HANDBOUND AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF
TORONTO PRESS
^
SZo/
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY EDITED BY T. E.
PAGE, M.A.
AND W.
H.
J).
ROUSE,
Litt.D.
THE WORKS OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN
24,2*2^
CONTENTS PAGK
INTRODUCTION
vii
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Xlii
—
ORATION I. PANEGYRIC IN HONOUR OF THE EMPEROR CONSTANTIUS ORATION
II.
—THE HEROIC DEEDS
5
OF THE EMPEROR CON-
STANTIUS, OR, ON KINGSHIP
133
—
ORATION III. PANEGYRIC IN HONOUR OF THE EMPRESS EUSEBIA
—
ORATION IV. HYMN TO SALLUST ORATION
INDEX
V.
KING
HELIOS
275
DEDICATED TO
— HYMN TO THE MOTHER OF THE GODS
353 .
.
.
443 505
•
INTRODUCTION
Flavius Claudius Julianus, 1 son of Julius Con-
and nephew of the Emperor Constantine,
stantius
was born at Constantinople in 331 a.d. His father, eldest brother, and cousins were slain in the massacre by which Constantius, Constantine II., and Constans secured the empire for themselves on the death of their father
Constantine
in
337.
Julian and his
elder brother Gallus spent a precarious childhood
and youth, of which
six years were passed in close confinement in the remote castle of Macellum in
Cappadocia, secure
when,
and in
was hardly more 350, Gallus was elevated to the their
position
Caesarship by Constantius, who, after the violent deaths of his two brothers, was now sole ruler of
the empire.
But Julian was allowed to pursue his Greek literature and philosophy,
favourite studies in
partly at 1
The
Nicomedia and Athens, partly in the
cities
chief sources for the life of Julian are his Orations, his Letter to the Athenians, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the Orations and Epistles of Libanius.
INTRODUCTION of Asia Minor, and he
Maxihius
of
was deeply influenced by
Ephesus,
the
occult
philosopher, Libanius of Nicomedia, the fashionable sophist, and Themistius the Aristotelian commentator, the only
genuine philosopher among the sophists of the fourth century
a.d.
When
the excesses of the revolutionary Gallus ended in his death at the hands of Constantius, Julian,
an
summoned
awkward and to
retiring
student,
was
the court at Milan, where he was
protected by the Empress Eusebia from the suspicions of Constantius and the intrigues of hostile courtiers.
Constantius had no heir to continue the dynasty of the Constantii. He therefore raised Julian to the Caesarship in
355, gave
him
Gallic provinces.
To the
Helena
his sister
marriage, and dispatched him to Gaul surprise of
in
to pacify the all,
four successive campaigns against the
Julian in
Franks and
the Alemanis proved himself a good soldier and a popular general. His Commentaries on these 1 2 campaigns are praised by Eunapius and Libanius, but are not now extant. In 357-358 Constantius,
who was occupied by wars
against the Quadi and
the Sarmatians, and threatened with a renewal of hostilities
by the Persian king Sapor, ordered 1
viii
fr.
89.
2
Epistle, 33.
Julian,
INTRODUCTION who was then
at Paris, to send to his aid the best of
Julian would have obeyed, but unwilling to take service in the East,
the Gallic legions. his
troops,
mutinied and proclaimed him Emperor (359 a.d.). Julian issued manifestoes justifying his conduct to the Senates of
Rome and Athens and
to the Spartans
and Corinthians, a characteristic anachronism, since no longer had any weight. It was not
their opinion till
361
that
he
began
his
march eastward
to
His troops, army in numbers no were and devoted, though seasoned match for the legions of his cousin. But the latter, of
encounter the
Constantius.
while marching through Cilicia to oppose his advance, died suddenly of a fever near Tarsus, and Julian, now in
his thirtieth
throne and
year, succeeded peacefully to the
made
a triumphal entry into
Constan-
tinople in December, 361.
The eunuchs and
courtiers
who had surrounded
Constantius were replaced by sophists and philosophers, and in the next six months Julian set on foot
numerous economic and administrative reforms.
He
had long been secretly devoted to the Pagan religion, and he at once proclaimed the restoration of the
Pagan gods and the temple worship. Christianity he tolerated, and in his brief reign of sixteen months the Christians were not actively persecuted.
