsal spines on the outside (Figure 100, 6). Large species; length of hind femora 28-43. Tegmina and wings developed, covering abdomen completely (Figure 99). 44 (45). Pronotum dorsally flat, with well-marked median carina (Figure 101,1). .................................. 21. Decticus.

FIGURE 104. Tettigonioidea. Subfamily Tettigoniinae (after Tarbinskii, Chopard and original) 1PlaEycleis affinis, head and pronotum, dorsal; 2Pholidoptera cineceii, pronotum of male, ’3orsal; 3ParapholidopEera noxia, same; 4Pholidoptera cinecea, fastigium, front view; 5 Pachytrachis gracilis, same: 6Sepiana sepium, end of female abdomen, ventral; 7Schizonotinus crassicercus. male, last abdominal tergum, dorsal; 8Garnpsotera cinerea, last

12Metrioptera

tergum and cerci of male. dorsal; 11Parapholidopiera bicolor, male. same.

oxia. male, sam

TETTIGONIIDAE

45 (46). 46 (43).

47 (52).

48 (49).

Pronotum dorsally convex, without a trace of a median longitudinal carina ................................. 22. Medecticus. Fore tibiae with only 3 (sometimes weak) dorsal spines on the outside. Smaller species (hind femora less than 28) or tegmina and wings much shortened. Pronotum with well-marked median carina in posterior part (Figure 104, 1). Tegmina fully developed or shortened; if shortened, female tegmina not lateral, i.e., contiguous on back, and projecting from pronotum; male tegmina with distinct longitudinal veins in apical part (Figure 101, 2). Tegmina fully developed or shortened, dark in middle, with distinct light spots on cross veins (Figure 104, 9). .............................................. 23. Platycleis. Tegmina usually shortened, not dark in middle and without light spots; cross veins almost of the same color as the rest of the tegmina. Lateral lobes of pronotum with very narrow border along the whole margin, posteriorly without shoulderlike notch. Last abdominal tergum of male only slightly notched in the middle with shallow, nonprojecting lobes. Abdominal sterna VI and VII of female with a pair of tubercles (Figure 104, 6) 24. Sepiana. Lateral lobes of pronotum with broad border along margin or without border, posteriorly often with a weak shoulderlike notch. Last abdominal tergum of male with deep median notch and triangular or pointed projecting lobes (Figure 104,12). Abdominal sterna VI and VII of female simple, without tubercle.s 25. Metrioptera. Pronotum without distinct median carina in posterior part, sometimes only with a weak, rudimentary carina (Figure 104, 2.3). Tegmina shortened, in female lateral (i.e., not contiguous on dorsum) or completely covered by pronotum; male tegmina with archedyction in apical part, sometimes also completely covered by pronotum. Fastigium with straight or slightly concave lateral margin in front view; if concave, fastigium wider than 1 st antennal segment at level of transverse groove (Figure 104, 4). Male cerci expanded basally, rarely cylindrical, always with denticle on inner side (Figure 104, 10,ll)t. Male abdomen normal dorsally; last tergum of male not straight posteriorly, at least with weak notch in the middle (Figure 104,10) or with a pair of denticles (Figure 104, 11). Female tegmina completely or almost completely covered by pronotum. Pronotum shorter, its posterior margin straight or slightly rounded (Figure 104, 2). Male tegmina projecting from pronotum. Last abdominal tergum of male posteriorly with small or moderately large notch, but without spines (Figure 104, 10) ................ ............................................ 26. Pholidoptera. Pronotum prolonged posteriorly, posterior margin rounded (Figure 104, 3). Male tegmina often completely covered by pronotum. Last abdominal tergum of male posteriorly with a pair of ventrally curved spines (Figure 104, 11) ........................................ 27. Parapholidoptera. ...............

49 (48).

50 (51).

.....

51 (50).

.,....,.,

52 (47).

53 (58).

54 (57).

55 (56).

56 (55).

..................

t

This denticle stands sometimes

very

near ihe base and

may be overlooked.

57 (54). Male abdomen dorsally with a soft median area at least anterior to apex; last tergum short and wide, with straight posterior margin {Figure 104, 7). Female tegmina half projecting from 28. Schizonotinus. pronotum, well marked on the outside 58 (53). Fastigium with concave lateral margins in front view, as wide as 1st antennal segment at level of transverse groove (Figure 104, 5). Male cerci slender, straight, not widened at the base, without 29. Pachytrachis. denticle on inner side 59 (42). Pronotum twice or 3 times longer than fore femora. Male tegmina shortened, with covered mirror; female tegmina 30. Psorodonotus. covered by pronotum, rudimentary 60 (27), Hind tibiae with only 2 apical spurs ventrally (Figure 103, 4). Plantulae of 1st segment of hind tarsi very long, almost as long as or as long as 1st segment of tarsus (Figure 103, 4). 216 61 (62). Fastigium very narrow ventrally in front view, not more than half as wide as 1st antennal segment at level of transverse groove. Hind femora with ventral spines. Ovipositor long, almost straight .............................................. 31. Rhacocleis. 62 (61). Fastigium very narrow ventrally in front view, about as wide as 1st antennal segment at level of transverse groove. Hind femora without spines ventrally. Ovipositor short, strongly curved dorsad .32. Miramiola. at an angle near the base. Very small species .........

........................

...........

.

.

.

Keys to Species of Family Tettigoniidae Subfamily PHANEROPTERINAE I. Phaneroptera Serv. Both openings of tympanal organ on fore tibiae open, oval. Tegmina fully developed; wings longer than tegmina. About 20 species in Asia and Africa; a few species in Europe. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species.

lTachycines asynamorus, female; 2Phaneroptera falcata, female; 3Leptophyes alboviicata, female; 4Isophya gracilis, female.

262

TETTIGONI1DAE

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Lateral lobes of pronotum not higher than long (Figure 102, 2). Male cerci widened before apex (Figure 106, 1,2). Dorsal margin of ovipositor curved dorsally at an obtuse angle (Figure 106, 4,5). Genital plate of male broad, expanded like a fish tail at apex; apex of cerci widened like a blade (Figure 106, 1). Base of ventral valve of ovipositor with sinuous dorsal margin (Figure 106, 5). 14-20 (Figure 105, 2). In the north to 52-53, in Asia to 51-5140’; not found in the Crimea. Forest borders; sometimes slightly injurious ................................... *Ph. falcata Poda. Male genital plate not widened at apex; cerci with hastate apex (Figure 106, 2). Dorsal margin of ventral valve of ovipositor straight at base (Figure 106, 4). 15-19. Southeast; South Kazakhstan, Soviet Central Asia; Rumania. .Ph. spinosa B.-Bien. Lateral lobes of pronotum much higher than long (Figure 106, 8). Apex of male cerci tapering to a point (Figure 106, 3). Dorsal margin of ovipositor curved dorsad. 12-18. Southern Ukraine, Moldavia, western Ciscaucasia, western Caucasus. On shrubs, in vineyards and orchards; vector of fruit rot ................... ...................... #Ph. nana Fieb. (quadripunctata Br.). .

4 (1).

217

2. Leptophyes Fieb. Tegmina very short. its margins more or less straight. 7 species in 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species. 1 (2).

Ovipositor lamelliform,

Europe and the Caucasus.

Tegmina short, partly covered by pronotum, in male shorter pronotum, in female not longer than third of pronotum. Male cerci almost straight, with black apical denticle (Figure 106,6). Ovipositor about 1.5 times longer than pronotum, dorsal margin straight posterior to base. 8-16 (Figure 105,3). Forest-steppe and steppe to the Ural River in the east............ ........................................... L. albovittata Koll. Tegmina completely free, in male slightly longer than pronotum, in female more than half as long as pronotum. Male cerci short, curved inwards posterior to middle (Figure 106, 7). Ovipositor twice as long as pronotum, with concave dorsal margin (Figure 102,3). 10-17. Center (?), possibly occurs in the Southwest.............................. .1^. punctatissima Bosc.

than

2(1).

3. Euconocercus E.-Bien. Very similar to Leptophyes andoften confused with it. 2 species in the Caucasus. 1 species, 1 (1).

Tegmina free, in male slightly longer than pronotum, in female rounded, not less than’half as long as pronotum. Male cerci as long as pronotum, almost straight. Ovipositor almost 3 times longer than pronotum. 15.5-18. Stavropol Plateau, the Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia (Figure 102, 5,9)

.....................

.......................................

Eu. caucasicus B.-Bien.

4. Isophya Br. Fore femora 1.5-2 times longer than pronotum. Male tegmina completely free, in female projecting from pronotum. Ovipositor strongly serrate. More than 50 species, mainly in southeastern Europe and the Caucasus. 15 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 20 species.

1 (4).

.

Male pronotum with a constriction, almost equally wide anteriorly and posteriorly (Figure 106, 11), strongly concave dorsally. Female tegmina more than half as long as pronotum (Figure 105,4). Ovipositor short, 6-7.5 (Figure 105,4). 2 (3). Male tegmina not more than 1.5 times longer than pronotum, in female shorter than pronotum. Male cerci more strongly curved inwards, with weak, hardly visible apical spine (Figure 107,4). 16.5-20, ovipositor 7-7.5 (Figure 105,4). Northern Caucasus, Injurious to trees and fruit trees. Occurs in 2 phases, gregarious and solitary (see below). .*!. gracilis Mir. a (b). Brilliant-black dorsally except tegmina, with light longitudinal stripe in middle of head; pronotum often with a light area (Figure 106,11). ............................... phasis gregaria. b (a). Almost or completely uniformly green phasis solitaria. 3 (2). Male tegmina twice as long as pronotum; female tegmina almost as long as pronotum. Male cerci slightly curved, with strong, inwards-curved terminal spine (Figure 107, 5). 13.5-17, ovipositor 6-6.5. Western Caucasus, Abkhazia, Svanetia. On shrubs and on forest borders. Occurs in 2 phases, gregarious and solitary, like the preceding species I. hemiptera B.-Bien. 4 (1). Male pronotum wider posteriorly than anteriorly (Figure 106,10), or dorsal side not concave, straight in profile. Female tegmina not longer than pronotum, often less than half as long as pronotum (Figure 102,6). Ovipositor 7.5-17. 5 (24). Hind femora ventrally without spines or with only 1 or 2 spines at apex. 6 (7), Ovipositor short, only 1.4-1.8 times longer than pronotum. Male tegmina much broader than pronotum, with sharp rightlateral angle (Figure 106, 10). Male cerci slender, curved apically (Figure 107,6). 16-24, ovipositor 7.5-10. Northeastern Caucasus, Transcaucasia. Injurious to grape vines, fruit trees and field crops, forest trees .*!. schneideri Br, 7 (6). Ovipositor twice or 3 times longer than pronotum. Male tegmina not broader or little broader than pronotum (Figures 106, 9; 107, 1). 8 (9). Posterior margin of pronotum notched also in female (Figure 107, 1,2). Female tegmina little projecting from pronotum, with slanting posterior margin, outer side of tegmina much shorter than inner side (Figure 107, 2). Male tegmina much shorter than pronotum (Figure 107, 1). 16.5-20, ovipositor 9-10. Donets Plateau ........................... I. doneciana B.-Bien. 9 (8). Posterior margin of pronotum straight or in male sometimes slightly concave (Figures 106,9; 107,3). Female tegmina with straight, sometimes rounded posterior margin, their outer margin not shorter than inner margin (Figure 102, 6). 10 (11). Male pronotum with straight dorsal margin, without constriction. Female tegmina not less than half as long as pronotum, with rounded posterior margin. Ventral side of hind femora with 2, rarely 1, subapical spines. Male cerci as in Figure 107,7. 23--28, ovipositor 14.5-16. Steppes of the Center, southeastern ..........

.....

........

Ukraine

...................................

I. rossica B.-Bien.

TETTIGONIIDAE

218 11 (10). Male pronotum with distinctly concave dorsal margin, sometimes saddle-shaped. Female tegmina with almost straight posterior margin, often less than half as long as pronotum. Hind femora usually without ventral spines. 12 (15). Posterior part of male pronotum with lateral shoulderlike process (Figure 107,3). Ovipositor 8.5-10. 13 (14). Male cerci with short point, their apical part curved inwards and markedly narrowed (Figure 107. 8). Male tegmina as long as pronotum. Fastigium narrow anteriorly, oblong-triangular. 18-22, ovipositor 8.5-10. Altai, Northeast Kazakhstan ............................................ I. altaica B.-Bien. ...........

a FIGURE 106.

^^-’w

Tenigonioide?. Subfamily Phaneropterinae (after Bei-Bienko).

14 (13). Male cerci rounded at apex, their apical part curved inwards and short, uniformly thick (Figure 107, 9). Male tegmina slightly shorter than pronotum. Fastigium with parallel sides. 18-26, ovipositor 8.5-9. Transcarpathian Ukraine;! mountains ..........

............................................ I. brevipennis Br. Male pronotum without shoulderlike process in posterior part (Figure 106, 9). Ovipositor 8.5-14. 16 (17). Anterior part of male tegmina much narrower than posterior part of pronotum; right margin of left legmen not reaching lateral margin of pronotum. Ovipositor 8.5-10, without pit 15 (12).

+

[Formerly Carpathian Ruthenia.]

ORTHOPTERA

Stridulatory vein and mirror of male tegmina not dark, 16-23. West, Southwest ....................... I, pyrenea Serv. 17 (16)’. Anterior part of male tegmina almost as broad, or broader than posterior part of pronotum (Figure 106. 9), Ovipositor at base.

11-14; if ovipositor shorter, a distinct deep pit at base above dorsal margin of ventral valve, 18 (19). Male tegmina as long as pronotum or slightly longer, mirror elongate, slightly darkened; anterior vein of mirror notlongerthan left lateral vein or shorter. Apical part of male cerci curved, almost cylindrical, slender, with rounded apex (Figure 107, 10). 21-29, ovipositor 10-11. Transcarpathian Ukraine. .............. ................................................ I. Stysi Ceich.

//.


I ;

Key to Families

1 (4). All tarsi with 2 claws. Labial palps 1- or 2-segmented. ; 2 (3). Antennae lying in lateral antennal fossae. Meso- and metathorax not fused. Abdomen with lateral intersegmental indentations or 1. Menoponidae (p. 389). processes. On birds and mammals 3 (2). Antennae lying in ventral antennal fossae. Meso- and metathorax fused. Lateral contour of pterothorax and abdomen not interrupted. On birds ........................... 2. Laemobothriidae (p. 393). 4 (I). Tarsi of middle, hind, and usually of forelegs with one claw. 3. Gyropidae (p. 394). Labial palps 1-segmented. On mammals .......

,

..

make preparations without treatment with KOH, the specimen is passed through alcohols of increasing concentration, xylene, or oil of cloves, and embedded in Canada balsam. For preparations treated with KOH. the specimen is kept in cold or hot 5-10’7o KOH. washed in water and then treated as above. Chiiinous parts of internal organs (e. g.. the pharyngeal sclerite. copulatory apparatus, eic.) are often

t To

visible in total preparations, particularly in KOH-ireated specimens.

|

MENOPONIDAE

1.

Family MENOPONIDAE

Labial palps 1- or 2-segmented. Antennae 4- or 5-segmented, lying in lateral antennal fossae at rest. Meso- and metathorax not fused. Tarsi with 2 claws. Abdomen with lateral intersegmental indentations or processes, with 5 or 6 pairs of spiracles. On birds and mammals. 26 genera.

Key to Genera

313

Abdomen with 6 pairs of spiracles. 2 (3). Gular plate trilobed (Figure 157,1). Head semilunar, with narrow preocular slits. Hind femora and abdominal sterna HI-V or VI covered with small groups of setae. Pleura II-VI with ventral wedge-shaped processes. On rails (Ralli), grebes (Colymbi), etc. ................................. 1. Pseudomenopon Mjob. 3 (2). Gular plate of different form or absent. 4 (11). Head with ventral processes. 5 (10). Head with a pair of postpalpal processes (Figure 155, 3). 6 (7). Pharyngeal sclerite flask-shaped. Abdominal pleurites with anterior apodemes. Head trilobed, with narrow preocular slits; 1 (50).

