Jesus, Mark and Q: The Teaching of Jesus and Its Earliest Records (Library Of New Testament Studies)

JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SUPPLEMENT SERIES

214

Executive Editor Stanley E. Porter

Editorial Board Elizabeth A. Castelli, David Catchpole, R. Kathleen E. Corley, Alan Culpepper, James D.G. Dunn, Craig A. Evans, Stephen Fowl, Robert Fowler, George H. Guthrie, Robert Jewett, Robert W. Wall

Sheffield Academic Press

Jesus, Mark and Q The Teaching of Jesus and its Earliest Records

edited by Michael Labahn & Andreas Schmidt

Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 214

Copyright © 2001 Sheffield Academic Press Published by Sheffield Academic Press Ltd Mansion House 19 Kingfield Road Sheffield SI 19AS England www.SheffieldAcademicPress.com

Typeset by Sheffield Academic Press British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

EISBN 9781841272184

CONTENTS

Preface Abbreviations List of Contributors

7 8 12 Parti MARK AND Q

ANDREAS SCHMIDT Introduction

14

HARRY T. FLEDDERMANN Mark's Use of Q: The Beelzebul Controversy and the Cross Saying

17

JENS SCHROTER The Son of Man as the Representative of God's Kingdom: On the Interpretation of Jesus in Mark and Q

34

Part II THE HISTORICAL JESUS IN NEW RESEARCH MICHAEL LABAHN Introduction

70

A . RECENT TRENDS IN THE HISTORICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL PORTRAIT OF JESUS DAVIDS, DUTOIT

Redefining Jesus: Current Trends in Jesus Research MARKUS OHLER Jesus as Prophet: Remarks on Terminology

82 125

6

Jesus, Mark and Q

TOM HOLMEN The Jewishness of Jesus in the Third Quest'

143

CRAIG A. EVANS The New Quest for Jesus and the New Research on the Dead Sea Scrolls

163

F. GERALD DOWNING The Jewish Cynic Jesus

184

B. THEOLOGICAL AND HERMENEUTICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PROCLAMATION OF JESUS MARIUS REISER Eschatology in the Proclamation of Jesus

216

PETER BALLA What Did Jesus Think about his Approaching Death?

239

ELISABETH SCHUSSLER FlORENZA The Rhetorics and Politics of Jesus Research: A Critical Feminist Perspective

259

Index of References Index of Authors

283 292

PREFACE

The essays in this volume represent papers that were given at two colloquiums of the European Association for Biblical Studies. This volume assembles the papers of the first two New Testament Seminars of the European Association for Biblical Studies held during the International Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature in Cracow in 1998 and in Helsinki/Lahti in 1999. We are grateful to the local organizers and to the organizing board of the SBL for the splendid organization of the meetings as a whole and of our seminars within that framework. We thank the participants in our seminars who not only delivered and reworked their papers but also took part in the lively exchanges throughout the day and in the final panel discussion. All those whose papers are printed here are grateful to Professor Stanley Porter for agreeing to publish them in the JSNT Supplement Series and for his helpful recommendations, to Professor Philip R. Davies for his encouragement and to the staff at Sheffield Academic Press, especially to Georgia Litherland, for their help in the production process. Michael Labahn Andreas Schmidt

ABBREVIATIONS

AASF AB ABRL ABD AELKZ AGJU AnglThr ANRW

BBB BBR BETL BEvT Bib Biblnt BibS BibSem BIS BJS BThSt BWANT BZ BZNW CBQ CIS CRINT DBI DeltBN DJG

Annales Academie Scientiarum Fennicae Anchor Bible Anchor Bible Reference Library David Noel Freedman (ed.), The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992) Allgemeine evangelisch-lutherische Kirchenzeitung Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums Anglican Theological Review Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung (Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1972-) Bonner Biblische Beitrage Bulletin for Biblical Research Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium Beitrage zur evangelischen Theologie Biblica Biblical Interpretation: A Journal of Contemporary Approaches Biblische Studien The Biblical Seminar Biblical Interpretation Series Brown Judaic Studies Biblisch-theologische Studien Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament Biblische Zeitschrift Beihefte zur ZNW Catholic Biblical Quarterly Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation Deltio biblikon meleton: Hexameniaia ekdosis ereunes Palaias kai Kaines Diathekas (Bulletin of Biblical Studies) J.B. Green and S. McKnight (eds.), Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1992)

Abbreviations DSD EHS EKKNT EncJud ETL EuA EvT ExpTim FIOTL FRLANT FzB GCS GLB GNS GNT HBS HCS HNT HSS HTKNT HTR HTS JBL JBT JEH JJS JR JSJ JSJS JSNT JSNTSup JSOTSup JSP JSPSup JTh JTS LD MTS Neot NorTT NovT

Dead Sea Discoveries Europaische Hochschulschriften Evangelisch-Katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament Encyclopaedia Judaica Ephemerides theologicae lovanienses Erbe undAuftrag Evangelische Theologie Expository Times Formation and Interpretation of Old Testament Literature Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments Forschungen zur Bibel Griechische christliche Schriftsteller de Gruyter Lehrbiicher Good News Studies Grundrisse zum Neuen Testament Herders Biblische Studien Hellenistic Culture and Society Handbuch zum Neuen Testament Harvard Semitic Studies Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament Harvard Theological Review Hervormde theologiese studies Journal of Biblical Literature Jahrbuch fur Biblische Theologie Journal of Ecclesiastical History Journal of Jewish Studies Journal of Religion Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period Supplements to the Journal of the Study of Judaism Journal for the Study of the New Testament Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Supplement Series Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha, Supplement Series Journal of Theology Journal of Theological Studies Lectio divina Marburger Theologische Studien Neotestamentica Norsk teologisk Tidsskrift Novum Testamentum