His ix
INTRODUCTION which survives only in The an explanation of his apostasy. fragments, was " " him was bestowed on by the Apostate epithet
treatise Against the Christians,
—
Meanwhile he was preparing he Constantinople then at Antioch, where
Christian Fathers. first
at
Misopogon, a satire and frivolity of the inhabitants
wrote
the
on
—for
the
luxury
a
campaign from against Sapor, a task which he had inherited In March, 362 he left Antioch and Constantius. crossed the Euphrates, visited Carrhae, memorable for the defeat of Crassus, then crossed the Tigris,
and, after
burning towards Armenia.
his
fleet,
retired
northwards
On the march he fought an indecisive battle with the Persians at Maranga, and in a skirmish with the retreating enemy he was mortally
wounded by a
His body was
javelin (January 26th, 363).
carried to Tarsus
by
his successor the
Emperor Jovian, and was probably removed later to The legend that as he died he Constantinople. exclaimed YaXiXau vcviKrjKas, " Thou hast conquered, :
O
Galilaean!
Theodoret
"
appears
first
in the Christian historian
in the fifth century.
Julian was the last
male descendant of the famous dynasty founded by Constantius Chlorus.
of
In spite of his military achievements, he was, first Even on his campaigns he took his all, a student.
INTRODUCTION books with him, and several of his extant works were
composed
He had
in camp.
been trained, according
to the fashion of his times, in rhetorical studies
by
and he has
all
professional sophists such as Libanius,
It was the mannerisms of a fourth century sophist. the sophistic etiquette to avoid the direct use of
names, and Julian never names the usurpers Magnentius, Silvanus,
and Vetranio, whose suppression
by Constantius he describes in his two
first
Orations,
"the barbarian," and rather than name Mardonius, his tutor, calls him " a certain Scythian who had the same name as the man regularly refers
to
Sapor as
who persuaded Xerxes
to
invade
Hellas."
l
He
wrote the literary Greek of the fourth century a.d. which imitates the classical style, though barbarisms
and
late constructions
His
are
pages
are
never entirely avoided. echoes of Homer,
crowded with
Demosthenes, Plato, and Isocrates, and his style is interwoven with half verses, phrases, and whole sentences taken without acknowledgment from the Greek masterpieces. It is certain that, like other sophists,
he wished
his readers to recognise these
echoes, and therefore his source
is
always
classical, so
that where he seems to imitate Dio Chrysostom or Themistius, both go back to a common source, which 1
352 A. xi
INTRODUCTION Julian had in mind. his
is
the
Another sophistic element in
use
of
commonplaces, literary had passed into the sophistic language and can be found in all the writers of reminiscence style
allusions that
but
He
himself derides this practice J he cannot resist dragging in the well-worn
Greek
in his day.
references to Cyrus, Darius, and Alexander, to the nepenthe poured out by Helen in the Odyssey, to the defiance of nature by Xerxes, or the refusal of Socrates to admit the happiness of the Great King.
Julian wished to
make Neo-Platonism the philosophy
of his revived Hellenism, but he belonged to the younger or Syrian branch of the school, of which
Iamblichus was the real founder, and he only once Iamblichus he ranked with Plotinus.
mentions Plato
and paid
philosophical
Hymns,
is
him a
fanatical
writing, especially in
devotion.
His
the two prose
obscure, partly because his theories are
only vaguely realised, partly because he reproduces the obscurity of his model, Iamblichus. In satire
and narrative he can be clear and straightforward. 1
xn.
236 A.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscripts
:
—
The Vossianus
(V), Leyden, l3th or 14th cent, (contains also the Letters of Libanius), is the only reliable MS. of Julian, and was once complete except for a few Letters. Where pages are lost from a group of inferior MSS.