7 (6). 8 (9).

antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Last antennal segment cylindrical. Hind femora and several abdominal sterna covered with small groups of fine setae. On Galliformes (Rasores). ....... ............................................... 2. UchidaEw. On domestic fowl U. pallidulus Neum. Combination of characters different. Female genital plate with transverse band divided in the middle. Last abdominal segment of male with dorsal marginal band. Head trilobed, with narrow preocular slits; antennal fossae half covered ventrally. 2nd antennal segment with small appendage; last antennal segment ovoid. Hind femora and abdominal sterna III-V covered with distinct groups of fine setae. On Galliformes ....................................... 3. Eomenacanthus Uch. On turkeys and domestic fowls E. stramineus N. Different combination of characters. Head semilunar or trilobed, with preocular slits. 2nd antennal segment with well-developed appendage. Hind femora with groups of setae or not. Abdominal sterna with groups of setae or with spinelike setae at posterior margin, or with both forms of setae. Abdominal pleurites sometimes with ventral wedge-shaped processes. Infesting Galliformes, pigeons (Columbae), hoopoes (Upupidae), woodpeckers (Picariae), Passeres, etc. ............’.............. 4. Menacanthus Neum. M. cornutus Schom. On domestic fowl Head with a pair of gular processes. Lateral margins of head (anterior to eyes) with a row of minute setae (Figure 157, 2). Antennal fossae covered ventrally in greater part. Prothorax large, broad, almost as large as head. Hind femora and abdomen without ventral groups of setae. On Procellariiformes (Tubinares) ........................................ 5. Ancistrona Westw. Head without ventral processes. .......

9 (8).

10 (5).

11 (4).

MALLOPHAGA

12 (13).

First 2 antennal segments with large appendages (Figure 157,3). Eyes with 2 hemispherical lenses. Head triangular, with convex anterolateral margins, antennal fossae half-covered ventrally. All 3 thoracic segments well developed; prothorax with lateral lobes. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-V or VI with dense or sparse groups of fine setae. On Anseriformes and flamingos (Phoenicopterus) ........................... 6. Trinoton N. On domestic goose T. anserinum F.; on domestic duck

T.querquedulae L. 13 (12).

Combination of characters different. 14 (15). Sides of abdominal sternum II with a group of long, thick or spinelike setae (Figure 157,4). Head trilobed, anteriorly rounded trapezoidal, without preocular slits. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and middle abdominal sterna usually with groups of setae. Anterior abdominal terga (first or more) of female often modified. On woodpeckers and Passeriformes 7. Myrsidea Waters -.-........................-..... 15 (14). Abdominal sternum II without lateral groups of setae as in No. 14. 16 (21). Prosternum with whole or partly interrupted margin (Figure 157,5). Head without preocular slits. Prosternum with more than 2 median setae. 17 (20). Dorsal wall of antennal fossa with median transverse carina (Figure 157, 6). Prothorax with lateral processes. Hind femora and abdominal sterna V-VI or VII with dense groups of fine setae. 18 (19). Gular plate horseshoe-shaped (Figure 157, 7). Head much broader than long, with rounded postgenae. On swifts (Micropodes) 8. Eureum N. 19 (18), Gular plate of different shape. Head usually slightly broader than long, with angular postgenae. On swifts 9. Dennyus Neum. 20 (17). Dorsal wall of antennal fossa without median transverse carina. Prothorax without lateral processes. Hind femora and abdomen 314 without ventral groups of setae. Head much broader than long, with rounded postgenae. On Passeriformes ..................... -...----.-.............. 10. Machaerilaemus Har. 21 (16). Different combination of characters. 22 (27). Hind femora (Figure 157, 8) and abdominal segments (first or more) or only abdominal segments with ventral rows of short, thick setae. 23 (24). Last antennal segment with incomplete division into 2 parts (Figure 157, 9). Head almost semilunar, with narrow preocular slits. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Abdominal sterna III-IV of female and III-V of male with 2 or more rows of setae. Abdominal tergal plates sometimes with more strongly sclerotized lateral parts. On cuckoos (Cuculi) and diurnal birds of prey (Accipitres). ......................................... 11. Cuculiphilus Uch. 24 (23). Last antennal segment without traces of division. 25 (26). Large species (4-6). Prosternum with several median setae, Head almost semilunar, with narrow preocular slits; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Hind femora with rows or sparse groups of setae. Male tibiae with distal process. Abdominal .......

.......

................................................ .......

MENOPONIDAE

sternum III with 2 or more rows of setae; abdominal sternum IV with or without rows of setae. Adults and nymphs occur in the oral cavity of hosts in addition to plumage. On Steganopodes ........................................ 12. Piagetiella Neum. 26 (25). Small species. Prosternum usually with 2 median setae. Head trilobed or almost semilunar, with broad or narrow preocular slits, with angular or rounded postgenae. Abdominal sterna III and partly IV with 1-2 or more rows of setae. On Galliformes, pigeons, Anseriformes, Steganopodes, Ciconiiformes (Gressores), 315 diurnal birds of prey, Strigiformes, woodpeckers, Passeriformes, etc. .................................... 13. Colpocephalum N. On domestic goose C. pectiniventre Har. ......

FIGURE 157. Mallophaga.

Family Menoponidae (after Blagoveshchensk!! and original)

lateral row of setae of female; STrinoion querquedulae, lateral part of head, male (etwo-lensed eye, anantenna); 4Myrsidea aegithali, group of lateral spinelike seiae on abdominal sternum II of female: 5,7Eureum cimicoides, female; 5 pro£i:ernum;

6lateral part of head (tr~ transverse carina of dorsal wall of antennal fossa); 7 gular plate; 8,9Cuculiphilus fasciatus, female; 8ventral rows of seiae on hind femur: 9antenna; 10Holomenopon tadornae, prosternum of female; 11Heleonomus macilenms, female, chaetocaxy ofhinci tibia.

27 (22). Hind femora and abdomen without rows of setae. 28 (29). Head semicircular, with narrow preocular slits; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Last antennal segment capitate. Hind femora and abdomen without ventral groups of setae. On diurnal birds of prey ............................... 14. Nosopon Hopk.

MALLOPHAGA

29 (28). Combination of characters different. 30 (31). Posterior margin of prosternum serrated (Figure 157, 10). Head semilunar, without preocular slits; antennal fossae halfcovered ventrally. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-V, partly also III and VI with more or less distinct groups of setae. On Anseriformes .... 15. Holomenopon Eichl. 31 (30). Posterior margin of prosternum not serrated. 32 (35). Last antennal segment with traces of division into 2 or more parts. 33 (34). Prosternum with 2 median setae. Head semilunar with narrow or wide preocular slits. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-V or VI with sparse groups of setae. Pleurites of several abdominal segments with ventralwedge-shapedprocesses. On Ciconiiformes ........... ....................................... 16. Plegadiphilus Bedf. 34 (33). Prosternum with more than 2 setae. Head semilunar, with narrow preocular slits. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-V with sparse 17. Eucolpocephalum Bedf. groups of setae. On Ciconiiformes 35 (32). Last antenna! segment without traces of division. 36 (37). Head trilobed. Prosternum with 2 median setae; mesosternum with more than 2 median setae. Middle and hind tibiae with outer marginal and submarginal setae arranged in groups, not in rows (Figure 157,11). Hind femora and abdominal sternum IV with dense groups of fine setae. On cranes (Gruidae)................. .................................... 18. Gruimenopon Cl. et M. 37 (36). Different combination of characters. 38 (41). Head semilunar. 39 (40). With narrow preocular slits. Prosternum with denticle-shaped posterior process. Antennal fossae half-covered ventrally. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-VI with groups of setae. On Steganopodes ............. ........................................ 19. Eidmanniella Kel. 40 (39). Without preocular slits. Prosternum without denticle-shaped posterior process. Antennal fossae ventrally half-covered. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and middle abdominal segments with or without ventral groups of setae. Infesting Charadriiformes (Limicolae), gulls (Lari), auks (Alcae), 20. Austromenopon Bedf. Procellariiformes, etc. 41 (38). Head trilobed. 42 (45). Eye occupying almost the whole ocular pit. Postgenae rounded. 43 (44). Pleura very narrow, without setae at posterior margin. Head with or without narrow preocular slits. Antennae distinctly clavate; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Hind femora and abdominal sternum IV with dense groups of fine setae; sterna V-VI sometimes with sparse groups of 3-6 setae. Pleurites with apodemes. On Galliformes ..................... 21. Menopon N. On domestic fowl M. gallinae L. well developed, with a row of setae at posterior margin. Pleurites 44 (43). Head with narrow or broad preocular slits; antennae markedly clavate; antennal fossae half-covered ventrally. Hind femora and usually some of abdominal sterna III-VII with dense or sparse groups of setae. Pleurites with or without apodemes. On Galliformes ................................... 22. Amyrsidea Ew. .....

...............

LAEMOBOTHRIIDAE

45 (42). 46 (47).

Eye not occupying the whole ocular pit. Postgenae angular. Fore, middle and hind tibiae with a row of fine setae at outer margin (Figure 157, 11), Head with wide preocular slits. Last antennal segment oblong, cylindrical. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and abdominal sternum IV with dense groups of setae; abdominal sterna II-III, V-VIII with sparse groups of setae. On Gruiformes ................. 23. Heleonomus Ferris.

47 (46). Tibiae without row of setae. 48 (49). Prosternum with median perforation. Mesothorax with 4 anterodorsal setae close together in the middle. Head with narrow preocular slits, square or rounded postgenae; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Prosternum with 2 median setae. Hind femora and abdominal sterna IV-V (also III in part) with dense or sparse groups of fine setae. Abdominal pleurites II-IV sometimes with 316

ventral

wedge-shaped processes. On bee-eaters (Meropidae) and rollers (Coraciidae) ............. ................................... 24. Meromenopon Cl. et M. 49 (48). Different combination of characters. Head with wide preocular slits, square or rounded postgenae; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Prosternum with 2-4 median setae. Hind femora and abdominal sternum IV (also III and V in part) with dense or sparse groups of setae. On Charadriiformes, gulls, Procellariiformes ........................... 25. Actornithophilus Ferris. 50 (1). Abdomen with 5 pairs of spiracles. Head with distinct clypeal suture; antennal fossae partly covered ventrally. Head without lateral hooklike processes or ventral spines. 1st tarsal segment with distinct pulvilli. On rodents (Cavia, etc.) ................. ........................................ 26. Trimenopon Cum. On the common guinea pig T. hispidum Burm. 2.

Family LAEMOBOTHRIIDAE

Antennae lying in ventral antennal fossae. Meso- and metathorax fused. Tarsi with 2 claws. Lateral contours of pterothorax and abdomen not interrupted. On birds. 3 genera.

Key to Genera 1 (4). 2 (3).

-

3 (2).

4 (1).

Head with anterolateral bulges. Labrum without suckershaped lobes. Anterior margin of head truncate or convex, without rodlike setae. Copulatory apparatus without parameres. On birds of prey .................................... 1. Laemobothrion NAnterior margin of head concave, with several rodlike setae (Figure 158, 1). Copulatory apparatus with free parameres. On aquatic birds ....................... 2, Eulaemobothrion Ew. Head without anterolateral bulges. Labrum with 2 sucker-shaped lobes (Figure 156, 2) which usually project beyond lateral margins of head. Head without deep lateral notches. Body oblong. On 3. Ricinus Deg. Passeriformes, etc. ...........................

393

MALLOPHAGA

FIGURE 158. Mallophaga (after Blagoveshchenskn and original) nate, anterior part of head; 2Gyropus

ovalis, fema

leg (bf basal bifurcation of fern r, II2nd tarsal segment, elclaw); SOiidoecus heierographus, male, abdotninal egment IV (itpiniectergal plate); 4Rallicola fuli’

hind

anterolaieral setae (as) of abdominal sternum VIII;

5Ibidoecus bisigi macrocephalus. same; 7Neophilop same, male; 8~ Saemundssonia siernae. male, anterior part of head.

clypeus; 6Craspedorrhynchus

3.

Family GYROPIDAE

Mouthparts terminal. Maxillary palps 2- to 4-segmented; labial palps 1-segmented. Antermae 4-segmented. Antermal fossae lateral. Eyes rudimentary or absent. Postgenae horn-shaped. Tarsi with 1 claw; fore tarsi rarely with 2 claws. Middle and, usually, hind legs adapted to cling to hair. Abdomen with 5 or 6 pairs of spiracles. On rodents, Artiodactyla and primates. 3 genera.

Key to Genera 1(2).

2 (1).

Middle and, usually, hind femora with basal bifurcation; 2nd tarsal segment oblong (Figure 158, 2). Abdomen with 6 pairs of spiracles. Maxillary palps 4-segmented. All tarsi with one claw. Body broad. On rodents (Caviidae, etc.) and primates (Cebidae)...................................... 1. Gyropus N. On the common guinea pig. G. ovalis N. Middle and hind femora without basal bifurcation; tarsi with welldeveloped sucker-shaped pulvillus on 2nd segment and reduced

PHILOPTERIDAE

Abdomen with 5 pairs of spiracles. Maxillary palps 2-segmented. Prothorax without ventral processes. Middle and hind -tibiae similar. Body narrow, covered with fine setae. On rodents (Caviidae, etc.) ............................. 2. Gliricola Mjob. On the common guinea pig G. porcelli Schr. Prothorax with a pair of spinelike ventral processes. Middle and hind tibiae dissimilar. Body broad, covered with long setae. On nutria (Myocastor coypus),.......... 3. Pitrufquenia Mar. claw.

3 (4).

4 (3).

2.

Suborder

ISCHNOCERA

Maxillary palps absent. Antennae usually filiform, 3- or 5-segmented, often with distinct sexual dimorphism, markedly projecting at sides. Mesothorax and metathorax usually fused. On birds and mammals.

Key to Families 1 (2).

Tarsi with 2 claws.

mammals 2 (1).

Antennae 5-segmented.

............................

On birds and 1. Philopteridae

(p. 395).

Antennae 3- (?-5) segmented. On mammals .................................... 2. Trichodectidae (p.403).

Tarsi with 1 claw.

1.

.

.

Family PHILOPTERIDAE

Antennae 5-segmented, filiform or rarely slightly clavate, often showing strong sexual dimorphism. On birds and mammals (lemurs), 47 genera. Key to Genera 1 (6),

2 (3).

318

3 (2), 4 (5).

Head rounded anteriorly, with sclerotized band at anterior margin, angular posteriorly, with well-marked postgenal and occipital angles, usually broad (Figure 156, 1). Abdomen oval or almost rounded, with normally developed 1st segment. In body plumage. Antennae without sexual dimorphism. Eyes slightly convex or flat. Female genital plate laterally with submarginal or marginal spinules and thick setae, pieurites of abdominal segment VIII of female without setose pulvilliform processes. On Galliformes and pigeons .............................. 1. Goniocotes BurmOn domestic fowl G. gallinae Deg.; on domestic fowl and G. maculatus Tasch.; on domestic pigeon. G. compar N. turkeys Different combination of characters. Abdominal segment I larger than II. Cones without marked sexual dimorphism. Male abdomen without ventral appendage. Antennae usually showing marked sexual dimorphism; in male; 1st antennal segment enlarged, sometimes both 1st and 2nd segments with process, 3rd segment often with process, sometimes 4th and 5th segments markedly reduced or 3rd to 5th segments modified, so that the anterior part of the antennae seems curved-clavate. Abdominal sternum VII of female often with lateral denticle-shaped appendages; pieurites of abdominal segment VIII of female ventrally with

MALLOPHAGA

well-developed pulvilliform setose processes. Female genital plate usually without lateral spines at angles. End of male abdomen rounded; end of female abdomen bilobed. Galliformes, pigeons........................................ 2. Goniodes N. G. dissimilis N,, G. gigas Tasch., G. truncatus On domestic fowl Gb- On domestic pigeon G. piageti John. et Har. 5 (4). Abdominal segment I smaller than II. Cones showing sharp sexual dimorphism, with thin transparent appendage in. male. Abdominal segment VII of male with ventral fingerlike appendage. 1st antennal segment of male enlarged; 1st and 3rd antennal segments of male with appendage. En24

Claws of forelegs geniculate, right-angled. Multicellular glands of one type, with a central cell and a ring of peripheral cells. Setae on last abdominal segments up to 0.35 long. Yellowish white, 2-6; cysts brown, almost black. Ukraine. On Fe stuc a. Females appear in August ..................... N. festucae Arch.