10 NovTSup NTAbh NTOA NTS NTTS OBT OTK PAM PRE QD RevQ RGG RHPR RILP RM RNT SBA SBB SBEC SBLSBS SBLSP SBS SBT SEAJT SJT SNTSMS SNTU SNTU.B ST STK TANZ TBu TDNT

TQ TRE TRu TSAJ TTod TTZ TZ UTB

Jesus, Mark and Q Novum Testamentum, Supplements Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen Novum Testamentum et orbis antiquus New Testament Studies New Testament Tools and Studies Overtures to Biblical Theology Okumenischer Taschenbuch-Kommentar zum Neuen Testament Palestine Archaeological Museum Pauly Real-Enzyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft Quaestiones Disputatae Revue de Qumran Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses Roehampton Institute London Papers Die Religionen der Menschheit Regensburger Neues Testament Stuttgarter biblische Aufsatzbande Stuttgarter biblische Beitrage Studies in the Bible and Early Christianity Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical Study Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers Stuttgarter Bibelstudien Studies in Biblical Theology South East Asia Journal of Theology Scottish Journal of Theology Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series Studien zum Neuen Testament und seiner Umwelt Studien zum Neuen Testament und seiner Umwelt B Studia theologica Svensk teologisk kvartalskrift Texte und Arbeiten zum neutestamentlichen Zeitalter Theologische Biicherei Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich (eds.), Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley; 10 vols.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964-) Theologische Quartalschrift Theologische Realenzyklopddie Theologische Rundschau Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum Theology Today Trierer theologische Zeitschrift Theologische Zeitschrift Uni-Taschenbucher

Abbreviations VTSup WMANT WuD WUNT ZDMG ZNW ZPT ZTK

Vetus Testamentum, Supplements Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament Wort und Dienst Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenldndischen Gesellschaft Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Zeitschrift fur Pddagogik und Theologie: Der Evangelische Erzieher Zeitschrift fur Theologie und Kirche

11

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Peter Balla is Lecturer and Head of the New Testament Department of the Faculty of Theology of the Karoli Gaspar Reformed University, Budapest, Hungary F. Gerald Downing is Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Religions and Theology, University of Manchester Craig A. Evans is Professor of Religious Studies, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada Harry T. Fleddermann is Associate Professor, Department of Religious Studies, Alverno College, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Tom Holmen is Research Fellow of the Academy of Finland, Abo Academy University, Department of Exegetics, Turku, Finland Michael Labahn is a Research Assistant at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany Markus Ohler is Assistant in the Protestant Faculty, University of Vienna, Austria Marius Reiser is Professor of New Testament, Fachbereich Katholische Theologie Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany Andreas Schmidt is Pastor in Dissen am Teuteburger Wald, Germany Jens Schroter is Professor for New Testament, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Elisabeth Schiissler Fiorenza is Krister Srendahl Professor of Scripture and Interpretation at Harvard University Divinity School, Cambridge, Massachusetts David S. du Toit is Lecturer for New Testament Studies, Kirchliche Hochschule Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany

Parti MARK AND Q

INTRODUCTION

Andreas Schmidt

The question of whether or not there is a direct relationship between the Gospel of Mark and ' Q \ the Sayings Source, is still wide open. The thesis that Mark depended on Q, presented in different forms by, for example, David R. Catchpole,1 Harry T. Fleddermann,2 Jan Lambrecht,3 Burton L. Mack4 and Walter Schmithals,5 has been questioned in various ways. Joachim Schtiling considers that direct dependence is unlikely,6 as does Jens Schroter in his comparitive study of Mark, Q and the Gospel of Thomas. These scholars concede that Mark and Q share common traditions, but they explicitly deny that there is any direct literary dependence.7 Last, but not least, Frans Neirynck, in an 1. D.R. Catchpole, The Beginning of Q: A Proposal', NTS 38 (1992), pp. 205221 (reprinted slightly revised in idem, The Quest for Q [Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1993], pp. 60-78). 2. H.T. Fleddermann, Mark and Q: A Study of the Overlap Texts (BETL, 122; Leuven: Peeters, 1995). 3. Cf., e.g., J. Lambrecht, 'John the Baptist and Jesus in Mark 1.1-15: A Marcan Redaction of Q?', NTS 38 (1992), pp. 357-84; idem, The Great Commandment Pericope and Q', in R.A. Piper (ed.), The Gospels behind the Gospels: Current Studies on Q (NTTS, 75; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995), pp. 73-96. 4. B.L. Mack, 'Q and the Gospel of Mark: Revising Christian Origins', Semeia 55 (1992), pp. 15-39. 5. W. Schmithals, Das Evangelium nach Markus (OTK, 2; Giitersloh: Gerd Mohn; Wiirzburg: Echter Verlag, 1979); idem, Einleitung in die drei ersten Evangelien (GLB; Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1985), pp. 403, 427-28. 6. J. Schilling, Studien zum Verhaltnis von Logienquelle undMarkusevangelium (FzB, 65; Wiirzburg: Echter Verlag, 1991), p. 215; cf. also the thorough discussion of Mk 1.1-6 and its possible relation to Q by I. Dunderberg, 'Q and the Beginning ofMark',ATO41 (1995), pp. 501-511. 7. J. Schroter, Die Erinnerung an Jesu Worte: Studien zur Rezeption der Logienuberlieferung in Markus, Q und Thomas (WMANT, 76; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1997), pp. 1-2 n. 1, 466-67.