V
are used, Marcianus 366 (M), 251 (Mb), both 15th cent., five Monacenses (at Munich), and several Parisini Cobet's contributions to the text are in (at Paris). 10 Mnemosyne 8, 9, (old series 1859-1861) and 10, 11
(new lished
series 1882-1883). A. Papadoulos Kerameus pubin Rheinisches Museum, 1887, six new Letters
discovered on the island of Chalcis. Editions
:
—
Misopogon and Letters (with Latin version) Martin, Martin and Cantoclarus, Paris, 1583. Paris, 1566. Petau (Petavius) Paris, 1630. Spanheim, Leipzig, 1696. Oration
Schaefer, Leipzig, 1802 (with Latin version Critical Epistle to RuhnJcen). Hertlein, 1 Leipzig (Teubner), 1875-1876. Against the Christians, Neumann, Leipzig, 18S0. Letters Heyler, Mainz, 1828. Westermann, Leipzig, 1854. I,
and Wyttenbach's
:
Literature
:
—
La
Vie de VEmpereur Julien, Abbe de la Bleterie, Paris, 1735. Strauss, Der JRomantiker auf dem Throne der Caesar en, Mannheim, 1847. Miicke Julian's Leben und Schriften, Gotha, 1868. Naville, Julien V Apostat, Neufchatel, 1877. Schwartz, De vita et scriplis Juliani, Bonn, 1888. Gilder sleeve Julian in Essays and Studies, Baltimore, .1890. Gardner, Julian, New York, 1895. France (W. C. Wright), Julian's Relation to Neo1
The text
of the present edition is Hertlein's, revised. xiii
BIBLIOGRAPHY Platonism and the New Sophistic, London, 1896. Negri, Imperatore Giuliano, Milan, 1902 (translated by Letta-Visconti-Arese, London, 1906). Bidez and Cumont, Recherches sur la tradition manuscrite des lettres de Julien, Brussels, 1898. Asmus, Julian und Dio ChrysoBrambs, Studien, stomus, Tauberbischofsheim, 1895. Allard, Julien VApostat, Paris, 1903. Eichstatt, 1897. authenticity de V Cumont, Sur quelques lettres de Julien,
U
Gaud,
1889.
Translations
:
— Misopogon and
Martin
in edition. Letters, Heyler in Traducedition. French : Tourlet, Paris, 3 vols. 1821. tion de quelques Ouvrages de VEmpereur Jxdien, Abbe de la Bleterie, Paris, 1748. Caesars, Spanheim, Paris, 1683. German : Against the Christians, Neumann, Leipzig,
Latin Oration
:
I,
Schaefer
in
Letters, edition.
English: Select Works by Duncombe, London, 1784 (contains also some translations of Libanius).
1880.
xiv
THE ORATIONS OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN ORATION
VOL.
I.
I
THE ORATIONS OF JULIAN INTRODUCTION TO ORATION
I
Julian's training in rhetoric left its mark on all but technically speaking his work as a Sophist is comprised in the three " panegyrics " Hymns (Orations (Orations 1-3) and the prose his writings,
Oration 1 was considered his masterpiece 4-5). It was and was used as a model by Libanius. written and probably delivered in 355 a.d., before The excuse of being an Julian went to Gaul. amateur is a commonplace (tottos) in this type of
He follows with hardly a deviaepideictic speech. tion the rules for the arrangement and treatment of a speech in praise of an emperor (/3ao-iAiKos Ao'yos) as we find them in Menander's handbook of epideictic The oratory written in the third century a.d. speech is easily analysed. First comes the prooemium to conciliate the audience and to give the threads of the argument, then the praises of the emperor's native land, ancestors, early training, deeds in war in peace (6 irepl r^s (6 7r€pi twv Trpd^ewv Aoyos) and contrasts with and the stereotyped dprjvrjs Aoyos), the Persian monarchs, the Homeric heroes, and In the two last divisions the virtues of Alcibiades. Plato's ideal king are proved to have been displayed by Constantius, his victories are exaggerated and his
INTRODUCTION TO ORATION
I
Then comes a description defeats explained away. of the happy state of the empire and the army under such a ruler, and the panegyric ends abruptly without the final prayer (evxv) ^or * ne continuance of his reign, recommended by Menander. This peroration has evidently been lost. The arrangement closely resembles that of Oration 3, the panegyric " on the Empress Eusebia, and the a Evagoras of which Julian echoes. Julian's Isocrates, frequently praises were thoroughly insincere, a compulsory tribute to a cousin whom he hated and feared.
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