6. Margarodes Quid. Habitus and biology as in Neomargarodes Green. In the U.S.S.R, 1 species. 1 (1).

Sides of metathorax and abdominal segments I-VII markedly projecting beyond outline of body; sclerotized and bearing an oblong group of thick conical spines; similar spines form

809

3 transverse rows on last abdominal terga, a transverse row on metathorax and on abdominal sterna I-VI, 7 pairs of ventral spiracles; anterior chamber of spiracles with 3-5 disk-shaped glands. Females appear in June. Southern Crimea. On roots of Gramineae ........................... M. roediterraneus Silv.

7. Porphyrophora Brandt. Habitus and biology as in Neomargarodes Green.2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 species. 1 (2).

2 (1).

Setae in middle of abdominal sterna I-VI, forming 1 or 2 transverse rows.: Length up to 2.0. Southern Crimea. On alfalfa ..... ............................................ P. minuta Borchs. Setae present on abdominal sterna I-VI and VIII, forming a transverse stripe on each sternum, occupying at least half length of sternum. Body 3-7, dark violet or dark red, covered with long brown hairs. Cyst yellowish. Tambov Region, Belorussia, Ukraine. On strawberry, Cerastium, Scleranthus, etc. Females appear in July. A useful insect from which carmine dye is obtained ................................. P. polonica L.

8. Marchalina Vayss. Oblong-oval, slightly convex. 11-segmented, normally developed. Monotypic genus.

1 (1).

Antennae

Lemon yellow, covered with white powdery wax; up to 7.5 long. Northern Caucasus. On flowers of fir, pine and spruce .......... ..-........:................................ ,M. hellenica Genn.

9. Gueriniella Fern. Oblong-oval, slightly convex. Antennae 11segmented. Legs long. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1 (1).

10.

3-8 long; covered with white powdery wax. Southern Crimea. On branches and stems of Pi staci a, olive, Genista> Chrysanthemum, etc. ...........................G. serratulae F.

Icerya Sign.

9- to 11-segmented. introduced species.

1(1).

:

Oval or short ovoid,

Legs long.

strongly convex. Antennae In the U.S.S.R. one

Tropical species.

:

Dorsum reddish brown, with numerous black hairs, white powdery wax arid thin hyaline filaments pointing in different directions. Ventral surface light orange. Up to 6.0. Ovisac markedly convex, distinctly grooved (Figure 268,1). Black Sea coast of Caucasus, also in hothouses. Polyphagous; a serious pest of some subtropical plants, particularly citrus; subject to quarantine ............................................*I. purchasi Mask. ........

|3. Family PSEUDOCOCCIDAE Female oval, oblong, rarely almost round, 0.5-12 long. Outer integument membranous; abdominal segmentation as a rule distinct. Covered with powdery wax (Figure 268,6), with wax plates (Figure 268.7) or covered by fluffy ovisac; sometimes lying on saucer-shaped feltlike ovisac (Figure 268,10). Antennae and legs normally developed, sometimes very small. Cocoon of male oblong, with parallel margins, white, compact,

810

PSEUD OCOCCIDAE

with isolated filaments pointing in all directions. On various plants; on aerial and subterranean organs of plants; some species injurious to hothouse and subtropical plants. Family consisting of more than 1000 species. 28 genera, 79 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. more than 150 species.

Key to Genera 1 (4), 2 (3).

625

Antennae reduced; legs absent or reduced. Anal ring situated in long anal tube; no cylindrical or diskshaped glands posterior to metathoracic spiracles (Figure 269,5)

.

.

............................................... 1. Antonina. Anal ring situated on surface of anal segment; a group of small 3 (2). cylindrical or disk-shaped glands situated posterior to metathoracic spiracles (Figure 269,6).............. 2. Chaetococcus. Antennae and legs normally developed. 4 (1). 5 (26). No spines or spinules on dorsum except those forming the ceraria. 6 (19). Ceraria absent. 7 (10). 3-celled glands absent. Posterior and anterior dorsal glandular organs absent. Anal 8 (9). ring with several very small pores (Figure 269,3).... 3. Rhodania. 9 (8). Posterior dorsal glandular organs present; anterior organs absent. Anal- ring with 1 or 2 rows of large pores ............... ............................................. 4. Metadenopus. 3-celled glands present, sometimes few. 10 (7). 11 (14). Claws with ventral denticle (Figure 267,8). 12 (13). Anterior dorsal glandular organs present ........ 5. Mirococcus. 13 (12). Anterior dorsal glandular organs absent ..... 6. Polystoroophora. 14 (11). Claws without ventral denticle (Figure 267, 12). 15 (18). 5-celled glands absent. 16 (17). Anal ring with oval pores; anal lobules with one apical seta and several hairs (Figure 269,8).................. 7. Mirococcopsis. 17 (16). Anal ring with oblong pores; anal lobes with 3 or more long setae (Figure 269,4) ................................... 8. Rhizoecus. 18 (15). 5-celled glands present ........................ 9. Antoninella. 19 (6). Ceraria (Figure 267,3) present. 20 (23). Not more than 17 pairs of ceraria; Cg always absent; mushroomshaped glands present (Figure 267, 16) or absent. 21 (22). Tubular glands short, almost disk-shaped; multicellular glands forming a stripe at margin of body; antennae 6-seginented ............................................ 10. Balanococcus. 22 (21). Tubular glands long; if the multicellular glands form a stripe at 11. Pseudococcus. margin of body, antennae 7- or 8-segmented 23 (20). 18 pairs of ceraria; Cg always present. 24 (25). Mushroom-shaped glands present ............... 12. Allococcus. 25 (24). Mushroom-shaped glands absent .............. 13. Planococcus. Dorsum with spines or spinules, or with both. 26 (5). 27 (52). Bottle-shaped glands absent. 28 ^-

FIGURE 282. Hemiptera. Family Corixidae and Notoneciidae (after 1Micronecta

S^

Vrublevskn.

18

V^

Poisson and Yaczewski)

meridionalis, male (alobe on abdominal lergum VIII, b,c parameres); 2-M.pusilla, male (same); 3-M. minutissima. male (a-lobe on abdominal tergam VIII, b,cparameres); 4M.poweri, male (alateral ligula on abdominal tergum V, b,cparameres); 5M. carpatica, male (alateral ligula on abdominal tergum V, b lobe on abdominal tergum VIII. c,d paramerea); 6M.wui alkani, male (alateral ligula on abdominal tergum V. b.cparameres); 7 M. griseola. male (same); 8M. anatolica, male (same); 9M. mesmini. male (same); 10-Anisops sardea, male; ll-Notonecta viridis, head and prothorax, lateral; 12N< viridis, male, paramere; 13N. maculata, same; 14N. gtauca, same; 15N-obliqua, same; 16,17 N. lute a: 16paramere of male; ngonapophysis of female; 18,19 N. reuten: 18paramere of mate; 19gonapophysis of female.

OCHTERIDAE, NAUCOtUDAE

27 (28).

Posterior margin of pronotum always distinctly convex. Posterior half of body narrowed; body wedge-shaped. Dark pattern of corium well marked. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male as in Figure 283, 4, a. Parameres of male as in Figure 283,

4, b,c....................................... M. poweri Dgl. Sc. 28 (27). Posterior margin of pronotum slightly convex. Parallel-sided to about 2/3 of length. Spots forming dark pattern of corium with diffuse margin. 29 (32). General color dark; pattern of hemelytra not prominent against dark background. 30 (31). Dark spots on corium fused, forming a transverse zigzag band. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male rhomboidal (Figure 283, 6,a). Parameres of male as in Figure 283,6,b,c). ......................................... M. wui alkani Hoberl. 31 (30). Dark spots on corium separate. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male crescent-shaped (Figure 283, 7,a). Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 7, b,c M. griseola Horv. 32 (29). General color light. Parameres of male narrow (Figure 283, 5.8). 33 (34). Spots on corium pale, little marked; if spots on corium are well marked, they are fused into a transverse zigzag band. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male rounded (Figure 283, 5,a). Parameres and lobe on abdominal tergum VIII of male as in M. carpatica Wrobl. Figure 283, 5, b,c,d 34 (33). Spots on corium pale, forming longitudinal stripes, separate. Lateral ligula on abdominal tergum V of male rhomboidal (Figure 283, 8,a). Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 8, b,c ........................................... M. anatolica Lindb. ....

................

........................

....

2.

Family OCHTERIDAE

Body broad, oval, slightly compressed. Eyes large, convex. A pair of well-developed ocelli present. Antennae 4-segmented, situated ventral to eyes, shorter than head. Proboscis 4-segmented, long, reaching base of abdomen. Membrane of hemelytra of Palearctic species with 7 cells. Fore and middle tarsi 2-segmented; hind tarsi 3-segmented. About 20 species. In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family Ochteridae 1.

1 (1).

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Ochterus Latr.

Transcaucasia, possibly occurs in the southern Crimea; Mediterranean countries, Africa, Southwest, South and Southeast Asia. On humid soil on banks of water bodies ............... .......................................... 0. marginatus Latr. 4-6.

3.

Family

NAUCORIDAE

Midlegs and especially hind legs oar-shaped, with dense natatorial hairs (Figure 276, 3); tarsi of mid- and hindlegs 2-segmented, with 2 claws. Predacious. Living in water, but hibernating on land in the European U.S.S.R. About 200 species, mainly tropical. Only 1 species recorded so far in the U.S.S.R.

HEMIPTERA

Key to Species of Family Naucoridae 1.

1 (1).

Ilyocoris Stal (Naucoris auct.,

nee Geoffr.).!

species.

12-15 (Figure 276, 3). A large part of the Palearctic Region; absent in the extreme North. In stagnant and calm water ......... .............................................. I. cimicoides L.

Family APHELOCHEIRIDAE

4.

Tarsi of all legs 2-segmented, with 2 claws. Often showing polymorphism in wings. Predacious. Living in rivers; able to breathe oxygen dissolved in the water, and therefore capable of remaining submerged without having to surface to renew the air supply. Several tens of species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 10 species. 678

Key to Species of Family Aphelocheiridae 1.

1(1).

Aphelocheirus Westw.

1 species.

8.5-10 (Figure 276, 4). Color variable, usually blackish, with brownish yellow head. Usually brachypterous; hemelytra reaching abdominal segment III (Figure 276, 4). Almost everywhere, except in the extreme North........................... A. aestivalis F. 5.

Family NOTONECTIDAE

Hemelytra without characteristic sculpture. Claws of hind tarsi reduced, setalike. Predacious. Living and hibernating in water. About 200 species, most of them tropical. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 genera of 2 subfamilies.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1)..

Commissure of hemelytra simple, without basal pit. Antennae 4-segmented. Fore and middle tarsi 3-segmented; hind tarsi 2-segmented. (Subfamily Notonectinae)........... 1. Notonecta. Commissure of hemelytra with basal pit covered with hairs (Figure 283, 10). Antennae 3-segmented. Tarsi of all legs 2-segmented; fore tarsi of male one-segmented, with 2 blunt rodlike claws. (Subfamily Anisopinae).............. 2. Anisops.

Keys to Species of Family Notonectidae Notonecta L. Relatively large insects; species dealt with in this key more than 10 long. Hemelytra dull, opaque. Hemelytra and hind wings always fully developed. 5 or 6 species. 1.

1 (8). 2 (3).

Scutellum black. Body oblong, about 3 times as long as broad. Lateral ridge of prothorax produced anteriorly, forming a sharp angle which is slightly curved ventrad near eye (Figure 283, 11).

Hemelytra with dark spots at lateral margin and at base of membrane. Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 12. 13-14. South; Western Europe and some localities in central Europe, especially along the seacoast. Mediterranean area, western and Soviet Central Asia N. viridis Dele. 3 (2). Lateral ridge of prothorax blunt anteriorly. 4 (5). Metanotum and large part of.dorsum of abdomen yellow. Hemelytra almost completely covered with dark spots. Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 13. 13-15. Western Europe and some localities in central Europe, Mediterranean area; probably occurs in the Southwest or South of ttie European U.S.S.R. ...... N. roaculata F. 5 (4). Metanotum and doraum of abdomen almost completely black. 6 (7). Hemelytra brownish yellow, usually with a row of dark spots at lateral margin. Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 14. 4-16 (Figure 276, 5). Everywhere, except in the extreme North; in a large part of the Palearctic Region ................ N. glauca L. t 7 (6). Hemelytra almost black, with 2 light stripes basally. Parameres of male as in Figure 283. 15. 15-17. South; Western Europe and some localities in central Europe, Mediterranean area .............................................. N. obliqua Gall. Scutellum yellow; melanistic specimens with partly or completely 8 (1). dark scutellum rarely occur. Body shorter and thicker, about 2.5 times as long as broad. 9 (10). Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 16. Posterior margin of abdominal sternum VII of female with rounded median tubercle; gonapophyses of abdominal segment VIII of female broad and blunt (Figure 283, 17). 13-15.75. Forest zone. in the East apparently reaching the Baikal region; northern and central Europe N.lutea Mull. Parameres of male as in Figure 283, 18. Posterior margin of 10 (9). abdominal sternum VII of female with well-marked angular median process; gonapophyses on abdominal segment VIII of female narrower and pointed (Figure 283, 19). 13-15. Forest zone; northern and central Europe, reaching Japan in the East.... ............................................. N. reuteri Hung. ........................

...........

................................................

679

2.

Anisops Spin.

Hemelytra shiny, semitransparent.

In the U.S.S.R.

1 species. 1 (1).

Frons of male with triangular process between eyes (Figure 283, 10); frons of female slightly convex. 7.5-8.5 (Figure 283, 10). Transcaucasia. Turkmenistan, recorded from the Crimea (this should be confirmed); the Mediterranean area, Africa, South and Southeast Asia .......... A. sardea H.-S. 6.

Family PLEIDAE

Hemelytra with dense sculpture consisting of minute polygonal pits, Hind wings normally rudimentary. All tarsi 3-segmented, with 2 claws. t Some authors think thai N. glauca L. and N. obliqua Gall. produce hybrids in southwestern Europe and in the Mediterranean area, which were described as N.glauca hybrida Poiss. This should be

Predacious. Living and hibernating in water in the European U.S.S.R. About 20 species known throughout the world. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Key to Species of Family Pleidae 1.

1 (1).

Plea Leach.

1 species.

2.5-3 (Figure 276, 6).

Everywhere, except in the North .......................................P.leachi McGr. et Kirk. 7.

..........

Family NEPIDAE

Mid- and hind legs with relatively little developed natatorial hairs. All tarsi one-segmented; fore tarsi without claws; mid- and hind tarsi with 2 claws. Antennae very short, 3-segmented, concealed in pits on ventral side of head, ventral to eyes. Membrane of hemelytra with network of veins forming numerous cells. Respiratory tube of larvae shorter and thicker than in adults. Predacious. Not swimming well, walking on the bottom or on aquatic plants; hibernating in water. About 150 species, mostly tropical; in the European U.S.S.R. 2 species of 2 subfamilies.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Body oblong-oval (Figure 276, 2). Head with eyes narrower than anterior margin of pronotum. Pronotum trapezoidal. Coxae of

forelegs short. (Subfamily Nepinae)................... 1. Nepa. Body very elongate (Figure 284, 1). Head with eyes broader than anterior margin of pronotum. Pronoturn long and narrow, its posterior part widened. Coxae of forelegs very elongate, rodlike (Figure 284,1). (Subfamily Ranatrinae).............. 2. Ranatra. Keys to Species of Family Nepidae

1.