SCHMIDT Introduction

15

intensive analysis of the different possible approaches to the Synoptic problem, pleads for a simple form of the two-source hypothesis. He draws attention to a growing consensus of scholars who deny the assumed literary connection between Mark and Q. Nevertheless, in his own contribution to the commemorative volumes for Martin Hengel of 1996, in his discussion of the Baptist pericope of the same year, and in his appendix to the great monograph by Fleddermann, Mark and Q, in 1995, he indicates that there is still a need for further discussion.8 We have good reason to approach the problem again. What is the state of the question? Is there any hope of some new developments? The question of the relation between Mark and Q is unavoidable and the debate is becoming increasingly acrimonious. At the suggestion of the European Association for Biblical Studies we invited Harry T. Fleddermann and Jens Schroter to the First European New Testament Seminar, as they represent different methodical approaches to the question and come to different conclusions. Fleddermann sees a literary development, which he illustrates by Mark's use of Q in the Beelzebul controversy and the Cross saying. His comparative analysis of the texts leads him to conclude that both texts 'support the view that Mark knew and used "Q"'. Schroter takes another path, as is obvious from the title of his essay: 'The Son of Man as the Representative of God's Kingdom: On the interpretation of Jesus in Mark and Q \ Schroter elects to approach the subject by analysing the christological development in each of the documents. After a discussion of methodology, he first draws attention to aspects of Jesus' activity and then concentrates on the Christology in Mark and Q with particular reference to Jesus as the Son of Man. He draws five conclusions. The result is that Q creates a Christology which is orientated mainly to the activity of the earthly Jesus and is further developed by means of the expectation of the coming Son of Man, whereas Mark integrates the Christ and Son of God title into his Son of Man concept... The consequence of what has been

8. F. Neirynck, The Sayings Source Q and the Gospel of Mark', in H. Cancik, H. Lichtenberger and P. Schafer (eds.), Geschichte-Tradition-Reflexion: Festschrift fiir M. Hengel zum 70. Geburtstag. III. Friihes Christentum (3 vols.; Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1996), pp. 125-45; idem, 'The First Synoptic Pericope: The Appearance of John the Baptist in Q?' ETL 72 (1996), pp. 40-70; idem, 'Assessment', in H.T. Fleddermann, Mark and Q: A Study of the Overlap Texts (BETL, 122; Leuven: Peeters, 1995), pp. 261-307.

16

Jesus, Mark and Q presented here for the history of theology could be that the combination of the proclamation of the Kingdom with the Son of Man concept presents an independent model of early Christian thinking about Jesus, that was linked to the Antiochene model of the pre-Pauline tradition by Mark.

Harry T. Fleddermann MARK'S USE OF Q: THE BEELZEBUL CONTROVERSY AND THE CROSS SAYING

Ever since the pioneering work of Weisse the doublets, repetitions of the same material in one Gospel, have furnished one of the classic arguments for the existence of Q, for they indicate that Matthew and Luke were working with two main sources when composing their Gospels.1 The doublets, though, also raise the issue of the relationship of Mark and Q to each other because they show that the two sources overlap. The current debate about how Mark and Q relate centers on whether or not Mark had direct access to Q. Most scholars claim that Mark and Q independently of one another drew common material from the oral tradition. Some scholars, though, maintain that Mark knew and used Q.2 1. C.H. Weisse, Die evangelische Geschichte kritisch und philosophisch bearbeitet (2 vols.; Leipzig: Breitkopf & Hartel, 1838), I, pp. 79-83. For the early development of the argument from the doublets, see now G. Van Oyen, 'The Doublets in 19th-century Gospel Study', ETL 73 (1997), pp. 277-306. 2. For overviews of the discussion see M. Devisch, 'La relation entre l'evangile de Marc et le document Q\ in M. Sabbe (ed.), L'evangile selon Marc: Tradition et redaction (BETL, 34; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2nd edn, 1988 [1974]), pp. 59-91; P. Vassiliadis, 'Prolegomena to a Discussion on the Relationship between Mark and the Q-Document', DeltBM 3 (1975), pp. 31-46; R. Laufen, Die Doppeliiberlieferungen der Logienquelle und des Markusevangeliums (BBB, 54; Bonn: Hanstein, 1980), pp. 59-92; F. Neirynck, 'Recent Developments in the Study of Q', in J. Delobel (ed.), Logia: Les paroles de Jesus—The Sayings of Jesus: Memorial Joseph Coppens (BETL, 59; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1982), pp. 29-75; repr. in F. Neirynck, Evangelica II: 1982-1991. Collected Essays (BETL, 99; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1991), pp. 409-464, esp. pp. 421-33, 464; F. Neirynck, 'Literary Criticism, Old and New', in C. Focant (ed.), The Synoptic Gospels: Source Criticism and the New Literary Criticism (BETL, 110; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1993), pp. 13-38, esp. pp. 30-33; J. Schilling, Studien zum VerhdItnis von Logienquelle und Markusevangelium (FzB, 65; Wurzburg: Echter Verlag, 1991), pp. 167-87; CM. Tuckett, 'Mark and Q', in C. Focant (ed.), The Synoptic

18

Jesus, Mark and Q

This is the position that I argued in my book Mark and Q? In this essay I will revisit the argument of the book by concentrating on two texts: the Beelzebul controversy and the Cross saying. 1. The Beelzebul Controversy I begin by comparing the reconstructed Q text of the Beelzebul controversy with Mark. Mark concludes his version with the unforgivable sin logion that appears later in Q, so I have included the unforgivable sin in this discussion. Q 11.14-15, 17-26; 12.10

Mk 3.22-30

14 Kai e^epaXev 5ai|ioviov KCO(|)6V Kai eKf&r|0evxovaxai aaxavd£0T|oexai aw© 1 oq epei A,6yov eiq xo 7tve\)|iia xo ayiov, o\)K dc|)e9T|aexai a\)xco.