Nepa L. About 10 species described, including

doubtful validity.

some species of In the whole

Mainly distributed in the Holarctic Region.

U.S.S.R. probably 2 or 3 species. 1 species. 1 (1).

18-22 (Figure 276, 2); respiratory tube shorter than body, 11.0. Everywhere, Siberia; Europe. .................... N, cinerea L.

2. Ranatra F. More than 100 species described, part of them of doubtful validity. Distributed in all zoogeographical regions. In the U.S.S.R. probably 3 species, 2 of them in the Far East. 1 (1).

30-35 (Figure 284, 1). Respiratory tube as long as body. Almost everywhere, Siberia; Europe; not occurring as far north as N. c ine rea L. ................................. R. linearis L. 8.

Family HEBRIDAE

Lower side of head with a groove in which the basal segment of the proboscis lies. All tarsi 2-segmented; 1st tarsal segment very short;

884

MESOVELIIDAE

claws at end of 2nd tarsal segment. Scutellum of macropterous forms free, not covered by laminate process of posterior margin of pronotum (Figure 276, 7). Clavus of hemelytra membranous; membrane without veins. Several dozen species. In the U.S.S.R. several species, belonging to one genus. Living on banks of water bodies, in marshes, in humid moss,

especially

in

peat bogs. Key to Species of Family Hebridae

680 1.

1 (2).

Hebrus Curt.

Possibly 5 species.

Membrane of hemelytra of macropterous form smoky-gray, with a large white lily-shaped spot and often with white margin. Hemelytra covered with short golden hairs. Brachypterous form not yet described. Head black; the whole pronotum rust-yellow. 2.0. Caucasus, possibly occurs in the Crimea and the Southeast...

H. liliimacula Horv. Membrane of hemelytra of macropterous forms smoky or brownish, usually with several small white spots, but not with a large lilyshaped spot. 1st antennal segment slightly longer than 2nd segment, only 1/5 longer than longitudinal diameter of eye. Clavus and corium of hemelytra of macropterous form usually whitish, with brown veins. Hemelytra bare. Hemelytra of brachypterous form reaching half length of abdomen. 1.7-1.8. Rumania, Yugoslavia; possibly occurs in the Southwest of the H. fulvinervis Horv. European U.S.S.R. or in the Crimea Clavus of hemelytra of macropterous form whitish; corium dark ..........................................

2 (1).

3 (6). 4 (5).

.........

5 (4).

6 (3). 7 (8).

8 (7).

brown, with brown veins; membrane brownish, sometimes with a small light spot in the middle. Head and at least anterior part of pronotum reddish brown. Hemelytra of brachypterous form reaching only abdominal tergum II. 1.6-1.7. Everywhere, but rare in the South; Europe ................... H. ruficeps Thorns. 1st antennal segment markedly longer than 2nd segment and at least twice as long as longitudinal diameter of eye. Hemelytra covered with delicate whitish hairs. Head and pronotum black or dark brown, sometimes partly reddish. 1.7-2 (Figure 276,7). Almost everywhere, except in the North; Europe, Mediterranean area .................... H. pusillus Fall. Hemelytra densely covered with golden hairs. 1.1-2. Caucasus; southern Europe, Hungary, Rumania, Mediterranean area ........ .............................................

9.

H. montanus Kol.

Family MESOVELIIDAE

Macropterous forms relatively rare, their hemelytra with hard corium with several well-developed veins, with membranous clavus and membrane without veins. Mainly on floating leaves of aquatic plants. About 30 species. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

HEMIPTERA

Key to Species of Family Mesoveliidae Mesovelia Muls.

1 widely distributed species.

.

3-3.5 (Figure 276,8). Everywhere, except in the extreme North, Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Europe. Mediterranean countries ............................................. M. furcata Muls. 10.

.

1. 1 (1).

.

Family HYDROMETRIDAE

Hemelytra of macropterous forms homogeneous, not divided into corium, clavus and membrane, with 2 longitudinal veins and several cross veins. On the surface of calm water, slowly moving or on floating leaves of aquatic plants or on banks of water bodies, on humid soil and moss. About 100 species, mostly belonging to the genus Hydroroetra Latr. Key to Species of Family Hydrometridae 1.

1 (2).

681

2 (1).

Hydrometra Latr. 2 species. Anteocular part of head at least twice as long as postocular part. Clypeus broad, bluntly rounded. Dorsum of abdomen dull- Hind femora of male reaching end of abdomen, those of female reaching middle of abdominal segment VII. Abdominal sterna VII and VIII of male with smallblack denticle atthe sides; abdominal tergum VIII of male convex in profile, its posterior margin forming a short point slightly directed ventrad (Figure 284, 2). Terminal point of abdomen of female longer (Figure 284, 3). 9-13 (Figure 277, 1). West, South, Caucasus, Siberia, Soviet Central Asia; Europe, rare in the North, Mediterranean area........... H. stagnorum L. Anteocular part of head less than twice as long as postocular

Clypeus triangular, pointed. Dorsum of abdomen shiny. Hind femora of male reaching middle of abdominal segment VII, those of female middle of abdominal segment VI. In male only abdominal sternum VII with small black denticles; abdominal tergum VIII straight in profile, its posterior margin forming a point directed slightly dorsad (Figure 284. 4). Terminal spine of abdomen of female shorter (Figure 284, 5). 7.5-9. Everywhere, except in the extreme North, Siberia; Europe ...................

part.

...........................................

11.

Family

H. gracilenta Horv.

VELIIDAE

Hemelytra of macropterous forms homogeneous, not divided into clavus, corium and membrane, with 3 or 4 longitudinal veins which form several cells. Apterous forms occur in the European U.S.S.R. more frequently than macropterous forms. On surface of water, on floating leaves of aquatic plants or along banks of water bodies, on humid soil, stones and moss. Predacious. About 200 species, mainly tropical; in the European U.S.S.R. 2 genera belonging to 2 subfamilies.

886

VELIIDAE

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Fore tarsi, one-segmented; middle and hind tarsi 2-segmented. 4th segment of antennae longest. -Length up to 2.25. (Subfamily Microveliinae) ................................. 1. Microvelia. Tarsi of all legs 3-segmented; first segment of antennae longest. Length not less than 5.5 (species in the European U.S.S.R.). (Subfamily Veliinae) ................................. 2. Velia.

2 (1).

Keys to Species Microvelia Westw. 3 species. 1.

of Family Veludae

Mainly on surface of calm water.

Possibly

A light transverse stripe parallel to anterior margin of pronotum (Figure 284, 6). Tibiae of male without spur-shaped terminal processes and without combs of densely standing, blunt, rodlike spinules. Abdominal tergum VII with shiny median spot; other abdominal terga dull, 1.4-1.8. Widely distributed in the European U.S.S.R,, Transcaucasia, very rare in Siberia, the Far East; almost throughout Europe ......... .......................................... M. reticulata Burm. Light transverse stripe parallel to anterior margin of pronotum entire, not interrupted in the middle (Figure 284, 7). Terga of last 3 or 4 abdominal segments shiny in the middle. Lateral connexivum of abdomen light, yellowish in greater part. Fore tibiae of male with spur-shaped terminal process and with a comb of about 50 spinules; a similar process and comb present at end of middle tibiae. 1.6-2. Western and southern Europe, Mediterranean area; probably also occurs in the south of the

1 (2).

which is interrupted in the middle

2 (1).

3 (4).

............................ M. pygmaea Duf. Lateral connexivum of abdomen black. In male only fore tibiae with spur-shaped process and with a comb of about 16 spinules; middle tibiae without process or crest. 1.7-2. Leningrad and Gorki regions. Southwest, rare in Kazakhstan, common in Siberia, the Far East; Western and central Europe .............. .......................................... M. umbricola Wr6bl.

European U.S.S.R.

4 (3).

Velia Latr. Rheophilous, occurring mainly Probably 4 species.

2. etc,

1 (4). 2 (3).

in streams, brooks,

Sides of meso- and metathorax black or dark brown, without light spots. Parameres of male without terminal denticle. Smaller species. Light part of body (especially venter of abdomen) yellowish. Dorsal outline of margin of body of female slightly convex in profile, apical corners of abdominal segment VII relatively short, projecting little beyond genital segment (Figure 284, 8). Lateral sclerite of endophallus of male with well-marked laminate process (Figure 284, 9).

6-7.4.

Widely distributed; almost throughout Europe

...............................................

887

............

V. saulii Tarn.

Larger species. Light parts of body (especially venter of abdomen) slightly darker, yellowish brown. Dorsal outline of margin of body of female almost horizontal in profile, apical corners of abdominal segment VII longer and usually pointing dorsad, projecting further beyong genital segment (Figure 284,10). Lateral sclerite of endophallus of male with gradually widening laminate process (Figure 284,11). 6.2-8.5 (Figure 267, 9). Almost throughout Europe; distribution in the European U.S.S.R. should be clarified .............................. V. caprai Tarn.

FIGURE 284. Hemiptera (after Wagner, Zimmerman, Macan, Poisson, Tamanini and Slichel) 1Ranaira

3female;

body,

linearis; 2,3 Hydrometra stagnorum, end of abdomen, lateral; 2male; gracilenta. same: 4male; 5female; 6Microvelia reticulaia, umbricola, same; 8,9Velia saulii: 8female, lateral; 9aedeagus

4,5 H.

dorsal; ’7M.

ofmale; 10.11-V. caprai: 10-female, lateral; 11-aedeagus; 12-V. affinis, male, aedeagus; 13-V. mancinii, same; 14-Gerris lateraUs, pleuron of picrthorax; 15-G. thoracicus, same; 16,17G. odontogasier, end of abdomen, lateral: 16male; n female.

4 (1).

Sides of meso- and metathorax with light brown or yellow spots; if they are completely dark, parameres of male with terminal denticle,

5 (6).

Lateral sclerite of endophallus of male with moderately thickened apical part (Figure 284,12). Abdominal tergum IX of female round or slightly oblong-elliptical. 6.9-9,1. Crimea, Ciscaucasia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan; Italy, Yugoslavia, eastern Mediterranean area. Southwest Asia ........................................... V. affinis Kol.

6 (5).

.Lateral sclerite of endophallus of male with markedly thickened apical part (Figure 284, 13). Abdominal tergum IX of female slightly transverse-elliptical. 6.75-8:9. Ciscaucasia; southeastern Europe, Asia Minor ................... V. mancinii Tarn.

12.

Family GERRIDAE

into clavus, corium and membrane, with 3 or 4 longitudinal veins which form several oblong cells (Figure 277,2). All tarsi 2-segmented. Predacious. Rapidly gliding over the surface of water on middle and hind legs, catching the prey with their forelegs. About 300 species, most of which are tropical, some of them in the open sea; in the European U.S.S.R. represented by 2 genera of the subfamily Gerrinae.

Hemelytra homogeneous, not divided

Key to Genera 1 (2).

1st antenna! segment shorter than 2nd and 3rd segments together. 1. Limnoporus. Antennae more than half as long as body 1st antennal segment longer than or equal to 2nd and 3rd segments together. Antennae less than half as long as body (Figure 277, 2). .................................................. 2. Gerris. .........

2 (1).

.

Keys to Species of Family

Gerridae

1. Limnoporus Stal. Hind femora longer than middle femora. Apical corners of abdominal segment VII with pointed spines, reaching end of abdominal segment VIII in male, almost reaching end of abdomeninfemale. Holarctic. 1 species. 1 (1).

Rust-colored in greater part. Only macropterous. 13-17. Almost everywhere; in a large part of the Palearctic Region...... ....................................... L. rufoscntellatus Latr.

2. Gerris F. Hind femora almost always shorter than middle femora or as long as them. Several dozen species known, 9 of which have been recorded from the European U.S.S.R.; 2 additional species possibly occur in this region. 1 (4). 2 (3).

3 (2).

Apical corners of abdominal segment VII with pointed spines. (Subgenus Aquarius Schell.). Lateral margin of pronotum usually with light stripe occupying a large part of its length. Points of apical corners of abdominal segment VII reaching end of abdomen in male, slightly beyond end of abdomen in female. Almost always macropterous. 12-16. Preferring lakes. Almost everywhere; in a large part of the Palearctic Region .......................... G. (A.) paludum P. Sides of pronotum without light stripe. Points of apical corners of abdominal segment VII not reaching end of abdomen in male and female. Almost always apterous. 13-17.5. Rheophilous. Widely distributed, almost throughout Europe, Mediterranean area. ....................................... G. (A.) najas Deg.

889

.

Apical corners of abdominal segment VII broadly triangular. (Subgenus Gerris F.). 5 (12). Posterior part of pronotum with rust-colored or yellowish spot in the middle. 6 (9). Light longitudinal stripe on sides of prothorax entire, not interrupted at level of prothoracic constriction (Figure 284, 14). Abdominal sternum VII of male with simple notch on posterior margin. 7 (8). Apical corners of abdominal segment VII shorter and broader. In male, abdominal segment IX wider than length of eye. 9-11. North and forest zone; northern and central Europe .............. ......................................... G. lateralis Schumm. 8 (7). Apical corners of abdominal segment VII longer, narrower and more pointed. Abdominal segment IX of male narrower than length of eye. 9.3-11.5. Southeastern Europe, Mediterranean area; distribution in the European U.S.S.R. should be clarified 4 (1),

....

G. asper Fieb. Light longitudinal stripe on sides of prothorax interrupted at level of prothoracic constriction (Figure 284, 15), Abdominal sternum VII of male with a double notch on posterior margin. 10 (11). Slightly smaller species. Body narrower, its sides almost parallel. Metathorax with distinct tubercle which bears the opening of the scent glands. Light stripe on sides of prothorax usually much reduced anteriorly, usually forming a short line or spot (Figure 284, 15). 10-11.5. Almost everywhere; distribution in Siberia and Soviet Central Asia should be clarified; almost .G. thoracicus Schumm. throughout Europe, Mediterranean area ...............................................

.

.

.

9 (6).

11 (10). Slightly larger species. Body spindle-shaped, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly, its broadest part at level of middle legs. Metathorax with distinct tubercle which bears the opening of the scent glands. Light stripe on sides of prothorax well marked also anteriorly. 11-14.6. South; distribution in other parts of the U.S.S.R. should be clarified; Western Europe, Mediterranean area, Mongolia .......................................... G. costai H.-S. 12 (5). Posterior part of pronotum black. 13 (14). Light longitudinal stripe on sides of prothorax present only anteriorly. 8-9. Described from Sweden; possibly occurs in the Northwest and North of the European U.S.S.R, ................... ........................................ G. sphagnetorum Gaun. 684 14 (13). Light longitudinal stripe on sides of prothorax either present only posteriorly or anteriorly and posteriorly. 15 (16). Light longitudinal stripe on sides of prothorax present only posteriorly. Metathorax with distinct tubercle bearing opening of scent glands. 10-13. Apparently slightly rheophilous. Central and southern Europe, eastern Mediterranean area; distribution in the European U.S.S.R- should be clarified ..................... .......................................... G. gibbifer Schumm. 16 (15). Light longitudinal stripe.on sides of prothorax present anteriorly and posteriorly, but interrupted at level of prothoracic constriction. Metathorax without tubercle bearing opening of scent glands.

17 (18). Abdominal sternum VII of male with 2 blunt processes obliquely directed anteriorly (Figure 284, 16). Abdominal sternum VIII of female with distinct transverse depression (Figure 284, 17). 7-9. Almost everywhere, but more rarely in the South, Siberia; northern and central Europe .................. G. odontogaster Zett. 18 (17). Abdominal sternum VII of male without processes. Abdominal sternum VIII of female rooflike, both halves forming a longitudinal ridge in the middle. 19 (20). Fore femora light, with black longitudinal stripes on outer and inner margin. Hind tibia and hind tarsus together little shorter than hind femur. Venter of abdomen of female often light. 8-10 (Figure 277, 2). Almost everywhere, Siberia; almost throughout Europe, Mediterranean area ..................... G. lacustris L. 20 (19). Fore femora black, with light basis. Hind tibiae and hind tarsi together markedly shorter than hind femur. Venter of abdomen of both sexes black. Smaller than the 2 preceding species. 6-8.5. Occurs mainly in large water bodies, in calm parts of rivers and lakes. Almost everywhere, Siberia; almost throughout Europe, Mediterranean area, Mongolia ...................... ........................................ G. argentatus Schumm. 13.

Family SALDIDAE (Acanthiidae)

Small species, flattened, oval. Color of species of the European U.S.S.R. black or black with white spots, rarely greater part of dorsum white. Eyes very large. Ocelli close together or contiguous. Antennae slender, 4segmented. Labrum broad, almost pentagonal. Proboscis 4-segmented, reaching middle or hind coxae; 1st and 2nd segments of proboscis very short; 3rd segment of proboscis very long. Hemelytra normal, with completely overlapping membranes, or membranes rudimentary and only slightly overlapping, or only touching; abdomen always covered. Femora not thickened. Genital segment of male not invaginated, with 2 symmetrical parameres at margin of genital opening; posterior margin of genital segment with 2 processes (parandria). Apex of abdomen of female with ovipositor, usually produced into small process. It is often difficult to distinguish between species; the following keys to genera should be used only to identify species included in this key. Along banks of water bodies (bare or overgrown with grass), also in various humid habitats and on humid soil. Predacious. Moving with quick, short leaps and flights, very active, usually difficult to see and to collect, Cosmopolitan; about 200 species. 7 genera, about 30 species. Inthe whole U.S.S.R. 7 genera, about 45 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2), 2 (1). 3 (4).

Membrane of hemelytra (Figure 285, 1) with 5 cells. (Subfamily Chiloxanthinae)............................... 1. Chiloxanthus. Membrane with 4 cells or membrane more or less shortened and its veins indistinct. (Subfamily Saldinae). Raised area in anterior part of pronotum markedly convex, reaching lateral margins. Lateral margins of pronotum more or less distinctly notched. Pronotum shining like a mirror, with long vertical hairs ............................ 4. Chartoscirta.

891

4 (3).

Raised area not reaching lateral margins of pronotum. All antennal segments (including 1st and 2nd segment) uniformly thick- Dorsum of body covered with long black vertical hairs; a few vertical hairs also on membrane ........... 3. Calacanthia. Antennae slender, at least 2nd antennal segment markedly thinner 6 (5). than 1st segment. Hemelytra covered with short adpressed hairs, rarely covered with vertical hairs. Membrane without hairs. 7 (8). Hemelytra in profile more or less distinctly punctate or at least coarsely rugose, but shiny. Head little broader than anterior margin of pronotum; eyes partly covering dorsal side of anterior corners of pronoi;um. 2.7-4.5 ..................... 5. Halosalda. 8 (7). Hemelytra smooth; if hemelytra more or less rugose or punctate, head much broader than anterior margin of pronotum, eyes projecting beyond anterior corners of pronotum and not covering them, and body usually longer than 4.7, 685 9 (10). Less than 3.0 long. Raised area of pronotum broader than base of scutellum ................................. 6. Micracanthia. 10 (9). Longer than 3.6, sometimes shorter, but if so, base of scutellum broader than raised area of pronoturo. 11 (12). Inner cell of membrane projecting anteriorly beyond next cell by 1/2 2/5 of its length, or not reaching posterior margin of next cell and also posterior margin of 3rd cell from inner margin (Figure 285, 2,3) .................................... 2. Salda. 12 (11). Inner cell of membrane projecting anteriorly beyond next cell by less than 1/3 of its length, posteriorly reaching or almost reaching posterior margin of next cell or reaching posterior margin of 3rd cell from inner margin (Figure 285, 4) ............... 7. Saldula. -

5 (6).

Keys to Species of Family Saldictae Subfamily CHILOXANTHINAE 1.

Chiloxanthus Reut.

2 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. about

5 species-

.

2 (1).

Lateral margins of pronotum usually with broad white border. Dorsum covered with long vertical black hairs; if covered with short adpressed black hairs (subspecies arcticus J. Sahib.), at least head and lateral margins of pronotum with long hairs. Hemelytra usually white or with many white spots. 4.7-6.1. North, salt lakes in Siberia.................... Ch. pilosus Fall. Lateral margins of pronotum black or narrowly whitish. Whole dorsum (including lateral margins of pronotum and head) covered with very short adpressed hairs (mainly silvery). Whole dorsum usually black, rarely with several light spots. 5.3-8.3. North. .

1 (2).

.

........................... Ch. stellatus Curt. (borealis Stal).

Subfamily SALDINAE 2. Salda F. 7 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 11 species; S. (s. str.) sahlbergi Reut. from Karelia not included.

1 (6).

2nd antennal segment with short adpressed hairs and several vertical hairs. Inner cell of membrane (Figure 285, 2) protruding anteriorly beyond next cell by 1/2 2/5 of its length (macropterous specimens are sometimes exceptional). Hemelytra completely black, corium rarely with 2 or 3 yellowish spots in a row. (Subgenus Said a F.). 2 (3). Dorsum dull or slightly shiny, with short adpressed golden hairs. Membrane, even in brachypterous forms, more or less transparent. 5.1-7. Except in the North. Usually on saline soils and in mountains ................................... S. littoralis L. Dorsum very shiny, pitch-black, bare or covered with very sparse 3 (2). and delicate pubescence. Membrane usually very short, leathery, pitch-black. 4 (5). Hemelytra smooth or covered with sparse scattered dots. 4.7-7. Northern part of forest zone. In marshes .......... S. morio Zett. 5 (4). Hemelytra, except outer part of corium, densely covered with fine dots or markedly rugose. 5.6-7.5. Forest zone, forestS. muelleri Gmel. steppe. Usually in marshes 2nd antennal segment only with very short adpressed hairs. 6 (1). Inner cell of membrane (Figure 285, 3) projecting less markedly anteriorly. Hemelytra with light spots, including 1 or 2 large spots on outer margin. (Subgenus Teloleuca Reut.). Outer margin of corium with light spot only posteriorly 7 (8). (Figure 285, 3). Femora usually dark brown. Lateral margins of pronotum dark ventrally. 4.7-6.3. Forest zone. Rare ........................................... S. (T.) pellucens F. Outer margin of corium with 2 large light spots anteriorly and 8 (7). posteriorly. Femora yellow, with dark spots. Lateral margins of pronotum yellow ventrally. 9 (10). Hemelytra not velvety, densely covered with short pubescence; outer part of corium with a usually irregular light spot anteriorly. Fore coxae completely whitish. 4.7-6. North .................. ...................................... S. (T.) bifasciata Thorns. 10 (9). Hemelytra velvety, covered with scattered pubescence; light anterior spot rectangular, contrasting with background. Fore coxae black, with white outer margin. 4.5-5.7. Caucasus ........................................ S. (T.) brancziki Reut. ..................

........

........

686

3.

1 (1).

Calacantbia Reut.

In the U.S.S.R.

1 species.

Black; anterior part of head, lateral margins of pronotum (in male, also dorsal side of 1st and 2nd antennal segments) white; hemelytra usually white, with black marbled pattern, rarely black in its greater part; legs whitish, with black spots. 4.5-6. North. Usually in stony tundra ................................ .C. trybomi J. Sahib, (alpicola J. Sahib.), t ....................

Chartoscirta Stal. Pronotum and scutellum very shiny. Pronotum markedly tapering anteriorly. Species in the European U.S.S.R. black, 4.

t The validity of the species C. alpicola described by R.H. Cobben (Notes on ihe Classification of Saldidae with a description of a new species from Spain. Zool. Meded., 36, 22, 1959: 303-316) has not been confirmed by the Study of extensive material from the U.S.S-R.

893

lateralmarginsofhemelytra, legs and apex of 1st antennal segment, whitish; posterior part of cerium usually with more or less distinct velvety black spot posteriorly- followed by a small white spot without pubescence.3 or 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R,. 4 or 5 species. The record of Ch. geminata Costa from the lower reaches of the Volga should be confirmed.

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

Hemelytra without long vertical hairs; eyes bare. Lateral margins of pronotum slightly concave; raised area on pronotum slightly shorter than posterior part of pronotum in the middle. 3.1-4.2. Except in the North ................... Ch. cincta H.-S. Hemelytra with long black vertical hairs; eyes covered with short pubescence. Lateral margins of pronotum markedly concave; raised area on pronotum slightly longer than posterior part of pronotum in the middle, or as long as this. 3rd and 4th antennal segments not thickened; 2nd antennal segment black or (subspecies longicorni s Jak.) at least partly light; 4th antennal segment often white (var. flori Dohrn). 3-4.5. Except in the North .................. Ch. elegantula Fall. 3rd and 4th antennal segments thickened, spindle-shaped, slightly thicker than other segments, always black; 2nd antennal segment Ch. cocksi Curt. always white. 3-4.2. Northwest, West, South .

5. 1 (1).

Halosalda Reut.

In

the

.

.

1 (2).

U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Shiny; dorsum and 2nd antennal segment covered with short adpressed hairs. Color very variable; lateral margins of pronotum and hemelytra, often larger part of hemelytra or whole hemelytra usually white, rarely whole dorsum black; legs and antennae whitish in greater part. 2.7-4.7. Coasts of the White and Baltic

seas.

South.

On solonetz soils ........... H. lateralis Fall.

.............................................

6.

Micracanthia Reut.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 or 3

species. 1 (1).

Dull, covered with short adpressed silvery hairs, black; lateral margins and membrane of hemelytra, 1st and 2nd antennal segments and legs whitish. 1.8-2.8. Northwest, Siberia. Usually in marshes. Rare ............................. M. fennica Reut,

7. Saldula V.D. (Acanthia auct.). 14 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 20 species. The following species are not included in the

key, as they are either rare or observations are unreliable: S. reuteri Jak.(Urals, Siberia), S.pilosella Thorns. (Ukraine), S.palustris Dgl. Sc. (p allidipenni s Reut.) (Karelia, lower reaches of the Volga) and S. fucicola J. Sahib. (North). 1 (2).

2 (1).

2nd antennal segment with at least 2 long vertical hairs near middle of inner margin (Figure 285, 5). Dorsum black; hemelytra with few and very small light spots; membrane light; transparent; legs yellow; tibiae black only at base and apex. 3.6-4.7. Widely distributed ........................... S. orthochila Fieb. 2nd antennal segment with only short adpressed hairs, rarely with short half-vertical hairs,

2nd, 3rd and 4th antenna! segments together 3-4 times as long as breadth of raised area of pronotum. Outer side of outer cell of membrane more or less distinctly bordered by vein which runs along outer margin of membrane or is separated from it by a pubescent space; this space is usually narrower than the vein. Shiny, black; relatively large species.

687

4 (5).

Femora usually black,

with light anterior margin. Whole dorsum covered with pubescence in addition to short adpressed black hairs and also with vertical hairs (in profile). Hemelytra completely black or with several very small light spots. 4.7-6. Widely distributed, but mainly occurring in the S. scotica Curt. North and in the Caucasus. Usually on shingle .

.

.

3 (6).

.

FIGURE 285. Hemjprera. Families Saldidae and Nabidae (after Cobben and original) 1Chiloxanthus

pilosus, hemelycron; 2Salda

litioralis, same; 3S.pellu

; 11-13 N. b re vis: 11genital segment of male, lateral (arrow indicating place which should be pressed to separate the paramere); 12apex of abdomen of male, ventral; 13same of female; mirmicoides, same; 16Stalia apterus. left paramere, lateral; 15Aptus da uric a, same; IT S. bo ops, same; 18 ~S. major, same; 19Halonabis sareptaniis, same; 20Aspilaspis viridis. same.

14Himacerus

5 (4).

6 (3).

Pronotum and scutellum without vertical hairs; hemelytra with only very short hairs. Corium often with light apical spot. sometimes also with spot near base, usually with several additional small light spots on cerium and clavus; rarely the whole hemelytra black. 4.3-5.9. Carpathians, Crimea. Caucasus. Usually on shingle .................................. S. variabilis H.-S. 2nd, 3rd and 4th antennal segments together not more than 2.5 times as long as breadth of raised area of pronotum. Outer cell of membrane usually not bordered by vein on the outside, nor separated from outer margin of membrane by space broader than vein and covered with short pubescence. Hemelytra with only short adpressed hairs. Femora usually light, with dark spots. Hemelytra of most species of variable color.

7 (14). Outer margin of fore tibiae with a black spot at the base, sometimes also with a black or brown stripe in the middle (Figure 285, 6,7); this line is rarely connected with the basal spot by a pale brown bridge. 8 (9). The whole or almost the whole margin of corium with a continuous light stripe (with rare exceptions in very dark specimens). Fore tibiae usually black only at the base (Figure 285, 6). If the hemelytra are not very dark, corium with 2 or 3 small, white, slightly pubescent, or bare spots. 3-4.7. Widely distributed

.....

..............................................

9 (8).

10 (11).

688 11 (10).

12 (13).

S. opacula Zett.

Light stripe on margin of corium interrupted or almost interrupted (with the exception of rare, light-colored specimens), or absent. Fore tibiae frequently with a dark median line (Figure 285, 7), rarely without such a line. Hemelytra without pubescent white spots or with only one spot (even in light-colored specimens). Ldteral margins of pronotum slightly convex. Base of clavus (its anterior part) rarely with a light spot; apex of clavus usually with a white spot. Corium usually with more or less developed light pattern of spots. 3,3-4.5 (Figure 287, 1). Everywhere; the commonest species ............................. S. saltatoria L. Lateral margins of pronotum almost straight. Base of clavus very often with a small light spot; apex of clavus usually with a light spot. Femora yellowish brown, with dark spots. Outer margin of corium usually with a light C-shaped spot in anterior half S.c-album Fieb. (Figure 285,4). 3.3-4.3. Widely distributed Femora black; apex and anterior margin of femora light. Outer margin of corium usually with a broad light band in anterior half. Smaller on the average: 2.6-3.8. Widely distributed. Usually on sandy shores ........................... S. melanoscela Fieb. Outer margin of fore tibiae with a black line from the base to beyond middle of fore tibiae, but usually not reaching apex (Figure 285, 8); this line rarely absent. Lateral margins of pronotum black. Corium shiny, with indistinct white pattern, often almost completely light. 3.4-4.9. Widely distributed, common on solonchak soils ........................................... S. pallipes F. Corium almost dull, with white contrasting pattern, often with light band in anterior half. 3.3-4.7. Widely distributed. Usually on sandbanks and shingle ................... S. arenicola Scholtz. Lateral margin of pronotum dorsally and ventrally yellowish in at least a very narrow strip. 3.5-4.5. Southeast ....

13 (12).

14 (7).

15 (18). 16 (17).

17 (16).

18 (15).

................

...........................................S. xanthochila Fieb14.

Family LEPTOPODIDAE

Closely resembling Saldidae.

Living in humid habitats, especially on riverbanks, under stones. Predacious. Adults hibernating. More common in fall and spring. World fauna consisting of 5 genera, 18 species.

896

DIPSOCORIDAE

1 genus, 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 genera, 6 species, mainly in Transcaucasia and Soviet Central Asia-

Key to Species of Family Leptopodidae

Leptopus Latr. Eyes

without long spines. Spines on forelegs pale, transparent. Dorsum covered with coarse vertical setae. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species. 1,

1 (1).

Eyes with short white setae. Whitish; greater part of head, pronotum and scutellum, spots on hemelytra and 1 or 2 rings at apex of middle and hind femora brownish black. 3.5-4. Southwest. Crimea. In humid habitats under stones .............. ...........................................

L. rnarmoratus Gz.

15. Family DIPSOCORIDAE (Cryptostemmatidae, Ceratocorabidae)

Very small and delicate brownish insects, often with polymorphism of wings. Living in moss and various humid habitats, apparently predacious. Adults appear in late summer and probably hibernate. A small family; most species tropical. 2 genera, 5 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 6species, most of them very rare. Key to Genera 1 (2).