Mk 3.22-30 28 djifjv Xeya> \)|xiv oxi ndvxa d(()e9T|aeTai xoiq mol 5wr|aeTai] to stand. And if Satan has risen up against himself and is divided, he cannot [ox> 5t>vaT(xi] stand, but his end has come. But no one entering the house of a strong man can [ov 5t)vaxai] despoil him of his possessions, unless he first bind the strong man, and then he will despoil his house. Amen I say to you that all sins and blasphemies will be forgiven the sons of men as much as they blaspheme; but whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, does not have forgiveness forever but is guilty of an eternal sin'. Because they said, 'He has an unclean spirit' (Mk 3.22-30).

Mark edits the Beelzebul controversy in the beginning, middle and end to adapt it to the new context he created by framing the controversy with the pericope of Jesus' family. At the beginning and end Mark mimics the outer frame by using the charge that Jesus is possessed as an inclusio to further frame the Beelzebul controversy (Mk 3.22, 30). This inclusio reflects the charge of Jesus' family that he is out of his mind (Mk 3.21), but significantly Mark draws the formulation of the charge that Jesus is possessed from Q where it is leveled against John the Baptist (Q 7.33). In the middle of the Beelzebul controversy Mark expands a detail of the Q parable of the divided kingdom into a second parable —the divided house—to refer to the divided house of Jesus' own family (Mk 3.25). At the end of the Beelzebul controversy Mark appends the unforgivable sin logion as a final comment on the charges leveled against Jesus (Mk 3.29-30). 17. See Mk 5.21-43; 6.7-30; 11.12-25; 14.1-11, 53-72. See further F. Neirynck, Duality in Mark: Contributions to the Study of the Markan Redaction (BETL, 31; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988 [1972]), p. 133.

26

Jesus, Mark and Q

Besides editing the Beelzebul controversy to adapt it to the framing pericope of Jesus' family, Mark also edits the Beelzebul controversy to develop the theme of Jesus' power and to brand opposition to Jesus' power as the unforgivable sin. Mark picks up the question form ntiq Swaxai ('how can') with the infinitive from the Q Parable of the Strong Man (Q 11.21), and he uses it to frame a rhetorical question that announces the major theme of the section—Jesus' power (Mk 3.23). Mark then formulates three parallel sentences, each of which begins with a conditional clause and uses a form of 8\>va|iai ('can'; Mk 3.24, 25, 26). Throughout the Gospel Mark uses the noun 8i3va(ii(; ('power') and the verb Suvajiai to show the power of God at work in Jesus, so the repetition of the Q verb Suvanai fits Mark's theology.18 Mark draws the logion on the unforgivable sin from the Q pericope on fearless preaching (Q 12.10), and he edits it carefully to develop the theme of blasphemy (Mk 3.28-29). Again blasphemy is a theme that appears early and late in Mark's Gospel.19 Mark placed the unforgivable sin logion here because it helped him develop his theme, but the reference to the Holy Spirit may have suggested the move to Mark. Q contains only three references to the Holy Spirit or the Spirit of God (Q 3.16; 11.20; 12.10). Mark eliminated the reference to the Spirit from the Q Beelzebul controversy when he dropped the saying on the arrival of the kingdom (Q 11.20), because he had already used a form of the saying in Mk 1.1415. However, he compensated for the omission by drawing the final Q reference to the Spirit forward to join it to the Beelzebul controversy. All of Mark's redactional moves have roots in Q, and they show that Mark derived his Beelzebul controversy from Q and not from the oral tradition. First, the phenomenon of order shows that Mark depends on Q. Mark's controversy is much shorter than Q's, but the material that Mark shares with Q appears in the same order. Second, all of Mark's additions to the controversy come from Q. Mark's additional charge that Jesus is possessed or 'has Beelzebul' comes from the Q section on John's question where John's contemporaries claim that he 'has a demon' (Q 7.33). Third, Mark's rhetorical question, 'How can Satan cast out Satan?', is composed entirely of elements from the Q controversy. Fourth, the parable of the divided house develops the Q image of house falling against house. Finally, Mark joined the Q saying on the 18. For 8vva|iiq see Mk 5.30; 6.2, 5, 14; 9.1, 39; 12.24; 13.26; 14.62. For dvva\iai see Mk 1.40; 2.7; 3.27; 5.3; 6.5; 8.4; 9.3, 22, 23, 28, 29, 39; 15.31. 19. For ptaxa(|)TUiecG see Mk 2.7; 15.29; for ptaxachnia see Mk 7.22; 14.64.