Proboscis slender, reaching hind coxae or beyond them; 2nd segment of proboscis apically tapering. Cuneus not divided anteriorly. Genital segment of male symmetrical ...............

2 (1).

Proboscis thick, not reaching farther than middle coxae. Cuneus divided anteriorly by a distinct whitish suture. Genital segment of male asymmetrical........................ 2. Cryptostemma.

............................................

1. Ceratocombus.

Keys to Species of Family Dipsocoridae 1. Ceratocombus Sign. 2 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species. C. corticalis Reut. (Northwest) very rare.

1 (1).

689

2. Fieb.). 1 (2).

1.5-2.3 (Figure 287. 2). Forest zone. In humid habitats in moss, forest litter and in ant nests ................ C. coleoptratus Zett.

Cryptostemma H.-S. (Dipsocoris Halid., Pachycoleus In the U.S.S.R. 3 species. 1.8-2.8. Macropterous. Crimea, Caucasus. On riverbanks, C. alienum H.-S. among and under stones 0.8-1.4. Hemelytra usually not reaching beyond apex of abdomen .................-.."........ C. pusillimum J. Sahib, (Northwest), C. waltii Fieb. (rufescens J. Sahib.; Center). ........................

2 (1).

16.

Family NABIDAE

or medium-sized, with oblong, rarely oblong-oval body. Proboscis 4-segmented, 1st segment very short (Figure 277, 6). Ocelli present. Cuneus absent. Hemelytra often more or less shortened. Genital segment of male (Figure 285, 11,12) large, situated at apex of abdomen and only slightly invaginated into preceding segment; genital opening slitlike; parameres symmetrical or almost symmetrical, either on sides or on ventral side of genital segment. Aedeagus membranous, often with inner booklets. Outer genitalia of female forming ovipositor (Figure 285,13). Predacious, feeding on minute insects such as flies, aphids, cicadas, bugs and their larvae, etc. Some species are crepuscular or nocturnal, hiding under stones and plants during the day. Eggs laid in stems of plants. About 300 species in the family. 9 genera, 25 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 10 genera, about 40 species.

Large

Key to Genera 1 (4).

Fore tibiae with markedly thickened apex; fore femora short, strongly inflated and covered with denticles from middle to apex (Figure 285,9). Body very shiny. (Subfamily Prostemmatinae). 2 (3). Middle femora without denticles. Color of species of the European U.S.S.R. consisting of a mixture of black (sometimes with metallic sheen) and red ................................ 1, Prostemma. 3 (2). Middle femora with denticles. Color black-brown with yellow........ ........................................... 2. Alloeorhynchus. 4 (1). Fore tibiae gradually thickening toward apex; forefemorawithout denticles, usually long and little inflated (Figure 285,10). Body usually dull. (Subfamily Nabi’nae). 5 (10). Lateral connexivum of abdomen not separated from venter by a distinct depression. Abdominal sterna with a small shiny bare spot inside the spiracles. 6 (7). 1st antennal segment about as long as head; 2nd antennal segment markedly longer than pronotum. Posterior corners of abdominal segment VI rounded. Paramere (Figure 285,14) with 2 long pro3, Himacerus. + cesses, the longer bent at a right angle 7 (6). 1st antennal segment 1/2 2/3 as long as head; 2nd antennal shorter than corners segment of abdominal pronotum- Posterior segment VI usually not rounded. Parameres of different structure. 8 (9). Median part of pronotum (anterior part of pronotum) convex and raised in profile. Margins of head (but not of cervix’.) almost parallel posterior to eyes. Hind femora with 2 or 3 apical brown rings which are sometimes fused ...................... 4. Aptus. 9 (8). Median part of pronotum (anterior part) not raised above cervical ring and posterior part of pronotum in profile. Margins of head rounded or more or less converging posterior to eyes. Hind femora black or with distinct apical black ring 5. Stalia. Lateral connexivum of abdomen separated from venter by a sharp 10 (5). longitudinal depression. Abdominal sterna without shiny bare spots. -

..........

..........

t Genera 3-9 were formerly included in the genus Nabis

Lair.

11 (12). Body oblong-oval, 3.2-3.5 times as long as breadth of pro no turn posteriorly. Anterior corners of abdominal segments with black spot. Hind femora with brownish apex or with brown ring. Paran-iere (Figure 285, 19) very long and slender, with longitudinal groove, slightly curved apically ................... 6. Halonabis, 12 (11). Body not less than 4.5 times as long as breadth ofpronotum posteriorly. Lateral connexivum of abdomen uniformly light. Hind femora without brown spots at apex+- Parameres (Figures 285,20; 286, 1-12) in form of thin, usually semicircular plates (disks) on curved stalks. 13 (14). Scutellum uniformly light. Green or pale reddish, often with red pattern and dark spots. Paramere (Figure 285, 20) with very narrow disk; falcate ............................ 7. Aspilaspis. 690 14 (13). Scutellum black or with black longitudinal stripe; stripe rarely pale or indistinct. Color gray, yellowish, brownish, rarely reddish; if reddish, black stripe on Scutellum always distinct. Parameres not falcate. 15 (16). Anterior corners of scutellum with a bare, shiny, semicircular, flat area. Dorsum of abdomen with brown and yellow longitudinal stripes. 1st antennal segment about as long as head or longer. Hemelytra of brachypterous forms usually covering not more than half the abdomen; hemelytra of macropterous forms without 3 black dots onsuture of membrane and on vein of corium 8. Dolichonabis. 16 (15), Anterior corners of scutellum without bare shiny semicircular flat part. Dorsum of abdomen (except sides) uniformly black, rarely brown or yellowish. 1st antennal segment shorter than head. Hemelytra of brachypterous forms not shorter than abdomen or only slightly shorter; hemelytra of macropterous forms with a black dot on outer vein of corium and 2 black dots on suture of membrane (Figure 288, 5,6) .......................... 9. Nabis. ...

Keys to Species of Family Nabidae Subfamily PROSTEMMATINAE

Prostemma Lap. (Nabis auct., nee Latr.). Brachypterous, rarely macropterous. Hiding under stones and plants in dry open habitats during the day. 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 5 species. 1.

1 (4).

2 (3).

3 (2).

Pronotum uniformly black, often with metallic sheen. Fore femora expanded into a blunt angle in middle of inner margin. 8-10. Femora uniformly red. Pronotum very shiny, but usually without metallic sheen. Moldavia, southern Ukraine, Caucasus - .P. guttulaF. Middle and hind femora apically black. Pronotum with metallic green or blue sheen. South, except in the Southeast, Center ........................................... P. aeneicolle Stein. Posterior part ofpronotum or whole prono turn red. Inner margin of fore femora uniformly rounded. 6-7. South... P. sanguineum Rossi. ......

4 (1).

+

The rare species N. christophi Dohrn. (not included in the key) is an exception in respect of these

characters.

899

2. Alloeorhynchus Fieb. Usually brachypterous, with truncate hemelytra. Under stones andplantsinhotplaces. Inthe U.S.S.R. 1 species1 (1).

Brown-black; antennae, legs, anterior margin of pronotum, lateral margins of hemelytra and abdomen yellow. Parameres geniculate, right-angled. 3.6-5.2. South, except in the Southeast ......................................... A. flavipes Fieb.

Subfamily NABINAE 3.

Himacerus Wolff.

Usually brachypterous.

On trees and shrubs.

Eggs hibernating. Monotypic genus. 1 (1).

Chestnut brown; legs and antennae yellow, with brown spots and rings; anterior corners of abdominal segments yellow; anterior and posterior margins of pronotum and hemelytra dirty ocher. Paramere as in Figure 285, 14, 9.5-12. Except in the North and

Southeast ....................................... H. apterus F,

Aptus

Hahn. Usually brachypterous. Larvae antlike, black, with white spots on sides. 1 species. In the whole U.S.S.R,. 2 species.

4.

1 (1).

5. 1 (2).

2 (1). 3 (4).

691

4 (3).

Brown or blackish; legs and antennae yellowish, with brown variegation; anterior corners of abdominal segments yellow; pronotum dirty ocher, with black sides; hemelytra dirty yellowish. Paramere widened apically, with 3 hooklike processes (Figure 285. 15). 7.5-8.5. Central Belt, South ............ ........................................ A. mirmicoides Costa. Stalia Reut.

Genus consisting of 3 species, all of them very rare.

Black, only anterior corners of abdomen, antennae and part of legs yellowish. Hemelytra of brachypterous forms little longer than scutellum. Posterior margin of abdominal sternum II of male with 2 pointed denticles, Parameres almost wedge-shaped (Figure 285, 16); right paramere larger than left one. 9-11. Donets Basin, Dagestan, Ural Region........................... .............................. S. daurica Kir. (bihamata Kir.). Mainly light yellowish; pronotum with 3 black longitudinal stripes. Eyes slightly broader than space between them (in dorsal view). Brachypterous (hemelytra 3-4 times longer than scutellum) or macropterous. Posterior margin of abdominal sternum IV of male with 2 pointed denticles and a blunt process between them. Parameres almost wedge-shaped (Figure 285, 17), of equal size. 6.5-7.5, Forest zone ........................ S. boops Schiodte. Eye markedly narrower than space between eyes. Always macropterous. Posterior margin of abdominal sternum IV of male straight, without denticles. Parameres (Figure 285, 18) not wedge-shaped. 8-10. Crimea, Novorossiisk ................ .............................................. S. major Costa.

900

6.

1 (1).

Halonabis Reut.

7. Aspilaspis Stal. U.S.S.R. 1 species. 1 (1).

8.

Monotypic genus.

Dirty ocher dorsally; a black median longitudinal stripe on anterior part of pronotum and on scutellum. Hemelytra fully developed or slightly shortened. Paramere as in Figure 285.19. 6.7-9. On solonchak soils. Adults hibernating .................. ......................................... H. sareptanus Dohrn.

On Tamarix.

Adults hibernating.

In the

Always macropterous, green, sometimes pinkish or with red spots. Paramere as in Figure 285, 20. 6.5-7.5, Eastern Ciscaucasia, Southeast. ..... A. viridis Brulle (pallidus Fieb.). Dolichonabis Reut.

Brachypterous forms most common; body of abdomen of female more or less widened posteriorly. Eggs hibernating; adults appear in 2nd half of summer. Among grass and herbs, usually in humid biotopes. 4 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 male parallel-sided;

species.

2 (1).

3 (4).

4 (3).

5 (6).

.

.

Broader. Dorsum of abdomen black, with 2 narrow yellow stripes along the middle. Hemelytra of brachypterous forms at least 1/3 as long as abdomen, broadly rounded posteriorly; membranes partly overlapping. Disk of paramere (Figure 286,1) with flat denticle distal to middle. 8.5-10. Widely distributed, D. flavomarginatus Scholtz. but most common in the forest zone. Narrower. Dorsum of abdomen yellow, with 3 narrow black stripes; color of median stripe usually deeper. Abdomen of brachypterous forms 3.5-5 times longer than hemelytra; hemelytra of brachypterous forms truncate posteriorly, membranes very small, not overlapping. Paramere (Figure 286, 2-4) without flat .

1 (2).

denticle. Lateral connexivum broad, membranous, dorsaliy transparent. Head 2.5-2.8 times as long as space between eyes. Disk of paramere (Figure 286, 2) only slightly longer than stalk. 8-9. Most common in the forest zone (on humid meadows), rarer in the South ....................................... D. limbatus Dhlb. Longer and narrower. Lateral connexivum opaque, forming a narrow rim at margin of abdomen. Head 3.3-3.4 times as long as space between eyes. Disk of parameres 3 times as long as stalk. 9.5-12. Apex of paramere (Figure 286, 3) forming a long booklet. Northwest, West, Center, Carpathians. In marshes. Rare ............................................. D. lineatus Dhlb. Apex of paramere (Figure 286, 4) only slightly prolonged. Southern Ukraine (estuary of the Dnieper, Dzharylgach Island) ........................................... D. ponticus Kerzh. ...........

6

(5).

....

9. Nabis Latr. (Reduviolus Kby.). Dorsally grayish, sometimes yellowish, brownish or reddish; posterior part of head and anterior part of pronotum usually with a dark longitudinal line. Body elongate. Living on grass and herbs, rarely on trees. Preying on small insects (aphids,

cicadas, Miridae, etc.) including insect pests. Adults hibernating and 10 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 18 species; present throughout the year. the very rare species N. christophi Dohrn (Southeast, Soviet Central Asia) is not included,

1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

Body very narrow, 6.5-7 times longer than breadth of pronotum at base. Hemelytra shiny. Parameres very small (Figure 286,5). Aedeagus with 2 booklets, pointing in opposite directions. 9.5-10.5. Southern Crimea, Transcaucasia, Soviet Central Asia. Very rare ......................................... N. capsiformis Germ. Body 4.5-5 times longer than breadth of pronotum at base. Hemelytra more or less dull. Aedeagus without booklets, its outer side with a broad stripe of brown denticles. Paramere as in Figure 286, 6. Resembling N.brevis. 5.5-6,7- North, in the tundra and forest-tundra ............................................ N, inscriptus Kby. Inner side of aedeagus with 1 or 2 booklets. Not occurring in .....

4

(3).

5 (6).

the tundra. Disc of paramere elliptical, with subapical denticle, without upturned plate (so-called recurrent plate) (Figure 286, 7). Aedeagus with one booklet, Hemelytra always fully developed, markedly longer than abdomen, uniformly covered with dense and very short pubescence. Posterior lateral part of corium (Figure 288. 5) with more than 45 (usually 60-70) hairs (in addition to hairs on veins), without dots or with very small dots, with brown dots of equal size at base of hairs. 7-8, Except in the North. Preferring humid biotopes covered with weeds

...........

.................................................. N. ferus L. Disk of paramere forming a broad or narrow segment, without apical denticle, with recurrent plate (Figure 286, 8-12). Hemelytra either normal (in this case hemelytra reaching markedly beyond apex of abdomen, membrane broader than corium, with 2 or 3 closed cells), or hemelytra slightly shortened (in this case reaching only little beyond apex of abdomen or not reaching beyond it, membrane narrower than corium, usually without closed cells, wings strongly reduced). Posterior lateral part of corium (Figure 288, 6) with less than 45 hairs (usually with 20-30); brown spots of unequal size usually present at base of hairs of N. p s e u doferus, N.feroides, N.brevis. 7 (8). Disk of paramere almost twice as long as broad (Figure 286, 8). Aedeagus with 2 booklets of almost equal shape and size (Figure 288, 1). Always macropterous. 7-8. Except in the North. Usually in dry habitats N. feroides Rem. 8 (7). Disk of paramere broad, almost as long as broad (Figure 286, 9-12). Aedeagus with 1 or 2 booklets which differ markedly in size and shape (Figure 288, 2-4). 9 (10). Stalk half as long as paramere (Figure 286, 9). Hemelytra usually shortened. Color grayish, yellowish or brownish. Outer side of fore femora (especially of northern specimens) often, but not always, with dark brown transverse lines usually fused into continuous brown-black spot. Aedeagus with one booklet. 5.5-6.7. Northern part of the forest zone, Caucasus N. brevis Scholtz. 6 (5).

-

692

.................

.....

902

10 (9).

Stalk less than half as long as paramere (Figure 286,10-12). Fore femora at most with light brown separate transverse lines.

FIGURE 286,

Hemipiera. Family Nabidae (original)

lDoIichonabis flavomarginacus, left paramere, lateral; 2 D. limbatus, same; capsiformis. same: 3-D. lineaius, same; 4D. ponticus, same; 5Nabis N. in script us, same; 7 N- ferns, same; 8N. feroides. same (ddisk of paramere, 6 ststalk, rp recurrent plate. 1 length of disk. In breadth of disk); 9N.brevis, same (Igi-height of stalk); 10-N. pseudoferus, same; 11-N. ericeiorum, same; 12-N.rugosus, same; 13N. brevis, left paramere, ventral; 14N.pseudoferus, same;

11 (14).