FLEDDERMANN Mark's Use of Q

27

unforgivable sin to the Beelzebul controversy. Everything in Mark comes from Q. Even the Markan expansions are based in the text of Q. The Q texts involved are scattered widely over Q, and there are no parts of Mark that do not have a Q counterpart. If Mark were drawing the Beelzebul controversy from the oral tradition, we would expect to find non-Q material mixed in. Instead everything in Mark's text comes from Q. The most obvious explanation for these facts is that Mark had the entire Q document in front of him.20 2. The Cross Saying The Synoptic tradition contains five forms of the Cross saying. Mark places a form of the saying at the beginning of a cluster of sayings on discipleship that conclude the Caesaria Philippi pericope (Mk 8.34b), and both Matthew and Luke take over this saying in redacting Mark's pericope (Mt. 16.24; Lk. 9.23). Mark's saying begins with a conditional clause which leads into three imperatives, all positive. In addition to taking over Mark's Cross saying, Matthew and Luke have another form of the saying that begins with a relative clause and has an indicative main clause, both negative (Mt. 10.38; Lk. 14.27). Moreover, this second Cross saying in Matthew and Luke appears in a Q context in both Gospels, following the sayings on hating one's relatives (Mt. 10.37 par. Lk. 14.26). In Q the three sayings form a cluster which climaxes in the Cross saying. I proposed the following reconstruction of the sayings.21 bq o\) jaiaei xov raxxepa amov icai xfjv jarixepa o\) 5\>vaxai elvai JIOU jiaGrixriq' bq oi) jiiaei xov viov avwv icai xf]v Gvyaxepa o\) 5i)vaxoa elvai JAOD [iaQr\vr\q' bq oi) taxjapdvei xov axai)pov omxoi) Kai dKoXoi)0ei ojciaco JIOD, oi) 8i)vaxai elvai \iov juaGrixfiq (Q 14.26a, 26b, 27).

I would like to comment only on one aspect of the reconstruction. In recent reconstructions both the International Q Project and Peter Kristen have opted for Luke's conditional clause in the sayings on hating one's

20. Fleddermann, Mark and g, p. 61. 21. H.T. Fleddermann, The Cross and Discipleship in Q\ in D.J. Lull (ed.), SBL 1988 Seminar Papers (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988), pp. 472-82, esp. pp. 472-79.

28

Jesus, Mark and Q

family.22 However, this reconstruction does not account for Matthew's redaction of the sayings, for nowhere does Matthew turn a conditional clause introduced by ei ('if) into a substantival participle as he would have had to do if Q originally had a conditional clause in these sayings. Matthew does alternate between relative clauses and substantival participles, as we can see from the way he interchanges the two constructions in the sayings against oaths in Mt. 23.16-22.23 Luke's conditional clause does not reflect Q, but stems from Luke himself. Luke introduced a similar expression (ep%6|ievo(; Tipoq |ie; 'coming to me') in redacting Q 6.47 (cf. Mt. 7.24), and Luke probably changed to the conditional form in the saying on hating one's relatives under the influence of the Markan form of the Cross saying (Mk 8.34b) which he took over in Lk. 9.23. Q probably had relative clauses in the sayings on hating one's family, matching the relative clause in the Cross saying.24 The Cross saying is a classic overlap text. When we compare the reconstructed Q saying and the Markan saying, we notice two very different formulations of the same saying. Q 14.27

6q o\) Xa^pdvei xov oxcrupov amov Kai dKoX-coGei OTCIOCO UO\), oi) 5\)vaxai etvai JIOU |ua9r|xf|(;.

Mk 8.34b ei xiq Oetei 67riaco jicm dK0?u)\)8eiv, d7iapvr|ada9co eawov Kai dpdxco xov axaupdv amov Kai dKoX,o\)6eixa) \ioi.

The Markan saying is later than the Q saying. First, the Q context appears more original. As we have seen, the Q Cross saying is the climactic third saying in a cluster. The sayings are bound together thematically by the concept of discipleship and stylistically by repetition. Mark's saying introduces a series of sayings on discipleship (Mk 8.349.1), but it does not cohere stylistically with the following sayings. Second, the Markan saying repeats the clause on following. It appears 22. J.M. Asgiersson and J.M. Robinson, 'The International Q Project', JBL 111 (1992), pp. 500-508, esp. p. 507; P. Kristen, Familie, Kreuz und Leben: Nachfolge Jesu nach Q und dem Markusevangelium (MTS, 42; Marburg: Elwert, 1995), pp. 124-32. 23. Compare o.l :>.3-4 :13

171,172 49 172

Targums Targ. Ezek. 1.1 7.10

227 227

Targ. Isa. 24.23 31.4 40.9 52.7

227 227 169 169

167, 168 167

168 168 168

tQShirShabbb L4.L6

168

Targ. Mic.

]L4.L7

168

tQShirShabbd L.i.8 l.i.14 L.i.25 Li.32-33 Li.32 L.ii.10

4.7 4.8

167 167 168 168 168 168

62 tQShirShabhf :3.ii.4 :Z0-22.U.4 :Z0-22.ii.2 :23.L3 :23.ii.ll-12 :143

167

168 168 168 168 168

164

227 227

Targ. Obad. 21

227

Targ. Zech. 14.9

227

Mishnah Mat 3.15

205

Talmuds y. Sank. 10.6.29c

151

Midrash Lev. R.

i\4as$$ :2.20

167

9.9

229

UQ10 24.6

65

Philo Mut. Nom. 241-43

205

173 50

Spec. Leg. 3.121 4.164

211 168

164

Josephus Ant. 1.240 10.186-281 13.68 17.228-89

167

164 167

HQMelch 2.4

4QMidrEschata 3.1

174

289

2.18 63 CD

4QOr(f l.ii.6-8

175

4g/?Gen 1.5

57

3.12-20 6.15 6.16 6.21 11.18-12.2

174 174 175 175

127 237 65 187

Jesus, Mark and Q

290 Ant. (cont.) 17.318 18.23 18.240-56 18.27 18.36-38 18.85-87 20.169-72 20.90 20.97-98 Apion 2.218 2.91 Life 134-35

187 187 188 188 188 133 127

65 127

238 127

196

War

2.118 2.168 2.184-203 2.229 2.261-63 2.261 2.56 2.58 2.95 3.399-402 6.285 6.286-87 6.300-309