693 12(13).

Ventral margin of disk of paramere (according to position on body) only slightly thickened basally (Figure 286, 14,15), with a blunt denticle (Figure 286, 10,11); anterior margin of disk of paramere and posterior margin of stalk more or less in a line (Figure 286, 10,11). Aedeagus of species in the European U.S.S.R. with one booklet (Figure 288.2). Recurrent plate of paramere broader at apex; anterior margin of disk ventral to recurrent plate with a small semicircular plate (Figure 28G, 10,14). Almost always macropterous in the European U.S.S.R.; color grayish yellow or brownish. 6,5-8. Central Belt,

South .....................................N. pseudoferus Rem. 13 (12). Recurrent plate of paramere less widened apically; anterior margin of disk without semicircular plate (Figure 286, 11,15). Hemelytra usually shortened. Color dirty red- 6-6.5. Leningrad, Novgorod and Bryansk regions. On moors ...................... ........................................ N. ericetorum Scholtz,

14 (11). Ventral margin of disk of paramere with a marked bulge (in ventral view; Figure 286, 16), not forming a denticle (in profile; Figure. 286, 12). Anterior margin of disk and posterior margin of stalk of paramere on almost parallel, slightly diverging lines (Figure 286, 12). Aedeagus with 2 booklets of different shape (Figure 288, 3,4). Hemelytra more or less shortened, usually dirty buff-yellow. Usually in deciduous forests. 15 (16). Disk of paramere markedly widened at base (Figure 286. 16). Dorsal booklet of aedeagus larger than ventral booklet (Figure 288,3). 6.4-7. Central Belt, South, except in the N. rugosus L. Crimea, the Caucasus and the steppe 16 (15). Disk of paramere less thickened basally. Dorsal booklet of aedeagus smaller than ventral booklet (Figure 288, 4). 5.7-6.9. Southern Crimea (subspecies tauricus Kerzh.). Caucasus ....................................... N. meridionalis Kerzh. ..............

......

17.

Family MICROPHYSIDAE (Loriculidae)

Very small (1-2.5), brown or reddish anteriorly. Head and pronotum as in Anthocoridae; proboscis 4-segmented, curved. Male elongate; hemelytra always normal; ocelli well developed; resembling small Anthocoridae, but hemelytra delicate, transparent; the female differs markedly from the male, its hemelytra are leathery, shortened, without membrane; abdomen markedly widened in the middle or posteriorly, ocelli absent. Predacious, feeding on ticks, springtails, etc. In litter, moss, on branches and stems of old trees, in ant nests, etc. Family consisting of about 30 species.2 genera, 6 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 7 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

2 (1).

Proboscis slender, reaching

beyond fore coxae, almost reaching beyond middle coxae. Anterior margin of pronotum of male half as long as posterior margin; cervical ring lying completely anterior to anterior corners of pronotum. 2nd antennal segment usually longer than 4th segment .................... 1. Loricula. Proboscis thick and short, not reaching beyond fore coxae. Pronotum of male less narrow anteriorly; cervical ring lying completely between anterior corners of pronotum. 2nd antennal segment not longer than 4th segment............. 2, Myrmedobia. Keys to Species of Family Microphysidae

Loricula Curt. (Microphysa Westw.). In the U.S.S.R. 3 species. L. ruficeps Reut. and L. bipunctata Perr. occurring only in the Crimea. 1.

1 (1).

Male: dark brown, with lighter hemelytra. Female: body brown; dorsum of abdomen black; head and pronotum usually partly reddish; hemelytra dirty yellow, more than twice as long as scutellum, covering half to 2/3 of length of abdomen; abdomen

MICROPHYSIDAE

FIGURE 287. Hemiptera (after Jensen-Haamp and Stichel) 1Saldula

7male,

saltatoria;

2 Ceratocombus

8 female; 9Isometopus

coleoptratus; 3Nabis

intrusus.

ferus; 4Anaiho-

markedly widened posteriorly, its posterior margin almost truncate. Male 1.8-2.5, female 1.5-1.7. On bark of trees under lichen ........................... ’L. pselaphifornns Curt. 2. Myrmedobia Bar, 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. 4 species; M, angusticollis Reut. only in the Crimea and M. coleoptrata Fall. in Moscow and TranscaucasiaAlmost uniformly brown. Hemelytra of female little longer than scutellum, covering only 1/6 1/10 of length of abdomen; abdomen rounded and widened. Male 1.9-2.2, female 1.3-1.6 (Figure 287, 7,8). Leningrad Region to the southern Ukraine. In moss; adults sometimes occur in ant nests, on conifers and in grass during the harvest....................................... M. tenella Zett. -

1 (1).

695

18.

Family ANTHOCOKIDAE

Small or very small, more or less flattened, oval or elongate. Head prolonged anteriorly, truncate. Proboscis 3-segmented. Hemelytra divided into clavus, cerium, cuneus, embolium and membrane. Membrane shiny, usually with indistinct veins, without distinct closed cells. Hemelytra of only a few species shortened. Predacious, feeding on aphids, ticks., mealy bugs, thrips, small caterpillars, larvae of beetles, etc., often useful (exterminating pests). Usually on flowers, in litter, on bark or under bark of trees, in galls of aphids, rolled leaves, etc. Usually hibernating as adults. Family consisting of about 250 species. 13 genera, about 40 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 55 species.

Key to Genera 1 (10). 3rd and 4th antennal segments slender, thinner than 1st and 2nd segments, covered with "’.ong sparse vertical hairs (Figure 288,7); 2nd antennal segment not spindle-shaped. (Subfamily Xylocorinae). (3). 2 Anterior margin of fore femora with fine denticles. Hind femora markedly thickened and flattened, similar to fore femora, 2.5-3 times as broad as middle femora ............... 1. Scoloposcelis. Fore femora without denticles. Hind femora slightly thickened, 3 (2). at most 1.5-2 times as broad as middle femora. 4 (5). Pronotum with distinct longitudinal median groove ............... .............................................. 2. Dufouriellus. 5 (4). Pronotum without such a groove. 6 (7). Head 1.5 times as broad as long; anteocular part of head slightly shorter than eye. Proboscis thick, reaching only anterior margin of fore coxae. Whole dorsum of body covered with dense and not

7 (6).

696 8 (9).

very short hairs .............................. 3. Brachysteles. Head elongate; if head transverse, then usually only slightly so; anteocular part of head longer than an eye or as long as an eye. Proboscis slender, reaching at least posterior margin of fore coxae. Dorsum of body bare or covered with short pubescence. Whole surface of hemelytra uniformly covered finely and densely punctate. Apex of abdomen only with very short pubescence ............................................... 5. Lyctocoris. ......

906

ANTHOCORIDAH )

(8).

Hemelytra not punctate, or clavus and corium Sparsely punctate; embolium and cuneus without punctation or with indistinct punctation. Apex of abdomen with long separate hairs ... 4. Xylocoris.

FIGURE 288. Hemiptera. Family Nabidae ant! Anthocoridae (after Wagner, Reman and original)

feroides. penis and booklets of penis (ventral); 2 N. pseudoferus, same; 3N. rugosus, same; 4N. meridional! s, same; 5 N. ferus, postero lateral pan of corium; 6 -N. pseud 7 Lye , same; dacica, same; 9Anthocoris nemorum, head and pronotum; 10TetraphIeps bicuspis, same; 11Orius niger, pronoEum; 120. minutus, same; 13 0. majuscullis, same; 14O.niger, left paramere, dorsal (flflagellumi pr process); 15O.horvathi, same; 0, 16 minutus, same, 170. majusculus, same. 1Nabis

11 (24).

12 (13). 13 (12). 14 (19).

3rd and 4th antennal segments about as thick as 1st and 2nd segments, covered with more or less short adpressed, rarely vertical hairs; if the 3rd and 4th antennal segments are much thinner than the 2nd segment, this is markedly thickened and spindle-shaped. (Subfamily Anthocorinae), Cervical ring of pro no turn (Figure 288, 9,10) well developed, completely or partly protruding anteriorly beyond anterior corners of pronotum. (Tribe Anthocorini). 2nd antennal segment markedly spindle-shaped (Figure 288, 8). ........................................... 6. Montandoniella. 2nd antennal segment not thickened or slightly thickened. Distance between hind coxae not less than breadth of coxa. Head usually markedly elongate; eyes distant from anterior .

10 (1).

..

corners of pronotum. 15(18). Clavus, cuneus, posterior part of corium and embolium black, grayish black or dark brown; base of corium and embolium whitish or with a whitish spot. Lateral margin of cervical ring and other part of pronotum forming a concave corner. Hemelytra

often shortened.

.

16 (17). Proboscis not reaching beyond fore coxae. Pronotum usually rust-brown ..................................... 7. Ectemnus. 17 (16). Proboscis reaching middle coxae. Pronotum usually black ....... ............................................ 8. Temnostethus. 18 (15). Clavus, whole corium and embolium of uniform color, whitish or chocolate brown. Lateral margin of pronotum straight. Hemelytra

always fully developed ......................... 9. Elatophilus. 19 (14). Hind coxae contiguous or distance between them less than breadth of coxa. Head usually less elongate; eyes touching anterior corners of pronotum or close to them. 20 (23), Proboscis at most slightly projecting beyond fore coxae, its 1st segment not reaching beyond antennal sockets. 21 (22). Cervical ring lying completely anterior to anterior corners of pronotum (Figure 288, 9). Hemelytra not punctate or slightly punctate; posterior part of hemelytra usually darker or with dark spots .................................... 10. Anthocoris. 22 (21). Cervical ring only half protruding beyond anterior corners of

pronotum (Figure 288, 10). Hemelytra densely and delicately 11. Tetraphleps. punctate, uniformly black or brown 23 (20). Proboscis reaching middle coxae; 1st segment of proboscis reaching slightly beyond anterior margin of eyes. Hemelytra uniformly colored ........................... 12. Acompocoris. 24 (11). Cervical ring of pronotum not very distinct, scarcely projecting beyond anterior corners of pronotum (Figure 288, 11-13). (Tribe .............

Oriini) ....;..........................,............13. Orius.

Keys to Species of Family Anthocoridae Subfamily XYLOCORINAE 1. Scoloposcelis Fieb. Shiny, not pubescent, usually black or blackish brown. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (2).

2 (1).

2.

1 (1).

697

3.

1 (1).

elongate. Body

Hemelytra brown or blackish brown. Tibiae and tarsi dark brown. 2.7-3.5. Forest zone. Under bark of deciduous trees ............ ............................................ S. obscurella Zett. Hemelytra whitish in greater part. Tibiae and tarsi light yellow. 3-3.8. Forest zone. In galleries of bark beetles in conifers ...... ............................................. S. pulchella Zett. Dufouriellus Kirk.

Monotypic genus.

Black, shiny, more or less elongate. Proboscis not reaching beyond fore coxae. Hemelytra not pubescent. 2-2.4. South, except in the Southeast. Under bark of deciduous trees ........... .................................................. D. ater Duf.

Erachysteles Muls. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species. Almost round, completely dark brown, legs yellow. 1.6-1.8. Crimea. Rare ........................... B. parvicornis Costa.

4. Xylocoris Duf. (Pie 20 stethu s Fieb.). Body dark brown or black; hemelytra often completely or partly light. 8 species. In the

ANTHOCORIDAE

whole U.S.S.R. 9 species; X.ciliatus Jak. (South) not included, apparently identical with X. formicetorum Boh. 1

(12). Hemelytra not punctate. (Subgenus Xylocoris Duf.). Hemelytra truncate, without membrane, covering 1/2 1/3 of length of abdomen. (4). Hemelytra and tibiae black or black-brown. 1.3-1.7. South. X, thomsoni Reut. In the steppe under plants (3). Hemelytra and tibiae light brown. 1.5-2.3. Except in the North. Usually under bark of trees ................... X. cursitans Reut. (2). Hemelytra fully developed, with membrane, covering the whole, or greater part, of abdomen. (9). Hemelytra completely, or in their greater part, brown; at least en-ibolium markedly darker than cerium. (8). Clavus and corium slightly shiny, usually completely light. 2.2-2.5. Except in the North. MacrOpterous; rare ........................................... X. cursitans Reut. (7). Hemelytra uniformly very shiny; clavus usually dark brown 1.7-2.5. Carpathians, Crimea, Caucasus. Under bark of trees ............................................ X. obliquus Costa.

3

-

2 (5).

....................

4

5 6

7

.

.

8

.

..............

9 (6). 10 (11).

Hemelytra uniformly colored or cuneus whitish or yellowish. 2.2-3. Except in the North. Often in manure or other decaying matter .................................... X. galactinus Fieb. 11 (10). 1.5-1.8. Forest zone. In nests of Formica rufa............. 12 (1).

......................................... X. formicetorum Boh. Clavus and corium with distinct but sparse punctation. (Subgenus Stic to syne chia Reut.), Dark brown; hemelytra except cuneus, legs and antennae yellow; dorsum covered with short yellow hairs. Hemelytra fully developed but often not covering apex of abdomen. 2.6-4. Except in the North ........... X. (S.) lativentris J. Sahib.

5. Lyctocoris Hahn. In the U.S.S.R. 1 species; 1 or 2 further species probably occur in the U.S.S.R. 1 (1).

Oval, dark brown; hemelytra except cuneus, legs and antennae yellowish; dorsum of body covered with very short golden hairs, 3-4.5. Except in the North. Under bark, in burrows, buildings, etc. ....................................... L. campestris Fall. Subfamily ANTHOCORINAE Tribe ANTHOCORINI

6.

1 (1).

Montandoniella Put.

Monotypic genus.

Elongate, tapering anteriorly.

Black; anterior part of corium, part of membrane, tibiae, tarsi and 3rd antennal segment white. 2,5-3. South, except in the Southeast............... ............................................... M. dacica Put. anterior

7. 1 (1).

Ecteronus

Fieb.

1 species.

In the whole U.S.S.R. 2 species.

Shape of body as in M. dacica. Black; pronotum and sometimes posterior part of head rust-colored; hemelytra brownish,

sometimes shortened; base of corium, tibiae and tarsi, large part of 2nd antennal segment and the whole 3rd antennal segment whitish. 2.2-2.7. Moldavia, Caucasus, Southeast ............... ............................................ E. reduvinus H.-S.

8. Temnostethus Fieb. Elongate oval, slightly tapering anteriorly. Black; tibiae, tarsi and a spot at base of corium and embolium whitish, On bark of deciduous trees. Usually feeding on scale insects. In the U.S.S.R. 2 species.

1 (2).

Antennae completely black. Always macropterous. 2.7-3.2. T. pusillus H.-S. Western Ukraine, Crimea Whole 2nd antennal segment or its greater part light yellow. Hemelytra usually markedly shortened. 2-3. Forest and foreststeppe, Crimea, Caucasus .................... T. gracilis Horv. ......................

2 (1).

9.

Elatophilus Reut.

Oblong-oval.

Black or black-brown; tibiae,

tarsi and sometimes part of 2nd antennal segment light. On pine trees. In the U.S.S.R. 2 or 3 species, (E. pint Bar. (Ukraine?) not included).

1 (2).

2 (1).

Hemelytra whitish, only outer margin of cuneus dark brown. Whole membrane light or posterior part of membrane slightly darker. 3.2-3.7. Forest zone. Rare .......E. stigmatellus Zett. Hemelytra uniformly chocolate-brown. Posterior half of hemelytra markedly darkened. 3.5-3.7. Southern Crimea .............. ......................................... E. pachycnemis Horv.

10. Anthocoris Fall. More or less oblong-oval. Body black or dark brown; hemelytra whitish to brown; membrane usually with dark pattern; tibiae often light; femora sometimes also light. 8 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. up to 15 species.