187 188 188 196 127 127 187 187 187 135 127 127 137

Christian Authors 1 Clement 45 11.1 Augustine Confessions 10.27

233

Tractates on the Gospel of John 129 24.7 Didache 10.6 16

65 89

Dio Chrysostom Discourses 206 5 200 6.15 200 6.60 206 7.1-80 202 10.16 206 55.9 206 55.11 206 55.22 206 72.13

Downward Journey

Gospel of Thomas 1 89,116 116 2 46 90, 136

488

55

2 19 22 7

30

Origen Commentary on Matthew 17.14 129 Pseudo-Clementine Homilies 3.20.2 129 129 11.19.3

23

209

Peregrinus 39

209

Musonius Discourses 19

Philostratus Lives of the Sophists

Epictetus Dissertations 3.22.47 205 3.22.67-82 205 205 4.1.153 Encheiridion

200

Pseudo-Diogenes Epistles

21 30 34

38.4 38.5 38.47 39

Classical Diogenes Laertius Lives of the Eminent Philosophers 6.13 199 205 6.20-21 6.54 205 6.72 205 205 6.96-98

200

200 200 200

205 205 205 205 200 205 205 209

Pseudo-Heraclitus 5 9

209 209

Pseudo-Lucian The Cynic 3

200

Sentences ofSextus 310-12 168 Suetonius Caesar 5.25

37

37

15

209

Claudius 25.11

Lucian Alex. 55

137

Socratic Letter 25.1 209

291

Index of References Tacitus Annals 15.44 Teles Stobaeus IV A

Qur'an 19.30

141

37

259

Papyri P. Oxy. 1224 840

89,116 116

P. Vienna G. 89, 2325 PAM 41.676 43.604

172 172

PapFouad 266

65

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Aarde, A. van 99, 104 Abegg, M.G., Jr 171,173 Albright, W.F. 245, 247, 248 Allison, D.C. 98, 111, 113, 115, 128, 139, 185, 196, 205, 209, 216 Applebaum, S. 121 Arnal,W. 276 Asgiersson, J.M. 28 Aune, D.E. 35, 125, 127, 131, 137, 138, 157,181 Austin, J.L. 185 Backhaus, K. 35 Baeck,L. 146 Balla,P. 76,77 Bammel,E. 144 Barnett,P.W. 130 Barrett, C.K. 253 Batey,R. 118,121 Baumbach, G. 145 Baumgarten, A.I. 151 Bayer, H.F. 255-57 Becker, J. 47, 94-97, 102, 107, 112, 113, 119,131,136-38 Ben-Chorin, S. 146, 156 Berger, K. 106, 123, 145 Bergmeier, R. 171 Beskow, P. 116 Best, E. 46 Betz, H.D. 101, 117, 118, 145, 152, 153, 156, 181 Betz, O. 257 Blackburn, B.L. 102 Blasi, A.J. 249, 250 Bloch,M. 259 Bloomquist, L.G. 208 Boerma, C. 201

Boers, H. 104 Bolyki,J. 253,254 Borg,MJ. 71,82-85, 102, 111, 112, 154, 216,250,251,267,278 Boring, M.E. 43, 44, 139 Bornkamm, G. 101, 149 Bousset, W. 37, 146 Brandon, S.G.F. 83,119 Braun, H. 74 Breytenbach, C. 36,41,42 Brook, GJ. 188 Brooke, GJ. 176 Brown, C. 143, 144 Brown, R.E. 242,248,249 Bultmann, R. 54, 58, 74, 99-101, 107, 110,170,225 Butler, J. 266 Calvert, D.G.A. 178 Cameron, R. 116 Carlson, J. 260 Carlston, C.E. 178 Casey, P.M. 60, 207, 252, 253 Catchpole, D.R. 14 Chamberlain, H.S. 148 Chancey, M. 181 Charlesworth, J.H. 36, 82, 107, 108, 112, 116, 143-45, 148-50, 152, 155, 156, 159, 161, 181 Chesterton, G.K. 222 Chilton, B.D. 144, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159, 166, 169, 170,

175, 176, 227, 229, 233 Chouinard, L. 37 Clay,D. 199 Coggins,R.J. 201 Cohen, S.J.D. 153, 159, 160

Index of Authors Collins, J.J. 36, 50, 61, 62, 171, 172, 218, 238 Conzelmann, H. 147 Cook,E.M. 173 Crossan,J.D. 78,88-91, 102, 107, 109, 112,115-17,120,121,123,124, 135, 136, 145, 154, 181, 209, 220, 221,240,250,254,260 Cullmann,O. 37,119,128 D'Angelo, M.R. 266 Dahl,N.A. 38,39,58 Dautzenberg, G. 36, 53, 55 Davis, B.S. 213 Deines, R. 158, 159, 161 Deming,W. 205 Denaux, A. 23 Devisch,M. 17 Dibelius,M. 101 Dodd,C.H. 83 Dormeyer, D. 42 Douglas, K.B. 259 Downing, F.G. 75, 117, 179-82, 184, 185, 187,200,203,205-209,211 Downing, J. 250 Drijvers, H.J.W. 129 Duling,D.C. 166,226 Dunderberg, I. 14 Dungan, D.L. 71 Dunn, J.D.G. 34, 148-51, 158-61 Ebach,J. 126,141 Ebner, M. 114, 118, 217, 220, 225, 234 Eck,D.L. 274 Eddy, P.R. 117, 156, 197, 199, 205 Edwards, D. 190, 191 Ego,B. 228 Ericksen, R.P. 148 Erlemann, K. 234 Ernst, J. 44, 125 Evans, C.A. 71, 74, 82, 116, 130, 131, 145, 164, 167, 169, 175, 176, 178, 229, 240, 256 Fahd,T. 141 Falk,H. 144,154 Fascher, E. 125, 127