Antennae not longer than head and pronotum together; 2nd antennal segment not longer than breadth of head. At least clavus and anterior part of corium dull. (In this and the following brackets the hemelytra should be compared for shininess with the pronotum (which is shiny)). Lateral margins of pronotum bare or with only very short hairs. 2nd antennal segment often partly light. Hemelytra covered with very short pubescence, usually brown or partly black-brown. Inner corner of cuneus dull. Only outer part of posterior half of embolium shiny. Slender. 3.1-4. Forest zone, rarely in .A. confusus Reut. the Crimea and Caucasus. On deciduous trees Whole cuneus and at least posterior half of embolium shiny.

3 (4).

,

4 (3). 5 (8). 6 (7).

.

1 (12).

2 (11).

Whole corium dull. Pronotum and usually head black. 3.2-4.2. West, South except A. nemoralis F. in the Southeast. On deciduous trees Head and at least anterior part of pronotum rust-brown. Smaller: 7 (6). 2.6-3.2. Crimea, On Viscum album ........... A. visci Dgl. Posterior part of corium (about 1/3 1/5 of its area) shiny. 8 (5). 9 (10). Head and at least anterior part of pronotum more or less rustbrown. 3rd antennal segment 2/3 as long as 4th segment. 2.6-3.7. South, except in the Southeast. On ash .......... A. minki Dohrn. ............

-

698

ANTHOCORIDAE

10 (9).

Head and pronotum black. 3rd antennal segment almost as long as 4th segment. Larger: 4-4.6, Except in the North. On elms (in galls of the aphid Schizoneura ulmi)

....................

.........................................

A. gaUarumulmi Deg.

Whole hemelytra (including clavus) shiny, whitish yellow; cuneus and often a spot in posterior part of corium and clavus blackish brown. Hairs on lateral margin of pronotum longer than breadth of eye. Dorsum of body densely covered with vertical hairs. Head, pronotum, and the whole antennae black. 3.5-4.3. Except in the North- On herbs and grasses and trees A. pilosus Jak. Antennae markedly longer than head and pronotum together; 2nd 12 (1). antennal segment much longer than breadth of head. Hemelytra completely shiny, of the same color as in A. pilosus. Lateral margins of pronotum without long hairs; dorsum of body covered with very short pubescence. 2nd antennal segment usually light, at least partly. 13 (14). Pronotum completely black. 3.5-4.3. (Figure 287,4). Forest zone, Caucasus. On trees; common ............ A. nemorum L. 14 (13). Posterior half of pronotum yellowish. 3-3.5. Forest zone. Usually on willow ............................ A. limbatus Fieb. 11 (2).

.....

11. Tetraphleps Fieb. Genus consisting of 2 species, but T. aterr i m u s J. Sahib. (Siberia, forest zone of the European U.S.S.R.) differing little from T.bicuspis, possibly synonymous with this. 1 (1).

Dorsum completely shiny, covered with very short pubescence. Uniformly black; hemelytra and legs sometimes dark brown. 3.5-4. Forest zone. On fir and larch .......... T. bicuspis H.-S.

12.

Acompocoris Reut. Oval or oblong-oval; dorsum shiny, with very Hemelytra delicately punctate. Body black. On coni-

short pubescence. fers. 2 species.

1 (2).

699

2 (1).

In the whole U.S.S.R. 3 species.

Hemelytra dark brown or black. Antennae black; 2nd antennal segment sometimes dark brown in the middle; 3rd and 4th antennal segments of equal length. 3.3-3.6. Forest zone, Crimea, Caucasus............................. A. alpinus Reut. Hemelytra yellowish or light brown. Middle of 2nd antennal segment (sometimes whole 2nd antennal segment) and sometimes also base of 3rd antennal segment, yellowish. 3rd antennal segment slightly longer than 4th segment. 3-3.5. Forest zone .......

............................................

A. pygmaeus Fall.

Tribe ORIINI 13. Orius Wolff (Triphleps Fieb.). Small oval species; shiny; black or dark brown; hemelytra, antennae and at least fore tibiae often lighter, brownish or yellowish. On flowers and leaves of various plants, preying on thrips, aphids, ticks, small caterpillars, etc. Difficult to identify. The species composition and distribution of the species in the U.S.S.R. (including the European U.S.S.R.) should be revised. For identification see also: E. Wagner. Die europaischen Arten der Gattung Orius At least 9 species. In the whole Wff. Notulae Ent.. 32, 1952: 22-59.

-

U.S.S.R. at least 13 species. The following species are not included; 0. (0.) laevi gatus Fieb. (South, rare), 0.(H.)pallidicornisReut. (Crimea), 0, (H.) laticolli s Reut. (Estonia, Crimea), 0. (H.) sibi ri cus E.Wgn, (Southeast) and 0. (Dimorphella) agilis PI. (Baltic Region, rare). 1 (2).

2 (1).

3 (4).

Anterior and posterior corners of pronotum (Figure 288, 11) with one vertical seta which is as long as the breadth of an eye. (Subgenus Orius Wolff). Left paramere as in Figure 288, 14. 1.5-2. Everywhere, except in the North .......... 0. niger Wolff. Corners of pronotum with only short hairs which are as long as the other hairs. (Subgenus Heterorius E.Wgn.).

Left paramere with long process (Figure 288, 15). Middle and hind tibiae and all femora usually black or dark brown. 1.9-2.2. Central Belt, South 0. (H,) horvathi Reut. Left paramere with short process (Figure 288, 16.17). All tibiae light yellow, rarely only hind tibiae blackish at the base. Flagellum of left paramere long (Figure 288, 16). Pronotum with slightly convex lateral margins and rounded anterior corners .......................

4 (3).

5 (6).

(Figure 288,12). 6 (5).

2.1-2.5 (Figure 287,5).

Everywhere, except

in the North ................................. 0. (H.) minutus L. Left paramere massive; flagellum of left paramere shorter (Figure 288, 17). Pronotum with straight lateral margins; anterior corners of pronotum not rounded (Figure 288, 13). Larger: 2.7-3, South ................... 0. (H.) majusculus Reut.

19.

Family CIMICIDAE

Round or oval. flattened. Hemelytra always very short. Blood-sucking parasites of warm-blooded animals. About 30-40 species in the family. 2 genera, 3 species. In the whole U.S.S.R, 3 genera, 4 species.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

Hemelytra reddish brown. Scutellum 2-3 times as broad as long. Body covered with short, thick and dense brownish hairs ..........

2 (1).

Heroelytra dirty yellow. Scutellum 4-5 times as broad as long. Body covered with long. slender, sparse whitish hairs ...........

...................................................

................................................

1. Cimex,

2. Oeciacus.

Keys to Species of Family Cimicidae 1. 1 (2).

Cimex L.

Reddish brown.

In the U-S.S.R. 2 species.

Lateral margin of pronotum flattened, lighter, broad (especially anteriorly, where it is almost twice as broad as an eye). Anterior margin of pronotum deeply concave. Posterior margin of hemelytra almost truncate. 4.3-6.5. (Figure 287, 6). Everywhere, Parasite of man, domestic fowl, pigeons, sometimes of bats and rodents ............ *C. lectularius L. (columbarius Jen.).

ISOMETOPIDAE. MIRIDAE 2 (I).

2. 1 (1).

Lateral margin of pronotum flattened, as broad as an eye. Anterior margin of pronotum usually less deeply concave. Posterior margin of hemelytra distinctly rounded. 3.6-6.5. Central Belt. Parasite of bats ................ C. pipistrelli Jen.

In the U.S.S.R. 1 species.

Oeciacus Stal.

Yellowish to brown. 2.6-4. Almost everywhere. In nests of swallows, swifts, sparrows, etc. ............ Oe. hirundinis

20.

700

Jen.

Family ISOMETOPIDAE

Resembling small Saldidae superficially. Head vertical, flattened anteriorly (Figure 289, 1,2). Ocelli present. Scutellum large, reaching beyond middle of abdomen. Membrane with one, not always distinct, cell. Resembling Miridae in other characters, and sometimes included in the Miridae as a subfamily. In the U.S.S.R. 1 genus.

Key to Species of Family Isometopidae Isometopus Fieb. Round, flattened, densely punctate, covered with very short pubescence. Living on bark and under bark of old oaks, fruit trees and other trees. Rare. 3 speciest. 1.

1 (2).

Lateral corners of scutellum with black or brown carina. Male: hypophysis and sensory tubercle of left paramere shorter (Figure 289, 4); right paramere with obliquely truncate apex (Figure 289, 3); pronotum and scutellum black; apex of scutellum white; hemelytra uniformly grayish, transparent. Female: of the same color as the male. but hemelytra uniformly brownish. 2.8-3.2 I. intrusus H.-S. (Figure 287, 9). Ukraine Lateral corners of scutellum with yellow carina. Male: hypophysis and sensory tubercle of left paramere longer (Figure 289, 6); right paramere gradually tapering apically (Figure 289, 5); color as of I. intrusus. Female; Color as of I. intrusus, but pronotum with a light longitudinal line; hemelytra whitish; spot in posterior part of corium and cell of membrane dark brown. 2.8-3.2. Caucasus............................ I. kaznakovi Kir. .......................

2 (1).

21.

Family

MIKIDAE (Capsidae)

Medium-sized or small (2-11); Body short-oval to elongate, usually oblong-oval. Color very variable, often green. Head not flattened and not much inclined, usually triangular in anterior view. Eyes large, usually situated on posterior margin of head, in male usually larger than in female. Ocelli absent. Antennae usually long and slender. Pronotum usuallytrapezoidal; anterior margin of pronotum often separated by a groove, forming a narrow cervical ring. 2 raised areas which are often indistinct and almost invisible closely behind cervical ring. Scutellum triangular; anterior part of scutellum separated by a transverse groove, often completely covered by posterior margin of pronotum. Hemelytra divided into corium, clavus, cuneus and membrane. Membrane with 2 closed cells contiguous t I.mirificas Rey (Ukraine)

not included.

with cuneus, sometimes with only one cell. Hemelytra often more or less shortened (especially in female). Legs slender, usually long; hind femora sometimes thickened. Tarsi 3-segmented, very rarely 2-segmented. Apical segment of tarsi with 2 claws bearing 2 types of appendages. (Figure 289,9-17): 1) aroliabetweenbases of claws; 2) pseudoarolia attached to inner side of claws *’; both arolia and pseudoarolia are sometimes scalelike (thin transparent light plates) or setalike; pseudoarolia sometimes absent. The structure of the claws and their appendages is an important diagnostic character. The claws have to be examined under the microscope because of their small size. Genital segment of male usually forming a rounded cone at the apex of the abdomen, not invaginated into the preceding segments and usually larger than these. Genital opening situated on dorsum, sometimes more or less displaced to the left. Parameres asymmetrical, markedly differing in shape, of very variable structure; left paramere almost always larger than right paramere. Penis of 2 main types: 1) as in Mirinae aedeagus membranous, soft; phallotheca fused with penis and covering aedeagus completely; apex of phallotheca lying free in genital opening (Figure 274, 10.11); this type is present in most groups; penis in the tribe Orthotylini with all characters of this type, but the aedeagus consists of 2 sclerotized arms which are often branched and denticulate; 2) as in Phylinae aedeagus sclerotized, hard, of different shape, sometimes with soft separate membranous parts; phallotheca cover701 ing only apical part of aedeagus, fused with walls of genital segment; the apex of the phallotheca protrudes markedly from the genital opening and usually lies in a small hollow on the left paramere; this type is present in the subfamily Phylinae and the tribe Pilophorini. The structure of the genitalia (especially that of the penis) is much used for identification. In some oases it is impossible to identify a specimen without studying the male genitalia. Apex of abdomen of female pointed; female genitalia forming ovipositor. Identification is very difficult, as mistakes in collection, preparation and preservation may result in shrinking of the soft parts of the integument, falling off of hairs (which often have a great diagnostic importance),, and sometimes in change of color. Phytophagous species are most common, often with narrow food specialization; however, a large number of species are predacious or feeding both on plants and animals. Eggs laid in stems and leaves of plants. Eggs hibernating in most cases, rarely adults and very rarely larvae. One or several generations per year. The largest family, consisting of about 800 genera and several thousand species throughout the world. 143 genera, about 440 species. In the whole U.S.S.R. about 165 genera, more than 650 species. LITERATURE. Wagner, E. Blindwanzen Oder Miriden.

Tierwelt

Deutschlands, 41. Jena, 1952.

Key to Genera 1 (2).

t There

Tarsi 2-segmented (Figure 289,7).

Tibiae and tarsi gradually tapering apically. Claws slender, without pseudoarolia (Figure 289, 9). (Subfamily Cylapinae). Posterior corners of pronotum prolonged into tongue-shaped processes dorsal to basis of hemelytra (Figure 290,1) ........................ 1. Fulvius.

is much confusion in the literature as regards these terms. For example, the pseudoarolia are called arolia in almost the whole literature up to 1955.

2 (1). 3 (6).

4

5

6

7

8

Tarsi 3-segmented; 1st tarsal segment sometimes very small. 3rd tarsal segment thicker than the preceding segments (Figure 289, 8). Claws as in Figure 289, 10. Membrane of hemelytra with one cell or hemelytra shortened, without membrane. (Subfamily Bryocorinae). (5). Proboscis reaching middle coxae. 1st tarsal segment less than half as long as breadth of head. Hemelytra always with membrane, slightly projecting beyond apex of abdomen; lateral margin of hemelytra with a notch proximal to cuneus. ...... 2. Monalocoris. (4). Proboscis not reaching beyond apex of fore coxae. Head 1.4-1.8 times as wide as length of 1st antennal segment. Hemelytra either normal and projecting markedly beyond apex of abdomen, without notch proximal to cuneus, or shortened, without membrane and cuneus, not covering apex of abdomen .......... 3. Bryocoris. (3). 3rd tarsal segment not thicker than other segments. Claws of different structure. Membrane with 2 (rarely 1) cells, or hemelytra shortened, without membrane. (150). Claws with more or less widened and flattened, laminate or scalelike arolia (Figure 289, 11-14). (89). Arolia diverging apically (Figure 289, 11). Cervical ring convex, separated by groove, reaching beyond sides of pronotum; if the cervical ring is not separated or flattened, vertex usually with a longitudinal groove or a transverse depression. (Subfamily

9 (70).

10 (33). 11 (14).

12 (13).

13 (12).

14 (11). 15 (16).

702 16 (15).

Mirinae). Pronotum with not flattened cervical ring which is distinctly separated by a deep groove (Figure 274, 1). 1st segment of hind tarsi (with few exceptions, e.g., Stenotus) not longer or only slightly longer than 2nd segment. Vertex usually without longitudinal groove or transverse depression (Tribe Mirini). Pronotum and hemelytra distinctly punctate; if punctation indistinct, posterior margin of vertex with distinct transverse ridge. Body densely covered with golden or silvery hairs dorsally and ventrally; hairs slightly flattened, easily rubbed off. Cervical ring of pronotum twice as long as width of 2nd antennal segment (length of cervical ring measured in longitudinal axis of body). 1st. segment of hind tarsi as long as 2nd segment, Dorsum deeply punctate ............................. 12. Charagochilus. Cervical ring of pronotum as long as width of 2nd antennal segment. 1st segment of hind tarsi shorter than 2nd segment. Dorsum of body not deeply punctate ........................ 13. Polymerus. Body at least ventrally without flattened golden or silvery hairs, covered with delicate pubescence or almost bare. Genae markedly projecting anteriorly (Figure 291,1), completely or almost completely covering dorsal half of clypeus in profile. Hemelytra black, sometimes with red or yellow lateral margin. Scutellum black. Posterior margin of vertex without ridge ....... ................................................. 11. Capsus. Dorsal half of clypeus not covered or only partly covered by genae (Agno c o ri s), well visible in profile (Figure 274, 4). Color of hemelytra and scutellum different, or vertex with distinct ridge.

915

17 (20). Posterior margin of pronotum not more than 1.3-1.5 times as broad as head. Antennae situated at ventral margin of eyes. 18 (19). Punctation of pronotum and hemelytra very distinct. Antennae situated immediately dorsal to ventral margin of eyes. Cervical ring of pronoturo shiny ...................... 14. Camptozygum.

^A ^^^