293

Feldman,L.H. 127,238 Fiensy, D. 210 Fitzmyer, J.A. 60, 63, 65, 170 Fleddermann, H.T. 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27-31 Flint, P.W. 74 Frenschkowski, M. 71 Frey,J. 79 Freyne, S. 98, 118-22, 189-91, 197, 204 Friedrich, G. 128, 148 Friedrich,J. 148 Fuller, R.H. 37 Funk, R.W. 170, 220, 221, 240, 243, 260, 262 Funke,H. 206 Gadamer, H.-G. 225 Georgi,D. 39,262,264 Giannantoni, G. 206 Gieschen, C.A. 129 Gnilka, J. 34, 35, 94, 128, 245, 246, 248 Goodman, M 198 Goppelt,L. 149 Goulet-Caze, M.-O. 199, 210 Grabbe,L.L. 151 Grant, J. 259 Gray,R. 127,131 Green, W.S. 151,158-60 Grillmeier, A. 129 Grundmann, W. 148 Guttgemanns, E. 123 Habermas, J. 185 Hagner,D.A. 107,141,147 Hahn, F. 37, 67, 128, 226 Hanson, J.S. 85, 122, 190 Harnack,A. 148 Harrington, DJ. 143, 147, 149, 150, 152, 161 Harvey, A.E. 82, 103, 108 Hedrick,C.W. 116 Heiler,F. 126 Henaut,B.W. 262 Henderson, I.H. 38 Hengel, M. 37, 119, 158, 159,161, 183, 226,231,232 Herbrechtsmeier, W.E. 126, 140

294

Jesus, Mark and Q

Hock,R.F. 46,200 Hoffmann, P. 55,59 Hofius, O. 36 Holmberg, B. 143, 150 Holmen, T. 70, 74, 147, 155, 179, 225 Hooker, M.D. 131,147 Hoover, R.W. 170,220,221,240,243, 262 Horsley, R.A. 85-88, 103, 115, 118, 12022, 128, 131, 145, 154, 189-94, 199, 209, 241, 278 Humphrey, E.M. 261 Hurtado,L.W. 261,279 Jacobson, S.D. 40 Jeremias, J. 147, 196 Jesus Seminar 170, 220, 221, 240, 243, 260, 262 Jonge, M. de 36,39 Kahler,M. 262 Karrer,M. 38,58 Kasemann, E. 99, 105, 110, 147, 149, 262 Kaylor,R.D. 121 Keck,L.E. 38 Kee, H.C. 190, 191 Kelber,W. 123 Keller, H.M. 272 Kingsbury, J.D. 55 Kittel, G. 148 Klassen,W. 158 Klatch, R.E. 274 Klausner, J. 146 Klein, W. 126 Kloppenborg, J.S. 40, 44, 45, 71, 115, 117 Kloppenborg Verbin, J.S. 187, 189, 209, 210,214 Koester, H. 39, 40, 106, 113-16 Kolf, M.C. van der 127 Kosch,D. 224 Kraemer, R.S. 266,270 Kraft, R.A. 151, 160 Kramer, H. 125 Kristen, P. 28 Kumar, R. 274 Kummel, W.G. 71, 82, 101, 105, 147

Kung,H. 274 Kvalbein,H. 229 Labahn,M. 73 Lambrecht, J. 14 Laufen,R. 17 LeMarquand, G. 265 Lee,BJ. 144 Leeuw, G. van der 126 Lernoux, P. 274 Levine,A.-J. 270,272 Levine,L.I. 189,190 Lindars, B. 56 Lindemann, A. 41 Lindeskog, G. 146 Lohfink,G. 233 Longstaff, T. 121 Louth, A. 221 Ludwig,R.A. 260 Luhrmann, D. 44, 128 Luz,U. 244,247 Maccoby,H. 151,154,207 Mack, B.L. 14,46, 106-108, 113, 114, 117, 168 Maier,J. 50 Malherbe, A.J. 206 Malina, BJ. 134 Mann,C.S. 245,247,248 Manson, T.W. 24, 235 Marrou, H.-I. 221-23 Marshall, I.H. 146 Martin, B.L. 222 Marz,C.-P. 224 Mazumdar, S. 274 McDonald, J.I.H. 143 McEleney, NJ. 151 Mealand,D.L. 201 Meier, J.P. 47, 79, 98, 102,107, 113, 116, 133, 145, 164, 165, 178, 185, 226, 231,232 Merklein, H. 66, 67, 154, 234 Merz, A. 72, 94, 132-35, 144, 149, 154, 163, 186, 187, 194, 199, 243, 244, 251,252,254 Meyer, B.F. 82, 108, 144, 216, 224, 225, 230, 233

Index of Authors Meyers, E.M. 181,191 Moloney,FJ. 78 Moltmann, J. 274 Momigliano, A. 237,238 Montefiore, C.G. 138, 146 Moore, G.F. 150,211 Moule,C.F.D. 144 Moxnes,H. 144,261 Moyers, B. 274 Miiller, U.B. 44, 63, 219 Munchow, C. 236 Mussner, F. 79, 149 Nebe,G. 128 Neill, S. 82,143 Neirynck, F. 15, 17, 20, 25,48, 170 Neusner, J. 36, 151, 152, 157, 188, 190, 198,212 Newman, J.H. 224 Newsom, C.A. 168 Nickelsburg, G.W.E. 151,160 Nicolaisen, C. 148 Niebuhr, K.-W. 171,172 Norlin,D. 178 Novak, D. 145 O'Neil,E.N. 46 O'Neill, J.C. 244, 252, 254-58 Ohler, M. 73, 182 Oakman,D.E. 98 Oberlinner, L. 246,256 Osborn,R.T. 147,148 Overbeck,F. 226 Overholt, T.W. 126 Oyen, G. van 17 Patterson, S.J. 78, 117 Perrin, N. 60, 101, 112,147, 269 Petersen, N. 35 Petzke, G. 158 Plaskow,J. 277 Polag,A. 36,43 Popkes,W. 196 Porter, S.E. 74 Porton,G.G. 151 Poster, M. 259,262 Potter, D. 126

295

Powell, M.A. 181, 195, 209, 260, 271, 275,281 Puech,E. 50,171 Pui-Lan, K. 264, 265 Puig i Tarrech, A. 70 Radway,J.A. 267 Raisanen,H. 24 Rau,E. 219 Reich, R.B. 274 Reiser, M. 76, 145, 218, 219, 221, 228-37 Richardson, P. 261 Riches, J.K. 82, 103, 144, 151, 154, 155 Riesner,R. 193-96 Riley,D. 266 Ringgren, H. 175 Riniker,C. 235-37 Robbins,V.K. 46 Robinson, J.M. 28, 39, 43, 48, 60, 106, 115,147,177,179,181,183,203, 204 Robinson, S.E. 219 Rowland, C. 154 Saldarini, A J. 198 Sanders, E.P. 91-94, 102, 103, 107, 109, 113,118,121,123,130-32,142, 144, 150, 152, 154, 155, 157, 160, 164,165,241,249,251,253 Sato,M. 197 Schaberg,J. 261,274,275 Schenk,W. 241,242,246 Scheppard, G.T. 126,140 Schiffman, L.H. 74, 159, 160 Schlatter,A. 238 Schmidt, T.E. 201 Schmithals, W. 14,53 Schmucker, R. 41,51 Schnabel, E.J. 253 Schnackenburg, R. 234 Schniewind, J. 35 Schottroff, L. 157 Schrage,W. 257 Schroter, J. 14, 15, 42, 45, 47, 59, 70, 112,115,117,123,124 Schilling, J. 14, 17

296

Jesus, Mark and Q

Schulz, S. 40 Schiirmann, H. 217, 246, 255, 256 Schussler Fiorenza, E. 77, 97, 108, 120, 259-62, 265, 266, 269, 273, 277-79, 281 Schwartz, J. 192 Schweitzer, A. 72, 99, 144, 146, 216, 220, 240 Schweizer, E. 144, 145 Schwemer, A.M. 47,226 Scott, B.B. 198 Scott, J.J., Jr 151 Searle,J.R. 185,186 Seeley,D. 117 Segal, A.F. 151 Siegele-Wenschkewitz, L. 148 Smith, D.M. 78 Smith, J. 274 Smith, M. 102, 109, 110, 131, 154 Soards, M.L. 255 S6ding,T. 220 Stanton, G. 123, 143 Stein, R.H. 145 Stevens, M. 259 Strange, J.F. 189, 191 Strasburger, H. 223 Strecker, G. 35, 129, 245, 246 Stuhlmacher, P. 169,244 Swidler,L. 269 Tabor, J.D. 171 Tannehill, R.C. 43 Tashjian, J. 117 Telford, W.R. 71, 82, 99, 107, 143, 144 Theissen, G. 70, 72, 94, 104-108, 113, 117,119,122,132-35,143,144, 147, 149, 154, 155, 163, 165, 18587, 194, 199, 209, 225, 243, 244, 251,252,254,271 Theobald, M. 51, 52, 55-60, 145 Tilly, M. 125, 133 T6dt,H.E. 55 Toit,D.S.du 39,71-73 Trocme,E. 39 Tuckett, CM. 17, 36, 41, 42, 118, 199, 202, 203, 230 Uro,R. 40,117

Vaage, L.E. 114, 117, 178, 181, 209 VanderKam, J.C. 74,175 Vermes, G. 60, 107-109, 132, 144, 154, 190, 197 Victor, U. 139 Vielhauer,P. 38,43,54,112 Viviano, B. 167 Vorster,W.S. 99,114 Vouga,F. 182 Wach,J. 126 Wacholder, B.Z. 175 Wagner, R. 148 Wainwright, E. 268 Weaver, W.P. 143,144 Webb,R.L. 131 Weder,H. I l l Weeden,T.J. 39 Weiss, J. 146 Weisse,C.H. 17 Welker, M. 47 Wellhausen, J. 146 Wenham,D. 168,212 Whybray,R.N. 201 Wilson, R.R. 126 Winter, D. 70, 104-108, 113, 143-45, 147, 149, 155, 165, 225, 271 Wise,M.O. 171,173 Witherington III, B. 71, 83, 98, 136, 143, 145,154,197,204,217 Wittgenstein, L. 186 Wolter,M. 47 Wrede,W. 146 Wright, N.T. 82, 98, 143-45, 148-50, 154, 156,160,201,204,217,221 Wurzburger, W.S. 141 Yarbro Collins, A. 112 Young, B.H. 145 Zager,W. 222 Zangenberg, J. 133 Zeitlin,I. 145 Zeller,D. 58,63 Zenger, E. 47 Zerbe, G.M. 158 Zimmermann, J. 172, 173